title: Laparoscopic extravesical transperitoneal approach following the Lich-Gregoir technique in the treatment of vesicoureteral reflux in children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Laparoscopy may have a place in the treatment of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). We report our initial experience in the treatment of VUR by laparoscopic extravesical transperitoneal approach (LETA) following the Lich-Gregoir technique to describe the evolution and to evaluate the results and benefits of this technique for these patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between August 2007 and May 2009, 43 renal units in 30 children (23 female and 7 male) with VUR and deterioration of renal function on isotope renography (17 unilateral and 13 bilateral) were treated with LETA. The mean age was 52 (range, 15-183) months. Nine patients had a double total collector system associated with VUR in a lower system. Two of them had a ureterocele with adequate upper polar rein function, and another had a ureterocele with complete deterioration of upper polar rein function.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean surgical time was 70 (38-120) minutes in unilateral and 124 (100-180) minutes in bilateral VUR. All procedures were successfully completed laparoscopically, and the reflux was corrected in all patients. At the same time, 1 heminephrectomy and 2 ureterocele were removed by laparoscopy and endoscopy, respectively. We had 1 ureter leakage 15 days postoperation that underwent a redo reimplantation. In cases of bilateral VUR, 1 patient presented postoperative bladder emptying difficulty and required temporary urethral catheterization postoperatively. The mean hospital stay was 24 hours. A cystogram was performed systematically in all patients at 45 days postoperation; none of them presented recurrence of VUR. The follow-up was 11 (range, 2-24) months, without recurrence of VUR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Laparoscopic extravesical transperitoneal approach in the treatment of VUR is a safe and effective approach even in unilateral, bilateral simultaneous, and double total collector system. The technique results in a shorter hospital stay, less postoperative discomfort, and reduced recovery period, with a low morbidity to resolve the VUR and with success rates similar to the open technique.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Surgery, University Hospital of Saint Etienne, 42270 Saint Etienne, France. manuel.lopez@chu-st-etienne.fr
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lopez
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Varlet
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D013520:Urologic Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D014718:Vesico-Ureteral Reflux / Q000601:surgery*