title: Enhancement of antibacterial effects of extracts from Cirsium species using sodium picolinate and estimation of their toxicity.
abstract: In this study, antimicrobial properties and toxicity of extracts from Cirsium spp.: Cirsium arvense, C. oleraceum, C. palustre, C. rivulare and C. vulgare in combination with sodium picolinate (PS) or sodium benzoate (BS), were investigated. Three micro-organisms were used: Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of extracts was found at 1.56-50.0 mg mL(-1). Unlike the case of BS, adding PS to extracts from flowers of C. palustre and C. arvense enhanced their antimicrobial effect on S. aureus (MIC from 6.25-12.5 mg mL(-1) to 1.25-5.0 mg mL(-1)). An MTT test was used to study toxicity effects. The extracts from C. palustre or C. arvense mixed with PS had a concentration-dependent, slightly cytotoxic or stimulating effect on the viability of normal human skin fibroblasts. The total phenolic content (TPC) of samples varied from 44 to 178 mg gallic acid equivalent per 1 g of extract. The highest TPC was observed in C. palustre (l) and C. oleraceum (f). Our results did not show any correlation between antimicrobial activities and TPC. Cirsium palustre (f) and C. arvense (f) extracts were analysed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). About 30 compounds were found to be present in extracts from two Cirsium species in amounts of not less than 0.2% of TIC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bromatology, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Białystok, Poland.
authors.forename: Maria H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Borawska
authors.forename: Sylwia K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Czechowska
authors.forename: Renata
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Markiewicz
authors.forename: Katarzyna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Socha
authors.forename: Jolanta
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nazaruk
authors.forename: Jerzy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pałka
authors.forename: Valery A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Isidorov
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D031180:Cirsium / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D004357:Drug Synergism; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects; D035264:Flowers / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D007502:Iron Chelating Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D010848:Picolinic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D010946:Plants, Medicinal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D020160:Sodium Benzoate / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D007502:Iron Chelating Agents; D010848:Picolinic Acids; D010936:Plant Extracts; D020160:Sodium Benzoate; C030614:picolinic acid