title: Challenges in the translation of cardiovascular cell therapy.
abstract: Ischemic cardiovascular diseases cause a significant burden of morbidity and mortality throughout the world. Over the past decade, we have learned a tremendous amount about the biology of various stem and progenitor cells. Multiple preclinical experiments have demonstrated significant bioactivity in a wide variety of stem and progenitor cells. Early clinical trials have also shown some promising results. This review will focus on the current challenges in the translation of cell therapy to a viable clinical therapy. Additionally, we will highlight the role of cardiovascular imaging and molecular imaging in the future of stem cell therapy.
authors.affiliation: Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University School of Medicine and Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA.
authors.forename: Rajesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Douglas W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Losordo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000166:cytology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000473:pathology*; D019070:Cell Lineage; D064987:Cell- and Tissue-Based Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000166:cytology; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology*
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials
references.citation: J Nucl Med. 2004 Mar;45(3):512-8
references.pmid: 15001696
references.citation: Nature. 2004 Apr 8;428(6983):668-73
references.pmid: 15034594
references.citation: Circulation. 2006 Feb 21;113(7):1005-14
references.pmid: 16476845
references.citation: Am Heart J. 2009 Mar;157(3):541-7
references.pmid: 19249426
references.citation: JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2008 Jul;1(4):500-10
references.pmid: 19198663
references.citation: JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2009 Jun;2(6):761-70
references.pmid: 19520349
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Jun 2;106(22):8918-22
references.pmid: 19458047
references.citation: Transplantation. 2007 Mar 27;83(6):783-90
references.pmid: 17414713
references.citation: Nature. 2004 Apr 8;428(6983):664-8
references.pmid: 15034593
references.citation: Acta Biomater. 2010 Jan;6(1):3-11
references.pmid: 19635599
references.citation: J Nucl Med. 2007 Nov;48(11):1783-9
references.pmid: 17942816
references.citation: J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009 Dec 8;54(24):2277-86
references.pmid: 19958962
references.citation: Nat Med. 2005 Apr;11(4):367-8
references.pmid: 15812508
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Aug 28;104(35):14068-73
references.pmid: 17709737
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 2001 Jun;107(11):1395-402
references.pmid: 11390421
references.citation: Nature. 2001 Apr 5;410(6829):701-5
references.pmid: 11287958
references.citation: Science. 1997 Feb 14;275(5302):964-7
references.pmid: 9020076
references.citation: Cell. 2006 Aug 25;126(4):663-76
references.pmid: 16904174
references.citation: Circulation. 2007 Feb 20;115(7):896-908
references.pmid: 17283259
references.citation: J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003 Apr 2;41(7):1078-83
references.pmid: 12679204
references.citation: Circulation. 2005 May 3;111(17):2198-202
references.pmid: 15851598
references.citation: Science. 2009 Apr 3;324(5923):98-102
references.pmid: 19342590
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 2004 Jun;113(12):1684-91
references.pmid: 15199403
references.citation: J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008 Nov 11;52(20):1652-60
references.pmid: 18992656
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 1996 Dec 1;98(11):2512-23
references.pmid: 8958214
references.citation: Circulation. 2008 Mar 25;117(12):1555-62
references.pmid: 18332264
references.citation: Circulation. 2007 Jul 24;116(4):366-74
references.pmid: 17620510
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Jun 2;106(22):8912-7
references.pmid: 19447925
references.citation: Circulation. 2007 Jun 26;115(25):3165-72
references.pmid: 17562958
references.citation: Arch Intern Med. 2007 May 28;167(10):989-97
references.pmid: 17533201
references.citation: Circulation. 2009 Jan 27;119(3):480-6
references.pmid: 19171871
references.citation: JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2009 Aug;2(8):1009-23
references.pmid: 19679290
references.citation: Nat Med. 1998 Aug;4(8):929-33
references.pmid: 9701245
references.citation: Circulation. 2003 Aug 19;108(7):863-8
references.pmid: 12900340
references.citation: J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008 Aug 5;52(6):428-34
references.pmid: 18672162
references.citation: J Vasc Surg. 2007 Feb;45(2):304-10; discussion 310-1
references.pmid: 17264008
references.citation: FASEB J. 2006 Apr;20(6):661-9
references.pmid: 16581974
references.citation: Science. 2008 Nov 7;322(5903):945-9
references.pmid: 18818365
references.citation: J Vasc Surg. 2009 Oct;50(4):776-783.e1
references.pmid: 19595538
references.citation: Circulation. 2009 Sep 22;120(12):1075-83, 7 p following 1083
references.pmid: 19738142
references.citation: Clin Physiol. 1998 May;18(3):187-93
references.pmid: 9649906
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Aug 9;102(32):11474-9
references.pmid: 16061805
references.citation: Blood. 2006 Oct 1;108(7):2438-45
references.pmid: 16735597
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2006 Sep 21;355(12):1210-21
references.pmid: 16990384
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2006 Sep 21;355(12):1222-32
references.pmid: 16990385
references.citation: Lancet. 2006 Jan 14;367(9505):113-21
references.pmid: 16413875
references.citation: Circulation. 2007 Sep 11;116(11 Suppl):I38-45
references.pmid: 17846324
references.citation: Circ Res. 2004 Jul 9;95(1):9-20
references.pmid: 15242981
references.citation: Science. 2003 Oct 17;302(5644):415-9
references.pmid: 14564000
references.citation: Cell. 2003 Sep 19;114(6):763-76
references.pmid: 14505575
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2006 Sep 21;355(12):1199-209
references.pmid: 16990383