title: Gold nanoparticles: opportunities and challenges in nanomedicine.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Site-specific drug delivery is an important area of research that is anticipated to increase the efficacy of the drug and reduce potential side effects. Owing to this, substantial work has been done developing non-invasive and targeted tumor treatment with nanoscale metallic particles.
  
  
  METHODS
  This review focuses on the work done in the last few years developing gold nanoparticles as cancer therapeutics and diagnostic agents. However, there are challenges in using gold nanoparticles as drug delivery systems, such as biodistribution, pharmacokinetics and possible toxicity. Approaches to limit these issues are proposed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Different approaches from several different disciplines are discussed. Potential clinical applications of these engineered nanoparticles are also presented.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As a result of their unique size-dependent physicochemical and optical properties, adaptability, subcellular size and biocompatibility, these nanosized carriers offer a suitable means of transporting small molecules as well as biomacromolecules to diseased cells/tissues.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
authors.forename: Rochelle
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Arvizo
authors.forename: Resham
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bhattacharya
authors.forename: Priyabrata
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mukherjee
mesh_terms: D004337:Drug Carriers; D006046:Gold; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D004337:Drug Carriers; D006046:Gold
references.citation: Small. 2010 Jan;6(1):12-21
references.pmid: 19844908
references.citation: J Anat. 1996 Dec;189 ( Pt 3):503-5
references.pmid: 8982823
references.citation: Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2008 Mar;5(3):309-19
references.pmid: 18318652
references.citation: Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2000;19(1-2):87-92
references.pmid: 11191069
references.citation: Nature. 2004 Apr 1;428(6982):487-92
references.pmid: 15057821
references.citation: J Am Chem Soc. 2004 Jan 28;126(3):739-43
references.pmid: 14733547
references.citation: Breast Cancer Res Treat. 1995;36(2):127-37
references.pmid: 8534862
references.citation: Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2005 Dec 14;57(15):2203-14
references.pmid: 16290254
references.citation: J Am Chem Soc. 2009 Apr 29;131(16):5728-9
references.pmid: 19351115
references.citation: Cancer Res. 1989 Dec 1;49(23):6449-65
references.pmid: 2684393
references.citation: Pharm Res. 1997 Mar;14(3):259-66
references.pmid: 9098866
references.citation: Nat Nanotechnol. 2007 Dec;2(12):751-60
references.pmid: 18654426
references.citation: Bioconjug Chem. 2008 Jul;19(7):1342-5
references.pmid: 18553895
references.citation: Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2007;46(26):4999-5002
references.pmid: 17526044
references.citation: Cancer Res. 2007 Apr 15;67(8):3683-90
references.pmid: 17440080
references.citation: J Clin Pharmacol. 1996 Jan;36(1):55-63
references.pmid: 8932544
references.citation: Am J Pathol. 2002 Sep;161(3):929-38
references.pmid: 12213721
references.citation: Am J Pathol. 2002 Feb;160(2):537-48
references.pmid: 11839574
references.citation: Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 2008 Aug 1;65(1):1-10
references.pmid: 18499408
references.citation: J Am Chem Soc. 2003 Apr 23;125(16):4700-1
references.pmid: 12696875
references.citation: Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2008 Jan;57(1):1-17
references.pmid: 17661033
references.citation: Nanomedicine. 2010 Apr;6(2):201-9
references.pmid: 19914401
references.citation: Bioconjug Chem. 2005 Sep-Oct;16(5):1176-80
references.pmid: 16173795
references.citation: Langmuir. 2006 Jan 3;22(1):300-5
references.pmid: 16378435
references.citation: Clin Cancer Res. 2005 May 1;11(9):3530-4
references.pmid: 15867256
references.citation: J Natl Cancer Inst. 2006 Mar 1;98(5):335-44
references.pmid: 16507830
references.citation: Cancer Lett. 2006 Jul 28;239(1):129-35
references.pmid: 16198049
references.citation: Biophys J. 2003 Jun;84(6):4023-32
references.pmid: 12770906
references.citation: Acc Chem Res. 2008 Dec;41(12):1721-30
references.pmid: 18712884
references.citation: Phys Med Biol. 2004 Sep 21;49(18):N309-15
references.pmid: 15509078
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Apr 16;99(8):5018-23
references.pmid: 11929986
references.citation: CA Cancer J Clin. 2009 Jul-Aug;59(4):225-49
references.pmid: 19474385
references.citation: Cell. 1996 Aug 9;86(3):353-64
references.pmid: 8756718
references.citation: Analyst. 1998 Jan;123(1):3-6
references.pmid: 9581011
references.citation: Nat Nanotechnol. 2007 Aug;2(8):469-78
references.pmid: 18654343
references.citation: Pharm Res. 2003 Sep;20(9):1337-50
references.pmid: 14567626
references.citation: Cancer. 2002 Jan 15;94(2):443-51
references.pmid: 11900230
references.citation: J Pharm Sci. 2001 Dec;90(12):1927-36
references.pmid: 11745751
references.citation: Int Immunopharmacol. 2003 Mar;3(3):319-28
references.pmid: 12639809
references.citation: Biomaterials. 2008 Apr;29(12):1912-9
references.pmid: 18242692
references.citation: Science. 1998 Sep 25;281(5385):2016-8
references.pmid: 9748158
references.citation: Biochim Biophys Acta. 2006 Mar;1758(3):301-7
references.pmid: 16540079
references.citation: J Mater Chem. 2010 Jan 1;20(3):547-554
references.pmid: 20436942
references.citation: Cancer Res. 1986 Dec;46(12 Pt 1):6387-92
references.pmid: 2946403
references.citation: Small. 2007 Jul;3(7):1245-52
references.pmid: 17523182
references.citation: Nanomedicine. 2007 Dec;3(4):281-96
references.pmid: 17962085
references.citation: Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 2008 Oct 15;66(2):274-80
references.pmid: 18722754
references.citation: Small. 2007 Feb;3(2):333-41
references.pmid: 17262759
references.citation: Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol. 1994;29(4):275-313
references.pmid: 8001397
references.citation: J Clin Oncol. 2005 Jan 10;23(2):392-403
references.pmid: 15637401
references.citation: J Exp Ther Oncol. 2008;7(4):313-26
references.pmid: 19227011
references.citation: J Drug Target. 2007 Aug-Sep;15(7-8):457-64
references.pmid: 17671892
references.citation: Science. 2002 Nov 29;298(5599):1759-62
references.pmid: 12459582
references.citation: Science. 2004 Mar 19;303(5665):1818-22
references.pmid: 15031496
references.citation: Curr Opin Biotechnol. 2003 Jun;14(3):337-46
references.pmid: 12849790
references.citation: ACS Nano. 2009 Feb 24;3(2):307-16
references.pmid: 19236065
references.citation: Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2000 Mar 30;41(2):147-62
references.pmid: 10699311
references.citation: Biophys Chem. 2005 Apr 22;114(2-3):169-79
references.pmid: 15829350
references.citation: J Natl Cancer Inst. 2008 Jul 16;100(14):985-6
references.pmid: 18612125
references.citation: J Am Chem Soc. 2008 Aug 13;130(32):10643-7
references.pmid: 18642918
references.citation: Nano Lett. 2009 May;9(5):1909-15
references.pmid: 19344179
references.citation: Br J Radiol. 2006 Mar;79(939):248-53
references.pmid: 16498039
references.citation: Adv Mater. 2009 Apr 20;21(31):3175-3180
references.pmid: 20174478
references.citation: Cancer Metastasis Rev. 1990 Nov;9(3):253-66
references.pmid: 2292138
references.citation: Small. 2008 Dec;4(12):2108-11
references.pmid: 19031432
references.citation: Nat Rev Cancer. 2005 Mar;5(3):161-71
references.pmid: 15738981
references.citation: ACS Nano. 2008 Nov 25;2(11):2263-72
references.pmid: 19206392
references.citation: Cancer Res. 2009 May 1;69(9):3892-900
references.pmid: 19366797
references.citation: Langmuir. 2005 Nov 8;21(23):10644-54
references.pmid: 16262332
references.citation: Bioconjug Chem. 2009 Dec;20(12):2247-53
references.pmid: 19919059
references.citation: Drug Deliv. 2004 May-Jun;11(3):169-83
references.pmid: 15204636
references.citation: Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2007;46(29):5480-6
references.pmid: 17562538
references.citation: Small. 2005 Mar;1(3):325-7
references.pmid: 17193451
references.citation: Chem Rev. 2005 Apr;105(4):1025-102
references.pmid: 15826010
references.citation: ACS Nano. 2008 Aug;2(8):1639-44
references.pmid: 19206367
references.citation: J Am Chem Soc. 2009 Feb 4;131(4):1360-1
references.pmid: 19133720
references.citation: Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2001;20(1-2):123-32
references.pmid: 11831640
references.citation: J Cancer Res Ther. 2006 Oct-Dec;2(4):186-95
references.pmid: 17998702
references.citation: Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2006 Jan 16;45(4):577-81
references.pmid: 16345107
references.citation: Science. 1998 Sep 25;281(5385):2013-6
references.pmid: 9748157
references.citation: Nat Biotechnol. 2004 Aug;22(8):969-76
references.pmid: 15258594
references.citation: Bioconjug Chem. 2004 Jul-Aug;15(4):897-900
references.pmid: 15264879
references.citation: Biomaterials. 2009 Apr;30(10):1928-36
references.pmid: 19131103
references.citation: Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst. 1987;3(3):233-61
references.pmid: 3549008
references.citation: J Nanobiotechnology. 2008 Jan 30;6:2
references.pmid: 18234109
references.citation: Chem Soc Rev. 2008 Sep;37(9):1896-908
references.pmid: 18762838
references.citation: J Am Chem Soc. 2005 Mar 23;127(11):3870-8
references.pmid: 15771523
references.citation: Nano Lett. 2006 Apr;6(4):662-8
references.pmid: 16608261