title: Side-specific effects by cadmium exposure: apical and basolateral treatment in a coculture model of the blood-air barrier.
abstract: Cadmium (Cd(2+)) is a widespread environmental pollutant, which is associated with a wide variety of cytotoxic and metabolic effects. Recent studies showed that intoxication with the heavy metal most importantly targets the integrity of the epithelial barrier. In our study, the lung epithelial cell line, NCI H441, was cultured with the endothelial cell line, ISO-HAS-1, as a bilayer on a 24-well HTS-Transwell filter plate. This coculture model was exposed to various concentrations of CdCl(2). The transepithelial electrical resistance decreased on the apical side only after treatment with high Cd(2+) concentrations after 48 h. By contrast, a breakdown of TER to less than 5% of baseline could be observed much earlier (after 24 h) when Cd(2+) was administered from the basal side. Observations of cell layer fragmentation and widening of intercellular spaces confirmed the barrier breakdown only for the basolaterally treated samples. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity and release of proinflammatory markers was enhanced if samples were exposed to Cd(2+) from the basal side compared to treatment from the apical side. Moreover, we could demonstrate that a high concentration of Ca(2+) could prevent the barrier-disrupting effect of Cd(2+). In conclusion, the exposure of Cd(2+) to cocultures of lung cells caused a decrease in TER, major morphological changes, a reduction of cell viability and an increase of cytokine release, but the effects markedly differed between the two modes of exposure. Therefore, our results suggest that intact epithelial TJs may play a major role in protecting the air-blood barrier from inhaled Cd(2+).
authors.affiliation: Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology Munich, Germany. papritz@uni-mainz.de
authors.forename: Mirko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Papritz
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pohl
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wübbeke
authors.forename: Michaela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moisch
authors.forename: Helene
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hofmann
authors.forename: Maria Iris
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Hermanns
authors.forename: Horst
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Thiermann
authors.forename: Charles James
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Kirkpatrick
authors.forename: Kai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kehe
mesh_terms: D022005:Adherens Junctions / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D015824:Blood-Air Barrier / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D019256:Cadmium Chloride / Q000633:toxicity*; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D016764:Cell Polarity; D048430:Cell Shape / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D018920:Coculture Techniques; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D019610:Cytoprotection; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D017097:Electric Impedance; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism; D019108:Tight Junctions / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D019256:Cadmium Chloride; D002118:Calcium