title: Effect of chronic methylene blue administration on hypoxemia in rats with common bile duct ligation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Acute administration of methylene blue (MB) can reverse hypoxemia in patients with hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS). We evaluated the effect of chronic MB administration in common bile duct-ligated rats, which develop HPS by 5 weeks after surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 96 Sprague-Dawley rats were used, including 63 rats with common bile duct ligation (CBDL), 22 sham-operated rats and 11 normal control rats. MB (6 mg/kg) was injected s.c. once a day for 4 weeks. Evaluation of hemodynamics and intrapulmonary vascular dilatation (IPVD), as well as blood sampling for arterial blood gas analysis, were done under conscious and unrestrained conditions. Hemodynamics were assessed by the reference sample method using (141)Ce-microspheres (15 microm in diameter), and IPVD was also determined by i.v. injection of these microspheres. Histological examination of the lungs was done with hematoxylin-eosin staining and immunohistochemical staining for von Willebrand factor or vascular endothelial growth factor.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both the arterial oxygen tension and alveolar-arterial oxygen difference were significantly improved in MB-treated CBDL rats. The hyperdynamic circulation and splanchnic hyperemia seen in untreated CBDL rats were also alleviated by MB treatment. However, IPVD was not affected by MB. Histological examination of the lungs indicated that MB treatment reduced the proliferation of alveolar capillary vessels and angiogenesis, leading to improvement of arterial dysoxygenation. Hepatic synthetic and detoxification functions, as well as renal function, were not altered by MB treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Methylene blue may be a candidate treatment for HPS that does not cause deterioration of hepatic or renal function.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Hepatology, Geriatrics and Integrated Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Akiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Miyamoto
authors.forename: Yasumi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Katsuta
authors.forename: Xue-Jun
authors.initials: XJ
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Hong-Li
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Masaru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ohsuga
authors.forename: Hirokazu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Komeichi
authors.forename: Shuji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.forename: Toshio
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Akimoto
authors.forename: Kyoichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mizuno