title: Reassessments of ESAs for cancer treatment in the US and Europe.
abstract: Anemia is a widely prevalent complication among cancer patients. At the time of diagnosis, 30% to 40% of patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma or Hodgkin lymphoma and up to 70% of patients with multiple myeloma are anemic; rates are higher among persons with myelodysplastic syndromes. Among patients with solid cancers or lymphomas, up to half develop anemia following chemotherapy. For almost 2 decades, erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) were the primary treatment for cancer-related anemia. However, reassessments of benefits and risks of ESAs for cancer-associated anemia have occurred internationally. We reviewed guidelines and notifications from regulatory agencies and manufacturers, reimbursement policies, and utilization for ESAs in the cancer and chronic kidney disease settings within the United States, Europe, and Canada. In 2008 the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) restricted ESAs from cancer patients seeking cure. Reimbursement is limited to hemoglobin levels < 10 g/dL. In the United States, ESA usage increased 340% between 2001 and 2006, and decreased 60% since 2007. The European Medicines Agency (EMEA) recommended that ESA benefits do not outweigh risks. In Europe between 2001 and 2006, ESA use increased 51%; since 2006, use decreased by 10%. In 2009, Canadian manufacturers recommended usage based on patient preferences. In Canada in 2007, approximately 20% of anemic cancer patients received ESAs, a 20% increase since 2004. In contrast to Europe, where ESA use has increased over time, reassessments of ESA-associated safety concerns in the United States have resulted in marked decrements in ESA use among cancer patients.
authors.affiliation: VA Center for the Management of Complex Chronic Care, VA Chicago Healthcare System, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
authors.forename: Charles L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Bennett
authors.forename: June M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: McKoy
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Henke
authors.forename: Samuel M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Silver
authors.forename: Iain C
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: MacDougall
authors.forename: Gunnar
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Birgegård
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Luminari
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Casadevall
authors.forename: Huub
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schellekens
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Sartor
authors.forename: Stephen Y
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.forename: James O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Armitage
mesh_terms: D000740:Anemia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy*; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D017723:Drug Utilization Review; D005060:Europe; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D006397:Hematinics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D006397:Hematinics