title: Identification and functions of pattern-recognition receptors.
abstract: Since the identification of Toll-like receptors, our knowledge about pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) has increased rapidly. Classes of PRRs that have been recently discovered include RIG-I-like receptors, Nod-like receptors, and C-type lectin receptors. Recent studies have started to clarify the molecular basis of PRR-ligand interactions, yet the numbers of PRRs and their ligands continue to increase. New technologies have elucidated the network regulation of immune responses at the cellular and in vivo levels. We review the most recent discoveries about PRRs and their ligands, their roles in intracellular and in vivo regulation of immune responses, and the systems biology of innate immunity.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Host Defense, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center; Department of Host Defense, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases; Global COE Program, Frontier Medicine Underlying Organelle Network Biology, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
authors.forename: Yutaro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kumagai
authors.forename: Shizuo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Akira
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000276:immunology* / Q000502:physiology; D008024:Ligands; D051192:Receptors, Pattern Recognition / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D049490:Systems Biology / Q000379:methods; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D008024:Ligands; D051192:Receptors, Pattern Recognition; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors