title: Environmental damage to the retina and preconditioning: contrasting effects of light and hyperoxic stress.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Environmental stress (bright light, hypoxia) can "condition" retinal photoreceptors, increasing their resistance to subsequent stress. The present study tests whether another photoreceptor-lethal stress, hyperoxia, can induce similar resistance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Vulnerability to hyperoxia was tested in young adult C57BL/6J mice exposed to 1000 lux cyclic light for 1 week or to 50% O2 for 1 week and then to 75% O2 for 2 weeks. Vulnerability to light was tested in Balb/cJ mice exposed to 300 lux cyclic light for 2 days or to 75% O2 for 2 weeks and then to 1000 lux cyclic light for 1 week. Retinas were analyzed for photoreceptor death, levels of stress-related proteins (GFAP, FGF-2, MnSOD, acrolein), and the regulation of candidate neuroprotective genes (HSP70.1, Ledgf, FGF-13, Timp2).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Light preconditioning did not cause measurable death of photoreceptors but reduced photoreceptor death induced by subsequent hyperoxic or light stress, reduced levels of stress-related proteins, and maintained the length and organization of photoreceptor outer segments. Hyperoxic preconditioning caused measurable cell death but provided no protection against subsequent hyperoxic or light stress. Of the four candidate neuroprotective proteins examined, the regulation of only one (Timp2) seemed associated with the neuroprotection observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Light preconditioning, causing only minimal damage to photoreceptors, induced protection against subsequent stress from both hyperoxia and light. By contrast, hyperoxic preconditioning caused measurable photoreceptor damage but induced no protection against light or hyperoxia. These data suggest a separation between stress-induced damage to photoreceptors and the upregulation of protective mechanisms, encouraging the search for ways to protect the retina without damaging it.
authors.affiliation: ARC Centre of Excellence in Vision Science, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia. yuan.zhu@anu.edu.au
authors.forename: Yuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Krisztina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Valter
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stone
mesh_terms: D000171:Acrolein / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D016923:Cell Death / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects; D004777:Environment; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D005346:Fibroblast Growth Factors / Q000235:genetics; D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein; D018840:HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D018496:Hyperoxia / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D019194:Ischemic Preconditioning / Q000379:methods*; D008027:Light / Q000009:adverse effects; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D020419:Photoreceptor Cells, Vertebrate / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology* / Q000528:radiation effects; D010789:Phototherapy / Q000379:methods*; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000532:radiotherapy; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000502:physiology; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D019716:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2 / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein; D018840:HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; C528900:glial fibrillary astrocytic protein, mouse; C081884:heat-shock protein 70.1; C119380:lens epithelium-derived growth factor; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2; D019716:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2; C108111:fibroblast growth factor 13; D005346:Fibroblast Growth Factors; D000171:Acrolein; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase