title: Prenatal cocaine exposure related to cortisol stress reactivity in 11-year-old children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Determine the association between prenatal cocaine exposure and postnatal environmental adversity on salivary cortisol stress reactivity in school-aged children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects included 743 11-year-old children (n = 320 cocaine-exposed; 423 comparison) followed since birth in a longitudinal prospective multisite study. Saliva samples were collected to measure cortisol at baseline and after a standardized procedure to induce psychological stress. Children were divided into those who showed an increase in cortisol from baseline to post stress and those who showed a decrease or blunted cortisol response. Covariates measured included site, birthweight, maternal pre and postnatal use of alcohol, tobacco or marijuana, social class, changes in caretakers, maternal depression and psychological symptoms, domestic and community violence, child abuse, and quality of the home.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With adjustment for confounding variables, cortisol reactivity to stress was more likely to be blunted in children with prenatal cocaine exposure. Children exposed to cocaine and who experienced domestic violence showed the strongest effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combination of prenatal cocaine exposure and an adverse postnatal environment could downregulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis resulting in the blunted cortisol response to stress possibly increasing risk for later psychopathology and adult disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Brown Center for the Study of Children at Risk, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Providence, RI 02905, USA. Barry_Lester@Brown.edu
authors.forename: Barry M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Lester
authors.forename: Linda L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Lagasse
authors.forename: Seetha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shankaran
authors.forename: Henrietta S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Bada
authors.forename: Charles R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Abhik
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Das
authors.forename: Rosemary
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Higgins
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D003042:Cocaine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D017579:Domestic Violence; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000378:metabolism*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D018811:Maternal Exposure; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012463:Saliva / Q000378:metabolism*; D012923:Social Class; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000209:etiology; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders
chemical_list: D003042:Cocaine; D006854:Hydrocortisone
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