title: Prognostic factors and patterns of recurrence in esophageal cancer assert arguments for extended two-field transthoracic esophagectomy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  High recurrence rates determine the dismal outcome in esophageal cancer. We reviewed our experiences and defined prognostic factors and patterns of recurrences after curatively intended transthoracic esophagectomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between January 1991 and December 2005, 212 consecutive patients underwent a radical transthoracic esophagectomy with extended 2-field lymphadenectomy. Recurrence rates, survival, and prognostic factors were analyzed (minimal follow-up period, 2 y).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Radicality was obtained in 85.6%. The median follow-up period was 26.6 months. The overall recurrence rate at 1, 3, and 5 years was 28%, 44%, and 64%, respectively, and locoregional recurrence rate was 17%, 27%, and 43%, respectively. Overall survival rates, including postoperative deaths, were 45% and 34% at 3 and 5 years, respectively. pT stage and lymph node (LN) ratio greater than .20 were independent prognostic factors for survival and recurrences. Radicality was most prognostic for survival, and for N+ greater than 4 positive LN for recurrences.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Radicality and LN ratio are strong prognostic factors. High radicality and adequate nodal assessment are guaranteed by an extended transthoracic approach.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Oncology, PO Box 30001, 9700 RB, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Justin K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Smit
authors.forename: Bareld B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Pultrum
authors.forename: Hendrik M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: van Dullemen
authors.forename: Gooitzen M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Van Dam
authors.forename: Henk
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Groen
authors.forename: John T M
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Plukker
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D044963:Biopsy, Fine-Needle; D019160:Endosonography; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery*; D016629:Esophagectomy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008197:Lymph Node Excision; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate / Q000639:trends; D013997:Time Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed