title: The temperature dependence of maltose transport in ale and lager strains of brewer's yeast.
abstract: Lager beers are traditionally made at lower temperatures (6-14 degrees C) than ales (15-25 degrees C). At low temperatures, lager strains (Saccharomyces pastorianus) ferment faster than ale strains (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). Two lager and two ale strains had similar maltose transport activities at 20 degrees C, but at 0 degrees C the lager strains had fivefold greater activity. AGT1, MTT1 and MALx1 are major maltose transporter genes. In nine tested lager strains, the AGT1 genes contained premature stop codons. None of five tested ale strains had this defect. All tested lager strains, but no ale strain, contained MTT1 genes. When functional AGT1 from an ale strain was expressed in a lager strain, the resultant maltose transport activity had the high temperature dependence characteristic of ale yeasts. Lager yeast MTT1 and MALx1 genes were expressed in a maltose-negative laboratory strain of S. cerevisiae. The resultant Mtt1 transport activity had low temperature dependence and the Malx1 activity had high temperature dependence. Faster fermentation at low temperature by lager strains than ale strains may result from their different maltose transporters. The loss of Agt1 transporters during the evolution of lager strains may have provided plasma membrane space for the Mtt1 transporters that perform better at a low temperature.
authors.affiliation: VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Espoo, Finland.
authors.forename: Virve
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vidgren
authors.forename: Jyri-Pekka
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Multanen
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ruohonen
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Londesborough
mesh_terms: D000434:Alcoholic Beverages / Q000382:microbiology*; D001692:Biological Transport / Q000528:radiation effects; D005285:Fermentation / Q000528:radiation effects; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000528:radiation effects; D008320:Maltose / Q000378:metabolism*; D009004:Monosaccharide Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000528:radiation effects; D011995:Recombination, Genetic; D012440:Saccharomyces / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000528:radiation effects; D027981:Symporters / Q000235:genetics / Q000528:radiation effects; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D005656:Fungal Proteins; D009004:Monosaccharide Transport Proteins; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; D027981:Symporters; C067575:maltose transport system, S cerevisiae; D008320:Maltose
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2005 Sep;71(9):5044-9
references.pmid: 16151085
references.citation: J Agric Food Chem. 2006 Nov 1;54(22):8450-5
references.pmid: 17061820
references.citation: Lett Appl Microbiol. 2006 Oct;43(4):370-6
references.pmid: 16965366
references.citation: Proteomics. 2007 Nov;7(22):4135-47
references.pmid: 17994632
references.citation: Yeast. 2005 Jul 30;22(10):775-88
references.pmid: 16088872
references.citation: Int J Food Microbiol. 2000 Dec 5;62(1-2):37-45
references.pmid: 11139020
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2008 Mar;74(5):1494-501
references.pmid: 18203856
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2008 Apr;74(8):2314-20
references.pmid: 18296532
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 2003 Jun 23;161(6):1117-31
references.pmid: 12810702
references.citation: FEMS Yeast Res. 2004 Dec;5(3):213-30
references.pmid: 15556083
references.citation: Yeast. 1994 Dec;10(13):1793-808
references.pmid: 7747518
references.citation: Mol Microbiol. 1995 Sep;17(6):1093-107
references.pmid: 8594329
references.citation: Eur J Biochem. 1980 Apr;105(2):211-5
references.pmid: 7379781
references.citation: Yeast. 2008 Aug;25(8):549-62
references.pmid: 18668645
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2008 May;74(10):3076-84
references.pmid: 18378647
references.citation: FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2009 Apr;293(1):1-10
references.pmid: 19175410
references.citation: Gene. 1988 Dec 30;74(2):527-34
references.pmid: 3073106
references.citation: Yeast. 2002 Sep 15;19(12):1015-27
references.pmid: 12210897
references.citation: FEMS Yeast Res. 2001 Apr;1(1):73-8
references.pmid: 12702465
references.citation: DNA Res. 2009 Apr;16(2):115-29
references.pmid: 19261625
references.citation: Nucleic Acids Res. 1992 Mar 25;20(6):1425
references.pmid: 1561104
references.citation: Biochim Biophys Acta. 2003 Feb 17;1610(1):11-22
references.pmid: 12586375
references.citation: EMBO J. 2002 May 1;21(9):2107-16
references.pmid: 11980707
references.citation: Lett Appl Microbiol. 1996 Dec;23(6):448-52
references.pmid: 8987905
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2005 Dec;71(12):7846-57
references.pmid: 16332759
references.citation: J Appl Microbiol. 2003;94(3):432-48
references.pmid: 12588552
references.citation: J Biochem. 2009 Jun;145(6):709-20
references.pmid: 19254924
references.citation: Biochimie. 2007 Feb;89(2):249-54
references.pmid: 16938383
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2002 Nov;68(11):5326-35
references.pmid: 12406721
references.citation: Genome Res. 2008 Oct;18(10):1610-23
references.pmid: 18787083
references.citation: Yeast. 2005 Oct 30;22(14):1099-115
references.pmid: 16240458
references.citation: J Biosci Bioeng. 2002;93(5):509-11
references.pmid: 16233241
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 1999 Feb;65(2):450-6
references.pmid: 9925567
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2009 Apr;75(8):2333-45
references.pmid: 19181838