title: Pituitary tumor transforming gene binding factor: a new gene in breast cancer.
abstract: Pituitary tumor transforming gene (PTTG) binding factor (PBF; PTTG1IP) is a relatively uncharacterized oncoprotein whose function remains obscure. Because of the presence of putative estrogen response elements (ERE) in its promoter, we assessed PBF regulation by estrogen. PBF mRNA and protein expression were induced by both diethylstilbestrol and 17beta-estradiol in estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha)-positive MCF-7 cells. Detailed analysis of the PBF promoter showed that the region -399 to -291 relative to the translational start site contains variable repeats of an 18-bp sequence housing a putative ERE half-site (gcccctcGGTCAcgcctc). Sequencing the PBF promoter from 122 normal subjects revealed that subjects may be homozygous or heterozygous for between 1 and 6 repeats of the ERE. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and oligonucleotide pull-down assays revealed ERalpha binding to the PBF promoter. PBF expression was low or absent in normal breast tissue but was highly expressed in breast cancers. Subjects with greater numbers of ERE repeats showed higher PBF mRNA expression, and PBF protein expression positively correlated with ERalpha status. Cell invasion assays revealed that PBF induces invasion through Matrigel, an action that could be abrogated both by siRNA treatment and specific mutation. Furthermore, PBF is a secreted protein, and loss of secretion prevents PBF inducing cell invasion. Given that PBF is a potent transforming gene, we propose that estrogen treatment in postmenopausal women may upregulate PBF expression, leading to PBF secretion and increased cell invasion. Furthermore, the number of ERE half-sites in the PBF promoter may significantly alter the response to estrogen treatment in individual subjects.
authors.affiliation: School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Centre for Liver Research, Institute of Biomedical Research, and Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Rachel J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Watkins
authors.forename: Martin L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Read
authors.forename: Vicki E
authors.initials: VE
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Neil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: Gary M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Reynolds
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Buckley
authors.forename: Craig
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Doig
authors.forename: Moray J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: Greg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lewy
authors.forename: Margaret C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Eggo
authors.forename: Laurence S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Loubiere
authors.forename: Jayne A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Franklyn
authors.forename: Kristien
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Boelaert
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: McCabe
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004054:Diethylstilbestrol / Q000494:pharmacology; D004958:Estradiol / Q000494:pharmacology; D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D020218:Response Elements; D064249:Securin
chemical_list: D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D064249:Securin; C578002:pituitary tumor-transforming protein 1, human; D004958:Estradiol; D004054:Diethylstilbestrol
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