title: Four-year incidence and progression of visual impairment in Latinos: the Los Angeles Latino Eye Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the 4-year incidence of visual impairment (VI) and blindness and worsening of visual acuity in adult Latinos and Hispanics aged 40 years and older.
  
  
  METHODS
  Population-based, longitudinal study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants underwent a detailed ophthalmologic examination including assessing both presenting binocular visual acuity (PVA) and best-corrected distance visual acuity (BCVA) in both eyes using a standard Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy protocol. The main outcome measures are 4-year incidence of visual impairment and blindness based on PVA or BCVA in the better-seeing eye and defined as (1) baseline visual acuity (PVA or BCVA) of 20/40 or better and a follow-up PVA or BCVA of less than 20/40 but better than 20/200, and (2) baseline PVA better than 20/200 and a follow-up PVA of 20/200 or less, respectively. Monocular worsening was defined as a decrease of 5 or more, 10, and 15 letters in either eye.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four thousand six hundred fifty-eight participants were examined at baseline and the 4-year follow-up. The 4-year incidence of presenting binocular VI and blindness was 2.9% and 0.3%. The 4-year incidence of best-corrected VI and blindness was 1.2% and 0.3%. The 4-year incidence of monocular worsening by 5 or more, 10, and 15 letters was 24.8%, 8.5%, and 3.1%, respectively. The incidence of VI and blindness increased with age at baseline (P < .01). The incidence of VI in the second eye (12.2%) was significantly higher than the incidence of VI in the first eye (2.9%; P < .001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, the annual incidence of VI in Latinos and Hispanics was higher than that reported in non-Hispanic white persons and the highest reported in a population-based study in the United States. Screening and intervention programs to reduce visual impairment and blindness should focus on the older Latino population.
authors.affiliation: Doheny Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033-9224, USA. rvarma@usc.edu
authors.forename: Rohit
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Varma
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Athena W P
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Foong
authors.forename: Mina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Torres
authors.forename: Farzana
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Choudhury
authors.forename: Stanley P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Azen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001766:Blindness / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000208:ethnology*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D015141:Los Angeles / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017678:Sex Distribution; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014787:Vision Tests; D015348:Vision, Binocular / Q000502:physiology; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology; D019987:Persons with Visual Disabilities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
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