title: The impact of Western physicians on the modernization of Turkish surgery and medicine, 1827-1936.
abstract: Efforts of modernizing the Ottoman Empire and society started during the 19th century. Initially reforms have been limited by institutions such as the armed forces, faculty of engineering and medicine. For this reason, a large number of western physicians invited to state to take prestigious positions in its few existing medical schools and other state establishments, in particular help with reforming its higher education. After the establishment of young Turkish Republic, western forms of science, medicine, art and literature penetrated the culture and continued to flourish. This article brings to light the efforts of these surgeons, and physicians and tells about their contributions to surgery and medicine in Turkey.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Istanbul Medipol Hospital, Kadikoy, Kosuyolu, Istanbul 81300, Turkey. drbilsel@gmail.com
authors.forename: Yilmaz
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Bilsel
authors.forename: Hasan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bektas
authors.forename: Metin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tilki
mesh_terms: D004501:Education, Medical / Q000266:history*; D004641:Emigration and Immigration / Q000266:history; D013502:General Surgery / Q000266:history; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D008887:Military Medicine / Q000266:history; D057214:Ottoman Empire; D010822:Physicians, Women / Q000266:history; D012577:Schools, Medical / Q000266:history; D012922:Social Change; D014421:Turkey; D019366:Western World; D047828:World War I
references.citation: J Clin Neurosci. 2003 Jan;10(1):37-9
references.pmid: 12464519
references.citation: J Clin Neurosci. 2005 Apr;12(3):231-4
references.pmid: 15851070