title: Intensive care unit safety culture and outcomes: a US multicenter study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Safety culture may influence patient outcomes, but evidence is limited. We sought to determine if intensive care unit (ICU) safety culture is independently associated with outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cohort study combining safety culture survey data with the Project IMPACT Critical Care Medicine (PICCM) clinical database.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty ICUs participating in the PICCM database.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 65 978 patients admitted January 2001-March 2005.
  
  
  METHODS
  None.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hospital mortality and length of stay (LOS).
  
  
  METHODS
  From December 2003 to April 2004, we surveyed study ICUs using the Safety Attitudes Questionnaire-ICU version, a validated instrument that assesses safety culture across six factors. We calculated factor mean and percent-positive scores (% respondents with mean score > or =75 on a 0-100 scale) for each ICU, and generated case-mix adjusted, patient-level, ICU-clustered regression analyses to determine the independent association of safety culture and outcome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We achieved a 47.9% response (2103 of 4373 ICU personnel). Culture scores were mostly low to moderate and varied across ICUs (range: 13-88, percent-positive scores). After adjustment for patient, hospital and ICU characteristics, for every 10% decrease in ICU perceptions of management percent-positive score, the odds ratio for hospital mortality was 1.24 (95% CI: 1.07-1.44; P = 0.005). For every 10% decrease in ICU safety climate percent-positive score, LOS increased 15% (95% CI: 1-30%; P = 0.03). Sensitivity analyses for non-response bias consistently associated safety climate with outcome, but also yielded some counterintuitive results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In a multicenter study conducted in the USA, perceptions of management and safety climate were moderately associated with outcomes. Future work should further develop methods of assessing safety culture and association with outcomes.
authors.affiliation: CRISMA Laboratory, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 3550 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA. huangdt@upmc.edu
authors.forename: David T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Gilles
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Clermont
authors.forename: Lan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kong
authors.forename: Lisa A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Weissfeld
authors.forename: J Bryan
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Sexton
authors.forename: Kathy M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Rowan
authors.forename: Derek C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Angus
mesh_terms: D015331:Cohort Studies; D006742:Hospital Bed Capacity / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000458:organization & administration*; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015279:Organizational Culture; D010465:Perception; D010561:Personnel Staffing and Scheduling / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017751:Safety Management / Q000458:organization & administration*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States
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