title: Maternal and paternal race/ethnicity are both associated with gestational diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of the study was to examine the rates of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) associated with both maternal and paternal race/ethnicity.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a retrospective cohort study of all women delivered within a managed care network. Rates of GDM were calculated for maternal, paternal, and combined race/ethnicity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the 139,848 women with identified race/ethnicity, Asians had the highest rate (P < .001) of GDM (6.8%) as compared with whites (3.4%), African Americans (3.2%), and Hispanics (4.9%). When examining race/ethnicity controlling for potential confounders, we found that the rates of GDM were higher among Asian (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.5; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.4-1.6) and Hispanic (aOR, 1.2; 95% CI, 1.1-1.4) women as well as Asian (aOR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.3-1.5) and Hispanic (aOR, 1.3; 95% CI, 1.2-1.4) men as compared with their white counterparts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found that rates of GDM are affected by both maternal and paternal race/ethnicity. In both Asians and Hispanics, maternal and paternal race are equally associated with an increase in GDM. These differences may inform further investigation of the pathophysiology of GDM.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Aaron B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Caughey
authors.forename: Yvonne W
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Naomi E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Stotland
authors.forename: A Eugene
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Washington
authors.forename: Gabriel J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Escobar
mesh_terms: D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational / Q000208:ethnology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010375:Pedigree; D011247:Pregnancy; D012189:Retrospective Studies