title: Is yessotoxin the main phycotoxin in Croatian waters?
abstract: With the aim of investigating whether yessotoxin (YTX) is responsible for diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) events in Croatian waters, three different methods were combined: a modified mouse bioassay (MBA) that discriminates YTX from other DSP toxins, the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method (ELISA) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Among 453 samples of mussels and seawater analyzed in 2007, 10 samples were DSP positive. Results obtained by the modified MBA method revealed that most of the samples were positive for YTX, with the exception of samples from Lim Bay (LB 1) The ELISA method also identified the presence of YTX in these samples. DSP toxin profiles showed the presence of okadaic acid (OA) in three, and YTX in four out of nine samples that were analyzed by LC-MS/MS. The phytoplankton community structure pattern revealed Lingulodinium polyedrum (Stein) Dodge, which was present in the water prior to and/or during toxicity events at low concentrations (80 to 1440 cells L(-1)), as a potential YTX producing species. It is proposed that L. polyedrum cells accumulated in mussels and the subsequently observed toxicity may be related to metabolism after ingestion, resulting in carboxy YTX as the major analog in the mussel.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Set. I. Mestrovića 63, 21000 Split, Croatia. nincevic@izor.hr
authors.forename: Zivana Nincević
authors.initials: ZN
authors.lastname: Gladan
authors.forename: Ivana
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ujević
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Milandri
authors.forename: Ivona
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Marasović
authors.forename: Alfiero
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ceredi
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pigozzi
authors.forename: Jasna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Arapov
authors.forename: Sanda
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Skejić
authors.forename: Stjepan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Orhanović
authors.forename: Igor
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Isajlović
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001681:Biological Assay; D049872:Bivalvia / Q000737:chemistry*; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D017523:Croatia; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D056890:Eukaryota / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D008387:Marine Toxins / Q000032:analysis*; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D051379:Mice; D008978:Mollusk Venoms; D035964:Oxocins / Q000032:analysis*; D012623:Seawater / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D008387:Marine Toxins; D008978:Mollusk Venoms; D035964:Oxocins; C066632:yessotoxin
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