title: Albuminuria among Alaska Natives--findings from the Genetics of Coronary Artery Disease in Alaska Natives (GOCADAN) study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The prevalence and associated risk factors for albuminuria and low-grade albuminuria in Alaska Natives is not known.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional analysis of the Genetics of Coronary Artery Disease in Alaska Natives Study. We included 1,026 individuals, who represent 85% of the study participants for whom complete data were available. Risk factors examined were age, sex, education, diabetes, hypertension, obesity, lipids, C-reactive protein, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor use, and smoking status. Urine albumin excretion was estimated by the albumin/creatinine ratio measured from a single random morning urine sample. Albuminuria was defined as an albumin/creatinine ratio of > or =30 mg/g. Low-grade albuminuria was defined as an albumin/creatinine ratio of 10 to <30 mg/g.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age was 42 years and over half were female. Diabetes prevalence was low at 3% and the prevalence of hypertension was 20%. The prevalence of albuminuria was 6%; the prevalence of low-grade albuminuria was 12%. Individuals with diabetes or hypertension were 3 times more likely to have albuminuria than those without these conditions [odd ratios: diabetes 3.0 (1.2-7.9) and hypertension 3.0 (1.2-7.3)].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The burden of albuminuria is low. Comprehensive programs and policies are important given the rise in diabetes and hypertension among Alaska Natives.
authors.affiliation: Medicine Department, Division of General Internal Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. jollys@ccf.org
authors.forename: Stacey E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Jolly
authors.forename: Carolyn J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Noonan
authors.forename: Yvette D
authors.initials: YD
authors.lastname: Roubideaux
authors.forename: Jack H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Goldberg
authors.forename: Sven O E
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Ebbesson
authors.forename: Jason G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Umans
authors.forename: Barbara V
authors.initials: BV
authors.lastname: Howard
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000413:Alaska / Q000208:ethnology; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000150:complications / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000235:genetics*; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000235:genetics*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000208:ethnology / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications / Q000208:ethnology / Q000235:genetics; D007198:Indians, North American / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D055815:Young Adult
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