title: Differential effects of 17beta-estradiol and raloxifene on bone and lipid metabolism in rats with chronic kidney disease and estrogen insufficiency.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 17beta-estradiol, raloxifene, and 1-alpha,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol or calcitriol on bone and lipid metabolism in chronic kidney disease and estrogen insufficiency.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six-month-old female Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 48) were ovariectomized and nephrectomized (seven eighths). One week after surgery, the rats were divided into six groups and treated with (1) placebo, (2) 17beta-estradiol 10 microg kg day, (3) raloxifene 1 mg kg day, (4) calcitriol 10 ng kg day, (5) 17beta-estradiol + calcitriol, and (6) raloxifene + calcitriol. A group of untreated animals with chronic kidney disease and normal ovarian function was used as a control group (n = 5). The rats were killed after 8 weeks of treatment. Blood samples were drawn for serum analyses; the right tibia was removed to perform histomorphometric analyses, uteri were used as tissue markers of estrogen replacement, and paraffin-embedded sections of the uterus and the fourth breast were used for histopathologic evaluation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Raloxifene, alone or combined with calcitriol, and 17beta-estradiol combined with calcitriol significantly diminished total cholesterol level compared with placebo. Qualitative histological and histomorphometric analyses showed that both the single treatments and their combinations were able to increase the trabecular connectivity compared with placebo. The less beneficial results were obtained with 17beta-estradiol alone, whereas the more beneficial results were obtained with the combined treatments, particularly with raloxifene and calcitriol.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In summary, this experimental study demonstrates the advantages of replacing both hormonal deficiencies together. The combination of calcitriol and raloxifene, a selective estrogen receptor modulator, showed a better lipid, uterus, and bone profile.
authors.affiliation: Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Naves-Díaz
authors.forename: Natalia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Carrillo-López
authors.forename: Aránzazu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Rodríguez
authors.forename: Socorro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Braga
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fernández-Coto
authors.forename: Jose Miguel
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Lopez-Novoa
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: López-Hernández
authors.forename: Jorge B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Cannata-Andía
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001284:Atrophy; D050071:Bone Density Conservation Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D002117:Calcitriol / Q000494:pharmacology; D002118:Calcium / Q000097:blood; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004958:Estradiol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004967:Estrogens / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D006965:Hyperplasia; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000150:complications*; D008321:Mammary Glands, Animal / Q000473:pathology; D009929:Organ Size; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone / Q000097:blood; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000097:blood; D020849:Raloxifene Hydrochloride / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D020845:Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators / Q000494:pharmacology; D013977:Tibia / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D014599:Uterus / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D050071:Bone Density Conservation Agents; D004967:Estrogens; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone; D020845:Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators; D010758:Phosphorus; D020849:Raloxifene Hydrochloride; D004958:Estradiol; D002784:Cholesterol; D002117:Calcitriol; D002118:Calcium