title: Effect of suppressor current intensity on the determination of glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid by suppressed conductivity ion chromatography.
abstract: This paper presents the application of ion chromatography with electrolytic eluent generation and mobile phase suppression for the direct conductimetric detection of glyphosate and its degradation product aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA). The compounds were separated on a Dionex AS18 anion exchange column with a 12-40 mM KOH step gradient from 9 to 9.5 min. The effect of the suppressor current intensity on the electrostatic interaction of these amphoteric compounds with the suppressor cation exchange membranes was evaluated. A suppressor current gradient technique was proposed for the limitation of peak broadening and baseline noise, in order to improve method sensitivity and detectability. It was observed that residual sample carbonates co-eluted with AMPA when a large injection loop was installed for the low level determination of both compounds in natural waters. For this reason, glyphosate was isocratically eluted using 33 mM KOH in order to decrease analysis time within 10 min and a column clean up step using 100 mM KOH was used to ensure retention time reproducibility. The developed method was applied to the analysis of drinking and natural water and it was further successfully applied to orange samples with slight modifications. Instrumental LOD for glyphosate was 0.24 microg/L, while method LOD was 0.54 microg/L for spring waters and 0.01 mg/kg for oranges using a 1000 microL direct loop injection of the sample. Intra-day and inter-day precision (as %RSD) for water samples was 4.6% and 12% at a spiking level of 2 microg/L, and the recovery ranged from 64% to 88% depending on sample conductivity. For orange samples, the inter-day precision was 1.4% at a spiking level of 4.4 mg/kg, while overall recovery was 103%. The developed method is direct, fast, sensitive and relatively inexpensive, and could be used as an ideal fast screening tool for the monitoring of glyphosate residues in water and fruit samples.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis Zografou, 157 71 Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Ioannis K
authors.initials: IK
authors.lastname: Dimitrakopoulos
authors.forename: Nikolaos S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Thomaidis
authors.forename: Nikolaos C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Megoulas
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Koupparis
mesh_terms: D002852:Chromatography, Ion Exchange / Q000379:methods*; D032084:Citrus sinensis / Q000737:chemistry; D005504:Food Analysis / Q000379:methods; D005998:Glycine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D007555:Isoxazoles; D016014:Linear Models; D063065:Organophosphonates / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D010575:Pesticides / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013777:Tetrazoles; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D000097797:Glyphosate
chemical_list: D005998:Glycine; D007555:Isoxazoles; D063065:Organophosphonates; D010575:Pesticides; D013777:Tetrazoles; D014867:Water; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D000097797:Glyphosate; C418233:2-amino-3-(3-hydrox-5(2-methyl-2H-tetrazol-5-yl)isoxazol-4-yl)propionic acid