title: Biliary complications following liver transplantation.
abstract: The aphorism that reconstruction of the biliary anastomosis is the "Achilles heel" of liver transplantation remains valid as biliary complications following liver transplantation remain a major source of morbidity with an incidence of 5-32%. Biliary complications include biliary strictures, biliary leaks, and stones. Biliary strictures can be divided into anastomotic and non-anastomotic. The management of biliary complications previously relied on surgical intervention. However, advances in endoscopic and radiological interventions have resulted in less-invasive options. The management of biliary complications post-liver transplantation requires a multidisciplinary approach and continues to evolve. Biliary complications also reflect the continued expansion of the donor pool with extended, live, and non-heart beating donors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University, Suite 210, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA. wayoub@stanford.edu
authors.forename: Walid S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Ayoub
authors.forename: Carlos O
authors.initials: CO
authors.lastname: Esquivel
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Martin
mesh_terms: D001660:Biliary Tract Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D001662:Biliary Tract Surgical Procedures; D001926:Brain Death; D002760:Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde; D003251:Constriction, Pathologic; D016145:Endoscopy, Digestive System; D042882:Gallstones / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D016031:Liver Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012086:Reoperation; D046628:Sphincter of Oddi Dysfunction / Q000209:etiology; D014019:Tissue Donors / Q000600:supply & distribution*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
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