title: Signature gene expression profile of triclosan-resistant Escherichia coli.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To gain further insight into the defence mechanisms against triclosan in a mutant derived from an Escherichia coli strain carrying the triclosan-resistant target enzyme, FabI(G93V).
  
  
  METHODS
  An E. coli imp4231 FabI(G93V) strain was constructed by replacing intact fabI with a linear DNA cassette, fabI(G93V)-CmR, that contains a single mutation, GGT to GTT, at codon 93 of fabI(G93V) and a chloramphenicol resistance gene (CmR) as a marker for the mutant allele by a Red-mediated recombination system. Using this E. coli imp4231 FabI(G93V) strain, nitrosoguanidine (NTG) mutagenesis was performed to generate E. coli IFNs [imp4231 FabI(G93V) treated with NTG] displaying higher MICs of triclosan than its parent strain. The genes overexpressed in E. coli IFN4 were identified by DNA microarray analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An E. coli imp4231 FabI(G93V) strain displays approximately 400-fold increased MICs of triclosan (MIC approximately 8 mg/L) compared with the parent strain (MIC approximately 0.02 mg/L). Furthermore, E. coli IFN4 has the highest MIC of triclosan (MIC approximately 80 mg/L). DNA microarray analysis of E. coli IFN4 shows that many genes involved in the biosynthesis of membrane proteins, including transporters, reductases/dehydrogenases and stress response regulators, were highly expressed in the mutant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results strongly indicate that E. coli IFN cells might protect themselves from triclosan by activating various defence mechanisms, such as (i) changing efflux activities; (ii) capturing the triclosan; and (iii) increasing the expression of important regulators or metabolic enzymes.
authors.affiliation: Systems Microbiology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806, Korea.
authors.forename: Byung Jo
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Jung Ae
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Jae-Gu
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Pan
mesh_terms: D019943:Amino Acid Substitution / Q000235:genetics; D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local / Q000494:pharmacology*; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D050753:Enoyl-(Acyl-Carrier-Protein) Reductase (NADH) / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics*; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D054889:Fatty Acid Synthase, Type II; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D005798:Genes, Bacterial; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D009153:Mutagens / Q000494:pharmacology; D050505:Mutant Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009604:Nitrosoguanidines / Q000494:pharmacology; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D011995:Recombination, Genetic; D014260:Triclosan / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; D009153:Mutagens; D050505:Mutant Proteins; D009604:Nitrosoguanidines; D014260:Triclosan; D050753:Enoyl-(Acyl-Carrier-Protein) Reductase (NADH); C493924:fabI protein, E coli; D054889:Fatty Acid Synthase, Type II