title: Antifouling biocides in discarded marine paint particles.
abstract: Antifouling paint fragments collected from marinas and leisure boat maintenance facilities and in the vicinity of abandoned boats have been chemically characterised. High concentrations of Cu (23-380mgg(-1)) and Zn (14-160mgg(-1)) in the samples (n=14) are consistent with the use of these metals in the principal biocidal and non-biocidal pigments in contemporary antifouling formulations. Up to about 2% and 7% of the respective metals were solvent-extractable, suggesting that organo-forms of Cu and Zn (e.g. pyrithiones) were also present. Of the organic biocides, dichlofluanid was present in most samples and at concentrations up to about 20mgg(-1). Chlorothalonil and Irgarol 1051(R) were only detected in one and four cases, respectively, and Sea Nine 211(R) was not detected in any sample. Results are discussed in terms of UK legislation regarding biocide usage and the likely effects and fate of discarded paint particles in coastal environments where boats are repaired or moored.
authors.affiliation: School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Science, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK.
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Parks
authors.forename: Marion
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Donnier-Marechal
authors.forename: Patricia E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Frickers
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.forename: James W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Readman
mesh_terms: D000814:Aniline Compounds / Q000032:analysis; D003300:Copper / Q000032:analysis; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D009570:Nitriles / Q000032:analysis; D010150:Paint / Q000032:analysis*; D010316:Particle Size; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis*; D012623:Seawater / Q000737:chemistry*; D012767:Ships; D014001:Tin / Q000032:analysis; D014227:Triazines / Q000032:analysis; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*; D015032:Zinc / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000814:Aniline Compounds; D004202:Disinfectants; D009570:Nitriles; D052638:Particulate Matter; D014227:Triazines; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C103341:irgarol 1051; D014001:Tin; C016370:dichlofluanid; D003300:Copper; D015032:Zinc; C005806:tetrachloroisophthalonitrile