title: Electroencephalographic changes in the late cardiopulmonary bypass period are not reflected in the bispectral index.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Rhythms on electroencephalography (EEG) are known to slow with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), however electroencephalographic bicoherence analysis, one of the methods to examine EEG synchronization, which is necessary for the understanding of the network regulation involved, has been poorly examined in this period.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects comprised 11 patients scheduled to undergo heart surgery under extracorporeal circulation. Anesthesia was maintained by intravenous administration of propofol combined with remifentanil, using a bispectral index (BIS) monitor to keep an identical BIS value (target BIS value, 40-45). Raw EEG signals were collected through the BIS monitor. Approximate entropy, bicoherence and power spectrum were analyzed before and after CPB, in addition to other EEG parameters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the late hypothermic CPB period, both 95% spectral edge frequency and approximate entropy decreased, notwithstanding a lack of significant difference in BIS index. Bicoherence growths in delta-theta and alpha areas decreased simultaneously.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the late CPB period, although BIS value is unchanged, EEG often expresses a slow EEG rhythm accompanied by disproportional de-synchronous characteristics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CPB caused the EEG de-synchronous features, which are not quantified by the BIS algorithm. It has the possibility to increase the vulnerability of nociceptive perception.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimatology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan. zukko@koto.kpu-m.ac.jp
authors.forename: Kazuko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hayashi
authors.forename: Kenichiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mita
authors.forename: Teiji
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sawa
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000762:Anesthesia Recovery Period; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000379:methods*; D010880:Piperidines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015742:Propofol / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000077208:Remifentanil; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted
chemical_list: D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D010880:Piperidines; D000077208:Remifentanil; D015742:Propofol