title: 3-Bromopyruvate induces endoplasmic reticulum stress, overcomes autophagy and causes apoptosis in human HCC cell lines.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Autophagy, a cellular response to stress, plays a role in resistance to chemotherapy in cancer cells. Resistance renders systemic chemotherapy generally ineffective against human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Recently, we reported that the pyruvate analog 3-bromopyruvate (3-BrPA) promoted tumor cell death by targeting GAPDH. In continuance, we investigated the intracellular response of two human HCC cell lines (Hep3B and SK-Hep1) that differ in their status of key apoptotic regulators, p53 and Fas.
  
  
  RESULTS
  3-BrPA treatment induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, translation inhibition and apoptosis based on Western blot and qPCR, pulse labeling, Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay and active caspase-3 in both the cell lines. However, electron microscopy revealed that 3-BrPA treated SK-Hep1 cells underwent classical apoptotic cell death while Hep3B cells initially responded with the protective autophagy that failed to prevent eventual apoptosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  3-BrPA treatment promotes apoptosis in human HCC cell lines, irrespective of the intracellular response.
authors.affiliation: Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Blalock Building, Room 545, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
authors.forename: Shanmugasundaram
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ganapathy-Kanniappan
authors.forename: Jean-Francois H
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Geschwind
authors.forename: Rani
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kunjithapatham
authors.forename: Manon
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Buijs
authors.forename: Labiq H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Syed
authors.forename: Pramod P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.forename: Shinichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ota
authors.forename: Byung Kook
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Kwak
authors.forename: Romaric
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Loffroy
authors.forename: Mustafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vali
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D001343:Autophagy / Q000187:drug effects*; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004721:Endoplasmic Reticulum / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D011773:Pyruvates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D011773:Pyruvates; C017092:bromopyruvate; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate