title: Glutamine and alanyl-glutamine dipeptide reduce mesenteric plasma extravasation, leukocyte adhesion and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) release during experimental endotoxemia.
abstract: Glutamine (GLN) appears to be an essential nutrient during organism development and critical illness. The aim of our study was to evaluate the effects of GLN and its generic preparation alanyl-glutamine-dipeptide (DIP) on the microcirculation in endotoxemia in rats and its effects on tonus or aortal rings in vitro. Male Lewis rats (n=40) were separated in 4 groups. Group 1 (CON) served as healthy control group while the other groups received an endotoxin bolus i.v. (5 mg/kg lipopolysaccharide, LPS i.v.). In group 3 (LPS+GLN) 0.75 g/kg-1 GLN i.v. before LPS challenge was administered. In group 4 (LPS+DIP) DIP containing 0.75 g/kg GLN was given. Leukocyte-endothelial interactions and mesenteric plasma extravasation were determined at 0, 1 and 2 hours during the experiment by intravital fluorescence microscopy (IVM). Cytokine release (TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-6, IL-10) was measured by ELISA. GLN treatment reduced leukocyte adherence (-49.7% vs. LPS group, p<0.05) and plasma extravasation (-12.3% vs. LPS group, p<0.05) significantly during endotoxemia compared to untreated LPS animals. In group 4 (DIP+LPS), a decrease of leukocyte adherence (-56.0%) and mesenteric plasma extravasation (-18.8% vs. LPS group, p<0.05) was also found. TNF-alpha levels were reduced in both GLN and DIP (p<0.05). In vitro experiments demonstrated that glutamine agents could attenuate the response to contracting agents in presence of the vascular endothelium, implying nitric oxide pathway. In vivo, GLN as well as DIP pre-treatment diminish the detrimental impact of endotoxemia on the mesenteric microcirculation and the TNF-alpha release, the effects whose clinical importance should be further examined.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Ernst Moritz Arndt University, Greifswald, Germany.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Scheibe
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schade
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grundling
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pavlovic
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Starke
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wendt
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Retter
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Suchner
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Spassov
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gedrange
authors.forename: Ch
authors.initials: Ch
authors.lastname: Lehmann
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D004151:Dipeptides / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004727:Endothelium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D019446:Endotoxemia / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy; D005119:Extravasation of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Materials / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy; D005973:Glutamine / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008642:Mesenteric Veins / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D011917:Rats, Inbred Lew; D012701:Serotonin / Q000494:pharmacology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D004151:Dipeptides; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D005973:Glutamine; D012701:Serotonin; C054122:alanylglutamine