title: Modulators of the urokinase-type plasminogen activation system for cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The serine protease urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and its receptor uPAR as well as two specific inhibitors, the plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1) and type-2 (PAI-2), are involved in the control of extracellular matrix turnover and tumor growth. Data accumulating over the past 20 years have made increasingly clear that the uPA system has a multifunctional role in neoplastic evolution, affecting cancer cell proliferation, tumor angiogenesis, adhesion and migration.
  
  
  METHODS
  Several therapeutic strategies inhibiting the uPA system have been or are currently being developed for suppression of tumor growth. This review examines the role of the uPA system in tumor progression and assesses the various therapeutic strategies developed to selectively exploit this system.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  We focus on the therapeutic developments of the last 15 years. In addition to antibodies and recombinant uPA- or uPAR-derived proteins, various antagonistic peptides as well as small molecules have been designed and synthesized that inhibit the uPA system, leading to reduced tumor progression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The multifunctional potential of the uPA system in cancer has rendered this system an attractive novel target for anticancer therapy. A few novel tumor biology-based therapeutic strategies reported here, opening new ways for patient-optimized and individualized cancer therapy. It may be the right time to evaluate the hypothesis that the uPA system plays a pivotal role in cancer progression and that targeting this system will lead to clinical benefit in cancer patients.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Pathologie, Bonn, Germany. hildenbrand@patho-bonn.de
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hildenbrand
authors.forename: Heike
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Allgayer
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Marx
authors.forename: Philipp
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Stroebel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018450:Disease Progression; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D015195:Drug Design; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D055293:Receptors, Urokinase Plasminogen Activator / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D055293:Receptors, Urokinase Plasminogen Activator; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator