title: A microbiological study in relation to the presence of caries and calculus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine whether oral microflora in individuals with caries differs from that of individuals with calculus in Thai adolescents with poor oral hygiene.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred 13-year-old schoolchildren from Southern Thailand were examined for the presence of caries, calculus and plaque and saliva pH was also determined. Saliva samples were analysed by culture and approximal supragingival plaque samples were analysed with the DNA-DNA hybridization method ('checkerboard').
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the 100 children, mean DMFS was 3.43 [standard deviation (SD) 2.82] and 90% had calculus. The correlation between DMFS and the calculus index was 0.064. A total of 36 children were caries-free and 56 had calculus including teeth other than those in the lower anterior region (calculus score > or =3). A total of 23 caries-free children with a high calculus score (> or =3) were compared with 22 children with the highest DMFS [mean 11.19 (SD 5.58)] and a calculus score < 3. No significant difference was obtained for saliva and plaque pH. The salivary levels of mutans Streptococci and Lactobacilli were low. Significantly more children in the caries group had high levels of glycolytic Prevotella nigrescens and Filifactor alocis in plaque compared with the calculus group. Calculus cases had a significantly higher total viable count in saliva.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was no inverse correlation between the presence of caries and calculus at a population level and a high calculus score only marginally reduced the individual likelihood of having caries. Several glycolytic bacteria were related to caries, while no specific bacteria could be related to calculus formation. Calculus seemed to be more closely related to poor oral hygiene.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Microbiology, Institute of Odontology, Sahlgrenska Academy at Göteborg University, Sweden. dahlen@odontologi.gu.se <dahlen@odontologi.gu.se>
authors.forename: Gunnar
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dahlén
authors.forename: Karolina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Konradsson
authors.forename: Sophia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Eriksson
authors.forename: Rawee
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Teanpaisan
authors.forename: Supatcharin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Piwat
authors.forename: Anette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Carlén
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D004245:DMF Index; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis; D003728:Dental Calculus / Q000382:microbiology*; D003731:Dental Caries / Q000382:microbiology*; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000737:chemistry / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D005673:Fusobacterium / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007778:Lactobacillus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D008297:Male; D009693:Nucleic Acid Hybridization; D009910:Oral Hygiene; D045242:Prevotella nigrescens / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry / Q000382:microbiology; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013295:Streptococcus mutans / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013785:Thailand
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial