title: Odor identification ability predicts executive function deficits following sleep deprivation.
abstract: Odor identification ability is sensitive to prefrontal lobe dysfunction and preliminary evidence suggests that this capacity may decline with prolonged wakefulness. We hypothesized that declines in odor identification during a single night of sleep loss might, therefore, be predictive of prefrontal lobe executive function deficits following an additional night of sleep deprivation. Change scores between two administrations of the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (SIT) during 24 hr of sleep deprivation were used to predict performance on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) following 45 hr of wakefulness in 54 healthy adults. Declines in SIT performance predicted poorer performance on the WCST following an additional night of sleep loss. These findings suggest that individual differences in vulnerability to the effects of sleep loss on odor identification ability are predictive of deficits in executive functioning following additional wakefulness. Odor identification ability may provide an unobtrusive method for assessing vulnerability to sleep deprivation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Behavioral Biology, Division of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, DC, USA. killgore@mclean.harvard.edu
authors.forename: William D S
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Killgore
authors.forename: Desiree B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Killgore
authors.forename: Nancy L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Grugle
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Balkin
mesh_terms: D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology; D002110:Caffeine / Q000494:pharmacology; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003913:Dextroamphetamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D056344:Executive Function / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D000077408:Modafinil; D009812:Odorants; D055696:Olfactory Perception / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D012892:Sleep Deprivation / Q000523:psychology*; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D002110:Caffeine; D000077408:Modafinil; D003913:Dextroamphetamine