title: Serum branched-chain amino acid to histidine ratio: a novel metabolomic biomarker of knee osteoarthritis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There is a pressing need to develop reliable molecular biomarkers in osteoarthritis. The aim of the study was to identify novel serum biomarkers for osteoarthritis using a metabolomics approach.
  
  
  METHODS
  A two-stage study design was utilised. 123 knee osteoarthritis cases and 299 controls were selected from the TwinsUK cohort as a discovery sample. 76 knee osteoarthritis cases and 100 controls from the Chingford Study were used as replication. Knee osteoarthritis was defined as either radiographic, medically diagnosed or total knee joint replacement due to primary osteoarthritis. All the subjects were unrelated white women. Their serum samples were assessed for targeted metabolite profiling by electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry using the AbsoluteIDQ kit. 163 serum metabolites were assessed and their concentrations obtained. The ratios of metabolite concentrations as proxies for enzymatic reaction rates were calculated and tested for the association with knee osteoarthritis. Significance was assessed after adjustment for multiple testing (Bonferroni method) and potential confounders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the discovery stage, the authors identified 14 ratios significantly associated with knee osteoarthritis with p < or = 1.9 x 10(-6). Two of these 14 ratios were successfully confirmed in the replication stage-the ratios of valine to histidine and xleucine to histidine, with p=0.002. The significance remained after adjustment for age and body mass index.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first serum-based metabolomic study of osteoarthritis in humans. The branched-chain amino acids to histidine ratio has potential clinical use as an osteoarthritis biomarker and shows the clinical potential of metabolomics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, Westminster Bridge Road, London SE1 7EH, UK. guangju.zhai@kcl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Guangju
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zhai
authors.forename: Rui
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wang-Sattler
authors.forename: Deborah J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Hart
authors.forename: Nigel K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Arden
authors.forename: Alan J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Hakim
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Illig
authors.forename: Tim D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Spector
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000597:Amino Acids, Branched-Chain / Q000097:blood*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D004200:Diseases in Twins / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005260:Female; D006639:Histidine / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D055432:Metabolomics / Q000379:methods; D008875:Middle Aged; D020370:Osteoarthritis, Knee / Q000175:diagnosis*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D000597:Amino Acids, Branched-Chain; D015415:Biomarkers; D006639:Histidine