title: Vasomotor symptoms, estradiol levels and cardiovascular risk profile in women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated whether menopausal vasomotor symptoms (VMS) are related to an adverse cardiovascular risk profile. Furthermore, we examined the association between estradiol levels and VMS, and whether an association between VMS and cardiovascular risk factors can be explained by estradiol levels.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used data from a Swedish population-based sample of 5857 women, aged 50-64 years. Data on VMS and potential confounders were collected by questionnaires.
  
  
  METHODS
  Body mass index (BMI), waist hip ratio (WHR), glucose, blood pressure, lipid profile and estradiol levels were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Symptoms of flushing/sweats were reported by 55% and sweats by 31% of all women. Estradiol concentrations were significantly lower in women with VMS. After multivariate adjustment, women with symptoms of sweats had a statistically significantly higher BMI, waist hip ratio, total cholesterol level, LDL level, triglycerides level, glucose level, systolic and diastolic blood pressure. These patterns did not change after correction for estradiol. The associations between flushing/sweats combined and cardiovascular risk factors were less pronounced.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Women with VMS have a less favorable cardiovascular risk profile. Although estradiol levels were significantly lower among women with VMS, the increased cardiovascular risk profile cannot be explained by circulating estradiol levels.
authors.affiliation: Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands. G.C.M.Gast@umcutrecht.nl
authors.forename: Gerrie-Cor M
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Gast
authors.forename: Göran N
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Samsioe
authors.forename: Diederick E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Grobbee
authors.forename: Peter M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Nilsson
authors.forename: Yvonne T
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: van der Schouw
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose; D001794:Blood Pressure; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases; D004958:Estradiol / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D019584:Hot Flashes / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008593:Menopause / Q000502:physiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013546:Sweating; D013548:Sweden; D014666:Vasomotor System / Q000502:physiology*; D049629:Waist-Hip Ratio
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D008055:Lipids; D004958:Estradiol