title: Association of 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) infection and increased hospitalization with parapneumonic empyema in children in Utah.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  During previous influenza pandemics, many deaths were associated with secondary bacterial infection. In April 2009, a previously unknown 2009 influenza A virus (2009 H1N1) emerged, causing a global influenza pandemic. We examined the relationship between circulating 2009 H1N1 and the occurrence of secondary bacterial parapneumonic empyema in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children hospitalized with parapneumonic empyema from August 2004 to July 2009, including a period when the 2009 H1N1 circulated in Utah, were identified using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes. We compared the average number of children diagnosed with influenza A and the number of admissions for empyema per month for the previous 4 seasons to rates of empyema during the 2009 H1N1 outbreak. We identified causative bacteria using culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We observed an increase in hospitalization of children with pneumonia complicated by empyema during a severe outbreak of 2009 H1N1 during the spring and summer of 2009, compared with historical data for the previous 4 seasons. Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus pyogenes were the predominant bacteria identified.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Similar to previous pandemics, secondary bacterial infection with S. pneumoniae and S. pyogenes were associated with the 2009 H1N1 outbreak. There is an urgent need to better understand bacterial complications of pandemic influenza. In the interim, influenza vaccines, antiviral agents, and pneumococcal vaccines should be used to prevent cases of secondary bacterial pneumonia whenever possible.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA. krow.ampofo@hsc.utah.edu
authors.forename: Krow
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ampofo
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Herbener
authors.forename: Anne J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Blaschke
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Heyrend
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Poritz
authors.forename: Kent
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Korgenski
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rolfs
authors.forename: Seema
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jain
authors.forename: Maria da Glória
authors.initials: Mda G
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.forename: Fabiana C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Pimenta
authors.forename: Judy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Daly
authors.forename: Edward O
authors.initials: EO
authors.lastname: Mason
authors.forename: Carrie L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Byington
authors.forename: Andrew T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Pavia
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004653:Empyema / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D008297:Male; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013297:Streptococcus pyogenes / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014589:Utah / Q000453:epidemiology
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