title: Recent achievements in the management of Raynaud's phenomenon.
abstract: Raynaud's phenomenon is a clinical disorder with episodic digital ischemic vasospasm triggered by cold- or emotional-stress. It was first mentioned by Maurice Raynaud in 1862 describing "a local asphyxia of the extremities" and was further divided into primary Raynaud's disease and secondary Raynaud's phenomenon, which is often related to connective tissue diseases, but also physical or chemical strain. Though pathophysiology of Raynaud's phenomenon is still poorly understood, systemic and local vascular effects are most likely to be involved in primary Raynaud's disease. In secondary Raynaud's phenomenon additional abnormalities in vascular structure and function may play the major role. Thus, medical treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon remains unsatisfactory, due to limited understanding of pathophysiological mechanisms. This review addresses current evidence for medical treatment of primary and secondary Raynaud's phenomenon with regard to pathophysiological mechanisms as well as future perspectives.
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Innere Medizin III, Kardiologie, Angiologie und Internistische Intensivmedizin, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Homburg/Saar, Germany. magnus@baumhaekel.de
authors.forename: Magnus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Baumhäkel
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Böhm
mesh_terms: D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000465:Algorithms; D057911:Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D065128:Endothelin Receptor Antagonists; D006801:Humans; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011928:Raynaud Disease / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014661:Vasoconstriction / Q000502:physiology; D014664:Vasodilation / Q000502:physiology; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D054460:rho-Associated Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors
chemical_list: D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists; D057911:Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists; D065128:Endothelin Receptor Antagonists; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D054460:rho-Associated Kinases
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