title: SuperSAGE analysis of the Nicotiana attenuata transcriptome after fatty acid-amino acid elicitation (FAC): identification of early mediators of insect responses.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Plants trigger and tailor defense responses after perception of the oral secretions (OS) of attacking specialist lepidopteran larvae. Fatty acid-amino acid conjugates (FACs) in the OS of the Manduca sexta larvae are necessary and sufficient to elicit the herbivory-specific responses in Nicotiana attenuata, an annual wild tobacco species. How FACs are perceived and activate signal transduction mechanisms is unknown.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We used SuperSAGE combined with 454 sequencing to quantify the early transcriptional changes elicited by the FAC N-linolenoyl-glutamic acid (18:3-Glu) and virus induced gene silencing (VIGS) to examine the function of candidate genes in the M. sexta-N. attenuata interaction. The analysis targeted mRNAs encoding regulatory components: rare transcripts with very rapid FAC-elicited kinetics (increases within 60 and declines within 120 min). From 12,744 unique Tag sequences identified (UniTags), 430 and 117 were significantly up- and down-regulated >or= 2.5-fold, respectively, after 18:3-Glu elicitation compared to wounding. Based on gene ontology classification, more than 25% of the annotated UniTags corresponded to putative regulatory components, including 30 transcriptional regulators and 22 protein kinases. Quantitative PCR analysis was used to analyze the FAC-dependent regulation of a subset of 27 of these UniTags and for most of them a rapid and transient induction was confirmed. Six FAC-regulated genes were functionally characterized by VIGS and two, a putative lipid phosphate phosphatase (LPP) and a protein of unknown function, were identified as important mediators of the M. sexta-N. attenuata interaction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The analysis of the early changes in the transcriptome of N. attenuata after FAC elicitation using SuperSAGE/454 has identified regulatory genes involved in insect-specific mediated responses in plants. Moreover, it has provided a foundation for the identification of additional novel regulators associated with this process.
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Molecular Ecology, Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: Paola A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Gilardoni
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schuck
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jüngling
authors.forename: Björn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rotter
authors.forename: Ian T
authors.initials: IT
authors.lastname: Baldwin
authors.forename: Gustavo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bonaventure
mesh_terms: D000596:Amino Acids / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D030541:Databases, Genetic; D020224:Expressed Sequence Tags; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000378:metabolism*; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D015723:Gene Library; D020868:Gene Silencing; D018402:Manduca / Q000502:physiology*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010711:Phosphatidate Phosphatase / Q000378:metabolism; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000469:parasitology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014026:Nicotiana / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000469:parasitology*
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D005227:Fatty Acids; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C112948:lipid phosphate phosphatase; D010711:Phosphatidate Phosphatase
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