EFNS guidelines on the diagnostic approach to pauci- or asymptomatic hyperCKemia.
OBJECTIVE
To provide evidence-based guidelines to general neurologists for the assessment of patients with pauci- or asymptomatic hyperCKemia.


BACKGROUND
Recent epidemiologic studies show that up to 20% of 'normal' individuals have an elevated creatine kinase activity in the serum (sCK). The possibility of a subclinical myopathy is often raised, and patients may be unnecessarily denied treatment with statins.


METHODS
Electronic databases including Medline, the Cochrane Library and the American Academy of Neurology were searched for existing guidelines. Articles dealing with series of patients investigated for asymptomatic/pauci-symptomatic hyperCKemia and articles dealing with myopathies that can present with asymptomatic hyperCKemia were identified and reviewed.


RESULTS
The only guidelines found were those approved by the Italian Association of Myology Committee, and the only relevant articles identified describe class IV studies.


CONCLUSIONS
HyperCKemia needs to be redefined as values beyond 1.5 times the upper limit of normal (which itself needs to be appropriately defined). Pauci- or asymptomatic hyperCKemia with no apparent medical explanation may be investigated with a muscle biopsy if one or more of the following are present; the sCK is >or=3x normal, the electromyogram is myopathic or the patient is <25 years of age. In addition, women with sCK<3 times normal may be offered DNA testing because of the possibility of carrying a dystrophin mutation.
Kyriakides
T
T
Clinical Neurosciences, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus. theodore@cing.ac.cy
Angelini
C
C
Schaefer
J
J
Sacconi
S
S
Siciliano
G
G
Vilchez
J J
JJ
Hilton-Jones
D
D
D003402:Creatine Kinase / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009135:Muscular Diseases / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000201:enzymology; D012016:Reference Values
D003402:Creatine Kinase