title: Treatment of ureteral calculi with semirigid ureteroscopy: where should we stop?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the efficacy of semirigid ureteroscopy in the management of ureteral stones located in different parts of the ureter.
  
  
  METHODS
  1,503 patients were treated with semirigid ureteroscopy. All ureteral stones were either removed only by a basket catheter or disintegrated by pneumatic lithotripsy. Success rates, auxiliary procedures, complication rates and operation time were comparatively evaluated according to stone location.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, mean stone size and age were 12.1 +/- 3.7 mm and 43.2 +/- 9.72 years, respectively. While 1,416 patients (94.2%) were completely stone-free, the procedure was unsuccessful in 87 cases (5.8%). The success rate was relatively low in the proximal ureter (71.7%) when compared with the mid (94.8%) and distal ureter (98.9%) (p = 0.021). Mean operation time was 25.4 +/- 11.7 min. Longer duration of operation and higher complication rate were found in proximal ureteral calculi. Stone migration to the kidney and hematuria were the main reasons of failure in the proximal ureter and ureteral stenting was needed for 56.4% of patients with upper ureteral stone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Semirigid ureteroscopy can be the treatment of choice in lower and midureteral stones. However, it is an invasive and less successful treatment modality for proximal ureteral stones with relatively high complication rates.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Yeditepe University Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey. fyencilek@yeditepe.edu.tr
authors.forename: Faruk
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yencilek
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sarica
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Erturhan
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yagci
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Erbagci
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D014514:Ureteral Calculi / Q000628:therapy*; D020709:Ureteroscopes; D018666:Ureteroscopy / Q000379:methods*