title: Innate and adaptive factors regulating human immunodeficiency virus type 1 genomic activation.
abstract: Over the past decade, antiretroviral therapy targeting the viral entry process, reverse transcriptase, integrase, and protease, has prolonged the lives of people infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). However, despite the development of more effective therapeutic strategies, reservoirs of viral infection remain. This review discusses molecular mechanisms surrounding the development of latency from the site of integration to pre- and post-integration maintenance of latency, including epigenetic factors. In addition, an overview of innate and adaptive cells important to HIV-1 infection are examined from the viewpoint of cytokines released and cytokines that act on these cells to explore an overall understanding of HIV-1 proviral genome activation. Finally, this review is discussed from the viewpoint of how an understanding of the interplay of all of these factors will help guide the next generation of therapies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900 Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA.
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Nonnemacher
authors.forename: Vanessa
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Pirrone
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wigdahl
mesh_terms: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D016207:Cytokines; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic / Q000502:physiology; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D016325:HIV Long Terminal Repeat / Q000502:physiology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000276:immunology; D014775:Virus Activation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D016662:Virus Integration / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D017735:Virus Latency / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D016207:Cytokines
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