Epidemiology and genotype analysis of emerging sapovirus-associated infections across Europe.
Sapoviruses (SaVs) belong to the Caliciviridae family and can cause gastroenteritis in humans and swine. Despite extensive testing, human sapoviruses have been found only in sporadic cases and in one mixed outbreak in children between 1994 and 2007 in the Netherlands. Here we describe a change in sapovirus epidemiology in the Netherlands resulting in sapovirus outbreaks and infections in adults. From November 2007 to January 2009, 478 outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis were reported to the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment in the Netherlands as a part of ongoing surveillance. Sapoviruses were found to be the most likely cause of 19 outbreaks (4%). During the same 2-year period, sapovirus infections were reported in Sweden, Slovenia, and Hungary. In the Netherlands, further characterization of outbreak strains showed that 12 (63%) sapovirus outbreaks were caused by genotype I.2 viruses. Most patients were adults older than 60 years (range, 1 to 100 years). Phylogenetic analysis using all presently available SaV sequences showed high homology between genotype I.2 strains detected in different geographical regions (Sweden, Slovenia, Taiwan, Japan, and Russia) since 2007. These first reported outbreaks of sapovirus infections in adults in the Netherlands were remarkable. Detection of identical genotypes in many samples might suggest that these viruses have the same origin, and since the infection is spreading fast, the prevalence of sapovirus infection may be increasing. The incidence of sapovirus infections in these countries suggests that a substantial part of Europe is affected by this virus.
Svraka
Sanela
S
Laboratory for Infectious Diseases and Perinatal Screening, Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands.
Vennema
Harry
H
van der Veer
Bas
B
Hedlund
Kjell-Olof
KO
Thorhagen
Margareta
M
Siebenga
Joukje
J
Duizer
Erwin
E
Koopmans
Marion
M
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D017250:Caliciviridae Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D005260:Female; D005759:Gastroenteritis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D010802:Phylogeny; D015995:Prevalence; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D029341:Sapovirus / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D055815:Young Adult
D012367:RNA, Viral
Emerg Infect Dis. 2005 Dec;11(12):1916-20
16485479
J Clin Microbiol. 2007 Apr;45(4):1347-9
17267629
J Clin Virol. 2009 Nov;46(3):265-9
19695950
Emerg Infect Dis. 2004 Oct;10(10):1874-6
15504283
Jpn J Infect Dis. 2008 Nov;61(6):504-6
19050369
J Med Virol. 2006 Jun;78(6):839-46
16628578
J Clin Virol. 2007 Sep;40(1):38-42
17631044
Orv Hetil. 2009 Jun 28;150(26):1223-9
19546079
J Infect Dis. 2009 Feb 15;199(4):547-51
19099483
J Med Virol. 2002 Jun;67(2):282-8
11992591
J Med Virol. 2007 Dec;79(12):1921-6
17935183
J Infect Dis. 2000 May;181 Suppl 2:S322-30
10804145
J Clin Microbiol. 2007 May;45(5):1389-94
17360839
Emerg Infect Dis. 2008 Jul;14(7):1169-71
18598655
Rev Med Virol. 2007 Mar-Apr;17(2):133-41
17340567
Jpn J Infect Dis. 2009 Jan;62(1):63-6
19168964
J Virol Methods. 2009 Apr;157(1):1-7
19135480
Novartis Found Symp. 2001;238:197-214; discussion 214-8
11444027
Emerg Infect Dis. 2006 Jan;12(1):141-3
16494732
Comput Appl Biosci. 1994 Sep;10(5):569-70
7828077
BMC Evol Biol. 2007 Nov 08;7:214
17996036
Emerg Infect Dis. 2007 May;13(5):786-8
18044044
Jpn J Infect Dis. 2008 Nov;61(6):438-41
19050349
Arch Virol. 2004 Jul;149(7):1309-23
15221533
J Med Virol. 2006 May;78(5):673-82
16555276
J Infect Dis. 2009 Sep 1;200(5):802-12
19627248
Arch Virol. 2001;146(11):2115-32
11765915
J Clin Virol. 2008 Sep;43(1):37-41
18486539
PLoS Med. 2008 Feb;5(2):e31
18271619
J Clin Microbiol. 2000 Feb;38(2):530-6
10655340
J Med Virol. 1979;4(4):249-54
232140
J Clin Microbiol. 2009 Jun;47(6):1674-9
19339472
Scand J Infect Dis. 2005;37(3):200-4
15849053
J Virol Methods. 2003 Dec;114(1):37-44
14599677