title: Cranial neural crest migration: new rules for an old road.
abstract: The neural crest serve as an excellent model to better understand mechanisms of embryonic cell migration. Cell tracing studies have shown that cranial neural crest cells (CNCCs) emerge from the dorsal neural tube in a rostrocaudal manner and are spatially distributed along stereotypical, long distance migratory routes to precise targets in the head and branchial arches. Although the CNCC migratory pattern is a beautifully choreographed and programmed invasion, the underlying orchestration of molecular events is not well known. For example, it is still unclear how single CNCCs react to signals that direct their choice of direction and how groups of CNCCs coordinate their interactions to arrive at a target in an ordered manner. In this review, we discuss recent cellular and molecular discoveries of the CNCC migratory pattern. We focus on events from the time when CNCCs encounter the tissue adjacent to the neural tube and their travel through different microenvironments and into the branchial arches. We describe the patterning of discrete cell migratory streams that emerge from the hindbrain, rhombomere (r) segments r1-r7, and the signals that coordinate directed migration. We propose a model that attempts to unify many complex events that establish the CNCC migratory pattern, and based on this model we integrate information between cranial and trunk neural crest development.
authors.affiliation: Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA. pmk@stowers.org
authors.forename: Paul M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Kulesa
authors.forename: Caleb M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Bailey
authors.forename: Jennifer C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Kasemeier-Kulesa
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: McLennan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001934:Branchial Region / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D009432:Neural Crest / Q000166:cytology* / Q000196:embryology* / Q000378:metabolism; D012249:Rhombencephalon / Q000166:cytology* / Q000196:embryology* / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D012886:Skull / Q000378:metabolism
references.citation: J Neurosci. 1986 Dec;6(12):3465-73
references.pmid: 3794784
references.citation: J Cell Physiol. 2010 Jan;222(1):38-41
references.pmid: 19795394
references.citation: Curr Opin Cell Biol. 2001 Dec;13(6):698-705
references.pmid: 11698185
references.citation: Development. 2008 May;135(9):1605-13
references.pmid: 18356247
references.citation: Development. 2002 Jan;129(2):433-42
references.pmid: 11807035
references.citation: Development. 2006 Jan;133(2):371-81
references.pmid: 16368934
references.citation: Cell. 2001 Jan 12;104(1):57-69
references.pmid: 11163240
references.citation: Curr Biol. 1997 Aug 1;7(8):561-70
references.pmid: 9259557
references.citation: Dev Biol. 1998 Dec 15;204(2):327-44
references.pmid: 9882474
references.citation: Dev Biol. 2010 Mar 1;339(1):114-25
references.pmid: 20036652
references.citation: Dev Biol. 2006 Jan 1;289(1):218-28
references.pmid: 16316641
references.citation: Dev Dyn. 2004 Jun;230(2):299-308
references.pmid: 15162508
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Apr 6;101(14):4843-7
references.pmid: 15041748
references.citation: Dev Biol. 2009 Sep 1;333(1):161-72
references.pmid: 19576198
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Mar 7;103(10):3752-7
references.pmid: 16505384
references.citation: Development. 1993 Jul;118(3):691-703
references.pmid: 7521280
references.citation: Nat Rev Neurosci. 2003 Oct;4(10):806-18
references.pmid: 14523380
references.citation: Genes Dev. 2004 Mar 1;18(5):572-83
references.pmid: 15037550
references.citation: Dev Biol. 2008 Apr 15;316(2):275-87
references.pmid: 18328476
references.citation: Dev Biol. 2002 Nov 1;251(1):118-28
references.pmid: 12413902
references.citation: Dev Biol. 2008 Dec 15;324(2):236-44
references.pmid: 18926812
references.citation: Development. 1995 Apr;121(4):935-45
references.pmid: 7743937
references.citation: Int J Dev Biol. 2006;50(6):511-21
references.pmid: 16741866
references.citation: Dev Biol. 1985 Sep;111(1):138-57
references.pmid: 4029505
references.citation: Dev Dyn. 2007 Jan;236(1):84-92
references.pmid: 17039523
references.citation: Dev Biol. 1982 Oct;93(2):324-43
references.pmid: 7141101
references.citation: Development. 2004 Oct;131(19):4637-50
references.pmid: 15358668
references.citation: Dev Biol. 2003 Sep 15;261(2):506-19
references.pmid: 14499656
references.citation: Development. 1999 May;126(10):2181-9
references.pmid: 10207143
references.citation: Science. 1994 May 6;264(5160):835-9
references.pmid: 7513443
references.citation: Dev Neurobiol. 2007 Jan;67(1):47-56
references.pmid: 17443771
references.citation: Exp Cell Res. 1954 May;6(2):293-306
references.pmid: 13173482
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2010 Feb 12;285(7):4975-82
references.pmid: 19959467
references.citation: J Craniofac Genet Dev Biol. 1987;7(3):205-17
references.pmid: 3429604
references.citation: Dev Dyn. 2008 Jun;237(6):1645-52
references.pmid: 18498099
references.citation: Development. 1996 Jan;122(1):381-9
references.pmid: 8565850
references.citation: Development. 2004 Dec;131(24):6141-51
references.pmid: 15548586
references.citation: Circ Res. 2007 Mar 2;100(4):527-35
references.pmid: 17272814
references.citation: Nat Rev Neurosci. 2000 Nov;1(2):116-24
references.pmid: 11252774
references.citation: Dev Biol. 2004 Feb 15;266(2):361-72
references.pmid: 14738883
references.citation: Stem Cell Rev. 2007 Jan;3(1):68-78
references.pmid: 17873384
references.citation: Dev Biol. 2009 Nov 1;335(1):132-42
references.pmid: 19712673
references.citation: Nat Rev Cancer. 2007 Apr;7(4):246-55
references.pmid: 17384580
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 May 6;105(18):6714-9
references.pmid: 18443298
references.citation: Dev Biol. 2008 Feb 1;314(1):59-70
references.pmid: 18158147
references.citation: BMC Dev Biol. 2008 May 21;8:56
references.pmid: 18495033
references.citation: Curr Biol. 1997 Aug 1;7(8):571-80
references.pmid: 9259560
references.citation: Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 2006;22:267-86
references.pmid: 16803431
references.citation: Dev Biol. 1980 Jun 1;77(1):142-56
references.pmid: 7399116
references.citation: Exp Cell Res. 1953 Sep;5(1):111-31
references.pmid: 13083622
references.citation: Int J Dev Biol. 2003 Jun;47(5):315-25
references.pmid: 12895026
references.citation: Int J Dev Biol. 2007;51(2):97-105
references.pmid: 17294360
references.citation: Dev Biol. 1975 Jan;42(1):106-30
references.pmid: 1112437
references.citation: Adv Exp Med Biol. 2006;589:24-31
references.pmid: 17076273
references.citation: J Embryol Exp Morphol. 1981 Jun;63:29-51
references.pmid: 7310293
references.citation: Dev Neurobiol. 2009 Jan;69(1):22-35
references.pmid: 18985707
references.citation: Dev Biol. 2003 Sep 1;261(1):183-96
references.pmid: 12941628
references.citation: Dev Biol. 2000 Jan 1;217(1):10-24
references.pmid: 10625532
references.citation: Nat Genet. 2008 Mar;40(3):290-8
references.pmid: 18264099
references.citation: Dev Dyn. 2009 Oct;238(10):2522-9
references.pmid: 19718754
references.citation: Exp Cell Res. 2008 Feb 1;314(3):441-52
references.pmid: 18036522
references.citation: Nat Cell Biol. 2000 Feb;2(2):103-9
references.pmid: 10655590
references.citation: Dev Biol. 2003 Aug 15;260(2):449-64
references.pmid: 12921745
references.citation: Dev Dyn. 2008 Oct;237(10):2657-66
references.pmid: 18629870
references.citation: Dev Biol. 2007 Nov 1;311(1):159-71
references.pmid: 17900555
references.citation: Semin Cell Dev Biol. 2007 Feb;18(1):101-10
references.pmid: 17224285
references.citation: Dev Biol. 1967 Jul;16(1):78-106
references.pmid: 6035571
references.citation: Nature. 2008 Dec 18;456(7224):957-61
references.pmid: 19078960
references.citation: Brain Behav Evol. 2005;66(4):255-65
references.pmid: 16254414
references.citation: Development. 2009 Aug;136(15):2623-32
references.pmid: 19570850
references.citation: J Exp Zool. 1984 Jan;229(1):109-26
references.pmid: 6699589
references.citation: Nature. 1988 Sep 8;335(6186):161-4
references.pmid: 2457813
references.citation: Dev Dyn. 2008 Nov;237(11):3404-9
references.pmid: 18942153
references.citation: Int J Dev Biol. 2005;49(7):797-805
references.pmid: 16172976
references.citation: Dev Biol. 1998 Nov 1;203(1):36-48
references.pmid: 9806771
references.citation: Development. 2000 Mar;127(6):1161-72
references.pmid: 10683170
references.citation: Development. 2009 Apr;136(8):1223-9
references.pmid: 19304885
references.citation: Dev Biol. 2007 Feb 15;302(2):553-68
references.pmid: 17178116
references.citation: Cell. 2008 Feb 8;132(3):463-73
references.pmid: 18267076
references.citation: Development. 1997 Jul;124(14):2729-39
references.pmid: 9226444
references.citation: Dev Biol. 2005 Apr 15;280(2):373-85
references.pmid: 15882579
references.citation: Development. 2003 Feb;130(3):507-18
references.pmid: 12490557
references.citation: Dev Biol. 1982 Jan;89(1):13-24
references.pmid: 7054004
references.citation: Development. 2005 Nov;132(22):4937-50
references.pmid: 16221730
references.citation: Cell Cycle. 2008 Apr 15;7(8):1013-9
references.pmid: 18414040
references.citation: Prog Clin Biol Res. 1982;85 Pt B:359-79
references.pmid: 6750632
references.citation: Development. 2000 Jul;127(13):2843-52
references.pmid: 10851129
references.citation: Dev Biol. 1999 Sep 1;213(1):70-84
references.pmid: 10452847
references.citation: Dev Biol. 2003 Jul 15;259(2):288-302
references.pmid: 12871702
references.citation: Dev Biol. 2008 Sep 15;321(2):303-9
references.pmid: 18684439
references.citation: Cancer Res. 2006 Aug 15;66(16):7833-6
references.pmid: 16912153
references.citation: Development. 1994 Jul;120(7):1777-90
references.pmid: 7924985
references.citation: Nature. 1976 Jun 3;261(5559):413
references.pmid: 934272
references.citation: Cell Adh Migr. 2008 Oct-Dec;2(4):223-30
references.pmid: 19262148
references.citation: Development. 1995 Mar;121(3):825-37
references.pmid: 7720586
references.citation: Dev Biol. 1973 Jan;30(1):69-103
references.pmid: 4735370
references.citation: Development. 2005 Jan;132(2):235-45
references.pmid: 15590743
references.citation: Dev Biol. 2007 Jan 1;301(1):227-39
references.pmid: 16959234
references.citation: Cell Tissue Res. 1982;221(3):521-49
references.pmid: 7034954
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 1975 Nov;67(2PT.1):400-18
references.pmid: 1194354
references.citation: Development. 2006 Dec;133(24):4839-47
references.pmid: 17108003