title: 5-Aminolaevulinic acid enhances ultrasound-induced mitochondrial damage in K562 cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ultrasound therapy is a new modality in the control of malignant cancers. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of 5-aminolaevulinic acid on the ultrasonic killing action in the cancer cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  The K562 cells as a cancer cell model were subjected to investigate the effect of 5-aminolaevulinic acid (5-ALA) on the ultrasonic killing action, in which the 5-ALA concentration was 2mM and the ultrasound exposure was 15 s at the intensity of 0.46 W/cm(2) and the frequency of 1.7MHz. Cytotoxicity was investigated 24h after ultrasound exposure using the trypan blue exclusion test. Ultrastructural cell morphology and mitochondrial changes were observed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Mitochondrial membrane potential (DeltaPsim) was evaluated using Rhodamine 123 assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The death rates of the K562 cells in the controls including sham radiation and 5-ALA treatment alone were 1.81+/-0.13%, 1.27+/-0.20%, respectively. Those in ultrasound radiation alone and 5-ALA-ultrasound treatment were 12.61+/-2.63%, 46.87+/-4.09%, respectively. There were significant differences between 5-ALA-ultrasound treatment, ultrasound radiation alone and the controls (P<0.05). TEM showed that the mitochondria expanding and some vacuoles were found in the ultrasound-treated cells. After the treatment of ultrasound and 5-ALA together some cells presented typical characteristics of apoptotic cells, such as nuclear condensation and crescent formation. Mitochondria of the cells were damaged more seriously than those treated by ultrasound alone, there were obvious swollen mitochondria and mitochondria in which cristae were almost perfectly disappeared, and more vacuolar mitochondria were founded. Mitochondrial membrane potential (DeltaPsim) was more significantly collapsed when the K562 cells were exposed to 2mM 5-ALA for 4h and then 0.46 W/cm(2) irradiation of ultrasound than ultrasound radiation alone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  5-ALA pretreatment significantly enhanced the cytotoxicity of ultrasound radiation in K562 cells. The damage of mitochondria structure and function might be an important cause of cell death in K562 cells induced by the treatment of ultrasound radiation and 5-ALA together.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Xinshu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.forename: Chuanshan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Heping
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Dingqun
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bai
authors.forename: Junyan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xiang
authors.forename: Albert Wingnang
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Leung
mesh_terms: D000622:Aminolevulinic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D006801:Humans; D020014:K562 Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D053078:Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D014464:Ultrasonic Therapy
chemical_list: D000622:Aminolevulinic Acid