title: Berries: emerging impact on cardiovascular health.
abstract: Berries are a good source of polyphenols, especially anthocyanins, micronutrients, and fiber. In epidemiological and clinical studies, these constituents have been associated with improved cardiovascular risk profiles. Human intervention studies using chokeberries, cranberries, blueberries, and strawberries (either fresh, or as juice, or freeze-dried), or purified anthocyanin extracts have demonstrated significant improvements in LDL oxidation, lipid peroxidation, total plasma antioxidant capacity, dyslipidemia, and glucose metabolism. Benefits were seen in healthy subjects and in those with existing metabolic risk factors. Underlying mechanisms for these beneficial effects are believed to include upregulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase, decreased activities of carbohydrate digestive enzymes, decreased oxidative stress, and inhibition of inflammatory gene expression and foam cell formation. Though limited, these data support the recommendation of berries as an essential fruit group in a heart-healthy diet.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University (OSU), Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078-6141, USA. arpita.basu@okstate.edu
authors.forename: Arpita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Basu
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rhone
authors.forename: Timothy J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Lyons
mesh_terms: D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D050356:Lipid Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects*; D010636:Phenols / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism; D059808:Polyphenols; D014815:Vitamins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000872:Anthocyanins; D000975:Antioxidants; D005419:Flavonoids; D010636:Phenols; D059808:Polyphenols; D014815:Vitamins
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