title: Aortic arch surgery using bilateral antegrade selective cerebral perfusion in combination with near-infrared spectroscopy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) complements online monitoring of cerebral oxygenation during aortic arch surgery. Its addition targets at an increase of safety of a complex procedure employing bilateral antegrade cerebral perfusion (BACP) and circulatory arrest under tepid blood temperatures. We report the outcome of NIRS-guided aortic arch surgery using BACP with moderate hypothermic circulatory arrest (MHCA).
  
  
  METHODS
  Between December 2006 and December 2008, NIRS was used in 13 patients (mean age: 67.5 ± 11.3 years) undergoing aortic arch repair using BACP combined with MHCA. The diagnosis was atherosclerotic thoracic aneurysms in eight and acute aortic dissection in five patients. Seven patients had a hemi-arch replacement, six underwent frozen stent-graft arch replacement and four patients had concomitant procedures such as coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) or aortic valve surgery. Our regimen of employing an algorithm for adaptation of perfusion modalities included the threshold of the drop in regional cerebral oxygen saturation <55% and/or a drop in the total oxygen index (TOI) of 15-20% assessed by the means of NIRS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean MHCA was 35 ± 16min and lowest bladder temperature was 26 ± 1.2°C. The mean TOI pre-MHCA was 66 ± 6.5%. Twelve out of 13 patients underwent bilateral perfusion because of unilateral drops below the threshold level of TOI (mean: 44±7.9%). In three patients, an organic psychosyndrome was observed. No patient developed permanent neurological dysfunction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NIRS-guided BACP during MHCA allows a safe approach to complex aortic arch surgery. The drop of brain oxygenation values in the contralateral hemisphere during unilateral ACP strongly suggests the routine use of BACP, when circulatory arrest under tepid temperatures is used.
authors.affiliation: Heart Center Hietzing, General Hospital Hietzing, Vienna, Austria. marieluiseharrer@drei.at
authors.forename: Marieluise
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Harrer
authors.forename: Ferdinand Rudolf
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Waldenberger
authors.forename: Gabriel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Weiss
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Folkmann
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gorlitzer
authors.forename: Reinhard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Moidl
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grabenwoeger
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000784:Aortic Dissection / Q000601:surgery; D001013:Aorta, Thoracic / Q000601:surgery*; D017545:Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic / Q000601:surgery; D019917:Blood Vessel Prosthesis Implantation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000517:prevention & control; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D050792:Circulatory Arrest, Deep Hypothermia Induced / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000379:methods*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D010477:Perfusion / Q000379:methods; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared / Q000379:methods; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen