title: A niche for infectious disease in environmental health: rethinking the toxicological paradigm.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In this review we highlight the need to expand the scope of environmental health research, which now focuses largely on the study of toxicants, to incorporate infectious agents. We provide evidence that environmental health research would be strengthened through finding common ground with the tools and approaches of infectious disease research.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a literature review for examples of interactions between toxic agents and infectious diseases, as well as the role of these interactions as risk factors in classic "environmental" diseases. We investigated existing funding sources and research mandates in the United States from the National Science Foundation and the National Institutes of Health, particularly the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We adapted the toxicological paradigm to guide reintegration of infectious disease into environmental health research and to identify common ground between these two fields as well as opportunities for improving public health through interdisciplinary research.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Environmental health encompasses complex disease processes, many of which involve interactions among multiple risk factors, including toxicant exposures, pathogens, and susceptibility. Funding and program mandates for environmental health studies should be expanded to include pathogens in order to capture the true scope of these overlapping risks, thus creating more effective research investments with greater relevance to the complexity of real-world exposures and multifactorial health outcomes. We propose a new model that integrates the toxicology and infectious disease paradigms to facilitate improved collaboration and communication by providing a framework for interdisciplinary research. Pathogens should be part of environmental health research planning and funding allocation, as well as applications such as surveillance and policy development.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. bfeingol@jhsph.edu
authors.forename: Beth J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Feingold
authors.forename: Leora
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vegosen
authors.forename: Meghan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Leibler
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Peterson
authors.forename: Ellen K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Silbergeld
mesh_terms: D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000382:microbiology; D054750:Ecotoxicology / Q000639:trends; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D004782:Environmental Health / Q000639:trends; D019550:Environmental Medicine / Q000639:trends*; D055552:Infectious Disease Medicine / Q000639:trends*; D033183:Interdisciplinary Communication; D012307:Risk Factors
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