title: Medical and psychiatric outcomes for patients transplanted for acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure: a case-control study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity is the most common cause of acute liver failure (ALF) in the UK. Patients often consume the drug with suicidal intent or with a background of substance dependence.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We compared the severity of pretransplant illness, psychiatric co-morbidity, medical and psychosocial outcomes of all patients who had undergone liver transplantation (LT) emergently between 1999-2004 for acetaminophen-induced ALF (n=36) with age- and sex-matched patients undergoing emergent LT for non-acetaminophen-induced ALF (n=35) and elective LT for chronic liver disease (CLD, n=34).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Acetaminophen-induced ALF patients undergoing LT had a greater severity of pre-LT illness reflected by higher Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II scores and requirement for organ support compared with the other two groups. Twenty (56%) acetaminophen-induced ALF patients had a formal psychiatric diagnosis before LT (non-acetaminophen-induced ALF=0/35, CLD=2/34; P<0.01 for all) and nine (25%) had a previous suicide attempt. During follow-up (median 5 years), there were no significant differences in rejection (acute and chronic), graft failure or survival between the groups (acetaminophen-induced ALF 1 year 87%, 5 years 75%; non-acetaminophen-induced ALF 88%, 78%; CLD 93%, 82%: P>0.6 log rank). Two acetaminophen-induced ALF patients reattempted suicide post-LT (one died 8 years post-LT).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite a high prevalence of psychiatric disturbance, outcomes for patients transplanted emergently for acetaminophen-induced ALF were comparable to those transplanted for non-acetaminophen-induced ALF and electively for CLD. Multidisciplinary approaches with long-term psychiatric follow-up may contribute to low post-transplant suicide rates seen and low rates of graft loss because of non-compliance.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital, London, UK. dean.karvellas@ualberta.ca
authors.forename: Constantine J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Karvellas
authors.forename: Niloufar
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Safinia
authors.forename: Georg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Auzinger
authors.forename: Nigel
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Heaton
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Muiesan
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: O'Grady
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wendon
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Bernal
mesh_terms: D018806:APACHE; D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000506:poisoning*; D000328:Adult; D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic / Q000506:poisoning*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D056486:Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology / Q000601:surgery*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D005260:Female; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000209:etiology; D006085:Graft Survival; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D017114:Liver Failure, Acute / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000523:psychology / Q000601:surgery*; D016031:Liver Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000401:mortality / Q000523:psychology; D008297:Male; D055118:Medication Adherence; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000150:complications*; D012086:Reoperation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013406:Suicide, Attempted; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D006113:United Kingdom
chemical_list: D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; D000082:Acetaminophen