title: Elevated levels of volatile organic carcinogen and toxicant biomarkers in Chinese women who regularly cook at home.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Epidemiologic studies associate lung cancer in nonsmoking Chinese women with Chinese-style wok cooking. Our goal was to quantify carcinogen and toxicant biomarkers in Chinese women who reported regularly doing home cooking compared with women randomly selected from the Singapore Chinese Health Study as controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Biomarkers were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with controls, women who engaged in regular home cooking had significantly higher levels of mercapturic acids of acrolein {geometric mean, 1,959 pmol/mg creatinine [95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1,554-2,467] versus 1,370 (95% CI, 1,077-1,742); P=0.038}, crotonaldehyde [geometric mean, 232 pmol/mg creatinine (95% CI, 193-277) versus 142 (95% CI, 118-171); P=0.0004], and benzene [geometric mean, 0.58 pmol/mg creatinine (95% CI, 0.44-0.78) versus 0.18 (95% CI, 0.14-0.24); P<0.0001]. No significant differences were found in levels of mercapturic acids of 1,3-butadiene, metabolites of pyrene and phenanthrene, or acetaldehyde-leukocyte DNA adduct levels between the groups. Levels of the ethylene oxide mercapturic acid were significantly higher in the controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The higher levels of the mercapturic acid of benzene, a multiorgan carcinogen, in the women who cooked are particularly notable. Overall, the results showing increased exposure to the volatile toxicants and carcinogens acrolein, crotonaldehyde, and benzene in Chinese women who regularly cook provide a plausible lead for further investigating the role of volatile compounds generated during high-temperature cooking with oils as causes of lung cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A new direction for research on lung cancer etiology is suggested.
authors.affiliation: Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, School of Public Health, MMC 806, 420 Delaware Street Southeast, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA. hecht002@umn.edu
authors.forename: Stephen S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Hecht
authors.forename: Adeline
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Seow
authors.forename: Mingyao
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Renwei
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.forename: Woon-Puay
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Koh
authors.forename: Steven G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Carmella
authors.forename: Menglan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Shaomei
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Mimi C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Jian-Min
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Yuan
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine*; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000378:metabolism*; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003296:Cooking; D005260:Female; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009822:Oils, Volatile / Q000009:adverse effects*; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D002273:Carcinogens; D009822:Oils, Volatile
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