title: Monoclonal antibodies in the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer: a review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Two groups of agents targeting either the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor or the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) have been added to the therapeutic arsenal against metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). Currently available agents in these groups are the anti-VEGF antibody bevacizumab and the anti-EGFR antibodies cetuximab and panitumumab.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This article reviews the results of prospective randomized clinical trials of anti-VEGF and anti-EGFR antibodies in mCRC, either as monotherapy, combined with chemotherapy, or combined with each other. Also reviewed are retrospective subset analyses of the effect of a KRAS mutation on the response to anti-EGFR antibodies.
  
  
  METHODS
  MEDLINE (2004-2009) was searched for randomized Phase II-III clinical trials of monoclonal antibodies in mCRC published in English. The search terms were colorectal neoplasms, bevacizumab, cetuximab, panitumumab, and KRAS mutation, alone or in combination. Information on the effect of KRAS mutation status on the response to anti-EGFR antibodies was drawn from retrospective subset analyses within the selected trials.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The literature search identified 5 trials of bevacizumab in mCRC. Of these trials, 3 found a significant benefit on the primary end point (progression-free survival [PFS] or overall survival [OS]) when bevacizumab was added to chemotherapy, either as first-line (2 trials) or second-line (1 trial) treatment. The literature search identified 5 trials of cetuximab and 1 trial of panitumumab in mCRC. Of these trials, 4 found a significant benefit on the primary end point (response rate, PFS, or OS) with cetuximab or panitumumab as monotherapy or added to chemotherapy, either as first-line (1 trial) or later-line (3 trials) treatment. In all trials, the benefit of anti-EGFR therapy was limited to patients who had KRAS wild-type tumors. Of 3 identified trials of combined anti-EGFR and anti-VEGF therapy, 2 found that the combination of an anti-EGFR antibody and the anti-VEGF antibody bevacizumab had a significant negative effect on the primary end point (PFS) compared with no added anti-EGFR antibody.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the studies reviewed, the anti-VEGF antibody bevacizumab added to chemotherapy and the anti-EGFR antibodies cetuximab and panitumumab as monotherapy or added to chemotherapy were associated with consistent efficacy in the treatment of mCRC, although the absolute benefit differed among trials. The efficacy of anti-EGFR antibodies was limited to patients with KRAS wild-type tumors. Given the lack of benefit when anti-VEGF and anti-EGFR antibodies were combined, such regimens should not be used in clinical practice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Oncology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jolien
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tol
authors.forename: Cornelis J A
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Punt
mesh_terms: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D006801:Humans; D009154:Mutation; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D016283:Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras); D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D018631:ras Proteins / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; C117307:KRAS protein, human; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D066246:ErbB Receptors; D016283:Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras); D018631:ras Proteins