title: [Safety analyses from 439 patients underwent endomyocardial biopsy via the right internal jugular vein approach].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Primary indications for endomyocardial biopsy (EMB) include heart transplant rejection surveillance and identifying cardiomyopathy or myocarditis. EMB procedures have not yet gained widespread acceptance because of concerns about possible complications associated with EMB procedures. In this single-center retrospective study, we analyzed the incidence of major and minor EMB procedure-related complications of 439 EMBs during the past 4.5 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  From May 2004 to November 2008, 15 patients with cardiomyopathy and 1 patient with suspected cardiac tumor underwent 16 EMB procedures and 131 heart transplant recipients underwent 423 EMB procedures with the use of a modified Cordis bioptome. All EMB procedures were made via the right internal jugular vein approach and RV septum EMBs were performed under fluoroscopic guidance without additional echocardiographic monitoring. Operators were allowed to perform EMB procedure alone if a minimum of 50 EMB procedures had been previously supervised by a senior operator and all EMBs were performed by 4 operators. All patients underwent a 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG), 12-hour continuous ambulatory ECG monitoring, chest X-ray and transthoracic echocardiography before and after EMB procedures to obtain a detailed evaluation of the incidence of conduction abnormalities, arrhythmias, pericardial effusions and worsening valve insufficiency.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no major complications like cardiac tamponade, hemothorax and pneumothorax. Minor complications such as conduction abnormalities including temporary RBBB (lasting < 24 h after EMB procedures) were found in 2 cases (0.47%) and sustained RBBB (> 24 h) was evidenced in 1 case (0.23%). There were no A-V block, complex ventricular arrhythmias or episodes of atrial fibrillation during and post procedure. In addition, 4 cases (0.91%)of EMB induced mild-moderate tricuspid regurgitation during the procedure were diagnosed by echocardiography.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The EMB procedure via the right internal jugular vein approach under fluoroscopic guidance is safe and associated with a very low complication rate when performed by experienced operators.
authors.affiliation: Heart Transplantation Center, Cardiovascular Institute and Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Yue-jin
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Dong
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.forename: Zhong-kai
authors.initials: ZK
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Sheng-shou
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Hu
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001706:Biopsy / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods*; D004699:Endocardium / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009205:Myocarditis / Q000473:pathology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012449:Safety; D055815:Young Adult