title: Preparation of activated carbon from cattail and its application for dyes removal.
abstract: Activated carbon was prepared from cattail by H3PO4 activation. The effects influencing the surface area of the resulting activated carbon followed the sequence of activated temperature > activated time > impregnation ratio > impregnation time. The optimum condition was found at an impregnation ratio of 2.5, an impregnation time of 9 hr, an activated temperature of 500 degrees C, and an activated time of 80 min. The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area and average pore size of the activated carbon were 1279 m2/g and 5.585 nm, respectively. A heterogeneous structure in terms of both size and shape was highly developed and widely distributed on the carbon surface. Some groups containing oxygen and phosphorus were formed, and the carboxyl group was the major oxygen-containing functional group. An isotherm equilibrium study was carried out to investigate the adsorption capacity of the activated carbon. The data fit the Langmuir isotherm equation, with maximum monolayer adsorption capacities of 192.30 mg/g for Neutral Red and 196.08 mg/g for Malachite Green. Dye-exhausted carbon could be regenerated effectively by thermal treatment. The results indicated that cattail-derived activated carbon was a promising adsorbent for the removal of cationic dyes from aqueous solutions.
authors.affiliation: School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China. shuipingdingding@gmail.com
authors.forename: Qianqian
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Chenglu
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Cong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Weiwei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Jingtao
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Ran
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zhao
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D002606:Charcoal / Q000737:chemistry*; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D009499:Neutral Red / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012394:Rosaniline Dyes / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D013499:Surface Properties; D032401:Typhaceae / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D012394:Rosaniline Dyes; C005095:malachite green; D002606:Charcoal; D009499:Neutral Red