title: MEMS-based handheld confocal microscope for in-vivo skin imaging.
abstract: This paper describes a handheld laser scanning confocal microscope for skin microscopy. Beam scanning is accomplished with an electromagnetic MEMS bi-axial micromirror developed for pico projector applications, providing 800 x 600 (SVGA) resolution at 56 frames per second. The design uses commercial objective lenses with an optional hemisphere front lens, operating with a range of numerical aperture from NA=0.35 to NA=1.1 and corresponding diagonal field of view ranging from 653 microm to 216 microm. Using NA=1.1 and a laser wavelength of 830 nm we measured the axial response to be 1.14 mum full width at half maximum, with a corresponding 10%-90% lateral edge response of 0.39 mum. Image examples showing both epidermal and dermal features including capillary blood flow are provided. These images represent the highest resolution and frame rate yet achieved for tissue imaging with a MEMS bi-axial scan mirror.
authors.affiliation: Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Montana State University, 610 Cobleigh Hall, Bozeman, Montana, USA. c.arrasmith@gmail.com
authors.forename: Christopher L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Arrasmith
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Dickensheets
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mahadevan-Jansen
mesh_terms: D046169:Dermoscopy / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000295:instrumentation*; D055617:Micro-Electrical-Mechanical Systems / Q000295:instrumentation*; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal / Q000295:instrumentation*; D008904:Miniaturization; D012867:Skin / Q000166:cytology*
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