title: Cytometry of chromatin bound Mcm6 and PCNA identifies two states in G1 that are separated functionally by the G1 restriction point.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cytometric measurements of DNA content and chromatin-bound Mcm2 have demonstrated bimodal patterns of expression in G1. These patterns, the replication licensing function of Mcm proteins, and a correlation between Mcm loading and cell cycle commitment for cells re-entering the cell cycle, led us to test the idea that cells expressing a defined high level of chromatin-bound Mcm6 in G1 are committed--i.e., past the G1 restriction point. We developed a cell-based assay for tightly-bound PCNA (PCNA*) and Mcm6 (Mcm6*), DNA content, and a mitotic marker to clearly define G1, S, G2, and M phases of the cell cycle. hTERT-BJ1, hTERT-RPE-1, and Molt4 cells were extracted with Triton X-100 followed by methanol fixation, stained with antibodies and DAPI, then measured by cytometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bivariate analysis of cytometric data demonstrated complex patterns with distinct clustering for all combinations of the 4 variables. In G1, cells clustered in two groups characterized by low and high Mcm6* expression. Serum starvation and release experiments showed that residence in the high group was in late G1, just prior to S phase. Kinetic experiments, employing serum withdrawal, and stathmokinetic analysis with aphidicolin, mimosine or nocodazole demonstrated that cells with high levels of Mcm6* cycled with the committed phases of the cell cycle (S, G2, and M).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A multivariate assay for Mcm6*, PCNA*, DNA content, and a mitotic marker provides analysis capable of estimating the fraction of pre and post-restriction point G1 cells and supports the idea that there are at least two states in G1 defined by levels of chromatin bound Mcm proteins.
authors.affiliation: Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
authors.forename: Phyllis S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Frisa
authors.forename: James W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Jacobberger
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D016590:Aphidicolin / Q000494:pharmacology; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002469:Cell Separation; D002843:Chromatin / Q000378:metabolism*; D016895:Culture Media, Serum-Free; D004247:DNA / Q000032:analysis*; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D016193:G1 Phase / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D016399:Lymphoma, T-Cell / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D008898:Mimosine / Q000494:pharmacology; D064151:Minichromosome Maintenance Complex Component 6; D015739:Nocodazole / Q000494:pharmacology; D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011485:Protein Binding / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D002843:Chromatin; D016895:Culture Media, Serum-Free; D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen; D016590:Aphidicolin; D008898:Mimosine; D004247:DNA; C103258:MCM6 protein, human; D064151:Minichromosome Maintenance Complex Component 6; D015739:Nocodazole
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