title: Dose-effect study of Gelsemium sempervirens in high dilutions on anxiety-related responses in mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study was designed to investigate the putative anxiolytic-like activity of ultra-low doses of Gelsemium sempervirens (G. sempervirens), produced according to the homeopathic pharmacopeia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five different centesimal (C) dilutions of G. sempervirens (4C, 5C, 7C, 9C and 30C), the drug buspirone (5 mg/kg) and solvent vehicle were delivered intraperitoneally to groups of ICR-CD1 mice over a period of 9 days. The behavioral effects were assessed in the open-field (OF) and light-dark (LD) tests in blind and randomized fashion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most G. sempervirens dilutions did not affect the total distance traveled in the OF (only the 5C had an almost significant stimulatory effect on this parameter), indicating that the medicine caused no sedation effects or unspecific changes in locomotor activity. In the same test, buspirone induced a slight but statistically significant decrease in locomotion. G. sempervirens showed little stimulatory activity on the time spent and distance traveled in the central zone of the OF, but this effect was not statistically significant. In the LD test, G. sempervirens increased the % time spent in the light compartment, an indicator of anxiolytic-like activity, with a statistically significant effect using the 5C, 9C and 30C dilutions. These effects were comparable to those of buspirone. The number of transitions between the compartments of the LD test markedly increased with G. sempervirens 5C, 9C and 30C dilutions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The overall pattern of results provides evidence that G. sempervirens acts on the emotional reactivity of mice, and that its anxiolytic-like effects are apparent, with a non-linear relationship, even at high dilutions.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Patologia, Università di Verona, Strada Le Grazie, 37134, Verona, Italy.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Magnani
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Conforti
authors.forename: Elisabetta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zanolin
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marzotto
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bellavite
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001007:Anxiety / Q000188:drug therapy*; D002065:Buspirone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002755:Choice Behavior / Q000187:drug effects; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005106:Exploratory Behavior / Q000187:drug effects; D031450:Gelsemium; D006705:Homeopathy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D011897:Random Allocation
chemical_list: D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts; D002065:Buspirone
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