title: Esophageal motility in children with suspected gastroesophageal reflux disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Motility abnormalities in adults with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) include nontransmitted contractions, reduced distal esophageal contraction amplitude, and simultaneous contractions. Information on esophageal body motility in children with GERD is scarce. Our aim was to study esophageal motility patterns in children with GERD, taking into account the presence of anatomical abnormalities and neurological impairment, the effect of age on esophageal motility in GERD, and the relation between esophageal manometry and GERD severity parameters (acid exposure and presence of esophagitis).
  
  
  METHODS
  Consecutive children referred for severe GER(D) symptoms underwent a barium swallow, upper endoscopy, pH monitoring, and stationary water-perfused esophageal manometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressure and velocity of propagation in the proximal and distal esophagus decreased with age in this group of children with GERD (all P < 0.01). Severely disturbed esophageal motility was found in children with previous esophageal atresia. Patients with psychomotor retardation had significantly lower occurrence of peristaltic waves (94% +/- 21% vs 79% +/- 38%; P = 0.001), distal propagation velocity (0.8 +/- 0.4 vs 0.6 +/- 0.5 cm/s; P = 0.05), and distal contraction duration (3.1 +/- 0.8 vs 3.4 +/- 1 seconds; P = 0.05). None of the manometric characteristics differed between patients with normal or abnormal esophageal pH monitoring or with or without erosive esophagitis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LES pressure and esophageal velocity decreased with increasing age. Esophageal manometry is severely impaired in children with esophageal atresia and psychomotor retardation. No specific esophageal motor abnormalities related to the presence of endoscopic esophagitis or abnormal pH monitoring were found.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven-Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium. ilse.hoffman@uz.kuleuven.ac.be
authors.forename: Ilse
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hoffman
authors.forename: Toon
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: De Greef
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Haesendonck
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tack
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004933:Esophageal Atresia / Q000150:complications*; D049630:Esophageal Sphincter, Lower; D050782:Esophageal pH Monitoring; D004941:Esophagitis / Q000209:etiology; D004945:Esophagoscopy; D004947:Esophagus / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005769:Gastrointestinal Motility; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008365:Manometry; D010528:Peristalsis; D011596:Psychomotor Disorders / Q000150:complications*; D012016:Reference Values