title: Guided bone regeneration using a titanium-reinforced ePTFE membrane and particulate autogenous bone: the effect of smoking and membrane exposure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objectives of this study were to describe and evaluate treatment outcomes achieved using guided bone regeneration (GBR) with autogenous bone grafting, particularly the effect of smoking and membrane exposure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-seven bone augmentations were carried out using intraorally harvested particulate bone grafts covered by titanium-reinforced ePTFE membranes. Healing events were monitored and treatment outcomes were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-three (85%) augmentations were successful and 4 (15%) were unsuccessful. Augmentations performed in nonsmokers were successful in 95% of cases, whereas the success rate in smokers was 63%. There were 4 (15%) cases of membrane exposure, but none affected the final outcome. Signs of soft tissue inflammation were present in 10 (37%) of the augmentation sites, more often in smokers (75%) than in nonsmokers (21%). This difference was statistically significant (P = .008).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study support the use of this technique in the augmentation of resorbed alveolar processes. Smoking was associated with poor treatment outcomes in this study. Membrane exposures did not seem to affect outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Institute of Dentistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland. lauralindf@gmail.com
authors.forename: Laura T
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Lindfors
authors.forename: Ellen A T
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Tervonen
authors.forename: George K B
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Sándor
authors.forename: Leena P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Ylikontiola
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000540:Alveolar Ridge Augmentation / Q000379:methods*; D001857:Bone Matrix / Q000637:transplantation; D001861:Bone Regeneration; D016025:Bone Transplantation / Q000379:methods; D003758:Dental Implantation, Endosseous / Q000379:methods*; D019250:Dental Implants, Single-Tooth; D005260:Female; D016557:Guided Tissue Regeneration, Periodontal / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007576:Jaw, Edentulous, Partially / Q000534:rehabilitation / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008334:Mandible; D008437:Maxilla; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D008875:Middle Aged; D016348:Osseointegration; D011138:Polytetrafluoroethylene / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D014025:Titanium / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014182:Transplantation, Autologous; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D011138:Polytetrafluoroethylene; D014025:Titanium