title: Methamphetamine abuse, HIV infection, and neurotoxicity.
abstract: Methamphetamine (Meth) use and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection are major public health problems in the world today. Ample evidence indicates that HIV transfection risk is greatly enhanced with Meth use. Studies have shown that both HIV infection and Meth abuse can cause neuronal injury leading to neurodegeneration. While many studies have focused on the individual effects of Meth and HIV on the brain, few investigations have been carried out on their co-morbid effect in the nervous system. In this review, we try to summarize recent progress on individual effects of Meth and HIV on neurodegeneration and their potential underlying mechanisms, in addition to exploring their co-morbid effect on the brain.
authors.affiliation: Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.
authors.forename: Benjamin C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Reiner
authors.forename: James P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Keblesh
authors.forename: Huangui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Xiong
references.citation: J Neurovirol. 2004 Feb;10(1):21-8
references.pmid: 14982725
references.citation: J Neurochem. 2006 Jul;98(1):146-55
references.pmid: 16805804
references.citation: J Infect Dis. 2003 Dec 15;188(12):1820-6
references.pmid: 14673760
references.citation: J Neurochem. 2004 Jan;88(1):169-80
references.pmid: 14675161
references.citation: Neuroreport. 1996 Apr 10;7(5):1045-9
references.pmid: 8804048
references.citation: Biomed Pharmacother. 2003 Jan;57(1):20-4
references.pmid: 12642033
references.citation: Arch Neurol. 2004 Mar;61(3):369-76
references.pmid: 15023814
references.citation: Addiction. 2007 Apr;102 Suppl 1:16-32
references.pmid: 17493050
references.citation: Curr HIV Res. 2007 May;5(3):301-13
references.pmid: 17504172
references.citation: Subst Use Misuse. 1999 Dec;34(14):1977-89
references.pmid: 10573301
references.citation: J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2004 Oct;311(1):1-7
references.pmid: 15163680
references.citation: J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1994 Aug;270(2):741-51
references.pmid: 8071867
references.citation: Curr Biol. 1999 Jun 17;9(12):R459-61
references.pmid: 10375524
references.citation: J Neurosci. 1999 Nov 15;19(22):10107-15
references.pmid: 10559418
references.citation: J Leukoc Biol. 2006 Nov;80(5):1052-66
references.pmid: 16959898
references.citation: J Mol Neurosci. 1998 Apr;10(2):129-41
references.pmid: 9699154
references.citation: Exp Cell Res. 1999 Aug 25;251(1):156-65
references.pmid: 10438581
references.citation: Brain. 2004 Feb;127(Pt 2):363-70
references.pmid: 14645148
references.citation: J Neurosci Res. 2002 Jul 1;69(1):1-9
references.pmid: 12111810
references.citation: J Neurovirol. 2005 Dec;11(6):489-502
references.pmid: 16338743
references.citation: J Neurochem. 2002 Nov;83(4):955-63
references.pmid: 12421368
references.citation: FASEB J. 2004 Feb;18(2):238-51
references.pmid: 14769818
references.citation: FASEB J. 2004 Jul;18(10):1141-3
references.pmid: 15155568
references.citation: Ann Neurol. 1995 Mar;37(3):373-80
references.pmid: 7695237
references.citation: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1998 May 30;844:92-102
references.pmid: 9668667
references.citation: Physiol Rev. 2007 Jan;87(1):99-163
references.pmid: 17237344
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2001 Dec 1;21(23):9414-8
references.pmid: 11717374
references.citation: Chem Biol Drug Des. 2006 Feb;67(2):145-54
references.pmid: 16492162
references.citation: J Infect Dis. 1999 Aug;180(2):310-9
references.pmid: 10395844
references.citation: J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2007 Feb;29(2):155-9
references.pmid: 17365250
references.citation: J Magn Reson Imaging. 1999 Jan;9(1):10-8
references.pmid: 10030645
references.citation: Neurology. 1993 Nov;43(11):2245-52
references.pmid: 8232937
references.citation: J Immunol. 2005 Apr 1;174(7):4333-44
references.pmid: 15778398
references.citation: J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2000 Jan;6(1):83-5
references.pmid: 10761371
references.citation: Adv Enzyme Regul. 1980;19:407-24
references.pmid: 6278869
references.citation: Synapse. 2001 Jul;41(1):40-8
references.pmid: 11354012
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2005 Dec 9;280(49):40442-9
references.pmid: 16204245
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 2005 May 1;57(9):967-74
references.pmid: 15860336
references.citation: J Neurochem. 2000 May;74(5):2217-20
references.pmid: 10800969
references.citation: J Neurosci. 1998 Jul 1;18(13):4861-9
references.pmid: 9634552
references.citation: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1994 Nov 17;738:388-91
references.pmid: 7530424
references.citation: J Neuroimmunol. 2007 Jul;187(1-2):9-19
references.pmid: 17555826
references.citation: J Neuroimmunol. 2001 Jul 2;117(1-2):97-107
references.pmid: 11431009
references.citation: J Neurovirol. 1997 Oct;3(5):342-9
references.pmid: 9372455
references.citation: Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2005 Mar;15(2):199-201
references.pmid: 15695065
references.citation: Am J Psychiatry. 1995 Jul;152(7):987-94
references.pmid: 7793469
references.citation: Exp Neurol. 2003 Jan;179(1):60-70
references.pmid: 12504868
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2003 Jul 2;23(13):5715-22
references.pmid: 12843275
references.citation: J Neurosci. 1996 Jul 1;16(13):4080-8
references.pmid: 8753870
references.citation: Neurology. 2007 Oct 30;69(18):1789-99
references.pmid: 17914061
references.citation: Science. 1990 Dec 14;250(4987):1593-6
references.pmid: 2148832
references.citation: J Magn Reson Imaging. 2003 Jun;17(6):625-33
references.pmid: 12766890
references.citation: Trends Neurosci. 1996 Aug;19(8):312-8
references.pmid: 8843599
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2002 Nov;17(3):1638-48
references.pmid: 12414302
references.citation: AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1996 May;17(5):973-8
references.pmid: 8733976
references.citation: Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 2000 Nov 10;83(1-2):121-4
references.pmid: 11072101
references.citation: Pharmacotherapy. 2006 Aug;26(8):1148-56
references.pmid: 16863490
references.citation: Neuropharmacology. 1989 Oct;28(10):1145-50
references.pmid: 2554183
references.citation: J Nucl Med. 2000 Apr;41(4):612-21
references.pmid: 10768561
references.citation: J Subst Abuse Treat. 2002 Apr;22(3):149-56
references.pmid: 12039618
references.citation: Am J Psychiatry. 2001 Aug;158(8):1206-14
references.pmid: 11481152
references.citation: Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2000 Jan 7;267(1):252-6
references.pmid: 10623606
references.citation: Ann Neurol. 1986 Jun;19(6):517-24
references.pmid: 3729308
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996 Mar 5;93(5):1956-61
references.pmid: 8700866
references.citation: Am J Public Health. 2003 Nov;93(11):1915-21
references.pmid: 14600066
references.citation: AIDS Behav. 2004 Sep;8(3):345-55
references.pmid: 15475681
references.citation: FASEB J. 2001 Aug;15(10):1745-52
references.pmid: 11481222
references.citation: NIDA Res Monogr. 1997;168:79-89
references.pmid: 9260166
references.citation: EMBO J. 1995 Feb 1;14(3):546-54
references.pmid: 7859743
references.citation: Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2001 Oct 26;288(2):301-8
references.pmid: 11606043
references.citation: J Neuroimmunol. 1995 Mar;57(1-2):179-91
references.pmid: 7706435
references.citation: Brain Res. 1998 Nov 30;813(1):200-2
references.pmid: 9824698
references.citation: MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2006 Jul 28;55(29):793-6
references.pmid: 16874293
references.citation: Neurology. 2000 Jan 25;54(2):389-96
references.pmid: 10668700
references.citation: Neurosci Lett. 1998 Sep 25;254(2):97-100
references.pmid: 9779929
references.citation: Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1984 Nov;21(5):737-41
references.pmid: 6514766
references.citation: Brain Res. 2000 Feb 7;855(1):186-91
references.pmid: 10650149
references.citation: J Neurochem. 2007 Feb;100(3):567-86
references.pmid: 17173547
references.citation: Nature. 1994 Jan 13;367(6459):188-93
references.pmid: 8114918
references.citation: Brain Res. 2003 Oct 10;987(1):1-9
references.pmid: 14499939
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Apr 1;90(7):2769-73
references.pmid: 8464887
references.citation: Neurobiol Dis. 2006 Sep;23(3):663-8
references.pmid: 16828290
references.citation: AIDS. 2005 Apr;19 Suppl 1:S37-47
references.pmid: 15838193
references.citation: Science. 2000 Jan 28;287(5453):602-4
references.pmid: 10691542
references.citation: Acta Neuropathol. 1990;80(4):393-400
references.pmid: 2239151
references.citation: Ann Neurol. 1999 Sep;46(3):391-8
references.pmid: 10482270
references.citation: J Virol. 1999 Mar;73(3):1956-63
references.pmid: 9971775
references.citation: Indian J Med Res. 2005 Apr;121(4):315-32
references.pmid: 15817946
references.citation: J Neurochem. 2000 May;74(5):2221-3
references.pmid: 10800970
references.citation: Neurotox Res. 2007 Apr;11(3-4):183-202
references.pmid: 17449459
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2007 Apr 4;27(14):3703-11
references.pmid: 17409234
references.citation: Am J Psychiatry. 2005 Feb;162(2):361-9
references.pmid: 15677602
references.citation: Arch Neurol. 1998 Feb;55(2):161-8
references.pmid: 9482357
references.citation: Neurology. 2000 Mar 28;54(6):1344-9
references.pmid: 10746608
references.citation: Brain Res. 2000 Oct 6;879(1-2):42-9
references.pmid: 11011004
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2004 Jun 30;24(26):6028-36
references.pmid: 15229250
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2008 May 28;28(22):5756-61
references.pmid: 18509037
references.citation: J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1998 Oct;287(1):107-14
references.pmid: 9765328
references.citation: Am J Pathol. 1990 May;136(5):1085-92
references.pmid: 1693470
references.citation: Glia. 2002 Nov;40(2):240-51
references.pmid: 12379911
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999 Jul 6;96(14):8212-6
references.pmid: 10393974
references.citation: AIDS. 2004 Jan 1;18 Suppl 1:S61-7
references.pmid: 15075499
references.citation: J Neurosci. 1999 Feb 15;19(4):1484-91
references.pmid: 9952424
references.citation: J Neurovirol. 2001 Feb;7(1):1-10
references.pmid: 11519477
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2004 Dec;23(4):1336-47
references.pmid: 15589098
references.citation: J Virol. 2000 Apr;74(7):3105-11
references.pmid: 10708425
references.citation: Ann Neurol. 2001 Feb;49(2):230-41
references.pmid: 11220743
references.citation: J Neuroimmunol. 2001 Apr 2;115(1-2):182-91
references.pmid: 11282169
references.citation: Mol Neurobiol. 1997 Dec;15(3):307-39
references.pmid: 9457704
references.citation: J Exp Med. 2001 Feb 19;193(4):509-19
references.pmid: 11181702
references.citation: FASEB J. 1999 Jun;13(9):1065-72
references.pmid: 10336889
references.citation: Brain Res. 1982 Mar 4;235(1):93-103
references.pmid: 6145488
references.citation: Brain Res. 1992 Aug 7;587(2):250-6
references.pmid: 1381982
references.citation: J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 1996 May;2(3):219-25
references.pmid: 9375187
references.citation: Brain Res. 1996 Apr 1;714(1-2):95-103
references.pmid: 8861613
references.citation: Nat Rev Immunol. 2007 Feb;7(2):161-7
references.pmid: 17220915
references.citation: Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2005 May;81(1):198-204
references.pmid: 15894079
references.citation: Exp Neurol. 2006 Jun;199(2):490-8
references.pmid: 16510141
references.citation: Neurosci Lett. 2004 Sep 9;367(3):349-54
references.pmid: 15337264
references.citation: J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 1998 Jun;57(6):563-70
references.pmid: 9630236
references.citation: Physiol Rev. 2006 Oct;86(4):1133-49
references.pmid: 17015486
references.citation: Front Biosci. 2006 May 01;11:1289-301
references.pmid: 16368516
references.citation: Neurotox Res. 2007 Oct;12(3):181-204
references.pmid: 17967742
references.citation: Synapse. 1997 Feb;25(2):176-84
references.pmid: 9021898
references.citation: J Neurovirol. 1995 Dec;1(5-6):369-74
references.pmid: 9222379
references.citation: J Virol. 2000 Oct;74(20):9717-26
references.pmid: 11000244
references.citation: Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2007;47:681-98
references.pmid: 17209801
references.citation: J Homosex. 2001;41(2):17-35
references.pmid: 11482426
references.citation: Acta Radiol. 2003 Mar;44(2):206-12
references.pmid: 12694109
references.citation: Mol Pharmacol. 2000 Dec;58(6):1247-56
references.pmid: 11093760
references.citation: Virology. 2002 Dec 20;304(2):222-34
references.pmid: 12504564
references.citation: FASEB J. 2004 Dec;18(15):1851-61
references.pmid: 15576488
references.citation: Am J Psychiatry. 2001 Dec;158(12):2015-21
references.pmid: 11729018
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2003 Sep 10;23(23):8417-22
references.pmid: 12968004
references.citation: J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2004 Jan;10(1):1-14
references.pmid: 14751002
references.citation: AIDS Behav. 2006 Mar;10(2):185-90
references.pmid: 16477511
references.citation: AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2006 Jul;20(7):502-10
references.pmid: 16839249
references.citation: Rev Med Virol. 1999 Jan-Mar;9(1):39-49
references.pmid: 10371671
references.citation: J Neurovirol. 2004 Dec;10(6):327-37
references.pmid: 15765804
references.citation: J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 1995 May;1(3):231-51
references.pmid: 9375218
references.citation: Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 2001 Aug;36(1):1-22
references.pmid: 11516769
references.citation: Ann Neurol. 1992 Jul;32(1):11-7
references.pmid: 1303631
references.citation: Exp Neurol. 1998 Dec;154(2):276-88
references.pmid: 9878167
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2002 May 15;22(10):4015-24
references.pmid: 12019321
references.citation: Exp Neurol. 2004 May;187(1):47-57
references.pmid: 15081587
references.citation: J Magn Reson Imaging. 2000 Dec;12(6):859-65
references.pmid: 11105023
references.citation: Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2004 Aug;10(6):323-34
references.pmid: 15261874
references.citation: Drug Alcohol Depend. 2009 Sep 1;104(1-2):167-74
references.pmid: 19559543
references.citation: Neurotox Res. 2005 Nov;8(3-4):199-206
references.pmid: 16371314
references.citation: Neuron. 1991 Jul;7(1):111-8
references.pmid: 1676893
references.citation: Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 2003 May;42(2):155-68
references.pmid: 12738056
references.citation: Nature. 1988 Oct 13;335(6191):639-42
references.pmid: 2845276
references.citation: Brain Res. 2000 May 12;864(2):315-26
references.pmid: 10802040
references.citation: Psychiatry Res. 2002 Nov 30;116(1-2):43-52
references.pmid: 12426033
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 2001 Feb;21(4):1249-59
references.pmid: 11158311
references.citation: Neurotox Res. 2005 Oct;8(1-2):119-34
references.pmid: 16260390
references.citation: Can J Neurol Sci. 1995 May;22(2):92-100
references.pmid: 7627922
references.citation: Nat Neurosci. 2003 Oct;6(10):1064-71
references.pmid: 14502291
references.citation: J Neurovirol. 1997 Apr;3(2):168-73
references.pmid: 9111179
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998 Apr 14;95(8):4595-600
references.pmid: 9539783
references.citation: Acta Neuropathol. 2001 Feb;101(2):85-91
references.pmid: 11271377
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Dec;85(24):9580-4
references.pmid: 2849111
references.citation: J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2004 Sep;310(3):1114-24
references.pmid: 15113847
references.citation: Antivir Ther. 2003 Feb;8(1):17-26
references.pmid: 12713060
references.citation: Science. 1990 Apr 20;248(4953):364-7
references.pmid: 2326646
references.citation: Nat Cell Biol. 2001 Nov;3(11):E255-63
references.pmid: 11715037
references.citation: Exp Mol Med. 2006 Aug 31;38(4):333-47
references.pmid: 16953112
references.citation: Prog Neurobiol. 2005 Apr;75(6):406-33
references.pmid: 15955613
references.citation: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005 Apr;62(4):444-52
references.pmid: 15809412
references.citation: Curr Opin Cell Biol. 2001 Jun;13(3):349-55
references.pmid: 11343907
references.citation: J Neurochem. 1995 Apr;64(4):1819-25
references.pmid: 7891110
references.citation: J Neurochem. 1999 Dec;73(6):2546-54
references.pmid: 10582617
references.citation: Cell. 1991 May 17;65(4):651-62
references.pmid: 2032289
references.citation: Virology. 2007 Jul 5;363(2):462-72
references.pmid: 17336361
references.citation: Neuropharmacology. 2002 May;42(6):837-45
references.pmid: 12015210
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Apr 15;90(8):3256-9
references.pmid: 8097316
references.citation: AIDS. 2005 Aug 12;19(12):1251-6
references.pmid: 16052079
references.citation: Exp Neurol. 2001 Jun;169(2):219-30
references.pmid: 11358437
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 2000 Aug 21;150(4):887-94
references.pmid: 10953012
references.citation: Neuroscience. 2001;107(1):51-8
references.pmid: 11744246
references.citation: Am J Psychiatry. 2001 Mar;158(3):383-9
references.pmid: 11229978
references.citation: Prev Sci. 2007 Jun;8(2):103-13
references.pmid: 17318422
references.citation: AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1984 Nov-Dec;5(6):711-4
references.pmid: 6437172
references.citation: Mol Med. 1999 Feb;5(2):98-109
references.pmid: 10203575
references.citation: J Immunol. 1999 Aug 1;163(3):1237-45
references.pmid: 10415019
references.citation: J Exp Med. 1995 Oct 1;182(4):941-51
references.pmid: 7561697
references.citation: Neuropsychopharmacology. 2002 Sep;27(3):453-61
references.pmid: 12225702
references.citation: Eur J Pharmacol. 2000 Jul 14;400(1):99-102
references.pmid: 10913590
references.citation: Eur J Neurosci. 1999 Dec;11(12):4398-402
references.pmid: 10594667
references.citation: Front Biosci. 2006 Jan 01;11:708-17
references.pmid: 16146763
references.citation: J Addict Dis. 2002;21(1):75-89
references.pmid: 11831502
references.citation: J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2006 Nov 1;43(3):344-50
references.pmid: 16980913
references.citation: Neurology. 2001 Jan 9;56(1):112-5
references.pmid: 11148248
references.citation: Antioxid Redox Signal. 2006 Jan-Feb;8(1-2):144-51
references.pmid: 16487048
references.citation: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1999;893:13-8
references.pmid: 10672226
references.citation: J Cell Physiol. 2002 Aug;192(2):131-7
references.pmid: 12115719
references.citation: J Neurochem. 2001 Oct;79(1):152-60
references.pmid: 11595767
references.citation: Antioxid Redox Signal. 2006 Sep-Oct;8(9-10):1391-418
references.pmid: 16986999
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 1995 Apr 6;332(14):934-40
references.pmid: 7877652
references.citation: J Neurochem. 2005 Feb;92(4):790-7
references.pmid: 15686480
references.citation: J Virol. 1992 Apr;66(4):2217-25
references.pmid: 1548758
references.citation: Brain Res. 2003 Sep 12;984(1-2):133-42
references.pmid: 12932847
references.citation: J Neurovirol. 2001 Feb;7(1):66-71
references.pmid: 11519485
references.citation: Clin Chem. 2003 Jan;49(1):121-32
references.pmid: 12507968
references.citation: Am J Psychiatry. 2003 Sep;160(9):1699-701
references.pmid: 12944350
references.citation: J Immunol. 1998 Feb 15;160(4):1944-8
references.pmid: 9469457
references.citation: Brain Res. 2004 Jul 30;1016(1):90-5
references.pmid: 15234256
references.citation: J Neurovirol. 1999 Apr;5(2):115-24
references.pmid: 10321975
references.citation: Magn Reson Imaging. 2000 Sep;18(7):859-65
references.pmid: 11027880
references.citation: J Neurosci. 1998 Oct 15;18(20):8417-22
references.pmid: 9763484
references.citation: Neurochem Int. 1998 Feb;32(2):117-31
references.pmid: 9542724
references.citation: Semin Neurol. 1999;19(2):129-50
references.pmid: 10718534
references.citation: Arch Neurol. 2000 Nov;57(11):1601-7
references.pmid: 11074792
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997 Apr 15;94(8):3954-9
references.pmid: 9108086
references.citation: AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1986 Nov;147(5):977-83
references.pmid: 3490168
references.citation: Glia. 1993 Jan;7(1):75-83
references.pmid: 8423065
references.citation: Brain Res. 1993 Feb 19;603(2):222-33
references.pmid: 8461978
references.citation: J Exp Med. 2000 Jan 3;191(1):33-46
references.pmid: 10620603