title: ATR3 encodes a diflavin reductase essential for Arabidopsis embryo development.
abstract: *The Arabidopsis genome possesses two confirmed Cytochrome P450 Reductase (CPR) genes, ATR1 and ATR2, together with a third putative homologue, ATR3, which annotation is questionable. *Phylogenetic analysis classified ATR3 as a CPR-like protein sharing homologies with the animal cytosolic dual flavin reductases, NR1 and Fre-1, distinct from the microsomal CPRs, ATR1 and ATR2. Like NR1 and Fre-1, ATR3 lacks the N-terminal endoplasmic reticulum (ER) anchor domain of CPRs and is localized in the cytoplasm. Recombinant ATR3 in plant soluble extracts was able to reduce cytochrome c but failed to reduce the human P450 CYP1A2. *Loss of ATR3 function resulted in early embryo lethality indicating that this reductase activity is essential. A yeast 2-hybrid screen identified a unique interaction of ATR3 with the homologue of the human anti-apoptotic CIAPIN1 and the yeast Dre2 protein. *This interaction suggests two possible roles for ATR3 in the control of cell death and in chromosome segregation at mitosis. Consistent with these results, the promoter of ATR3 is activated during cell cycle progression. Together these results demonstrated that ATR3 belongs to the NR1 subfamily of diflavin reductases whose characterized members are involved in essential cellular functions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1155, USA.
authors.forename: Janani
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Varadarajan
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, UMR-CNRS-IRD 5096, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia 58 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan-Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Jocelyne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Guilleminot
authors.affiliation: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 6037, IFRMP 23, UFR des Sciences, Université de Rouen, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Claude
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Saint-Jore-Dupas
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, UMR-CNRS-IRD 5096, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia 58 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan-Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Benoît
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Piégu
authors.affiliation: Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du CNRS, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, 67084 Strasbourg-Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Marie-Edith
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Chabouté
authors.affiliation: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 6037, IFRMP 23, UFR des Sciences, Université de Rouen, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Véronique
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gomord
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1155, USA.
authors.forename: Ronald C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Coolbaugh
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, UMR-CNRS-IRD 5096, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia 58 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan-Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Martine
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Devic
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, UMR-CNRS-IRD 5096, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia 58 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan-Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Valérie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Delorme
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000166:cytology / Q000196:embryology* / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002453:Cell Cycle; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000201:enzymology; D019388:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2 / Q000378:metabolism; D045304:Cytochromes c / Q000378:metabolism; D047108:Embryonic Development / Q000235:genetics; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D006801:Humans; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010088:Oxidoreductases / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011485:Protein Binding; D021381:Protein Transport; D012639:Seeds / Q000166:cytology / Q000196:embryology* / Q000201:enzymology*
chemical_list: D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; C489114:CIAPIN1 protein, human; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D045304:Cytochromes c; C552937:ATR3 protein, Arabidopsis; D010088:Oxidoreductases; C504573:CYP1A2 protein, human; D019388:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2
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