title: Protein kinase A phosphorylation activates Vpr-induced cell cycle arrest during human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection.
abstract: Infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) causes an inexorable depletion of CD4(+) T cells. The loss of these cells is particularly pronounced in the mucosal immune system during acute infection, and the data suggest that direct viral cytopathicity is a major factor. Cell cycle arrest caused by the HIV-1 accessory protein Vpr is strongly correlated with virus-induced cell death, and phosphorylation of Vpr serine 79 (S79) is required to activate G(2)/M cell cycle blockade. However, the kinase responsible for phosphorylating Vpr remains unknown. Our bioinformatic analyses revealed that S79 is part of a putative phosphorylation site recognized by protein kinase A (PKA). We show here that PKA interacts with Vpr and directly phosphorylates S79. Inhibition of PKA activity during HIV-1 infection abrogates Vpr cell cycle arrest. These findings provide new insight into the signaling event that activates Vpr cell cycle arrest, ultimately leading to the death of infected T cells.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Dr., Bethesda, MD 20892-1892, USA.
authors.forename: R Anthony
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Barnitz
authors.forename: Fengyi
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wan
authors.forename: Vinay
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Tripuraneni
authors.forename: Diane L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Bolton
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Lenardo
mesh_terms: D002453:Cell Cycle; D002460:Cell Line; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D006801:Humans; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000821:virology; D010766:Phosphorylation; D012694:Serine / Q000378:metabolism; D054325:vpr Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D054325:vpr Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus; C514912:vpr protein, Human immunodeficiency virus 1; D012694:Serine; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases
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