title: Uni-morbid and co-occurring marijuana and tobacco use: examination of concurrent associations with negative mood states.
abstract: The aim of the current investigation was to examine uni-morbid and co-occurring tobacco and marijuana use in relation to the negative emotional symptoms of anxiety and depression. Participants were 250 adult individuals (132 women; mean age = 22.43 years, standard deviation = 9.00 years) who were divided into one of four non-overlapping substance use categories: tobacco use only (n = 39), marijuana use only (n = 62), co-occurring tobacco and marijuana use (n = 82), and neither tobacco nor marijuana use (n = 67). Results revealed three key findings. First, tobacco-only using individuals reported significantly greater negative affectivity than any of the other groups. Second, tobacco-only users reported greater anxious arousal symptoms than either the marijuana or non-substance use groups, but not the combined group. Third, tobacco-only users reported greater levels of depressive symptoms than either marijuana users or non-substance users. These findings provide novel information about tobacco and marijuana use and how these variables relate to the experience of general and specific types of negative emotional symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Center for Health Care Evaluation, Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto Health Care System, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA. mbonnmil@stanford.edu
authors.forename: Marcel O
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Bonn-Miller
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Zvolensky
authors.forename: Kirsten A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D001007:Anxiety / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008385:Marijuana Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D014707:Vermont / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
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