title: Child abuse and neglect: diagnosis and management.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The findings of studies on the frequency of violence against children imply that many cases go undetected.
  
  
  METHODS
  Selective literature review based on a search of different databases for publications on all types of violence against children, except sexual abuse.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The physical abuse of children can involve blunt trauma, thermal injury, and the so-called shaking trauma syndrome (STS). Physical and psychological child neglect have very serious long-term effects. It can be difficult to draw a clear distinction of child abuse and neglect on the one hand, and acceptable behavior on the other, because of the varying social acceptance of certain child-raising practices. Münchhausen's syndrome by proxy (MSbP) is a rare, special type of child abuse.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  At the beginning of the 21(st) century, well-established normative structures are in place to protect children against abuse and neglect, and the available help from social organizations can also have a preventive effect. Further improvements will depend on interdisciplinary coordination and better training of specialists in all of the involved disciplines.
authors.affiliation: Abteilung für pädiatrische Neurologie, Zentrum der Kinderheilkunde und Jugendmedizin, Klinikum der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt a.M.
authors.forename: Gert
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Jacobi
authors.forename: Reinhard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dettmeyer
authors.forename: Sibylle
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Banaschak
authors.forename: Burkhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Brosig
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Herrmann
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002649:Child Abuse / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000517:prevention & control; D002668:Child Rearing; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D017579:Domestic Violence / Q000517:prevention & control; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D033183:Interdisciplinary Communication; D019221:Mandatory Reporting; D016735:Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000517:prevention & control; D012307:Risk Factors; D038642:Shaken Baby Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000517:prevention & control; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control
references.citation: Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 2001 Jun;22(2):112-22
references.pmid: 11394743
references.citation: Br J Neurosurg. 2002 Jun;16(3):220-42
references.pmid: 12201393
references.citation: Monatsschr Kinderheilkd. 1986 Jun;134(6):307-15
references.pmid: 3748020
references.citation: Child Abuse Negl. 1997 Oct;21(10):929-40
references.pmid: 9330794
references.citation: Burns. 2006 Mar;32(2):222-8
references.pmid: 16448766
references.citation: Lancet. 1977 Aug 13;2(8033):343-5
references.pmid: 69945
references.citation: Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2009 Mar;106(13):211-7
references.pmid: 19471629
references.citation: Monatsschr Kinderheilkd. 1982 Sep;130(9):710-3
references.pmid: 7144762
references.citation: Pediatrics. 2009 May;123(5):1430-5
references.pmid: 19403511
references.citation: Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1999 Apr;153(4):399-403
references.pmid: 10201724
references.citation: Am J Orthopsychiatry. 1986 Oct;56(4):602-611
references.pmid: 3789106