title: Does arousal interfere with operant conditioning of spike-wave discharges in genetic epileptic rats?
abstract: One of the ways in which brain computer interfaces can be used is neurofeedback (NF). Subjects use their brain activation to control an external device, and with this technique it is also possible to learn to control aspects of the brain activity by operant conditioning. Beneficial effects of NF training on seizure occurrence have been described in epileptic patients. Little research has been done about differentiating NF effectiveness by type of epilepsy, particularly, whether idiopathic generalized seizures are susceptible to NF. In this experiment, seizures that manifest themselves as spike-wave discharges (SWDs) in the EEG were reinforced during 10 sessions in 6 rats of the WAG/Rij strain, an animal model for absence epilepsy. EEG's were recorded before and after the training sessions. Reinforcing SWDs let to decreased SWD occurrences during training; however, the changes during training were not persistent in the post-training sessions. Because behavioural states are known to have an influence on the occurrence of SWDs, it is proposed that the reinforcement situation increased arousal which resulted in fewer SWDs. Additional tests supported this hypothesis. The outcomes have implications for the possibility to train SWDs with operant learning techniques.
authors.affiliation: Donders Centre for Cognition, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Lasse
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Osterhagen
authors.forename: Marinus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Breteler
authors.forename: Gilles
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: van Luijtelaar
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001143:Arousal; D001676:Biofeedback, Psychology / Q000379:methods*; D003216:Conditioning, Operant / Q000502:physiology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D004832:Epilepsy, Absence / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D011919:Rats, Inbred Strains; D012054:Reinforcement, Psychology