title: [Physical restraints in hospital. A systematic overview].
abstract: Physical restraints have been subject of extensive public debate during recent years. Reliable epidemiological data demonstrate that these devices are used as routine measures in nursing homes. However, less is known about the frequency of physical restraint use in hospitals. This overview aims to identify and critically appraise prevalence and incidence studies on physical restraints in hospitals. A systematic literature search covering CINAHL, Embase, and Medline revealed 72 references. Eight studies met the inclusion criteria. Only 4 studies present a precise definition of physical restraint measures, and these definitions vary. Bedrails are included in only 2 studies. Data collection methods cover interviews with nurses, analysis of patients' records, and direct observations. Only 4 studies mention the rationale for the chosen sample size. Two out of 8 studies mention valid steps to avoid bias. Overall, the methodological quality of the studies was limited. Only one small study presents data from German hospitals. Future epidemiological studies should adapt internationally consented quality criteria.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Pflegewissenschaft, Fakultät für Medizin, Private Universität Witten/Herdecke gGmbH, Witten. Caecilia.Krueger@uni-wh.de
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Krüger
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hamers
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D015577:Geriatric Assessment; D006748:Hospital Departments / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012149:Restraint, Physical / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017751:Safety Management; D014600:Utilization Review / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D011619:Psychotropic Drugs
references.citation: BMJ. 2004 Oct 16;329(7471):883
references.pmid: 15469946
references.citation: J Nurs Scholarsh. 2007;39(1):30-7
references.pmid: 17393963
references.citation: Contemp Clin Trials. 2005 Aug;26(4):480-7
references.pmid: 16054580
references.citation: J Clin Epidemiol. 2008 Aug;61(8):770-5
references.pmid: 18411041
references.citation: Age Ageing. 2008 Jul;37(4):368-78
references.pmid: 18495686
references.citation: Am J Nurs. 2008 Mar;108(3):40-9; quiz 50
references.pmid: 18316908
references.citation: Online J Knowl Synth Nurs. 2003 Apr 22;10:1
references.pmid: 12800050
references.citation: Am J Crit Care. 2005 Mar;14(2):133-42
references.pmid: 15728955
references.citation: J Nurs Adm. 1998 Dec;28(12):17-21
references.pmid: 9861247
references.citation: Med J Aust. 2006 Sep 4;185(5):263-7
references.pmid: 16948622
references.citation: J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2004 Sep;59(9):M922-3
references.pmid: 15472156
references.citation: Lancet. 2004 Jan 31;363(9406):344
references.pmid: 15070561
references.citation: Z Gerontol Geriatr. 2005 Feb;38(1):19-25
references.pmid: 15756483
references.citation: J Adv Nurs. 2003 Feb;41(3):274-82
references.pmid: 12581115
references.citation: Ann Intern Med. 2007 Oct 16;147(8):573-7
references.pmid: 17938396
references.citation: Z Gerontol Geriatr. 1996 May-Jun;29(3):180-4
references.pmid: 8767013
references.citation: J Clin Nurs. 2009 Apr;18(7):981-90
references.pmid: 19284433
references.citation: J Nurs Scholarsh. 2007;39(1):38-45
references.pmid: 17393964
references.citation: Nurs Crit Care. 2007 Jan-Feb;12(1):6-11
references.pmid: 17883658
references.citation: Tijdschr Gerontol Geriatr. 2003 Jun;34(3):113-7
references.pmid: 12866253
references.citation: J Clin Nurs. 2005 Mar;14 Suppl 1:34-40
references.pmid: 15819657
references.citation: Aust J Adv Nurs. 2004 Jun-Aug;21(4):23-7
references.pmid: 18646650
references.citation: Z Gerontol Geriatr. 2005 Feb;38(1):1-3
references.pmid: 15756480
references.citation: Arch Dermatol. 2006 Mar;142(3):377-83
references.pmid: 16549718