title: Inhibition of biological activity of staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) by apple juice and apple polyphenols.
abstract: The foodborne pathogen Staphylococcus aureus produces the virulent staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA), a single-chain protein that consists of 233 amino acid residues with a molecular weight of 27 078 Da. SEA is a superantigen that is reported to contribute to animal (mastitis) and human (emesis, diarrhea, atopic dermatitis, arthritis, and toxic shock) syndromes. Changes of the native structural integrity may inactivate the toxin by preventing molecular interaction with cell membrane receptor sites of their host cells. In the present study, we evaluated the ability of one commercial and two freshly prepared apple juices and a commercial apple polyphenol preparation (Apple Poly) to inhibit the biological activity of SEA. Dilutions of freshly prepared apple juices and Apple Poly inhibited the biological activity of SEA without any significant cytotoxic effect on the spleen cells. Additional studies with antibody-coated immunomagnetic beads bearing specific antibodies against the toxin revealed that SEA added to apple juice appears to be largely irreversibly bound to the juice constituents. The results suggest that food-compatible and safe anti-toxin phenolic compounds can be used to inactivate SEA in vitro and possibly also in vivo, even after induction of T-cell proliferation by long-term exposure to SEA. The significance of the results for microbial food safety and human health is discussed.
authors.affiliation: Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, California 94710, USA. reuven.rasooly@ars.usda.gov
authors.forename: Reuven
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rasooly
authors.forename: Paula M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Do
authors.forename: Mendel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Friedman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001628:Beverages; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D004768:Enterotoxins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D005260:Female; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D027845:Malus / Q000737:chemistry*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D010636:Phenols / Q000494:pharmacology*; D059808:Polyphenols; D013154:Spleen / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D004768:Enterotoxins; D005419:Flavonoids; D010636:Phenols; D059808:Polyphenols; C026066:enterotoxin A, Staphylococcal