title: Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of high LDL cholesterol in New York City, 2004.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol is a major contributor to coronary heart disease and the primary target of cholesterol-lowering therapy. Substantial disparities in cholesterol control exist nationally, but it is unclear how these patterns vary locally.
  
  
  METHODS
  We estimated the prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of high LDL cholesterol using data from a unique local survey of New York City's diverse population. The New York City Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2004 was administered to a probability sample of New York City adults. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003-2004 was used for comparison. High LDL cholesterol and coronary heart disease risk were defined using National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III) guidelines.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean LDL cholesterol levels in New York City and nationally were similar. In New York City, 28% of adults had high LDL cholesterol, 71% of whom were aware of their condition. Most aware adults reported modifying their diet or activity level (88%), 64% took medication, and 44% had their condition under control. More aware adults in the low ATP III risk group than those in higher risk groups had controlled LDL cholesterol (71% vs 33%-42%); more whites than blacks and Hispanics had controlled LDL cholesterol (53% vs 31% and 32%, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High prevalence of high LDL cholesterol and inadequate treatment and control contribute to preventable illness and death, especially among those at highest risk. Population approaches - such as making the food environment more heart-healthy - and aggressive clinical management of cholesterol levels are needed.
authors.affiliation: Bureau of Epidemiology Services, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, 125 Worth St, Room 315, CN No. 6, New York, NY 10013, USA. ewaddell@health.nyc.gov
authors.forename: Ushma D
authors.initials: UD
authors.lastname: Upadhyay
authors.forename: Elizabeth Needham
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Waddell
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: Bonnie D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Kerker
authors.forename: Magdalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Berger
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Matte
authors.forename: Sonia Y
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Angell
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001364:Awareness; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood*; D018752:Diet, Fat-Restricted / Q000379:methods*; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009519:New York City / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL
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