title: [Epidemiology of chronic kidney disease in the Democratic Republic of Congo: review of cross-sectional studies from Kinshasa, the capital].
abstract: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a worldwide public health problem. Little is known about its burden in Africa. This paper reviews the knowledge of CKD in Kinshasa, summarizing four studies undertaken in the general population and traditional health system of Kinshasa. CKD was defined by either kidney damage (proteinuria> or =300 mg/day) or reduced kidney function (eGFR<60 ml/min/1.73 m(2)). In the general population, the prevalence of CKD all stage is 12.4 %. Our work shows also the high prevalence of proteinuria among subjects who do not have diabetes or hypertension, the lack of early detection and management of CKD risk factors in the traditional health care system leading to late referral or premature deaths, and the limits of renal replacement treatment. CKD affects young people in the DRC, in contrast to the United States, where CKD is more prevalent in older people. Major determinants of CKD in our studies were hypertension, diabetes, overweight, age, lower socioeconomic status, and Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Glomerular nephropathy (mainly focal segmental glomerulosclerosis) remains the leading cause of end stage renal disease. An annual screening of the population for proteinuria and CKD risk factors is feasible and will, it is hoped, provide the basis for building a nationwide prevention strategy.
authors.affiliation: Service de néphrologie, cliniques universitaires de Kinshasa, université de Kinshasa, BP 123 KIN XI, Kinshasa, République démocratique du Congo. skiswaya@yahoo.fr
authors.forename: Ernest K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Sumaili
authors.forename: Jean-Marie
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Krzesinski
authors.forename: Eric P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Nazaire M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Nseka
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D015023:Democratic Republic of the Congo / Q000453:epidemiology; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D005260:Female; D005921:Glomerulonephritis / Q000150:complications; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D050177:Overweight / Q000150:complications; D011203:Poverty; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors