title: Contribution of atmospheric nitrate to stream-water nitrate in Japanese coniferous forests revealed by the oxygen isotope ratio of nitrate.
abstract: Evaluation of the openness of the nitrogen (N) cycle in forest ecosystems is important in efforts to improve forest management because the N supply often limits primary production. The use of the oxygen isotope ratio (delta(18)O) of nitrate is a promising approach to determine how effectively atmospheric nitrate can be retained in a forest ecosystem. We investigated the delta(18)O of nitrate in stream water in order to estimate the contribution of atmospheric NO(3) (-) in stream-water NO(3) (-) (f(atm)) from 26 watersheds with different stand ages (1-87 years) in Japan. The stream-water nitrate concentrations were high in young forests whereas, in contrast, old forests discharged low-nitrate stream water. These results implied a low f(atm) and a closed N cycle in older forests. However, the delta(18)O values of nitrate in stream water revealed that f(atm) values were higher in older forests than in younger forests. These results indicated that even in old forests, where the discharged N loss was small, atmospheric nitrate was not retained effectively. The steep slopes of the studied watersheds (>40 degrees ) which hinder the capturing of atmospheric nitrate by plants and microbes might be responsible for the inefficient utilization of atmospheric nitrate. Moreover, the unprocessed fraction of atmospheric nitrate in the stream-water nitrate in the forest (f(unprocessed)) was high in the young forest (78%), although f(unprocessed) was stable and low for other forests (5-13%). This high f(unprocessed) of the young forest indicated that the young forest retained neither atmospheric NO(3) (-) nor soil NO(3) (-) effectively, engendering high stream-water NO(3) (-) concentrations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2268501, Yokohama, Japan.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tobari
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Koba
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fukushima
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tokuchi
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ohte
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tateno
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Toyoda
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yoshioka
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yoshida
mesh_terms: D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D005843:Geography; D007564:Japan; D009566:Nitrates / Q000032:analysis*; D009587:Nitrogen Isotopes / Q000032:analysis*; D010103:Oxygen Isotopes / Q000032:analysis*; D011891:Rain / Q000737:chemistry*; D045483:Rivers / Q000737:chemistry*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D064028:Tracheophyta; D014197:Trees
chemical_list: D009566:Nitrates; D009587:Nitrogen Isotopes; D010103:Oxygen Isotopes