title: Distribution of type III secretion systems in Vibrio parahaemolyticus from the northern Gulf of Mexico.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Two well-characterized Vibrio parahaemolyticus pathogenicity factors - thermostable direct haemolysin (TDH) and TDH-related haemolysin - are produced by strains containing the tdh and trh genes, respectively. Most strains of V. parahaemolyticus contain two nonredundant type III secretion systems (T3SS), T3SS1 and T3SS2, both of which contribute to pathogenicity. Furthermore, a recent study has revealed two distinct lineages of the V. parahaemolyticus T3SS2: T3SS2α and T3SS2β. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of these pathogenicity factors in environmental isolates of V. parahaemolyticus.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We collected 130 V. parahaemolyticus isolates (TCBS agar) containing tdh and/or trh (determined by colony hybridization) from sediment, oyster and water in the northern Gulf of Mexico and screened them and 12 clinical isolates (PCR and agarose gel electrophoresis) for pathogenicity factors tdh, trh, T3SS1, T3SS2α and T3SS2β. The majority of potential pathogens were detected in the sediment, including all tdh(-) /trh(+) isolates. T3SS2α components were detected in all tdh(+) /trh(-) isolates and zero of 109 trh(+) isolates. One T3SS2α gene, vopB2, was found in all tdh(+) /trh(-) clinical strains but not in any of the 130 environmental strains. Fluorescence in situ hybridization adapted for individual gene recognition (RING-FISH) was used to confirm the presence/absence of vopB2. T3SS2β was found in all tdh(-) /trh(+) isolates and in no tdh(+) /trh(-) isolates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combination of haemolysins found in each isolate consistently corresponded to the presence and type of T3SS detected. The vopB2 gene may represent a novel marker for identifying increased virulence among strains.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first study to confirm the presence of T3SS2β genes in V. parahaemolyticus strains isolated from the Gulf of Mexico and one of the few that examines the distribution and co-existence of tdh, trh, T3SS1, T3SS2α and T3SS2β in a large collection of environmental strains.
authors.affiliation: The University of Southern Mississippi, Gulf Coast Research Laboratory, Ocean Springs, MS 39564, USA.
authors.forename: N F
authors.initials: NF
authors.lastname: Noriea
authors.forename: C N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Griffitt
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Grimes
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000235:genetics; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000382:microbiology; D006460:Hemolysin Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D009792:Oceans and Seas; D010125:Ostreidae / Q000382:microbiology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014736:Vibrio parahaemolyticus / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D014774:Virulence; D037521:Virulence Factors / Q000235:genetics; D014871:Water Microbiology
chemical_list: D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D006460:Hemolysin Proteins; D037521:Virulence Factors; C068489:thermostable direct hemolysin