title: Curcumin inhibits cholesterol uptake in Caco-2 cells by down-regulation of NPC1L1 expression.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Curcumin is a polyphenol and the one of the principle curcuminoids of the spice turmeric. Its antioxidant, anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory effects have been intensively studied. Previous in vivo studies showed that administration of curcumin also decreased cholesterol levels in the blood, and the effects were considered to be related to upregulation of LDL receptor. However, since plasma cholesterol levels are also influenced by the uptake of cholesterol in the gut, which is mediated by a specific transporter Niemann-Pick Cl-like 1 (NPC1L1) protein, the present study is to investigate whether curcumin affects cholesterol uptake in the intestinal Caco-2 cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Caco-2 cells were cultured to confluence. The micelles composed of bile salt, monoolein, and 14C-cholesterol were prepared. We first incubated the cells with the micelles in the presence and absence of ezetimibe, the specific inhibitor of NPC1L1, to see whether the uptake of the cholesterol in the cells was mediated by NPC1L1. We then pretreated the cells with curcumin at different concentrations for 24 h followed by examination of the changes of cholesterol uptake in these curcumin-treated cells. Finally we determined whether curcumin affects the expression of NPC1L1 by both Western blot analysis and qPCR quantification.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that the uptake of radioactive cholesterol in Caco-2 cells was inhibited by ezetimibe in a dose-dependent manner. The results indicate that the uptake of cholesterol in this study was mediated by NPC1L1. We then pretreated the cells with 25-100 muM curcumin for 24 h and found that such a treatment dose-dependently inhibited cholesterol uptake with 40% inhibition obtained by 100 muM curcumin. In addition, we found that the curcumin-induced inhibition of cholesterol uptake was associated with significant decrease in the levels of NPC1L1 protein and NPC1L1 mRNA, as analyzed by Western blot and qPCR, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Curcumin inhibits cholesterol uptake through suppression of NPC1L1 expression in the intestinal cells.
authors.affiliation: Gastroenterology and Nutrition Laboratory, Biomedical Center B11, Institution of Clinical Sciences, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.forename: Lena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ohlsson
authors.forename: Rui-Dong
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Duan
mesh_terms: D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001692:Biological Transport / Q000187:drug effects; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000378:metabolism*; D003474:Curcumin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000235:genetics; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D007422:Intestines / Q000166:cytology; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D010636:Phenols / Q000494:pharmacology; D059808:Polyphenols; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents; D005419:Flavonoids; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; C410800:NPC1L1 protein, human; D010636:Phenols; D059808:Polyphenols; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D002784:Cholesterol; D003474:Curcumin
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