title: Lipoteichoic acid from Staphylococcus aureus exacerbates respiratory disease in porcine respiratory coronavirus-infected pigs.
abstract: The objective of this study was to assess if lipoteichoic acid (LTA), produced by Staphylococcus aureus, exacerbates respiratory disease in porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV)-infected pigs, as has previously been shown with lipopolysaccharide. Piglets were inoculated with PRCV and 24h later with S. aureus LTA. Clinical signs, lung virus titres, inflammatory cells and cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were compared with those of animals in PRCV- and LTA-inoculated control groups. All PRCV-LTA-inoculated pigs except one developed severe respiratory disease, whereas clinical signs in the control groups were minimal or absent. Virus titres and grossly visible pulmonary lesions were similar in the PRCV-LTA- and PRCV-inoculated groups and were not detected in the LTA group. Neutrophil percentages in BALF were higher in the PRCV-LTA than in the PRCV group. There was no significant difference in interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, IL-12/IL-23 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α concentrations in BALF between the PRCV-LTA and PRCV groups, but levels of IL-6, IL-12/IL-23 and IFN-γ were higher in the PRCV-LTA-inoculated than in the LTA-inoculated controls. The findings suggest that the experimentally-induced respiratory disease was not mediated by cytokine over-production, but rather reflected the concerted action of particular cytokine interactions and/or as yet unidentified mediators. This is the first in vivo study to report the synergistic interaction between a virus and LTA in enhancing the severity of respiratory disease in the pig. Given that Gram-positive bacteria, capable of producing LTA, are commonly found in pig accommodation, the role of this compound in the development of the porcine respiratory disease complex requires further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
authors.forename: Kalina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Atanasova
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Van Gucht
authors.forename: Filip
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Barbé
authors.forename: Luc
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Duchateau
authors.forename: Kristien
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Van Reeth
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018352:Coronavirus Infections / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis; D005260:Female; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000276:immunology / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D045722:Porcine Respiratory Coronavirus / Q000187:drug effects*; D011897:Random Allocation; D012140:Respiratory Tract Diseases / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000378:metabolism*; D013552:Swine; D013553:Swine Diseases / Q000473:pathology* / Q000821:virology; D013682:Teichoic Acids / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000276:immunology / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D013682:Teichoic Acids; C009900:lipoteichoic acid
references.citation: J Immunol. 2008 Mar 1;180(5):3478-84
references.pmid: 18292574
references.citation: Am Ind Hyg Assoc J. 1991 Jul;52(7):271-9
references.pmid: 1951065
references.citation: J Leukoc Biol. 2008 Sep;84(3):780-8
references.pmid: 18524973
references.citation: J Cell Physiol. 2002 Jun;191(3):320-6
references.pmid: 12012327
references.citation: J Endotoxin Res. 2005;11(1):5-11
references.pmid: 15826372
references.citation: J Neurochem. 2006 Oct;99(2):596-607
references.pmid: 16879708
references.citation: J Leukoc Biol. 2008 Jul;84(1):280-91
references.pmid: 18458151
references.citation: Immunobiology. 2008;213(3-4):285-96
references.pmid: 18406374
references.citation: J Clin Microbiol. 2003 Mar;41(3):960-6
references.pmid: 12624016
references.citation: J Exp Med. 2006 Dec 25;203(13):2907-17
references.pmid: 17158962
references.citation: Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2004 Oct;15(5):367-77
references.pmid: 15450252
references.citation: Infect Dis Clin North Am. 1999 Jun;13(2):397-412
references.pmid: 10340174
references.citation: Am J Vet Res. 1991 Oct;52(10):1723-30
references.pmid: 1767997
references.citation: Microvasc Res. 2001 May;61(3):253-62
references.pmid: 11336536
references.citation: Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2008 Jul 1;178(1):34-41
references.pmid: 18403723
references.citation: Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2007 Dec;14(12):1629-33
references.pmid: 17928431
references.citation: J Immunol. 2007 Dec 1;179(11):7899-906
references.pmid: 18025237
references.citation: Vet Res. 1993;24(2):125-50
references.pmid: 8393722
references.citation: Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2008 Sep;15(9):1309-15
references.pmid: 18632923
references.citation: J Vet Med B Infect Dis Vet Public Health. 2000 Feb;47(1):37-46
references.pmid: 10780171
references.citation: Infect Immun. 2001 Apr;69(4):2045-53
references.pmid: 11254557
references.citation: Am J Vet Res. 1994 Sep;55(9):1275-81
references.pmid: 7802396
references.citation: Immunol Rev. 2004 Dec;202:139-56
references.pmid: 15546391
references.citation: Lancet Infect Dis. 2002 Mar;2(3):171-9
references.pmid: 11944187
references.citation: J Med Microbiol. 2000 Jul;49(7):613-620
references.pmid: 10882086
references.citation: Res Vet Sci. 1999 Aug;67(1):47-52
references.pmid: 10425240
references.citation: Immunology. 2004 Oct;113(2):224-33
references.pmid: 15379983
references.citation: Microbes Infect. 2004 May;6(6):630-6
references.pmid: 15158199
references.citation: Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1996 Nov;154(5):1261-6
references.pmid: 8912733
references.citation: Vet Res. 2008 Sep-Oct;39(5):52
references.pmid: 18593548
references.citation: J Exp Med. 2002 Jun 17;195(12):1635-40
references.pmid: 12070290
references.citation: Am Rev Respir Dis. 1987 May;135(5):1165-76
references.pmid: 3555190
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 2007 Jan 15;176(2):231-41
references.pmid: 17210947
references.citation: Eur J Immunol. 1988 Oct;18(10):1535-40
references.pmid: 3263920
references.citation: J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1990 Oct;86(4 Pt 2):599-605
references.pmid: 1699987
references.citation: Microbes Infect. 2006 May;8(6):1492-501
references.pmid: 16697680