title: Conducting qualitative research on cervical cancer screening among diverse groups of immigrant women: research reflections: challenges and solutions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the research lessons learned in the process of conducting qualitative research on cervical cancer screening perspectives among multiple ethnolinguistic groups of immigrant women and to provide guidance to family medicine researchers on methodologic and practical issues related to planning and conducting focus group research with multiple immigrant groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  Observations based on a qualitative study of 11 focus groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hamilton, Ont.
  
  
  METHODS
  Women from 1 of 5 ethnolinguistic immigrant groups and Canadian-born women of low socioeconomic status.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted 11 focus groups using interactive activities and tools to learn about women's views of cervical cancer screening, and we used our research team reflections, deliberate identification of preconceptions or potential biases, early and ongoing feedback from culturally representative field workers, postinterview debriefings, and research team debriefings as sources of information to inform the process of such qualitative research.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our learnings pertain to 5 areas: forming effective research teams and community partnerships; culturally appropriate ways of accessing communities and recruiting participants; obtaining written informed consent; using sensitive or innovative data collection approaches; and managing budget and time requirements. Important elements included early involvement, recruitment, and training of ethnolinguistic field workers in focus group methodologies, and they were key to participant selection, participation, and effective groups. Research methods (eg, recruitment approaches, inclusion criteria) needed to be modified to accommodate cultural norms. Recruitment was slower than anticipated. Acquiring signed consent might also require extra time. Novel approaches within focus groups increased the likelihood of more rich discussion about sensitive topics. High costs of professional translation might challenge methodologic rigour (eg, back-translation).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  By employing flexible and innovative approaches and including members of the participating cultural groups in the research team, this project was successful in engaging multiple cultural groups in research. Our experiences can inform similar research by providing practical learning within the context of established qualitative methods.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University, 175 Longwood Rd S, Suite 201A, Hamilton, ON L8P 0A1. karwalt@mcmaster.ca
authors.forename: Tina L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Karwalajtys
authors.forename: Lynda J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Redwood-Campbell
authors.forename: Nancy C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Fowler
authors.forename: Lynne H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Lohfeld
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Howard
authors.forename: Janusz A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Kaczorowski
authors.forename: Alice
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lytwyn
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002170:Canada; D054521:Cultural Competency / Q000523:psychology; D054242:Emigrants and Immigrants / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D006801:Humans; D007258:Informed Consent / Q000523:psychology; D008037:Linguistics; D008403:Mass Screening; D018579:Patient Selection; D017064:Process Assessment, Health Care / Q000379:methods; D036301:Qualitative Research; D012923:Social Class; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology*; D016387:Women's Health
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