title: Randomized trials of nursing interventions for secondary prevention in patients with coronary artery disease and heart failure: systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This systematic review of recent randomized trials was conducted to determine if cardiovascular nursing interventions improve outcomes in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and/or heart failure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized controlled trials of nursing interventions in patients with CAD or heart failure published from January 2000 to December 2008 were eligible. Pilot studies and trials with greater than 25% attrition with no intention-to-treat analyses were excluded. Study characteristics and results were extracted and trials were graded for methodological quality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 2,039 citations from electronic databases were identified; 55 articles were eligible for inclusion. The primary intervention strategy was education plus behavioral counseling and support (65% of interventions) using a combination of intervention modes. More than half of the trials (57%) reported statistically significant results in at least 1 outcome of blood pressure, lipids, physical activity, dietary intake, cigarette smoking, weight loss, healthcare utilization, mortality, quality of life, and psychosocial outcomes. However, there were no consistent relationships observed between intervention characteristics and the effects of interventions. The average measure of study quality was 2.8 (possible range, 0-4, with higher score equaling higher quality).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most trials reviewed demonstrated a beneficial impact of nursing interventions for secondary prevention in patients with CAD or heart failure. However, the optimal combination of intervention components, including strategy, mode of delivery, frequency, and duration, remains unknown. Establishing consensus regarding outcome measures, inclusion of adequate, representative samples, along with cost-effectiveness analyses will promote translation and adoption of cost-effective nursing interventions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Acute and Chronic Care, Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA. jallen@son.jhmi.edu
authors.forename: Jerilyn K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: Cheryl R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Dennison
mesh_terms: D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003376:Counseling; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D024802:Nurse's Role; D015403:Nursing Evaluation Research / Q000458:organization & administration; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012107:Research Design; D055502:Secondary Prevention / Q000458:organization & administration*; D012944:Social Support; D016896:Treatment Outcome