title: Moderators and mediators among panic, agoraphobia symptoms, and suicidal ideation in patients with panic disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The most important change of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-V) is the use of dimensional approach to assess the severity of symptoms across different diagnosis. There are 2 purposes in this study: the first purpose was to identify the proportion of outpatients with panic disorder who have suicidal ideation. The second aim was to examine the relationships among panic, agoraphobic symptoms, and suicidal ideation in patients with panic disorder, adjusting by age, social support, and alcohol use.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty patients with panic disorder were recruited from outpatient psychiatric clinics in southern Taiwan. Suicidal ideation in the preceding 2 weeks was measured. The Panic and Agoraphobic Symptoms Checklist, Social Support Scale, Questionnaire for Adverse Effects of Medication for Panic Disorder, and Social Status Rating Scale were used to understand the severity of panic and agoraphobia, social support, drug adverse effects, and social status. Significant variables from the univariate analysis were included in a forward regression model. Then, we used structural equation modeling to fit the model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that 31.7% of outpatients with panic disorder had had suicidal ideation in the preceding 2 weeks. Multiple regression analysis showed that younger age, current alcohol use, more severe panic symptoms, and less social support were associated with suicidal ideation. In addition, the structural equation model illustrated the recursive model from panic to agoraphobia and suicidal ideation. Agoraphobia had no association with suicidal ideation. Panic symptom was a mediator to suicidal ideation but not agoraphobic symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A high proportion of patients with panic disorder had suicidal ideation. We found that panic symptoms, social support, age, and alcohol use affected suicide and could be identified. The 3-level model from panic to agoraphobia revealed that panic was a predictor of agoraphobia and agoraphobia was not a predictor of panic. This verified the evolution of the diagnostic view of the DSM. Panic symptom was a mediator to suicidal ideation. With the dimensional model in DSM-V, panic symptoms can be used as a marker for greater morbidity and severity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Kai-Suan Psychiatric Hospital, Kaohsiung, 802 Taiwan.
authors.forename: Mei-Feng
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Cheng-Fang
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Yen
authors.forename: For-Wey
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Lung
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000379:Agoraphobia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016584:Panic Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012944:Social Support; D013406:Suicide, Attempted / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D013624:Taiwan; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D001569:Benzodiazepines