title: Lung inflammation is induced by renal ischemia and reperfusion injury as part of the systemic inflammatory syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ischemia and reperfusion injury (IRI) are mainly caused by leukocyte activation, endothelial dysfunction and production of reactive oxygen species. Moreover, IRI can lead to a systemic response affecting distant organs, such as the lungs.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective was to study the pulmonary inflammatory systemic response after renal IRI.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male C57Bl/6 mice were subjected to 45 min of bilateral renal ischemia, followed by 4, 6, 12, 24 and 48 h of reperfusion. Blood was collected to measure serum creatinine and cytokine concentrations. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was collected to determine the number of cells and PGE(2) concentration. Expressions of iNOS and COX-2 in lung were determined by Western blot. Gene analyses were quantified by real time PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Serum creatinine increased in the IRI group compared to sham mainly at 24 h after IRI (2.57 +/- 0.16 vs. 0.43 +/- 0.07, p < 0.01). The total number of cells in BAL fluid was higher in the IRI group in comparison with sham, 12 h (100 x 10(4) +/- 15.63 vs. 18.1 x 10(4) +/- 10.5, p < 0.05) 24 h (124 x 10(4) +/- 8.94 vs. 23.2 x 10(4) +/- 3.5, p < 0.05) and 48 h (79 x 10(4) +/- 15.72 vs. 22.2 x 10(4) +/- 4.2, p < 0.05), mainly by mononuclear cells and neutrophils. Pulmonary COX-2 and iNOS were up-regulated in the IRI group. TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, MCP-1, KC and IL-6 mRNA expression were up-regulated in kidney and lungs 24 h after renal IRI. ICAM-1 mRNA was up-regulated in lungs 24 h after renal IRI. Serum TNF-alpha, IL-1beta and MCP-1 and BALF PGE(2) concentrations were increased 24 h after renal IRI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Renal IRI induces an increase of cellular infiltration, up-regulation of COX-2, iNOS and ICAM-1, enhanced chemokine expression and a Th1 cytokine profile in lung demonstrating that the inflammatory response is indeed systemic, possibly leading to an amplification of renal injury.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Transplantation Immunobiology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences IV, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1730, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Campanholle
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Landgraf
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Gonçalves
authors.forename: V N
authors.initials: VN
authors.lastname: Paiva
authors.forename: J O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Martins
authors.forename: P H M
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: R M M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Monteiro
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Cenedeze
authors.forename: V P A
authors.initials: VP
authors.lastname: Teixeira
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Reis
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pacheco-Silva
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jancar
authors.forename: Niels Olsen Saraiva
authors.initials: NO
authors.lastname: Camara
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology; D018925:Chemokines / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000276:immunology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000276:immunology; D007668:Kidney / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000276:immunology; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology; D018746:Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D018925:Chemokines; D016207:Cytokines; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human
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