title: Intrathecal baclofen for spasticity management: a comparative analysis of spasticity of spinal vs cortical origin.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the differences in intrathecal baclofen management of individuals with spasticity of cortical vs spinal etiologies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective chart review of 57 individuals with the diagnoses of severe cortical and spinal spasticity requiring an intrathecal baclofen pump.
  
  
  METHODS
  Parameters evaluated included daily dosage of medication required, flex vs simple continuous delivery modes, dosing changes, need for other local spasticity treatment, and catheter complications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no statistically significant differences between individuals with cortical spasticity and spinal spasticity when comparing daily dosage, number of contacts, and mode of delivery. At 6 months, there was a statistically significant difference in dosing between individuals with multiple sclerosis and those without. Within groups, there was a significant difference in average daily dosing over 3 years. A significant difference was found comparing the use of botulinum toxin type A for upper extremity spasticity within the cortical group. Nine individuals had catheter complications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cortical and spinal spasticity appear to parallel each other with no significant differences in daily dosing, dosing changes, and mode of delivery of intrathecal baclofen. This did not hold true at all time points for the multiple sclerosis subgroup. The significant difference noted within groups for daily dosing over the first 3 years challenges the notion of stable dosing over time. Focal injections of Botox/phenol in the upper extremities are an important adjunct therapy for patients with cortical spasticity, even after the placement of an intrathecal baclofen pump. Our complication rate was slightly lower than that reported in the literature.
authors.affiliation: SCI Program, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Michigan Medical Center, 325 E. Eisenhower Parkway, Ann Arbor, MI 48108. USA.
authors.forename: April
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Saval
authors.forename: Anthony E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Chiodo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001418:Baclofen / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007260:Infusion Pumps; D007278:Injections, Spinal / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009125:Muscle Relaxants, Central / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D009128:Muscle Spasticity / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology*; D009460:Neurologic Examination; D009465:Neuromuscular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000150:complications*; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D009125:Muscle Relaxants, Central; D009465:Neuromuscular Agents; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A; D001418:Baclofen
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