title: Aberrant activation of the androgen receptor by NF-kappaB2/p52 in prostate cancer cells.
abstract: Prostate cancer initiation and progression are uniquely dependent on the androgen receptor (AR). Even when the cancer progresses to a castration-resistant stage, AR signaling remains active via a variety of mechanisms. In the present study, we showed that NF-kappaB/p52 can activate the AR, resulting in increased transactivation of AR-responsive genes, such as PSA and NKX3.1, in a ligand-independent manner. NF-kappaB2/p52 enhances nuclear translocation and activation of AR by interacting with its NH(2)-terminal domain and enhances the recruitment of coactivators such as p300 to the promoters of AR-dependent genes. These results were confirmed in three different prostate cancer cell lines: LAPC-4 (wild-type AR), LNCaP (mutant AR), and C4-2 (castration resistant). Transfection of p52 into LAPC-4 and LNCaP cells (which express low levels of p52) showed increased activation of the endogenous AR. Downregulation of endogenous p52 in C4-2 cells resulted in abrogation of AR constitutive activation. Comparison of the relative effects of p52 and p65 (RelA) showed that p52, but not p65, could activate the AR. Collectively, these findings, together with previous reports that the levels of NF-kappaB2/p52 are elevated in prostate cancer cells and that active NF-kappaB2/p52 promotes prostate cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo, suggest that NF-kappaB2/p52 may play a critical role in the progression of castration-resistant prostate cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, and Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Nagalakshmi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nadiminty
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Lou
authors.forename: Meng
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Jiao
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yue
authors.forename: Hsing-Jien
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Kung
authors.forename: Christopher P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: Qinghua
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Allen C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Gao
mesh_terms: D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D018450:Disease Progression; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D011944:Receptors, Androgen / Q000378:metabolism*; D055765:Shc Signaling Adaptor Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D000071425:Src Homology 2 Domain-Containing, Transforming Protein 1; D015533:Transcriptional Activation; D050880:p300-CBP Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016328:NF-kappa B; D011944:Receptors, Androgen; C528024:SHC1 protein, human; D055765:Shc Signaling Adaptor Proteins; D000071425:Src Homology 2 Domain-Containing, Transforming Protein 1; D050880:p300-CBP Transcription Factors
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