title: Quantitative analysis and molecular fingerprinting of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus nasal colonization in different patient populations: a prospective, multicenter study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To better understand the prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) colonization or infection in different patient populations, to perform quantitative analysis of MRSA in nasal cultures, and to characterize strains using molecular fingerprinting.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, multicenter study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eleven different inpatient and outpatient healthcare facilities.
  
  
  METHODS
  MRSA-positive inpatients identified in an active surveillance program; inpatients and outpatients receiving hemodialysis; inpatients and outpatients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection; patients requiring cardiac surgery; and elderly patients requiring long-term care. METHODS. Nasal swab samples were obtained from January 23, 2006, through July 27, 2007; MRSA strains were quantified and characterized by molecular fingerprinting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 444 nares swab specimens yielded MRSA (geometric mean quantity, 794 CFU per swab; range, 3-15,000,000 CFU per swab). MRSA prevalence was 20% for elderly residents of long-term care facilities (25 of 125 residents), 16% for HIV-infected outpatients (78 of 494 outpatients), 15% for outpatients receiving hemodialysis (31 of 208 outpatients), 14% for inpatients receiving hemodialysis (86 of 623 inpatients), 3% for HIV-infected inpatients (5 of 161 inpatients), and 3% for inpatients requiring cardiac surgery (6 of 199 inpatients). The highest geometric mean quantity of MRSA was for inpatients requiring cardiac surgery (11,500 CFU per swab). An association was found between HIV infection and colonization with the USA300 or USA500 strain of MRSA (P < or = .001). The Brazilian clone was found for the first time in the United States. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns for 11 isolates were not compatible with known USA types or clones.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nasal swab specimens positive for MRSA had a geometric mean quantity of 794 CFU per swab, with great diversity in the quantity of MRSA at this anatomic site. Outpatient populations at high risk for MRSA carriage were elderly residents of long-term care facilities, HIV-infected outpatients, and outpatients receiving hemodialysis.
authors.affiliation: Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA. lmermel@lifespan.org
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Mermel
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Eells
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Acharya
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Cartony
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dacus
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fadem
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Gay
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gordon
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Lonks
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Perl
authors.forename: L K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: McDougal
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: McGowan
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Maxey
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Morse
authors.forename: F C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Tenover
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016172:DNA Fingerprinting / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D055624:Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification; D008875:Middle Aged; D009296:Nasal Cavity / Q000382:microbiology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000453:epidemiology; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult