title: The effect of transcatheter injections on cell viability and cytokine release of mononuclear cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Several studies suggest that various types of cellular therapies enhance recovery after stroke in animal models. IA-based delivery of cells to the brain is under investigation for stroke, but it is unknown whether cells are injured as a result of being injected through a catheter or exposed to iodinated contrast medium or solutions containing heparin.
  
  
  METHODS
  We assessed the effect of catheterization with the Excelsior SL-10 catheter or exposure to heparin or iodine contrast on human bone marrow MNCs. Viability and cell injury were assessed by trypan blue exclusion, caspase-3 activity, and lipid peroxidation. Cellular function of MNCs was assessed by their production and release of VEGF, IL-10, and IGF-1.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Flow rates of 10 million cells from 0.5 to 2 mL/min did not alter MNC viability; however, 5 mL/min of MNCs did reduce viability by 19%. Iodine and low-dose heparin exposure did not affect cell viability; however, high-dose heparin was cytotoxic. Catheter delivery at 2 mL/min did not affect levels of VEGF, IL-10, or IGF-1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MNCs do not appear to be damaged by heparin, iodine contrast, and the Excelsior SL-10 catheter at flow rates up to 2 mL/min. However, higher flow rates did reduce viability, and high-dose heparin did cause cell death.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Texas, Houston,TX, USA.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: El Khoury
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Misra
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Cox
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Grotta
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gee
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: S I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Savitz
mesh_terms: D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000633:toxicity; D002404:Catheterization; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000633:toxicity*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006493:Heparin / Q000633:toxicity*; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000378:metabolism; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000378:metabolism*; D017613:Iodine Compounds / Q000633:toxicity*; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D020521:Stroke / Q000175:diagnosis; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D003287:Contrast Media; C508609:IL10 protein, human; D017613:Iodine Compounds; C467484:VEGFA protein, human; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D016753:Interleukin-10; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; D006493:Heparin
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