title: Prevalence of testicular microlithiasis in males with congenital adrenal hyperplasia and its association with testicular adrenal rest tumors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Testicular microlithiasis (TM) is characterized by calcium deposits within the seminiferous tubules and is associated with benign and malign conditions.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine TM prevalence in patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) and its association with testicular adrenal rest tumors (TART).
  
  
  METHODS
  Scrotal ultrasound using a high-frequency linear transducer (12 MHz) was performed in 41 patients aged 12.1 +/- 4.7 (range 3.5-23.3) years and 49 healthy similarly aged controls. TM was classified with respect to the number of microliths per ultrasound field as limited (LTM, <5 microliths) and classic (CTM, > or = 5 microliths). CTM was graded as grade 1 (5-10 microliths), grade 2 (11-20 microliths), and grade 3 (>20 microliths).
  
  
  RESULTS
  TM was detected bilaterally in 9 (21.9%) patients and 2 (4.1%) control cases (1 bilateral, 1 unilateral). Four patients had LTM, one evaluated as grade 1, one as grade 2, and three as grade 3. There were 9 patients with TART. Four patients had TM and TART concomitantly.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because TM is frequently found in patients with CAH and may also exist concomitantly with TART, we recommend that these patients be followed annually by testicular ultrasound.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey. sukranpoyrazoglu@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Sukran
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Poyrazoglu
authors.forename: Nurcin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Saka
authors.forename: Ayaz
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Agayev
authors.forename: Ensar
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Yekeler
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000312:Adrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology; D000314:Adrenal Rest Tumor / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D020347:Lithiasis / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013733:Testicular Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology; D013736:Testicular Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology; D013737:Testis / Q000473:pathology*; D055815:Young Adult