title: p38 Mitogen-activated protein kinase controls a switch between cardiomyocyte and neuronal commitment of murine embryonic stem cells by activating myocyte enhancer factor 2C-dependent bone morphogenetic protein 2 transcription.
abstract: Many studies have shown that it is possible to use culture conditions to direct the differentiation of murine embryonic stem (ES) cells into a variety of cell types, including cardiomyocytes and neurons. However, the molecular mechanisms that control lineage commitment decisions by ES cells remain poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the role of the 3 major mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs: extracellular signal-regulated kinase, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and p38) in ES cell lineage commitment and showed that the p38 MAPK-specific inhibitor SB203580 blocks the spontaneous differentiation of ES cells into cardiomyocytes and instead induces the differentiation of these ES cells into neurons. Robust p38 MAPK activity between embryoid body culture days 3 and 4 is crucial for cardiomyogenesis of ES cells, and specific inhibition of p38 MAPK activity at this time results in ES cell differentiation into neurons rather than cardiomyocytes. At the molecular level, inhibition of p38 MAPK activity suppresses the expression of bmp-2 mRNA, whereas treatment of ES cells with bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) inhibits the neurogenesis induced by SB203580. Further, luciferase reporter assays and chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments showed that BMP-2 expression in ES cells is regulated directly by the transcription factor myocyte enhancer factor 2C, a well-known substrate of p38 MAPK. Our findings reveal the molecular mechanism by which p38 MAPK activity in ES cells drives their commitment to differentiate preferentially into cardiomyocytes, and the conditions under which these same cells might develop into neurons.
authors.affiliation: Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Jinzhan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Junko
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kubota
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hirayama
authors.forename: Yoko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nagai
authors.forename: Sachiko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nishina
authors.forename: Tadashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yokoi
authors.forename: Yoichi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Asaoka
authors.forename: Jungwon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Seo
authors.forename: Nao
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.forename: Hiroaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kajiho
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: Noriyuki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Azuma
authors.forename: Toshiaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Katada
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nishina
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000502:physiology; D019070:Cell Lineage; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D053595:Embryonic Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000378:metabolism; D064326:MEF2 Transcription Factors; D051379:Mice; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D018006:Myogenic Regulatory Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D009474:Neurons / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D011725:Pyridines / Q000378:metabolism; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D007093:Imidazoles; D064326:MEF2 Transcription Factors; C578041:Mef2c protein, mouse; D018006:Myogenic Regulatory Factors; D011725:Pyridines; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; C093642:SB 203580