title: Comparison of the antioxidant effects of synovial fluid from equine metacarpophalangeal joints with those of hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the antioxidant effects of synovial fluid (SF) pooled from metacarpophalangeal joints of healthy horses and horses with various pathological conditions, and to compare then with the antioxidant effects of hyaluronic acid (HA) and chondroitin sulfate (CS).
  
  
  METHODS
  SF from 1 metacarpophalangeal joint was obtained from 42 horses immediately after humane slaughter. Samples were classified into 3 groups on the basis of origin: healthy joints or joints with chronically damaged cartilage or vascularly congested synovial membranes as detected via macroscopic evaluation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Antioxidant effects were evaluated by use if rat liver microsomal fractions treated with Fe(3+)-ascorbate as a free radical generator system leading to oxidative stress. Amounts of thiobarbituric-reactive substances and glutathione transferase (GSH-T) conjugation activity were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SF from healthy and chronically damaged joints inhibited microsomal lipid peroxidation, whereas SF from joints with congested synovial membranes had only a slight effect. Hyaluronic acid and CS did not inhibit microsomal lipid peroxidation. Moreover, GSH-T activity was detected in all SF samples as well as HA and CS protected rat microsomal GSH-T activity against oxidative damage. Only SF samples from joints with congested synovial membranes protected microsomal thiols against oxidation, an effect also evident with HA and CS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The antioxidant mechanisms associated with the response to metacarpophalangeal joint damage in horses appeared to act on different targets, depending on whether the damage was acute or chronic.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Biological Sciences, School of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Universidad de Chile, La Pintana, Santiago, Chile. andrea.muller.s@gmail.com
authors.forename: Andrea J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: María E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Letelier
authors.forename: Marco A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Galleguillos
authors.forename: Alfredo E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Molina-Berríos
authors.forename: Héctor H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Adarmes
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D002809:Chondroitin Sulfates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000378:metabolism; D006736:Horses / Q000502:physiology*; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D008862:Microsomes, Liver / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013582:Synovial Fluid / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid; D002809:Chondroitin Sulfates; D005982:Glutathione Transferase