title: Prospective study of externalizing and internalizing subtypes of posttraumatic stress disorder and their relationship to mortality among Vietnam veterans.
abstract: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can be a complex disorder, and some studies have found that samples of individuals with PTSD contain subtypes that may relate to health outcomes. The goals were to replicate previously identified PTSD subtypes and examine how subtype membership relates to mortality. Data from the Vietnam Experience Study and a clinical sample of Vietnam veterans were combined (n = 5248) to address these research questions. Consistent with previous studies, 3 PTSD subtypes emerged: externalizers (n = 317), internalizers (n = 579), and low pathology (n = 280). Posttraumatic stress disorder diagnosis was associated with increased risk of all-cause and behavioral-cause (eg, homicide, suicide) mortality. Both externalizing and internalizing subtypes had higher mortality and were more likely to die from cardiovascular causes than those without PTSD. Externalizers were more likely to die from substance-related causes than those without PTSD. The value of considering possible PTSD subtypes is significant in that it may contribute to identifying more specific targets for treatment and rehabilitation in veterans with PTSD.
authors.affiliation: Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705, USA.
authors.forename: Amanda M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Flood
authors.forename: Stephen H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Boyle
authors.forename: Patrick S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Calhoun
authors.forename: Michelle F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Dennis
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Barefoot
authors.forename: Scott D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Jean C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Beckham
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000401:mortality; D002423:Cause of Death; D003130:Combat Disorders / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality* / Q000523:psychology; D006708:Homicide / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007389:Internal-External Control; D008950:MMPI / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011594:Psychometrics; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality* / Q000523:psychology; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000401:mortality; D013405:Suicide / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014481:United States; D014728:Veterans / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D047829:Vietnam Conflict
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