title: The interaction between geminivirus pathogenicity proteins and adenosine kinase leads to increased expression of primary cytokinin-responsive genes.
abstract: Pathogenicity proteins (AL2/C2) of begomo- and curtoviruses suppress silencing through inhibition of the methyl cycle, as a consequence of inhibiting adenosine kinase (ADK). ADK phosphorylates cytokinin nucleosides, helping maintain a pool of bioactive cytokinins through interconversion of free-bases, nucleosides and nucleotides. We provide evidence that inhibiting ADK affects expression of primary cytokinin-responsive genes. Specifically, we demonstrate increased activity of a primary cytokinin-responsive promoter in adk mutant Arabidopsis plants, and in response to silencing ADK expression or inhibiting ADK activity in transient assays. Similar changes in expression are observed in geminivirus infected tissue and when AL2/C2 are over-expressed. Increased cytokinin-responsive promoter activity may therefore be a consequence of an ADK/AL2/C2 interaction. Application of exogenous cytokinin increases susceptibility to geminivirus infection, characterized by a reduced mean latent period and enhanced viral replication. Thus, ADK appears to be a high value target of geminiviruses that includes increasing expression of primary cytokinin-responsive genes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Medical Center, 2160 South First Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA.
authors.forename: Surendranath
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Baliji
authors.forename: Gabriela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lacatus
authors.forename: Garry
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sunter
mesh_terms: D000248:Adenosine Kinase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000821:virology*; D017791:Geminiviridae / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D011485:Protein Binding; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: C483731:AL2 protein, Begomovirus; D010940:Plant Proteins; D014764:Viral Proteins; D000248:Adenosine Kinase
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