title: Time- and Spectral-resolved two-photon imaging of healthy bladder mucosa and carcinoma in situ.
abstract: Combined non-linear imaging techniques were used to deeply image human ex-vivo fresh biopsies of bladder as well as to discriminate between healthy bladder mucosa and carcinoma in situ. Morphological examination by two-photon excited fluorescence and second-harmonic generation has shown a good agreement with corresponding common routine histology performed on the same samples. Tumor cells appeared slightly different in shape and with a smaller cellular-to-nuclear dimension ratio with respect to corresponding normal cells. Further differences between the two tissue types were found in both spectral emission and fluorescence lifetime distribution by performing temporal- and spectral- resolved analysis of fluorescence. This method may represent a promising tool to be used in a multi-photon endoscope, in a confocal endoscope or in a spectroscopic probe for in-vivo optical diagnosis of bladder cancer.
authors.affiliation: LENS, European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy, Via Nello Carrara 1, Sesto Fiorentino, I-50019, Italy.
authors.forename: Riccardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cicchi
authors.forename: Alfonso
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Crisci
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cosci
authors.forename: Gabriella
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nesi
authors.forename: Dimitrios
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kapsokalyvas
authors.forename: Saverio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Giancane
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Carini
authors.forename: Francesco S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Pavone
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D036641:Microscopy, Fluorescence, Multiphoton / Q000379:methods*; D009092:Mucous Membrane / Q000473:pathology*; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000473:pathology*; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*