title: Impact of monetary incentives on cognitive performance and error monitoring following sleep deprivation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine whether monetary incentives attenuate the negative effects of sleep deprivation on cognitive performance in a flanker task that requires higher-level cognitive-control processes, including error monitoring.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four healthy adults aged 18 to 23 years were randomly divided into 2 subject groups: one received and the other did not receive monetary incentives for performance accuracy. Both subject groups performed a flanker task and underwent electroencephalographic recordings for event-related brain potentials after normal sleep and after 1 night of total sleep deprivation in a within-subject, counterbalanced, repeated-measures study design.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Monetary incentives significantly enhanced the response accuracy and reaction time variability under both normal sleep and sleep-deprived conditions, and they reduced the effects of sleep deprivation on the subjective effort level, the amplitude of the error-related negativity (an error-related event-related potential component), and the latency of the P300 (an event-related potential variable related to attention processes). However, monetary incentives could not attenuate the effects of sleep deprivation on any measures of behavior performance, such as the response accuracy, reaction time variability, or posterror accuracy adjustments; nor could they reduce the effects of sleep deprivation on the amplitude of the Pe, another error-related event-related potential component.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows that motivation incentives selectively reduce the effects of total sleep deprivation on some brain activities, but they cannot attenuate the effects of sleep deprivation on performance decrements in tasks that require high-level cognitive-control processes. Thus, monetary incentives and sleep deprivation may act through both common and different mechanisms to affect cognitive performance.
authors.affiliation: Cognitive Electrophysiology Laboratory, Department of Psychology & Institute of Cognitive Science, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Shulan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hsieh
authors.forename: Tzu-Hsien
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Ling-Ling
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Tsai
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001288:Attention; D003071:Cognition; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D018913:Event-Related Potentials, P300; D005071:Evoked Potentials; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation; D011930:Reaction Time; D012201:Reward; D012892:Sleep Deprivation / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D013334:Students; D013624:Taiwan; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D055815:Young Adult
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