title: The Census of Social Institutions (CSI): a public health direct observation measure of local land use.
abstract: This manuscript describes the development of the Census of Social Institutions (CSI), a reliable direct observation parcel-level built environment measure. The CSI was used to measure all non-residential parcels (n = 10,842) in 21 one-mile-radius neighborhoods centered around census block groups of varying income and ethnicity in a large metropolitan area. One year test-retest and inter-rater intra-class correlations showed high reliability for major use type and detail code observations. The CSI accurately captured the presence of about 9,500 uses, including 828 multiple major use and 431 mixed major use parcels that would have been missed in standard commercial databases. CSI data can be utilized to determine the health impacts of environmental settings.
authors.affiliation: John A. Burns School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Hawaii, 1960 East West Road, Biomed D201, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA. kmhphd@gmail.com
authors.forename: Katie M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Heinrich
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hughey
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Randles
authors.forename: Dustin
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wall
authors.forename: N Andrew
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Peterson
authors.forename: Nattinee
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Jitnarin
authors.forename: LaVerne
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Berkel
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Eaton
authors.forename: Doug
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bowles
authors.forename: C Keith
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Haddock
authors.forename: W S Carlos
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Poston
mesh_terms: D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004779:Environment Design; D040362:Geographic Information Systems; D006801:Humans; D019370:Observation; D011634:Public Health; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D014481:United States
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