title: High speed optical coherence microscopy with autofocus adjustment and a miniaturized endoscopic imaging probe.
abstract: Optical coherence microscopy (OCM) is a promising technique for high resolution cellular imaging in human tissues. An OCM system for high-speed en face cellular resolution imaging was developed at 1060 nm wavelength at frame rates up to 5 Hz with resolutions of < 4 microm axial and < 2 microm transverse. The system utilized a novel polarization compensation method to combat wavelength dependent source polarization and achieve broadband electro-optic phase modulation compatible with ultrahigh axial resolution. In addition, the system incorporated an auto-focusing feature that enables precise, near real-time alignment of the confocal and coherence gates in tissue, allowing user-friendly optimization of image quality during the imaging procedure. Ex vivo cellular images of human esophagus, colon, and cervix as well as in vivo results from human skin are presented. Finally, the system design is demonstrated with a miniaturized piezoelectric fiber-scanning probe which can be adapted for laparoscopic and endoscopic imaging applications.
authors.affiliation: Research Laboratory of Electronics and Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
authors.forename: Aaron D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Aguirre
authors.forename: Juergen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sawinski
authors.forename: Shu-Wei
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Chao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Winfried
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Denk
authors.forename: James G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Fujimoto
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D019723:Endoscopes; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000295:instrumentation*; D008853:Microscopy / Q000295:instrumentation*; D008904:Miniaturization / Q000295:instrumentation*; D009928:Organ Specificity; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence / Q000295:instrumentation*
references.citation: Neuron. 2001 Sep 27;31(6):903-12
references.pmid: 11580892
references.citation: J Biomed Opt. 2004 Nov-Dec;9(6):1271-80
references.pmid: 15568948
references.citation: J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis. 2003 Feb;20(2):333-41
references.pmid: 12570300
references.citation: Opt Express. 2004 Nov 29;12(24):5968-78
references.pmid: 19488238
references.citation: Appl Opt. 2001 Nov 1;40(31):5787-90
references.pmid: 18364870
references.citation: Gastrointest Endosc. 2005 Nov;62(5):686-95
references.pmid: 16246680
references.citation: Opt Express. 2007 May 14;15(10):6210-7
references.pmid: 19546926
references.citation: Opt Lett. 2005 Jul 15;30(14):1803-5
references.pmid: 16092351
references.citation: Opt Lett. 2006 Apr 15;31(8):1076-8
references.pmid: 16625908
references.citation: J Invest Dermatol. 1995 Jun;104(6):946-52
references.pmid: 7769264
references.citation: Opt Lett. 1997 Dec 1;22(23):1811-3
references.pmid: 18188374
references.citation: Opt Lett. 2006 Oct 15;31(20):2975-7
references.pmid: 17001371
references.citation: Opt Express. 2003 Dec 1;11(24):3290-7
references.pmid: 19471457
references.citation: Opt Lett. 1994 Apr 15;19(8):590-2
references.pmid: 19844382
references.citation: Opt Lett. 2007 Jul 15;32(14):1971-3
references.pmid: 17632613
references.citation: Appl Opt. 2005 Jul 10;44(20):4272-80
references.pmid: 16045215
references.citation: Opt Express. 2003 Oct 20;11(21):2753-61
references.pmid: 19471390
references.citation: Opt Lett. 2000 Jan 15;25(2):114-6
references.pmid: 18059800
references.citation: Appl Opt. 2004 Nov 1;43(31):5763-71
references.pmid: 15540433
references.citation: Opt Lett. 2004 Nov 1;29(21):2548-50
references.pmid: 15584290
references.citation: Opt Express. 2007 Dec 24;15(26):18130-40
references.pmid: 19551111
references.citation: Cytometry. 2000 Jan 1;39(1):1-9
references.pmid: 10655557
references.citation: Gastroenterology. 2004 Sep;127(3):706-13
references.pmid: 15362025
references.citation: Opt Lett. 2006 Jul 1;31(13):2018-20
references.pmid: 16770418
references.citation: Opt Lett. 2006 Apr 15;31(8):1079-81
references.pmid: 16625909
references.citation: Appl Opt. 2004 May 10;43(14):2874-83
references.pmid: 15143811
references.citation: Opt Lett. 2007 Feb 1;32(3):256-8
references.pmid: 17215937
references.citation: Opt Lett. 1997 Nov 1;22(21):1618-20
references.pmid: 18188315
references.citation: Science. 1991 Nov 22;254(5035):1178-81
references.pmid: 1957169
references.citation: Opt Express. 2005 Oct 3;13(20):8214-21
references.pmid: 19498851
references.citation: Gastrointest Endosc. 2008 Oct;68(4):737-44
references.pmid: 18926182
references.citation: Opt Lett. 1996 May 15;21(10):764-6
references.pmid: 19876151
references.citation: Opt Express. 2003 Dec 1;11(24):3210-9
references.pmid: 19471447
references.citation: Opt Lett. 2003 Apr 15;28(8):628-30
references.pmid: 12703922
references.citation: Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007 Nov;5(11):1300-5
references.pmid: 17936692
references.citation: Opt Express. 2006 Sep 18;14(19):8604-12
references.pmid: 19529240
references.citation: Opt Express. 2007 Mar 5;15(5):2445-53
references.pmid: 19532481
references.citation: Opt Lett. 2002 Jan 1;27(1):34-6
references.pmid: 18007707
references.citation: Opt Lett. 2001 Dec 15;26(24):1966-8
references.pmid: 18059747
references.citation: Opt Lett. 2003 Nov 1;28(21):2064-6
references.pmid: 14587816