title: Bud development in corydalis (Corydalis bracteata) requires low temperature: a study of developmental and carbohydrate changes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Spring geophytes require a period of low temperature for proper flower development but the mechanism that underlies the relationship between cold treatment and flowering remains unknown. The present study aims to compare the developmental anatomy and carbohydrate content of the tuberous geophyte Corydalis bracteata growing under natural winter conditions from 10 to -10 degrees C (field-grown) and under a mild temperature regime of 18 degrees C (indoor-grown plants).
  
  
  METHODS
  Samples were studied under light and electron microscopy. A histochemical test (periodic acid--Schiff's) was employed to identify starch in sectioned material. Sugars were analysed by capillary gas chromatography. Apoplastic wash fluid was prepared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Under natural conditions, shoots were elongated, and buds gained in dry mass and developed normally. For indoor-grown plants, these parameters were lower in value and, from December, a progressive necrosis of flower buds was observed. The tuber consisted of the new developing one, which was connected to the bud, and the old tuber with its starch reserve. Due to the absence of plasmodesmata between new and old tuber cells, sugar transport cannot be through the symplast. Thus, a potential apoplastic route is proposed from old tuber phloem parenchyma cells to the adjacent new tuber cells. Sugar content in buds during the autumn months (September-November) was lower for indoor-grown plants than control plants, whereas the sugar content in tubers during the same period was similar for plants from both temperature treatments. However, the amount of apoplastic sugars in tubers of field-grown plants was almost 15-fold higher than in indoor-grown tubers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that low temperature activates the apoplastic route of sugar transport in C. bracteata tubers and a consequent carbohydrate delivery to the bud. In the absence of cold treatment, the carbohydrate reserve is locked in old tuber cells so the nutrient supply to the buds is suppressed, possibly leading to bud abortion.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Anatomy and Morphology, Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Prof. Popov Street 2, St-Petersburg, Russia.
authors.forename: Nadejda V
authors.initials: NV
authors.lastname: Khodorova
authors.forename: Evgeniy A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Miroslavov
authors.forename: Alexey L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Shavarda
authors.forename: Jean-Claude
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Laberche
authors.forename: Michèle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Boitel-Conti
mesh_terms: D000244:Adenosine Diphosphate / Q000502:physiology; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000502:physiology; D001692:Biological Transport / Q000502:physiology*; D002241:Carbohydrates / Q000502:physiology; D003080:Cold Temperature; D031311:Corydalis / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D052585:Phloem / Q000502:physiology; D018520:Plant Shoots / Q000254:growth & development*; D018547:Plant Stems; D035281:Plant Tubers; D031425:Plasmodesmata; D013213:Starch / Q000378:metabolism*; D000516:alpha-Amylases / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D002241:Carbohydrates; D000244:Adenosine Diphosphate; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D013213:Starch; D000516:alpha-Amylases; D005947:Glucose
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