title: Impact of HIV on standard case management for severe pneumonia in children.
abstract: It is estimated that 2 million children under 5 years of age die from pneumonia each year and that half of these deaths occur in sub-Saharan Africa. Over 85% of the more than 2.3 million children living with HIV worldwide reside in sub-Saharan Africa. HIV infection is likely to have a major impact on current recommendations for the standard case management of pneumonia in children and is the rationale for undertaking this review of published studies. The studies identified indicate an overall sixfold (range 2.5-13.5-fold) increase in pneumonia-related fatality in HIV-infected compared with HIV-uninfected African infants and children. They are more likely to have disease due to mixed infection and from a wider range of pathogens including Pneumocystis pneumonia, TB and cytomegalovirus. Scaling-up of the implementation of strategies that prevent HIV and Pneumocystis pneumonia remains an important strategy to reduce the burden of HIV-related pneumonia in the region. Research is urgently required to address the most effective pneumonia case management strategy in HIV-infected infants and children.
authors.affiliation: Child Lung Health Division, International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (The Union), 68 Boulevard St Michel, 75006 Paris, France. penarson@theunion.org
authors.forename: Penny M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Enarson
authors.forename: Robert P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Gie
authors.forename: Donald A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Enarson
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mwansambo
authors.forename: Stephen M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Graham
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000401:mortality*; D017954:Africa South of the Sahara / Q000453:epidemiology; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019090:Case Management; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000401:mortality*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents