title: Repetitive orogastric gavage affects the phenotype of diet-induced obese mice.
abstract: Interest in pharmacological intervention to combat metabolic syndrome and its complications is increasing as the prevalence of obesity is reaching epidemic proportions. The potential efficacy of drugs is often tested in animal models; however, the method of drug delivery is frequently overlooked and may act as a confounder due to stress. We hypothesized that long-term orogastric gavage would negatively influence the development of hepatic steatosis and the metabolic syndrome in a murine model of diet-induced obesity. C57BL/6J male mice were fed a high fat diet and were gavaged with a vehicle once or twice daily for 9 weeks. A group without orogastric gavaging served as control. A similar experiment was performed using leptin deficient ob/ob mice that were fed a standard diet for 4 weeks. Food intake was monitored, insulin resistance determined, and steatosis was assessed by histology and quantified via magnetic resonance spectroscopy. After 9 weeks, control C57BL/6J mice exhibited significantly more weight gain, insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis, compared to mice that were gavaged daily, or twice daily. This effect was likely due to decreased food consumption associated with gavage-induced stress. In contrast, the phenotype of leptin deficient ob/ob mice was not affected by orogastric gavage. Therefore, we concluded that orogastric gavage may lead to increased stress, thereby affecting food intake and the development of diet-induced obesity in a murine model. The effects of what may seem to be trivial laboratory routines, such as orogastric gavage, should be taken into account when designing animal studies for drug development.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Vascular Biology Program, Children's Hospital Boston and Harvard Medical School, MA, USA. v.demeijer@erasmusmc.nl
authors.forename: Vincent E
authors.initials: VE
authors.lastname: de Meijer
authors.forename: Hau D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Le
authors.forename: Jonathan A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Meisel
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Puder
mesh_terms: D050154:Adiposity; D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000097:blood; D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D001835:Body Weight; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004435:Eating; D002149:Energy Intake; D004750:Enteral Nutrition; D005215:Fasting / Q000097:blood; D005234:Fatty Liver / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D020738:Leptin / Q000172:deficiency*; D008099:Liver / Q000473:pathology; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000517:prevention & control; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D009765:Obesity / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics*; D009929:Organ Size; D010641:Phenotype; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013312:Stress, Physiological; D013997:Time Factors; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D015430:Weight Gain
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D004041:Dietary Fats; D020738:Leptin; D014280:Triglycerides; D002784:Cholesterol; D000410:Alanine Transaminase
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