title: An apple oligogalactan prevents against inflammation and carcinogenesis by targeting LPS/TLR4/NF-κB pathway in a mouse model of colitis-associated colon cancer.
abstract: Evidence strongly supported a link between inflammation and cancer. Patients with colitis have high risk for development of colon cancer. Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), partially induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) binding to Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4, is a vital molecule in supervising the transformation of colitis to colon cancer. It could be a good strategy to prevent colitis carcinogenesis for targeting LPS/TLR4/NF-κB pathway. In the present study, we obtained an oligogalactan composed of five galacturonic acids from apple pectin and evaluated its protective efficacy on intestinal toxicities and carcinogenesis in a mouse model of colitis-associated colon cancer induced by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine and dextran sodium sulfate (DSS). The apple oligogalactan (AOG) was highly effective against intestinal toxicities and carcinogenesis and decreased the elevated levels of TLR4 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) induced by inflammation in vivo in this model system. In vitro studies, AOG alone only slightly increased the levels of protein expression and messenger RNA of TLR4, phosphorylation of IκBα and production of TNF-α in HT-29 cells. However, AOG significantly decreased the elevation of all the biomarkers induced by LPS when it was combined with LPS. The effect of AOG may be related to membrane internalization and redistribution of TLR4 from cell membrane to cytoplasm. AOG is active against inflammation and carcinogenesis through targeting LPS/TLR4/NF-κB pathway. Both AOG and LPS are agonists of TLR4 for sharing the same ligand but AOG has a much lower intrinsic activity than that of LPS. AOG may be useful for treatment of colitis and prevention of carcinogenesis in the clinics.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xian 710032, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Yu H
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Yin B
authors.initials: YB
authors.lastname: Niu
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Zhen J
authors.initials: ZJ
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Qian
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Chen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.forename: Shou S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.forename: Qi B
authors.initials: QB
authors.lastname: Mei
mesh_terms: D019813:1,2-Dimethylhydrazine; D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003092:Colitis / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016264:Dextran Sulfate; D005685:Galactans / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019073:HT29 Cells; D006603:Hexuronic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D020672:I-kappa B Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D008297:Male; D027845:Malus / Q000737:chemistry*; D051379:Mice; D008970:Molecular Weight; D000072000:NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000235:genetics; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D005685:Galactans; D006603:Hexuronic Acids; D020672:I-kappa B Proteins; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D016328:NF-kappa B; C000606204:NFKBIA protein, human; C000606205:Nfkbia protein, mouse; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D000072000:NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha; C007819:galacturonic acid; D016264:Dextran Sulfate; D019813:1,2-Dimethylhydrazine