title: A randomised trial of high vs low intensity training in breathing techniques for breathless patients with malignant lung disease: a feasibility study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Breathlessness remains a refractory symptom in malignant lung disease. Breathing training is an effective, non-pharmacological intervention but it is unclear how this should be delivered. This feasibility study aimed to assess recruitment and retention, best end point and variability of breathlessness scores in order to calculate sample size for a future study.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a single centre, randomised controlled non-blinded parallel group feasibility study. Eligible participants (breathless patients with intrathoracic malignancy) received three breathlessness management training sessions or a single session only. Follow-up was for eight weeks and endpoints were: numerical rating scales (NRS) of breathlessness severity; breathlessness distress; HADS questionnaire; coping (BriefCOPE and our NRS coping question); EQ-5D and EQ-VAS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  22 patients were randomised over 12 months; 55% of expected recruitment from pilot data. Screening logs indicated this resulted, in part, from excluding patients who were receiving or who had recently received chemotherapy or radiotherapy. There was 40% drop-out by week four. The most useful NRS scores for breathlessness severity were for "worst" and "average" over past 24h. From the variability data for "worst breathlessness", a sample size of 270 should allow detection of a 30% improvement in area under the curve in the three-session group compared with single-session, (90% power; p=0.05, two-tailed; 2:1 randomisation single:three sessions) allowing 50% drop out at four weeks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The follow-on study will test the hypothesis that three sessions of training improve breathlessness better than a single session. It will include patients undergoing palliative anti-cancer therapy. Stratification by centre will allow for differences in rates of chemotherapy or radiotherapy and variations in breathlessness service configuration.
authors.affiliation: Queen's Centre for Oncology and Haematology, Castle Hill Hospital, East Yorkshire HU16 5JQ, UK. rachael.barton@hey.nhs.uk
authors.forename: Rachael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Barton
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: English
authors.forename: Sam
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nabb
authors.forename: Alan S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Rigby
authors.forename: Miriam J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001944:Breath Tests; D001945:Breathing Exercises; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010349:Patient Compliance; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013663:Teaching / Q000379:methods