title: Understanding the development and function of T follicular helper cells.
abstract: A fundamental function of T helper (Th) cells is to regulate B-cell proliferation and immunoglobulin class switching, especially in the germinal centers. Th1 and Th2 lineages of CD4(+) T cells have long been considered to play an essential role in helping B cells by promoting the production immunoglobulin G2a (IgG2a) and IgG1/IgE, respectively. Recently, it has become clear that a subset CD4(+) T cells, named T follicular helper (Tfh) cells, is critical to B-cell response induction. In this review, we summarize the latest advances in our understanding of the regulation of Tfh cell differentiation, the relationship of Tfh cells to other CD4(+) T-cell lineages, and the role of Tfh cells in health and disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA. rnurieva@mdanderson.org
authors.forename: Roza I
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Nurieva
authors.forename: Yeonseok
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chung
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000276:immunology; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D002450:Cell Communication; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D019070:Cell Lineage; D006801:Humans; D006377:T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer / Q000166:cytology* / Q000276:immunology*
references.citation: Annu Rev Immunol. 2005;23:487-513
references.pmid: 15771579
references.citation: Science. 2009 Mar 13;323(5920):1488-92
references.pmid: 19286559
references.citation: J Exp Med. 2000 Dec 4;192(11):1553-62
references.pmid: 11104798
references.citation: Nat Immunol. 2007 Sep;8(9):958-66
references.pmid: 17676043
references.citation: Immunity. 2010 Feb 26;32(2):253-65
references.pmid: 20153220
references.citation: J Exp Med. 2006 Jun 12;203(6):1551-65
references.pmid: 16754717
references.citation: Nat Rev Immunol. 2009 Dec;9(12):845-57
references.pmid: 19935804
references.citation: Immunity. 2008 Jul 18;29(1):138-49
references.pmid: 18599325
references.citation: Immunity. 1999 Oct;11(4):423-32
references.pmid: 10549624
references.citation: Nat Rev Immunol. 2005 Nov;5(11):853-65
references.pmid: 16261173
references.citation: Nat Rev Immunol. 2008 May;8(5):337-48
references.pmid: 18408735
references.citation: J Immunol. 1986 Nov 1;137(9):2808-13
references.pmid: 2944964
references.citation: J Autoimmun. 2003 Feb;20(1):15-25
references.pmid: 12604309
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Jun 27;103(26):9970-5
references.pmid: 16777955
references.citation: Immunity. 2009 Jan 16;30(1):120-9
references.pmid: 19144318
references.citation: Nat Immunol. 2010 Jan;11(1):7-13
references.pmid: 20016504
references.citation: J Immunol. 2007 Oct 15;179(8):5099-108
references.pmid: 17911595
references.citation: J Immunol. 2006 Oct 1;177(7):4927-32
references.pmid: 16982935
references.citation: Semin Immunopathol. 2010 Jun;32(2):183-96
references.pmid: 20107805
references.citation: Science. 2009 Aug 21;325(5943):1001-5
references.pmid: 19628815
references.citation: Nat Immunol. 2005 Nov;6(11):1133-41
references.pmid: 16200068
references.citation: J Exp Med. 2003 Mar 17;197(6):777-88
references.pmid: 12642605
references.citation: Eur J Immunol. 2007 Jan;37(1):100-9
references.pmid: 17171760
references.citation: Nat Immunol. 2008 Feb;9(2):166-75
references.pmid: 18157131
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 Nov 25;100(24):14163-8
references.pmid: 14615582
references.citation: Immunity. 1999 Dec;11(6):677-88
references.pmid: 10626890
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Dec 30;105(52):20846-51
references.pmid: 19088203
references.citation: Annu Rev Immunol. 2008;26:741-66
references.pmid: 18173374
references.citation: Immunity. 2003 Jun;18(6):801-11
references.pmid: 12818161
references.citation: Immunity. 2009 Mar 20;30(3):324-35
references.pmid: 19303387
references.citation: J Immunol. 2005 Mar 1;174(5):2499-506
references.pmid: 15728455
references.citation: Nat Immunol. 2007 Sep;8(9):967-74
references.pmid: 17581537
references.citation: Immunol Cell Biol. 2009 Nov-Dec;87(8):590-600
references.pmid: 19721453
references.citation: Nature. 2001 Jan 4;409(6816):97-101
references.pmid: 11343121
references.citation: J Exp Med. 2002 Apr 15;195(8):1003-12
references.pmid: 11956291
references.citation: J Immunol. 2005 Aug 15;175(4):2340-8
references.pmid: 16081804
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Feb 3;106(5):1518-23
references.pmid: 19164519
references.citation: Science. 2002 Nov 22;298(5598):1630-4
references.pmid: 12446913
references.citation: Annu Rev Immunol. 2002;20:197-216
references.pmid: 11861602
references.citation: J Exp Med. 2009 May 11;206(5):991-9
references.pmid: 19380637
references.citation: Science. 2009 Aug 21;325(5943):1006-10
references.pmid: 19608860
references.citation: Nature. 2003 Jan 16;421(6920):282-7
references.pmid: 12529646
references.citation: J Immunol. 2017 Dec 1;199(11):3717-3720
references.pmid: 29158347
references.citation: Annu Rev Immunol. 2005;23:307-36
references.pmid: 15771573
references.citation: Immunity. 2009 Feb 20;30(2):228-41
references.pmid: 19217324
references.citation: J Immunol. 2009 Feb 1;182(3):1421-8
references.pmid: 19155489
references.citation: Curr Opin Immunol. 2002 Aug;14(4):432-6
references.pmid: 12088676
references.citation: J Exp Med. 2002 Oct 7;196(7):969-77
references.pmid: 12370258
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 1999 Oct;19(10):7264-75
references.pmid: 10490661
references.citation: J Immunol. 2005 Dec 1;175(11):7109-16
references.pmid: 16301613
references.citation: Nature. 2005 May 26;435(7041):452-8
references.pmid: 15917799
references.citation: J Immunol. 2001 Mar 15;166(6):3659-62
references.pmid: 11238604
references.citation: Immunity. 1999 Jun;10(6):745-51
references.pmid: 10403649
references.citation: Nat Immunol. 2009 Apr;10(4):385-93
references.pmid: 19252490
references.citation: Blood. 2004 Oct 1;104(7):1952-60
references.pmid: 15213097
references.citation: Ann Rheum Dis. 2008 Apr;67(4):458-61
references.pmid: 17720724
references.citation: Cell. 1996 Jun 28;85(7):973-83
references.pmid: 8674125
references.citation: Nat Rev Immunol. 2008 Jan;8(1):22-33
references.pmid: 18097447
references.citation: Nature. 1999 Dec 16;402(6763):827-32
references.pmid: 10617205
references.citation: J Immunol. 2004 Nov 1;173(9):5361-71
references.pmid: 15494482
references.citation: J Exp Med. 2003 May 5;197(9):1083-91
references.pmid: 12719480
references.citation: Nature. 1999 Jan 21;397(6716):263-6
references.pmid: 9930702
references.citation: J Exp Med. 2001 Jun 18;193(12):1373-81
references.pmid: 11413192
references.citation: Arthritis Rheum. 2010 Jan;62(1):234-44
references.pmid: 20039395
references.citation: Immunity. 2009 Sep 18;31(3):457-68
references.pmid: 19631565
references.citation: J Exp Med. 2000 Dec 4;192(11):1545-52
references.pmid: 11104797
references.citation: J Exp Med. 2008 Nov 24;205(12):2873-86
references.pmid: 18981236
references.citation: Nature. 2001 Jan 4;409(6816):105-9
references.pmid: 11343123
references.citation: Curr Opin Hematol. 2001 Jan;8(1):47-51
references.pmid: 11138626
references.citation: Immunity. 2002 Jul;17(1):51-62
references.pmid: 12150891
references.citation: Nature. 2008 Oct 9;455(7214):764-9
references.pmid: 18843362
references.citation: J Exp Med. 2009 Mar 16;206(3):561-76
references.pmid: 19221396
references.citation: Immunity. 2009 Apr 17;30(4):576-87
references.pmid: 19362022
references.citation: Science. 1997 Apr 25;276(5312):589-92
references.pmid: 9110977
references.citation: Nature. 2007 Jul 26;448(7152):484-487
references.pmid: 17581588
references.citation: J Immunol. 2000 Nov 1;165(9):5035-40
references.pmid: 11046032
references.citation: Nat Immunol. 2009 Feb;10(2):167-75
references.pmid: 19098919
references.citation: Immunity. 2008 Jul 18;29(1):127-37
references.pmid: 18602282
references.citation: Immunity. 2009 Jul 17;31(1):158-69
references.pmid: 19592276
references.citation: Immunity. 2008 Dec 19;29(6):899-911
references.pmid: 19062315
references.citation: Annu Rev Immunol. 2008;26:57-79
references.pmid: 17953510
references.citation: J Immunol. 2004 Jul 1;173(1):68-78
references.pmid: 15210760
references.citation: Nat Rev Immunol. 2005 Sep;5(9):688-98
references.pmid: 16138102
references.citation: Immunity. 2009 Dec 18;31(6):941-52
references.pmid: 20064451
references.citation: Eur J Immunol. 1999 May;29(5):1610-6
references.pmid: 10359115
references.citation: Immunity. 2001 Apr;14(4):461-70
references.pmid: 11336691
references.citation: Lupus. 2000;9(9):664-71
references.pmid: 11199920
references.citation: J Immunol. 2006 Sep 15;177(6):3721-7
references.pmid: 16951332
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Sep 3;99(18):11808-12
references.pmid: 12189207
references.citation: J Exp Med. 1999 Oct 18;190(8):1115-22
references.pmid: 10523609
references.citation: Blood. 2005 Sep 15;106(6):1924-31
references.pmid: 15899919
references.citation: Genes Dev. 2000 Jul 15;14(14):1693-711
references.pmid: 10898785
references.citation: Immunity. 2009 Sep 18;31(3):491-501
references.pmid: 19733096
references.citation: J Immunol. 2008 Nov 1;181(9):6038-50
references.pmid: 18941193
references.citation: Nature. 2007 Jul 26;448(7152):480-3
references.pmid: 17581589
references.citation: Nat Immunol. 2002 Jun;3(6):549-57
references.pmid: 12006974
references.citation: Nat Genet. 1997 Jun;16(2):161-70
references.pmid: 9171827