title: Compact, light-weight and cost-effective microscope based on lensless incoherent holography for telemedicine applications.
abstract: Despite the rapid progress in optical imaging, most of the advanced microscopy modalities still require complex and costly set-ups that unfortunately limit their use beyond well equipped laboratories. In the meantime, microscopy in resource-limited settings has requirements significantly different from those encountered in advanced laboratories, and such imaging devices should be cost-effective, compact, light-weight and appropriately accurate and simple to be usable by minimally trained personnel. Furthermore, these portable microscopes should ideally be digitally integrated as part of a telemedicine network that connects various mobile health-care providers to a central laboratory or hospital. Toward this end, here we demonstrate a lensless on-chip microscope weighing approximately 46 grams with dimensions smaller than 4.2 cm x 4.2 cm x 5.8 cm that achieves sub-cellular resolution over a large field of view of approximately 24 mm(2). This compact and light-weight microscope is based on digital in-line holography and does not need any lenses, bulky optical/mechanical components or coherent sources such as lasers. Instead, it utilizes a simple light-emitting-diode (LED) and a compact opto-electronic sensor-array to record lensless holograms of the objects, which then permits rapid digital reconstruction of regular transmission or differential interference contrast (DIC) images of the objects. Because this lensless incoherent holographic microscope has orders-of-magnitude improved light collection efficiency and is very robust to mechanical misalignments it may offer a cost-effective tool especially for telemedicine applications involving various global health problems in resource limited settings.
authors.affiliation: Electrical Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
authors.forename: Onur
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Mudanyali
authors.forename: Derek
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tseng
authors.forename: Chulwoo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.forename: Serhan O
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Isikman
authors.forename: Ikbal
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sencan
authors.forename: Waheb
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Bishara
authors.forename: Cetin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Oztoprak
authors.forename: Sungkyu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Seo
authors.forename: Bahar
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Khademhosseini
authors.forename: Aydogan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ozcan
mesh_terms: D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D006696:Holography / Q000295:instrumentation*; D007909:Lenses; D008029:Lighting / Q000295:instrumentation*; D044085:Microfluidics / Q000295:instrumentation*; D008853:Microscopy / Q000295:instrumentation*; D008904:Miniaturization; D017216:Telemedicine / Q000295:instrumentation*
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001 Sep 25;98(20):11301-5
references.pmid: 11572982
references.citation: Lab Chip. 2009 Mar 21;9(6):777-87
references.pmid: 19255659
references.citation: Nature. 2006 Jul 27;442(7101):381-6
references.pmid: 16871205
references.citation: Lab Chip. 2006 Oct;6(10):1274-6
references.pmid: 17102839
references.citation: Nat Methods. 2009 Jul;6(7):511-2
references.pmid: 19525959
references.citation: J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis. 2008 Mar;25(3):736-41
references.pmid: 18311244
references.citation: Appl Opt. 2004 Feb 10;43(5):1131-9
references.pmid: 15008493
references.citation: Nat Biotechnol. 2003 Nov;21(11):1347-55
references.pmid: 14595362
references.citation: Biophys J. 2006 Dec 1;91(11):4258-72
references.pmid: 16980368
references.citation: Nat Methods. 2007 Sep;4(9):717-9
references.pmid: 17694065
references.citation: Nat Methods. 2006 Oct;3(10):793-5
references.pmid: 16896339
references.citation: Opt Lett. 2007 Dec 15;32(24):3492-4
references.pmid: 18087519
references.citation: J Opt Soc Am. 1967 Apr;57(4):546-7
references.pmid: 6027838
references.citation: Nat Biotechnol. 2003 Nov;21(11):1369-77
references.pmid: 14595365
references.citation: Opt Lett. 2006 May 1;31(9):1211-3
references.pmid: 16642062
references.citation: Phys Rev Lett. 2006 Dec 31;97(26):260801
references.pmid: 17280412
references.citation: Biophys J. 2007 Sep 1;93(5):1747-57
references.pmid: 17483188
references.citation: Appl Opt. 1992 Aug 20;31(24):4973-8
references.pmid: 20733659
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Sep 13;102(37):13081-6
references.pmid: 16141335
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Mar 3;106(9):2995-9
references.pmid: 19211795
references.citation: Appl Opt. 2002 Aug 1;41(22):4489-96
references.pmid: 12153076
references.citation: Opt Lett. 1978 Jul 1;3(1):27-9
references.pmid: 19684685
references.citation: J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis. 2008 Oct;25(10):2459-66
references.pmid: 18830323
references.citation: Lab Chip. 2010 Apr 7;10(7):824-7
references.pmid: 20379564
references.citation: Appl Opt. 1999 Dec 1;38(34):7085-94
references.pmid: 18324255
references.citation: Science. 2006 Sep 15;313(5793):1642-5
references.pmid: 16902090
references.citation: Opt Lett. 2004 May 15;29(10):1132-4
references.pmid: 15182009
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Nov 15;102(46):16807-12
references.pmid: 16263923
references.citation: Nature. 2009 Apr 30;458(7242):1145-9
references.pmid: 19407796