title: Fear-potentiated startle, but not light-enhanced startle, is enhanced by anxiogenic drugs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The light-enhanced startle paradigm (LES) is suggested to model anxiety, because of the non-specific cue and the long-term effect. In contrast, the fear-potentiated startle (FPS) is suggested to model conditioned fear. However, the pharmacological profiles of these two paradigms are very similar. The present study investigated the effects of putative anxiogenic drugs on LES and FPS and aimed at determining the sensitivity of LES for anxiogenic drugs and to potentially showing a pharmacological differentiation between these two paradigms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male Wistar rats received each dose of the alpha(2)-adrenoceptor antagonist yohimbine (0.25-1.0mg/kg), the 5-HT(2C) receptor agonist m-chlorophenylpiperazine (mCPP, 0.5-2.0mg/kg) or the GABA(A) inverse receptor agonist pentylenetetrazole (PTZ, 3-30mg/kg) and were subsequently tested in either LES or FPS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  None of the drugs enhanced LES, whereas mCPP increased percentage FPS and yohimbine increased absolute FPS values. Furthermore, yohimbine increased baseline startle amplitude in the LES, while mCPP suppressed baseline startle in both the LES and FPS and PTZ suppressed baseline startle in the FPS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In contrast to findings in the FPS paradigm, none of the drugs were able to exacerbate the LES response. Thus, a clear pharmacological differentiation was found between LES and FPS.
authors.affiliation: Section Psychopharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, Utrecht University, Sorbonnelaan 16, 3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands. E.Y.Bijlsma@uu.nl
authors.forename: Elisabeth Yvonne
authors.initials: EY
authors.lastname: Bijlsma
authors.forename: Reinoud
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: de Jongh
authors.forename: Berend
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Olivier
authors.forename: Lucianne
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Groenink
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001007:Anxiety / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000523:psychology; D005239:Fear / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology / Q000523:psychology*; D008027:Light / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D010433:Pentylenetetrazole / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010879:Piperazines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013216:Reflex, Startle / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D015016:Yohimbine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D010879:Piperazines; D015016:Yohimbine; C015068:1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine; D010433:Pentylenetetrazole