title: Genome-wide profiling of gene expression in the epididymis of alpha-chlorohydrin-induced infertile rats using an oligonucleotide microarray.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  As one of the chlorinated antifertility compounds, alpha-chlorohydrin (ACH) can inhibit glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PDH) activity in epididymal sperm and affect sperm energy metabolism, maturation and fertilization, eventually leading to male infertility. Further studies demonstrated that the inhibitory effect of ACH on G3PDH is not only confined to epididymal sperm but also to the epididymis. Moreover, little investigation on gene expression changes in the epididymis after ACH treatment has been conducted. Therefore, gene expression studies may indicate new epididymal targets related to sperm maturation and fertility through the analysis of ACH-treated infertile animals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats were treated with ACH for ten consecutive days, and then each male rat copulated with two female rats in proestrus. Then sperm maturation and other fertility parameters were analyzed. Furthermore, we identified epididymal-specific genes that are associated with fertility between control and ACH groups using an Affymetrix Rat 230 2.0 oligo-microarray. Finally, we performed RT-PCR analysis for several differentially expressed genes to validate the alteration in gene expression observed by oligonucleotide microarray.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among all the differentially expressed genes, we analyzed and screened the down-regulated genes associated with metabolism processes, which are considered the major targets of ACH action. Simultaneously, the genes that were up-regulated by chlorohydrin were detected. The genes that negatively regulate sperm maturation and fertility include apoptosis and immune-related genes and have not been reported previously. The overall results of PCR analysis for selected genes were consistent with the array data.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this study, we have described the genome-wide profiles of gene expression in the epididymides of infertile rats induced by ACH, which could become potential epididymal specific targets for male contraception and infertility treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Reproductive Pharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, Shanghai 200032, China.
authors.forename: Shuwu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Yingying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Jieyun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Youlun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gui
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cao
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002629:Chemosterilants; D004822:Epididymis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D016678:Genome / Q000235:genetics; D007248:Infertility, Male / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D011247:Pregnancy; D018873:Pregnancy Rate; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D055101:Semen Analysis; D000517:alpha-Chlorohydrin
chemical_list: D002629:Chemosterilants; D000517:alpha-Chlorohydrin
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