title: A fusion of GMCSF and IL-21 initiates hypersignaling through the IL-21Ralpha chain with immune activating and tumoricidal effects in vivo.
abstract: We hypothesized that fusing granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulation factor (GMCSF) and interleukin (IL)-21 as a single bifunctional cytokine (hereafter GIFT-21) would lead to synergistic anticancer immune effects because of their respective roles in mediating inflammation. Mechanistic analysis of GIFT-21 found that it leads to IL-21Ralpha-dependent STAT3 hyperactivation while also contemporaneously behaving as a dominant-negative inhibitor of GMCSF-driven STAT5 activation. GIFT-21's aberrant interactions with its cognate receptors on macrophages resulted in production of 30-fold greater amounts of IL-6, TNF-alpha, and MCP-1 when compared to controls. Furthermore, GIFT-21 treatment of primary B and T lymphocytes leads to STAT1-dependent apoptosis of IL-21Ralpha(+) lymphocytes. B16 melanoma cells gene-enhanced to produce GIFT-21 were immune rejected by syngeneic C57Bl/6 mice comparable to the effect of IL-21 alone. However, a significant GIFT-21-driven survival advantage was seen when NOD-SCID mice were implanted with GIFT-21-secreting B16 cells, consistent with a meaningful role of macrophages in tumor rejection. Because GIFT-21 leads to apoptosis of IL-21Ralpha(+) lymphocytes, we tested its cytolytic effect on IL-21Ralpha(+) EL-4 lymphoma tumors implanted in C57Bl/6 mice and could demonstrate a significant increase in survival. These data indicate that GIFT-21 is a novel IL-21Ralpha agonist that co-opts IL-21Ralpha-dependent signaling in a manner permissive for targeted cancer immunotherapy.
authors.affiliation: Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Moutih
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rafei
authors.forename: Manaf
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bouchentouf
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Raven
authors.forename: Shala
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cuerquis
authors.forename: Kathy A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Forner
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Birman
authors.forename: Jacques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Galipeau
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D053738:Interleukin-21 Receptor alpha Subunit / Q000378:metabolism*; D007378:Interleukins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008546:Melanoma, Experimental / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000502:physiology*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D000098546:Interleukin-21
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D053738:Interleukin-21 Receptor alpha Subunit; D007378:Interleukins; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor; D000098546:Interleukin-21
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