The quarter that changed the world.
BACKGROUND
The California Department of Public Health (CDPH), California Tobacco Control Program (CTCP) is one of the longest-running comprehensive tobacco control programmes in the USA, resulting from a 1988 ballot initiative that added a 25-cent tax on each pack of cigarettes and a proportional tax increase on other tobacco products. This programme used a social norm change approach to reduce tobacco use.


METHODS
The operation, structure, evolution, programme dissemination and results are reviewed.


RESULTS
The sustained programme implementation has reduced adult per capita cigarette consumption by over 60% and adult smoking prevalence by 35%, from 22.7% in 1988 to 13.8% in 2007. From 1988 to 2004, lung and bronchus cancer rates in California declined at nearly four times the rate of decline seen in the rest of the USA and the programme is associated with an $86 billion savings in healthcare costs. Youth smoking rates among 12-17 years olds are the second lowest in the nation.


CONCLUSIONS
The social norm change approach is effective at reducing tobacco consumption, adult smoking and youth uptake. This approach resulted in declines in tobacco-related diseases and is associated with savings in healthcare expenditures. In considering CTCP's effectiveness, the takeaway message is that it should be viewed as a unified programme rather than a collection of independent interventions. The programme was designed and implemented as one where the parts complement and reinforce each other. Its effectiveness is dependent on its comprehensive strategy rather than any one part of the intervention.
Roeseler
April
A
California Department of Public Health, California Tobacco Control Program, PO Box 997377, MS 7206, Sacramento, CA 95899-7377, USA. april.roeseler@cdph.ca.gov
Burns
David
D
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000329:Advertising; D002140:California / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D003469:Culture; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015995:Prevalence; D015397:Program Evaluation / Q000191:economics; D015980:Public Health Practice; D012907:Smoking / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000639:trends; D012931:Social Environment; D019460:Tobacco Industry / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D020340:Tobacco Use Cessation / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000191:economics / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014026:Nicotiana
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