title: Thioredoxin and glutathione systems differ in parasitic and free-living platyhelminths.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The thioredoxin and/or glutathione pathways occur in all organisms. They provide electrons for deoxyribonucleotide synthesis, function as antioxidant defenses, in detoxification, Fe/S biogenesis and participate in a variety of cellular processes. In contrast to their mammalian hosts, platyhelminth (flatworm) parasites studied so far, lack conventional thioredoxin and glutathione systems. Instead, they possess a linked thioredoxin-glutathione system with the selenocysteine-containing enzyme thioredoxin glutathione reductase (TGR) as the single redox hub that controls the overall redox homeostasis. TGR has been recently validated as a drug target for schistosomiasis and new drug leads targeting TGR have recently been identified for these platyhelminth infections that affect more than 200 million people and for which a single drug is currently available. Little is known regarding the genomic structure of flatworm TGRs, the expression of TGR variants and whether the absence of conventional thioredoxin and glutathione systems is a signature of the entire platyhelminth phylum.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We examine platyhelminth genomes and transcriptomes and find that all platyhelminth parasites (from classes Cestoda and Trematoda) conform to a biochemical scenario involving, exclusively, a selenium-dependent linked thioredoxin-glutathione system having TGR as a central redox hub. In contrast, the free-living platyhelminth Schmidtea mediterranea (Class Turbellaria) possesses conventional and linked thioredoxin and glutathione systems. We identify TGR variants in Schistosoma spp. derived from a single gene, and demonstrate their expression. We also provide experimental evidence that alternative initiation of transcription and alternative transcript processing contribute to the generation of TGR variants in platyhelminth parasites.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that thioredoxin and glutathione pathways differ in parasitic and free-living flatworms and that canonical enzymes were specifically lost in the parasitic lineage. Platyhelminth parasites possess a unique and simplified redox system for diverse essential processes, and thus TGR is an excellent drug target for platyhelminth infections. Inhibition of the central redox wire hub would lead to overall disruption of redox homeostasis and disable DNA synthesis.
authors.affiliation: Cátedra de Inmunología, Facultad de Química, Instituto de Higiene, Universidad de la República, Avda, A, Navarro 3051, Montevideo, Uruguay.
authors.forename: Lucía
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Otero
authors.forename: Mariana
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bonilla
authors.forename: Anna V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Protasio
authors.forename: Cecilia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fernández
authors.forename: Vadim N
authors.initials: VN
authors.lastname: Gladyshev
authors.forename: Gustavo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Salinas
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism*; D053858:Metabolic Networks and Pathways; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes; D009247:NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases; D010802:Phylogeny; D010986:Platyhelminths / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D013879:Thioredoxins / Q000378:metabolism*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D009097:Multienzyme Complexes; D013879:Thioredoxins; D009247:NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases; C466433:thioredoxin glutathione reductase; D005978:Glutathione
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