Brain responses evoked by high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: an event-related potential study.
BACKGROUND
Many recent studies have used repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to study brain-behavior relationships. However, the pulse-to-pulse neural effects of rapid delivery of multiple TMS pulses are unknown largely because of TMS-evoked electrical artifacts limiting recording of brain activity.ObjectiveIn this study, TMS-related artifacts were removed with independent component analysis (ICA), which allowed for the investigation of the neurophysiologic effects of rTMS with simultaneous electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings.


METHODS
Repetitive TMS trains of 10 Hz, 3 seconds (110% of motor threshold) were delivered to the postcentral gyrus and superior parietal lobule in 16 young adults. Simultaneous EEG recordings were made with a TMS-compatible system. The stereotypical pattern of TMS-related electrical artifacts was identified by ICA.


RESULTS
Removal of artifacts allowed for identification of a series of five evoked brain potentials occurring within 100 milliseconds of each TMS pulse. With the exception of the first potential, for both areas targeted, there was a quadratic relationship between potential peak amplitude and pulse number within the TMS train. This was characterized by a decrease, followed by a rise in amplitude.


CONCLUSIONS
ICA is an effective method for removal of TMS-evoked electrical artifacts in EEG data. With the use of this procedure we found that the physiologic responses to TMS pulses delivered in a high-frequency train of pulses are not independent. The sensitivity of the magnitude of these responses to recent stimulation history suggests a complex recruitment of multiple neuronal events with different temporal dynamics.
Hamidi
Massihullah
M
Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
Slagter
Heleen A
HA
Tononi
Giulio
G
Postle
Bradley R
BR
D016477:Artifacts; D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods; D005071:Evoked Potentials / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D013997:Time Factors; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation / Q000379:methods*
Muscle Nerve. 2000 Oct;23(10):1594-7
11003798
Neurology. 2000 Feb 22;54(4):956-63
10690992
Neuroimage. 2008 Jan 15;39(2):549-52
17945512
Neuroimage. 2005 Oct 15;28(1):22-9
16002305
Neuroreport. 1997 Nov 10;8(16):3537-40
9427322
Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1985 May;62(3):203-8
2581760
Exp Brain Res. 2006 Oct;174(3):403-12
16683138
J Neurophysiol. 2005 Dec;94(6):4520-7
16135552
Hum Brain Mapp. 2008 May;29(5):603-12
17557296
Prog Brain Res. 2001;134:411-25
11702558
Ann Biomed Eng. 2008 Mar;36(3):467-75
18228142
Brain Res Bull. 2004 Aug 30;64(2):103-13
15342097
J Clin Psychiatry. 1998;59 Suppl 20:22-33;quiz 34-57
9881538
J Neurosci Methods. 2005 Feb 15;141(2):207-17
15661302
Neuropsychologia. 1999 Feb;37(2):125-35
10080370
Prog Neurobiol. 1984;23(3):227-50
6395186
J Neurophysiol. 2000 May;83(5):3031-41
10805698
Brain Res Bull. 2006 Mar 15;69(1):86-94
16464689
Hum Brain Mapp. 2008 Jan;29(1):1-13
17318833
Neuroimage. 2005 Feb 15;24(4):955-60
15670672
Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2000 Apr;10(2):232-7
10753803
Psychophysiology. 2000 Mar;37(2):163-78
10731767
J Cogn Neurosci. 2006 Oct;18(10):1712-22
17014375
Hum Brain Mapp. 2004 Mar;21(3):154-64
14755835
Suppl Clin Neurophysiol. 2006;59:9-17
16893087
J Neurosci Methods. 2007 May 15;162(1-2):293-302
17399798
J Neurophysiol. 2006 May;95(5):3277-80
16436477
Neuropsychopharmacology. 2008 Nov;33(12):2860-9
18322469
Science. 1997 Jan 10;275(5297):220-4
8985017
Hum Brain Mapp. 2009 Apr;30(4):1387-96
18537115
Clin Neurophysiol. 2006 Dec;117(12):2584-96
16890483
Exp Brain Res. 2005 Feb;161(1):114-24
15578171
Science. 2008 Mar 14;319(5869):1543-6
18339943
Eur J Neurosci. 2003 Mar;17(5):1129-33
12653991
Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1989 Feb;72(2):184-7
2464490
Clin Neurophysiol. 2007 Jul;118(7):1596-601
17452123
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1960 Feb;23:56-62
14399272
Annu Rev Physiol. 2002;64:355-405
11826273
J Physiol. 2002 Oct 15;544(2):469-76
12381819
Exp Brain Res. 2000 Dec;135(4):504-10
11156314
Neuroimage. 2004 Nov;23(3):849-59
15528085
Brain Res. 2008 Sep 16;1230:202-10
18662678
Clin Neurophysiol. 2006 Aug;117(8):1699-707
16797232
Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1998 Jan;108(1):1-16
9474057
Neurosci Lett. 2000 Feb 25;280(3):167-70
10675787
Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 2003 Sep;43(1):41-56
14499461
Neuroimage. 2007 Aug 1;37(1):56-70
17574872
Science. 2005 Sep 30;309(5744):2228-32
16195466
Cereb Cortex. 2007 Dec;17(12):2841-52
17337745
Nat Neurosci. 2006 Apr;9(4):534-42
16547512
Brain. 1996 Feb;119 ( Pt 1):71-7
8624695
Med Biol Eng Comput. 1999 May;37(3):322-6
10505382
Brain Res. 2007 Jan 12;1128(1):120-9
17113573
Exp Brain Res. 2002 Jun;144(4):549-53
12037639
Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 1999 Jul 29;354(1387):1229-38
10466148
J Neurosci Methods. 2004 Mar 15;134(1):9-21
15102499