title: Biofilm formation and virulence expression by Streptococcus mutans are altered when grown in dual-species model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Microbial cell-cell interactions in the oral flora are believed to play an integral role in the development of dental plaque and ultimately, its pathogenicity. The effects of other species of oral bacteria on biofilm formation and virulence gene expression by Streptococcus mutans, the primary etiologic agent of dental caries, were evaluated using a dual-species biofilm model and RealTime-PCR analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As compared to mono-species biofilms, biofilm formation by S. mutans was significantly decreased when grown with Streptococcus sanguinis, but was modestly increased when co-cultivated with Lactobacillus casei. Co-cultivation with S. mutans significantly enhanced biofilm formation by Streptococcus oralis and L. casei, as compared to the respective mono-species biofilms. RealTime-PCR analysis showed that expression of spaP (for multi-functional adhesin SpaP, a surface-associated protein that S. mutans uses to bind to the tooth surface in the absence of sucrose), gtfB (for glucosyltransferase B that synthesizes alpha1,6-linked glucan polymers from sucrose and starch carbohydrates) and gbpB (for surface-associated protein GbpB, which binds to the glucan polymers) was decreased significantly when S. mutans were co-cultivated with L. casei. Similar results were also found with expression of spaP and gbpB, but not gtfB, when S. mutans was grown in biofilms with S. oralis. Compared to mono-species biofilms, the expression of luxS in S. mutans co-cultivated with S. oralis or L. casei was also significantly decreased. No significant differences were observed in expression of the selected genes when S. mutans was co-cultivated with S. sanguinis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that the presence of specific oral bacteria differentially affects biofilm formation and virulence gene expression by S. mutans.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Craniofacial Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70119, USA. zwen@lsuhsc.edu
authors.forename: Zezhang T
authors.initials: ZT
authors.lastname: Wen
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yates
authors.forename: Sang-Joon
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Ahn
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Burne
mesh_terms: D018829:Adhesins, Bacterial / Q000096:biosynthesis; D000898:Antibiosis; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D018441:Biofilms / Q000254:growth & development*; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006801:Humans; D007780:Lacticaseibacillus casei / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D013295:Streptococcus mutans / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D019533:Streptococcus oralis / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D013298:Streptococcus sanguis / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D014774:Virulence; D037521:Virulence Factors / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D018829:Adhesins, Bacterial; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D037521:Virulence Factors
references.citation: Cell. 2002 May 17;109(4):421-4
references.pmid: 12086599
references.citation: J Bacteriol. 2005 Nov;187(21):7193-203
references.pmid: 16237003
references.citation: J Bacteriol. 2008 Jul;190(13):4632-40
references.pmid: 18441055
references.citation: Microbiology (Reading). 2001 Oct;147(Pt 10):2841-2848
references.pmid: 11577162
references.citation: Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2002 Sep;66(3):486-505, table of contents
references.pmid: 12209001
references.citation: Front Biosci. 2004 May 01;9:1267-77
references.pmid: 14977543
references.citation: FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2006 Sep;262(1):93-8
references.pmid: 16907744
references.citation: Cell. 2006 Apr 21;125(2):237-46
references.pmid: 16630813
references.citation: J Dent Res. 2001 Jul;80(7):1672-7
references.pmid: 11597030
references.citation: Infect Immun. 1998 May;66(5):2180-5
references.pmid: 9573105
references.citation: J Bacteriol. 2001 Dec;183(23):6875-84
references.pmid: 11698377
references.citation: Infect Immun. 2003 Apr;71(4):1972-9
references.pmid: 12654815
references.citation: Oral Microbiol Immunol. 2004 Oct;19(5):322-6
references.pmid: 15327645
references.citation: Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2007 Dec;71(4):653-70
references.pmid: 18063722
references.citation: Oral Microbiol Immunol. 1997 Oct;12(5):274-80
references.pmid: 9467380
references.citation: J Bacteriol. 2009 May;191(9):2973-84
references.pmid: 19251860
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2002 Mar;68(3):1196-203
references.pmid: 11872468
references.citation: Crit Rev Oral Biol Med. 2003;14(2):89-99
references.pmid: 12764072
references.citation: Microbes Infect. 2000 Nov;2(13):1599-607
references.pmid: 11113379
references.citation: Arch Microbiol. 2000 Oct;174(4):248-55
references.pmid: 11081793
references.citation: Infect Immun. 1990 Feb;58(2):464-70
references.pmid: 2298487
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2005 May;71(5):2372-80
references.pmid: 15870324
references.citation: Mol Microbiol. 2006 Jun;60(6):1446-56
references.pmid: 16796680
references.citation: Oral Microbiol Immunol. 2007 Oct;22(5):340-6
references.pmid: 17803632
references.citation: Infect Immun. 2005 Jan;73(1):219-25
references.pmid: 15618157
references.citation: Infect Immun. 2004 Aug;72(8):4895-9
references.pmid: 15271957
references.citation: Caries Res. 1987;21(3):193-9
references.pmid: 3471342
references.citation: Infect Immun. 2003 Dec;71(12):7188-92
references.pmid: 14638814
references.citation: Infect Immun. 1999 Aug;67(8):3909-14
references.pmid: 10417155
references.citation: Infect Immun. 2006 Mar;74(3):1631-42
references.pmid: 16495534
references.citation: J Dent Res. 1998 Mar;77(3):445-52
references.pmid: 9496917
references.citation: Infect Immun. 2001 Sep;69(9):5794-804
references.pmid: 11500457
references.citation: J Dent Res. 1991 Dec;70(12):1503-7
references.pmid: 1774381
references.citation: J Bacteriol. 2003 Jan;185(1):274-84
references.pmid: 12486064
references.citation: J Bacteriol. 2000 Mar;182(5):1374-82
references.pmid: 10671461
references.citation: J Bacteriol. 2006 Apr;188(8):2983-92
references.pmid: 16585759
references.citation: FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2001 Dec 18;205(2):337-42
references.pmid: 11750824
references.citation: J Bacteriol. 2002 May;184(10):2699-708
references.pmid: 11976299
references.citation: Infect Immun. 1993 Apr;61(4):1259-67
references.pmid: 8454329
references.citation: J Bacteriol. 2002 Nov;184(22):6333-42
references.pmid: 12399503
references.citation: Trends Microbiol. 2005 Dec;13(12):589-95
references.pmid: 16214341
references.citation: J Microbiol Methods. 2005 May;61(2):161-70
references.pmid: 15722141
references.citation: J Bacteriol. 2008 Jan;190(1):401-15
references.pmid: 17981981
references.citation: Arch Oral Biol. 1998 Feb;43(2):103-10
references.pmid: 9602288
references.citation: J Bacteriol. 2004 May;186(9):2682-91
references.pmid: 15090509
references.citation: J Bacteriol. 2008 Jan;190(1):28-36
references.pmid: 17951382
references.citation: Infect Immun. 1991 Dec;59(12):4606-9
references.pmid: 1937820
references.citation: Mol Microbiol. 2006 Oct;62(1):187-200
references.pmid: 16987177