title: Ebselen reduces inflammation and microvascular perfusion failure after blunt skeletal muscle injury of the rat.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Soft tissue trauma induces an local inflammatory response and yields a microvascular perfusion failure due to trauma-induced oxidative stress. Using high-resolution multifluorescence microscopy, we herein report on the efficiency of treatment with the oxygen radical scavenger ebselen to improve compromised perfusion of traumatized muscle tissue and to minimize secondary tissue damage.
  
  
  METHODS
  By using a pneumatically driven computer-controlled impact device, closed soft tissue trauma of the left hind limb was induced in pentobarbital-anesthetized rats that received either ebselen (30 mg/kg body weight, intraperitoneally) or equal volumes of the vehicle dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). In an additional series of animals, ebselen or DMSO were applied without soft tissue trauma.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ebselen restored microcirculatory impairment within the injured muscle, as given by values of nutritive perfusion (763 +/- 44 cm/cm2), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide levels (56 +/- 3 aU) and inflammatory cell interaction (leukocytes: 226 +/- 31 mm(-2)) at 24 hours after trauma, being not different to those found in noninjured muscle tissue of controls. In contrast, skeletal muscle in DMSO-treated animals revealed persistent perfusion failure (564 +/- 32 cm/cm2) with tissue hypoxia (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide 75 +/- 11 aU) and enhanced endothelial interaction of leukocytes (383 +/- 18 mm(-2)) at 24 hours after trauma.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Treatment of skeletal muscle soft tissue trauma with the glutathione peroxidase mimic ebselen is highly effective in restoration of disturbed microcirculation. Moreover, reduced inflammatory cell response helps to prevent leukocyte-dependent secondary tissue injury.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Experimental Surgery, Department of Trauma & Reconstructive Surgery, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany.
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gierer
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Röther
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mittlmeier
authors.forename: Georg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gradl
authors.forename: Brigitte
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Vollmar
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001393:Azoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004121:Dimethyl Sulfoxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D006614:Hindlimb; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy; D054833:Isoindoles; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008833:Microcirculation / Q000187:drug effects*; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D016566:Organoselenium Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D017695:Soft Tissue Injuries / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D014949:Wounds, Nonpenetrating / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D001393:Azoles; D054833:Isoindoles; D016566:Organoselenium Compounds; C042986:ebselen; D004121:Dimethyl Sulfoxide