title: Llaki and ñakary: idioms of distress and suffering among the highland Quechua in the Peruvian Andes.
abstract: This article examines some of the long-term health outcomes of extreme adversities and the ways in which social inequalities and idioms of distress are historically and socially produced in the Peruvian context. We describe how the highland Quechua of northern Ayacucho construct and experience expressions of distress and suffering such as pinsamientuwan (worrying thoughts, worries), ñakary (suffering) and llaki (sorrow, sadness), in a context of persistent social inequalities, social exclusion and a recent history of political violence. It is concluded that the multiple expressions of distress and suffering are closely related to past and current events, shaped by beliefs, core values and cultural norms and, in this process, transformed, recreated and invested with new meanings and attributions.
authors.affiliation: Douglas Institute Research Centre and Division of Social and Transcultural Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, 6875 LaSalle Boulevard, Montreal, QC H4H1R3, Canada. duncan.pedersen@mcgill.ca
authors.forename: Duncan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pedersen
authors.forename: Hanna
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kienzler
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gamarra
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D003906:Developing Countries; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007199:Indians, South American / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D008519:Medicine, Traditional; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology; D010568:Peru; D011057:Politics; D011287:Prejudice; D011610:Psychosocial Deprivation; D012424:Rural Population; D012660:Semantics; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013001:Somatoform Disorders / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology; D040921:Stress Disorders, Traumatic / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology; D017741:Survivors / Q000523:psychology; D014754:Violence / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology
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