title: Expression of bacterial tyrosine ammonia-lyase creates a novel p-coumaric acid pathway in the biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids in Arabidopsis.
abstract: Some flavonoids are considered as beneficial compounds because they exhibit anticancer or antioxidant activity. In higher plants, flavonoids are secondary metabolites that are derived from phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathway. A large number of phenylpropanoids are generated from p-coumaric acid, which is a derivative of the primary metabolite, phenylalanine. The first two steps in the phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathway are catalyzed by phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and cinnamate 4-hydroxylase, and the coupling of these two enzymes forms a rate-limiting step in the pathway. For the generation of p-coumaric acid, the conversion from phenylalanine to p-coumaric acid that is catalyzed by two enzymes can be theoretically performed by a single enzyme, tyrosine ammonia-lyase (TAL) that catalyzes the conversion of tyrosine to p-coumaric acid in certain bacteria. To modify the p-coumaric acid pathway in plants, we isolated a gene encoding TAL from a photosynthetic bacterium, Rhodobacter sphaeroides, and introduced the gene (RsTAL) in Arabidopsis thaliana. Analysis of metabolites revealed that the ectopic over-expression of RsTAL leads to higher accumulation of anthocyanins in transgenic 5-day-old seedlings. On the other hand, 21-day-old seedlings of plants expressing RsTAL showed accumulation of higher amount of quercetin glycosides, sinapoyl and p-coumaroyl derivatives than control. These results indicate that ectopic expression of the RsTAL gene in Arabidopsis enhanced the metabolic flux into the phenylpropanoid pathway and resulted in increased accumulation of flavonoids and phenylpropanoids.
authors.affiliation: Cell-Free Science and Technology Research Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasutaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nishiyama
authors.forename: Choong-Soo
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Yun
authors.forename: Fumio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Matsuda
authors.forename: Tadamasa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.forename: Kazuki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Saito
authors.forename: Yuzuru
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tozawa
mesh_terms: D000642:Ammonia-Lyases / Q000235:genetics*; D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000378:metabolism*; D001483:Base Sequence; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D003373:Coumaric Acids / Q000378:metabolism*; D017931:DNA Primers; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D016366:Open Reading Frames; D010666:Phenylpropionates / Q000378:metabolism*; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified; D011422:Propionates; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D012242:Rhodobacter sphaeroides / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D003373:Coumaric Acids; D017931:DNA Primers; D010666:Phenylpropionates; D011422:Propionates; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D000642:Ammonia-Lyases; C023208:L-tyrosine ammonia-lyase; C495469:p-coumaric acid
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