title: Low-value services in value-based insurance design.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify potentially low-value services for inclusion in value-based insurance design (VBID) programs and to discuss challenges involved in incorporating such information.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the Tufts Medical Center Cost-Effectiveness Analysis Registry (www.cearegistry.org) to identify examples of low-value services, defined as interventions that make health worse without saving money or those that cost at least $100,000 per quality-adjusted life-year gained. We restricted our attention to papers published since 2000. We supplemented this literature review with a list of services recently rejected by the United Kingdom's National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence for coverage by the UK's National Health Service.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The list of potentially low-value services includes several drugs to treat cancer, as well as other therapies such as left ventricular assist devices and lung volume reduction surgery. Building negative incentives into VBID programs to discourage use of low-value care will involve a number of challenges, including identification of appropriate candidates; the scope of services to be covered (ie, whether VBID should be expanded beyond drugs to address medical devices, procedures, and diagnostics); and whether VBID programs should target specific subgroups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Identifying noncontroversial low-value services and designing VBID programs to discourage their use will not be easy. However, to fulfill their promise of improving value and moderating cost growth, VBID programs should target low-value as well as high-value care.
authors.affiliation: Center for the Evaluation of Value and Risk in Health, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA. pneumann@tuftsmedicalcenter.org
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Neumann
authors.forename: Hannah R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Auerbach
authors.forename: Joshua T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Greenberg
mesh_terms: D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis / Q000191:economics*; D006296:Health Services / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007348:Insurance, Health / Q000191:economics*; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D014481:United States