title: A general method for improving spatial resolution by optimization of electron multiplication in CCD imaging.
abstract: The electron-multiplying charge-coupled device (EMCCD) camera possesses an electron multiplying function that can effectively convert the weak incident photon signal to amplified electron output, thereby greatly enhancing the contrast of the acquired images. This device has become a popular photon detector in single-cell biophysical assays to enhance subcellular images. However, the quantitative relationship between the resolution in such measurements and the electron multiplication setting in the EMCCD camera is not well-understood. We therefore developed a method to characterize the exact dependence of the signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) on EM gain settings over a full range of incident light intensity. This information was further used to evaluate the EMCCD performance in subcellular particle tracking. We conclude that there are optimal EM gain settings for achieving the best SNR and the best spatial resolution in these experiments. If it is not used optimally, electron multiplication can decrease the SNR and increases spatial error.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Museum Road, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA.
authors.forename: Pei-Hsun
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Nathaniel
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: Yiider
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tseng
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