title: Comparative study of genetic activity of chlorambucil's active metabolite steroidal esters: the role of steroidal skeleton on aneugenic potential.
abstract: p-N,N-bis(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylacetic acid (PHE), a nitrogen mustard analogue and chlorambucil's active metabolite used as chemotherapeutic agent, has been shown that, in addition to its clastogenic activity, induces chromosome delay. In the present study an efford has been made (a) to investigate if the steroidal analogues of PHE (EA-92, EA-97, AK-333, AK-409 and AK-433) exert the same genetic activity as the parent compound, (b) to further analyze the aneugenic activity of nitrogen mustard analogues, (c) to investigate the mechanism by which they exert aneugenic potential and (d) to correlate the genetic activity with chemical structure. For this purpose the Cytokinesis Block Micronucleus (CBMN) assay was conducted in human lymphocytes in vitro and the micronucleus (MN) frequency was determined to investigate their genetic activity. The mechanism of micronucleation was determined in combination with Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) using pancentromeric DNA probe. Since one of the mechanisms that chemicals cause aneuploidy is through alterations in the mitotic spindle, we also investigated the effect of the above compounds on the integrity and morphology of the mitotic spindle using double immunofluorescence of beta- and gamma-tubulin in C(2)C(12) mouse cell line. We found that PHE and its steroidal analogues, EA-92, EA-97, AK-333, AK-409 and AK-433, affect cell proliferation in human lymphocytes and C(2)C(12) mouse cells. All studied compounds are capable of inducing chromosome breakage events, as indicated by the enhanced C(-)MN frequencies. The less lipophilic compounds are the most genetically active molecules. PHE and only two of the studied analogues, AK-409 and AK-433, the most hydrophilic ones, showed aneugenic potential, by increasing the frequencies of MN containing a whole chromosome. The aneugenic potential of the above referred analogues is associated with amplification of centrosome number, since they caused high multipolar metaphase frequencies.
authors.affiliation: Division of Genetics, Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Patras, Rion, 26 500 Patras, Greece.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Efthimiou
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ouranou
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Stephanou
authors.forename: N A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Demopoulos
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Nikolaropoulos
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Alevizos
mesh_terms: D024422:Aneugens / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002699:Chlorambucil / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D004952:Esters / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects; D051379:Mice; D048629:Micronuclei, Chromosome-Defective / Q000187:drug effects; D008941:Spindle Apparatus / Q000187:drug effects; D013256:Steroids / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D024422:Aneugens; D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating; D004952:Esters; D013256:Steroids; D002699:Chlorambucil