title: Humoral and cellular immune responses to measles and tetanus: the importance of elapsed time since last exposure and the nature of the antigen.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aims to assess the cellular and humoral immune response pre- and post-vaccine rechallenge in healthy adults with previous exposure to measles (virus or vaccine) and different time intervals since last tetanus vaccine.
  
  
  METHODS
  Humoral immunity was tested by ELISA, and cellular immunity was tested by intracellular interferon gamma detection after in vitro stimulation with antigens.
  
  
  RESULTS
  While cellular immunity was comparable among vaccinated individuals and those who had measles, higher antibody levels were found in those who had the disease in the past. Both antibodies and CD4(+) T cell tetanus immune responses depended on elapsed time since last immunization. Following a vaccine booster, an increase in cellular immunity and antibodies was observed to both tetanus and measles. Measles humoral response was much more intense among individuals previously exposed to a wild virus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In an era when natural boosters are less frequent, an immune surveillance might be necessary to investigate waning immunity as occurs for tetanus.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Pedro de Toledo, 781-9 andar, 04039-032, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Patricia O
authors.initials: PO
authors.lastname: Viana
authors.forename: Erika
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ono
authors.forename: Maristela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miyamoto
authors.forename: Reinaldo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Salomao
authors.forename: Beatriz T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Costa-Carvalho
authors.forename: Lily Y
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Weckx
authors.forename: Maria Isabel
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: de Moraes-Pinto
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000906:Antibodies / Q000097:blood; D000941:Antigens / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007111:Immunity, Cellular / Q000276:immunology*; D056724:Immunity, Humoral / Q000276:immunology*; D007117:Immunization, Secondary / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008457:Measles / Q000276:immunology*; D008458:Measles Vaccine / Q000276:immunology; D008875:Middle Aged; D013742:Tetanus / Q000276:immunology*; D013745:Tetanus Toxoid / Q000276:immunology; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D000941:Antigens; D008458:Measles Vaccine; D013745:Tetanus Toxoid
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