Induced pluripotent stem cells: what lies beyond the paradigm shift.
The discovery that somatic cells can be reprogrammed to become induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells has ushered in a new and exciting era in regenerative medicine. Since the seminal discovery of somatic cell reprogramming by Takahashi and Yamanaka in 2006, there has been remarkable progress in the characterization of iPS cells and the protocols used to generate them. The new information generated during the past year alone has vastly expanded our understanding of these cells. Accordingly, this review provides a basic overview of the different strategies used to generate iPS cells and focuses on recent developments in the field of iPS cells. In the final section, we discuss three broad, unanswered questions related to somatic cell reprogramming, which are just starting to be addressed.
Cox
Jesse L
JL
Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986805 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6805, USA.
Rizzino
Angie
A
D000818:Animals; D065150:Cellular Reprogramming / Q000235:genetics*; D053595:Embryonic Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D016158:Genes, p53; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D000071317:Nanog Homeobox Protein; D050814:Octamer Transcription Factor-3 / Q000378:metabolism; D039904:Pluripotent Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D055748:SOXB1 Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D016662:Virus Integration / Q000235:genetics; D049951:X Chromosome Inactivation / Q000235:genetics
D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D000071317:Nanog Homeobox Protein; C475540:Nanog protein, mouse; D050814:Octamer Transcription Factor-3; C494174:Pou5f1 protein, mouse; D055748:SOXB1 Transcription Factors; C527783:Sox2 protein, mouse
Stem Cells. 2009 Nov;27(11):2691-702
19650037
Science. 2008 Aug 1;321(5889):699-702
18276851
Development. 2009 Oct;136(19):3215-22
19710168
Nature. 2006 Nov 16;444(7117):364-8
17093407
Cell Stem Cell. 2008 Dec 4;3(6):595-605
19041776
EMBO J. 2009 Sep 16;28(18):2719-32
19696742
Cell Stem Cell. 2009 Jul 2;5(1):111-23
19570518
Nature. 2009 Apr 9;458(7239):766-70
19252478
Dev Dyn. 2007 Dec;236(12):3199-207
17685475
Nature. 2007 Jul 19;448(7151):313-7
17554338
Cell Stem Cell. 2008 Nov 6;3(5):475-9
18983962
Circulation. 2008 Jul 29;118(5):498-506
18625891
Cell Stem Cell. 2008 Jan 10;2(1):10-2
18371415
Nat Cell Biol. 2003 Aug;5(8):741-7
12855956
Nature. 2009 Aug 27;460(7259):1149-53
19668189
Nat Biotechnol. 2008 Aug;26(8):916-24
18594521
Nature. 2009 Jan 15;457(7227):277-80
19098894
Cell Stem Cell. 2009 Apr 3;4(4):301-12
19341620
Nature. 2009 Jul 23;460(7254):529-33
19626115
Nature. 2008 Jan 10;451(7175):141-6
18157115
Cell. 2006 Aug 25;126(4):663-76
16904174
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Mar 29;102(13):4783-8
15772165
FEBS Lett. 2009 Jun 5;583(11):1721-7
19327353
J Biol Chem. 2002 Apr 5;277(14):11621-4
11850414
Nature. 2007 Aug 9;448(7154):714-7
17687327
Nat Genet. 2009 Sep;41(9):968-76
19668214
Cell. 2005 Sep 23;122(6):947-56
16153702
Cell Stem Cell. 2009 Sep 4;5(3):237-41
19716359
Nat Biotechnol. 2007 Oct;25(10):1177-81
17724450
Science. 2007 Dec 21;318(5858):1920-3
18063756
Science. 2008 Aug 29;321(5893):1218-21
18669821
Cell Stem Cell. 2007 Jun 7;1(1):55-70
18371336
Nat Biotechnol. 2008 Jan;26(1):101-6
18059259
Nature. 2009 Aug 27;460(7259):1140-4
19668186
Nature. 2007 Jul 19;448(7151):318-24
17554336
Cell Stem Cell. 2009 Aug 7;5(2):141-9
19664987
Carcinogenesis. 1984 Dec;5(12):1583-90
6209028
J Biol Chem. 2008 Nov 14;283(46):31601-7
18782754
Dev Biol. 1997 Dec 15;192(2):614-29
9441693
Cell Stem Cell. 2008 Mar 6;2(3):230-40
18371448
Genes Dev. 2002 Feb 15;16(4):479-89
11850410
Nat Biotechnol. 2008 Nov;26(11):1276-84
18931654
Cell. 2009 May 15;137(4):647-58
19409607
J Embryol Exp Morphol. 1977 Oct;41:47-64
591878
Stem Cells. 2008 Oct;26(10):2467-74
18635867
Nat Biotechnol. 2008 Nov;26(11):1269-75
18849973
Genes Cells. 2009 Jun;14(6):683-94
19476507
Cloning Stem Cells. 2009 Sep;11(3):417-26
19622035
Nature. 2009 Aug 27;460(7259):1132-5
19668191
Genes Dev. 2008 Aug 1;22(15):1987-97
18676805
Nature. 2009 Sep 3;461(7260):91-4
19672243
Nat Protoc. 2007;2(12):3081-9
18079707
Nat Biotechnol. 2009 May;27(5):459-61
19363475
Cell. 2009 Mar 6;136(5):964-77
19269371
Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2009 Sep 25;387(3):482-8
19615974
Stem Cells. 2009 Feb;27(2):352-62
19038789
Cell Stem Cell. 2009 Jun 5;4(6):472-6
19481515
Nature. 2009 Aug 13;460(7257):863-8
19587682
RNA. 2008 Oct;14(10):2115-24
18755840
Cell Stem Cell. 2009 Aug 7;5(2):135-8
19631602
Nat Cell Biol. 2008 Jun;10(6):731-9
18454139
J Cell Physiol. 2008 Sep;216(3):651-62
18366076
Cell Stem Cell. 2009 May 8;4(5):381-4
19398399
Cell Stem Cell. 2008 Feb 7;2(2):151-9
18371436
Cell Stem Cell. 2008 Sep 11;3(3):340-5
18786420
Nat Genet. 2006 Apr;38(4):431-40
16518401
Stem Cells. 2009 Oct;27(10):2427-34
19658190
Science. 2008 Nov 7;322(5903):945-9
18818365
Nature. 2009 Jul 2;460(7251):128-32
19536159
Mol Reprod Dev. 2009 Aug;76(8):722-32
19235204
Cell. 2008 Jun 13;133(6):1106-17
18555785
Cell Stem Cell. 2009 Feb 6;4(2):141-54
19200803
Stem Cells. 2008 Jun;26(6):1537-46
18450826
Circulation. 2008 Jul 29;118(5):507-17
18625890
Nat Genet. 2000 Apr;24(4):372-6
10742100
Cell. 2007 Nov 30;131(5):861-72
18035408
Nat Biotechnol. 2007 Jun;25(6):681-6
17529971
Cell Stem Cell. 2007 Sep 13;1(3):245-7
18371358
Nature. 2008 Oct 2;455(7213):627-32
18754011
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Mar 25;105(12):4820-5
18339803
Nature. 2009 Apr 9;458(7239):771-5
19252477
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Aug 4;106(31):12759-64
19549847
Nature. 2008 Jul 3;454(7200):49-55
18509334
Science. 2008 Sep 19;321(5896):1693-5
18802003
Stem Cells. 2008 Apr;26(4):903-11
18238855
Science. 2007 Dec 21;318(5858):1917-20
18029452
Cell. 2003 May 30;113(5):643-55
12787505