title: [Analysis and clinical implication of upper urinary tract stone's bacterial spectrum].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze the pathogenic bacterial's distribution and the drug resistance in the upper urinary tract stones, and to provide the information for choosing suitable antibiotics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Stone samples were taken for culture and for drug sensitivity test in 146 patients undergoing percutaneous nephrolithotomy between April 2007 and October 2008, and the results were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pathogens presented in 72 (49.3%) patients. There were 70 (86.4%) Gram-negative bacteria strains. Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter cloacae were the predominant bacteria, accounted for 30.9%(25 strains), 23.5% (19 strains) and 12.3% (10 strains), respectively. There were 10 (12.3%) Gram-positive bacteria strains, the predominant bacteria was Staphylococcus epidermidis (6 strains), accounting for 7.4%. And there was 1 fungi strain (1.2%). Resistance to ampicillin/sulbactam (88.7%), ceftriaxone (81.3%) and ciprofloxacin (67.5%) was most commonly found in pathogen, and the rate of resistance to amikacin, imipenem and piperacillin/tazobactam were 8.6%, 10.0%, 10.0%, respectively. Erythromycylamine, teicoplanin, SMZ-TMP, nitrofurantoin were sensitive to Gram-positive bacteria.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bacterial's distribution of upper urinary tract stones are multiple, and the majority pathogen is Gram-negative bacteria. A big variant resistance is found among different bacterium. The suitable antibiotics should be chosen according to the different bacterium in the patients who underwent percutaneous nephrolithotomy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100034, China.
authors.forename: Kai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Qing-quan
authors.initials: QQ
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Xiao-bo
authors.initials: XB
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Xiao-feng
authors.initials: XF
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Jian-xing
authors.initials: JX
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Liu-lin
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Xiong
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Xiong-jun
authors.initials: XJ
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Yan-qun
authors.initials: YQ
authors.lastname: Na
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000382:microbiology*; D008297:Male; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014514:Ureteral Calculi / Q000382:microbiology*; D055815:Young Adult