title: Considerations for using sucrose to reduce procedural pain in preterm infants.
abstract: Preterm and critically ill newborns admitted to a NICU undergo repeated skin-breaking procedures that are necessary for their survival. Sucrose is rapidly becoming the accepted clinical standard nonpharmacologic intervention for managing acute procedural pain for these infants. Although shown to be safe in single doses, only 4 studies have evaluated the effects of repeated doses of sucrose over relatively short periods of time. None has examined the use of sucrose throughout the NICU stay, and only 1 study evaluated the neurodevelopmental outcomes after repeated doses of sucrose. In that study, infants born at <31 weeks' gestational age and exposed to >10 doses per day in the first week of life were more likely to show poorer attention and motor development in the early months after discharge from the NICU. Results of studies in animal models have suggested that the mechanism of action of sucrose is through opioid pathways; however, in human infants, little has been done to examine the physiologic mechanisms involved, and the findings reported thus far have been ambiguous. Drawing from the growing animal literature of research that has examined the effects of chronic sugar exposure, we describe alternative amine and hormone pathways that are common to the processing of sucrose, attention, and motor development. In addition, a review of the latest research to examine the effects of repeated sucrose on pain processing is presented. These 2 literatures each can inform the other and can provide an impetus to initiate research to examine not only the mechanisms involved in the calming mechanisms of sucrose but also in the long-term neurodevelopmental effects of repeated sucrose in those infants born extremely preterm or critically ill.
authors.affiliation: Developmental Neurosciences and Child Health, Child and Family Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. lholsti@cw.bc.ca
authors.forename: Liisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Holsti
authors.forename: Ruth E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Grunau
mesh_terms: D000109:Acetylcholine / Q000502:physiology; D001143:Arousal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000503:physiopathology; D004298:Dopamine / Q000502:physiology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007235:Infant, Premature, Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D019102:Infant, Very Low Birth Weight; D007328:Insulin / Q000502:physiology; D007363:Intensive Care Units, Neonatal; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010146:Pain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D059408:Pain Management; D011957:Receptors, Opioid / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D013395:Sucrose / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin; D011957:Receptors, Opioid; D013395:Sucrose; D000109:Acetylcholine; D004298:Dopamine
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