title: A prospective study of one-carbon metabolism biomarkers and risk of renal cell carcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Previous studies have found associations between one-carbon metabolism factors and risk of several cancers, but little is known regarding renal cell carcinoma (RCC). We conducted a nested case-control study within the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study, a prospective study of Finnish male smokers aged 50-69 at baseline.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prediagnostic folate, vitamin B(6), vitamin B(12), cysteine, riboflavin, and homocysteine concentrations were measured in fasting serum from 224 incident RCC cases and 224 controls (matched on age and date of serum collection). Conditional logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), adjusted for potential confounders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Serum folate tended to be inversely associated with RCC, compared to the first quartile, the odds ratios (95% CI) for subsequent quartiles were 0.62 (0.35-1.08), 0.52 (0.29-0.93), and 0.67 (0.37-1.20) (P-trend = 0.19). When modeled as a threshold effect, subjects in the lowest serum folate quartile (<or=6.64 nmol/l), which corresponds to deficient folate status, had a significant increased RCC risk (OR = 1.68, 95% CI 1.06-2.65) compared to those with higher serum folate. The other one-carbon metabolism biomarkers were not associated with RCC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study in male smokers suggests that deficient folate status may increase risk of RCC, but confirmation is needed in other epidemiologic studies that include women and non-smokers.
authors.affiliation: Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA. gibsontm@mail.nih.gov
authors.forename: Todd M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Gibson
authors.forename: Stephanie J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Weinstein
authors.forename: Susan T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Mayne
authors.forename: Ruth M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Pfeiffer
authors.forename: Jacob
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Selhub
authors.forename: Philip R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Jarmo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Virtamo
authors.forename: Demetrius
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Albanes
authors.forename: Rachael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Stolzenberg-Solomon
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D002244:Carbon / Q000097:blood* / Q000737:chemistry; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003545:Cysteine / Q000097:blood; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000097:blood; D006710:Homocysteine / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012256:Riboflavin / Q000097:blood; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D014805:Vitamin B 12 / Q000097:blood; D025101:Vitamin B 6 / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D006710:Homocysteine; D002244:Carbon; D025101:Vitamin B 6; D005492:Folic Acid; D003545:Cysteine; D014805:Vitamin B 12; D012256:Riboflavin
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