title: Attenuated mTOR signaling and enhanced autophagy in adipocytes from obese patients with type 2 diabetes.
abstract: Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is strongly linked to obesity and an adipose tissue unresponsive to insulin. The insulin resistance is due to defective insulin signaling, but details remain largely unknown. We examined insulin signaling in adipocytes from T2D patients, and contrary to findings in animal studies, we observed attenuation of insulin activation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) in complex with raptor (mTORC1). As a consequence, mTORC1 downstream effects were also affected in T2D: feedback signaling by insulin to signal-mediator insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS1) was attenuated, mitochondria were impaired and autophagy was strongly upregulated. There was concomitant autophagic destruction of mitochondria and lipofuscin particles, and a dependence on autophagy for ATP production. Conversely, mitochondrial dysfunction attenuated insulin activation of mTORC1, enhanced autophagy and attenuated feedback to IRS1. The overactive autophagy was associated with large numbers of cytosolic lipid droplets, a subset with colocalization of perlipin and the autophagy protein LC3/atg8, which can contribute to excessive fatty acid release. Patients with diagnoses of T2D and overweight were consecutively recruited from elective surgery, whereas controls did not have T2D. Results were validated in a cohort of patients without diabetes who exhibited a wide range of insulin sensitivities. Because mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation, endoplasmic-reticulum stress and hypoxia all inactivate mTORC1, our results may suggest a unifying mechanism for the pathogenesis of insulin resistance in T2D, although the underlying causes might differ.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cell Biology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ost
authors.forename: Kristoffer
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Svensson
authors.forename: Iida
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ruishalme
authors.forename: Cecilia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Brännmark
authors.forename: Niclas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Franck
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Krook
authors.forename: Per
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sandström
authors.forename: Preben
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kjolhede
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Strålfors
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D017667:Adipocytes / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001343:Autophagy; D003600:Cytosol / Q000378:metabolism; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism; D016014:Linear Models; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D008062:Lipofuscin / Q000378:metabolism; D000076222:Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D008875:Middle Aged; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D046912:Multiprotein Complexes; D009765:Obesity / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D010085:Oxidative Phosphorylation; D000071248:Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha; D011506:Proteins; D015398:Signal Transduction; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins; D007328:Insulin; D008062:Lipofuscin; D046912:Multiprotein Complexes; C486497:PPARGC1A protein, human; D000071248:Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha; D011506:Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D000076222:Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; D005947:Glucose
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