title: Intra-arterial therapies for hepatocellular carcinoma: where do we stand?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Intra-arterial therapies for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) consist of a catheter-based group of treatments where therapeutic and/or embolic agents are intra-arterially directed to target tumors. Here we review these therapies, which may be classified into embolotherapy/chemotherapy-based and radiotherapy-based treatments. Embolotherapy/chemotherapy-based treatments include transcatheter arterial embolization, transarterial chemoembolization, transcatheter arterial chemoeinfusion, and chemoembolization with drug-eluting beads. Radiotherapy-based treatments include radioembolization with yttrium-90 and injection of iodine-131-labeled lipiodol.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Interpretation of the results of clinical trials as well as implementation of meta-analyses involving the efficacy of intra-arterial therapies for unresectable HCC has been challenging and difficult to perform. The levels of evidence for treatment recommendations in oncology provide a common framework to understand the current status of intra-arterial therapies for HCC. Here we use an evidence-based approach to critically review and comprehend the current role and future potential of intra-arterial therapies in unresectable HCC.
authors.affiliation: The Russell H Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Eleni
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Liapi
authors.forename: Jean-Francois H
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Geschwind
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000628:therapy*; D017115:Catheter Ablation; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic; D006801:Humans; D007261:Infusions, Intra-Arterial; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000628:therapy*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents