title: Autocrine VEGF-VEGF-R loop on podocytes during glomerulonephritis in humans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is the most important and tightly regulated angiogenic cytokine in the kidney. Its activity is critical for capillary/glomerular preservation and repair, and recent studies have also demonstrated its relevance for the preservation of podocytes.
  
  
  METHODS
  The present study investigated a large number (n = 153) of renal biopsies from patients with glomerulonephritis (GN) and evaluated the expression and activity of the glomerular VEGF system [VEGF, VEGF-R1, VEGF-R2 and biologically active VEGF as identified by VEGF-VEGF receptor complexes (VEGF-VEGF-R)] in parallel with markers of renal function, injury and repair.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Whereas glomerular VEGF expression was clearly elevated, VEGF-R expression levels were widely unchanged. In parallel to the overall VEGF expression, the biological activity of VEGF on its receptors was uniformly significantly enhanced. Interestingly, the expression pattern of VEGF-R1 and VEGF-R2 significantly changed during GN where a very prominent podocytic pattern appeared, which was also detected for receptor-bound VEGF. VEGF expression and activity could be linked with indicators of renal injury such as glomerular proliferation and creatinine, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows, for the first time, increased podocytic VEGF-VEGF-R binding during human GN, suggesting not only the existence of a glomerular paracrine proangiogenic, but also an autocrine role of the VEGF-VEGF-R system in diseased podocytes.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Medical Clinic III, University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany. bernd.hohenstein@uniklinikum-dresden.de
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hohenstein
authors.forename: Maite
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Colin
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Foellmer
authors.forename: Kerstin U
authors.initials: KU
authors.lastname: Amann
authors.forename: Rolf A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Brekken
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Daniel
authors.forename: Christian P M
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Hugo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D005921:Glomerulonephritis / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D050199:Podocytes / Q000502:physiology*; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000032:analysis / Q000502:physiology*; D040281:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-1 / Q000032:analysis / Q000502:physiology*; D040301:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2 / Q000032:analysis / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D040281:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-1; D040301:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2