title: Expiratory volumetric MDCT evaluation of air trapping in pediatric patients with and without tracheomalacia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to use paired inspiratory-expiratory volumetric MDCT to compare the frequency, severity, and pattern of air trapping in pediatric patients with tracheomalacia with the findings in children without tracheomalacia.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study group consisted of 15 consecutively registered pediatric patients (younger than 18 years) who had tracheomalacia, defined as 50% or greater reduction in tracheal cross-sectional luminal area between end inspiration and end expiration, diagnosed with MDCT and confirmed with bronchoscopy. The comparison group consisted of 15 consecutively registered pediatric patients without evidence of tracheomalacia at MDCT and bronchoscopy. Two blinded pediatric radiologists working in consensus interpreted the randomly viewed end-expiratory thin-section CT images of both groups of children for the presence, severity, and pattern of air trapping at three anatomic levels (upper, middle, and lower lung zones). The severity of air trapping was graded visually on a 5-point scale. The total air trapping scores, obtained by summing the values for the three anatomic levels for the study and comparison groups, were compared by Wilcoxon's rank sum test. The pattern of air trapping was categorized as lobular, segmental, lobar, diffuse, or mixed, and the patterns in the two study groups were compared by Pearson's chi-square test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study cohort with tracheomalacia consisted of 15 patients (10 boys, five girls; mean age, 2.4 +/- 2.8 years; range, 1 month-11.8 years). The comparison group without tracheomalacia consisted of 15 patients (nine boys, six girls; mean age, 2.7 +/- 2.4 years; range, 1 month-8.1 years). Air trapping was identified in all 15 patients with tracheomalacia (median score, 5.0; range, 3-11) and in 10 of 15 children (67%) in the comparison group (median score, 3.0; range, 1-4). The median total air trapping score was significantly higher in the study cohort than in the comparison group (p = 0.002), but there were no significant differences in the air trapping patterns between the study groups (p = 0.53).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pediatric patients with tracheomalacia have a higher frequency and greater severity of air trapping than do children without tracheomalacia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Pulmonary Division, Children's Hospital Boston and Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Edward.Lee@childrens.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Edward Y
authors.initials: EY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Donald A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Tracy
authors.forename: Maria d'Almeida
authors.initials: Md
authors.lastname: Bastos
authors.forename: Alicia M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Casey
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zurakowski
authors.forename: Phillip M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Boiselle
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005105:Expiratory Reserve Volume; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008176:Lung Volume Measurements / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*; D055090:Tracheomalacia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*