title: The Zn3 domain of human poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) functions in both DNA-dependent poly(ADP-ribose) synthesis activity and chromatin compaction.
abstract: PARP-1 is involved in multiple cellular processes, including transcription, DNA repair, and apoptosis. PARP-1 attaches ADP-ribose units to target proteins, including itself as a post-translational modification that can change the biochemical properties of target proteins and mediate recruitment of proteins to sites of poly(ADP-ribose) synthesis. Independent of its catalytic activity, PARP-1 binds to chromatin and promotes compaction affecting RNA polymerase II transcription. PARP-1 has a modular structure composed of six independent domains. Two homologous zinc fingers, Zn1 and Zn2, form the DNA-binding module. Zn1-Zn2 binding to DNA breaks triggers catalytic activity. Recently, we have identified a third zinc binding domain in PARP-1, the Zn3 domain, which is essential for DNA-dependent PARP-1 activity. The crystal structure of the Zn3 domain revealed a novel zinc-ribbon fold and a homodimeric Zn3 structure that formed in the crystal lattice. Structure-guided mutagenesis was used here to investigate the roles of these two features of the Zn3 domain. Our results indicate that the zinc-ribbon fold of the Zn3 domain mediates an interdomain contact crucial to assembly of the DNA-activated conformation of PARP-1. In contrast, residues located at the Zn3 dimer interface are not required for DNA-dependent activation but rather make important contributions to the chromatin compaction activity of PARP-1. Thus, the Zn3 domain has dual roles in regulating the functions of PARP-1.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA.
authors.forename: Marie-France
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Langelier
authors.forename: Donald D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Ruhl
authors.forename: Jamie L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Planck
authors.forename: W Lee
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Kraus
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Pascal
mesh_terms: D000244:Adenosine Diphosphate / Q000737:chemistry; D002843:Chromatin / Q000737:chemistry*; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D019281:Dimerization; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D009154:Mutation; D000071137:Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase-1; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D012319:RNA Polymerase II / Q000378:metabolism*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D016335:Zinc Fingers
chemical_list: D002843:Chromatin; D000244:Adenosine Diphosphate; C499320:PARP1 protein, human; D000071137:Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase-1; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases; D012319:RNA Polymerase II
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