title: Role of nitric oxide in Salmonella typhimurium-mediated cancer cell killing.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bacterial targeting of tumours is an important anti-cancer strategy. We previously showed that strain SL7838 of Salmonella typhimurium targets and kills cancer cells. Whether NO generation by the bacteria has a role in SL7838 lethality to cancer cells is explored. This bacterium has the mechanism for generating NO, but also for decomposing it.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mechanism underlying Salmonella typhimurium tumour therapy was investigated through in vitro and in vivo studies. NO measurements were conducted either by chemical assays (in vitro) or using Biosensors (in vivo). Cancer cells cytotoxic assay were done by using MTS. Bacterial cell survival and tumour burden were determined using molecular imaging techniques.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SL7838 generated nitric oxide (NO) in anaerobic cell suspensions, inside infected cancer cells in vitro and in implanted 4T1 tumours in live mice, the last, as measured using microsensors. Thus, under these conditions, the NO generating pathway is more active than the decomposition pathway. The latter was eliminated, in strain SL7842, by the deletion of hmp- and norV genes, making SL7842 more proficient at generating NO than SL7838. SL7842 killed cancer cells more effectively than SL7838 in vitro, and this was dependent on nitrate availability. This strain was also ca. 100% more effective in treating implanted 4T1 mouse tumours than SL7838.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NO generation capability is important in the killing of cancer cells by Salmonella strains.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sherman Fairchild Science Building, Stanford University School of Medicine, 299 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
authors.forename: Yoram
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Barak
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Schreiber
authors.forename: Steve H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Thorne
authors.forename: Christopher H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Contag
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Debeer
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Matin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001691:Biological Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D015374:Biosensing Techniques; D016923:Cell Death; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival; D015964:Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; D006801:Humans; D006834:Hydrazines / Q000494:pharmacology; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D020030:Nitric Oxide Donors / Q000494:pharmacology; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D013997:Time Factors; D047368:Tumor Burden
chemical_list: D006834:Hydrazines; D020030:Nitric Oxide Donors; D009569:Nitric Oxide; C084012:1,1-diethyl-2-hydroxy-2-nitrosohydrazine
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