title: Effects of fat supplementation on postprandial GIP, GLP-1, ghrelin and IGFBP-1 levels: a pilot study on adolescents with type 1 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the responses of GIP, GLP-1, ghrelin and IGFBP-1 between meals with different fat and energy content in adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1DM) and to relate them to gastric emptying and glycaemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  On different days and in a random order, 7 adolescents with T1DM ingested a high- and low-fat meal (fat content: 38 and 2 g, energy content: 640 and 320 kcal, respectively). At normoglycaemia, the same prandial insulin dose was given at both meals and to all subjects. Postprandial blood samples were taken repeatedly over 4 hours. Gastric emptying was estimated by the paracetamol absorption method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The area under the curve (AUC) for GIP(0-240 min) and for GLP-1(0-120 min) was larger, but smaller for relative ghrelin(0-240 min), after the high-fat meal (p = 0.002, 0.030 and 0.043, respectively). IGFBP-1 decreased significantly, but not differently, after the meals. Larger GLP-1 secretion correlated with slower gastric emptying (p = 0.029) and higher fasting ghrelin levels correlated with lower postprandial glycaemia (p = 0.007).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In adolescents with T1DM, the postprandial responses of GIP, GLP-1 and ghrelin, but not that of IGFBP-1, depend more on meal size than on insulin.
authors.affiliation: Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lodefalk
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Carlsson-Skwirut
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Holst
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Aman
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D005746:Gastric Emptying / Q000187:drug effects; D005749:Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide / Q000097:blood*; D054439:Ghrelin / Q000097:blood*; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000494:pharmacology; D018970:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 1 / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D010865:Pilot Projects; D019518:Postprandial Period / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D004041:Dietary Fats; D054439:Ghrelin; D007328:Insulin; D018970:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 1; D005749:Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1