title: Interferon-gamma releasing assay versus tuberculin skin testing for latent tuberculosis infection in targeted screening programs for high risk immigrants.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent immigrants from developing countries (<2 years since immigration) are at very high risk of active TB disease due to reactivation of latent infections acquired in the country of origin. In industrialized low-incidence TB countries targeted testing programs for high risk groups could allow the detection of latently infected persons who would likely benefit from a course of preventive treatment. In this study we evaluated the tuberculin skin test (TST) and interferon-gamma enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (QuantiFERON TB-gold in tube, QFT-IT) strategies for TB infection screening programs in recent immigrants from highly endemic countries.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a prospective cross-sectional study. Paired tests performed in 1,130 immigrants attending an outpatient ward, between 2005 and 2007 for any health problem were evaluated by intention-to-treat (ITT) and per-protocol (PP) analysis for efficiency and efficacy of screening program.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Positive TST and QFT-IT were observed in 36.04 versus 29.82% (ITT) and in 45.27 versus 30.22% (PP) respectively. A higher drop-out rate was observed for TST (20.35 vs. 1.33%) (p < 0.0001). Second level assessment was accepted by half of the TST positive patients. Overall agreement rate between 887 paired tests was fair (k = 0.38). Higher k values were observed for higher TB prevalence rate in the country of origin (k = 0.43), for TST induration diameters >20 mM (k = 0.47), in subjects aged 40-50 years (k = 0.41) and in unvaccinated persons (k = 0.40). In a multiple logistic regression model continent of origin, class of TB prevalence in the country of origin and contacts with TB patients were found to be significantly associated with the probability of TST and QFT-IT positive result. Low education levels were associated only to an increased risk of TST positive results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The drawback of the TST screening strategy in recent immigrants from highly endemic countries is due to low sensitivity/specificity of the test and to high drop-out rate with an overall significant lowering in strategy efficacy/efficiency. The higher QFT-IT specificity prevents unnecessary overload of the health care system and, although more expensive, might represent a cost-effective alternative to TST in targeted screening programs directed to high risk populations.
authors.affiliation: II Division Infectious Diseases, Infectious Diseases Department, L Sacco University Hospital, Via GB Grassi, 74, 20157, Milan, Italy. orlando.giovanna@hsacco.it
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Orlando
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Merli
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cordier
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mazza
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Casazza
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Villa
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Codecasa
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Negri
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cargnel
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ferrarese
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rizzardini
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D054242:Emigrants and Immigrants / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000378:metabolism*; D055985:Latent Tuberculosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014374:Tuberculin Test / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D007371:Interferon-gamma
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