title: The influence of a sensitive period for auditory-visual integration in children with cochlear implants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Children who experience long periods of auditory deprivation are susceptible to large-scale reorganization of auditory cortical areas responsible for the perception of speech and language. One consequence of this reorganization is that integration of combined auditory and visual information may be altered after hearing is restored with a cochlear implant. Our goal was to investigate the effects of reorganization in a task that examines performance during multisensory integration.
  
  
  METHODS
  Reaction times to the detection of basic auditory (A), visual (V), and combined auditory-visual (AV) stimuli were examined in a group of normally hearing children, and in two groups of cochlear implanted children: (1) early implanted children in whom cortical auditory evoked potentials (CAEPs) fell within normal developmental limits, and (2) late implanted children in whom CAEPs were outside of normal developmental limits. Miller's test of the race model inequality was performed for each group in order to examine the effects of auditory deprivation on multisensory integration abilities after implantation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results revealed a significant violation of the race model inequality in the normally hearing and early implanted children, but not in the group of late implanted children.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that coactivation to multi-modal sensory input cannot explain the decreased reaction times to multi-modal input in late implanted children. These results are discussed in regards to current models for coactivation to redundant sensory information.
authors.affiliation: Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Science, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309-0409, USA. phillip.gilley@colorado.edu
authors.forename: Phillip M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Gilley
authors.forename: Anu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: Teresa V
authors.initials: TV
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.forename: Michael F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Dorman
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001307:Auditory Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development / Q000502:physiology*; D003054:Cochlear Implants; D003638:Deafness / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D011336:Probability; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D014796:Visual Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
references.citation: Brain Res. 1987 Mar 10;405(2):284-94
references.pmid: 3567606
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Dec 20;102(51):18748-50
references.pmid: 16339316
references.citation: Clin Neurophysiol. 2005 Mar;116(3):648-57
references.pmid: 15721079
references.citation: Brain Res Cogn Brain Res. 2002 Nov;14(3):422-34
references.pmid: 12421665
references.citation: Curr Opin Neurobiol. 1994 Apr;4(2):157-65
references.pmid: 8038571
references.citation: Cogn Psychol. 1982 Apr;14(2):247-79
references.pmid: 7083803
references.citation: Int J Audiol. 2007 Sep;46(9):500-11
references.pmid: 17828666
references.citation: Nat Neurosci. 2001 Dec;4(12):1171-3
references.pmid: 11704763
references.citation: Behav Res Methods. 2007 Aug;39(3):539-51
references.pmid: 17958166
references.citation: Brain Res. 1987 Mar 10;405(2):268-83
references.pmid: 3567605
references.citation: Nature. 1997 Mar 13;386(6621):167-70
references.pmid: 9062187
references.citation: PLoS One. 2008 Jun 04;3(6):e2348
references.pmid: 18523591
references.citation: Ear Hear. 2005 Apr;26(2):149-64
references.pmid: 15809542
references.citation: Brain Res Cogn Brain Res. 2002 Jun;14(1):115-28
references.pmid: 12063135
references.citation: Trans N Y Acad Sci. 1962 Mar;24:574-90
references.pmid: 14489538
references.citation: Behav Res Methods. 2007 May;39(2):291-302
references.pmid: 17695357
references.citation: Nature. 1976 Dec 23-30;264(5588):746-8
references.pmid: 1012311
references.citation: J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform. 2006 Jun;32(3):558-73
references.pmid: 16822124
references.citation: Ear Hear. 2002 Dec;23(6):532-9
references.pmid: 12476090
references.citation: Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol Suppl. 2002 May;189:38-41
references.pmid: 12018346
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2001 Nov 15;21(22):8931-42
references.pmid: 11698604
references.citation: J Neurocytol. 2003 Mar;32(3):229-43
references.pmid: 14724386
references.citation: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1990;608:51-65; discussion 65-70
references.pmid: 2075959
references.citation: Scand Audiol Suppl. 1999;51:13-22
references.pmid: 10803910
references.citation: Int J Audiol. 2007 Sep;46(9):494-9
references.pmid: 17828665
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2000 Sep 1;20(17):RC93
references.pmid: 10952732
references.citation: Prog Brain Res. 2002;138:177-88
references.pmid: 12432770
references.citation: J Cogn Neurosci. 2004 Oct;16(8):1363-74
references.pmid: 15509384
references.citation: Acta Otolaryngol. 1997 Mar;117(2):161-3
references.pmid: 9105439
references.citation: Neuroreport. 1996 Dec 20;8(1):61-5
references.pmid: 9051753
references.citation: J Cogn Neurosci. 2005 Oct;17(10):1621-37
references.pmid: 16269101
references.citation: Hear Res. 2005 May;203(1-2):134-43
references.pmid: 15855038
references.citation: Adv Otorhinolaryngol. 2006;64:66-88
references.pmid: 16891837
references.citation: Neuroreport. 2002 Jul 19;13(10):1365-8
references.pmid: 12151804
references.citation: Annu Rev Neurosci. 1997;20:303-30
references.pmid: 9056716
references.citation: Brain Res. 1987 Mar 10;405(2):253-67
references.pmid: 3567604
references.citation: Audiol Neurootol. 2001 Jul-Aug;6(4):203-6
references.pmid: 11694728
references.citation: J Neurophysiol. 1997 Jul;78(1):516-20
references.pmid: 9242299
references.citation: Audiol Neurootol. 2001 Nov-Dec;6(6):346-62
references.pmid: 11847463
references.citation: Nat Rev Neurosci. 2002 Jun;3(6):443-52
references.pmid: 12042879
references.citation: Ear Hear. 1996 Oct;17(5):430-7
references.pmid: 8909891
references.citation: Brain Res. 2008 Nov 6;1239:56-65
references.pmid: 18775684
references.citation: Cereb Cortex. 2005 May;15(5):552-62
references.pmid: 15319310
references.citation: Nat Rev Neurosci. 2008 Apr;9(4):255-66
references.pmid: 18354398
references.citation: Cogn Psychol. 2003 Mar;46(2):101-51
references.pmid: 12643892