title: Posttraumatic growth in Veterans of Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A growing body of research has examined the prevalence and correlates of psychopathology, mild traumatic brain injury, and related problems in Veterans of Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom (OEF-OIF). While these studies help characterize the deleterious effects of combat, no known study has examined factors that may enhance posttraumatic growth or positive changes experienced as a result of combat in this population.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 272 predominantly older Reservist/National Guard OEF-OIF Veterans completed an anonymous mail survey that assessed combat exposure, psychopathology, psychosocial functioning, social support, and posttraumatic growth.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy-two percent of the sample endorsed a significant degree of posttraumatic growth in at least one of the areas assessed, the most common of which were changing priorities about what is important in life (52.2%), being able to better appreciate each day (51.1%), and being better able to handle difficulties (48.5%). Hierarchical regression analysis revealed that younger age, greater posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, and increased perceptions of unit member support and effort/perseverance were significantly associated with posttraumatic growth. Respondents with PTSD scored higher on an overall measure of posttraumatic growth and on items reflecting appreciation of life and personal strength.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study is limited by a relatively low survey return rate and employment of an abbreviated measure of posttraumatic growth.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results of this study suggest that interventions to bolster unit member support and to enhance perceptions of effort and perseverance may help promote posttraumatic growth in OEF-OIF Veterans.
authors.affiliation: National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Resilience Laboratory, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA. robert.pietrzak@yale.edu
authors.forename: Robert H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Pietrzak
authors.forename: Marc B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Goldstein
authors.forename: James C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Malley
authors.forename: Alison J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Rivers
authors.forename: Douglas C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Charles A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Morgan
authors.forename: Steven M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Southwick
mesh_terms: D055826:Afghan Campaign 2001-; D006801:Humans; D054542:Iraq War, 2003-2011; D016014:Linear Models; D008603:Mental Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D055500:Resilience, Psychological; D012917:Social Adjustment; D012944:Social Support; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000523:psychology*; D014728:Veterans / Q000523:psychology*