title: Toward a Unified Timestamp with explicit precision.
abstract: Demographic and health surveillance (DS) systems monitor and document individual and group-level processes in well-defined populations over long periods of time. The resulting data are complex and inherently temporal. Established methods of storing and manipulating temporal data are unable to adequately address the challenges posed by these data. Building on existing standards, a temporal framework and notation are presented that are able to faithfully record all of the time-related information (or partial lack thereof) produced by surveillance systems. The Unified Timestamp isolates all of the inherent complexity of temporal data into a single data type and provides the foundation on which a Unified Timestamp class can be built. The Unified Timestamp accommodates both point- and interval-based time measures with arbitrary precision, including temporal sets. Arbitrary granularities and calendars are supported, and the Unified Timestamp is hierarchically organized, allowing it to represent an unlimited array of temporal entities.
authors.affiliation: Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, Mtubatuba & Durban, South Africa.
authors.forename: Justus
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Benzler
authors.forename: Samuel J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Clark
references.citation: Methods Inf Med. 2002;41(2):89-97
references.pmid: 12061129
references.citation: Demogr Res. 2006 Oct 13;15(7):181-252
references.pmid: 20396614