title: Gene expression changes in mononuclear cells in patients with metabolic syndrome after acute intake of phenol-rich virgin olive oil.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous studies have shown that acute intake of high-phenol virgin olive oil reduces pro-inflammatory, pro-oxidant and pro-thrombotic markers compared with low phenols virgin olive oil, but it still remains unclear whether effects attributed to its phenolic fraction are exerted at transcriptional level in vivo. To achieve this goal, we aimed at identifying expression changes in genes which could be mediated by virgin olive oil phenol compounds in the human.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Postprandial gene expression microarray analysis was performed on peripheral blood mononuclear cells during postprandial period. Two virgin olive oil-based breakfasts with high (398 ppm) and low (70 ppm) content of phenolic compounds were administered to 20 patients suffering from metabolic syndrome following a double-blinded, randomized, crossover design. To eliminate the potential effect that might exist in their usual dietary habits, all subjects followed a similar low-fat, carbohydrate rich diet during the study period. Microarray analysis identified 98 differentially expressed genes (79 underexpressed and 19 overexpressed) when comparing the intake of phenol-rich olive oil with low-phenol olive oil. Many of these genes seem linked to obesity, dyslipemia and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Among these, several genes seem involved in inflammatory processes mediated by transcription factor NF-kappaB, activator protein-1 transcription factor complex AP-1, cytokines, mitogen-activated protein kinases MAPKs or arachidonic acid pathways.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows that intake of virgin olive oil based breakfast, which is rich in phenol compounds is able to repress in vivo expression of several pro-inflammatory genes, thereby switching activity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells to a less deleterious inflammatory profile. These results provide at least a partial molecular basis for reduced risk of cardiovascular disease observed in Mediterranean countries, where virgin olive oil represents a main source of dietary fat. Admittedly, other lifestyle factors are also likely to contribute to lowered risk of cardiovascular disease in this region.
authors.affiliation: IMIBIC (Instituto Maimonides de Investigacion Biomedica de Cordoba), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Spain.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Camargo
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ruano
authors.forename: Juan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Fernandez
authors.forename: Laurence D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Parnell
authors.forename: Anabel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jimenez
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Santos-Gonzalez
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Marin
authors.forename: Pablo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Perez-Martinez
authors.forename: Marino
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Uceda
authors.forename: Jose
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lopez-Miranda
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Perez-Jimenez
mesh_terms: D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D053263:Gene Regulatory Networks; D006801:Humans; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D053858:Metabolic Networks and Pathways; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D000069463:Olive Oil; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019518:Postprandial Period
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats; D000069463:Olive Oil; D010636:Phenols; D010938:Plant Oils
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 2009 Jan;89(1):248-56
references.pmid: 19056596
references.citation: Circulation. 2003 Jan 28;107(3):391-7
references.pmid: 12551861
references.citation: J Nutr. 2004 May;134(5):1039-44
references.pmid: 15113942
references.citation: Metabolism. 2008 Feb;57(2):192-9
references.pmid: 18191048
references.citation: JAMA. 2004 Sep 22;292(12):1440-6
references.pmid: 15383514
references.citation: OMICS. 2009 Feb;13(1):7-19
references.pmid: 19290808
references.citation: Mol Genet Metab. 2007 Apr;90(4):422-8
references.pmid: 17123852
references.citation: J Cell Biochem. 2009 Mar 1;106(4):729-37
references.pmid: 19173302
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 2007 Aug;86(2):341-6
references.pmid: 17684203
references.citation: Endocrinology. 2004 Dec;145(12):5847-61
references.pmid: 15331573
references.citation: J Nutr. 2005 Oct;135(10):2291-4
references.pmid: 16177184
references.citation: Nutr Rev. 2005 Sep;63(9):312-4
references.pmid: 16220642
references.citation: J Nutr. 2008 Jun;138(6):1074-8
references.pmid: 18492836
references.citation: Nature. 2005 Oct 13;437(7061):1032-7
references.pmid: 16136080
references.citation: J Biochem. 2006 Sep;140(3):383-91
references.pmid: 16873395
references.citation: Clin Sci (Lond). 2009 Feb;116(3):241-8
references.pmid: 18643775
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Dec;80(6):1487-91
references.pmid: 15585759
references.citation: J Lipid Res. 2008 Sep;49(9):1894-903
references.pmid: 18503031
references.citation: Arthritis Res Ther. 2008;10(1):201
references.pmid: 18226189
references.citation: J Immunol. 2006 Dec 1;177(11):7497-504
references.pmid: 17114416
references.citation: Ann Clin Biochem. 1981 May;18(Pt 3):177-81
references.pmid: 7283369
references.citation: J Am Coll Cardiol. 1994 Nov 15;24(6):1468-74
references.pmid: 7930277
references.citation: Nature. 2008 Mar 27;452(7186):429-35
references.pmid: 18344982
references.citation: J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005 Nov 15;46(10):1864-8
references.pmid: 16286173
references.citation: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006 Jan;91(1):295-9
references.pmid: 16234302
references.citation: Circulation. 2004 Sep 21;110(12):1564-71
references.pmid: 15364812
references.citation: Nutrition. 2009 May;25(5):548-54
references.pmid: 19195840
references.citation: Atherosclerosis. 2007 Jan;190(1):181-6
references.pmid: 16488419
references.citation: Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2001 Nov;3(6):462-70
references.pmid: 11602066
references.citation: Eur J Clin Invest. 2005 Jul;35(7):421-4
references.pmid: 16008542
references.citation: Clin Chem. 1972 Jun;18(6):499-502
references.pmid: 4337382
references.citation: Circulation. 2002 Feb 19;105(7):804-9
references.pmid: 11854119
references.citation: Clin Chem. 1973 May;19(5):476-82
references.pmid: 4703655
references.citation: Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2009 Jun;379(6):581-6
references.pmid: 19198806
references.citation: Ann Intern Med. 2006 Sep 5;145(5):333-41
references.pmid: 16954359
references.citation: Blood. 2007 May 1;109(9):3998-4005
references.pmid: 17227832
references.citation: J Nutr. 2003 Nov;133(11 Suppl 1):3805S-3810S
references.pmid: 14608118
references.citation: Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2007 Nov;10(6):724-8
references.pmid: 18089954
references.citation: Clin Chem. 1974 Apr;20(4):470-5
references.pmid: 4818200
references.citation: Curr Opin Lipidol. 2009 Feb;20(1):39-44
references.pmid: 19133410
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2009 Feb 13;284(7):4073-89
references.pmid: 19088076
references.citation: Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2005 Feb;15(1):13-23
references.pmid: 15871846
references.citation: Atherosclerosis. 2007 Oct;194(2):e141-6
references.pmid: 17204269
references.citation: Curr Opin Cardiol. 2006 May;21(3):185-93
references.pmid: 16601455
references.citation: Atherosclerosis. 2004 Nov;177(1):175-82
references.pmid: 15488881
references.citation: Circulation. 2005 Apr 19;111(15):1938-45
references.pmid: 15837947
references.citation: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007 Sep;92(9):3705-11
references.pmid: 17595242
references.citation: Circulation. 2009 Mar 10;119(9):1284-92
references.pmid: 19237660
references.citation: Br J Nutr. 2007 Apr;97(4):628-38
references.pmid: 17349074
references.citation: Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2003 Nov;2(11):879-90
references.pmid: 14668809
references.citation: Mol Nutr Food Res. 2007 Oct;51(10):1199-208
references.pmid: 17879991