title: Bioeffects of mobile telephony radiation in relation to its intensity or distance from the antenna.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the bioactivity of GSM 900 and 1800 (Global System for Mobile Telecommunications) radiations, in relation to the distance from the antenna or to the radiation-field intensities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Drosophila melanogaster adult insects were exposed to the radiation of a GSM 900/1800 mobile phone antenna at different distances ranging from 0 to 100 cm, and the effect on their reproductive capacity and cell death induction in the gonads by the use of TUNEL (Terminal deoxynucleotide transferase dUTP Nick End Labeling) assay, was studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  These radiations/fields decreased the reproductive capacity by cell death induction, at all the different distances tested. The effect diminished with the distance/decreasing intensities. An increased bioactivity 'window' was revealed at distances of 20-30 cm from the mobile phone antenna, (radiation intensity around 10 microW/cm(2)) where the effect became highest, in relation to smaller or longer distances. The effect diminished considerably for distances longer than 40-50 cm and became not evident for distances longer than 1 m or radiation intensities smaller than 1 microW/cm(2).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  GSM bioactivity is highest for intensities down to less than 10 microW/cm(2) and still evident until 1 microW/cm(2) exhibiting 'window' effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Athens, Athens, Greece. dpanagop@biol.uoa.gr
authors.forename: Dimitris J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Panagopoulos
authors.forename: Evangelia D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Chavdoula
authors.forename: Lukas H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Margaritis
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016923:Cell Death / Q000528:radiation effects; D040421:Cell Phone; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D004331:Drosophila melanogaster / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D004574:Electromagnetic Fields / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D006066:Gonads / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000528:radiation effects; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D008297:Male; D011846:Radio Waves / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012098:Reproduction / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects