title: Assessment of melamine contamination in crop, soil and water in China and risks of melamine accumulation in animal tissues and products.
abstract: The scandal of melamine-adulterated infant formula in China in September 2008 demanded the need to assess the extent of melamine contamination in the environment and food products and possible risks of consuming melamine-contaminated diets. In this work, our extensive work tested water, soil and crop samples from 21 provinces in China. Soils nearby and waste waters from melamine-manufacturing factories were examined, and the highest melamine concentrations in waste water and soil samples were 226.766 and 41.136 mg/kg, respectively. Six of 94 irrigation water samples had melamine at a concentration of 21-198 microg/L. Only 1 sample collected from 124 farmlands farther than 150 km from melamine factories was detected for melamine at a content of 176 microg/L. Only 3 out of 557 crop samples contaminated more than 1mg/kg melamine, with the highest level of 2.05 mg/kg in a wheat sample. When basal diets contained 2mg/kg melamine were fed to various animals, deposition of melamine in animal tissues and products was all lower than 122 microg/kg. The melamine deposition was much higher (e.g., 4483 microg/kg in the kidney of chicken) when diets contained 100 mg/kg melamine but was found to be completely depleted after 96 h for all animals after switching to the basal diets. Our work may be valuable to regulate melamine production and monitor the safety of food and animal products.
authors.affiliation: Feed Safety Reference Laboratory of Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China. lewinecn@gmail.com
authors.forename: Yuchang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Qin
authors.forename: Xiaowen
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Lv
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Guanghai
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Qi
authors.forename: Qiyu
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Diao
authors.forename: Guohua
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Xue
authors.forename: Jiaqi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Jianming
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tong
authors.forename: Liying
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Keying
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000825:Animal Structures / Q000737:chemistry*; D000818:Animals; D002645:Chickens; D002681:China; D018556:Crops, Agricultural / Q000737:chemistry*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D008461:Meat Products / Q000032:analysis; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012987:Soil / Q000032:analysis*; D014227:Triazines / Q000032:analysis*; D014867:Water / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D012987:Soil; D014227:Triazines; D014867:Water; C011907:melamine