Human endothelial dysfunction: EDRFs.
Since the detection of nitric oxide two and a half decades ago, there has been an incredible boost in endothelial function research, which is fascinating the research community. Physiologically, endothelial cells synthesize a number of vasoactive substances. In particular, several endothelium-derived relaxing factors (EDRFs) have been characterized, whereby nitric oxide is the most important. In humans, endothelial dysfunction is one of the first clinically detectable alterations in the development of atherosclerosis and is characterized by an imbalance in the release of vasoactive substances. Thus, it is the aim of this article to give an overview about endothelial function in humans, to summarize the different possibilities to assess endothelial function in this species, and to give an overview of the role of EDRFs in different cardiovascular diseases.
Flammer
Andreas J
AJ
Cardiovascular Center, Cardiology University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
Lüscher
Thomas F
TF
D000109:Acetylcholine / Q000494:pharmacology; D001685:Biological Factors / Q000502:physiology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000502:physiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D045462:Endothelium-Dependent Relaxing Factors / Q000502:physiology*; D011464:Epoprostenol / Q000502:physiology; D005542:Forearm / Q000098:blood supply; D006801:Humans; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000502:physiology; D010991:Plethysmography; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D014664:Vasodilation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000494:pharmacology
D001685:Biological Factors; D045462:Endothelium-Dependent Relaxing Factors; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; C067410:endothelium-dependent hyperpolarization factor; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D011464:Epoprostenol; D000109:Acetylcholine
J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1996 Nov;28(5):703-11
8945685
J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995 Nov 1;26(5):1235-41
7594037
Nat Med. 2000 Jun;6(6):606
10835649
Arch Biochem Biophys. 1995 Jun 1;319(2):491-7
7786032
Nature. 1998 Nov 19;396(6708):269-72
9834033
Hypertension. 1992 Aug;20(2):175-80
1639458
Clin Sci (Lond). 1999 Aug;97(2):141-7
10409468
J Clin Invest. 1996 Jun 1;97(11):2601-10
8647954
Hypertension. 1994 Feb;23(2):229-35
8307634
J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002 Jan 16;39(2):257-65
11788217
J Am Coll Cardiol. 1993 Apr;21(5):1145-51
8459069
Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2001 Jul;281(1):R246-53
11404300
Hypertension. 1994 Apr;23(4):485-90
8144217
Clin Sci (Lond). 1998 Jun;94(6):601-7
9854457
J Hypertens. 2005 Jan;23(1):7-17
15643116
N Engl J Med. 1990 Jul 5;323(1):22-7
2355955
Circ Res. 2002 Apr 19;90(7):800-6
11964373
Circulation. 2003 Oct 28;108(17):2093-8
14530195
Nature. 1976 Oct 21;263(5579):663-5
802670
J Hypertens. 1998 Dec;16(12 Pt 2):2079-84
9886900
Circ Res. 1990 Aug;67(2):529-34
2115825
Circulation. 1993 Nov;88(5 Pt 1):2149-55
8222109
Circulation. 2002 Mar 26;105(12):1399-402
11914243
Circulation. 2000 Apr 25;101(16):1899-906
10779454
J Hypertens. 2003 Sep;21(9):1663-7
12923398
J Am Coll Cardiol. 1994 Jun;23(7):1610-6
7515084
Annu Rev Physiol. 1986;48:693-702
3010831
Hypertension. 2007 Mar;49(3):590-6
17200437
Pharmacol Res. 2004 Jun;49(6):551-64
15026033
Nature. 1994 Apr 28;368(6474):850-3
7512692
Mt Sinai J Med. 2005 Mar;72(2):71-80
15770336
Circulation. 1990 Jun;81(6):1762-7
2344673
Diabetes. 1993 Jan;42(1):148-53
8420811
Circulation. 2002 Oct 22;106(17):2184-7
12390945
Lancet. 1992 Nov 7;340(8828):1111-5
1359209
JAMA. 2008 Aug 20;300(7):795-804
18714059
Hypertension. 1997 Oct;30(4):817-24
9336378
Circulation. 1996 Sep 15;94(6):1276-82
8822980
Circulation. 1998 Jun 9;97(22):2222-9
9631871
Circulation. 1999 Mar 23;99(11):1411-5
10086962
Heart. 2008 Apr;94(4):487-92
17916662
J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003 Mar 19;41(6):938-45
12651037
Circulation. 1995 Sep 1;92(5):1094-100
7648652
J Exp Med. 2000 Dec 18;192(12):1731-44
11120770
Hypertension. 1997 Mar;29(3):736-43
9052889
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1998 Dec;18(12):1922-6
9848885
J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1992;20 Suppl 12:S193-5
1282967
Circulation. 1995 Mar 1;91(5):1314-9
7867167
J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2006;47 Suppl 2:S136-50; discussion S172-6
16794451
J Hypertens. 2005 Feb;23(2):233-46
15662207
Circulation. 1993 May;87(5):1475-81
8491002
Heart. 2009 Mar;95(5):385-90
18653575
Circulation. 2002 Aug 6;106(6):653-8
12163423
J Clin Invest. 1997 Jan 1;99(1):41-6
9011574
Br J Pharmacol. 1987 Sep;92(1):181-7
3311265
Hypertension. 1994 Oct;24(4):499-505
8088918
Circulation. 2000 Jun 27;101(25):2896-901
10869260
J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2000 Feb;35(2):173-8
10672847
J Biol Chem. 2002 May 17;277(20):17950-61
11880364
Nature. 1988 Jun 16;333(6174):664-6
3131684
Am J Cardiol. 2000 Jul 15;86(2):207-10
10913483
Circulation. 1989 Jan;79(1):93-100
2910548
Hypertension. 1995 Feb;25(2):201-6
7531175
J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002 Sep 18;40(6):1051-58
12354427
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2007 Sep;293(3):H1682-8
17557917
Circulation. 2003 Jun 10;107(22):2805-9
12771004
Circulation. 1995 Apr 1;91(7):1981-7
7895356
Biochem J. 1980 Nov 1;191(2):421-7
6263247
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2004 Mar;24(3):413-20
14656731
J Hypertens. 1992 Sep;10(9):1025-31
1328361
Circ Res. 2008 Jan 4;102(1):59-67
17975109
Br J Pharmacol. 1996 Oct;119(3):471-8
8894166
Circ Res. 2006 Sep 1;99(5):e12-7
16917094
Am J Physiol. 1986 May;250(5 Pt 2):H822-7
3010744
Nature. 1980 Nov 27;288(5789):373-6
6253831
Circulation. 1993 Jan;87(1):86-93
8419028
Hypertension. 1996 Jan;27(1):32-5
8591884
Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2003 Nov;81(11):1013-28
14719036
Science. 1992 Dec 18;258(5090):1898-902
1281928
Am Heart J. 2003 Jul;146(1):168-74
12851627
Circulation. 2000 Sep 12;102(11):1233-8
10982536
Nature. 1987 Jun 11-17;327(6122):524-6
3495737
Am J Physiol. 1993 Mar;264(3 Pt 2):H859-64
8456988
Circulation. 2000 Mar 7;101(9):948-54
10704159
Hypertension. 1995 Aug;26(2):327-31
7635543
Circulation. 2001 Nov 27;104(22):2673-8
11723017
J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006 Aug 1;48(3):508-15
16875977
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2006 Jun;26(6):1215-25
16543495
Circ Res. 1997 Nov;81(5):797-803
9351451
Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1994 Nov 30;205(1):765-71
7999110
Circulation. 1999 Sep 28;100(13):1400-5
10500040
Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1988 Jun 30;153(3):1251-6
3390182
J Clin Invest. 1992 Dec;90(6):2548-54
1469103
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2003 Mar 1;23(3):495-501
12615687
Am J Physiol. 1986 Jun;250(6 Pt 2):H1145-9
3487253
Circulation. 1993 May;87(5):1468-74
8491001
Circulation. 2008 Apr 29;117(17):2262-9
18427133
Hypertension. 1989 Jun;13(6 Pt 2):859-64
2567706
Br J Pharmacol. 1997 Jul;121(5):927-34
9222549
Br J Pharmacol. 2004 Mar;141(6):881-903
15028638
Circulation. 2007 Nov 20;116(21):2376-82
17984375
Am J Physiol. 1989 Jul;257(1 Pt 2):H33-7
2546450
Fundam Clin Pharmacol. 2008 Aug;22(4):363-77
18705747
Arch Intern Med. 2007 Aug 13-27;167(15):1610-8
17698683
Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 1997 Aug;75(8):1034-7
9360020
Circulation. 2002 Apr 2;105(13):1567-72
11927524
Hypertension. 1986 Jan;8(1):37-44
3080370
Lancet. 1989 Oct 28;2(8670):997-1000
2572793
J Clin Invest. 1996 Aug 15;98(4):899-905
8770860
N Engl J Med. 1996 Jan 18;334(3):150-4
8531969
Br J Pharmacol. 1988 Dec;95(4):1197-203
3064855
Br J Pharmacol. 1992 Feb;105(2):485-9
1373103
Circulation. 2009 Mar 17;119(10):1433-41
19289648
Circulation. 1993 Dec;88(6):2541-7
8252665
N Engl J Med. 1986 Oct 23;315(17):1046-51
3093861
Circulation. 2003 Feb 25;107(7):1017-23
12600916