Emergent infectious uveitis.
Infectious causes should always be considered in all patients with uveitis and it should be ruled out first. The differential diagnosis includes multiple well-known diseases including herpes, syphilis, toxoplasmosis, tuberculosis, bartonellosis, Lyme disease, and others. However, clinicians should be aware of emerging infectious agents as potential causes of systemic illness and also intraocular inflammation. Air travel, immigration, and globalization of business have overturned traditional pattern of geographic distribution of infectious diseases, and therefore one should work locally but think globally, though it is not possible always. This review recapitulates the systemic and ocular mainfestations of several emergent infectious diseases relevant to the ophthalmologist including Rickettsioses, West Nile virus infection, Rift valley fever, dengue fever, and chikungunya. Retinitis, chorioretinitis, retinal vasculitis, and optic nerve involvement have been associated with these emergent infectious diseases. The diagnosis of any of these infections is usually based on pattern of uveitis, systemic symptoms and signs, and specific epidemiological data and confirmed by detection of specific antibody in serum. A systematic ocular examination, showing fairly typical fundus findings, may help in establishing an early clinical diagnosis, which allows prompt, appropriate management.
Khairallah
Moncef
M
Department of Ophthalmology, Fattouma Bourguiba University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Monastir, Tunisiati.
Jelliti
Bechir
B
Jenzeri
Salah
S
S Afr Med J. 1979 Jul 28;56(4):130-2
494034
Ophthalmology. 2007 Sep;114(9):1743-7
17561258
J Virol Methods. 2005 Mar;124(1-2):65-71
15664052
Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2007 Nov-Dec;15(6):435-9
18085487
Clin Infect Dis. 2007 Jun 1;44(11):1401-7
17479933
Scand J Infect Dis. 1997;29(6):632-3
9571749
J Med Virol. 2002 Jul;67(3):370-4
12116030
Bull Soc Ophtalmol Fr. 1964 Apr;64:410-5
14295574
N Engl J Med. 2002 Jul 4;347(1):2-3
12097533
Lancet. 2002 Oct 5;360(9339):1070
12383989
Ann Saudi Med. 1997 May;17(3):377-80
17369748
Can J Ophthalmol. 2006 Dec;41(6):741-6
17224957
Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales. 1971 Jan-Feb;64(1):22-30
5109175
Ophthalmologica. 1987;195(1):31-7
3658334
Retina. 2003 Aug;23(4):576-8
12972783
Indian J Med Res. 1964 Jul;52:676-83
14195507
Semin Pediatr Infect Dis. 2006 Apr;17(2):99-104
16822471
Gaoxiong Yi Xue Ke Xue Za Zhi. 1989 Jan;5(1):24-30
2733064
J Assoc Physicians India. 2005 Jul;53:656-7
16190143
Ann Intern Med. 2002 Aug 6;137(3):173-9
12160365
Ophthalmology. 2003 Sep;110(9):1732-6
13129870
Emerg Infect Dis. 2005 May;11(5):770-2
15890137
PLoS Med. 2006 Jul;3(7):e263
16700631
J Vet Med B Infect Dis Vet Public Health. 2002 Feb;49(1):49-54
11911593
Am J Ophthalmol. 2007 Oct;144(4):552-6
17692276
Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2006 Mar 24;81(12):106-8
16673456
J Infect Dis. 2000 Oct;182(4):1214-7
10979920
Ann Intern Med. 2004 Apr 6;140(7):545-53
15068983
Eye (Lond). 2007 Jul;21(7):952-5
16628235
Lancet Infect Dis. 2007 May;7(5):319-27
17448935
Bull Soc Ophtalmol Fr. 1986 Mar;86(3):429-31
3802360
Indian J Med Res. 2006 Nov;124(5):471-4
17213512
S Afr Med J. 1951 Nov 3;25(44):797-800
14892917
Ophthalmology. 2004 Mar;111(3):529-34
15019331
Retina. 2003 Feb;23(1):100-1
12652240
Arch Ophthalmol. 2005 Dec;123(12):1754-6
16344453
Am J Ophthalmol. 2003 Nov;136(5):928-30
14597052
Surv Ophthalmol. 2005 Jan-Feb;50(1):3-13
15621074
Bull Soc Ophtalmol Fr. 1973 Feb;73(2):355-8
4794441
Br J Ophthalmol. 2009 Jul;93(7):938-42
19414440
Can J Ophthalmol. 2005 Dec;40(6):721-4
16391636
Arch Ophthalmol. 2003 Nov;121(11):1648-9
14609930
Mayo Clin Proc. 2006 Jan;81(1):12-6
16438473
J Gen Virol. 2007 Jul;88(Pt 7):1967-1976
17554030
Arch Ophthalmol. 2007 Apr;125(4):501-10
17420370
J Virol. 2005 Nov;79(21):13350-61
16227257
Br J Ophthalmol. 1980 May;64(5):366-74
7192158
Am J Ophthalmol. 1969 Feb;67(2):263-7
4974502
Am J Ophthalmol. 1969 Jul;68(1):42-6
5793664
Am J Ophthalmol. 2003 Oct;136(4):733-5
14516816
Clin Infect Dis. 2007 Jul 1;45(1):e1-4
17554689
Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 1998 Feb;76(1):121-2
9541451
Br J Ophthalmol. 1998 Oct;82(10):1217-8
9924316
J Infect Dis. 1988 Nov;158(5):1139-40
3183425
Ophthalmology. 2006 Sep;113(9):1539-46
16860390
Am J Ophthalmol. 2003 Dec;136(6):1183-5
14644244
Semin Ophthalmol. 2007 Apr-Jun;22(2):81-4
17564926
Ann Ophthalmol. 1987 Aug;19(8):301-3, 306
3662314
Euro Surveill. 2006 Feb 02;11(2):E060202.1
16804201
J Neuroophthalmol. 2005 Sep;25(3):212-4
16148631
Int Ophthalmol. 1997;21(3):121-6
9587827
J Neuroophthalmol. 2003 Dec;23(4):276-8
14663310
Clin Infect Dis. 2004 Apr 1;38(7):e55-6
15034847
Br J Ophthalmol. 2004 Dec;88(12):1599-60
15548822
Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2004 Dec;12(4):323-7
15621872
Ophthalmologe. 2000 Jun;97(6):433-6
10916388
Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1979;73(6):630-3
575446
Presse Med. 2001 May 5-12;30(17):859
11402941
J Gen Virol. 1979 Feb;42(2):329-37
422955
Jpn J Ophthalmol. 2001 Jan-Feb;45(1):108-10
11163055
Indian J Med Res. 1965 Aug;53(8):694-701
5830403
N Engl J Med. 2001 Jun 14;344(24):1807-14
11407341
Medicine (Baltimore). 2007 May;86(3):123-137
17505252
Arch Intern Med. 2002 Mar 11;162(5):606-7
11871932
Ophthalmology. 2004 Nov;111(11):2057-64
15522372
Arch Ophthalmol. 2003 Feb;121(2):205-7
12583786
Presse Med. 1988 Mar 12;17(9):439-40
2966390
J Clin Microbiol. 2001 Dec;39(12):4456-61
11724861
Neurology. 2007 Nov 27;69(22):2105-7
18040016
Ophthalmology. 2007 Sep;114(9):1798
17822999
Trop Biomed. 2005 Dec;22(2):149-54
16883281
Euro Surveill. 2006 Feb 02;11(2):E060202.3
16804203
J Rheumatol. 1980 Mar-Apr;7(2):231-6
7373626
Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1969 Nov;18(6):954-71
5355242
Indian J Med Microbiol. 2006 Apr;24(2):83-4
16687855
Indian J Med Res. 1964 Jul;52:684-91
14195508
Arch Ophthalmol. 2007 Oct;125(10):1381-6
17923547
Retina. 2003 Feb;23(1):97-9
12652239
Infection. 2003 Jan;31(1):55-6
12590335
Rev Sci Tech. 1996 Sep;15(3):923-35
9025142
Ophthalmology. 2008 Feb;115(2):287-91
17631967
Natl Med J India. 2006 Nov-Dec;19(6):315-22
17343016
Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging. 2006 May-Jun;37(3):240-2
16749263
Ophthalmology. 2005 Feb;112(2):313-8
15691569
J Indian Med Assoc. 1965 Sep 16;45(6):314-6
5832545
Indian J Med Res. 1965 Aug;53(8):729-44
5830407
Retina. 2001;21(5):535-7
11642389
Am J Ophthalmol. 1977 Aug;84(2):259-62
888895
Eye (Lond). 2007 Jul;21(7):1020-1
17479113
Ophthalmology. 2004 Nov;111(11):2065-70
15522373
Euro Surveill. 2007 Sep 06;12(9):E070906.1
17900424
Emerg Infect Dis. 2006 Feb;12(2):285-9
16494756
Indian J Med Microbiol. 2008 Jan-Mar;26(1):5-12
18227590