title: Enhanced protection by melatonin and meloxicam combination in experimental infection by Trypanosoma cruzi.
abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate a possible synergism between melatonin and meloxicam in up-regulating the immune response in male Wistar rats infected with Trypanosoma cruzi during immunosuppression phenomenon, which characterizes the acute phase of the Chagas' disease. Male Wistar rats were infected with the Y strain of T. cruzi. Experiments were performed on 7, 14 and 21 days post-infection. Several immunological parameters were evaluated including gamma-interferon (IFN-gamma), interleukin-2 (IL-2), nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)). The combined treatment with melatonin and meloxicam significantly enhanced the release of IL-2 and INF-gamma into animals' serum, when compared with the infected control groups during the course of infection. Furthermore, the blockade of PGE(2) synthesis and the increased release of NO by macrophage cells from T. cruzi-infected animals contributed to regulate the production of Th1 subset cytokines significantly reducing the parasitaemia in animals treated with the combination of both substances. Therefore, our results suggest that the association of melatonin and meloxicam was more effective in protecting animals against the harmful actions of T. cruzi infection as compared with the treatments of meloxicam or melatonin alone.
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Parasitologia, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto FCFRP-USP, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil.
authors.forename: L G R
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Kuehn
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.forename: M P A
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Toldo
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: do Prado
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D014355:Chagas Disease / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology*; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000378:metabolism; D004357:Drug Synergism; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000097:blood; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000097:blood; D008264:Macrophages / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008550:Melatonin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000077239:Meloxicam; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013843:Thiazines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014349:Trypanosoma cruzi / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D007155:Immunologic Factors; D007376:Interleukin-2; D013843:Thiazines; D013844:Thiazoles; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D008550:Melatonin; D015232:Dinoprostone; D000077239:Meloxicam