title: The effect of CXCL12 processing on CD34+ cell migration in myeloproliferative neoplasms.
abstract: Primary myelofibrosis (PMF) and polycythemia vera (PV) are chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms. PMF and, to a lesser degree, PV are characterized by constitutive mobilization of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) and progenitor cells (HPC) into the peripheral blood (PB). The interaction between the chemokine CXCL12 and its receptor CXCR4 plays a pivotal role in determining the trafficking of CD34(+) cells between the bone marrow (BM) and the PB. PMF, but not PV, is associated with downregulation of CXCR4 by CD34(+) cells due to epigenetic events. Both PV and PMF patients have elevated levels of immunoreactive forms of CXCL12 in the BM and PB. Using electrospray mass spectrometry, the PB and BM plasma of PV and PMF patients was shown to contain reduced amounts of intact CXCL12 but significant amounts of several truncated forms of CXCL12, which are lacking in normal PB and BM plasma. These truncated forms of CXCL12 are the product of the action of several serine proteases, including dipeptidyl peptidase-IV, neutrophil elastase, matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), MMP-9, and cathepsin G. Unlike CXCL12, these truncates either lack the ability to act as a chemoattractant for CD34(+) cells and/or act as an antagonist to the action of CXCL12. These data suggest that proteolytic degradation of CXCL12 is characteristic of both PV and PMF and that the resulting truncated forms of CXCL12, in addition to the reduced expression of CXCR4 by CD34(+) cells, lead to a profound mobilization of HSC/HPC in PMF.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Tisch Cancer Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029-6574, USA.
authors.forename: Sool Yeon
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: Mingjiang
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Roboz
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mascarenhas
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hoffman
mesh_terms: D018952:Antigens, CD34 / Q000378:metabolism*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D056649:Cathepsin G / Q000378:metabolism; D002465:Cell Movement; D054377:Chemokine CXCL12 / Q000378:metabolism*; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic; D006801:Humans; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000378:metabolism; D008954:Models, Biological; D011087:Polycythemia Vera / Q000378:metabolism; D055728:Primary Myelofibrosis / Q000378:metabolism; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000737:chemistry; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D018952:Antigens, CD34; D054377:Chemokine CXCL12; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D056649:Cathepsin G; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9