title: Real-time PCR expression profiling of genes encoding potential virulence factors in Candida albicans biofilms: identification of model-dependent and -independent gene expression.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Candida albicans infections are often associated with biofilm formation. Previous work demonstrated that the expression of HWP1 (hyphal wall protein) and of genes belonging to the ALS (agglutinin-like sequence), SAP (secreted aspartyl protease), PLB (phospholipase B) and LIP (lipase) gene families is associated with biofilm growth on mucosal surfaces. We investigated using real-time PCR whether genes encoding potential virulence factors are also highly expressed in biofilms associated with abiotic surfaces. For this, C. albicans biofilms were grown on silicone in microtiter plates (MTP) or in the Centres for Disease Control (CDC) reactor, on polyurethane in an in vivo subcutaneous catheter rat (SCR) model, and on mucosal surfaces in the reconstituted human epithelium (RHE) model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HWP1 and genes belonging to the ALS, SAP, PLB and LIP gene families were constitutively expressed in C. albicans biofilms. ALS1-5 were upregulated in all model systems, while ALS9 was mostly downregulated. ALS6 and HWP1 were overexpressed in all models except in the RHE and MTP, respectively. The expression levels of SAP1 were more pronounced in both in vitro models, while those of SAP2, SAP4 and SAP6 were higher in the in vivo model. Furthermore, SAP5 was highly upregulated in the in vivo and RHE models. For SAP9 and SAP10 similar gene expression levels were observed in all model systems. PLB genes were not considerably upregulated in biofilms, while LIP1-3, LIP5-7 and LIP9-10 were highly overexpressed in both in vitro models. Furthermore, an elevated lipase activity was detected in supernatans of biofilms grown in the MTP and RHE model.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings show that HWP1 and most of the genes belonging to the ALS, SAP and LIP gene families are upregulated in C. albicans biofilms. Comparison of the fold expression between the various model systems revealed similar expression levels for some genes, while for others model-dependent expression levels were observed. This suggests that data obtained in one biofilm model cannot be extrapolated to other model systems. Therefore, the need to use multiple model systems when studying the expression of genes encoding potential virulence factors in C. albicans biofilms is highlighted.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Universiteit Gent, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Heleen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nailis
authors.forename: Sona
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kucharíková
authors.forename: Markéta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ricicová
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Van Dijck
authors.forename: Dieter
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Deforce
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nelis
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Coenye
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018441:Biofilms / Q000254:growth & development*; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D002404:Catheterization; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000382:microbiology; D004864:Equipment and Supplies / Q000382:microbiology; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D015966:Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal; D006801:Humans; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D037521:Virulence Factors / Q000096:biosynthesis*
chemical_list: D005656:Fungal Proteins; D037521:Virulence Factors
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