title: Imaging and histological features of central subchondral osteophytes in racehorses with metacarpophalangeal joint osteoarthritis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Marginal osteophytes represent a well known component of osteoarthritis in man and animals. Conversely, central subchondral osteophytes (COs), which are commonly present in human knees with osteoarthritis, have not been reported in horses.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe and compare computed radiography (CR), single-slice computed tomography (CT), 1.5 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and histological features of COs in equine metacarpophalangeal joints with macroscopic evidence of naturally-occurring osteoarthritis.
  
  
  METHODS
  MRI sequences (sagittal spoiled gradient recalled echo [SPGR] with fat saturation, sagittal T2-weighted fast spin echo with fat saturation [T2-FS], dorsal and transverse T1-weighted gradient-recalled echo [GRE], and sagittal T2*-weighted gradient echo with fast imaging employing steady state acquisition [FIESTA]), as well as transverse and reformatted sagittal CTI and 4 computed radiographic (CR) views of 20 paired metacarpophalangeal joints were acquired ex vivo. Following macroscopic evaluation, samples were harvested in predetermined sites of the metacarpal condyle for subsequent histology. The prevalence and detection level of COs was determined for each imaging modality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Abnormalities consistent with COs were clearly depicted on MRI, using the SPGR sequence, in 7/20 (35%) joints. They were identified as a focal hypointense protuberance from the subchondral plate into the cartilage, at the palmarodistal aspect (n=7) and/or at the very dorsal aspect (n=2) of the metacarpal condyle. COs were visible but less obvious in 5 of the 7 joints using FIESTA and reformatted sagittal CT, and were not identifiable on T2-FS, T1-GRE or CR. Microscopically, they consisted of dense bone protruding into the calcified cartilage and disrupting the tidemarks, and they were consistently associated with overlying cartilage defects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Subchondral osteophytes are a feature of osteoarthritis of equine metacarpophalangeal joints and they may be diagnosed using 1.5 Tesla MRI and CT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Central subchondral osteophytes on MRI represent indirect evidence of cartilage damage in horses.
authors.affiliation: Département de biomédecine vétérinaire, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada J25 7C6.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Olive
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: D'Anjou
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Girard
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Laverty
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Theoret
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002102:Cadaver; D005552:Forelimb / Q000473:pathology*; D006734:Horse Diseases / Q000473:pathology*; D006736:Horses; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000662:veterinary*; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D054850:Osteophyte / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*