title: Activated protein C-protein C inhibitor complex in peripheral arterial disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Thrombin activation measured by the levels of the complex between activated protein C (APC) and the protein C inhibitor (PCI) is elevated in several atherosclerotic disorders. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether levels of the APC-PCI complex are related to the prognosis in peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Longitudinal study performed at the Vascular Centre, Malmö University Hospital, Sweden.
  
  
  METHODS
  APC-PCI complex levels were analyzed in 268 consecutive patients hospitalized for PAD and in 42 healthy controls (median age, 74 years). Patients (n = 35) with warfarin treatment less than 4 weeks before APC-PCI sampling were excluded from analysis. Data-based medical records of all 233 remaining patients (median age, 72 [64-79] years) were searched for vascular events such as hospitalization because of atherosclerotic disease, operative or endovascular recanalization of peripheral arteries, transtibial or transfemoral amputation because of PAD, acute coronary syndrome, stroke, or death.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median duration of follow-up was 16 months (interquartile range, 12-23 months). APC-PCI complex levels were higher in PAD patients than in controls (0.240 [0.180-0.320] microg/L vs. 0.140 [0.190-0.220] microg/L; p < 0.0001) but not associated with an increased risk for death (p = 0.2054) or events during follow-up (p = 0.2850). Independent predictors of future events were low b-hemoglobin (p = 0.0084), high b-leukocytes (p = 0.0034), and history of a previous vascular event (p = 0.0032). Age (p = 0.0286), high p-creatinine (p = 0.0165), and history of a previous event (p = 0.0311) were independent predictors of death.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  APC-PCI complex levels were higher in PAD patients than in controls, but did not predict the clinical outcome. The effect of a possible prethrombotic state, as reflected in increased APC-PCI levels, on prognosis and severity of atherosclerotic disease has to be further investigated.
authors.affiliation: Vascular Centre, Malmö University Hospital, University of Lund, Malmö, Sweden.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Blomstrand
authors.forename: Tilo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kölbel
authors.forename: Bengt
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lindblad
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gottsäter
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001777:Blood Coagulation; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization; D006785:Hospitals, University; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016491:Peripheral Vascular Diseases / Q000097:blood* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D011486:Protein C / Q000378:metabolism*; D018046:Protein C Inhibitor / Q000097:blood*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D013548:Sweden; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D011486:Protein C; D018046:Protein C Inhibitor; C534934:SERPINA5 protein, human