title: Metal-Containing Polystyrene Beads as Standards for Mass Cytometry.
abstract: We examine the suitability of metal-containing polystyrene beads for the calibration of a mass cytometer instrument, a single particle analyser based on an inductively coupled plasma ion source and a time of flight mass spectrometer. These metal-containing beads are also verified for their use as internal standards for this instrument. These beads were synthesized by multiple-stage dispersion polymerization with acrylic acid as a comonomer. Acrylic acid acts as a ligand to anchor the metal ions within the interior of the beads. Mass cytometry enabled the bead-by-bead measurement of the metal-content and determination of the metal-content distribution. Beads synthesized by dispersion polymerization that involved three stages were shown to have narrower bead-to-bead variation in their lanthanide content than beads synthesized by 2-stage dispersion polymerization. The beads exhibited insignificant release of their lanthanide content to aqueous solutions of different pHs over a period of six months. When mixed with KG1a or U937 cell lines, metal-containing polymer beads were shown not to affect the mass cytometry response to the metal content of element-tagged antibodies specifically attached to these cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St George Street Toronto ON M5S3H6, Canada.
authors.forename: Ahmed I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Abdelrahman
authors.forename: Olga
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ornatsky
authors.forename: Dmitry
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bandura
authors.forename: Vladimir
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Baranov
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kinach
authors.forename: Sheng
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dai
authors.forename: Stuart C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Thickett
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tanner
authors.forename: Mitchell A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Winnik
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