title: Rapid brain penetration of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in rat cerebral ischaemia: pharmacokinetics, distribution, protection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Limited data on the brain penetration of potential stroke treatments have been cited as a major weakness contributing to numerous failed clinical trials. Thus, we tested whether interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA), established as a potent inhibitor of brain injury in animals and currently in clinical development, reaches the brain via a clinically relevant administration route, in experimental stroke.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male, Sprague-Dawley rats [either naïve or exposed to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo)] were given a single s.c. dose of IL-1RA (100 mg*kg(-1)). The pharmacokinetic profile of IL-1RA was assessed in plasma and CSF up to 24 h post-administration. Brain tissue distribution of administered IL-1RA was assessed using immunohistochemistry. In a separate experiment, the neuroprotective effect of the single s.c. dose of IL-1RA in MCAo was assessed versus a placebo control group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A single s.c. dose of IL-1RA reduced damage caused by MCAo by 33%. This dose resulted in sustained, high concentrations in plasma and CSF, penetrated brain tissue exclusively in areas of blood-brain barrier breakdown and co-localized with morphologically viable neurones. CSF concentrations did not reflect massive parenchymal infiltration of IL-1RA in MCAo animals compared to naïve.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data are the first to show that a potential treatment for stroke, IL-1RA, rapidly reaches salvageable brain tissue via an administration route that is clinically relevant. This allows confidence that IL-1RA, as a candidate for further clinical development, is able to confer its protective actions both peripherally and centrally.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Greenhalgh
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Galea
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dénes
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Tyrrell
authors.forename: Nancy J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Rothwell
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000818:Animals; D001812:Blood-Brain Barrier / Q000378:metabolism; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D020520:Brain Infarction / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D053590:Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002546:Ischemic Attack, Transient / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D017472:Receptors, Interleukin-1 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D053590:Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D017472:Receptors, Interleukin-1
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