title: The receptor preference of influenza viruses.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The cell surface receptor used by an influenza virus to infect that cell is an N-acetyl neuraminic acid (NANA) residue terminally linked by an alpha2,3 or alpha2,6 bond to a carbohydrate moiety of a glycoprotein or glycolipid. Our aim was to determine a quick and technically simple method to determine cell receptor usage by whole influenza A virus particles.
  
  
  METHODS
  We employed surface plasmon resonance to detect the binding of viruses to fetuin, a naturally occurring glycoprotein that has both alpha2,3- and alpha2,6-linked NANA, and free 3'-sialyllactose or 6'-sialyllactose to compete virus binding. All virus stocks were produced in embryonated chicken's eggs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The influenza viruses tested bound preferentially to NANAalpha2,3Gal or to NANAalpha2,6Gal, or showed no preference. Two PR8 viruses had different binding preferences. Binding preferences of viruses correlated well with their known biological properties.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest that it is not easy to predict receptor usage by influenza viruses. However, direct experimental determination as described here can inform experiments concerned with viral pathogenesis, biology and structure. In principle, the methodology can be used for any virus that binds to a terminal NANA residue.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK. b.meng@warwick.ac.uk
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.forename: Anthony C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Marriott
authors.forename: Nigel J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Dimmock
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002642:Chick Embryo; D006801:Humans; D009980:Influenza A virus / Q000502:physiology*; D011485:Protein Binding; D011991:Receptors, Virus / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D020349:Surface Plasmon Resonance; D053585:Virus Attachment; D000509:alpha-Fetoproteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D011991:Receptors, Virus; D000509:alpha-Fetoproteins
references.citation: Virology. 1997 Jun 23;233(1):224-34
references.pmid: 9201232
references.citation: J Virol. 1998 Sep;72(9):7367-73
references.pmid: 9696833
references.citation: Glycoconj J. 2007 Dec;24(9):583-90
references.pmid: 17624609
references.citation: Nature. 2006 Mar 23;440(7083):435-6
references.pmid: 16554799
references.citation: Virology. 2006 Oct 10;354(1):80-90
references.pmid: 16876846
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1985 Jun 25;260(12):7362-7
references.pmid: 3997874
references.citation: Virology. 1997 Jan 20;227(2):493-9
references.pmid: 9018149
references.citation: Virus Res. 2007 Nov;129(2):175-81
references.pmid: 17714820
references.citation: Virus Res. 2005 Dec;114(1-2):15-22
references.pmid: 15996787
references.citation: Respir Res. 2007 Oct 25;8:73
references.pmid: 17961210
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1979 Feb 10;254(3):789-95
references.pmid: 83994
references.citation: Virology. 1992 Aug;189(2):525-33
references.pmid: 1641979
references.citation: Mol Ther. 2001 Mar;3(3):395-402
references.pmid: 11273782
references.citation: Annu Rev Microbiol. 1973;27:101-17
references.pmid: 4356530
references.citation: J Virol. 2007 Jul;81(13):6890-8
references.pmid: 17459930
references.citation: Science. 2006 Apr 21;312(5772):399
references.pmid: 16556800
references.citation: J Virol. 2006 Aug;80(15):7469-80
references.pmid: 16840327
references.citation: J Virol. 2005 Jan;79(2):1113-24
references.pmid: 15613339
references.citation: J Virol. 2006 Aug;80(16):8060-8
references.pmid: 16873262
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1991 Dec 15;266(35):23660-9
references.pmid: 1748643
references.citation: Glycobiology. 2007 Jul;17(7):713-24
references.pmid: 17389652
references.citation: Virus Res. 2007 Jun;126(1-2):9-18
references.pmid: 17313986
references.citation: Acta Histochem Suppl. 1990;40:35-8
references.pmid: 2091044
references.citation: Vaccine. 2006 May 15;24(20):4290-6
references.pmid: 16621180
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1985 Feb 10;260(3):1362-5
references.pmid: 3838173
references.citation: Science. 2004 Mar 19;303(5665):1838-42
references.pmid: 14764886
references.citation: Virology. 1996 Mar 15;217(2):452-8
references.pmid: 8610436
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Mar 30;101(13):4620-4
references.pmid: 15070767
references.citation: J Virol. 2000 Sep;74(18):8502-12
references.pmid: 10954551
references.citation: Virology. 1989 Nov;173(1):317-22
references.pmid: 2815586
references.citation: Virol J. 2007 May 09;4:42
references.pmid: 17490484
references.citation: Glycoconj J. 2006 Feb;23(1-2):101-6
references.pmid: 16575527
references.citation: Nat Med. 2007 Feb;13(2):147-9
references.pmid: 17206149
references.citation: Virology. 2003 Sep 1;313(2):473-80
references.pmid: 12954214
references.citation: Virology. 1992 Jul;189(1):121-31
references.pmid: 1376537
references.citation: J Mol Biol. 2008 Sep 19;381(5):1382-94
references.pmid: 18672252
references.citation: Mol Biol (Mosk). 2002 May-Jun;36(3):542-9
references.pmid: 12068641
references.citation: Virology. 1999 Jun 5;258(2):232-9
references.pmid: 10366560
references.citation: J Virol. 1997 Apr;71(4):3357-62
references.pmid: 9060710
references.citation: J Virol. 2008 Sep;82(17):8570-8
references.pmid: 18579602
references.citation: Science. 2009 Jul 24;325(5939):484-7
references.pmid: 19574347
references.citation: Virology. 1998 Feb 1;241(1):101-11
references.pmid: 9454721
references.citation: J Virol. 2007 May;81(10):5181-91
references.pmid: 17344280
references.citation: Vaccine. 1995;13(15):1468-73
references.pmid: 8578828
references.citation: Am J Pathol. 2007 Oct;171(4):1215-23
references.pmid: 17717141
references.citation: J Virol. 2005 Sep;79(17):11533-6
references.pmid: 16103207