title: Positive end-expiratory pressure may alter breathing cardiovascular variability and baroreflex gain in mechanically ventilated patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Baroreflex allows to reduce sudden rises or falls of arterial pressure through parallel RR interval fluctuations induced by autonomic nervous system. During spontaneous breathing, the application of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) may affect the autonomic nervous system, as suggested by changes in baroreflex efficiency and RR variability. During mechanical ventilation, some patients have stable cardiorespiratory phase difference and high-frequency amplitude of RR variability (HF-RR amplitude) over time and others do not. Our first hypothesis was that a steady pattern could be associated with reduced baroreflex sensitivity and HF-RR amplitude, reflecting a blunted autonomic nervous function. Our second hypothesis was that PEEP, widely used in critical care patients, could affect their autonomic function, promoting both steady pattern and reduced baroreflex sensitivity.
  
  
  METHODS
  We tested the effect of increasing PEEP from 5 to 10 cm H2O on the breathing variability of arterial pressure and RR intervals, and on the baroreflex. Invasive arterial pressure, ECG and ventilatory flow were recorded in 23 mechanically ventilated patients during 15 minutes for both PEEP levels. HF amplitude of RR and systolic blood pressure (SBP) time series and HF phase differences between RR, SBP and ventilatory signals were continuously computed by complex demodulation. Cross-spectral analysis was used to assess the coherence and gain functions between RR and SBP, yielding baroreflex-sensitivity indices.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At PEEP 10, the 12 patients with a stable pattern had lower baroreflex gain and HF-RR amplitude of variability than the 11 other patients. Increasing PEEP was generally associated with a decreased baroreflex gain and a greater stability of HF-RR amplitude and cardiorespiratory phase difference. Four patients who exhibited a variable pattern at PEEP 5 became stable at PEEP 10. At PEEP 10, a stable pattern was associated with higher organ failure score and catecholamine dosage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  During mechanical ventilation, stable HF-RR amplitude and cardiorespiratory phase difference over time reflect a blunted autonomic nervous function which might worsen as PEEP increases.
authors.affiliation: Unité de Biologie Intégrative des Adaptations à l'Exercice (INSERM 902/EA 3872, Genopole), ZAC du Bras de Fer, 3 bis impasse Christophe Colomb, 91000 Evry, France. andry.vandelouw@ch-sud-francilien.fr
authors.forename: Andry
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Van de Louw
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Médigue
authors.forename: Yves
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Papelier
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cottin
mesh_terms: D018806:APACHE; D055371:Acute Lung Injury / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D001341:Autonomic Nervous System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D017704:Baroreflex; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002319:Cardiovascular System / Q000294:innervation*; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic; D011175:Positive-Pressure Respiration / Q000009:adverse effects; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000009:adverse effects; D015656:Respiratory Mechanics; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D013997:Time Factors
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