title: Digestive stability and transport of norbixin, a 24-carbon carotenoid, across monolayers of Caco-2 cells.
abstract: Annatto is a natural pigment widely used in the food industry to add yellow to red colors to dairy and cereal products. Here, the in vitro bioaccessibility and potential bioavailability of norbixin, the abundant 24-carbon carotenoid in annatto, were investigated. Norbixin added to milk was highly stable during simulated digestion, and bile salts enhanced partitioning of this carotenoid in the aqueous fraction during the small intestinal phase of digestion. Apical uptake of norbixin by Caco-2 cells was proportional to the concentration in apical medium, but cellular content increased only slightly after 60 min. Transport of norbixin to the basolateral compartment was maximum at 120 min. Both all-trans and cis isomers of norbixin were present in cells and basolateral medium. The results suggest that ingested norbixin is stable during gastric and small intestinal phases of digestion and that both cis and all-trans isomers are bioavailable.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
authors.forename: Karina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Polar-Cabrera
authors.forename: Tianyao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Huo
authors.forename: Steven J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: Mark L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Failla
mesh_terms: D019540:Area Under Curve; D001682:Biological Availability; D001692:Biological Transport; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000378:metabolism*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004063:Digestion; D006801:Humans
chemical_list: D002338:Carotenoids; C099823:norbixin
references.citation: Mol Nutr Food Res. 2007 Jan;51(1):107-15
references.pmid: 17195263
references.citation: Food Addit Contam. 1994 May-Jun;11(3):301-15
references.pmid: 7926164
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Aug;80(2):396-403
references.pmid: 15277161
references.citation: Gastroenterology. 1989 Mar;96(3):736-49
references.pmid: 2914637
references.citation: J Agric Food Chem. 2006 Nov 15;54(23):8749-55
references.pmid: 17090117
references.citation: J Cell Biochem. 2006 Nov 1;99(4):1175-86
references.pmid: 16795037
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1999 Jul 9;274(28):19565-72
references.pmid: 10391890
references.citation: J Agric Food Chem. 2005 Nov 16;53(23):9268-73
references.pmid: 16277432
references.citation: Biochem J. 2005 Apr 15;387(Pt 2):455-61
references.pmid: 15554873
references.citation: Mol Biol Cell. 2007 Nov;18(11):4245-60
references.pmid: 17699589
references.citation: J Agric Food Chem. 1999 Oct;47(10):4301-9
references.pmid: 10552806
references.citation: Analyst. 1997 Sep;122(9):977-80
references.pmid: 9374027
references.citation: J Agric Food Chem. 2005 Apr 6;53(7):2524-9
references.pmid: 15796589
references.citation: J Nutr. 2004 Sep;134(9):2280-6
references.pmid: 15333717
references.citation: J Nutr. 2005 Oct;135(10):2305-12
references.pmid: 16177187
references.citation: In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim. 1997 Feb;33(2):118-28
references.pmid: 9081219
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2006 Feb 24;281(8):4739-45
references.pmid: 16380385
references.citation: J Agric Food Chem. 2005 Sep 7;53(18):7302-6
references.pmid: 16131146
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 1991 Jan;53(1 Suppl):194S-200S
references.pmid: 1985387
references.citation: J Nutr. 2008 Mar;138(3):482-6
references.pmid: 18287353
references.citation: Nat Protoc. 2006;1(3):1112-6
references.pmid: 17406391
references.citation: Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2008;17 Suppl 1:200-3
references.pmid: 18296337
references.citation: J Agric Food Chem. 2007 Oct 31;55(22):8950-7
references.pmid: 17927194
references.citation: J Nutr. 2008 Aug;138(8):1432-6
references.pmid: 18641187
references.citation: J Food Prot. 2003 Jun;66(6):1074-8
references.pmid: 12801012
references.citation: J Agric Food Chem. 2001 Apr;49(4):2082-9
references.pmid: 11308371
references.citation: Genet Mol Res. 2005 Mar 31;4(1):94-9
references.pmid: 15841440