title: Microbiopsies of surface dental enamel as a tool to measure body lead burden.
abstract: Lead (Pb) poisoning is preventable but continues to be a public health problem in several countries. Measuring Pb in the surface dental enamel (SDE) using microbiopsies is a rapid, safe, and painless procedure. There are different protocols to perform these microbiopsies, but the reliability of dental enamel lead levels (DELL) determination is dependent upon biopsy depth (BD). It is established that DELL decrease from the outermost superficial layer to the inner layer of dental enamel. The aim of this study was to determine DELL obtained by two different microbiopsy techniques on SDE termed protocol I and protocol II. Two consecutive enamel layers were removed from the same subject group (n=138) for both protocols. Protocol I consisted of a biopsied site with a diameter of 4 mm after the application of 10 microl HCl for 35 s. Protocol II involved a biopsied site of 1.6 mm diameter after application of 5 microl HCl for 20 s. The results demonstrated that there were no significant differences for BD and DELL between homologous teeth using protocol I. However, there was a significant difference between DELL in the first and second layers using both protocols. Further, the BD in protocol II overestimated DELL values. In conclusion, SDE analyzed by microbiopsy is a reliable biomarker in protocol I, but the chemical method to calculate BD in protocol II appeared to be inadequate for measurement of DELL. Thus, DELL could not be compared among studies that used different methodologies for SDE microbiopsies.
authors.affiliation: Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Departamento de Saúde Ambiental, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Kelly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Polido Kaneshiro Olympio
authors.forename: Juliana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Naozuka
authors.forename: Ana Carolina
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Magalhães
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Valentim de Pera Garcia
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vitoriano de Oliveira
authors.forename: Marília
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Afonso Rabelo Buzalaf
authors.forename: Etelvino José
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Henriques Bechara
authors.forename: Wanda Maria
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Risso Günther
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001706:Biopsy / Q000379:methods; D001822:Body Burden; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000737:chemistry*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D007854:Lead / Q000032:analysis*; D007855:Lead Poisoning / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D007854:Lead