title: Global status of Haemophilus influenzae type b and pneumococcal conjugate vaccines: evidence, policies, and introductions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The leading causes of bacterial meningitis and pneumonia in children, Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) and Streptococcus pneumoniae, are vaccine preventable. This study reviews the status of vaccine use globally and the evidence base that supports policy recommendations for use of these vaccines in children.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Recently, there have been substantial increases in the uptake of Hib and pneumococcal vaccines worldwide. These programs are supported by recent policy recommendations by the World Health Organization and an evidence base that includes recently published country-specific disease burden estimates, meta-analyses of vaccine efficacy, and cost-effectiveness analyses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The introduction of Hib and pneumococcal vaccines is progressing worldwide and at a rate generally faster than that observed with hepatitis B vaccines. Efforts to expand the serotype coverage of pneumococcal vaccines and to monitor the impact of Hib and pneumococcal vaccines and to assure financing obstacles, especially in lower middle-income countries, are required.
authors.affiliation: Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, International Vaccine Access Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. olevine@jhsph.edu
authors.forename: Orin S
authors.initials: OS
authors.lastname: Levine
authors.forename: Maria Deloria
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Knoll
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Damian G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Risko
authors.forename: Zunera
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Gilani
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006192:Haemophilus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018073:Haemophilus Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*; D019741:Haemophilus influenzae type b / Q000276:immunology*; D006291:Health Policy; D006801:Humans; D016920:Meningitis, Bacterial / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D011008:Pneumococcal Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D022242:Pneumococcal Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*; D018410:Pneumonia, Bacterial / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000276:immunology*; D014611:Vaccination / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D018074:Vaccines, Conjugate / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D018073:Haemophilus Vaccines; D022242:Pneumococcal Vaccines; D018074:Vaccines, Conjugate