title: Clinical treatment of traumatic brain injury complicated by cranial nerve injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To discuss the epidemiology, diagnosis and surgical treatment of cranial nerve injury following traumatic brain injury (TBI) for the sake of raising the clinical treatment of this special category of TBI.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective analysis was made of 312 patients with cranial nerve injury among 3417 TBI patients, who were admitted for treatment in this hospital.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 312 patients (9.1%) involving either a single nerve or multiple nerves among the 12 pairs of cranial nerves were observed. The extent of nerve injury varied and involved the olfactory nerve (66 cases), optic nerve (78 cases), oculomotor nerve (56 cases), trochlear nerve (8 cases), trigeminal nerve (4 cases), abducent nerve (12 cases), facial nerve (48 cases), acoustic nerve (10 cases), glossopharyngeal nerve (8 cases), vagus nerve (6 cases), accessory nerve (10 cases) and hypoglossal nerve (6 cases). Imaging examination revealed skull fracture in 217 cases, complicated brain contusion in 232 cases, epidural haematoma in 194 cases, subarachnoid haemorrhage in 32 cases, nasal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage in 76 cases and ear CSF leakage in 8 cases. Of the 312 patients, 46 patients died; the mortality rate associated with low cranial nerve injury was as high as 73.3%. Among the 266 surviving patients, 199 patients received conservative therapy and 67 patients received surgical therapy; the curative rates among these two groups were 61.3% (122 patients) and 86.6% (58 patients), respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TBI-complicated cranial nerve injury is subject to a high incidence rate, a high mortality rate and a high disability rate. Our findings suggest that the chance of recovery may be increased in cases where injuries are amenable to surgical decompression. It is necessary to study all 12 pairs of cranial nerves systematically. Clinically, it is necessary to standardise surgical indications, operation timing, surgical approaches and methods for the treatment of TBI-complicated cranial nerve injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical, University, Shanghai Neurosurgical Institute, 415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai 200003, China.
authors.forename: Hai
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: Sumin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Lijun
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hou
authors.forename: Chengguang
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Mingkun
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Yicheng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lu
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery*; D002648:Child; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D020209:Cranial Nerve Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery*; D019299:Decompression, Surgical / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult