title: First alternative method validated by a retrospective weight-of-evidence approach to replace the Draize eye test for the identification of non-irritant substances for a defined applicability domain.
abstract: A replacement alternative to the rabbit eye irritation test has been sought for many years. First published in 1944 by FDA toxicologist J. H. Draize, the test, now known as the Draize Eye Test, has been used extensively to assess eye safety. It has also been a focal point for concern regarding its animal use. In 1992, Molecular Devices developed the Cytosensor Microphysiometer (CM) technology, an automated potentiometric online measurement of pH changes in cells, and evaluated it also for chemically induced irritation. The method was included in some of the six major validation studies for eye irritation from 1991-1997. The results for CM were inconclusive as were those from other tests evaluated as stand-alone methods to fully replace the animal test. In 2002, the European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods (ECVAM) started applying concepts from evidence-based medicine, and opened validation to retrospective meta-analysis. This activity was done in collaboration with US counterpart ICCVAM/NICEATM, and the European Cosmetics Association, Colipa. After a new, comprehensive evaluation of the prior available data, the ECVAM scientific advisory committee (ESAC) has recently accepted the CM as capable of identifying non-irritants for testing limited to water-soluble surfactants and water-soluble surfactant-containing mixtures. This 25-year development is remarkable and instructive in many respects. The authors see this as opening the door, at last, for an end to the use of animals as a standard requirement for eye irritation. Here, several of the people critically involved in this processes have summarized the important aspects of this history.
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Center for Alternatives to Animal testing (CAAT), Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. THartung@jhsph.edu
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hartung
authors.forename: Leon
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bruner
authors.forename: Rodger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Curren
authors.forename: Chantra
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Eskes
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Goldberg
authors.forename: Pauline
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: McNamee
authors.forename: Laurie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.forename: Valérie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Zuang
mesh_terms: D000826:Animal Testing Alternatives / Q000379:methods*; D000818:Animals; D003257:Consumer Product Safety; D003358:Cosmetics; D006801:Humans; D007509:Irritants / Q000633:toxicity*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011817:Rabbits; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D023422:Skin Irritancy Tests / Q000379:methods*; D014116:Toxicology / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D003358:Cosmetics; D007509:Irritants