Essential loci in centromeric heterochromatin of Drosophila melanogaster. I: the right arm of chromosome 2.
With the most recent releases of the Drosophila melanogaster genome sequences, much of the previously absent heterochromatic sequences have now been annotated. We undertook an extensive genetic analysis of existing lethal mutations, as well as molecular mapping and sequence analysis (using a candidate gene approach) to identify as many essential genes as possible in the centromeric heterochromatin on the right arm of the second chromosome (2Rh) of D. melanogaster. We also utilized available RNA interference lines to knock down the expression of genes in 2Rh as another approach to identifying essential genes. In total, we verified the existence of eight novel essential loci in 2Rh: CG17665, CG17683, CG17684, CG17883, CG40127, CG41265, CG42595, and Atf6. Two of these essential loci, CG41265 and CG42595, are synonymous with the previously characterized loci l(2)41Ab and unextended, respectively. The genetic and molecular analysis of the previously reported locus, l(2)41Ae, revealed that this is not a single locus, but rather it is a large region of 2Rh that extends from unextended (CG42595) to CG17665 and includes four of the novel loci uncovered here.
Coulthard
Alistair B
AB
Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada.
Alm
Christina
C
Cealiac
Iulia
I
Sinclair
Don A
DA
Honda
Barry M
BM
Rossi
Fabrizio
F
Dimitri
Patrizio
P
Hilliker
Arthur J
AJ
D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D022004:Chromosome Structures; D002875:Chromosomes / Q000235:genetics*; D004331:Drosophila melanogaster / Q000235:genetics*; D005796:Genes; D006570:Heterochromatin / Q000235:genetics*; D009154:Mutation
D006570:Heterochromatin
Science. 1966 Jan 28;151(3709):417-25
5322971
Genetics. 1993 May;134(1):277-92
8514136
Genetics. 2007 Feb;175(2):595-607
17110485
Genetics. 1995 Jul;140(3):1033-45
7672575
Science. 2005 Jan 7;307(5706):108-10
15528405
Genetics. 2004 Jun;167(2):761-81
15238527
Genetics. 2006 Jul;173(3):1433-45
16648646
Genetics. 1990 May;125(1):129-40
2111263
Genetics. 1984 Jul;107(3):423-34
6428976
Nature. 2007 Jul 12;448(7150):151-6
17625558
Mol Biol Evol. 2002 Jun;19(6):926-37
12032249
Science. 2007 Jun 15;316(5831):1586-91
17569856
EMBO J. 1994 Apr 1;13(7):1628-35
8157002
Annu Rev Genet. 1992;26:239-75
1482113
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1936 Jan;22(1):27-33
16588038
Adv Genet. 1951;4:87-125
14943674
Chromosoma. 2009 Aug;118(4):419-35
19412619
Methods Mol Biol. 2004;260:29-39
15020800
Genetics. 1958 May;43(3):395-403
17247765
Science. 2007 Jun 15;316(5831):1625-8
17569867
Genetics. 2005 Apr;169(4):2165-77
15687284
Dev Cell. 2002 Dec;3(6):865-76
12479811
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995 Apr 25;92(9):3804-8
7731987
Genetics. 1985 Aug;110(4):671-88
17246295
Genes Dev. 2002 Aug 15;16(16):2108-19
12183365
Genome Biol. 2002;3(12):RESEARCH0085
12537574
Nucleic Acids Res. 2009 Jan;37(Database issue):D555-9
18948289
Chromosoma. 2003 Jul;112(1):26-37
12827380
Genetics. 1999 Jun;152(2):577-93
10353901
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Aug 2;102(31):10958-63
16033869
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Apr 15;90(8):3481-5
8475096
Genetics. 1991 Aug;128(4):785-97
1916244
Annu Rev Genet. 1995;29:577-605
8825487
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Aug 26;105(34):12405-10
18713858
Trends Genet. 2006 Jun;22(6):330-8
16690158
Genetics. 1991 Mar;127(3):553-64
1707844
Genetics. 2007 Sep;177(1):359-74
17890366
Genetics. 1993 Aug;134(4):1149-74
8375654
Mol Biol Evol. 2003 Apr;20(4):503-12
12654931
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994 Apr 26;91(9):3539-43
8170943
Genetics. 2005 Feb;169(2):683-95
15520262
Genetics. 2000 Jun;155(2):699-708
10835392
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997 Jul 22;94(15):8052-7
9223313
Genetics. 1976 Aug;83(4):765-82
823073
Genome. 2003 Jun;46(3):343-52
12834049
Genetics. 2004 Feb;166(2):807-22
15020470
Science. 2000 Mar 24;287(5461):2185-95
10731132
Annu Rev Entomol. 2007;52:171-92
16881818
Cell. 1980 Oct;21(3):607-19
6777044
Chromosoma. 2008 Feb;117(1):51-66
17909832
Genome. 1998 Apr;41(2):236-43
9644832
Genetics. 1975 Dec;81(4):705-21
814038
Genetics. 1988 Sep;120(1):181-98
3146523
Genetica. 2003 Mar;117(2-3):209-15
12723700
Genet Res. 1974 Aug;24(1):1-10
4373306