title: Neuromagnetic biomarkers of visuocortical development in healthy children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of the present study was to investigate noninvasive biomarkers for visuocortical development in healthy children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty healthy children and 20 adults were studied with a whole-head magnetoencephalography (MEG) system. The adults were included to find out when the markers stabilize. Visual evoked magnetic fields (VEFs) were evoked with full-field pattern-reversal checks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three response peaks were identified at 77+/-8 ms (M75), 111+/-9 ms (M100) and 150+/-11 ms (M145) for children. The latency of M75 and M100 decreased with age (p<0.01). The amplitude ratio of M100/M75 increased significantly with age (p<0.001). The differences of MEG source images between the left and right occipital cortices for M75 and M145 increased significantly with age (r=0.47 and 0.46, respectively, p<0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The latency of M75 and M100 and the amplitude ratio of M100/M75 are robust biomarkers for the development of visual function in children.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The development of visual function in childhood is noninvasively measurable. The results lay a foundation for quantitative identification of developmental delay and/or abnormalities of visual function in children with brain disorders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, 76 Lin Jiang Road, Chongqing 400010, China.
authors.forename: Yangmei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA. Electronic address: jing.xiang@cchmc.org.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xiang
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Elijah G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Kirtman
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Yingying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Rupesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kotecha
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D015415:Biomarkers; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D015225:Magnetoencephalography / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D014793:Visual Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers