title: Relationships between posterior shoulder muscle stiffness and rotation in patients with stiff shoulder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate differences in muscle stiffness between subjects with stiff shoulders and controls, and to determine the correlation between posterior shoulder muscle stiffness and range of motion of rotation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty subjects with stiff shoulder and 20 healthy subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Range of motion of rotation, and stiffness in 4 muscles (posterior deltoid, infraspinatus, teres minor and teres major), were measured in affected shoulders and control shoulders using a goniometer and a Myotonometer, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with stiff shoulder had greater muscle stiffness than controls. Except for the teres major, significant correlations were found between internal rotation and stiffness of 3 muscles (r = 0.57-0.72). Among these 3 muscles, posterior deltoid muscle stiffness accounted for 51% of the variance in shoulder internal rotation beyond stiffness from the infraspinatus and teres minor muscles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings support that muscle stiffness is related to shoulder range of motion. It is important to consider the posterior deltoid, infraspinatus, and teres minor muscles in the rehabilitation of patients with restricted internal rotation of the shoulder.
authors.affiliation: School and Graduate Institute of Physical Therapy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Cheng-Ju
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Hung
authors.forename: Ching-Lin
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Hsieh
authors.forename: Pey-Lin
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Jiu-Jenq
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Lin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D012399:Rotation; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000503:physiopathology*; D020069:Shoulder Pain / Q000503:physiopathology*