title: Validating neuropsychological subtypes of ADHD: how do children with and without an executive function deficit differ?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The study investigates behavioural, academic, cognitive, and motivational aspects of functioning in school-age children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with and without an executive function deficit (EFD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Children with ADHD--EFD (n = 22) and children with ADHD + EFD (n = 26) were compared on aspects of ADHD behaviour, school functioning, general cognitive ability, intra-individual response variability, affective decision-making, and delay aversion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Children with ADHD--EFD and children with ADHD + EFD were comparable in terms of ADHD symptomatology and school functioning. However, children with ADHD + EFD had significantly lower IQ and more intra-individual response variability than no EFD counterparts. Children with ADHD alone appeared more delay averse on the C-DT task than children with ADHD + EFD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Some children with ADHD were primarily characterised by problems with executive functions and variability others by problems with delay aversion supporting multiple pathway models of ADHD. Given the exploratory nature of the study, results are in need of replication.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark. rikkel@psy.au.dk
authors.forename: Rikke
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lambek
authors.forename: Rosemary
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tannock
authors.forename: Soeren
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dalsgaard
authors.forename: Anegen
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Trillingsgaard
authors.forename: Dorte
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Damm
authors.forename: Per Hove
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Thomsen
mesh_terms: D000124:Achievement; D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D003657:Decision Making; D003718:Denmark; D056344:Executive Function; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013223:Statistics as Topic