title: Deoxyribonucleic acid methylation and gene expression of PPARGC1A in human muscle is influenced by high-fat overfeeding in a birth-weight-dependent manner.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Low birth weight (LBW) and unhealthy diets are risk factors of metabolic disease including type 2 diabetes (T2D). Genetic, nongenetic, and epigenetic data propose a role of the key metabolic regulator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, coactivator 1alpha (PPARGC1A) in the development of T2D.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Our objective was to investigate gene expression and DNA methylation of PPARGC1A and coregulated oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) genes in LBW and normal birth weight (NBW) subjects during control and high-fat diets. DESIGN, SUBJECTS, AND MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Twenty young healthy men with LBW and 26 matched NBW controls were studied after 5 d high-fat overfeeding (+50% calories) and after a control diet in a randomized manner. Hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps were performed and skeletal muscle biopsies excised. DNA methylation and gene expression were measured using bisulfite sequencing and quantitative real-time PCR, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When challenged with high-fat overfeeding, LBW subjects developed peripheral insulin resistance and reduced PPARGC1A and OXPHOS (P < 0.05) gene expression. PPARGC1A methylation was significantly higher in LBW subjects (P = 0.0002) during the control diet. However, PPARGC1A methylation increased in only NBW subjects after overfeeding in a reversible manner. DNA methylation of PPARGC1A did not correlate with mRNA expression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LBW subjects developed peripheral insulin resistance and decreased gene expression of PPARGC1A and OXPHOS genes when challenged with fat overfeeding. The extent to which our finding of a constitutively increased DNA methylation in the PPARGC1A promoter in LBW subjects may contribute needs to be determined. We provide the first experimental support in humans that DNA methylation induced by overfeeding is reversible.
authors.affiliation: Steno Diabetes Center, Niels Steensensvej 1, 2820 Gentofte, Denmark. chbe@steno.dk
authors.forename: Charlotte
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Brøns
authors.forename: Stine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jacobsen
authors.forename: Emma
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nilsson
authors.forename: Tina
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rönn
authors.forename: Christine B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.forename: Heidi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Storgaard
authors.forename: Pernille
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Poulsen
authors.forename: Leif
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Groop
authors.forename: Charlotte
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ling
authors.forename: Arne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Astrup
authors.forename: Allan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vaag
mesh_terms: D001724:Birth Weight / Q000502:physiology*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D019175:DNA Methylation; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004032:Diet; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002149:Energy Intake; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D015309:Glucose Clamp Technique; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D006946:Hyperinsulinism / Q000378:metabolism; D007230:Infant, Low Birth Weight / Q000502:physiology; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism*; D000071248:Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D004041:Dietary Fats; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins; D007328:Insulin; C486497:PPARGC1A protein, human; D000071248:Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha; D014157:Transcription Factors