title: A novel study of screening and confirmation of modafinil, adrafinil and their metabolite modafinilic acid under EI-GC-MS and ESI-LC-MS-MS ionization.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Adrafinil and modafinil have received wide publicity and have become controversial in the sporting world when several athletes were discovered allegedly using these drugs as doping agents. By acknowledging the facts, the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) banned these drugs in sports since 2004. The present study explores the possibility of differentiating adrafinil and modafinil and their major metabolites under electron impact ionization in gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MSD) and electrospray ionization in liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometer (LC-MS/MS) by studying the fragmentation pattern of these drugs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adrafinil, modafinil and their major metabolite, modafinilic acid were analyzed on EI-GC-MSD and ESI-LC-MS/MS using various individual parameters on both the instruments. The analytical technique and equipment used in the analysis were an Agilent 6890N GC with 5973 mass selective detector for the GC-MSD analysis and an Agilent 1100 HPLC with API-3200 Triple quadrupole mass spectrometer for the LC-MS/MS analysis. Validation of both methods was performed using six replicates at different concentrations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results show that adrafinil, modafinil and their major metabolite modafinilic acid could be detected as a single artifact without differentiation under EI-GC-MSD analysis. However, all drugs could be detected and differentiated under ESI-LCMS/MS analysis without any artifaction. The GC-MSD analysis gives a single artifact for both the drugs without differentiation and thus can be used as a marker for screening purposes. Further, the Multiple Reaction Monitoring (MRM) method developed under LC-MS/MS is fit for the purpose for confirmation of suspicious samples in routine sports testing and in forensic and clinical analysis.
authors.affiliation: National Dope Testing Laboratory, Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports, J. N. Stadium, New Delhi - 100 03, India.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dubey
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ahi
authors.forename: I M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Reddy
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kaur
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Beotra
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jain
references.citation: J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2005 Mar 9;37(3):475-9
references.pmid: 15740906
references.citation: J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2005 Oct 4;39(5):1042-5
references.pmid: 15993026
references.citation: J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2008 Apr 14;46(5):937-44
references.pmid: 17478071
references.citation: J Chromatogr B Biomed Appl. 1994 Mar 18;654(1):91-6
references.pmid: 7911706