title: Hospital glucose control: safe and reliable glycemic control using enhanced model predictive control algorithm in medical intensive care unit patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to investigate the performance of the enhanced Model Predictive Control (eMPC) algorithm for glycemic control in medical critically ill patients for the whole length of intensive care unit (ICU) stay.
  
  
  METHODS
  The trial was designed as a single-center, open, noncontrolled clinical investigation in a nine-bed medical ICU in a tertiary teaching hospital. In 20 patients, blood glucose (BG) was controlled with a laptop-based bedside version of the eMPC. Efficacy was assessed by percentage of time within the target range (4.4-6.1 mM; primary end point), mean BG, and BG sampling interval. Safety was assessed by the number of severe hypoglycemic episodes (<2.2 mM).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty patients (69 +/- 11 years old; body mass index, 27.4 +/- 4.5 kg/m(2); APACHE II, 25.5 +/- 5.2) were included for a period of 7.3 days (median; interquartile range, 4.4-10.2 days) in the study. Time within target range was 58.12 +/- 10.05% (mean +/- SD). For all patients with at least 7 days in the ICU, there was no statistically significant difference between the daily mean percentage of times in target range in respect of the averages. Mean arterial BG was 5.8 +/- 0.5 mM, insulin requirement was 101.3 +/- 50.7 IU/day, and mean carbohydrate intake (enteral and parenteral nutrition) was 176.4 +/- 61.9 g/day. Three hypoglycemic episodes occurred in three subjects, corresponding to a rate of 0.02 per treatment day.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In our single-center, noncontrolled study the eMPC algorithm was a safe and reliable method to control BG in critically medical ICU patients for the whole length of ICU stay.
authors.affiliation: Medical University of Graz , Department of Internal Medicine, Austria.
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Amrein
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ellmerer
authors.forename: Roman
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hovorka
authors.forename: Norman
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kachel
authors.forename: Dieter
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Parcz
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Korsatko
authors.forename: Karlheinz
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Smolle
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Perl
authors.forename: Gerlies
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bock
authors.forename: Werner
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Doll
authors.forename: Gerd
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Köhler
authors.forename: Thomas R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Pieber
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Plank
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000465:Algorithms; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007332:Insulin Infusion Systems; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin