title: Solid phase HLA antibody detection technology--challenges in interpretation.
abstract: The introduction into routine diagnostic laboratories of solid phase assays for human leukocyte antigen (HLA) antibody detection has resulted in the application of new laboratory matching algorithms in clinical organ transplantation which have improved pre-transplant detection of immunization, in turn resulting in avoidance of rejection in many cases which until their introduction would not have been possible using the historical complement dependent serological techniques. There have been two generations of solid phase assays introduced into routine practice, namely, the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique and the use of fluorescent beads with HLA molecules bound to their surface which can either be used in conventional flow cytometry or in conjunction with Luminex instrumentation, the latter having become the most popular approach. The use of the fluorescent bead techniques has raised interesting questions both with respect to technical performance and the interpretation of the results obtained. The advantages of bead technology for HLA antibody determination and the technical issues requiring resolution are the subject of this review.
authors.affiliation: National Transplant Services, Australian Red Cross Blood Service, Melbourne, Australia. bdtait@arcbs.redcross.org.au
authors.forename: B D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Tait
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hudson
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Brewin
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cantwell
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Holdsworth
mesh_terms: D003165:Complement System Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000379:methods; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique / Q000379:methods; D006680:HLA Antigens / Q000276:immunology*; D015395:Histocompatibility Antigens Class I / Q000276:immunology; D006650:Histocompatibility Testing; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D007118:Immunoassay / Q000379:methods*; D007075:Immunoglobulin M / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood; D007518:Isoantibodies / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood; D014181:Transplantation Immunology; D001613:beta 2-Microglobulin / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D006680:HLA Antigens; D015395:Histocompatibility Antigens Class I; D007075:Immunoglobulin M; D007518:Isoantibodies; C099187:MHC class I-related chain A; D001613:beta 2-Microglobulin; D003165:Complement System Proteins