title: Surgical management of orbital trapdoor fracture in a pediatric population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Orbital trapdoor fractures are pure orbital floor fractures with herniation and entrapment of the orbital contents, leading to restricted eye movement and diplopia. Trapdoor fractures in children have been discussed widely in published reports; however, the treatment policy and outcome remain controversial, although early treatment has been advocated. Our retrospective study analyzed the long-term results of pediatric patients undergoing surgery for trapdoor fractures to determine the outcome in relation to the type of fracture and the timing and technique of intervention.
  
  
  METHODS
  The present study included 24 patients (age range 6 to 16 years) who underwent surgery for trapdoor fractures from 1998 to 2007. The demographic, etiologic, radiologic, and surgical findings, interval between trauma and surgery, surgical techniques, and complications were recorded. Diplopia, ocular motility, dysesthesia, and scar quality were recorded at follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The follow-up duration averaged 36 months. At follow-up, 1 (8.3%) of 12 patients who underwent surgery within 24 hours (urgent treatment) had residual diplopia. In contrast, 3 (37.5%) of 8 patients who underwent surgery 24 to 96 hours (early treatment) and 4 (100%) of 4 who underwent surgery after 96 hours (late treatment) had diplopia. No sensory deficit of the skin or unesthetic eyelid scar was noted.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found a correlation between the outcome and the timing of surgery for trapdoor fractures in the pediatric population. The success rate was significantly better when the fractures were treated within 24 hours of the injury. The results of the present study have strengthened the assertion that trapdoor orbital fractures pose a true surgical emergency.
authors.affiliation: Division of Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Head and Neck Surgery, San Giovanni Battista Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gerbino
authors.forename: Fabio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Roccia
authors.forename: Francesca Antonella
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Bianchi
authors.forename: Emanuele
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zavattero
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002921:Cicatrix; D004172:Diplopia / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D004638:Emergency Treatment; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005593:Fracture Fixation, Internal / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015835:Ocular Motility Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D009801:Oculomotor Muscles / Q000293:injuries* / Q000601:surgery; D009917:Orbital Fractures / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D020273:Orbital Implants; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome