A prospective study of one-carbon metabolism biomarkers and risk of renal cell carcinoma.
OBJECTIVE
Previous studies have found associations between one-carbon metabolism factors and risk of several cancers, but little is known regarding renal cell carcinoma (RCC). We conducted a nested case-control study within the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study, a prospective study of Finnish male smokers aged 50-69 at baseline.


METHODS
Prediagnostic folate, vitamin B(6), vitamin B(12), cysteine, riboflavin, and homocysteine concentrations were measured in fasting serum from 224 incident RCC cases and 224 controls (matched on age and date of serum collection). Conditional logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), adjusted for potential confounders.


RESULTS
Serum folate tended to be inversely associated with RCC, compared to the first quartile, the odds ratios (95% CI) for subsequent quartiles were 0.62 (0.35-1.08), 0.52 (0.29-0.93), and 0.67 (0.37-1.20) (P-trend = 0.19). When modeled as a threshold effect, subjects in the lowest serum folate quartile (<or=6.64 nmol/l), which corresponds to deficient folate status, had a significant increased RCC risk (OR = 1.68, 95% CI 1.06-2.65) compared to those with higher serum folate. The other one-carbon metabolism biomarkers were not associated with RCC.


CONCLUSIONS
This study in male smokers suggests that deficient folate status may increase risk of RCC, but confirmation is needed in other epidemiologic studies that include women and non-smokers.
Gibson
Todd M
TM
Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA. gibsontm@mail.nih.gov
Weinstein
Stephanie J
SJ
Mayne
Susan T
ST
Pfeiffer
Ruth M
RM
Selhub
Jacob
J
Taylor
Philip R
PR
Virtamo
Jarmo
J
Albanes
Demetrius
D
Stolzenberg-Solomon
Rachael
R
D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D002244:Carbon / Q000097:blood* / Q000737:chemistry; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003545:Cysteine / Q000097:blood; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000097:blood; D006710:Homocysteine / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012256:Riboflavin / Q000097:blood; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D014805:Vitamin B 12 / Q000097:blood; D025101:Vitamin B 6 / Q000097:blood
D015415:Biomarkers; D006710:Homocysteine; D002244:Carbon; D025101:Vitamin B 6; D005492:Folic Acid; D003545:Cysteine; D014805:Vitamin B 12; D012256:Riboflavin
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