title: Damaged DNA-binding protein 2 (DDB2) protects against UV irradiation in human cells and Drosophila.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We observed previously that cisplatin-resistant HeLa cells were cross-resistant to UV light due to accumulation of DDB2, a protein implicated in DNA repair. More recently, we found that cFLIP, which represents an anti-apoptotic protein whose level is induced by DDB2, was implicated in preventing apoptosis induced by death-receptor signaling. In the present study, we investigated whether DDB2 has a protective role against UV irradiation and whether cFLIP is also involved in this process.
  
  
  METHODS
  We explored the role of DDB2 in mediating UV resistance in both human cells and Drosophila. To do so, DDB2 was overexpressed by using a full-length open reading frame cDNA. Conversely, DDB2 and cFLIP were suppressed by using antisense oligonucleotides. Cell survival was measured using a colony forming assay. Apoptosis was monitored by examination of nuclear morphology, as well as by flow cytometry and Western blot analyses. A transcription reporter assay was also used to assess transcription of cFLIP.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We first observed that the cFLIP protein was upregulated in UV-resistant HeLa cells. In addition, the cFLIP protein could be induced by stable expression of DDB2 in these cells. Notably, the anti-apoptotic effect of DDB2 against UV irradiation was largely attenuated by knockdown of cFLIP with antisense oligonucleotides in HeLa cells. Moreover, overexpression of DDB2 did not protect against UV in VA13 and XP-A cell lines which both lack cFLIP. Interestingly, ectopic expression of human DDB2 in Drosophila dramatically inhibited UV-induced fly death compared to control GFP expression. On the other hand, expression of DDB2 failed to rescue a different type of apoptosis induced by the genes Reaper or eiger.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results show that DDB2 protects against UV stress in a cFLIP-dependent manner. In addition, the protective role of DDB2 against UV irradiation was found to be conserved in divergent living organisms such as human and Drosophila. In addition, UV irradiation may activate a cFLIP-regulated apoptotic pathway in certain cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Nian-Kang
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Chun-Ling
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Chia-Hua
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Li-Mai
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Pai
authors.forename: Chuck C K
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Chao
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D030801:Animals, Genetically Modified; D002460:Cell Line; D004249:DNA Damage; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D004330:Drosophila / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000528:radiation effects; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D014162:Transfection; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: C117669:DDB2 protein, human; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins
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