title: High degree of conservation of the multigene tryptase locus over the past 150-200 million years of mammalian evolution.
abstract: Activated mast cells release a number of potent inflammatory mediators including histamine, proteoglycans, cytokines, and serine proteases. The proteases constitute the majority of the mast cell granule proteins, and they belong to either the chymase or the tryptase family. In mammals, these enzymes are encoded by two different loci, the mast cell chymase and the multigene tryptase loci. In mice and humans, a relatively large number of tryptic enzymes are encoded from the latter locus. These enzymes can be grouped into two subfamilies, the group 1 tryptases, with primarily membrane-anchored enzymes, and the group 2 tryptases, consisting of the soluble mast cell tryptases. In order to study the appearance of these enzymes during vertebrate evolution, we have analyzed the dog, cattle, opossum, and platypus genomes and sought orthologues in the genomes of several bird, frog, and fish species as well. Our results show that the overall structure and the number of genes within this locus have been well conserved from marsupial to placental mammals. In addition, two relatively distantly related group 2 tryptase genes and several direct homologues of some of the group 1 genes are present in the genome of the platypus, a monotreme. However, no direct homologues of the individual genes of either group 1 or 2 enzymes were identified in bird, amphibian, or fish genomes. Our results indicate that the individual genes within the multigene tryptase locus, in their present form, are essentially mammal-specific.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Program for Immunology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Jenny M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Reimer
authors.forename: Paul B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Samollow
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hellman
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D002417:Cattle; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D004285:Dogs; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D005810:Multigene Family; D009893:Opossums / Q000235:genetics; D053802:Tryptases / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D053802:Tryptases
references.citation: J Exp Med. 2000 Dec 18;192(12):1849-56
references.pmid: 11120781
references.citation: Biol Chem. 2003 Feb;384(2):219-27
references.pmid: 12675514
references.citation: Dev Comp Immunol. 2006;30(10):901-18
references.pmid: 16413608
references.citation: Nature. 1996 May 2;381(6577):75-7
references.pmid: 8609992
references.citation: Dev Comp Immunol. 2004 Jan;28(1):61-75
references.pmid: 12962983
references.citation: Immunogenetics. 2006 Aug;58(8):641-54
references.pmid: 16807746
references.citation: Hum Mol Genet. 2001 Feb 15;10(4):339-52
references.pmid: 11157797
references.citation: Reproduction. 2001 Aug;122(2):235-44
references.pmid: 11467974
references.citation: Eur J Biochem. 1996 Apr 1;237(1):100-5
references.pmid: 8620861
references.citation: Arch Biochem Biophys. 2005 Mar 15;435(2):311-22
references.pmid: 15708374
references.citation: Immunogenetics. 2007 May;59(5):391-405
references.pmid: 17342483
references.citation: Nucleic Acids Res. 1997 Dec 15;25(24):4876-82
references.pmid: 9396791
references.citation: J Immunol. 2007 Nov 1;179(9):6072-9
references.pmid: 17947681
references.citation: Biochim Biophys Acta. 2000 Jan 31;1490(1-2):131-6
references.pmid: 10786627
references.citation: J Immunol. 2002 Nov 1;169(9):5145-52
references.pmid: 12391231
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1999 Jul 9;274(28):19670-6
references.pmid: 10391906
references.citation: Biochim Biophys Acta. 2000 Jun 21;1492(1):63-71
references.pmid: 11004480
references.citation: Biochemistry. 2000 Oct 24;39(42):13068-77
references.pmid: 11041873
references.citation: Nature. 1998 Mar 19;392(6673):306-11
references.pmid: 9521329
references.citation: Immunogenetics. 2006 Aug;58(8):655-69
references.pmid: 16807745
references.citation: Biochem J. 2003 Feb 1;369(Pt 3):603-10
references.pmid: 12387726
references.citation: J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008 May;121(5):1262-8
references.pmid: 18325577
references.citation: Reproduction. 2001 Jul;122(1):61-71
references.pmid: 11425330
references.citation: FASEB J. 2002 Jun;16(8):875-7
references.pmid: 11967231
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2003 Jan 31;278(5):3363-71
references.pmid: 12441343
references.citation: Cancer Res. 1999 Jul 1;59(13):3199-205
references.pmid: 10397266
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2001 Dec 28;276(52):49169-82
references.pmid: 11602603
references.citation: J Immunol. 1994 Mar 15;152(6):3064-72
references.pmid: 8144904
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2004 Jan 23;279(4):2438-52
references.pmid: 14583634
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2001 Nov 16;276(46):42774-81
references.pmid: 11533057
references.citation: J Immunol. 2004 Aug 1;173(3):1868-75
references.pmid: 15265919
references.citation: Gene. 2005 Dec 30;364:30-6
references.pmid: 16257142
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1999 Feb 5;274(6):3355-62
references.pmid: 9920877
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1999 Oct 22;274(43):30784-93
references.pmid: 10521469
references.citation: Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1999 Dec 20;266(2):564-8
references.pmid: 10600542
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 1996 Feb 15;97(4):988-95
references.pmid: 8613553
references.citation: Biochemistry. 1989 May 16;28(10):4148-55
references.pmid: 2504277
references.citation: J Immunol. 2000 Jun 15;164(12):6566-75
references.pmid: 10843716