title: Biomarkers of oxidative damage and inflammation in Alzheimer's disease.
abstract: Oxidative damage and inflammation are important features of the brain pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Oxidative damage can be found in membranes (lipid peroxidation), proteins (nitrosylation and other post-translational changes) and nucleic acids. Inflammatory changes include activation of microglia and astrocytes, with increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines. Not all of these changes are specific to AD, and occur in other neurodegenerative disorders. Both oxidative stress and inflammation are potential therapeutic targets in AD, and biomarkers could help to identify and monitor key pathways in patients with AD. This article summarizes progress in developing cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers related to oxidative stress and inflammation, problems and pitfalls related to systemic (blood- or urine-based) biomarkers in this area, and future research directions and applications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosciences, UCSD, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA. dgalasko@ucsd.edu
authors.forename: Douglas
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Galasko
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Montine
mesh_terms: D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000378:metabolism*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000378:metabolism*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D016207:Cytokines; D018836:Inflammation Mediators
references.citation: Neurosci Lett. 2004 Sep 2;367(2):194-6
references.pmid: 15331151
references.citation: Nat Genet. 2009 Oct;41(10):1088-93
references.pmid: 19734902
references.citation: J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2003 Sep;74(9):1200-5
references.pmid: 12933918
references.citation: Alzheimers Dement. 2009 Sep;5(5):398-405
references.pmid: 19751919
references.citation: Neurology. 2008 Jul 8;71(2):85-92
references.pmid: 18509095
references.citation: Acta Neurol Scand. 2001 Mar;103(3):166-74
references.pmid: 11240564
references.citation: Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2003;16(3):136-44
references.pmid: 12826739
references.citation: J Neurol. 2007 Dec;254(12):1666-75
references.pmid: 17994313
references.citation: Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2006;21(1):9-15
references.pmid: 16244482
references.citation: Neurology. 2005 Apr 12;64(7):1152-6
references.pmid: 15824339
references.citation: Neurochem Int. 2001 Nov-Dec;39(5-6):409-13
references.pmid: 11578776
references.citation: Neuron. 2009 Aug 13;63(3):287-303
references.pmid: 19679070
references.citation: J Neurol. 2008 Apr;255(4):539-44
references.pmid: 18204920
references.citation: Ann Neurol. 2003 Jan;53(1):81-90
references.pmid: 12509851
references.citation: Neurochem Int. 2006 Jun;48(8):718-28
references.pmid: 16490286
references.citation: Neurobiol Aging. 2002 Mar-Apr;23(2):237-43
references.pmid: 11804709
references.citation: Ann Neurol. 2000 Nov;48(5):809-12
references.pmid: 11079549
references.citation: Ann Neurol. 2002 Aug;52(2):175-9
references.pmid: 12210787
references.citation: Nat Med. 2007 Nov;13(11):1359-62
references.pmid: 17934472
references.citation: J Psychiatr Res. 2009 May;43(8):749-53
references.pmid: 19038405
references.citation: Free Radic Biol Med. 1997;23(1):134-47
references.pmid: 9165306
references.citation: Aging Cell. 2002 Dec;1(2):117-23
references.pmid: 12882341
references.citation: Neurochem Int. 2005 Jun;46(7):551-7
references.pmid: 15843049
references.citation: Neurobiol Aging. 1994 May-Jun;15(3):313-7
references.pmid: 7936055
references.citation: Arch Neurol. 2002 Jun;59(6):972-6
references.pmid: 12056933
references.citation: J Mol Neurosci. 2007 Sep;33(1):114-9
references.pmid: 17901555
references.citation: Arch Neurol. 2003 Sep;60(9):1218-22
references.pmid: 12975286
references.citation: J Clin Immunol. 1999 Jul;19(4):223-30
references.pmid: 10471976
references.citation: Neuron. 2009 Oct 15;64(1):110-22
references.pmid: 19840553
references.citation: Neurosci Lett. 2003 Jan 23;336(3):167-70
references.pmid: 12505619
references.citation: Amyloid. 2000 Dec;7(4):245-58
references.pmid: 11132093
references.citation: Neurol Sci. 2006 Apr;27(1):33-9
references.pmid: 16688597
references.citation: J Neurosci Methods. 1994 Mar;51(2):197-204
references.pmid: 8051950
references.citation: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2009 Nov;66(11):1263-70
references.pmid: 19884614
references.citation: Neurodegener Dis. 2007;4(6):403-5
references.pmid: 17934322
references.citation: Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2009;27(5):481-90
references.pmid: 19439966
references.citation: J Clin Neurol. 2008 Jun;4(2):84-8
references.pmid: 19513308
references.citation: J Alzheimers Dis. 2008 May;13(4):359-69
references.pmid: 18487845
references.citation: Free Radic Biol Med. 2002 Dec 1;33(11):1475-9
references.pmid: 12446204
references.citation: Neurobiol Aging. 2002 Jul-Aug;23(4):485-508
references.pmid: 12009495
references.citation: Free Radic Biol Med. 2005 Mar 15;38(6):698-710
references.pmid: 15721980
references.citation: Neurology. 2003 Aug 26;61(4):475-8
references.pmid: 12939420
references.citation: Nat Rev Neurosci. 2008 Oct;9(10):768-78
references.pmid: 18802446
references.citation: Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2001 Apr;125(4):510-2
references.pmid: 11260625
references.citation: J Alzheimers Dis. 2004 Feb;6(1):93-7
references.pmid: 15004331
references.citation: Neurology. 2007 May 29;68(22):1902-8
references.pmid: 17536046
references.citation: Neurology. 2009 Sep 8;73(10):768-74
references.pmid: 19738171
references.citation: Neurosci Lett. 1995 Dec 29;202(1-2):17-20
references.pmid: 8787820
references.citation: J Alzheimers Dis. 2009;17(3):541-51
references.pmid: 19433893
references.citation: Arch Neurol. 2004 May;61(5):668-72
references.pmid: 15148142
references.citation: Brain Res. 1999 Apr 24;826(1):112-6
references.pmid: 10216202
references.citation: Curr Drug Targets CNS Neurol Disord. 2005 Jun;4(3):223-33
references.pmid: 15975026
references.citation: Nat Genet. 2009 Oct;41(10):1094-9
references.pmid: 19734903
references.citation: Neurosci Lett. 1997 Jun 13;228(3):143-6
references.pmid: 9218628
references.citation: J Neurosci Res. 2002 Nov 1;70(3):447-50
references.pmid: 12391605
references.citation: Neurology. 1999 Feb;52(3):562-5
references.pmid: 10025788
references.citation: Clin Biochem. 2008 Jul;41(10-11):755-63
references.pmid: 18454941
references.citation: Arch Neurol. 2006 Apr;63(4):538-43
references.pmid: 16606766
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2001 Jun 15;21(12):4183-7
references.pmid: 11404403