title: Prevalence of transmitted drug resistance associated mutations and HIV-1 subtypes in new HIV-1 diagnoses, U.S.-2006.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the distribution of HIV-1 subtypes and the prevalence of transmitted drug resistance-associated mutations (TDRM) among persons newly diagnosed with HIV-1 infection in the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used sequence data from Variant, Atypical, and Resistant HIV Surveillance (VARHS) collected from newly diagnosed persons in 10 states and 1 county health department in 2006. To evaluate TDRM, we used a mutation list for surveillance of TDRM appropriate for the primarily subtype B HIV epidemic in the United States.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sequences were obtained from 2030 of 10,860 persons newly diagnosed with HIV in 11 surveillance areas. Mutations associated with transmitted drug resistance occurred in 292 (14.6%) persons; TDRM associated with a specific drug class occurred in 156 (7.8%) for non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, 111 (5.6%) for nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and 90 (4.5%) for protease inhibitors. There were no significant differences in prevalence of TDRM by demographic characteristic. The HIV-1 subtype B was the most prevalent subtype occurring in 1922 (96.2%) persons; subtype C (1.3%) was the most prevalent non-B subtype.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We presented a clade B-optimized mutation list for evaluating surveillance of TDRM in the United States and analyzed the largest collection of sequence data obtained from individuals newly diagnosed with HIV. The prevalence of TDRM in persons newly diagnosed with HIV is higher than in previous U.S. studies; however, this is not necessarily a significant trend. Continued reporting of sequence data for public health purposes from all sources will improve representativeness and accuracy in analyzing trends in transmitted drug resistance and genetic diversity.
authors.affiliation: Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV, Viral Hepatitis, STD and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA.
authors.forename: William H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Wheeler
authors.forename: Rebecca A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Ziebell
authors.forename: Helena
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zabina
authors.forename: Danuta
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pieniazek
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Prejean
authors.forename: Ulana R
authors.initials: UR
authors.lastname: Bodnar
authors.forename: Kristen C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Mahle
authors.forename: Walid
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Heneine
authors.forename: Jeffrey A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: H Irene
authors.initials: HI
authors.lastname: Hall
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics*; D010802:Phylogeny; D015995:Prevalence; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics*; D018571:Sentinel Surveillance; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D019562:Viral Load
chemical_list: D012367:RNA, Viral