title: Reference values of skin autofluorescence.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Skin autofluorescence (AF) as measured with the AGE Reader (DiagnOptics Technologies, Groningen, The Netherlands) is a noninvasive prognostic marker in diabetes mellitus and other diseases with increased cardiovascular risk. This study provides reference values of healthy Caucasian control subjects as a function of age, tobacco smoking, and gender.
  
  
  METHODS
  The results of skin AF measured in 428 healthy Caucasian control subjects by the AGE Reader (n = 211) and its nonautomated but otherwise similar predecessor, the Autofluorescence Reader (n = 217), were analyzed. Linear regression analysis was performed to obtain reference values for skin AF as a function of age. Further analysis was performed on the effect of tobacco smoking (n = 96) and gender.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Skin AF was described by a linear increase with age of approximately 0.023 arbitrary units (AU) per year for subject age up to 70 years. Tobacco smoking was associated with an absolute increase of skin AF by 0.16 AU (P < 0.01), without a significant further increase with age (P = 0.17). Gender had no influence on skin AF in nonsmokers. Among current smokers, female subjects had a 0.2 AU higher skin AF than male subjects (P = 0.02), with no further age-related increase.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present results provide reference values of skin AF for healthy Caucasian control subjects over a broad age range. A major contribution of age and some interaction of smoking and gender were observed, resulting in reference values of skin AF suitable for clinical settings and future studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of BioMedical Engineering, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Koetsier
authors.forename: H L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Lutgers
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: de Jonge
authors.forename: T P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Links
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Smit
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Graaff
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D005453:Fluorescence; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012016:Reference Values; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012737:Sex Factors; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism*; D012880:Skin Pigmentation; D012907:Smoking