title: Changes in running pattern due to fatigue and cognitive load in orienteering.
abstract: The aim of this study was to examine the influence of fatigue on running biomechanics in normal running, in normal running with a cognitive task, and in running while map reading. Nineteen international and less experienced orienteers performed a fatiguing running exercise of duration and intensity similar to a classic distance orienteering race on an instrumented treadmill while performing mental arithmetic, an orienteering simulation, and control running at regular intervals. Two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance did not reveal any significant difference between mental arithmetic and control running for any of the kinematic and kinetic parameters analysed eight times over the fatiguing protocol. However, these parameters were systematically different between the orienteering simulation and the other two conditions (mental arithmetic and control running). The adaptations in orienteering simulation running were significantly more pronounced in the elite group when step frequency, peak vertical ground reaction force, vertical stiffness, and maximal downward displacement of the centre of mass during contact were considered. The effects of fatigue on running biomechanics depended on whether the orienteers read their map or ran normally. It is concluded that adding a cognitive load does not modify running patterns. Therefore, all changes in running pattern observed during the orienteering simulation, particularly in elite orienteers, are the result of adaptations to enable efficient map reading and/or potentially prevent injuries. Finally, running patterns are not affected to the same extent by fatigue when a map reading task is added.
authors.affiliation: Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Jean Monnet University, Bââtiment Médecine du Sport - Myologie, Hôpital Bellevue, Saint-Etienne 42055, France. guillaume.millet@univ-st-etienne.fr
authors.forename: Guillaume Y
authors.initials: GY
authors.lastname: Millet
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Divert
authors.forename: Marion
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Banizette
authors.forename: Jean-Benoit
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Morin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D054874:Athletic Performance; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D003071:Cognition; D005221:Fatigue; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018763:Muscle Fatigue; D010807:Physical Endurance; D012420:Running / Q000502:physiology / Q000523:psychology; D013315:Stress, Psychological; D055815:Young Adult