title: Delayed reduction in hippocampal postsynaptic density protein-95 expression temporally correlates with cognitive dysfunction following controlled cortical impact in mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Traumatic brain injury (TBI) induces significant neurological damage, including deficits in learning and memory, which contribute to a poor clinical prognosis. Treatment options to limit cognitive decline and promote neurological recovery are lacking, in part due to a poor understanding of the secondary or delayed processes that contribute to brain injury. In the present study, the authors characterized the temporal and spatial changes in the expression of postsynaptic density protein-95 (PSD-95), a key scaffolding protein implicated in excitatory synaptic signaling, after controlled cortical impacts in mice. Neurological injury, as assessed by the open-field activity test and the novel object recognition test, was compared with changes in PSD-95 expression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult male CD-1 mice were subjected to controlled cortical impacts to simulate moderate TBI in humans. The spatial and temporal expression of PSD-95 was analyzed in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus at various time points following injury and sham operations. Neurological assessments were performed to compare changes in PSD-95 with cognitive deficits.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant decrease in PSD-95 expression was observed in the ipsilateral hippocampus beginning on Day 7 postinjury. The loss of PSD-95 corresponded with a concomitant reduction in immunoreactivity for NeuN (neuronal nuclei), a neuron-specific marker. Aside from the contused cortex, a significant loss of PSD-95 immunoreactivity was not observed in the cerebral cortex. The delayed loss of hippocampal PSD-95 directly correlated with the onset of behavioral deficits, suggesting a possible causative role for PSD-95 in behavioral abnormalities following head trauma.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A delayed loss of hippocampal synapses was observed following head trauma in mice. These data may suggest a cellular mechanism to explain the delayed learning and memory deficits in humans after TBI and provide a potential framework for further testing to implicate PSD-95 as a clinically relevant therapeutic target.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA.
authors.forename: Chandramohan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wakade
authors.forename: Sangeetha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sukumari-Ramesh
authors.forename: Melissa D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Laird
authors.forename: Krishnan M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Dhandapani
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Vender
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications* / Q000378:metabolism; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000293:injuries* / Q000378:metabolism; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D000076122:Disks Large Homolog 4 Protein; D051528:Guanylate Kinases; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000378:metabolism*; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D051379:Mice; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000076122:Disks Large Homolog 4 Protein; C501447:Dlg4 protein, mouse; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D051528:Guanylate Kinases
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