title: Monocyte gene-expression profiles associated with childhood-onset type 1 diabetes and disease risk: a study of identical twins.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Monocytes in childhood-onset type 1 diabetes show distinct gene expression. We hypothesize that monocyte activation in monozygotic (MZ) twin pairs discordant for childhood-onset type 1 diabetes could reflect distinct stages of the disease process including diabetes susceptibility (differences between twins, both diabetic and nondiabetic, and control subjects) and/or disease progression (differences between diabetic and nondiabetic twins).
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied patterns of inflammatory gene expression in peripheral blood monocytes of MZ twin pairs (n = 10 pairs) discordant for childhood-onset type 1 diabetes, normal control twin pairs (n = 10 pairs), and healthy control subjects (n = 51) using quantitative-PCR (Q-PCR). We tested the 24 genes previously observed by whole genome analyses and verified by Q-PCR in autoimmune diabetes and performed a hierarchical cluster analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 24 genes abnormally expressed in childhood-onset type 1 diabetes, we revalidated abnormal expression in 16 of them in diabetic twins including distinct sets of downregulated (P < 0.03) and upregulated (P < 0.02) genes. Of these 16 genes, 13 were abnormally expressed in nondiabetic twins, implicating these genes in diabetes susceptibility (P < 0.044 for all). Cluster analysis of monocyte gene-expression in nondiabetic twins identified two distinct, mutually exclusive clusters, while diabetic twins had a network of positively correlated genes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with childhood-onset type 1 diabetes show abnormal monocyte gene-expression levels with an altered gene-expression network due to gene-environment interaction. Importantly, perturbed gene-expression clusters were also detected in nondiabetic twins, implicating monocyte abnormalities in susceptibility to diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Blizard Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Huriya
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Beyan
authors.forename: Roosmarijn C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Drexhage
authors.forename: Leonie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: van der Heul Nieuwenhuijsen
authors.forename: Harm
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: de Wit
authors.forename: Roosmarijn C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Padmos
authors.forename: Nanette C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Schloot
authors.forename: Hemmo A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Drexhage
authors.forename: Richard David
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Leslie
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D004200:Diseases in Twins; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009000:Monocytes / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014430:Twins, Monozygotic
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