title: The adequacy of chronic pain management prior to presenting at a tertiary care pain center: the role of patient socio-demographic characteristics.
abstract: The Pain Management Index (PMI) is used to assess pain medication adequacy in black and white chronic pain patients (18-50 years) at referral to tertiary pain care. Using WHO guidelines for pain treatment, PMI was calculated from pain severity and drug analgesic potency. From 183 patients recruited, 128 provided treatment information for analyses (53% white, 60% female). Most (51.6%) had adequate PMI. Blacks were prescribed fewer pain medications (P = .03); fewer women had adequate medication strength (P = .04). In hierarchical regression, PMI was predicted at entry by female gender, lower MPI, higher affective MPQ, and a gender X age interaction. Younger men experienced better pain management, reducing toward the PMI level of women by age 50. In the final block, black race, being married, affective pain, and gender X age were associated with higher PMI, female gender and being employed were associated with lower PMI. Women, particularly younger women, were at higher risk for inadequate pain management in a primary care environment. These results support variability in chronic pain care and the need for research focusing on whether these disparities persist with specialized pain care.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most people with pain receive initial care in a primary care setting. This study examining the adequacy of pain management prior to specialty pain care showed blacks and women had less adequate pain care at referral. These results suggest the need for interventions and education in the primary care arena to improve pain care.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. carmeng@med.umich.edu
authors.forename: Carmen R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: Tamera
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hart-Johnson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000700:Analgesics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D044383:Black People; D005260:Female; D054625:Healthcare Disparities; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D018710:Pain Clinics; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011320:Primary Health Care; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012737:Sex Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D044465:White People
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics