title: Older subjects with hyperthyroidism present with a paucity of symptoms and signs: a large cross-sectional study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The absence of classical symptoms and signs of hyperthyroidism often results in delayed diagnosis and treatment.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of the study was to determine the prevalence of symptoms and signs of hyperthyroidism according to patients' age and gender as well as severity and type of hyperthyroidism.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a cross-sectional study of 3049 consecutive patients with hyperthyroidism presenting to a single secondary/tertiary care clinic.
  
  
  METHODS
  Calculation of adjusted odds ratios for presence/absence of symptoms/signs of hyperthyroidism simultaneously analyzing the influence of patients' age/gender, disease etiology/severity, symptom duration, and smoking.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The majority of patients older than 61 yr had two or more symptoms. The lowest proportion of subjects reporting five or more symptoms was found in those older than 61 yr. Increasing age was associated with reduced adjusted odds ratio for the presence of most classical symptoms except for weight loss and shortness of breath, independent of disease severity. Those with more severe hyperthyroidism and smokers had increased odds ratios for most symptoms. Older age, higher serum free T(4) concentrations at diagnosis, male gender, and toxic nodular hyperthyroidism were independently associated with risk of atrial fibrillation. Signs of ophthalmopathy were associated with increasing age, smoking, longer symptom duration, and female gender.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Classical symptoms and signs of hyperthyroidism are significantly less prevalent in older patients and more prevalent in smokers and subjects with higher free T(4) concentrations. We propose a lower threshold for performing thyroid function tests in patients older than 60 yr, especially in those presenting with atrial fibrillation, weight loss, or shortness of breath.
authors.affiliation: School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Boelaert
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Torlinska
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Holder
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Franklyn
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006044:Goiter, Nodular / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D006980:Hyperthyroidism / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013960:Thyroid Function Tests; D013971:Thyrotoxicosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D013974:Thyroxine / Q000097:blood; D014284:Triiodothyronine / Q000097:blood; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014284:Triiodothyronine; D013974:Thyroxine