title: Association of hepatitis C and B virus infection with CKD in an endemic area in Taiwan: a cross-sectional study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections may lead to nephropathy. However, the association between different types of viral hepatitis and chronic kidney disease (CKD) is not well established.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A large-scale community study with 54,966 adults in a Taiwanese county endemic for HBV and HCV infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  HCV infection alone, HBV infection alone, HBV/HCV coinfection, and neither.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Proteinuria (urine protein, >or=1+), low (<60 mL/min/1.73 m(2)) estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and CKD (proteinuria or eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m(2)).
  
  
  METHODS
  HBV and HCV infection were defined as a seropositive test result for hepatitis B surface antigen and HCV antibody. Proteinuria was assessed using a repeated dipstick method. eGFR was computed using the 4-variable Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) Study equation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean age of the study group was 60.8 years. Prevalences of HCV infection alone, HBV infection alone, HBV/HCV coinfection, and neither were 9.4%, 9.9%, 0.9%, and 79.8%, respectively. 2,994 (5.4%), 7,936 (14.5%), and 9,602 (17.5%) participants had proteinuria, low eGFR, and CKD, respectively. Multivariate logistic regression analyses showed that HCV infection alone (OR, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.17-1.38), but not HBV infection alone (OR, 1.04; 95% CI, 0.96-1.14) or HBV/HCV coinfection (OR, 1.12; 95% CI, 0.87-1.45), was an independent risk factor for CKD. The prevalence of HCV seropositivity was higher in later CKD stages, changing from 8.5% in CKD stage 1 to 14.5% in CKD stages 4-5. Adjusted ORs for HCV infection alone were 1.14 (95% CI, 1.003-1.300) for proteinuria and 1.30 (95% CI, 1.20-1.42) for low eGFR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The definition of CKD status requires a 3-month duration of low eGFR or kidney damage; this was presumed, not documented, in this study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HCV infection, but not HBV infection, was associated significantly with prevalence and disease severity of CKD in this HBV and HCV endemic area.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Jia-Jung
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Ming-Yen
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Yi-Hsin
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Sheng-Nan
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Hung-Chun
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Shang-Jyh
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Hwang
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D019353:Endemic Diseases; D005260:Female; D016174:Hepacivirus; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006515:Hepatitis B virus; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013624:Taiwan / Q000453:epidemiology