title: Epilepsy in Border Collies: clinical manifestation, outcome, and mode of inheritance.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is a lack of data on idiopathic epilepsy (IE) in Border Collies (BCs) in the veterinary literature.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Genetic epilepsy occurs in BCs and is frequently characterized by a severe clinical course and poor response to medical treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-nine BCs diagnosed with IE.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medical records, seizure data, treatment data, and pedigree information of affected dogs were collected. Cases were classified phenotypically as affected or not affected; mild, moderate, or severe clinical course; active epilepsy (AE) or remission; and drug resistant or not drug resistant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Clinical manifestations were classified as having a moderate (33%) or severe clinical course (49%), characterized by a high prevalence of cluster seizures and status epilepticus. Survival time was significantly decreased in dogs < 2 years of age at seizure onset, and in dogs with a severe clinical course. Drug resistance was apparent in 71% of 24 dogs treated with > 2 antiepileptic drugs. The epilepsy remission rate was 18%. Median age at onset was significantly higher and initial seizure frequency was significantly lower in dogs with remission compared with dogs with AE. Pedigree analyses indicated a strong genetic founder effect in the appearance of epilepsy, resembling autosomal recessive inheritance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study confirms the occurrence of genetically mediated epilepsy with a frequent severe clinical course and drug resistance in BCs. The results provide information about the long-term prognosis of IE in BCs for veterinarians and concerned owners, and may benefit breeders as well.
authors.affiliation: Section of Neurology, Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Hülsmeyer
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zimmermann
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Brauer
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sauter-Louis
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fischer
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D000818:Animals; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D008297:Male; D010375:Pedigree; D015996:Survival Rate