title: Positive socialization mechanisms in secure and insecure parent-child dyads: two longitudinal studies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Implications of early attachment have been extensively studied, but little is known about its long-term indirect sequelae, where early security organization moderates future parent-child relationships, serving as a catalyst for adaptive and maladaptive processes. Two longitudinal multi-trait multi-method studies examined whether early security amplified beneficial effects of children's willing, receptive stance toward the parent on socialization outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined parent-child early attachment organization, assessed in the Strange Situation at 14-15 months, as moderating links between children's willing stance toward parents and socialization outcomes in Study 1 (108 mothers and children, followed to 73 months) and Study 2 (101 mothers, fathers, and children, followed to 80 months). Children's willing stance was observed as committed compliance at 14 and 22 months in Study 1, and as responsiveness to the parent in naturalistic interactions and teaching contexts at 25 and 67 months in Study 2. Socialization outcomes included children's internalization of maternal prohibition, observed at 33, 45, and 56 months, and maternal ratings of children's externalizing problems at 73 months in Study 1, and mothers' and fathers' ratings of children's oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder symptoms at 80 months in Study 2.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Indirect effects of attachment were replicated across both studies and diverse measures: Attachment security significantly amplified the links between children's willing stance to mothers and all outcomes. Secure children's willing, cooperative stance to mothers predicted future successful socialization outcomes. Insecure children's willing stance conferred no beneficial effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Implications of early attachment extend to long-term, indirect developmental sequelae. Security in the first year serves as a catalyst for future positive socialization processes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1407, USA. grazyna-kochanska@uiowa.edu
authors.forename: Grazyna
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kochanska
authors.forename: Jarilyn
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Woodard
authors.forename: Sanghag
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Jamie L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Koenig
authors.forename: Jeung Eun
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.forename: Robin A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Barry
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D019958:Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005220:Fathers / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007389:Internal-External Control; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology; D009769:Object Attachment; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D012951:Socialization
references.citation: Child Dev. 2009 Jul-Aug;80(4):1288-300
references.pmid: 19630909
references.citation: J Consult Clin Psychol. 2002 Feb;70(1):56-66
references.pmid: 11860056
references.citation: Psychol Sci. 2004 Oct;15(10):699-704
references.pmid: 15447642
references.citation: Adv Child Dev Behav. 2003;31:137-71
references.pmid: 14528661
references.citation: Psychol Rev. 1968 Mar;75(2):81-95
references.pmid: 4870552
references.citation: Dev Psychol. 2005 Jul;41(4):648-60
references.pmid: 16060811
references.citation: Child Dev. 1995 Dec;66(6):1752-69
references.pmid: 8556897
references.citation: J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2005 Jan;46(1):19-34
references.pmid: 15660641
references.citation: J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2008 Oct;49(10):1089-98
references.pmid: 19017025
references.citation: J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2008 Nov;49(11):1220-7
references.pmid: 18684154
references.citation: Psychol Bull. 2009 Nov;135(6):885-908
references.pmid: 19883141
references.citation: J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2004 Sep;45(6):1171-9
references.pmid: 15257673
references.citation: J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2002 Dec;31(4):513-24
references.pmid: 12402570
references.citation: Dev Psychopathol. 2002 Spring;14(2):293-310
references.pmid: 12030693
references.citation: Perspect Psychol Sci. 2009 Jul;4(4):345-51
references.pmid: 26158982
references.citation: Child Dev. 2004 Jul-Aug;75(4):1229-42
references.pmid: 15260874
references.citation: Dev Psychol. 2001 Mar;37(2):198-206
references.pmid: 11269388
references.citation: J Abnorm Child Psychol. 1977;5(3):265-75
references.pmid: 903521