title: Heritability of anxious-depressive and withdrawn behavior: age-related changes during adolescence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explain the differential course of anxiety and depression in individuals from childhood to adulthood by examining age-related changes in the genetic and environmental etiology of anxious and depressive symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  A sample of 1470, 1839, and 2023 Dutch twins aged 12, 14, and 16 years reported on symptoms of anxious depression (AD) and withdrawn behavior (WB), using the Youth Self Report (YSR). AD and WB were analyzed with bivariate cross-sectional genetic models for each age group to obtain estimates of the relative influence of genes (A), shared (C), and nonshared (E) environment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The best-fitting models revealed no difference between heritability estimates in boys and girls. Familial clustering at age 12 years was explained by genetic and shared environmental factors. At ages 14 and 16 years, genetic factors were sufficient to explain familial clustering, shared environmental effects were absent. Genetic influences on AD and WB correlated highly.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings are in agreement with earlier studies on age-specific effects of genes and shared environment on anxiety, depression, and withdrawn behavior in childhood and adolescence. The current study demonstrated that the decrease in the role of shared environment occurs after age 12. Hormonal changes accompanying the onset of puberty do not seem to explain the change in risk factors, as in 90% of the subjects puberty had already started. More knowledge on age-specific risk factors may offer opportunities for therapeutic interventions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. dj.lamb@psy.vu.nl
authors.forename: Diane J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Lamb
authors.forename: Christel M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Middeldorp
authors.forename: Catarina E M
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: van Beijsterveldt
authors.forename: Meike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bartels
authors.forename: Niels
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: van der Aa
authors.forename: Tinca J C
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Polderman
authors.forename: Dorret I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Boomsma
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008957:Models, Genetic; D009426:Netherlands; D010641:Phenotype; D012307:Risk Factors; D012792:Shyness; D012931:Social Environment