Syndromic approach to Parkinson's disease: role of functional imaging.
Current evidence from monogenic Parkinson's disease (PD) supports the view that PD is a clinical syndrome, rather than a single disease entity, and that the heterogeneity of PD indeed reflects different pathogenesis. Recent developments in functional imaging have enabled the in vivo assessment of cellular and molecular pathology of PD with respect to temporal and topographical patterns. We propose that this new technology will be useful for linking monogenic and sporadic PD, and thus, for classifying PD based on the pathogenesis. It will be also useful in clinico-genetic studies exploring susceptibility factors and at-risk groups, which are important for neuroprotective treatment when it becomes available.
Lee
Chong Sik
CS
Department of Medicine/Neurology, Vancouver Hospital and Health Sciences Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
Chung
Sun Ju
SJ
Kim
Jae Seung
JS
Ann Neurol. 2005 Sep;58(3):411-22
16130111
Nature. 1997 Aug 28;388(6645):839-40
9278044
Neurology. 1990 Oct;40(10):1529-34
2215943
Ann Neurol. 1990 Mar;27(3):276-82
2158268
Can J Neurol Sci. 1991 Aug;18(3):275-8
1913360
Science. 1997 Jun 27;276(5321):2045-7
9197268
Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2002 Jul;2(4):296-302
12044248
Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003 Jun;991:1-14
12846969
Ann Neurol. 2002 Dec;52(6):849-53
12447943
Science. 2003 Jan 10;299(5604):256-9
12446870
Neurology. 2005 Dec 13;65(11):1716-22
16344512
Life Sci. 2001 Aug 17;69(13):1471-84
11554609
Ann Neurol. 2001 Mar;49(3):367-76
11261512
Ann Neurol. 1988 Oct;24(4):574-6
3239957
Ann Neurol. 2005 Mar;57(3):365-72
15732106
Annu Rev Biochem. 2005;74:29-52
15952880
Neuroreport. 2005 Sep 8;16(13):1431-4
16110265
Annu Rev Neurosci. 2001;24:1121-59
11520930
Neurology. 1989 Jun;39(6):874-5
2725894
Ann Neurol. 2005 Feb;57(2):168-75
15668962
Nat Rev Genet. 2006 Apr;7(4):306-18
16543934
Arch Neurol. 1993 Feb;50(2):140-8
8431132
Circulation. 1986 Mar;73(3):476-83
3004781
Mov Disord. 1999 Jan;14(1):10-20
9918339
Ann Neurol. 1999 Jul;46(1):62-9
10401781
Neurology. 2001 Feb 13;56(3):408-10
11171913
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1988 Jun;51(6):745-52
2841426
J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2002 Mar;109(3):329-39
11956955
N Engl J Med. 2006 Jan 26;354(4):422-3
16436781
Trends Neurosci. 2003 Oct;26(10):517-9
14522142
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1985 May;48(5):413-21
3998751
Ann Neurol. 1987 Jul;22(1):26-30
3631918
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Jun 15;101(24):9103-8
15181200
Neuron. 2004 Nov 18;44(4):601-7
15541309
Arch Neurol. 2006 Mar;63(3):328-34
16533959
Lancet. 2004 Sep 25-Oct 1;364(9440):1105-7
15451205
Arch Neurol. 2003 Dec;60(12):1745-8
14676050
Ann Neurol. 2000 Aug;48(2):194-200
10939570
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1992 Mar;55(3):181-4
1564476
Neurology. 1985 May;35(5):762-5
2986048
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2005 Mar;76(3):343-8
15716523
Hum Mol Genet. 2006 Jan 15;15(2):223-32
16321986
Ann Neurol. 1983 Mar;13(3):243-8
6847136
Neurology. 2004 May 11;62(9):1619-22
15136696
Am J Hum Genet. 2005 Apr;76(4):672-80
15726496
Lancet. 1997 Jun 21;349(9068):1805-9
9269216
Neuron. 2004 Aug 5;43(3):301-4
15294138
Neurology. 2005 Jan 11;64(1):134-6
15642918
Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 1995 Sep;21(2):195-218
8866675
Brain. 2002 Oct;125(Pt 10):2248-56
12244082
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Nov 15;102(46):16842-7
16269541
Ann Neurol. 1996 Sep;40(3):399-410
8797529
Arch Neurol. 2003 May;60(5):713-8
12756135
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1989 Jun;Suppl:18-21
2666575
Ann Neurol. 2005 Mar;57(3):453-6
15732108
Hum Mutat. 2004 Oct;24(4):321-9
15365989
Mov Disord. 2006 Aug;21(8):1102-8
16622854
Neurology. 2005 Jun 14;64(11):1958-60
15955954
N Engl J Med. 2006 Jan 26;354(4):424-5
16436782
Mov Disord. 2006 Aug;21(8):1144-7
16671078
Neurology. 1999 Mar 10;52(4):691-9
10078712
Ann Neurol. 1980 Apr;7(4):329-35
7377758
Brain. 2005 Dec;128(Pt 12):2777-85
16081470
Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2005 Sep;11(6):349-52
16102999
Ann Neurol. 2004 Mar;55(3):306-19
14991808
Neurobiol Dis. 2006 Feb;21(2):404-12
16182554