title: Role of monocytes and macrophages in experimental and human acute liver failure.
abstract: Acute liver failure (ALF) is a devastating clinical syndrome characterised by progressive encephalopathy, coagulopathy, and circulatory dysfunction, which commonly leads to multiorgan failure and death. Central to the pathogenesis of ALF is activation of the immune system with mobilisation of cellular effectors and massive production of cytokines. As key components of the innate immune system, monocytes and macrophages are postulated to play a central role in the initiation, progression and resolution of ALF. ALF in humans follows a rapidly progressive clinical course that poses inherent difficulties in delineating the role of these pivotal immune cells. Therefore, a number of experimental models have been used to study the pathogenesis of ALF. Here we consider the evidence from experimental and human studies of ALF on the role of monocytes and macrophages in acute hepatic injury and the ensuing extrahepatic manifestations, including functional monocyte deactivation and multiple organ failure.
authors.forename: Lucia A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Possamai
authors.forename: Charalambos Gustav
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Antoniades
authors.forename: Quentin M
authors.initials: QM
authors.lastname: Anstee
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Quaglia
authors.forename: Diego
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vergani
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Thursz
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wendon
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007107:Immune System; D007249:Inflammation; D008099:Liver / Q000293:injuries / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D017093:Liver Failure / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism; D008264:Macrophages / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D008954:Models, Biological; D009000:Monocytes / Q000166:cytology*; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: C111835:CCL2 protein, human; D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D016207:Cytokines
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