title: Prenatal exposure to airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and children's intelligence at 5 years of age in a prospective cohort study in Poland.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In this prospective cohort study of Caucasian mothers and children in Krakow, Poland, we evaluated the role of prenatal exposure to urban air pollutants in the pathogenesis of neurobehavioral disorders.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between prenatal polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure and child intelligence at 5 years of age, controlling for potential confounders suspected to play a role in neurodevelopment.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cohort of pregnant, healthy, nonsmoking women was enrolled in Krakow, Poland, between 2001 and 2006. During pregnancy, participants were invited to complete a questionnaire and undergo 48-hr personal air monitoring to estimate their babies' exposure, and to provide a blood sample and/or a cord blood sample at the time of delivery. Two hundred fourteen children were followed through 5 years of age, when their nonverbal reasoning ability was assessed using the Raven Coloured Progressive Matrices (RCPM).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that higher (above the median of 17.96 ng/m3) prenatal exposure to airborne PAHs (range, 1.8-272.2 ng/m3) was associated with decreased RCPM scores at 5 years of age, after adjusting for potential confounding variables (n = 214). Further adjusting for maternal intelligence, lead, or dietary PAHs did not alter this association. The reduction in RCPM score associated with high airborne PAH exposure corresponded to an estimated average decrease of 3.8 IQ points.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that prenatal exposure to airborne PAHs adversely affects children's cognitive development by 5 years of age, with potential implications for school performance. They are consistent with a recent finding in a parallel cohort in New York City.
authors.affiliation: Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Health, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Susan Claire
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.forename: Wieslaw
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Jedrychowski
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Butscher
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Camann
authors.forename: Agnieszka
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kieltyka
authors.forename: Elzbieta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mroz
authors.forename: Elzbieta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Flak
authors.forename: Zhigang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Shuang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Virginia
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Rauh
authors.forename: Frederica
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Perera
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007360:Intelligence / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000633:toxicity*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D011446:Prospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
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