Production of metabolites as bacterial responses to the marine environment.
Bacteria in marine environments are often under extreme conditions of e.g., pressure, temperature, salinity, and depletion of micronutrients, with survival and proliferation often depending on the ability to produce biologically active compounds. Some marine bacteria produce biosurfactants, which help to transport hydrophobic low water soluble substrates by increasing their bioavailability. However, other functions related to heavy metal binding, quorum sensing and biofilm formation have been described. In the case of metal ions, bacteria developed a strategy involving the release of binding agents to increase their bioavailability. In the particular case of the Fe(3+) ion, which is almost insoluble in water, bacteria secrete siderophores that form soluble complexes with the ion, allowing the cells to uptake the iron required for cell functioning. Adaptive changes in the lipid composition of marine bacteria have been observed in response to environmental variations in pressure, temperature and salinity. Some fatty acids, including docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic acids, have only been reported in prokaryotes in deep-sea bacteria. Cell membrane permeability can also be adapted to extreme environmental conditions by the production of hopanoids, which are pentacyclic triterpenoids that have a function similar to cholesterol in eukaryotes. Bacteria can also produce molecules that prevent the attachment, growth and/or survival of challenging organisms in competitive environments. The production of these compounds is particularly important in surface attached strains and in those in biofilms. The wide array of compounds produced by marine bacteria as an adaptive response to demanding conditions makes them suitable candidates for screening of compounds with commercially interesting biological functions. Biosurfactants produced by marine bacteria may be helpful to increase mass transfer in different industrial processes and in the bioremediation of hydrocarbon-contaminated sites. Siderophores are necessary e.g., in the treatment of diseases with metal ion imbalance, while antifouling compounds could be used to treat man-made surfaces that are used in marine environments. New classes of antibiotics could efficiently combat bacteria resistant to the existing antibiotics. The present work aims to provide a comprehensive review of the metabolites produced by marine bacteria in order to cope with intrusive environments, and to illustrate how such metabolites can be advantageously used in several relevant areas, from bioremediation to health and pharmaceutical sectors.
de Carvalho
Carla C C R
CC
IBB-Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre for Biological and Chemical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal. ccarvalho@ist.utl.pt
Fernandes
Pedro
P
D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D001419:Bacteria / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D001688:Biological Products / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000737:chemistry; D004777:Environment; D012623:Seawater / Q000382:microbiology*
D001688:Biological Products
Biometals. 2009 Aug;22(4):625-32
19350395
Trends Microbiol. 2009 Mar;17(3):109-18
19231189
FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2009 Apr;293(1):73-8
19222571
Appl Environ Microbiol. 1987 Mar;53(3):527-32
16347302
Nature. 2001 Sep 27;413(6854):409-13
11574885
Clin Ther. 2007 Oct;29(10):2154-66
18042472
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 Apr 1;100(7):3754-9
12651947
Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 2004 Jul-Sep;118(1-3):243-51
15304753
Bacteriol Rev. 1974 Mar;38(1):87-110
4601163
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2009 Feb;75(3):567-72
19060172
Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2009 Feb;82(2):311-20
19096838
Nat Rev Microbiol. 2007 Apr;5(4):316-23
17334387
Coord Chem Rev. 2010 Feb 1;254(3-4):288-296
21442004
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2008 Aug;74(15):4867-76
18552188
J Antibiot (Tokyo). 1975 Mar;28(3):176-84
1126873
Bacteriol Rev. 1965 Mar;29:9-24
14295987
J Nat Prod. 2007 Nov;70(11):1746-52
17958395
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 May 14;99(10):7072-7
11997446
J Nat Prod. 2004 Nov;67(11):1897-9
15568785
Environ Microbiol. 2007 Sep;9(9):2175-88
17686016
Water Sci Technol. 2001;43(6):1-8
11381954
Plant Physiol. 1988 Jul;87(3):680-5
16666207
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2002 Jan;68(1):372-8
11772647
Chem Rev. 2009 Oct;109(10):4580-95
19772347
Biometals. 2009 Aug;22(4):659-69
19343508
Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2001 Sep;69(1):69-79
11759830
Saline Syst. 2009 Nov 23;5:9
19930649
J Appl Microbiol. 2007 Nov;103(5):1716-27
17953582
Appl Environ Microbiol. 1996 Sep;62(9):3265-9
16535400
Curr Top Med Chem. 2001 May;1(1):73-82
11895295
FEBS Lett. 1980 Apr 21;113(1):107-10
7380001
Mar Biotechnol (NY). 2009 Jul-Aug;11(4):431-40
19424754
Pathol Biol (Paris). 2004 Apr;52(3):127-30
15063931
Curr Pharm Biotechnol. 2007 Oct;8(5):253-60
17979723
J Nat Prod. 2003 Jun;66(6):818-22
12828468
Nat Prod Rep. 2007 Aug;24(4):814-42
17653361
Biometals. 2009 Dec;22(6):965-72
19459055
Trends Microbiol. 2007 Nov;15(11):491-9
17997312
FEMS Microbiol Ecol. 2005 Feb 1;51(3):389-99
16329886
Int J Med Microbiol. 2006 Apr;296(2-3):61-71
16487746
Annu Rev Med. 2009;60:25-38
19630568
Environ Microbiol. 1999 Jun;1(3):191-8
11207738
Annu Rev Microbiol. 1996;50:727-51
8905097
Appl Environ Microbiol. 1997 Jul;63(7):2572-7
16535638
Appl Environ Microbiol. 1986 Jun;51(6):1224-9
16347080
Environ Sci Technol. 2008 Dec 1;42(23):8675-80
19192780
Adv Microb Physiol. 1972;8:143-213
4581483
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1974 Feb;71(2):522-5
4360948
J Bioenerg Biomembr. 1989 Feb;21(1):93-113
2651429
J Biol Inorg Chem. 2006 Jul;11(5):633-41
16791646
FEMS Microbiol Lett. 1999 Nov 15;180(2):123-31
10556702
Microbiol Sci. 1984 Apr;1(1):9-14
6242877
Prog Lipid Res. 2004 Sep;43(5):383-402
15458813
Biometals. 2002 Jun;15(2):153-60
12046923
Ann Intern Med. 1994 Mar 15;120(6):490-9
8311372
FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2000 May 15;186(2):193-5
10802170
J Bacteriol. 1955 Nov;70(5):568-71
13271293
Biometals. 1994 Apr;7(2):109-16
8148612
Annu Rev Microbiol. 1983;37:1-23
6357049
Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2002 Jul;59(2-3):125-34
12111137
J Am Chem Soc. 2006 Feb 1;128(4):1064-5
16433508
Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. 2003;83(3):275-83
12776923
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2001 Apr;67(4):1710-7
11282625
Microbiol Res. 2003;158(3):243-8
14521234
Mar Drugs. 2007 Sep 19;5(3):85-112
18463721
Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2003 Jan;60(5):495-506
12536248
Eur J Haematol. 2009 Jun;82(6):458-65
19187278
J Bacteriol. 1984 Dec;160(3):879-83
6501232
Biometals. 2009 Aug;22(4):565-71
19357970
PLoS Biol. 2005 Aug;3(8):e273
16008504
Inorg Chem. 2009 Dec 7;48(23):11466-73
19902959
J Antibiot (Tokyo). 1987 Dec;40(12):1671-6
2962973
Trends Biotechnol. 2009 Jan;27(1):45-52
19022511
PLoS One. 2008 Jul 23;3(7):e2744
18648491
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2000 Jul;66(7):2797-803
10877770
Microbiol Rev. 1995 Jun;59(2):201-22
7603409
J Appl Microbiol. 2008 Nov;105(5):1672-7
18828792
Science. 2000 Feb 18;287(5456):1245-7
10678827
Trends Biotechnol. 2005 Sep;23(9):437-40
16038996
Ann Rev Mar Sci. 2009;1:43-63
21141029
Biotechnol Adv. 2009 Jul-Aug;27(4):521-39
19393308
J Am Chem Soc. 2007 Jan 24;129(3):478-9
17226996
Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(19):2416-29
19601789
Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2007 Oct;76(5):1017-26
17641887
Trends Microbiol. 2003 Aug;11(8):347-50
12915091
Res Microbiol. 2002 Jun;153(5):263-8
12160316
J Am Chem Soc. 2002 Jan 23;124(3):378-9
11792199
Biochim Biophys Acta. 1996 Oct 29;1286(3):225-45
8982284
Met Ions Biol Syst. 1998;35:239-327
9444763
J Appl Microbiol. 2008 Jun;104(6):1675-84
18194244
Curr Microbiol. 2004 Oct;49(4):300-7
15386120
J Am Chem Soc. 2007 Oct 10;129(40):12263-71
17850151
FEMS Microbiol Ecol. 2004 Mar 1;47(3):371-9
19712325
Biotechnol Adv. 2006 Mar-Apr;24(2):134-42
16169182
Stud Hist Philos Biol Biomed Sci. 2007 Dec;38(4):820-33
18053936
Microb Ecol. 1997 Nov;34(3):232-6
9337418
J Nat Prod. 2009 May 22;72(5):884-8
19320498
Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2002 Jun;46(6):2010-3
12019128
Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2009 Jun;73(2):249-99
19487728
Nat Chem Biol. 2007 Jul;3(7):408-14
17576428