Anthropometric measures and their relation to incident primary open-angle glaucoma.
OBJECTIVE
To assess the relation between anthropometric measures and incident primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG).


METHODS
Prospective cohort study.


METHODS
Included were 78,777 women in the Nurses' Health Study and 41,352 men in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study.


METHODS
Females and male health professionals were followed prospectively from 1980 through 2004 and 1986 through 2004, respectively. Eligible participants were 40 years of age or older, did not have POAG at baseline, and reported undergoing eye examinations during follow-up. Information regarding anthropometric measures, potential confounders, and ophthalmic status was updated using biennial questionnaires. During follow-up, 980 POAG cases were identified.


METHODS
Multivariate rate ratios (MVRR) of POAG and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs).


RESULTS
There was no significant relation between cumulatively averaged body mass index (BMI) in kilograms per meter squared and POAG overall (P = 0.06, for trend). However, in relation to POAG with intraocular pressure (IOP) of 22 mmHg or less at diagnosis, each unit increase in BMI was associated with a 6% reduced risk in women (MVRR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.91-0.98; P = 0.01), but not for men (MVRR, 1.02; 95% CI, 0.96-1.09; P = 0.57); this gender difference was significant (P = 0.03, for heterogeneity). In multivariate analyses to explore the independent effects of height and weight, weight (as height-adjusted weight residuals; P = 0.002, for trend), but not height (P = 0.10, for trend) seemed to account for most of the inverse association between BMI and POAG with IOP of 21 mmHg or less at diagnosis in women. There was no association between BMI and POAG with IOP of more than 21 mmHg at diagnosis for either gender (P> or =0.26, for trend). Among women, analyses found that the relations between anthropometric parameters and both POAG subtypes (POAG with IOP< or =21 mmHg vs. POAG with IOP >21 mmHg when diagnosed) were significantly different (P< or =0.0001).


CONCLUSIONS
Among women, higher BMI was associated with a lower risk of POAG with IOP of 21 mmHg or less at diagnosis. The factors contributing to this tendency may yield insight into the pathogenesis of POAG.
Pasquale
Louis R
LR
Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA. Louis_Pasquale@meei.harvard.edu
Willett
Walter C
WC
Rosner
Bernard A
BA
Kang
Jae Hee
JH
D000886:Anthropometry; D001837:Body Weights and Measures; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005902:Glaucoma, Open-Angle / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006282:Health Personnel; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007429:Intraocular Pressure; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
Ophthalmology. 2006 Jul;113(7):1081-6
16757028
Ophthalmology. 2008 Feb;115(2):227-232.e1
17716734
Ophthalmology. 2008 Apr;115(4):648-654.e1
17664010
Br J Ophthalmol. 1987 Oct;71(10):766-71
3676147
J Am Diet Assoc. 2001 Jan;101(1):28-34; quiz 35-6
11209581
Arch Ophthalmol. 2001 Jan;119(1):89-95
11146731
Control Clin Trials. 1986 Sep;7(3):177-88
3802833
Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2005 Apr;5(2):122-8
15780819
Ophthalmology. 2008 Jun;115(6):964-968.e1
17964654
Ophthalmology. 1984 Nov;91(11):1356-60
6514302
Ophthalmology. 1995 Jan;102(1):48-53
7831041
Arch Ophthalmol. 1991 Aug;109(8):1090-5
1867550
Ophthalmology. 1997 Apr;104(4):712-8
9111268
Br J Ophthalmol. 2001 Jul;85(7):877-82
11423466
Obesity (Silver Spring). 2007 Jan;15(1):188-96
17228047
Ophthalmology. 2009 Jun;116(6):1112-8
19395087
Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2007 May-Jun;14(3):141-7
17613849
Cancer Causes Control. 1998 Mar;9(2):199-207
9578297
Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2006 Sep;47(9):3896-903
16936102
Arch Ophthalmol. 2008 Jul;126(7):981-5
18625947
Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1999 Aug;40(9):1906-11
10440242
Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2005 Sep-Oct;21(5):434-40
15651065
Ophthalmology. 2002 Jun;109(6):1047-51
12045042
Am J Epidemiol. 2005 Nov 15;162(10):975-82
16207808
Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1995 Aug;19(8):570-2
7489028
Ophthalmology. 1994 Jul;101(7):1173-7
8035979
Cancer Causes Control. 2001 Jan;12(1):47-59
11227925
Am J Epidemiol. 1990 Sep;132(3):501-13
2389754
Arch Ophthalmol. 1995 Jul;113(7):918-24
7605285
J Glaucoma. 2007 Oct-Nov;16(7):627-30
18091182
Arch Ophthalmol. 1997 Dec;115(12):1572-6
9400792
Arch Ophthalmol. 2008 Aug;126(8):1101-8
18695105
Ophthalmology. 1996 Aug;103(8):1271-5
8764798
Epidemiology. 1990 Nov;1(6):466-73
2090285
Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2003 Sep;44(9):3783-9
12939292
Ophthalmology. 2006 Oct;113(10):1827-31
16884777
Int J Epidemiol. 2000 Aug;29(4):661-6
10922342
Am J Ophthalmol. 2008 Jul;146(1):69-76
18486096
Arch Ophthalmol. 2006 Nov;124(11):1631-6
17102013
Am J Epidemiol. 1989 Jun;129(6):1120-31
2729251
J Natl Cancer Inst. 1995 Sep 6;87(17):1297-302
7658481
Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1992 Jun;33(7):2224-8
1607232
Am J Ophthalmol. 2007 Feb;143(2):363-5
17258539
Int J Epidemiol. 1991 Mar;20(1):151-6
2066214
J Glaucoma. 1999 Feb;8(1):8-11
10084268
Arch Ophthalmol. 2001 Dec;119(12):1819-26
11735794
Jpn J Ophthalmol. 2003 Mar-Apr;47(2):191-8
12738554
Eye (Lond). 2006 Mar;20(3):315-8
15832184
Arch Ophthalmol. 1988 Jul;106(7):898-900
3390051
Epidemiology. 1995 Jan;6(1):61-6
7888448