title: Mental health among young adult survivors of childhood cancer and their siblings including posttraumatic growth.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Few studies have addressed the mental health status of young adult childhood cancer survivors (CCSs) and their siblings (SIBs). This paper focuses on depression, anxiety, posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS), and posttraumatic growth (PTG) among Japanese CCSs and their SIBs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adolescent and young adult CCSs (n=185), in remission for more than 1 year, their SIBs (n=72), and general controls (CONTs) (n=1,000) completed anonymous self-report questionnaires for depression, anxiety, PTSS, and PTG. The physicians in charge also completed an anonymous disease/treatment data sheet.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CCSs were approximately 8 years old at diagnosis and approximately 23 years old at the time of the survey. Their diagnoses included leukemia (57%), lymphoma (12%), and solid tumors (30%). Thirty-eight percent underwent surgery and 25% received stem cell transplantation. No significant differences were found between CCSs and CONTs in terms of depression and anxiety. CCSs had significantly more PTSS and had remarkably greater PTG compared to CONTs. Although no significant differences were found between SIBs and CONTs regarding depression, anxiety, or PTSS, female SIBs exhibited greater PTG compared to female CONTs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To empower CCSs, they should be evaluated periodically regarding PTSS and PTG and should be provided appropriate care and feedback. The fact that the mental health status of young adult SIBs was similar to CONTs at 15 years after their siblings' diagnoses may help reassure parents who worry about mental health among the siblings of an affected child during and after his/her treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Nursing, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan. kkamibeppu-tky@umin.ac.jp
authors.forename: Kiyoko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kamibeppu
authors.forename: Iori
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: Misato
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Honda
authors.forename: Shuichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ozono
authors.forename: Naoko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sakamoto
authors.forename: Tsuyako
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Iwai
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Okamura
authors.forename: Keiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Asami
authors.forename: Naoko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Maeda
authors.forename: Hiroko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Inada
authors.forename: Naoko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kakee
authors.forename: Keizo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Horibe
authors.forename: Yasushi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ishida
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D001007:Anxiety / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development / Q000502:physiology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008603:Mental Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D010555:Personality Inventory; D035781:Siblings / Q000523:psychology*; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D017741:Survivors / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055815:Young Adult
references.citation: Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2004 Jun;42(7):604-10
references.pmid: 15127415
references.citation: J Nerv Ment Dis. 2002 Mar;190(3):175-82
references.pmid: 11923652
references.citation: Med Pediatr Oncol. 2002 Apr;38(4):229-39
references.pmid: 11920786
references.citation: Int J Methods Psychiatr Res. 2008;17(3):152-8
references.pmid: 18763695
references.citation: Pediatrics. 2002 Jul;110(1 Pt 1):42-52
references.pmid: 12093945
references.citation: Int J Cancer. 2007 Aug 1;121(3):633-40
references.pmid: 17405119
references.citation: Acta Oncol. 2008;47(2):199-206
references.pmid: 18210296
references.citation: J Pediatr Psychol. 2006 May;31(4):413-9
references.pmid: 16093518
references.citation: J Clin Oncol. 2004 Mar 15;22(6):999-1006
references.pmid: 15020603
references.citation: Oncol Nurs Forum. 2001 Apr;28(3):481-9
references.pmid: 11338757
references.citation: Psychosom Med. 1979 May;41(3):209-18
references.pmid: 472086
references.citation: J Pediatr Oncol Nurs. 2004 May-Jun;21(3):170-4
references.pmid: 15296048
references.citation: J Pediatr Psychol. 2009 Nov-Dec;34(10):1129-34
references.pmid: 19342537
references.citation: J Clin Oncol. 2009 May 10;27(14):2307
references.pmid: 19349535
references.citation: Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2007 Aug;49(2):177-82
references.pmid: 16862538
references.citation: Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2008 May;50(5):1018-25
references.pmid: 17849473
references.citation: Psychol Med. 2002 Aug;32(6):959-76
references.pmid: 12214795
references.citation: Psychosomatics. 2000 Jul-Aug;41(4):339-46
references.pmid: 10906356
references.citation: Anxiety Stress Coping. 2007 Dec;20(4):353-67
references.pmid: 17999236
references.citation: J Clin Oncol. 2000 Dec 15;18(24):4060-6
references.pmid: 11118467
references.citation: J Trauma Stress. 1996 Jul;9(3):455-71
references.pmid: 8827649
references.citation: Health Psychol. 2001 May;20(3):176-85
references.pmid: 11403215
references.citation: Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2007 Jul;49(1):47-51
references.pmid: 16755550
references.citation: J Pediatr Psychol. 2006 May;31(4):356-66
references.pmid: 15788716
references.citation: Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. 2001 Spring;31(3):195-213
references.pmid: 11196011
references.citation: J Clin Oncol. 2009 May 10;27(14):2396-404
references.pmid: 19255309
references.citation: J Pediatr Psychol. 2007 Nov-Dec;32(10):1264-71
references.pmid: 17210581