title: Sarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosis: Report of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People.
abstract: The European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP) developed a practical clinical definition and consensus diagnostic criteria for age-related sarcopenia. EWGSOP included representatives from four participant organisations, i.e. the European Geriatric Medicine Society, the European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, the International Association of Gerontology and Geriatrics-European Region and the International Association of Nutrition and Aging. These organisations endorsed the findings in the final document. The group met and addressed the following questions, using the medical literature to build evidence-based answers: (i) What is sarcopenia? (ii) What parameters define sarcopenia? (iii) What variables reflect these parameters, and what measurement tools and cut-off points can be used? (iv) How does sarcopenia relate to cachexia, frailty and sarcopenic obesity? For the diagnosis of sarcopenia, EWGSOP recommends using the presence of both low muscle mass + low muscle function (strength or performance). EWGSOP variously applies these characteristics to further define conceptual stages as 'presarcopenia', 'sarcopenia' and 'severe sarcopenia'. EWGSOP reviewed a wide range of tools that can be used to measure the specific variables of muscle mass, muscle strength and physical performance. Our paper summarises currently available data defining sarcopenia cut-off points by age and gender; suggests an algorithm for sarcopenia case finding in older individuals based on measurements of gait speed, grip strength and muscle mass; and presents a list of suggested primary and secondary outcome domains for research. Once an operational definition of sarcopenia is adopted and included in the mainstream of comprehensive geriatric assessment, the next steps are to define the natural course of sarcopenia and to develop and define effective treatment.
authors.affiliation: Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain. acruz.hrc@salud.madrid.org <acruz.hrc@salud.madrid.org>
authors.forename: Alfonso J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Cruz-Jentoft
authors.forename: Jean Pierre
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Baeyens
authors.forename: Jürgen M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.forename: Yves
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Boirie
authors.forename: Tommy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Cederholm
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Landi
authors.forename: Finbarr C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Jean-Pierre
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Michel
authors.forename: Yves
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Rolland
authors.forename: Stéphane M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Topinková
authors.forename: Maurits
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vandewoude
authors.forename: Mauro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zamboni
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging; D002100:Cachexia / Q000175:diagnosis; D005260:Female; D016330:Frail Elderly; D015577:Geriatric Assessment; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D053580:Muscle Strength; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009765:Obesity / Q000175:diagnosis; D055948:Sarcopenia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy
references.citation: Am J Epidemiol. 2004 Feb 15;159(4):413-21
references.pmid: 14769646
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 2005 Oct;28(10):2541-2
references.pmid: 16186295
references.citation: Clin Nutr. 2010 Apr;29(2):154-9
references.pmid: 20060626
references.citation: Am J Epidemiol. 1998 Apr 15;147(8):755-63
references.pmid: 9554417
references.citation: J Lab Clin Med. 2001 Apr;137(4):231-43
references.pmid: 11283518
references.citation: Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2008 Nov;11(6):693-700
references.pmid: 18827572
references.citation: J Nutr Health Aging. 2008 Aug-Sep;12(7):452-6
references.pmid: 18615226
references.citation: Clin Nutr. 2009 Feb;28(1):78-82
references.pmid: 19064305
references.citation: J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2000 Jun;55(6):M350-5
references.pmid: 10843356
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 2000 Aug;89(2):465-71
references.pmid: 10926627
references.citation: Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1990;60(5):385-90
references.pmid: 2369911
references.citation: J Nutr. 1997 May;127(5 Suppl):990S-991S
references.pmid: 9164280
references.citation: J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2000 Apr;55(4):M221-31
references.pmid: 10811152
references.citation: J Am Geriatr Soc. 2003 Aug;51(8):1120-4
references.pmid: 12890076
references.citation: Clin Sci Mol Med. 1977 Mar;52(3):283-90
references.pmid: 844260
references.citation: J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1999 Feb;29(2):116-26
references.pmid: 10322586
references.citation: J Strength Cond Res. 2007 Feb;21(1):91-5
references.pmid: 17313273
references.citation: J Am Geriatr Soc. 2002 May;50(5):889-96
references.pmid: 12028177
references.citation: J Am Geriatr Soc. 2003 Nov;51(11):1602-9
references.pmid: 14687390
references.citation: J Am Geriatr Soc. 2008 Sep;56(9):1710-5
references.pmid: 18691288
references.citation: J Nutr Health Aging. 2009 Dec;13(10):881-9
references.pmid: 19924348
references.citation: J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2006 Oct;61(10):1059-64
references.pmid: 17077199
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 2006 Sep;101(3):945-9
references.pmid: 16741259
references.citation: J Nutr Health Aging. 2008 Aug-Sep;12(7):433-50
references.pmid: 18615225
references.citation: Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2009 May-Jun;48(3):361-6
references.pmid: 18457885
references.citation: Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2009 Jan;12(1):72-7
references.pmid: 19057191
references.citation: J Nutr Health Aging. 2009 Jan;13(1):47-55
references.pmid: 19151908
references.citation: J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 1997 May;52(3):M129-36
references.pmid: 9158553
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 2001 Jun;90(6):2157-65
references.pmid: 11356778
references.citation: Aging Clin Exp Res. 2004 Dec;16(6):481-6
references.pmid: 15739601
references.citation: J Am Geriatr Soc. 2004 Jan;52(1):80-5
references.pmid: 14687319
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 2003 Nov;95(5):1851-60
references.pmid: 14555665
references.citation: Neth J Med. 2003 Mar;61(3):83-7
references.pmid: 12765229
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 2008 May;87(5):1562S-1566S
references.pmid: 18469288
references.citation: J Nutr Health Aging. 2008 Aug-Sep;12(7):427-32
references.pmid: 18615224
references.citation: J Am Geriatr Soc. 2006 May;54(5):743-9
references.pmid: 16696738
references.citation: J Nutr Health Aging. 2009 Jun;13(6):538-44
references.pmid: 19536422
references.citation: Clin Nutr. 2008 Dec;27(6):793-9
references.pmid: 18718696
references.citation: J Am Geriatr Soc. 2009 Feb;57(2):251-9
references.pmid: 19207142
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 2007 Feb;85(2):405-10
references.pmid: 17284736
references.citation: J Gerontol. 1994 Mar;49(2):M85-94
references.pmid: 8126356
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 1989 Feb;66(2):943-8
references.pmid: 2708222
references.citation: J Am Geriatr Soc. 2001 Sep;49(9):1161-7
references.pmid: 11559374
references.citation: J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2000 Apr;55(4):M192-9
references.pmid: 10811148
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 1996 Sep;64(3 Suppl):524S-532S
references.pmid: 8780375
references.citation: J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2002 Dec;57(12):M772-7
references.pmid: 12456735
references.citation: J Am Geriatr Soc. 2007 May;55(5):769-74
references.pmid: 17493199
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 May;79(5):874-80
references.pmid: 15113728
references.citation: J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact. 2007 Oct-Dec;7(4):344-5
references.pmid: 18094505
references.citation: J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2008 Feb;63(2):160-4
references.pmid: 18314451
references.citation: Gerontology. 2009;55(3):259-68
references.pmid: 18997454
references.citation: J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1990;11(7):298-300
references.pmid: 18796902
references.citation: J Am Geriatr Soc. 2007 May;55(5):780-91
references.pmid: 17493201
references.citation: Nutrition. 2001 Mar;17(3):248-53
references.pmid: 11312069
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Aug;80(2):475-82
references.pmid: 15277173
references.citation: J Am Geriatr Soc. 2007 Aug;55(8):1216-23
references.pmid: 17661960
references.citation: Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1986 Jun;67(6):387-9
references.pmid: 3487300
references.citation: Clin Nutr. 2007 Aug;26(4):389-99
references.pmid: 17499396
references.citation: J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2001 Mar;56(3):M146-56
references.pmid: 11253156
references.citation: Exp Gerontol. 2008 Jul;43(7):674-8
references.pmid: 18440743
references.citation: Nutrition. 2001 Jul-Aug;17(7-8):534-41
references.pmid: 11448570
references.citation: Lancet Oncol. 2008 Jul;9(7):629-35
references.pmid: 18539529
references.citation: J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2008 Aug;63(8):829-34
references.pmid: 18772470
references.citation: Aging Clin Exp Res. 2007 Jun;19(3):194-9
references.pmid: 17607086
references.citation: Age Ageing. 1996 Sep;25(5):386-91
references.pmid: 8921145
references.citation: J Am Geriatr Soc. 2002 May;50(5):897-904
references.pmid: 12028178
references.citation: Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2007 May;88(5):604-9
references.pmid: 17466729
references.citation: Ann Nutr Metab. 2008;52 Suppl 1:6-11
references.pmid: 18382070
references.citation: Int J Epidemiol. 2007 Feb;36(1):228-35
references.pmid: 17056604
references.citation: J Am Geriatr Soc. 2003 Mar;51(3):323-30
references.pmid: 12588575
references.citation: J Am Geriatr Soc. 2002 Mar;50(3):461-7
references.pmid: 11943041
references.citation: Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2010 Jan;13(1):1-7
references.pmid: 19915458