title: Don't eat tomatoes: patient's self-reported experiences of causes of symptoms in gastro-oesophageal reflux disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  About 30-50% of patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) experience refractory symptoms despite taking proton pump inhibitors regularly. Epidemiology studies suggest lifestyle risks, but these are under-represented in existing guidelines. The potential for changes to positively impact on symptoms may be underestimated. Lifestyle advice currently appears to be ineffective.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To inform the future design of a behaviour change intervention aimed at improving symptoms for patients with GORD, by exploring patient understanding and experiences of lifestyle influences on GORD symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted semi-structured interviews with 23 patients (12 women and 11 men) aged 30-86 years, aiming to identify lifestyle influences perceived by patients to affect their symptoms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients reported a wide range of daily influences on their symptoms, including diet, drinking with a meal, body position, alcohol, gaining weight, stress and anxiety. Dietary influences included types of food eaten and eating pattern-including speed of eating and meal size. Many foods were identified as troublesome, but not all foods affected all patients. Eating late and daytime tiredness were not recognized as causes or consequences of night-time reflux.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients stated that daily living patterns affected their reflux symptoms, but influences were highly variable between respondents. Lifestyle factors appear to combine in unique patterns for individuals, but GORD patients may not be able to identify potential triggers and make changes for themselves. A behaviour change intervention might prove beneficial to these patients.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Society and Health, Bucks New University, Uxbridge, Buckinghamshire, UK. lesley.dibley@bucks.ac.uk
authors.forename: Lesley B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Dibley
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Norton
authors.forename: Roger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jones
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016208:Databases, Factual; D004032:Diet; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008019:Life Style; D018551:Solanum lycopersicum; D008297:Male; D055118:Medication Adherence; D008875:Middle Aged; D010865:Pilot Projects; D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011788:Quality of Life; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors