title: Hepatitis B: diagnosis and treatment.
abstract: Although an estimated 1 million persons in the United States are chronically infected with hepatitis B virus, the prevalence of hepatitis B has declined since the implementation of a national vaccination program. Hepatitis B virus is transmitted in blood and secretions. Acute infection may cause nonspecific symptoms, such as fatigue, poor appetite, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, low-grade fever, jaundice, and dark urine; and clinical signs, such as hepatomegaly and splenomegaly. Fewer than 5 percent of adults acutely infected with hepatitis B virus progress to chronic infection. The diagnosis of hepatitis B virus infection requires the evaluation of the patient's blood for hepatitis B surface antigen, hepatitis B surface antibody, and hepatitis B core antibody. The goals of treatment for chronic hepatitis B virus infection are to reduce inflammation of the liver and to prevent complications by suppressing viral replication. Treatment options include pegylated interferon alfa-2a administered subcutaneously or oral antiviral agents (nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors). Persons with chronic hepatitis B virus infection should be monitored for disease activity with liver enzyme tests and hepatitis B virus DNA levels; considered for liver biopsy; and entered into a surveillance program for hepatocellular carcinoma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA. twilkins@mcg.edu
authors.forename: Thad
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wilkins
authors.forename: Dave
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zimmerman
authors.forename: Robert R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Schade
mesh_terms: D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002908:Chronic Disease; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D006510:Hepatitis B Antibodies / Q000097:blood; D006511:Hepatitis B Antigens / Q000097:blood; D017325:Hepatitis B Vaccines; D006801:Humans; D016898:Interferon-alpha / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D006510:Hepatitis B Antibodies; D006511:Hepatitis B Antigens; D017325:Hepatitis B Vaccines; D016898:Interferon-alpha