title: In vivo determination of fluctuating forces during endosome trafficking using a combination of active and passive microrheology.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Regulation of intracellular trafficking is a central issue in cell biology. The forces acting on intracellular vesicles (endosomes) can be assessed in living cells by using a combination of active and passive microrheology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This dual approach is based on endosome labeling with magnetic nanoparticles. The resulting magnetic endosomes act both as probes that can be manipulated with external magnetic fields to infer the viscoelastic modulus of their surrounding microenvironment, and as biological vehicles that are trafficked along the microtubule network by means of forces generated by molecular motors. The intracellular viscoelastic modulus exhibits power law dependence with frequency, which is microtubule and actin-dependent. The mean square displacements of endosomes do not follow the predictions of the fluctuation-dissipation theorem, which offers evidence for active force generation. Microtubule disruption brings the intracellular medium closer to thermal equilibrium: active forces acting on the endosomes depend on microtubule-associated motors. The power spectra of these active forces, deduced through the use of a generalized Langevin equation, show a power law decrease with frequency and reveal an actin-dependent persistence of the force with time. Experimental spectra have been reproduced by a simple model consisting in a series of force steps power-law distributed in time. This model enlightens the role of the cytoskeleton dependent force exerted on endosomes to perform intracellular trafficking.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this work, the influence of cytoskeleton components and molecular motors on intracellular viscoelasticity and transport is addressed. The use of an original probe, the magnetic endosome, allows retrieving the power spectrum of active forces on these organelles thanks to interrelated active and passive measures. Finally a computational model gives estimates of the force itself and hence of the number of the motors pulling on endosomes.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes (MSC), UMR 7057 CNRS et Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Damien
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Robert
authors.forename: Thi-Hanh
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gallet
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wilhelm
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000378:metabolism; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D003599:Cytoskeleton / Q000378:metabolism*; D011992:Endosomes / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008280:Magnetics; D008297:Male; D008870:Microtubules / Q000378:metabolism; D008954:Models, Biological; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D020409:Molecular Motor Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D053758:Nanoparticles; D021381:Protein Transport; D012212:Rheology
chemical_list: D000199:Actins; D020409:Molecular Motor Proteins
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