title: The Cannabis Use Problems Identification Test (CUPIT): development, reliability, concurrent and predictive validity among adolescents and adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the empirical construction and initial validation of the Cannabis Use Problems Identification Test (CUPIT), a brief self-report screening instrument for detection of currently and potentially problematic cannabis use.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a three-phase prospective design an item pool of candidate questions was generated from a literature review and extensive expert consultation. The CUPIT internal structure, cross-sectional and longitudinal psychometric properties were then systematically tested among heterogeneous past-year users.
  
  
  METHODS
  Volunteer participants were 212 high-risk adolescents (n = 138) and adults (n = 74) aged 13-61 years from multiple community settings.
  
  
  METHODS
  The comprehensive assessment battery included several established measures of cannabis-related pathology for CUPIT validation, with DSM-IV/ICD-10 diagnoses of cannabis use disorders as criterion standard.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixteen items loading highly on two subscales derived from principal components analysis exhibited good to excellent test-retest (0.89-0.99) and internal consistency reliability (0.92, 0.83), and highly significant ability to discriminate diagnostic subgroups along the severity continuum (non-problematic, risky, problematic use). Twelve months later, baseline CUPIT scores demonstrated highly significant longitudinal predictive utility for respondents' follow-up diagnostic group membership. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis identified a CUPIT score of 12 to be the optimal cut-point for maximizing sensitivity for both currently diagnosable cannabis use disorder and those at risk of meeting diagnostic criteria in the following 12 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The CUPIT is a brief cannabis screener that is reliable, valid and acceptable for use across diverse community settings and consumers of all ages. The CUPIT has clear potential to assist with achievement of public health goals to reduce cannabis-related harms in the community.
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand. jbashford@clear.net.nz
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bashford
authors.forename: Ross
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Flett
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Copeland
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D006801:Humans; D002189:Marijuana Abuse / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011594:Psychometrics; D011634:Public Health; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012647:Self-Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*; D055815:Young Adult