title: Effect of anesthesia, positioning, time, and feeding on the proventriculus: keel ratio of clinically healthy parrots.
abstract: Healthy, adult Hispaniolan Amazon parrots (Amazona ventralis) were imaged on three occasions to determine the effects of anesthesia, patient rotation, feeding, and short/long-term temporal factors on the proventriculus:keel ratio. Increasing rotation up to 15 degrees from right lateral resulted in increased inability to measure the proventriculus in up to 44% of birds, meaning that the proventriculus:keel ratio could not be calculated from those radiographs. There was a significant difference between the proventriculus:keel ratio for individual parrots when quantified 3 weeks apart. Despite this difference, all ratios remained within normal limits. No significant effect was identified due to anesthesia, feeding, fasting, or repeated imaging through an 8-h period. Interobserver agreement for measurability and correlation for the proventriculus:keel ratio values was high. It is recommended that the proventriculus:keel ratio be calculated from anesthetized parrots to attain images in true lateral recumbency. Ratio fluctuations within the normal range between radiographs obtained on different dates may be observed in normal parrots.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, 100 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA. dennison@svm.vetmed.wisc.edu
authors.forename: Sophie E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Dennison
authors.forename: Joanne R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Paul-Murphy
authors.forename: Brian S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Yandell
authors.forename: William M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Adams
mesh_terms: D046708:Amazona; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000758:Anesthesia / Q000662:veterinary*; D000818:Animals; D005502:Food; D015588:Observer Variation; D010311:Parrots; D011187:Posture; D011531:Proventriculus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000187:drug effects; D011859:Radiography; D013997:Time Factors