title: Composition of carotid atherosclerotic plaque is associated with cardiovascular outcome: a prognostic study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Identification of patients at risk for primary and secondary manifestations of atherosclerotic disease progression is based mainly on established risk factors. The atherosclerotic plaque composition is thought to be an important determinant of acute cardiovascular events, but no prospective studies have been performed. The objective of the present study was to investigate whether atherosclerotic plaque composition is associated with the occurrence of future vascular events.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Atherosclerotic carotid lesions were collected from patients who underwent carotid endarterectomy and were subjected to histological examination. Patients underwent clinical follow-up yearly, up to 3 years after carotid endarterectomy. The primary outcome was defined as the composite of a vascular event (vascular death, nonfatal stroke, nonfatal myocardial infarction) and vascular intervention. The cumulative event rate at 1-, 2-, and 3-year follow-up was expressed by Kaplan-Meier estimates, and Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were performed to assess the independence of histological characteristics from general cardiovascular risk factors. During a mean follow-up of 2.3 years, 196 of 818 patients (24%) reached the primary outcome. Patients whose excised carotid plaque revealed plaque hemorrhage or marked intraplaque vessel formation demonstrated an increased risk of primary outcome (risk difference=30.6% versus 17.2%; hazard ratio [HR] with [95% confidence interval]=1.7 [1.2 to 2.5]; and risk difference=30.0% versus 23.8%; HR=1.4 [1.1 to 1.9], respectively). Macrophage infiltration (HR=1.1 [0.8 to 1.5]), large lipid core (HR=1.1 [0.7 to 1.6]), calcifications (HR=1.1 [0.8 to 1.5]), collagen (HR=0.9 [0.7 to 1.3]), and smooth muscle cell infiltration (HR=1.3 [0.9 to 1.8]) were not associated with clinical outcome. Local plaque hemorrhage and increased intraplaque vessel formation were independently related to clinical outcome and were independent of clinical risk factors and medication use.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The local atherosclerotic plaque composition in patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy is an independent predictor of future cardiovascular events.
authors.affiliation: Department of Vascular Surgery, Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, Suite G02.523, 3584CX Utrecht, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Willem E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Hellings
authors.forename: Wouter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Peeters
authors.forename: Frans L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Moll
authors.forename: Sebastiaan R D
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Piers
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van Setten
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Van der Spek
authors.forename: Jean-Paul P M
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: de Vries
authors.forename: Kees A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Seldenrijk
authors.forename: Peter C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: De Bruin
authors.forename: Aryan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vink
authors.forename: Evelyn
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Velema
authors.forename: Dominique P V
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: de Kleijn
authors.forename: Gerard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pasterkamp
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D018450:Disease Progression; D016894:Endarterectomy, Carotid; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008264:Macrophages / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012307:Risk Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000453:epidemiology*