title: Risk factors for venous thromboembolism: results from the Copenhagen City Heart Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Studies have suggested a link between risk factors for atherosclerotic disease and venous thromboembolism (VTE), but results are heterogeneous. We sought to identify risk factors for VTE with a focus on risk factors for atherosclerotic disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data were taken from the Copenhagen City Heart Study, a prospective cohort study of a random, age-stratified sample of people living in a defined area in Copenhagen, Denmark, started in 1976 with follow-up until 2007. First VTE (deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism) diagnosis was retrieved from electronic national registries from study baseline to 2007. Of 18 954 subjects (median follow-up, 19.5 years) representing 360 399 person-years of follow-up, 969 subjects experienced at least 1 VTE, corresponding to a crude incidence rate of 2.69 (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.52 to 2.86) per 1000 person-years. The variables found to be significantly associated with VTE in a multivariable model adjusted for age and calendar time were as follows: body mass index (hazard ratio [HR] for >or=35 versus <20=2.10 [95% CI, 1.39 to 3.16]); smoking (HR for >or=25 g tobacco per day versus never smoker=1.52 [95% CI, 1.15 to 2.01]); gender (HR for men versus women=1.24 [95% CI, 1.08 to 1.42]); household income (HR for medium versus low=0.82 [95% CI, 0.70 to 0.95]); and diastolic blood pressure (HR for >100 versus <80 mm Hg=1.34 [95% CI, 1.08 to 1.66]). Other cardiovascular risk factors including total/high-density lipoprotein/low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, triglyceride levels, and diabetes mellitus were not associated with VTE.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Obesity and smoking were both found to be important risk factors for VTE whereas total/high-density lipoprotein/low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, triglyceride levels, and diabetes mellitus were not.
authors.affiliation: Danish Arrhythmia Research Center, Department of Cardiology B2142, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. anders@kanten.dk
authors.forename: Anders G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Holst
authors.forename: Gorm
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Prescott
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003718:Denmark / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006362:Heavy Chain Disease; D006801:Humans; D006949:Hyperlipidemias / Q000453:epidemiology; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology; D007142:Immunoglobulin gamma-Chains; D007148:Immunoglobulin mu-Chains; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D011655:Pulmonary Embolism / Q000453:epidemiology; D012042:Registries; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D054556:Venous Thromboembolism / Q000453:epidemiology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: C041229:IGHM protein, human; D007142:Immunoglobulin gamma-Chains; D007148:Immunoglobulin mu-Chains; D008055:Lipids