title: Results of a second survey to assess the reproductive status of female Asian and African elephants in North America.
abstract: Surveys are being conducted to monitor the reproductive health of elephants managed by the TAG/SSP. This study summarizes results of a 2005 survey and compares data to one conducted in 2002. Surveys were returned for 100% and 79.0% of Asian and African elephants, respectively. Of those, 79.3% of Asian and 92.1% of African elephants had weekly progestagen data to assess ovarian cyclicity. For Asian elephants, acyclicity rates were similar between the 2002 and 2005 surveys (13.3% versus 10.9%), whereas irregular cycling increased in 2005 (2.6% versus 7.6%), respectively. For African elephants, the percentages of both acyclicity (22.0% versus 31.2%) and irregular cycling females (5.2% versus 11.8%) increased. In both species, ovarian inactivity was more prevalent in the older age categories (>30 years of age), but for African elephants also occurred in the reproductive aged groups. Reproductive tract pathologies did not account for the majority of acyclicity problems. Several females changed cyclicity status between the two surveys, including from noncycling to cycling, suggesting this is not an irreversible condition. However, seven African females went from cycling to abnormal or no cyclic activity. In summary, the incidence of ovarian acyclicity in Asian elephants is low and stable, but appears to be increasing in African females. These findings reinforce the need for long-term reproductive monitoring programs and continuous reproductive surveys, even for females not being considered for breeding. With more data we hope to determine what factors are related to changes in ovarian status and how to reverse the trend towards acyclicity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Reproductive Sciences, Smithsonian National Zoological Park, Conservation & Research Center, Front Royal, VA 22630, USA.
authors.forename: Christine M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Proctor
authors.forename: Elizabeth W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Freeman
authors.forename: Janine L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Brown
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging; D000818:Animals; D000836:Animals, Zoo; D003625:Data Collection; D004606:Elephants / Q000502:physiology*; D030762:Estrous Cycle / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D009656:North America