title: Heterogeneity in the sensitivity of microtubules of Giardia lamblia to the herbicide oryzalin.
abstract: Giardia lamblia is a protozoan that inhabits the small intestine of vertebrates, attaching to the epithelial cells by means of cytoskeletal elements. G. lamblia trophozoites possess several microtubular structures, namely the adhesive disc, the median body, the funis and the four pairs of flagella. Several drugs that target cytoskeletal proteins have been used in the study of cytoskeletal function and dynamics. In this work, we used oryzalin, which binds to alpha-tubulin, as a tool to study the Giardia cytoskeleton. The trophozoites were treated with oryzalin, and its effects were analysed by immunofluorescency, transmission and scanning electron microscopies. Oryzalin inhibited Giardia proliferation. Treated cells were not able to complete cell division and had flagella showing extensive shortening. Strikingly, the drug did not interfere with the adhesive disc, in contrast to what happens when other drugs are used.
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CCS, bloco G, Ilha do Fundão, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro 21949-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: Letícia L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Terra
authors.forename: Loraine
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Campanati
authors.forename: Wanderley
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: De Souza
mesh_terms: D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D004136:Dinitrobenzenes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005407:Flagella / Q000187:drug effects; D016829:Giardia lamblia / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000648:ultrastructure; D006540:Herbicides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008853:Microscopy; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D008870:Microtubules / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D013424:Sulfanilamides / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents; D004136:Dinitrobenzenes; D006540:Herbicides; D013424:Sulfanilamides; C012465:oryzalin
references.citation: Clin Microbiol Rev. 2001 Jul;14(3):447-75
references.pmid: 11432808
references.citation: Future Microbiol. 2007 Aug;2(4):409-23
references.pmid: 17683277
references.citation: Differentiation. 1991 Feb;46(1):15-21
references.pmid: 2044859
references.citation: J Mol Biol. 1993 May 20;231(2):521-30
references.pmid: 8510163
references.citation: Biol Cell. 2004 Dec;96(9):735-46
references.pmid: 15567529
references.citation: J Med Chem. 2006 Aug 24;49(17):5226-31
references.pmid: 16913711
references.citation: Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1983;77(4):487-8
references.pmid: 6636276
references.citation: Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1998 Feb;42(2):339-43
references.pmid: 9527782
references.citation: Int J Parasitol. 2005 May;35(6):617-26
references.pmid: 15862575
references.citation: J Antimicrob Chemother. 1985 Nov;16(5):589-95
references.pmid: 4077772
references.citation: Parasitol Res. 2000 Aug;86(8):625-9
references.pmid: 10952260
references.citation: J Protozool. 1992 Jul-Aug;39(4):510-5
references.pmid: 1403986
references.citation: Trends Parasitol. 2001 Mar;17(3):136-41
references.pmid: 11286798
references.citation: Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 1997 Sep;61(3):294-304
references.pmid: 9293183
references.citation: Histochem Cell Biol. 2005 Jul;124(1):87-95
references.pmid: 15995880
references.citation: J Cell Sci. 1983 Jan;59:81-103
references.pmid: 6863412
references.citation: J Eukaryot Microbiol. 1994 Nov-Dec;41(6):625-32
references.pmid: 7866386
references.citation: J Cell Sci. 1981 Feb;47:139-66
references.pmid: 7263775
references.citation: FEBS Lett. 1997 Dec 8;419(1):87-91
references.pmid: 9426225
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 1992 Apr;12(4):1443-50
references.pmid: 1347905
references.citation: Parasitol Res. 1988;74(5):415-23
references.pmid: 3413040
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 1981 Jul;90(1):222-35
references.pmid: 7019221
references.citation: Mol Biochem Parasitol. 2006 Feb;145(2):226-38
references.pmid: 16406111
references.citation: Plant Physiol. 1993 Jul;102(3):725-740
references.pmid: 12231861
references.citation: Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1990 May-Jun;84(3):375-9
references.pmid: 2136253
references.citation: Microsc Microanal. 2004 Oct;10(5):513-27
references.pmid: 15525427
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Jun 15;90(12):5657-61
references.pmid: 8516314
references.citation: J Infect Dis. 1990 Dec;162(6):1408-11
references.pmid: 2230276
references.citation: Exp Parasitol. 1996 Dec;84(3):355-70
references.pmid: 8948325
references.citation: J Parasitol. 2009 Aug;95(4):895-9
references.pmid: 19702359
references.citation: Biol Cell. 1999 Sep;91(7):499-506
references.pmid: 10572625
references.citation: Histochem Cell Biol. 2003 Apr;119(4):323-31
references.pmid: 12687378
references.citation: FEBS Lett. 1996 Sep 9;393(1):27-30
references.pmid: 8804417
references.citation: J Cell Sci. 1983 Jul;62:419-38
references.pmid: 6194169
references.citation: Parasitol Res. 2002 Jan;88(1):58-62
references.pmid: 11822738
references.citation: Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2007 Aug;8(12):1885-902
references.pmid: 17696791
references.citation: Int J Parasitol. 2003 Jan;33(1):3-28
references.pmid: 12547343
references.citation: Int Rev Cytol. 1998;178:207-75
references.pmid: 9348671
references.citation: J Cell Sci. 1981 Feb;47:167-85
references.pmid: 7263776