title: The association between cervical human papillomavirus infection and HIV acquisition among women in Zimbabwe.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) is higher among HIV-positive women, but the prevalence of HPV prior to HIV acquisition has not been carefully evaluated.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study evaluated whether HPV infection is independently associated with heterosexual HIV acquisition in a cohort of Zimbabwean women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case-control study nested within a large multicenter cohort study (HC-HIV).
  
  
  METHODS
  Cases consisted of Zimbabwean women with incident HIV infection observed during follow-up (n = 145). HIV-uninfected controls were selected and matched to cases (n = 446). The prevalence of cervical HPV infections was compared at the visit prior to HIV infection in the cases and at the same follow-up visit in the matched controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The odds of acquiring HIV were 2.4 times higher in women with prior cervical HPV infection after adjustment for behavioral and biologic risk factors. There was no statistically significant difference in the risk of HIV acquisition between women infected with high-risk vs. low-risk HPV types. Loss of detection of at least one HPV DNA type was significantly associated with HIV acquisition [odd ratio = 5.4 (95% confidence interval 2.9-9.9)] (P < .0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cervical HPV infection is associated with HIV acquisition among women residing in a region with a high prevalence of both infections. Further studies are required to evaluate whether the observed association is causal.
authors.affiliation: University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, USA.
authors.forename: Sarah H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Averbach
authors.forename: Patti E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Gravitt
authors.forename: Rebecca G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Nowak
authors.forename: David D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Celentano
authors.forename: Megan S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Dunbar
authors.forename: Charles S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Morrison
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Grimes
authors.forename: Nancy S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Padian
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002584:Cervix Uteri / Q000821:virology*; D004279:DNA, Viral; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D015497:HIV-1; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission / Q000821:virology; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D002577:Uterine Cervical Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D055815:Young Adult; D015030:Zimbabwe / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral
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