Hyperuricemia and metabolic syndrome: associations with chronic kidney disease.
The effects of serum uric acid (SUA) and metabolic syndrome on chronic kidney disease (CKD) remain controversial. This study grouped subjects according to a combination of their uric acid and metabolic syndrome status and investigated the association between these groups and CKD to clarify the relationships of SUA and metabolic syndrome to CKD. This survey analyzed data from 81,799 adults (45,148 men and 36,651 women) who underwent health examinations at Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, in northern Taiwan, from 2000 through 2007. Hyperuricemia was defined as an SUA greater than 7.7 mg/dL in men or greater than 6.6 mg/dL in women. Patients were classified by uric acid-metabolic syndrome status as follows: A = no hyperuricemia and no metabolic syndrome, B = presence of metabolic syndrome but not hyperuricemia, C = presence of hyperuricemia but no metabolic syndrome, and D = presence of both hyperuricemia and metabolic syndrome. Kidney function was assessed in terms of the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) by using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study equation modified for Chinese. CKD was defined as an eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m(2). The prevalences of hyperuricemia, metabolic syndrome, and CKD were 22.8% (26.3% in men and 18.6% in women), 13.5% (15.0% in men and 11.6% in women), and 2.2% (2.1% in men and 2.2% in women), respectively. In men, the age-adjusted odds ratios for CKD, with group A as reference, were 1.95 for group B, 4.86 for group C, and 5.85 for group D. In women, the age-adjusted odds ratios were 1.96 for group B, 6.66 for group C, and 9.01 for group D. Hyperuricemia is strongly associated with CKD, independent of the presence of metabolic syndrome.
See
Lai-Chu
LC
Department of Public Health, Biostatistics Consulting Center, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, Republic of China.
Kuo
Chang-Fu
CF
Chuang
Fang-Hsiu
FH
Shen
Yu-Ming
YM
Ko
Yu-Shien
YS
Chen
Yu-Ming
YM
Yu
Kuang-Hui
KH
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D033461:Hyperuricemia / Q000150:complications*; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000150:complications*; D008297:Male; D008659:Metabolic Diseases / Q000150:complications*; D008875:Middle Aged
JAMA. 1991 Dec 4;266(21):3008-11
1820474
Circulation. 2007 May 15;115(19):2526-32
17470699
J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005 Jul;16(7):2134-40
15901764
Am J Med. 2002 Nov;113(7):563-8
12459402
Diabetes Care. 2008 Feb;31(2):361-2
17977935
Am J Kidney Dis. 2007 Aug;50(2):239-47
17660025
Chang Gung Med J. 2009 Jan-Feb;32(1):66-71
19292941
Diabetes Care. 2004 May;27(5):1182-6
15111542
Am J Med. 1967 Jan;42(1):27-37
6016478
Sci Total Environ. 2008 Aug 15;401(1-3):39-43
18514766
Kidney Int. 2001 Jul;60(1):266-71
11422760
Lancet. 2004 Jan 10;363(9403):157-63
14726171
Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Jan;79(1):31-9
14684394
Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2007 Jan;292(1):F423-9
16940562
J Chin Med Assoc. 2006 Nov;69(11):512-6
17116612
Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2008 Apr;294(4):F710-8
18216151
Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008 May;3(3):706-13
18272826
Miner Electrolyte Metab. 1992;18(1):1-5
1406500
Ann Intern Med. 1999 Mar 16;130(6):461-70
10075613
Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2008 Feb;37(4):243-50
17570471
Am J Med. 1965 Aug;39:242-51
14320691
Arthritis Rheum. 1968 Apr;11(2):184-90
5645731
J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008 Jun;19(6):1204-11
18337481
Circ J. 2005 Aug;69(8):928-33
16041161
Ann Intern Med. 2004 Feb 3;140(3):167-74
14757614
Am J Clin Nutr. 2007 Oct;86(4):899-906
17921363
Adv Exp Med Biol. 1974;41:463-70
4364978
Am J Cardiol. 2008 Jul 1;102(1):40-6
18572033
Arch Intern Med. 2001 Jan 22;161(2):264-71
11176742
Intern Emerg Med. 2008 Dec;3(4):313-8
18320146
Ann Clin Biochem. 1984 Sep;21 ( Pt 5):405-10
6508211
J Rheumatol. 2001 Jul;28(7):1640-6
11469473
JAMA. 2003 May 21;289(19):2560-72
12748199
Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2006 Mar;290(3):F625-31
16234313
Arch Med Res. 2006 Oct;37(7):883-9
16971230
Prev Med. 2003 Sep;37(3):233-41
12914829
Metabolism. 2008 Jun;57(6):845-52
18502269
Arthritis Rheum. 1983 Jan;26(1):87-93
6824508
J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1994 Jan;78(1):25-9
8288709
Am J Kidney Dis. 2002 Feb;39(2 Suppl 1):S1-266
11904577
Hypertens Res. 2001 Nov;24(6):691-7
11768729
J Rheumatol. 2000 Jul;27(7):1708-12
10914856
Am J Med. 2007 May;120(5):442-7
17466656
Ann Clin Biochem. 1986 Jan;23 ( Pt 1):1-25
3532908
J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006 Dec;17(12 Suppl 3):S165-8
17130256
J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006 Oct;17(10):2937-44
16988059
Hypertension. 2003 Jun;41(6):1183-90
12707287