title: Renal toxicity associated with tenofovir use.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tenofovir (TFV) is a nucleotide analogue widely used for the treatment of HIV infection. Despite its proven efficacy and safety, cases of kidney tubular dysfunction have increasingly been reported and concern exists about the risk of nephrotoxicity associated with the long-term use of TFV.
  
  
  METHODS
  Evidences about the renal toxicity associated with TFV use as well as predictors are examined. The most relevant publications assessing TFV safety and those which have reported cases of tubular dysfunction were identified and carefully revised.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Renal damage of clinical significance caused by TFV is uncommon in the short-mid-term. It occurs more frequently in subjects with underlying kidney conditions. TFV primarily results in kidney tubular dysfunction and less frequently in glomerular abnormalities. Kidney damage may progress over time under long-term TFV exposure but is reversible in most cases on drug discontinuation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Severe renal damage associated with TFV use is uncommon and of multifactorial origin. However, mild tubular dysfunction is recognized in a substantial proportion of TFV-treated individuals and tends to increase with cumulative exposure.
authors.affiliation: Hospital Carlos III, Pharmacokinetic & Pharmacogenetic Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, Calle Sinesio Delgado 10, Madrid 28029, Spain.
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rodriguez-Nóvoa
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Alvarez
authors.forename: Pablo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Labarga
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Soriano
mesh_terms: D000225:Adenine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000818:Animals; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects*; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced*; D008297:Male; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D063065:Organophosphonates / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000068698:Tenofovir
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D063065:Organophosphonates; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; D000068698:Tenofovir; D000225:Adenine