title: Altered processing of visual memory in patients with mesial temporal sclerosis: an FMRI study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hippocampal complex and neocortex play distinct, complementary roles in processing of memory, which is impaired in patients with mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten right-sided MTS patients and 10 controls were prospectively assessed by functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) using encoding and retrieval of visual memory tasks. Image analyses were done using SPM2 and voxels showing activity with T-score>4 were considered significant. Two-sample t-test was applied for equality of means and P<.01 was considered significant. Patterns of activity in both encoding and retrieval tasks were compared between the patients and controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In normal controls, there was activation of bilateral tail of hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus, occipital (right>left), right prefrontal, and inferior frontal region (T-score>9) during the encoding of memory and during the retrieval, there was activation of left inferior frontal region, bilateral parahippocampal gyrus, and occipital and parietal region (right>left) activity (T-score>4). In patients there was activation of bilateral prefrontal (left≫right), bilateral inferior parietal lobule (right≫left), and bilateral parieto-occipital lobe activity(T-score>4) during encoding and there was comparatively less activation (T-score>3) of bilateral inferior parietal lobule (left≫right) and bilateral prefrontal (right≫left) regions during retrieval.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Visual memory processing is affected and altered in patients with MTS. Reallocation of visual memory processing is observed in patients with MTS suggesting different networking.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Imaging, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto University, Toronto, Canada. shivajai1@rediffmail.com
authors.forename: Jai Jai Shiva
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Shankar
authors.forename: Shivashankar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ravishankar
authors.forename: Sanjib
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sinha
authors.forename: Peruvamba N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Jayakumar
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004833:Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008570:Memory, Short-Term / Q000502:physiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010364:Pattern Recognition, Visual / Q000502:physiology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012598:Sclerosis / Q000503:physiopathology