title: Long-lasting maternal depression and child growth at 4 years of age: a cohort study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the association between sustained maternal depression at 12, 24, and 48 months post-partum and child anthropometry at age of 4 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 99.2% of the 4287 children born in 2004 in Pelotas, Brazil, were enrolled in a cohort study. At 3, 12, 24, and 48 months, mothers were interviewed and provided information on several characteristics. Maternal depression was investigated through the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Weight-for-age, height-for-age, and weight-for-height z-scores at 48 months, according to World Health Organization growth curves, were the outcomes. Multivariate analyses were conducted through logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At the 48-month follow-up, of the 3792 children, prevalence of underweight was 1.7%; stunting, 3.6%; wasting, 0.6%; and overweight, 12.2%. Depression (EPDS>or=13) was observed in 17.9% of the 3748 mothers. Of the mothers, 4.7% were persistently depressed at the 12-, 24-, and 48-month visits. In crude analyses, maternal depression was positively associated with underweight and stunting. After adjustment, maternal depression was not associated with any of the anthropometric indices.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Long-lasting maternal depression at 12, 24, and 48 months post-partum is not a risk factor for impaired child growth or overweight at age of 4 years.
authors.affiliation: Post-graduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil.
authors.forename: Iná S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.forename: Alicia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Matijasevich
authors.forename: Marlos Rodrigues
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Domingues
authors.forename: Aluísio J D
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Barros
authors.forename: Fernando C F
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Barros
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002657:Child Development; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003863:Depression; D005260:Female; D006128:Growth; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009035:Mothers; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
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