title: Cortical activity during tactile exploration of objects in blind and sighted humans.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recent studies show evidence of multisensory representation in the functionally normal visual cortex, but this idea remains controversial. Occipital cortex activation is often claimed to be a reflection of mental visual imagery processes triggered by other modalities. However, if the occipital cortex is genuinely active during touch, this might be the basis for the massive cross-modal plasticity observed in the congenitally blind.
  
  
  METHODS
  To address these issues, we used fMRI to compare patterns of activation evoked by a tactile object recognition (TOR) task (right or left hand) in 8 sighted and 8 congenitally blind subjects, with several other control tasks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TOR robustly activated object selective regions in the lateral occipital complex (LOC/LOtv) in the blind (similar to the patterns of activation found in the sighted), indicating that object identification per se (i.e. in the absence of visual imagery) is sufficient to evoke responses in the LOC/LOtv. Importantly, there was negligible occipital activation for hand movements (imitating object palpations) in the occipital cortex, in both groups. Moreover, in both groups, TOR activation in the LOC/LOtv was bilateral, regardless of the palpating hand (similar to the lack of strong visual field preference in the LOC/LOtv for viewed objects). Finally, the most prominent enhancement in TOR activation in the congenitally blind (compared to their sighted peers) was found in the posterior occipital cortex.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that visual imagery is not an obligatory condition for object activation in visual cortex. It also demonstrates the massive plasticity in visual cortex of the blind for tactile object recognition that involves both the ventral and dorsal occipital areas, probably to support the high demand for this function in the blind.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC) and Interdisciplinary Center for Neural Computation (ICNC), Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel. amira.amedi@ekmd.huji.ac.il
authors.forename: Amir
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Amedi
authors.forename: Noa
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Raz
authors.forename: Haim
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Azulay
authors.forename: Rafael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Malach
authors.forename: Ehud
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zohary
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000344:Afferent Pathways / Q000098:blood supply / Q000503:physiopathology; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001766:Blindness / Q000473:pathology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000098:blood supply / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality; D006225:Hand / Q000294:innervation; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D010812:Physical Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D021641:Recognition, Psychology / Q000502:physiology*; D014110:Touch / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen