title: Cognitive and psychiatric predictors to psychosis in velocardiofacial syndrome: a 3-year follow-up study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To predict prodromal psychosis in adolescents with velocardiofacial syndrome (VCFS).
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 70 youth with VCFS, 27 siblings of youth with VCFS, and 25 community controls were followed from childhood (mean age = 11.8 years) into mid-adolescence (mean age = 15.0 years). Psychological tests measuring intelligence, academic achievement, learning/memory, attention, and executive functioning as well as measures of parent and clinician ratings of child psychiatric functioning were completed at both time points.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Major depressive disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder diagnoses increased in the VCFS sample. With very low false positive rates, the best predictor of adolescent prodromal psychotic symptoms was parent ratings of childhood odd/eccentric symptoms and child performance on a measure of executive functioning, the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Similar to the non-VCFS prodromal psychosis literature, a combination of cognitive and psychiatric variables appears to predict psychosis in adolescence. A child with VCFS who screens positive is noteworthy and demands clinical attention.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York-Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA. AntshelK@upstate.edu
authors.forename: Kevin M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Antshel
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shprintzen
authors.forename: Wanda
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Fremont
authors.forename: Anne Marie
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Higgins
authors.forename: Stephen V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Faraone
authors.forename: Wendy R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Kates
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000296:Adolescent Psychiatry; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000150:complications; D001288:Attention; D019958:Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders / Q000150:complications; D015984:Causality; D002648:Child; D002665:Child Psychiatry; D003071:Cognition; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000150:complications; D004062:DiGeorge Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D004522:Educational Status; D056344:Executive Function; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007360:Intelligence / Q000502:physiology; D008568:Memory; D010290:Parents; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011581:Psychological Tests; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology
references.citation: Child Neuropsychol. 1999 Dec;5(4):230-41
references.pmid: 10925707
references.citation: Brain Cogn. 2007 Aug;64(3):265-73
references.pmid: 17499412
references.citation: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2006 May;45(5):596-603
references.pmid: 16670654
references.citation: Am J Psychiatry. 2004 Sep;161(9):1700-2
references.pmid: 15337663
references.citation: J Intellect Disabil Res. 1996 Apr;40 ( Pt 2):99-109
references.pmid: 8731467
references.citation: Psychol Med. 2000 Sep;30(5):1111-21
references.pmid: 12027047
references.citation: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1997 Jul;36(7):980-8
references.pmid: 9204677
references.citation: Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2007 Jan 5;144B(1):27-36
references.pmid: 17034021
references.citation: Psychiatr Q. 1999 Winter;70(4):273-87
references.pmid: 10587984
references.citation: Schizophr Bull. 1994;20(1):31-46
references.pmid: 8197420
references.citation: Genet Med. 2001 Jan-Feb;3(1):34-9
references.pmid: 11339375
references.citation: Child Neuropsychol. 2005 Feb;11(1):55-71
references.pmid: 15823983
references.citation: Schizophr Bull. 2006 Jul;32(3):507-24
references.pmid: 16707777
references.citation: Schizophr Bull. 2003;29(4):703-15
references.pmid: 14989408
references.citation: Schizophr Bull. 2004;30(2):303-15
references.pmid: 15279048
references.citation: Schizophr Res. 2003 Jan 1;59(1):85-92
references.pmid: 12413647
references.citation: J Clin Psychiatry. 2003 Oct;64(10):1163-9
references.pmid: 14658963
references.citation: J Clin Psychiatry. 2009 Sep;70(9):1206-12
references.pmid: 19573499
references.citation: Br J Psychiatry. 2005 Feb;186:115-20
references.pmid: 15684233
references.citation: Res Dev Disabil. 2009 Jul-Aug;30(4):763-73
references.pmid: 19070990
references.citation: Genet Couns. 1999;10(1):79-88
references.pmid: 10191433
references.citation: J Autism Dev Disord. 2007 Oct;37(9):1776-86
references.pmid: 17180713
references.citation: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1999 Oct;56(10):940-5
references.pmid: 10530637
references.citation: Schizophr Res. 1998 May 25;31(2-3):89-98
references.pmid: 9689713
references.citation: Psychol Med. 2008 Jan;38(1):89-100
references.pmid: 17493297
references.citation: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2009 Nov;48(11):1060-1068
references.pmid: 19797984
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 2007 May 15;61(10):1135-40
references.pmid: 17217925
references.citation: Clin Genet. 2006 Mar;69(3):234-8
references.pmid: 16542388
references.citation: Schizophr Res. 2004 Oct 1;70(2-3):223-32
references.pmid: 15329299
references.citation: J Pediatr. 2005 Jul;147(1):90-6
references.pmid: 16027702
references.citation: Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2006 Feb;21(2):175-84
references.pmid: 16307864
references.citation: Schizophr Bull. 1982;8(3):470-84
references.pmid: 7134891
references.citation: J Atten Disord. 2007 Jul;11(1):64-73
references.pmid: 17606773
references.citation: Schizophr Res. 2002 Oct 1;57(2-3):173
references.pmid: 12223248
references.citation: Dev Med Child Neurol. 2005 Mar;47(3):177-84
references.pmid: 15739722
references.citation: J Adolesc Health. 2008 Jun;42(6):605-16
references.pmid: 18486870
references.citation: Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 2000 Mar;31(2-3):295-301
references.pmid: 10719156
references.citation: Appl Neuropsychol. 2006;13(4):258-68
references.pmid: 17362146
references.citation: J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2001 Aug;23(4):447-64
references.pmid: 11780945
references.citation: Prog Neurobiol. 2004 Sep;74(1):1-58
references.pmid: 15381316
references.citation: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1994 Feb;51(2):124-31
references.pmid: 7905258
references.citation: Schizophr Res. 2001 May 30;50(1-2):121-9
references.pmid: 11378320
references.citation: Dev Med Child Neurol. 2000 Jun;42(6):422-7
references.pmid: 10875531
references.citation: Brain. 2006 May;129(Pt 5):1218-28
references.pmid: 16569671
references.citation: Genet Couns. 2006;17(3):259-80
references.pmid: 17100194
references.citation: Am J Psychiatry. 2004 Jan;161(1):125-32
references.pmid: 14702260
references.citation: Schizophr Res. 2004 May 1;68(1):37-48
references.pmid: 15037338
references.citation: Dev Neuropsychol. 2005;28(3):849-69
references.pmid: 16266252
references.citation: Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2006 Apr 5;141B(3):274-80
references.pmid: 16511839
references.citation: Schizophr Res. 2004 Apr 1;67(2-3):115-22
references.pmid: 14984870
references.citation: Am J Psychiatry. 1998 Nov;155(11):1633-4; author reply 1636-7
references.pmid: 9812144
references.citation: Am J Psychiatry. 1997 May;154(5):635-9
references.pmid: 9137118
references.citation: Harv Rev Psychiatry. 2007 Sep-Oct;15(5):233-44
references.pmid: 17924258
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 2006 May 1;59(9):863-71
references.pmid: 16325151
references.citation: Br J Psychiatry. 2001 Nov;179:397-402
references.pmid: 11689394
references.citation: J Pediatr. 1999 Feb;134(2):193-8
references.pmid: 9931529
references.citation: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2007 Dec;46(12):1605-13
references.pmid: 18030082
references.citation: Br J Psychiatry Suppl. 1998;172(33):26-32
references.pmid: 9764123
references.citation: Hum Brain Mapp. 2007 Jun;28(6):533-42
references.pmid: 17427209
references.citation: Pediatrics. 2003 Jul;112(1 Pt 1):101-7
references.pmid: 12837874
references.citation: Dev Med Child Neurol. 2005 Dec;47(12):803-7
references.pmid: 16288669
references.citation: J Med Genet. 1997 Jun;34(6):453-8
references.pmid: 9192263
references.citation: Cortex. 2005 Apr;41(2):145-55
references.pmid: 15714897
references.citation: Psychol Med. 1999 Sep;29(5):1161-73
references.pmid: 10576308
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 2002 Feb 15;51(4):312-8
references.pmid: 11958782
references.citation: Schizophr Bull. 2007 May;33(3):761-71
references.pmid: 17412711
references.citation: Am J Psychiatry. 2005 Jan;162(1):71-8
references.pmid: 15625204
references.citation: Am J Psychiatry. 2007 Apr;164(4):663-9
references.pmid: 17403981
references.citation: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2006 Sep;45(9):1104-1113
references.pmid: 16926618
references.citation: Am J Hum Genet. 1995 Jun;56(6):1391-403
references.pmid: 7762562
references.citation: Lancet. 2002 Feb 2;359(9304):426-30
references.pmid: 11844533
references.citation: Mol Psychiatry. 2005 Jun;10(6):553-62
references.pmid: 15520831
references.citation: J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2008 Jul;37(3):676-81
references.pmid: 18645757
references.citation: Curr Opin Pediatr. 2005 Dec;17(6):725-30
references.pmid: 16282778
references.citation: Psychol Med. 2009 Apr;39(4):625-34
references.pmid: 18606046
references.citation: Am J Psychiatry. 2003 Sep;160(9):1580-6
references.pmid: 12944331
references.citation: Acad Psychiatry. 2003 Winter;27(4):277-82
references.pmid: 14754851
references.citation: Child Neuropsychol. 2005 Feb;11(1):39-53
references.pmid: 15823982
references.citation: Br J Psychiatry Suppl. 2002 Sep;43:s30-7
references.pmid: 12271798
references.citation: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1999 Dec;38(12):1536-43
references.pmid: 10596254
references.citation: Am J Psychiatry. 1996 Dec;153(12):1541-7
references.pmid: 8942449
references.citation: J Intellect Disabil Res. 2006 Jun;50(Pt 6):457-69
references.pmid: 16672039
references.citation: Ann Genet. 2002 Apr-Jun;45(2):89-95
references.pmid: 12119217
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 2009 Jan 1;65(1):e1-2; author reply e3-4
references.pmid: 18838132