title: A multicenter phase II study of erlotinib and sorafenib in chemotherapy-naive patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This multicenter, phase II study evaluates the efficacy and safety of erlotinib, an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor, plus sorafenib, a multityrosine kinase inhibitor against vascular endothelial growth factor receptors, in patients with previously untreated advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
  
  
  METHODS
  Chemotherapy-naïve patients with stage IIIB/IV NSCLC received erlotinib (150 mg once a day) and sorafenib (400 mg twice a day) until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. The primary end point was the rate of nonprogression at 6 weeks. Secondary end points included objective response rate (ORR), time to progression, overall survival, and adverse events. Exploratory end points included pretreatment EGFR and KRAS mutation status, pharmacokinetics, and cytochrome P450 polymorphisms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty patients initiated therapy. The nonprogression rate at 6 weeks was 74%: 12 (24%) partial response and 25 (50%) stable disease. Ultimately, the ORR was 28%. Median time to progression was 5.0 months [95% confidence interval (95% CI), 3.2-6.8 months]. Median overall survival was 10.9 months (95% CI, 3.8-18.1 months). Grade 3/4 adverse events included fatigue (16%), hand-foot skin reaction (16%), rash (16%), diarrhea (14%), and hypophosphatemia (42%). There was one treatment-related fatal pulmonary hemorrhage. Patients with wild-type EGFR had a higher ORR (19%) than previously reported for single-agent erlotinib/sorafenib. Erlotinib levels were lowered. This was associated with CYP3A4 polymorphism and was possibly due to sorafenib.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite a possible drug interaction, sorafenib plus erlotinib has promising clinical activity in patients with stage IIIB/IV NSCLC and has an acceptable safety profile. Further evaluation of this combination as potential salvage therapy in EGFR mutation-negative patients and the possible drug interaction is warranted.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Pulmonary Diseases, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Joline S W
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Lind
authors.forename: Anne-Marie C
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Dingemans
authors.forename: Harry J M
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Groen
authors.forename: Frederik B
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Thunnissen
authors.forename: Otto
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Bekers
authors.forename: Daniëlle A M
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Heideman
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Honeywell
authors.forename: Elisa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Giovannetti
authors.forename: Godefridus J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.forename: Pieter E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Postmus
authors.forename: Robert Jan
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: van Suylen
authors.forename: Egbert F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Smit
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001557:Benzenesulfonates / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000235:genetics; D000069347:Erlotinib Hydrochloride; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation; D009536:Niacinamide / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D010671:Phenylurea Compounds; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D016283:Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras); D011725:Pyridines / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011799:Quinazolines / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000077157:Sorafenib; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D018631:ras Proteins / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D001557:Benzenesulfonates; C117307:KRAS protein, human; D010671:Phenylurea Compounds; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D011725:Pyridines; D011799:Quinazolines; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors; D009536:Niacinamide; D000077157:Sorafenib; D000069347:Erlotinib Hydrochloride; D066246:ErbB Receptors; D016283:Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras); D018631:ras Proteins