title: Characteristics and risk factors for typhoid fever after the tsunami, earthquake and under normal conditions in Indonesia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although typhoid transmitted by food and water is a common problem in daily life, its characteristics and risk factors may differ in disaster-affected areas, which reinforces the need for rapid public health intervention. Surveys were carried out post-tsunami in Banda Aceh, post-earthquake in Yogyakarta, and under normal conditions in Bandung, Indonesia. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess the risk factors with the dependent variable of typhoid fever, with or without complications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Characteristic typhoid fever with complications was found in 5 patients (11.9%) affected by the tsunami in Aceh, 8 (20.5%) after the earthquake in Yogyakarta, and 13 (18.6%) in Bandung. After the tsunami in Aceh, clean water (OR = 0.05; 95%CI: 0.01-0.47) and drug availability (OR = 0.23; 95%CI: 0.02-2.43) are significant independent risk factors, while for the earthquake in Yogyakarta, contact with other typhoid patients (OR = 20.30; 95%CI: 1.93-213.02) and education (OR = 0.08; 95%CI: 0.01-0.98) were significant risk factors. Under normal conditions in Bandung, hand washing (OR = 0.07; 95%CI: 0.01-0.50) and education (OR = 0.08; 95%CI: 0.01-0.64) emerged as significant risk factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The change in risk factors for typhoid complication after the tsunami in Aceh and the earthquake in Yogyakarta emphasizes the need for rapid public health intervention in natural disasters in Indonesia.
authors.affiliation: The University of Electro-Communications, Graduate School Information Systems, Graduate Department Social Intelligence and Informatics, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu-shi, Tokyo, 182-8585 Japan. agungbudis@ohta.is.uec.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Agung Budi
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Sutiono
authors.forename: Andri
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Qiantori
authors.forename: Hirohiko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Suwa
authors.forename: Toshizumi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ohta
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