title: Comprehensive investigation of marine Actinobacteria associated with the sponge Halichondria panicea.
abstract: Representatives of Actinobacteria were isolated from the marine sponge Halichondria panicea collected from the Baltic Sea (Germany). For the first time, a comprehensive investigation was performed with regard to phylogenetic strain identification, secondary metabolite profiling, bioactivity determination, and genetic exploration of biosynthetic genes, especially concerning the relationships of the abundance of biosynthesis gene fragments to the number and diversity of produced secondary metabolites. All strains were phylogenetically identified by 16S rRNA gene sequence analyses and were found to belong to the genera Actinoalloteichus, Micrococcus, Micromonospora, Nocardiopsis, and Streptomyces. Secondary metabolite profiles of 46 actinobacterial strains were evaluated, 122 different substances were identified, and 88 so far unidentified compounds were detected. The extracts from most of the cultures showed biological activities. In addition, the presence of biosynthesis genes encoding polyketide synthases (PKSs) and nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) in 30 strains was established. It was shown that strains in which either PKS or NRPS genes were identified produced a significantly higher number of metabolites and exhibited a larger number of unidentified, possibly new metabolites than other strains. Therefore, the presence of PKS and NRPS genes is a good indicator for the selection of strains to isolate new natural products.
authors.affiliation: Kieler Wirkstoff-Zentrum, Leibniz Institute of Marine Sciences, Am Kiel-Kanal 44, Kiel, Germany.
authors.forename: Imke
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Schneemann
authors.forename: Kerstin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nagel
authors.forename: Inga
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kajahn
authors.forename: Antje
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Labes
authors.forename: Jutta
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wiese
authors.forename: Johannes F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Imhoff
mesh_terms: D039903:Actinobacteria / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D053898:Biosynthetic Pathways / Q000235:genetics; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D005858:Germany; D055442:Metabolome; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010453:Peptide Synthases / Q000235:genetics; D010802:Phylogeny; D048630:Polyketide Synthases / Q000235:genetics; D011161:Porifera / Q000382:microbiology*; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D012623:Seawater; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D048630:Polyketide Synthases; D010453:Peptide Synthases; C104385:non-ribosomal peptide synthase
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