title: Lipid metabolism in Trypanosoma brucei.
abstract: Trypanosoma brucei membranes consist of all major eukaryotic glycerophospholipid and sphingolipid classes. These are de novo synthesized from precursors obtained either from the host or from catabolised endocytosed lipids. In recent years, substantial progress has been made in the molecular and biochemical characterisation of several of these lipid biosynthetic pathways, using gene knockout or RNA interference strategies or by enzymatic characterization of individual reactions. Together with the completed genome, these studies have highlighted several possible differences between mammalian and trypanosome lipid biosynthesis that could be exploited for the development of drugs against the diseases caused by these parasites.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, The North Haugh, The University, St. Andrews, Scotland KY16 9ST, UK. tks1@st-andrews.ac.uk <tks1@st-andrews.ac.uk>
authors.forename: Terry K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bütikofer
mesh_terms: D053898:Biosynthetic Pathways / Q000235:genetics*; D055786:Gene Knockout Techniques; D020868:Gene Silencing; D017125:Genes, Protozoan; D018503:Genome, Protozoan; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D014346:Trypanosoma brucei brucei / Q000378:metabolism*
references.citation: Mol Biochem Parasitol. 2008 Apr;158(2):189-201
references.pmid: 18242729
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1956 Sep;222(1):193-214
references.pmid: 13366993
references.citation: J Cell Sci. 2008 Feb 15;121(Pt 4):522-35
references.pmid: 18230649
references.citation: Nat Rev Microbiol. 2007 Apr;5(4):287-97
references.pmid: 17363967
references.citation: Eukaryot Cell. 2007 Mar;6(3):454-64
references.pmid: 17220466
references.citation: Biochim Biophys Acta. 2009 Oct;1788(10):2048-58
references.pmid: 19539604
references.citation: Trends Cell Biol. 2005 Jun;15(6):312-8
references.pmid: 15953549
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2006 Sep 22;281(38):28200-9
references.pmid: 16861742
references.citation: J Exp Med. 2000 Nov 6;192(9):1327-38
references.pmid: 11067881
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1994 Jun 10;269(23):16403-8
references.pmid: 8206949
references.citation: EMBO J. 2003 Nov 17;22(22):6016-26
references.pmid: 14609948
references.citation: Mol Biochem Parasitol. 1993 Mar;58(1):97-105
references.pmid: 8459838
references.citation: EMBO J. 2009 Sep 2;28(17):2650-61
references.pmid: 19629045
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 1995 Oct;15(10):5508-15
references.pmid: 7565702
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2003 Jul 4;278(27):24665-72
references.pmid: 12716904
references.citation: Eukaryot Cell. 2007 Jul;6(7):1108-18
references.pmid: 17483288
references.citation: Chem Biol. 2007 Nov;14(11):1283-93
references.pmid: 18022567
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1984 May;81(9):2669-73
references.pmid: 6425837
references.citation: Mol Biochem Parasitol. 1996 Nov 12;82(1):67-80
references.pmid: 8943151
references.citation: J Lipid Res. 1986 Mar;27(3):251-60
references.pmid: 3734625
references.citation: Exp Parasitol. 2007 Oct;117(2):171-7
references.pmid: 17586497
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000 Sep 12;97(19):10336-41
references.pmid: 10954751
references.citation: Comp Biochem Physiol B. 1976;53(4):481-7
references.pmid: 1261236
references.citation: Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2004 Jul 23;320(2):311-7
references.pmid: 15219828
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1986 Oct 15;261(29):13813-9
references.pmid: 3759991
references.citation: Mol Biochem Parasitol. 2004 May;135(1):149-52
references.pmid: 15287596
references.citation: J Cell Sci. 1999 Sep;112 ( Pt 17):2799-809
references.pmid: 10444375
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 1987 Aug;105(2):737-46
references.pmid: 3624307
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2007 Jun 15;282(24):17537-47
references.pmid: 17449912
references.citation: Mol Microbiol. 2008 Mar;67(5):1125-42
references.pmid: 18221265
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 Sep 16;100(19):10682-7
references.pmid: 12958211
references.citation: Prog Lipid Res. 2005 Jul;44(4):207-34
references.pmid: 15979148
references.citation: Biochem Cell Biol. 2004 Feb;82(1):113-28
references.pmid: 15052332
references.citation: J Lipid Res. 2006 Feb;47(2):233-40
references.pmid: 16339110
references.citation: Mol Microbiol. 2009 Sep;73(5):826-43
references.pmid: 19555461
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2004 Apr 30;279(18):18688-93
references.pmid: 14976195
references.citation: Mol Microbiol. 2009 May;72(4):1068-79
references.pmid: 19400804
references.citation: Biochim Biophys Acta. 1997 Sep 4;1348(1-2):236-44
references.pmid: 9370338
references.citation: Gene. 2005 Aug 15;356:19-31
references.pmid: 16023307
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2002 Dec 6;277(49):47701-8
references.pmid: 12361952
references.citation: Prog Lipid Res. 2007 May-Jul;46(3-4):171-99
references.pmid: 17512056
references.citation: Mol Biochem Parasitol. 2003 Feb;126(2):155-63
references.pmid: 12615314
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1994 Dec 2;269(48):30212-20
references.pmid: 7982929
references.citation: Nature. 1987 Mar 19-25;326(6110):309-12
references.pmid: 3821906
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1993 Jul 5;268(19):13885-92
references.pmid: 8314756
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1990 Jun 5;265(16):9033-42
references.pmid: 1693147
references.citation: FEBS J. 2006 Jan;273(2):271-80
references.pmid: 16403015
references.citation: EMBO J. 1990 Dec;9(13):4249-58
references.pmid: 2148289
references.citation: J Lipid Res. 2009 Nov;50(11):2270-7
references.pmid: 19454763
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2008 Aug 29;283(35):23636-44
references.pmid: 18587155
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2003 May 9;278(19):17075-83
references.pmid: 12618430
references.citation: Cell Signal. 1997 Aug;9(5):329-36
references.pmid: 9376212
references.citation: Nature. 2010 Apr 1;464(7289):728-32
references.pmid: 20360736
references.citation: PLoS Pathog. 2009 Dec;5(12):e1000692
references.pmid: 20011126
references.citation: Korean J Parasitol. 2009 Sep;47(3):197-204
references.pmid: 19724691
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2005 Oct 28;280(43):35929-42
references.pmid: 16120601
references.citation: Biochem J. 2007 Jul 15;405(2):319-29
references.pmid: 17402937
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2000 Feb 25;275(8):5687-93
references.pmid: 10681553
references.citation: Traffic. 2004 Dec;5(12):905-13
references.pmid: 15522093
references.citation: Mol Biochem Parasitol. 2009 Nov;168(1):16-23
references.pmid: 19545591
references.citation: J Cell Sci. 2009 Mar 15;122(Pt 6):859-66
references.pmid: 19240119
references.citation: Annu Rev Biochem. 2004;73:321-54
references.pmid: 15189145
references.citation: EMBO J. 2001 Jul 2;20(13):3322-32
references.pmid: 11432820
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1988 Aug 15;263(23):11516-22
references.pmid: 3042771
references.citation: Cell. 2006 Aug 25;126(4):691-9
references.pmid: 16923389
references.citation: Parasitol Today. 1989 Aug;5(8):239-44
references.pmid: 15463224
references.citation: J Med Chem. 2001 Mar 15;44(6):909-16
references.pmid: 11300872
references.citation: Mol Biochem Parasitol. 2000 Feb 5;105(2):261-71
references.pmid: 10693748
references.citation: J Lipid Res. 2007 Mar;48(3):665-73
references.pmid: 17127773
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1986 Sep 5;261(25):11918-23
references.pmid: 3745171
references.citation: Mol Biochem Parasitol. 1988 Jun;29(2-3):159-69
references.pmid: 2901036
references.citation: EMBO J. 2004 Jan 14;23(1):33-44
references.pmid: 14685263
references.citation: Mol Microbiol. 2007 Feb;63(4):1078-95
references.pmid: 17238918
references.citation: Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Nov;5(11):941-55
references.pmid: 17080030
references.citation: Curr Mol Med. 2010 Jul;10(5):454-66
references.pmid: 20540705
references.citation: Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2008 Feb;9(2):139-50
references.pmid: 18216770
references.citation: BMC Genomics. 2009 Sep 11;10:427
references.pmid: 19747379
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996 Feb 6;93(3):1178-83
references.pmid: 8577736
references.citation: Mol Biochem Parasitol. 1995 Jul;73(1-2):179-88
references.pmid: 8577325
references.citation: IUBMB Life. 2009 Feb;61(2):151-62
references.pmid: 19165886
references.citation: Lipids. 1985 Feb;20(2):108-15
references.pmid: 3982233
references.citation: Annu Rev Microbiol. 2000;54:129-56
references.pmid: 11018126
references.citation: Biochim Biophys Acta. 2007 Mar;1771(3):421-31
references.pmid: 16997623
references.citation: J Cell Sci. 1999 Dec;112 ( Pt 23):4461-73
references.pmid: 10564663
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2006 Mar 10;281(10):6290-6
references.pmid: 16414960
references.citation: Biochim Biophys Acta. 2000 Oct 31;1488(1-2):1-19
references.pmid: 11080672
references.citation: Mol Microbiol. 2006 Jul;61(1):89-105
references.pmid: 16824097
references.citation: Plant Physiol. 1997 Mar;113(3):997-1002
references.pmid: 9085581
references.citation: Eur J Biochem. 2000 Nov;267(22):6571-9
references.pmid: 11054108
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1989 Jul 5;264(19):11168-73
references.pmid: 2525555
references.citation: Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2002 Aug;66(8):1619-27
references.pmid: 12353619
references.citation: Annu Rev Biochem. 2009;78:515-40
references.pmid: 19489728
references.citation: Physiology (Bethesda). 2009 Aug;24:231-44
references.pmid: 19675354
references.citation: EMBO J. 2004 Nov 24;23(23):4701-8
references.pmid: 15526036
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2006 Sep 15;281(37):27600-12
references.pmid: 16835237
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1995 Jul 7;270(27):16160-6
references.pmid: 7608181
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1999 Jun 4;274(23):16479-86
references.pmid: 10347210
references.citation: Mol Microbiol. 2008 Oct;70(2):281-96
references.pmid: 18699867
references.citation: Genomics. 1999 Jan 1;55(1):68-77
references.pmid: 9889000
references.citation: Trends Parasitol. 2005 Nov;21(11):517-20
references.pmid: 16126458
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2010 Jan 15;285(3):1773-80
references.pmid: 19923211
references.citation: FEBS J. 2006 May;273(10):2110-26
references.pmid: 16649989
references.citation: J Lipid Res. 2008 Aug;49(8):1607-20
references.pmid: 18077827
references.citation: FEBS Lett. 1984 Apr 9;169(1):35-9
references.pmid: 6562019
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1994 Jul 15;269(28):18694-701
references.pmid: 7518442
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 2001 Oct;108(7):957-62
references.pmid: 11581295
references.citation: FEBS Lett. 2001 Feb 23;491(1-2):148-53
references.pmid: 11226438
references.citation: J Mol Biol. 2007 Aug 10;371(2):540-53
references.pmid: 17583736
references.citation: Biochem J. 2006 Jun 1;396(2):287-95
references.pmid: 16475982
references.citation: Mol Biol Cell. 2000 Jul;11(7):2267-81
references.pmid: 10888667
references.citation: Comp Biochem Physiol B. 1972 Jan 15;41(1):1-18
references.pmid: 4561635
references.citation: Biochem J. 2008 Oct 1;415(1):135-44
references.pmid: 18489261
references.citation: Mol Biochem Parasitol. 2002 Nov-Dec;125(1-2):127-34
references.pmid: 12467980
references.citation: Parasitology. 2010 Aug;137(9):1357-92
references.pmid: 20602846
references.citation: EMBO J. 2007 Feb 21;26(4):1094-104
references.pmid: 17290222
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2008 Jul 18;283(29):20320-9
references.pmid: 18499667
references.citation: Comp Biochem Physiol B. 1986;83(3):647-51
references.pmid: 3956175
references.citation: Mol Biochem Parasitol. 1999 Oct 25;104(1):55-66
references.pmid: 10589981
references.citation: Glycobiology. 2008 May;18(5):367-83
references.pmid: 18263655
references.citation: Mol Biochem Parasitol. 2003 Feb;126(2):143-54
references.pmid: 12615313
references.citation: Biochim Biophys Acta. 2009 Oct;1788(10):2084-91
references.pmid: 19371718
references.citation: J Parasitol. 1979 Apr;65(2):201-16
references.pmid: 448607
references.citation: Mol Biochem Parasitol. 1989 Nov;37(1):65-72
references.pmid: 2615788
references.citation: Cell. 1989 Mar 10;56(5):793-800
references.pmid: 2924349
references.citation: Cell. 1990 Jul 13;62(1):73-80
references.pmid: 1694728
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1986 Nov 25;261(33):15767-71
references.pmid: 3782089
references.citation: Biochim Biophys Acta. 2009 Oct;1788(10):2069-79
references.pmid: 19328771
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 2009 Jun 15;185(6):1013-27
references.pmid: 19506037
references.citation: Mol Biochem Parasitol. 2004 May;135(1):133-41
references.pmid: 15287594
references.citation: Biochem J. 2010 Jan 15;425(3):603-14
references.pmid: 19919534
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Sep;85(18):6753-7
references.pmid: 3413122
references.citation: EMBO J. 1995 Jul 3;14(13):3080-93
references.pmid: 7621823
references.citation: Biochem J. 1998 Dec 15;336 ( Pt 3):659-66
references.pmid: 9841878
references.citation: Biochem J. 1995 Aug 15;310 ( Pt 1):255-61
references.pmid: 7646454
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2002 Dec 20;277(51):50176-82
references.pmid: 12364327
references.citation: Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2009 Mar 15;19(6):1749-52
references.pmid: 19217283
references.citation: Biochem J. 1997 Apr 1;323 ( Pt 1):1-12
references.pmid: 9173866
references.citation: EMBO J. 2000 Aug 15;19(16):4402-11
references.pmid: 10944123
references.citation: Mol Biochem Parasitol. 1995 Jan;69(1):29-40
references.pmid: 7723786
references.citation: BMC Struct Biol. 2007 Mar 30;7:20
references.pmid: 17397541
references.citation: Comp Biochem Physiol. 1970 Mar 1;33(1):111-28
references.pmid: 5440923
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1964 Jun;239:1720-6
references.pmid: 14213340
references.citation: Prog Lipid Res. 1995;34(4):343-64
references.pmid: 8685243
references.citation: Science. 1988 Feb 12;239(4841 Pt 1):753-9
references.pmid: 3340856
references.citation: Comp Biochem Physiol B. 1971 Jun 15;39(2):247-66
references.pmid: 4330390
references.citation: Kinetoplastid Biol Dis. 2003 Oct 28;2(1):11
references.pmid: 14613499
references.citation: FEBS Lett. 2006 Oct 9;580(23):5552-8
references.pmid: 16920110
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2008 May 9;283(19):12888-97
references.pmid: 18343815
references.citation: Eur J Biochem. 2000 May;267(9):2533-7
references.pmid: 10785372
references.citation: Mol Biochem Parasitol. 2010 Apr;170(2):55-64
references.pmid: 20026359
references.citation: J Cell Sci. 1989 Jun;93 ( Pt 2):233-40
references.pmid: 2693469
references.citation: PLoS Pathog. 2009 Jun;5(6):e1000468
references.pmid: 19503825
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1993 Jan 5;268(1):74-9
references.pmid: 8380172
references.citation: Mol Biochem Parasitol. 2010 Jan;169(1):55-8
references.pmid: 19782106
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2005 Dec 2;280(48):40032-40
references.pmid: 16192276
references.citation: Biochim Biophys Acta. 2003 Oct 20;1634(1-2):52-60
references.pmid: 14563413
references.citation: Biochem Soc Trans. 1990 Oct;18(5):722-4
references.pmid: 2150651
references.citation: Mol Microbiol. 2008 Jan;67(1):202-12
references.pmid: 18036137
references.citation: Trends Parasitol. 2006 Apr;22(4):168-74
references.pmid: 16504583
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000 Sep 26;97(20):10673-5
references.pmid: 11005849
references.citation: Mol Biochem Parasitol. 2001 Apr 25;114(1):29-40
references.pmid: 11356511
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2005 Jun 17;280(24):22831-8
references.pmid: 15817455
references.citation: Mol Biol Cell. 2004 Mar;15(3):1356-63
references.pmid: 14699057
references.citation: Biochim Biophys Acta. 1999 Jul 30;1439(2):187-97
references.pmid: 10425395
references.citation: Mol Biochem Parasitol. 1992 Oct;55(1-2):51-64
references.pmid: 1435876
references.citation: J Bacteriol. 1985 Feb;161(2):473-7
references.pmid: 3918012
references.citation: Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1988 Dec 30;157(3):1239-46
references.pmid: 3207423
references.citation: Int J Biochem. 1993 Aug;25(8):1183-7
references.pmid: 8405660
references.citation: Mol Biochem Parasitol. 2003 Dec;132(2):75-81
references.pmid: 14599667
references.citation: Trends Parasitol. 2001 Aug;17(8):381-7
references.pmid: 11685899
references.citation: Mol Biochem Parasitol. 1997 Mar;85(1):1-7
references.pmid: 9108544
references.citation: Biochim Biophys Acta. 1997 Sep 4;1348(1-2):173-8
references.pmid: 9370330