title: Impact of the learning curve on perioperative outcomes in patients who underwent robotic partial nephrectomy for parenchymal renal tumours.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Robot-assisted partial nephrectomy (RAPN) is an emerging, minimally invasive technique to treat patients with small renal masses.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the impact of the learning curve on perioperative outcomes such as operative times and warm ischaemia times (WIT), blood loss, overall complications, and renal function impairment in patients who underwent RAPN.
  
  
  METHODS
  We collected prospectively the clinical and pathologic records of 62 consecutive patients who underwent RAPN between September 2006 and November 2009 for renal tumours at a nonacademic teaching institution by a single surgeon with extensive prior robotic experience.
  
  
  METHODS
  The surgeon used transperitoneal RAPN with excision of an adequate rim of healthy peritumour renal parenchyma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Perioperative parameters, pathologic outcome, and short-term outcomes for renal function were recorded. The effects of the learning curve on the previous reported perioperative and functional outcomes was studied.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The mean pathologic tumour size was 2.8 +/-1.3 cm. A pelvicaliceal repair was needed in 33 cases (53%). The mean console time was 91 +/-33 min (range: 52-180), with a mean WIT of 20 +/- 7 min (range: 9-40). Warm ischaemia (<20 min) and console times were optimised after the first 30 (p<0.001) and 20 cases (p<0.001), respectively. Pathologic results yielded a positive surgical margin (PSM) rate of 2%. Mean creatinine level changed from a baseline value of 1.02 +/- 0.38 mg/dl to 1.1 +/- 0.7 mg/dl 3 mo after surgery. Estimated glomerular filtration rate changed from a baseline value of 81.17 +/- 29 to 80.5 +/- 29 (millilitres per minute per 1.73 m(2)) 3 mo postoperatively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  RAPN is a viable option for nephron-sparing surgery in patients with renal carcinoma. Specifically, in the hands of a surgeon with extensive robotic experience, RAPN requires a short learning curve to reach WIT < 20 min, console times < 100 min, limited blood loss, and acceptable overall complication rates.
authors.affiliation: Urological Department, O.L.V. Clinic Aalst, Aalst, Belgium. a.mottrie@telenet.be
authors.forename: Alexandre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mottrie
authors.forename: Geert
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: De Naeyer
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schatteman
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Carpentier
authors.forename: Mattia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sangalli
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ficarra
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016063:Blood Loss, Surgical / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D003404:Creatinine / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D059032:Learning Curve; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009392:Nephrectomy / Q000379:methods*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012371:Robotics; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D052096:Warm Ischemia
chemical_list: D003404:Creatinine