title: The impact of an education program on hand hygiene compliance and nosocomial infection incidence in an urban neonatal intensive care unit: an intervention study with before and after comparison.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nosocomial bloodstream infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in neonatal intensive care units. Appropriate hand hygiene is singled out as the most important measure in preventing these infections. However, hand hygiene compliance among healthcare professionals remains low despite the well-known effect on infection reduction.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We studied the effectiveness of a hand hygiene education program on the incidence of nosocomial bloodstream infections.
  
  
  METHODS
  Observational study with two pretests and two posttest measurements and interrupted time series analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 27 bed level IIID neonatal intensive care unit in a teaching hospital in the Netherlands.
  
  
  METHODS
  Healthcare professionals who had physical contact with very low birth weight (VLBW) infants.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted during a period of 4 years. Medical and nursing staff followed a problem-based education program on hand hygiene. Hand hygiene practices before and after the education program were compared by guided observations. The incidence of nosocomial infections in VLBW infants was compared. In addition, numbers of nosocomial bloodstream infections per day-at-risk in very low birth weight infants were analyzed by a segmented loglinear regression analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During 1201 observations hand hygiene compliance before patient contact increased from 65% to 88% (p<0.001). Median (interquartile range) drying time increased from 4s (4-10) to 10s (7-14) (p<0.001). The proportion of very low birth weight infants with one or more bloodstream infections and the infection rate per 1000 patient days (relative risk reduction) before and after the education program on hand hygiene intervention decreased from 44.5% to 36.1% (18.9%, p=0.03) and from 17.3% to 13.5% (22.0%, p=0.03), respectively. At the baseline the nosocomial bloodstream infections per day-at-risk decreased by +0.07% (95% CI -1.41 to +1.60) per month and decreased with -1.25% (95% CI -4.67 to +2.44) after the intervention (p=0.51). The level of instant change was -14.8% (p=0.48).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results are consistent with relevant improvement of hand hygiene practices among healthcare professionals due to an education program. Improved hand hygiene resulted in a reduction in nosocomial bloodstream infections.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Erasmus MC - Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. o.helder@erasmusmc.nl
authors.forename: Onno K
authors.initials: OK
authors.lastname: Helder
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brug
authors.forename: Caspar W N
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Looman
authors.forename: Johannes B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: van Goudoever
authors.forename: René F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Kornelisse
mesh_terms: D003428:Cross Infection / Q000453:epidemiology*; D019983:Guideline Adherence; D006235:Hand Disinfection; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D019102:Infant, Very Low Birth Weight; D007363:Intensive Care Units, Neonatal; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology