title: Lactobacillus GG in the prevention of nosocomial gastrointestinal and respiratory tract infections.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The incidence of nosocomial infections, predominantly gastrointestinal and respiratory, in children in developed countries is high, ranging from 5% to 44%. There is no effective strategy for preventing these infections. The objective of our study was to investigate the role of Lactobacillus GG (LGG) in preventing nosocomial gastrointestinal and respiratory tract infections at a pediatric hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of 742 hospitalized children. They were randomly allocated to receive for their hospitalization LGG at a dose of 10(9) colony-forming units in 100 mL of a fermented milk product (LGG group, n = 376) or placebo that was the same postpasteurized fermented milk product without LGG (placebo group, n = 366).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the LGG group, compared with the placebo group, we found a significantly reduced risk for gastrointestinal infections (relative risk [RR]: 0.40 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.25-0.70]; number needed to treat: 15 [95% CI: 9-34)], respiratory tract infections (RR: 0.38 [95% CI: 0.18-0.85]; number needed to treat: 30 [95% CI: 16-159]), vomiting episodes (RR: 0.5 [95% CI: 0.3-0.9]), diarrheal episodes (RR: 0.24 [95% CI: 0.10-0.50]), episodes of gastrointestinal infections that lasted >2 days (RR: 0.40 [95% CI: 0.25-0.70]), and episodes of respiratory tract infections that lasted >3 days (RR: 0.4 [95% CI: 0.2-0.9]). Groups did not differ in hospitalization duration (P = .1).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LGG administration can be recommended as a valid measure for decreasing the risk for nosocomial gastrointestinal and respiratory tract infections in pediatric facilities.
authors.affiliation: Referral Center for Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Children's Hospital Zagreb, Klaićeva 16, Zagreb, Croatia. ivahojsak@gmail.com
authors.forename: Iva
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hojsak
authors.forename: Slaven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Abdović
authors.forename: Hania
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Szajewska
authors.forename: Milan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Milosević
authors.forename: Zeljko
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Krznarić
authors.forename: Sanja
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kolacek
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D017523:Croatia; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000517:prevention & control*; D043302:Cultured Milk Products / Q000382:microbiology*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005759:Gastroenteritis / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D052201:Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D018410:Pneumonia, Bacterial / Q000517:prevention & control*; D019936:Probiotics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012306:Risk