title: Late recurrence of non-small cell lung cancer more than 5 years after complete resection: incidence and clinical implications in patient follow-up.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this study was to evaluate the risk of late recurrence in patients who had undergone complete resection for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and remained recurrence-free for > or = 5 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1993 and 2002, 1,358 patients with NSCLC underwent complete primary tumor resection and systematic lymph node dissection. Of these, 819 patients remained recurrence-free for 5 years. Recurrence-free probability was estimated from the benchmark of 5 years after primary tumor resection to the date of first recurrence or last follow-up, using the Kaplan-Meier method. Multivariate Cox regression was used to test the relationship of recurrence-free probability to various clinicopathologic factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 819 patients who were free of recurrence at 5 years, 87 (11%) developed a subsequent recurrence. The recurrence-free probabilities at 3 years and 5 years from the point of 5 years after primary tumor resection were 92% and 87%, respectively. The 5-year recurrence-free probabilities from the point of 5 years after primary tumor resection were 81% for patients with intratumoral vascular invasion (P < .001), and 89%, 84%, and 65% for patients with N0, N1, and N2 cancers, respectively (P < .001). Multivariate Cox analysis demonstrated that intratumoral vascular invasion and nodal involvement significantly influenced recurrence 5 years after complete resection (P = .030, P = .022, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with NSCLC with selected tumor characteristics have a significant risk of late recurrence. Therefore, 5 years might not be a sufficient amount of time to declare that NSCLC has been cured.
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, 6-5-1, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8577, Japan.
authors.forename: Ryo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Maeda
authors.forename: Junji
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.forename: Tomoyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hishida
authors.forename: Keiju
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Aokage
authors.forename: Mitsuyo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nishimura
authors.forename: Yutaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nishiwaki
authors.forename: Kanji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nagai
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000556:secondary / Q000601:surgery*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D037981:Neck Dissection; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology; D011013:Pneumonectomy / Q000379:methods*; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate / Q000639:trends; D013997:Time Factors