title: Who gets the best sleep? Ethnic and socioeconomic factors related to sleep complaints.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Lower socioeconomic status is associated with short or long sleep duration and sleep disturbance (e.g., sleep apnea), which are all related to increased mortality risk. General sleep complaints, however, which may better approximate symptoms as they are experienced, have not been examined in a large population sample.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sample consisted of n=159,856 participants from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, representing 36 states/regions across the US. Sleep complaints were measured with a telephone survey item that assessed "trouble falling asleep," "staying asleep" or "sleeping too much." Data analysis utilized hierarchical logistic regression and Rao-Schott chi(2).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Asian respondents reported the least complaints, and Hispanic/Latino and Black/African-American individuals reported fewer complaints than Whites. Lower income and educational attainment was associated with more sleep complaints. Employment was associated with less sleep complaints and unemployment with more. Married individuals reported the least sleep complaints. Significant interactions with race/ethnicity indicate that the relationship between sleep complaints and marital status, income and employment differs among groups for men, and the relationship with education differs among groups for women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rates of sleep complaints in African-American, Hispanic/Latino and Asian/Other groups were similar to Whites. Lower socioeconomic status was associated with higher rates of sleep complaint.
authors.affiliation: Center for Sleep and Respiratory Neurobiology, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA. Grandner@upenn.edu
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Grandner
authors.forename: Nirav P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Philip R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Gehrman
authors.forename: Dawei
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: Daohang
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sha
authors.forename: Terri
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Weaver
authors.forename: Nalaka
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gooneratne
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000368:Aged; D001213:Asian / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004651:Employment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008393:Marriage / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012890:Sleep; D012891:Sleep Apnea Syndromes / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000208:ethnology*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
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