title: Monitoring of posture allocations and activities by a shoe-based wearable sensor.
abstract: Monitoring of posture allocations and activities enables accurate estimation of energy expenditure and may aid in obesity prevention and treatment. At present, accurate devices rely on multiple sensors distributed on the body and thus may be too obtrusive for everyday use. This paper presents a novel wearable sensor, which is capable of very accurate recognition of common postures and activities. The patterns of heel acceleration and plantar pressure uniquely characterize postures and typical activities while requiring minimal preprocessing and no feature extraction. The shoe sensor was tested in nine adults performing sitting and standing postures and while walking, running, stair ascent/descent and cycling. Support vector machines (SVMs) were used for classification. A fourfold validation of a six-class subject-independent group model showed 95.2% average accuracy of posture/activity classification on full sensor set and over 98% on optimized sensor set. Using a combination of acceleration/pressure also enabled a pronounced reduction of the sampling frequency (25 to 1 Hz) without significant loss of accuracy (98% versus 93%). Subjects had shoe sizes (US) M9.5-11 and W7-9 and body mass index from 18.1 to 39.4 kg/m2 and thus suggesting that the device can be used by individuals with varying anthropometric characteristics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA. esazonov@ieee.org
authors.forename: Edward S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Sazonov
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fulk
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.forename: Yves
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Schutz
authors.forename: Raymond
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Browning
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D005260:Female; D005528:Foot / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008365:Manometry / Q000295:instrumentation*; D018670:Monitoring, Ambulatory / Q000295:instrumentation*; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012775:Shoes; D014159:Transducers; D016474:Weight-Bearing / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult