title: CXC chemokines in cancer angiogenesis and metastases.
abstract: The tumor microenvironment is extremely complex that depends on tumor cell interaction with the responding host cells. Angiogenesis, or new blood vessel growth from preexisting vasculature, is a preeminent feature of successful tumor growth of all solid tumors. While a number of factors produced by both the tumor cells and host responding cells have been discovered that regulate angiogenesis, increasing evidence is growing to support the important role of CXC chemokines in this process. As a family of cytokines, the CXC chemokines are pleiotropic in their ability to regulate tumor-associated angiogenesis, as well as cancer cell metastases. In this chapter, we will discuss the disparate activity that CXC chemokines play in regulating cancer-associated angiogenesis and metastases.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
authors.forename: Ellen C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Keeley
authors.forename: Borna
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mehrad
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Strieter
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019743:Chemokines, CXC / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D019743:Chemokines, CXC
references.citation: Mol Cancer. 2003 Apr 15;2:22
references.pmid: 12740040
references.citation: Proc Assoc Am Physicians. 1998 May-Jun;110(3):183-96
references.pmid: 9625525
references.citation: Cytokine. 1999 Sep;11(9):704-12
references.pmid: 10479407
references.citation: Cancer Res. 2007 Jun 15;67(12):5940-8
references.pmid: 17575164
references.citation: J Immunol. 2004 Nov 15;173(10):6234-40
references.pmid: 15528361
references.citation: Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2004 May;30(5):671-7
references.pmid: 14672915
references.citation: Cancer Res. 2002 Oct 15;62(20):5930-8
references.pmid: 12384559
references.citation: Clin Cancer Res. 2003 Feb;9(2):729-37
references.pmid: 12576442
references.citation: Blood. 2001 Jun 1;97(11):3354-60
references.pmid: 11369624
references.citation: Blood. 1998 May 1;91(9):3289-99
references.pmid: 9558385
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 1998 Aug 1;102(3):465-72
references.pmid: 9691082
references.citation: J Exp Med. 2006 Sep 4;203(9):2201-13
references.pmid: 16940167
references.citation: J Immunol. 2001 Oct 15;167(8):4747-57
references.pmid: 11591806
references.citation: Thromb Haemost. 2007 May;97(5):755-62
references.pmid: 17479186
references.citation: J Clin Oncol. 2005 Apr 20;23(12):2744-53
references.pmid: 15837989
references.citation: Int J Oncol. 2007 Sep;31(3):627-32
references.pmid: 17671691
references.citation: Oncogene. 2006 Nov 16;25(54):7201-11
references.pmid: 16785997
references.citation: Biochim Biophys Acta. 2009 Dec;1796(2):293-308
references.pmid: 19683560
references.citation: Clin Cancer Res. 2005 Mar 1;11(5):1835-41
references.pmid: 15756007
references.citation: Cancer Res. 2002 Dec 15;62(24):7203-6
references.pmid: 12499259
references.citation: Oncol Rep. 2009 Jan;21(1):65-71
references.pmid: 19082444
references.citation: Int J Oncol. 2009 Apr;34(4):881-95
references.pmid: 19287945
references.citation: Eur J Gynaecol Oncol. 1998;19(3):262-4
references.pmid: 9641227
references.citation: J Immunol. 2009 Sep 1;183(5):3204-11
references.pmid: 19641136
references.citation: Int J Cancer. 2009 Sep 1;125(5):1027-37
references.pmid: 19431209
references.citation: Am J Pathol. 1998 Jan;152(1):93-100
references.pmid: 9422527
references.citation: Cancer Res. 2004 Dec 1;64(23):8604-12
references.pmid: 15574767
references.citation: Anticancer Res. 1998 Jan-Feb;18(1A):77-81
references.pmid: 9568059
references.citation: Int J Cancer. 1997 Sep 26;73(1):94-103
references.pmid: 9334815
references.citation: J Leukoc Biol. 2002 Jan;71(1):141-53
references.pmid: 11781390
references.citation: Circ Res. 2004 Oct 29;95(9):855-7
references.pmid: 15459074
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1995 Nov 10;270(45):27348-57
references.pmid: 7592998
references.citation: Cell Adh Migr. 2009 Oct-Dec;3(4):328-33
references.pmid: 19550136
references.citation: J Immunol. 1999 Aug 15;163(4):2017-22
references.pmid: 10438939
references.citation: J Immunol. 2000 May 1;164(9):4558-63
references.pmid: 10779757
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2003 Mar 7;278(10):8508-15
references.pmid: 12496258
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 1998 Feb 15;101(4):746-54
references.pmid: 9466968
references.citation: Cancer Sci. 2007 Nov;98(11):1652-8
references.pmid: 17894551
references.citation: Oncogene. 2007 Apr 12;26(17):2491-501
references.pmid: 17099730
references.citation: Nature. 2004 Mar 18;428(6980):328-32
references.pmid: 15029197
references.citation: Cancer Lett. 1997 Nov 25;120(1):101-8
references.pmid: 9570392
references.citation: J Exp Med. 2003 Nov 3;198(9):1391-402
references.pmid: 14597738
references.citation: J Leukoc Biol. 1997 Nov;62(5):588-97
references.pmid: 9365113
references.citation: Clin Cancer Res. 2003 Feb;9(2):853-60
references.pmid: 12576459
references.citation: Breast Cancer Res. 2003;5(5):R144-50
references.pmid: 12927045
references.citation: Cancer Lett. 2006 Sep 28;241(2):221-7
references.pmid: 16458421
references.citation: Biol Chem. 2009 Dec;390(12):1213-23
references.pmid: 19804363
references.citation: J Immunol. 1998 Jul 15;161(2):927-32
references.pmid: 9670971
references.citation: Exp Cell Res. 2005 Feb 15;303(2):331-42
references.pmid: 15652347
references.citation: Cancer Lett. 2008 Aug 28;267(2):226-44
references.pmid: 18579287
references.citation: Gastroenterology. 2005 Oct;129(4):1237-50
references.pmid: 16230077
references.citation: Cancer Res. 2007 Apr 1;67(7):3396-405
references.pmid: 17409450
references.citation: Cancer Res. 1994 Jun 15;54(12):3242-7
references.pmid: 8205546
references.citation: Am J Pathol. 1999 Apr;154(4):1125-35
references.pmid: 10233851
references.citation: Chest. 2004 May;125(5 Suppl):156S
references.pmid: 15136483
references.citation: Cancer Res. 2004 Nov 15;64(22):8262-70
references.pmid: 15548693
references.citation: Am J Surg. 1997 Nov;174(5):507-12
references.pmid: 9374226
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Oct 2;104(40):15735-40
references.pmid: 17898181
references.citation: J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2007 Nov;133(11):835-40
references.pmid: 17479287
references.citation: Int Immunol. 2000 May;12(5):677-89
references.pmid: 10784614
references.citation: Am J Pathol. 1999 May;154(5):1503-12
references.pmid: 10329603
references.citation: Mod Pathol. 2006 May;19(5):738-45
references.pmid: 16528367
references.citation: Cancer Res. 2002 Mar 15;62(6):1832-7
references.pmid: 11912162
references.citation: Science. 1990 Jan 5;247(4938):77-9
references.pmid: 1688470
references.citation: Nature. 1998 Jun 11;393(6685):591-4
references.pmid: 9634237
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 1998 Feb 12;338(7):436-45
references.pmid: 9459648
references.citation: J Pediatr Surg. 2004 Oct;39(10):1506-11
references.pmid: 15486895
references.citation: J Immunol. 2003 Dec 15;171(12):6457-65
references.pmid: 14662845
references.citation: Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2008 Nov;28(11):1928-36
references.pmid: 18757292
references.citation: Mol Cancer. 2006 Nov 03;5:56
references.pmid: 17083723
references.citation: Cancer Res. 2006 Apr 15;66(8):4279-84
references.pmid: 16618752
references.citation: Cancer Res. 2006 Feb 15;66(4):2181-7
references.pmid: 16489019
references.citation: FASEB J. 2006 Jan;20(1):59-64
references.pmid: 16394268
references.citation: J Exp Med. 1996 Sep 1;184(3):963-9
references.pmid: 9064356
references.citation: J Dermatol Sci. 2004 Nov;36(2):71-8
references.pmid: 15519136
references.citation: Am J Clin Pathol. 2009 Aug;132(2):202-10; quiz 307
references.pmid: 19605814
references.citation: J Immunol. 2006 Feb 1;176(3):1456-64
references.pmid: 16424173
references.citation: BMC Cancer. 2004 Jun 23;4:28
references.pmid: 15214968
references.citation: Am J Clin Pathol. 2006 Feb;125(2):209-16
references.pmid: 16393674
references.citation: J Natl Cancer Inst. 1998 Mar 18;90(6):447-54
references.pmid: 9521169
references.citation: Blood. 1997 Aug 1;90(3):909-28
references.pmid: 9242519
references.citation: Eur Cytokine Netw. 2007 Jun;18(2):59-70
references.pmid: 17594938
references.citation: Ann Surg Oncol. 2009 Sep;16(9):2645-53
references.pmid: 19588204
references.citation: Prostate. 2005 Jun 15;64(1):67-74
references.pmid: 15651028
references.citation: J Immunol. 1999 Apr 1;162(7):3840-50
references.pmid: 10201901
references.citation: Pancreas. 2000 Jul;21(1):52-6
references.pmid: 10881932
references.citation: Clin Colorectal Cancer. 2009 Mar;8(2):100-5
references.pmid: 19423503
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2008 May 8;358(19):2039-49
references.pmid: 18463380
references.citation: J Immunol. 2000 Nov 1;165(9):5269-77
references.pmid: 11046061
references.citation: J Cell Biochem. 1988 Feb;36(2):185-98
references.pmid: 3356754
references.citation: Clin Cancer Res. 1999 Jun;5(6):1369-79
references.pmid: 10389921
references.citation: J Exp Med. 2006 Apr 17;203(4):941-51
references.pmid: 16567391
references.citation: J Immunol. 2004 Mar 1;172(5):2853-60
references.pmid: 14978086
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2005 Oct 21;280(42):35760-6
references.pmid: 16107333
references.citation: Blood. 2003 Jun 15;101(12):4687-94
references.pmid: 12586630
references.citation: J Natl Cancer Inst. 2005 Dec 21;97(24):1840-7
references.pmid: 16368946
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2006 Feb 9;354(6):610-21
references.pmid: 16467548
references.citation: Nat Rev Cancer. 2002 Aug;2(8):563-72
references.pmid: 12154349
references.citation: J Exp Med. 1994 May 1;179(5):1409-15
references.pmid: 7513008
references.citation: Eur J Immunol. 1998 Nov;28(11):3696-705
references.pmid: 9842912
references.citation: Cancer Res. 2006 Apr 15;66(8):4198-207
references.pmid: 16618742
references.citation: Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1995 Feb;121(2):202-9
references.pmid: 7840929
references.citation: Neoplasia. 2001 Jan-Feb;3(1):33-42
references.pmid: 11326314
references.citation: Int J Cancer. 2004 Jan 10;108(2):181-8
references.pmid: 14639600
references.citation: Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1999 Feb 24;255(3):703-6
references.pmid: 10049774
references.citation: Ai Zheng. 2009 Feb;28(2):154-8
references.pmid: 19550128
references.citation: Am J Pathol. 2000 Jun;156(6):1937-50
references.pmid: 10854217
references.citation: Nature. 2001 Mar 1;410(6824):50-6
references.pmid: 11242036
references.citation: Cardiovasc Res. 2008 May 1;78(2):250-6
references.pmid: 18252760
references.citation: Curr Pharm Des. 2009;15(29):3396-416
references.pmid: 19860687
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2008 Feb 15;283(7):4283-94
references.pmid: 18057003
references.citation: J Immunol. 2005 Oct 15;175(8):5351-7
references.pmid: 16210641
references.citation: J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2009 Mar;137(3):615-21
references.pmid: 19258077
references.citation: Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003 Jun 15;167(12):1676-86
references.pmid: 12626353
references.citation: Cancer Microenviron. 2009 Dec;2(1):1-7
references.pmid: 19308676
references.citation: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2004 Dec;1028:351-60
references.pmid: 15650260
references.citation: J Exp Med. 2003 Jun 2;197(11):1537-49
references.pmid: 12782716
references.citation: Semin Thromb Hemost. 2004 Feb;30(1):137-44
references.pmid: 15034805