title: Trauma-related dispatch criteria for Helicopter Emergency Medical Services in Europe.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Helicopter Emergency Medical Services (HEMS) are used worldwide in order to provide potentially life-saving pre-hospital medical support to trauma patients at the accident scene. It is currently unclear how much overlap exists regarding the number and type of dispatch criteria used by individual HEMS organisations. The aim of the current study was to provide an overview of dispatch criteria for trauma cases used by HEMS organisations within Europe, and search for similarities and differences, between countries and HEMS stations.
  
  
  METHODS
  HEMS dispatch criteria related to trauma care were obtained from the literature and divided into four groups of criteria and processed in a questionnaire. HEMS providing organisations were identified and contacted by telephone and via email.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-five of the 65 organisations (85%) that were contacted completed the questionnaire. The criteria "Fall from height", "Lengthy extrication and significant injury" and "Multiple casualty incidents" were used most frequently. Criteria from the subgroup "Patient Characteristics-Co-morbidities and Age" were used the least. In 44 of the organisations the Central Dispatch Centre (CDC) was primarily responsible for HEMS dispatch.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This overview demonstrates the lack of uniformity in the use of dispatch criteria for trauma assistance on a national and international level. Furthermore, the activation of HEMS is not only depending on dispatch criterion protocols, but is also influenced by organisational factors like the education of the dispatcher, the training of the EMS personnel, the familiarity with the dispatch criteria, and the responses of bystanders. Future research should aim to identify a general set of criteria with the highest discriminating potential.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery-Traumatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Laura D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Wigman
authors.forename: Esther M M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: van Lieshout
authors.forename: Gijs
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: de Ronde
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Patka
authors.forename: Inger B
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: Schipper
mesh_terms: D017732:Air Ambulances / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D015599:Trauma Severity Indices; D014218:Triage / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data