title: DNA vaccination strategies for anti-tumour effective gene therapy protocols.
abstract: After more than 15 years of experimentation, DNA vaccines have become a promising perspective for tumour diseases, and animal models are widely used to study the biological features of human cancer progression and to test the efficacy of vaccination protocols. In recent years, immunisation with naked plasmid DNA encoding tumour-associated antigens or tumour-specific antigens has revealed a number of advantages: antigen-specific DNA vaccination stimulates both cellular and humoral immune responses; multiple or multi-gene vectors encoding several antigens/determinants and immune-modulatory molecules can be delivered as single administration; DNA vaccination does not induce autoimmune disease in normal animals; DNA vaccines based on plasmid vectors can be produced and tested rapidly and economically. However, DNA vaccines have shown low immunogenicity when tested in human clinical trials, and compared with traditional vaccines, they induce weak immune responses. Therefore, the improvement of vaccine efficacy has become a critical goal in the development of effective DNA vaccination protocols for anti-tumour therapy. Several strategies are taken into account for improving the DNA vaccination efficacy, such as antigen optimisation, use of adjuvants and delivery systems like electroporation, co-expression of cytokines and co-stimulatory molecules in the same vector, different vaccination protocols. In this review we discuss how the combination of these approaches may contribute to the development of more effective DNA vaccination protocols for the therapy of lymphoma in a mouse model.
authors.affiliation: CNR-Institute of Neurobiology and Molecular Medicine, Via Fosso del Cavaliere100, 00133 Rome, Italy. emanuela.signori@cnr.it
authors.forename: Emanuela
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Signori
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Iurescia
authors.forename: Emanuela
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Massi
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fioretti
authors.forename: Pieranna
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chiarella
authors.forename: Mariangela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: De Robertis
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rinaldi
authors.forename: Giancarlo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tonon
authors.forename: Vito Michele
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Fazio
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019496:Cancer Vaccines; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D015316:Genetic Therapy; D006801:Humans; D008223:Lymphoma / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy*; D051379:Mice; D019444:Vaccines, DNA
chemical_list: D019496:Cancer Vaccines; D019444:Vaccines, DNA
references.citation: Mol Ther. 2008 Dec;16(12):2022-9
references.pmid: 18797450
references.citation: J Immunol. 2005 May 15;174(10):6292-8
references.pmid: 15879128
references.citation: Nat Rev Genet. 2008 Oct;9(10):776-88
references.pmid: 18781156
references.citation: Recent Pat Anticancer Drug Discov. 2009 Nov;4(3):227-40
references.pmid: 19522699
references.citation: Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2008 Nov;8(11):1645-57
references.pmid: 18847301
references.citation: Blood. 2003 Jun 15;101(12):4930-6
references.pmid: 12576325
references.citation: Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2008 May 30;370(2):279-84
references.pmid: 18364239
references.citation: Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2009 Mar;58(3):317-24
references.pmid: 18704409
references.citation: Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2003 Sep;2(9):727-35
references.pmid: 12951579
references.citation: J Biomed Biotechnol. 2010;2010:174378
references.pmid: 20368780
references.citation: J Gen Virol. 2009 Feb;90(Pt 2):414-422
references.pmid: 19141451
references.citation: Cancer Res. 2001 Feb 15;61(4):1555-62
references.pmid: 11245465
references.citation: J Immunol. 2001 Aug 1;167(3):1558-65
references.pmid: 11466377
references.citation: J Immunol. 1987 Oct 15;139(8):2825-33
references.pmid: 3498771
references.citation: Eur J Immunol. 1989 Dec;19(12):2237-42
references.pmid: 2481588
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 2004 Nov;114(9):1334-42
references.pmid: 15520866
references.citation: Genet Vaccines Ther. 2008 Sep 23;6:13
references.pmid: 18811960
references.citation: Clin Cancer Res. 2000 May;6(5):1678-92
references.pmid: 10815886
references.citation: Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2005 Aug;54(8):721-8
references.pmid: 16010587
references.citation: Clin Cancer Res. 2009 Sep 1;15(17):5323-37
references.pmid: 19723653
references.citation: Haematologica. 2005 Jan;90(1):60-5
references.pmid: 15642670
references.citation: Nat Biotechnol. 2000 Jan;18(1):33-7
references.pmid: 10625387
references.citation: Vaccine. 2009 Aug 27;27(39):5411-8
references.pmid: 19616501
references.citation: Nat Rev Cancer. 2008 Feb;8(2):108-20
references.pmid: 18219306
references.citation: Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2007 Oct;7(10):1551-62
references.pmid: 17916047
references.citation: J Immunol. 2002 Oct 1;169(7):3908-13
references.pmid: 12244189
references.citation: Expert Rev Vaccines. 2007 Oct;6(5):673-84
references.pmid: 17931149
references.citation: J Immunol. 2001 May 1;166(9):5366-73
references.pmid: 11313372
references.citation: J Immunother. 2001 May-Jun;24(3):195-204
references.pmid: 11394496
references.citation: Expert Rev Vaccines. 2008 Sep;7(7):1085-101
references.pmid: 18767956
references.citation: Recent Pat Antiinfect Drug Discov. 2008 Jun;3(2):93-101
references.pmid: 18673122
references.citation: Virology. 2005 Apr 10;334(2):255-63
references.pmid: 15780875
references.citation: Vaccine. 2001 Sep 14;19(32):4652-60
references.pmid: 11535313
references.citation: Eur J Immunol. 1993 Feb;23(2):425-32
references.pmid: 7679644
references.citation: Mol Ther. 2006 Apr;13(4):776-85
references.pmid: 16414309
references.citation: Gene Ther. 2006 Feb;13(3):245-56
references.pmid: 16163376
references.citation: Eur J Immunol. 1990 Mar;20(3):477-83
references.pmid: 1690656
references.citation: J Immunol. 1988 Nov 1;141(9):3227-33
references.pmid: 3049819
references.citation: Curr Opin Biotechnol. 1994 Oct;5(5):505-10
references.pmid: 7765464
references.citation: Curr Opin Oncol. 2005 Sep;17(5):432-40
references.pmid: 16093791
references.citation: Scand J Immunol. 2004 Sep;60(3):219-25
references.pmid: 15320877
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 1992 Oct 22;327(17):1209-15
references.pmid: 1406793
references.citation: Immunol Rev. 2004 Jun;199:156-80
references.pmid: 15233733
references.citation: Infect Immun. 2004 Aug;72(8):4884-7
references.pmid: 15271954
references.citation: Tissue Antigens. 2002 Jun;59(6):443-51
references.pmid: 12445314
references.citation: Gene Ther. 2010 Feb;17(2):261-71
references.pmid: 19865176
references.citation: J Immunol. 2002 Jun 1;168(11):5499-506
references.pmid: 12023344
references.citation: J Biomed Biotechnol. 2010;2010:316069
references.pmid: 20445751
references.citation: Nat Med. 1997 Jun;3(6):625-31
references.pmid: 9176488
references.citation: Front Biosci. 2002 Jan 01;7:d228-34
references.pmid: 11779689