title: Assessing the impact of incidental findings in a lung cancer screening study by using low-dose computed tomography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the prevalence and nature of incidental findings (IF) seen in low-dose computed tomographies (LDCT) from a lung cancer screening study for at-risk individuals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Radiology reports from LDCTs of 4073 participants of a lung cancer screening study were retrospectively reviewed for findings other than lung nodules, that is, IFs, which were regarded as actionable. The frequency, nature, and expected cost of these IFs, and their anticipated follow-up were estimated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 880 IFs described in 782 study participants (19%); the median age of the participants was 62 years (range, 46-80 years). More IFs were found in men (55%) than in women. The majority of these findings were noncardiovascular (76%), for which imaging was suggested for 74%. There were 7 severe IFs (0.8%) that merited immediate attention. Seven known cancers were diagnosed from follow-ups of the IFs. The majority of IFs (n = 486 [55%]) would require imaging follow-up if clinically indicated, with an estimated total a cost of CAN$45,500 to CAN$51,000 to provide initial diagnostic workup.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  IFs on lung cancer screening studies are not uncommon and frequently require imaging or other follow-up for definitive diagnoses and to assess their clinical relevance. The implication of IFs has to be considered when determining a cost-effective and ethical protocol for the utilisation of LDCT in a high-risk population.
authors.affiliation: The Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University Health Network/Mt Sinai Hospital/Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Kucharczyk
authors.forename: Ravi J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Menezes
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: McGregor
authors.forename: Narinder S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Paul
authors.forename: Heidi C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Roberts
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D033162:Incidental Findings; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*