title: Historical distribution and molecular diversity of Bacillus anthracis, Kazakhstan.
abstract: To map the distribution of anthrax outbreaks and strain subtypes in Kazakhstan during 1937-2005, we combined geographic information system technology and genetic analysis by using archived cultures and data. Biochemical and genetic tests confirmed the identity of 93 archived cultures in the Kazakhstan National Culture Collection as Bacillus anthracis. Multilocus variable number tandem repeat analysis genotyping identified 12 genotypes. Cluster analysis comparing these genotypes with previously published genotypes indicated that most (n = 78) isolates belonged to the previously described A1.a genetic cluster, 6 isolates belonged to the A3.b cluster, and 2 belonged to the A4 cluster. Two genotypes in the collection appeared to represent novel genetic sublineages; 1 of these isolates was from Krygystan. Our data provide a description of the historical, geographic, and genetic diversity of B. anthracis in this Central Asian region.
authors.affiliation: Kazakhstan Scientific Center for Quarantine and Zoonotic Diseases, Almaty, Kazakhstan.
authors.forename: Alim M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Aikembayev
authors.forename: Larissa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lukhnova
authors.forename: Gulnara
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Temiraliyeva
authors.forename: Tatyana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Meka-Mechenko
authors.forename: Yerlan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Pazylov
authors.forename: Sarkis
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zakaryan
authors.forename: Georgiy
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Denissov
authors.forename: W Ryan
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Easterday
authors.forename: Matthew N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Van Ert
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Keim
authors.forename: Stephen C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Francesconi
authors.forename: Jason K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Blackburn
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hugh-Jones
authors.forename: Ted
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hadfield
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000881:Anthrax / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D001408:Bacillus anthracis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D018070:Biological Specimen Banks; D002162:Camelus; D002417:Cattle; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D004285:Dogs; D005589:Foxes; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005843:Geography; D006041:Goats; D006736:Horses; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007623:Kazakhstan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008907:Mink; D010802:Phylogeny; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D012756:Sheep; D013552:Swine; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial
references.citation: J Bacteriol. 1996 Jan;178(2):377-84
references.pmid: 8550456
references.citation: J Clin Microbiol. 2006 Sep;44(9):3422-5
references.pmid: 16954291
references.citation: J Clin Microbiol. 2002 Dec;40(12):4732-4
references.pmid: 12454180
references.citation: J Appl Microbiol. 1999 Aug;87(2):204-7
references.pmid: 10475949
references.citation: FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2004 Oct 15;239(2):235-40
references.pmid: 15476971
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Sep 14;101(37):13536-41
references.pmid: 15347815
references.citation: BMC Microbiol. 2009 Apr 15;9:71
references.pmid: 19368722
references.citation: Science. 1971 Jun 25;172(3990):1303-7
references.pmid: 4996306
references.citation: J Clin Microbiol. 2005 Jul;43(7):3398-401
references.pmid: 16000465
references.citation: J Appl Microbiol. 1999 Aug;87(2):189-91
references.pmid: 10475945
references.citation: J Clin Microbiol. 2000 Oct;38(10):3780-4
references.pmid: 11015402
references.citation: Brief Bioinform. 2004 Jun;5(2):150-63
references.pmid: 15260895
references.citation: J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1956 Jan 1;128(1):7-12
references.pmid: 13278269
references.citation: Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2004 Jul;71(1):48-52
references.pmid: 15238688
references.citation: J Bacteriol. 2000 May;182(10):2928-36
references.pmid: 10781564
references.citation: PLoS One. 2007 May 23;2(5):e461
references.pmid: 17520020
references.citation: Emerg Infect Dis. 2008 Apr;14(4):653-6
references.pmid: 18394287