title: Implications of ionizing radiation in the pediatric urology patient.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We reviewed the literature on the effects of ionizing radiation in pediatric patients, and discuss current recommendations and challenges facing radiologists and pediatric urologists.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a MEDLINE(R) search to identify articles evaluating the risk of ionizing radiation in pediatric patients. Particular attention was focused on computerized tomography. Standard radiography, fluoroscopy and nuclear imaging were also evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  To date the literature relating radiation exposure to imaging has primarily focused on the role of the pediatrician and radiologist as decision makers. However, these imaging modalities are important to treat and monitor many conditions treated by the pediatric urologist. Conflicting reports have made clinical decision making and patient education challenging.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A lack of consensus on the risk of radiation exposure in pediatric patients increases the need for heightened awareness by the urologist requesting radiographic evaluation. Monitoring future studies is required to better understand the impact of radiation on children and ensure prompt implementation of appropriate guidelines for patient care.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Urology, Department of Urologic Surgery, Monroe Carell Jr. Children's Hospital at Vanderbilt, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-9820, USA.
authors.forename: Kelly L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Stratton
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Pope
authors.forename: Mark C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.forename: John W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Brock
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Thomas
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000009:adverse effects; D014570:Urologic Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000532:radiotherapy*