title: The physiologic effects of multiple simultaneous electronic control device discharges.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Law enforcement and military personnel use electronic control devices to control non-compliant and actively resistive subjects. The TASER((R)) Shockwave is a new electronic control device designed specifically as an area denial device capable of delivering multiple simultaneous discharges. This is the first study to examine the effects of multiple simultaneous device discharges in humans.
  
  
  METHODS
  Volunteers were exposed to multiple (two to three), simultaneous 5-second discharges from the Shockwave device to the chest, back, chest to abdomen, or thighs. Blood was analyzed before and after discharge for pH, lactate, potassium, creatine kinase (CK), and troponin. Continuous spirometry was performed before, during, and after the discharge. In addition, electrocardiograms (ECGs) before and after discharge were recorded, and echocardiography was used to determine the rhythm during discharge.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Small elevations of lactate occurred. Moderate increases in CK at 24 hours occurred and appeared to be related to the number of simultaneous discharges. There was a trend to a decrease in minute ventilation in the volunteers exposed to two simultaneous discharges, but it did not reach statistical significance. ECG changes only reflected an increase in vagal tone, and there was no evidence of capture by echocardiography. Five-second, simultaneous, multiple exposures to the TASER Shockwave device were reasonably tolerated by our human volunteers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study suggests that this device may have a reasonable risk/benefit ratio when used to protect an area from a threat.
authors.affiliation: Lompoc Valley Medical Center, Lompoc, CA.
authors.forename: Donald M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Dawes
authors.forename: Jeffrey D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: Robert F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Reardon
authors.forename: James D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Sweeney
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Miner
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