title: Candesartan cilexetil/hydrochlorothiazide treatment in high-risk patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and microalbuminuria: the CHILI T2D study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Arterial hypertension complicated by the presence of diabetes mellitus and microalbuminuria is a particularly hazardous risk-factor combination. Blockers of the renin-angiotensin system have been shown to be beneficial with respect to these risk factors in randomized clinical trials.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To provide proof of effectiveness for a fixed-dose combination such as candesartan cilexetil 16 mg/hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) 12.5 mg in clinical practice within the context of a variety of concomitant diseases and medications.
  
  
  METHODS
  CHILI T2D was a non-interventional, open-label, non-controlled, multicentre study in clinical practice that evaluated 4110 patients with type 2 diabetes, uncontrolled hypertension and microalbuminuria who were being prescribed a fixed-dose combination of candesartan cilexetil 16 mg/HCTZ 12.5 mg (Blopress). Documented outcomes included blood pressure (BP) reductions, metabolic changes, changes in albuminuria, and adverse events throughout the 12-week treatment period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients had a mean +/- SD age of 64.0 +/- 10.3 years, 54.0% were male and the mean +/- SD body mass index was 29.6 +/- 5.8 kg/m2. Coronary heart disease (34.3%), diabetic neuropathy (23.8%), retinopathy (18.6%) and heart failure (20.2%) were frequent co-morbidities. The use of candesartan cilexetil 16 mg/HCTZ 12.5 mg in patients with a mean +/- SD baseline BP of 158.5 +/- 14.2/92.5 +/- 9.1 mmHg resulted in a substantial further reduction of office BP by a mean +/- SD of -27.1 +/- 14.4/-13.1 +/- 9.5 mmHg (p < 0.001). The reduction was particularly pronounced in patients with severe hypertension (mean reduction of -44.7/-19.9 mmHg). Glucose (glycosylated haemoglobin [HbA(1c)], fasting blood glucose) as well as lipid parameters (total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides) were significantly improved (p < 0.001). Microalbuminuria, indicative of renal and cardiovascular risk, was significantly reduced by 28.8% (p < 0.001). Tolerability was excellent with only 16 out of 4110 patients experiencing any adverse event, of which six were considered to be serious.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The fixed-dose combination of candesartan cilexetil 16 mg/HCTZ 12.5 mg is highly effective in lowering blood pressure in type 2 diabetic patients with all stages of hypertension and microalbuminuria. The data indicate that low-dose HCTZ can safely be added to an existing drug regimen in this patient group to increase the BP-lowering effect, without compromising tolerability and the favourable metabolic profile of candesartan cilexetil monotherapy.
authors.affiliation: Internal Medicine/Cardiology/Sports Medicine, Berlin, Germany. r.ketelhut@t-online.de
authors.forename: Reinhard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ketelhut
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bramlage
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001562:Benzimidazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006852:Hydrochlorothiazide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D013777:Tetrazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D001562:Benzimidazoles; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D004338:Drug Combinations; D013777:Tetrazoles; D006852:Hydrochlorothiazide; C077793:candesartan cilexetil
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