title: Selecting for development of fluoroquinolone resistance in a Campylobacter jejuni strain 81116 in chickens using various enrofloxacin treatment protocols.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effect of various enrofloxacin dose regimes on the colonization and selection of resistance in Campylobacter jejuni strain 81116P in experimentally colonized chickens.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two experiments were undertaken, in which 14-day-old chickens were colonized with 1 × 10(7) -1 × 10(9 ) CFU g(-1) Camp. jejuni strain 81116P and then treated with enrofloxacin at 12-500 ppm in drinking water for various times. Caecal colonization levels were determined at various time-points after start-of-treatment, and the susceptibility of recovered isolates to ciprofloxacin was monitored. Resistance was indicated by growth on agar containing 4 μg ml(-1) ciprofloxacin, MICs of 16 μg ml(-1) and the Thr86Ile mutation in gyrA. Enrofloxacin at doses of 12-250 ppm reduced Camp. jejuni colonization over the first 48-72 h after start-of-treatment. The degree of reduction in colonization was dose, but not treatment time, dependent. In all cases, maximal colonization was re-established within 4-6 days. Fluoroquinolone-resistant organisms were recoverable within 48 h of start-of-treatment; after a further 24 h all recovered isolates were resistant. In contrast, a dose of 500 ppm enrofloxacin reduced colonization to undetectable levels within 48 h, and the treated birds remained Campylobacter negative throughout the remaining experimental period. By high pressure liquid chromatography, for all doses, the maximum concentrations of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin in the caecal contents were detected at the point of treatment completion. Thereafter, levels declined to undetectable by 7 days post-treatment withdrawal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In a model using chickens maximally colonized with Camp. jejuni 81116P, treatment with enrofloxacin, at doses of 12-250 ppm in drinking water, enables the selection, and clonal expansion, of fluoroquinolone-resistant organisms. However, this is preventable by treatment with 500 ppm of enrofloxacin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Treatment of chickens with enrofloxacin selects for resistance in Camp. jejuni in highly pre-colonized birds. However, a dose of 500 ppm enrofloxacin prevented the selection of resistant campylobacters.
authors.affiliation: Veterinary Laboratories Agency Weybridge, Surrey, UK.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Stapleton
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Cawthraw
authors.forename: S W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Cooles
authors.forename: N G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Coldham
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: La Ragione
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Newell
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Ridley
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016123:Campylobacter jejuni / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002432:Cecum / Q000382:microbiology; D002645:Chickens / Q000382:microbiology*; D002939:Ciprofloxacin / Q000494:pharmacology; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D000077422:Enrofloxacin; D024841:Fluoroquinolones / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D024841:Fluoroquinolones; D000077422:Enrofloxacin; D002939:Ciprofloxacin