title: The influence of occupational stress factors on the nicotine dependence: a cross sectional study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study analyses the association between occupational stress factors and nicotine dependence. Our hypothesis is that occupational stress factors increase nicotine dependence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were taken from the Cologne Smoking Study, a case-control study that examines which genetic/psychosocial factors lead to a higher risk for smokers to suffer from cardiac infarction, lung cancer and/or to become addicted to nicotine. Our sample consisted of N = 197 currently smoking and employed participants. Nicotine dependence was measured using the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND). The extent of the stress factors experienced at work was assessed using the Effort-Reward Imbalance scale (ERI). Logistic regression was used for the statistical analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Contrary to our hypothesis, the results show that occupational stress factors are actually associated with lower levels of nicotine dependence (N = 197; adjusted OR = 0.439; p = .059).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  One possible explanation for the study's findings is that the participants have a heavy workload and can only smoke in their spare time. Another reason may be workplace smoking bans. Furthermore, the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence is unable to examine nicotine dependence during working hours.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Medical Sociology, Health Services Research and Rehabilitation Science (IMVR), Faculty of Human Science and Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Eupener Strasse 129, Cologne 50933, Germany. anna.schmidt@uk-koeln.de.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: Melanie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Neumann
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wirtz
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ernstmann
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Staratschek-Jox
authors.forename: Erich
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Stoelben
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wolf
authors.forename: Holger
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Pfaff
references.citation: Addict Behav. 1999 Jul-Aug;24(4):521-36
references.pmid: 10466847
references.citation: Occup Environ Med. 2002 Nov;59(11):777-84
references.pmid: 12409537
references.citation: Rehabilitation (Stuttg). 2008 Feb;47(1):56-62
references.pmid: 18247272
references.citation: Gesundheitswesen. 2000 May;62(5):275-81
references.pmid: 10893875
references.citation: Nicotine Tob Res. 2003 Apr;5(2):255-40
references.pmid: 12745499
references.citation: Tob Induc Dis. 2004 Mar 15;2(1):27-33
references.pmid: 19570268
references.citation: J Epidemiol Community Health. 2005 Jan;59(1):63-9
references.pmid: 15598729
references.citation: Soc Sci Med. 2004 Apr;58(8):1483-99
references.pmid: 14759692
references.citation: Chest. 2003 May;123(5):1730-9
references.pmid: 12740294
references.citation: J Occup Environ Med. 2009 Mar;51(3):343-50
references.pmid: 19225420
references.citation: J Occup Health. 2004 May;46(3):220-4
references.pmid: 15215665
references.citation: Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2008 Nov;16(11):934-43
references.pmid: 18978254
references.citation: Nicotine Tob Res. 2004 Jun;6(3):447-55
references.pmid: 15203778
references.citation: Occup Environ Med. 2007 Mar;64(3):144-9
references.pmid: 17095549
references.citation: Drug Alcohol Depend. 2007 Feb 23;87(1):10-9
references.pmid: 16930859
references.citation: Scand J Work Environ Health. 2006 Dec;32(6):473-81
references.pmid: 17173203
references.citation: Int J Psychiatry Med. 1998;28(2):189-213
references.pmid: 9724889
references.citation: Soc Sci Med. 2004 Apr;58(8):1531-41
references.pmid: 14759696
references.citation: Occup Environ Med. 2006 Mar;63(3):207-11
references.pmid: 16497864
references.citation: Nicotine Tob Res. 2008 Oct;10(10):1559-70
references.pmid: 18946775
references.citation: Addiction. 1999 Feb;94(2):269-81
references.pmid: 10396794
references.citation: J Drug Educ. 2002;32(4):271-86
references.pmid: 12556133