title: Estrogen regulates estrogen receptors and antioxidant gene expression in mouse skeletal muscle.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Estrogens are associated with the loss of skeletal muscle strength in women with age. Ovarian hormone removal by ovariectomy in mice leads to a loss of muscle strength, which is reversed with 17beta-estradiol replacement. Aging is also associated with an increase in antioxidant stress, and estrogens can improve antioxidant status via their interaction with estrogen receptors (ER) to regulate antioxidant gene expression. The purpose of this study was to determine if ER and antioxidant gene expression in skeletal muscle are responsive to changes in circulating estradiol, and if ERs regulate antioxidant gene expression in this tissue.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adult C57BL/6 mice underwent ovariectomies or sham surgeries to remove circulating estrogens. These mice were implanted with placebo or 17beta-estradiol pellets acutely or chronically. A separate experiment examined mice that received weekly injections of Faslodex to chronically block ERs. Skeletal muscles were analyzed for expression of ER genes and proteins and antioxidant genes. ERalpha was the most abundant, followed by Gper and ERbeta in both soleus and EDL muscles. The loss of estrogens through ovariectomy induced ERalpha gene and protein expression in the soleus, EDL, and TA muscles at both the acute and chronic time points. Gpx3 mRNA was also induced both acutely and chronically in all 3 muscles in mice receiving 17beta-estradiol. When ERs were blocked using Faslodex, Gpx3 mRNA was downregulated in the soleus muscle, but not the EDL and TA muscles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that Gpx3 and ERalpha gene expression are sensitive to circulating estrogens in skeletal muscle. ERs may regulate Gpx3 gene expression in the soleus muscle, but skeletal muscle regulation of Gpx3 via ERs is dependent upon muscle type. Further work is needed to determine the indirect effects of estrogen and ERalpha on Gpx3 expression in skeletal muscle, and their importance in the aging process.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America. baltg001@umn.edu
authors.forename: Kristen A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Baltgalvis
authors.forename: Sarah M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Greising
authors.forename: Gordon L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Warren
authors.forename: Dawn A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Lowe
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D004958:Estradiol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D004967:Estrogens / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism*; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha; D004967:Estrogens; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D004958:Estradiol; C116888:Gpx3 protein, mouse; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase
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