title: Smoking cessation: the role of the foot and ankle surgeon.
abstract: Tobacco cigarette smoking causes many negative effects on the body, and it is the leading preventable cause of death in the United States. These negative effects are a concern for the foot and ankle surgeon, as smoking can increase the risk of diabetes and peripheral artery disease and delay healing of surgical incisions and ulcerations of the lower extremities. Tobacco cigarette smoking can also increase the risk of avascular necrosis and delayed union and nonunions of fractures and osteotomies. Smoking cessation is an important component in the overall treatment of conditions affecting the foot and ankle. Smoking cessation can be a difficult goal to achieve, but proper education and support can help patients reach this goal.
authors.affiliation: University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Greenhagen
authors.forename: Adam R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Nicholas J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Bevilacqua
mesh_terms: D000671:Amputation, Surgical; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D035002:Lower Extremity / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D010020:Osteonecrosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D016491:Peripheral Vascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D016540:Smoking Cessation; D013628:Talus / Q000293:injuries; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000150:complications*; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000502:physiology