title: Inhibition of G-protein-activated inwardly rectifying K+ channels by the selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors atomoxetine and reboxetine.
abstract: Atomoxetine and reboxetine are commonly used as selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (NRIs) for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and depression, respectively. Furthermore, recent studies have suggested that NRIs may be useful for the treatment of several other psychiatric disorders. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the various effects of NRIs have not yet been sufficiently clarified. G-protein-activated inwardly rectifying K(+) (GIRK or Kir3) channels have an important function in regulating neuronal excitability and heart rate, and GIRK channel modulation has been suggested to be a potential treatment for several neuropsychiatric disorders and cardiac arrhythmias. In this study, we investigated the effects of atomoxetine and reboxetine on GIRK channels using the Xenopus oocyte expression assay. In oocytes injected with mRNA for GIRK1/GIRK2, GIRK2, or GIRK1/GIRK4 subunits, extracellular application of atomoxetine or reboxetine reversibly reduced GIRK currents. The inhibitory effects were concentration-dependent, but voltage-independent, and time-independent during each voltage pulse. However, Kir1.1 and Kir2.1 channels were insensitive to atomoxetine and reboxetine. Atomoxetine and reboxetine also inhibited GIRK currents induced by activation of cloned A(1) adenosine receptors or by intracellularly applied GTPgammaS, a nonhydrolyzable GTP analogue. Furthermore, the GIRK currents induced by ethanol were concentration-dependently inhibited by extracellularly applied atomoxetine but not by intracellularly applied atomoxetine. The present results suggest that atomoxetine and reboxetine inhibit brain- and cardiac-type GIRK channels, revealing a novel characteristic of clinically used NRIs. GIRK channel inhibition may contribute to some of the therapeutic effects of NRIs and adverse side effects related to nervous system and heart function.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Chuo-ku, Niigata, Japan. torukoba@bri.niigata-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Toru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.forename: Kazuo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Washiyama
authors.forename: Kazutaka
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ikeda
mesh_terms: D018759:Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors; D000818:Animals; D000069445:Atomoxetine Hydrochloride; D001703:Biophysics; D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004347:Drug Interactions; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D000431:Ethanol / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D051676:G Protein-Coupled Inwardly-Rectifying Potassium Channels / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D016244:Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate) / Q000494:pharmacology; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D008845:Microinjections / Q000379:methods; D009025:Morpholines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009865:Oocytes; D018408:Patch-Clamp Techniques / Q000379:methods; D024661:Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011437:Propylamines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000077593:Reboxetine; D043682:Receptor, Adenosine A1 / Q000378:metabolism; D014982:Xenopus laevis
chemical_list: D018759:Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors; D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants; D051676:G Protein-Coupled Inwardly-Rectifying Potassium Channels; C489461:Kir2.1 channel; D009025:Morpholines; D024661:Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying; D011437:Propylamines; D043682:Receptor, Adenosine A1; D016244:Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate); D000431:Ethanol; D000069445:Atomoxetine Hydrochloride; D000077593:Reboxetine
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