title: Contribution of adenosine related genes to the risk of depression with disturbed sleep.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Most patients with major depression report problems in their sleep: insomnia, early morning awakenings and fatigue correlating with poor sleep quality. One of the key substances regulating sleep is adenosine. We hypothesized that variations in polymorphic sites of adenosine related genes may predispose to depression with sleep disturbances.
  
  
  METHODS
  We selected 117 single nucleotide polymorphisms from 13 genes and analyzed their association with depression and specific sleep problems (early morning awakenings and fatigue). Data were collected as part of the Health 2000 Study based on Finnish population and included 1423 adult subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our major finding herein was, among women, the association of SLC29A3 polymorphism rs12256138 with depressive disorder (p=0.0004, odds ratio=0.68, 95% CI 0.55-0.84, p<0.05 after Bonferonni correction for multiple testing). Only one gene showing any evidence for association was common to women and men (ADA).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Relatively small size of the case samples.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that compromised adenosine transport due to variation in nucleoside transporter gene SLC29A3 in women, could predispose to depression, and could suggest new directions in treatment research. The shortage of overlapping genes between the genders indicates that the genetics of mood regulation may vary between the sexes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Natalia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gass
authors.forename: Hanna M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Ollila
authors.forename: Siddheshwar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Utge
authors.forename: Timo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Partonen
authors.forename: Erkki
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kronholm
authors.forename: Sami
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pirkola
authors.forename: Johanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Suhonen
authors.forename: Kaisa
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Silander
authors.forename: Tarja
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Porkka-Heiskanen
authors.forename: Tiina
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Paunio
mesh_terms: D000241:Adenosine / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005221:Fatigue / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D005796:Genes / Q000235:genetics*; D056726:Genetic Association Studies; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics; D012737:Sex Factors; D007319:Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D000241:Adenosine