title: Coxiella burnetii in humans and ticks in rural Senegal.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Q fever is a worldwide zoonotic disease caused by Coxiella burnetii. Epidemiologically, animals are considered reservoirs and humans incidental hosts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We investigated Q fever in rural Senegal. Human samples (e.g., sera, saliva, breast milk, feces) were screened in the generally healthy population of two villages of the Sine-Saloum region. Ticks were collected in four regions. Seroprevalence was studied by immunofluorescence, and all other samples were tested by two qPCR systems for detection of C. burnetii. Positive samples were genotyped (multispacer typing) by amplification and sequencing of three spacers. Strains were isolated by cell culture. We found that the seroprevalence may be as high as 24.5% (59 of 238 studied) in Dielmo village. We identified spontaneous excretion of C. burnetii by humans through faeces and milk. Hard and soft ticks (8 species) were infected in 0-37.6%. We identified three genotypes of C. burnetii. The previously identified genotype 6 was the most common in ticks in all studied regions and the only one found in human samples. Three strains of genotype 6 of C. burnetii were also recovered from soft tick Ornithodoros sonrai. Two other genotypes found in ticks, 35 and 36, were identified for the first time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Q fever should be considered a significant public health threat in Senegal. Humans, similar to other mammals, may continuously excrete C. burnetii.
authors.affiliation: URMITE, UMR IRD 198/CNRS 6236, Mediterranean University, Medical Faculty, Marseille, France.
authors.forename: Oleg
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Mediannikov
authors.forename: Florence
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fenollar
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Socolovschi
authors.forename: Georges
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Diatta
authors.forename: Hubert
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bassene
authors.forename: Jean-François
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Molez
authors.forename: Cheikh
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sokhna
authors.forename: Jean-François
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Trape
authors.forename: Didier
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Raoult
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000818:Animals; D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial / Q000097:blood*; D015373:Bacterial Typing Techniques; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D016997:Coxiella burnetii / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000382:microbiology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011778:Q Fever / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D012424:Rural Population; D012675:Senegal / Q000453:epidemiology; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D013987:Ticks / Q000382:microbiology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial; D004269:DNA, Bacterial
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