title: Review of prolonged local anesthetic action.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pain following surgery is often treated by local anesthetic agents. Duration of the analgesia can be extended safely following administration of encapsulated large doses of local anesthetic agents.
  
  
  METHODS
  This review considers formulations used for encapsulation of local anesthetic agents for prolonged anesthesia effect. All studies describing encapsulation of a commercial local anesthetic agent for providing prolonged analgesia were considered using the NCBI Medline site. of local anesthetic, prolonged anesthesia, polymers and liposomes were entered in order to retrieve appropriate articles and reviews from 1966 to 2010, with emphasis on the last 10 years. Reference pages were searched manually for other relevant articles. The topics covered include an overview of local anesthetic agents and a review of local anesthetic carrier agents, with emphasis on liposomes and polymer carriers. Articles were limited to the English language.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The current research areas for prolongation of local anesthetic effect are evaluated, along with their limitations. Each topic has been summarized, and the review has attempted to cover all current laboratory and clinical studies in a simple manner that should also be useful for readers without a pharmacology background. The direction of research is promising and exciting, and this review should be a useful up-to-date reference.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Many formulations including polymer and liposome carriers have facilitated prolonged local anesthetic action for several days, although few clinical studies have been performed. This field promises a safe way to deliver local anesthetics for effect far beyond that of commercially available agents, with potential cost and health benefits for patients suffering chronic or postoperative pain.
authors.affiliation: Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Jerusalem, POB 12000, Israel. carolynfweiniger@gmail.com
authors.forename: Carolyn F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Weiniger
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Golovanevski
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sokolsky-Papkov
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Domb
mesh_terms: D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local