title: The effect of addition of low dose atracurium to local anesthetic in retrobulbar block for cataract surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Addition of some neuromuscular blockers to local anesthetics proved to be effective in improving the quality of anesthesia in different regional techniques. This study was carried out to determine whether the addition of low-dose atracurium to a local anesthetic has any effect on the onset and duration of akinesia in retrobulbar block.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was conducted on sixty-four unpremedicated, ASA I or 11 patients scheduled for cataract surgery under local anesthesia. The patients were assigned to one of the two treatment groups in a randomized, double-blind manner. The case group received 2 ml of 2% lidocaine (40 mg) and 0.5 mL atracurium (5 mg). The control group received 2 ml of 2% lidocaine (40 mg) and 0.5 ml 0.9% NaCl. The onset of akinesia (the inability to move the eye in all four directions) was scored as 0 to 2:0, no akinesia; 1, partial akinesia; and 2, complete akinesia. The onset and duration of akinesia and also adverse effects and complications of each method were recorded throughout the study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 4 out of 64 patients, complete akinesia was not achieved and statistical analysis was done on 60 others with complete akinesia. With regard to age, sex, weight, and duration of the surgery, there were no significant differences between the case and control groups. The onset of complete akinesia was quicker and duration longer in the case group than in the control group. The onset of complete block was 4.7 +/- 1.1 minutes in the case group and 6.9 +/- 0.96 minutes in the control group (P < 0.001). The duration of akinesia was 104.07 +/- 17.6 minutes in the case group and 87.1 +/- 16.2 minutes in the control group (P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrated that atracurium had a local action on the extraocular muscles. It shortened the onset period of retrobulbar block, prolonged its duration, and provided excellent surgical conditions without any specific complications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad Hossein
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Eghbal
authors.forename: Hesam
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tabei
authors.forename: Shoja Alhagh
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Taregh
authors.forename: Mohammad Reza
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Razeghinejad
mesh_terms: D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D001279:Atracurium / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D002387:Cataract Extraction / Q000379:methods*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009407:Nerve Block / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D003473:Neuromuscular Nondepolarizing Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D003473:Neuromuscular Nondepolarizing Agents; D001279:Atracurium; D008012:Lidocaine