title: The immunological synapse: a dynamic platform for local signaling.
abstract: The immunological synapse (IS) as a concept has evolved from a static view of the junction between T cells and their antigen-presenting cell partners. The entire process of IS formation and extinction is now known to entail a dynamic reorganization of membrane domains and proteins within and adjacent to those domains.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The entire process is also intricately tied to the motility machinery-both as that machinery directs "scanning" prior to T-cell receptor engagement and as it is appropriated during the ongoing developments at the IS. While the synapse often remains dynamic in order to encourage surveillance of new antigen-presenting surfaces, cytoskeletal forces also regulate the development of signals, likely including the assembly of ion channels. In both neuronal and immunological synapses, localized Ca2+ signals and accumulation or depletion of ions in microdomains accompany the concentration of signaling molecules in the synapse. Such spatiotemporal signaling in the synapse greatly accelerates kinetics and provides essential checkpoints to validate effective cell-cell communication.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue HSW-0511, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA. matthew.krummel@ucsf.edu
authors.forename: Matthew F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Krummel
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Cahalan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000938:Antigen-Presenting Cells / Q000276:immunology*; D020013:Calcium Signaling; D003599:Cytoskeleton / Q000276:immunology; D025461:Feedback, Physiological; D006801:Humans; D054992:Immunological Synapses; D021962:Membrane Microdomains / Q000276:immunology; D020239:Receptor Cross-Talk; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*
references.citation: Nature. 2009 Feb 12;457(7231):901-5
references.pmid: 19118385
references.citation: Immunity. 2006 Jul;25(1):117-27
references.pmid: 16860761
references.citation: Nature. 1998 Sep 3;395(6697):82-6
references.pmid: 9738502
references.citation: Immunity. 2008 Oct 17;29(4):602-14
references.pmid: 18835197
references.citation: Immunol Rev. 2002 Nov;189:51-63
references.pmid: 12445265
references.citation: Science. 2002 Jun 7;296(5574):1869-73
references.pmid: 12016203
references.citation: PLoS Biol. 2005 Jun;3(6):e160
references.pmid: 15869324
references.citation: Immunity. 1996 May;4(5):421-30
references.pmid: 8630728
references.citation: Nat Immunol. 2010 Jan;11(1):90-6
references.pmid: 20010844
references.citation: Eur J Immunol. 2005 Jun;35(6):1741-53
references.pmid: 15909310
references.citation: J Immunol. 2009 Nov 15;183(10):6296-302
references.pmid: 19841189
references.citation: Nat Immunol. 2003 Jun;4(6):579-85
references.pmid: 12730692
references.citation: J Exp Med. 2004 Oct 4;200(7):847-56
references.pmid: 15466619
references.citation: Immunity. 2001 Nov;15(5):751-61
references.pmid: 11728337
references.citation: Nat Immunol. 2004 Mar;5(3):272-9
references.pmid: 14758359
references.citation: Cell Regul. 1989 Nov;1(1):99-112
references.pmid: 2519622
references.citation: J Immunol. 2007 Jul 1;179(1):346-56
references.pmid: 17579055
references.citation: Nature. 2004 Jan 8;427(6970):154-9
references.pmid: 14712275
references.citation: Nature. 2010 Feb 18;463(7283):963-7
references.pmid: 20164930
references.citation: Immunol Rev. 2009 Sep;231(1):59-87
references.pmid: 19754890
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 1995 Nov;131(3):655-67
references.pmid: 7593187
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Jan 27;101(4):998-1003
references.pmid: 14722354
references.citation: Nat Immunol. 2005 Dec;6(12):1253-62
references.pmid: 16273097
references.citation: Nature. 2008 May 1;453(7191):51-5
references.pmid: 18451854
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Feb 23;107(8):3675-80
references.pmid: 20133676
references.citation: Curr Opin Immunol. 2003 Jun;15(3):249-54
references.pmid: 12787748
references.citation: Immunity. 2009 Dec 18;31(6):986-98
references.pmid: 19962328
references.citation: Nat Immunol. 2006 Aug;7(8):803-9
references.pmid: 16855606
references.citation: Nat Immunol. 2007 Oct;8(10):1076-85
references.pmid: 17721537
references.citation: Nat Cell Biol. 2009 Jun;11(6):669-77
references.pmid: 19488056
references.citation: Immunity. 1997 Apr;6(4):361-9
references.pmid: 9133415
references.citation: Curr Biol. 1994 Jul 1;4(7):584-95
references.pmid: 7953532
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 Mar 4;100(5):2592-7
references.pmid: 12604782
references.citation: Science. 2002 Jun 7;296(5574):1876-80
references.pmid: 12052962
references.citation: PLoS Biol. 2005 Jun;3(6):e150
references.pmid: 15857154
references.citation: Cell Calcium. 2009 Feb;45(2):109-22
references.pmid: 18789821
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Aug 4;106(31):12729-34
references.pmid: 19622735
references.citation: Immunol Lett. 2009 Jun 30;125(1):15-21
references.pmid: 19477198
references.citation: Nat Immunol. 2005 Feb;6(2):143-51
references.pmid: 15654342
references.citation: Annu Rev Immunol. 2008;26:233-59
references.pmid: 18304005
references.citation: Cell. 2005 Jun 17;121(6):937-50
references.pmid: 15960980
references.citation: Immunity. 2002 Apr;16(4):595-606
references.pmid: 11970882
references.citation: Immunity. 2000 Sep;13(3):323-32
references.pmid: 11021530
references.citation: Nat Immunol. 2004 May;5(5):531-8
references.pmid: 15064761
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994 Mar 29;91(7):2873-7
references.pmid: 8146203
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Feb 12;105(6):2011-6
references.pmid: 18250319
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Dec 18;104(51):20296-301
references.pmid: 18077330
references.citation: J Gen Physiol. 2005 Nov;126(5):499-514
references.pmid: 16260839
references.citation: Cell Calcium. 2010 Jan;47(1):19-28
references.pmid: 19959227
references.citation: Science. 2000 Aug 25;289(5483):1349-52
references.pmid: 10958781
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Feb 3;101(5):1285-90
references.pmid: 14745040
references.citation: EMBO J. 2006 Jan 25;25(2):290-301
references.pmid: 16407977
references.citation: Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2007 Apr;292(4):C1431-9
references.pmid: 17151145
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Nov 14;103(46):17414-9
references.pmid: 17088564
references.citation: Immunity. 2002 Dec;17(6):809-22
references.pmid: 12479826
references.citation: J Exp Med. 2005 Jun 6;201(11):1805-14
references.pmid: 15939794
references.citation: J Immunol. 2009 Feb 15;182(4):2041-50
references.pmid: 19201857
references.citation: J Exp Med. 2005 Nov 7;202(9):1271-8
references.pmid: 16275764