title: Pervasive trauma exposure among US sexual orientation minority adults and risk of posttraumatic stress disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We assessed sexual orientation disparities in exposure to violence and other potentially traumatic events and onset of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in a representative US sample.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used data from 34 653 noninstitutionalized adult US residents from the 2004 to 2005 wave of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lesbians and gay men, bisexuals, and heterosexuals who reported any same-sex sexual partners over their lifetime had greater risk of childhood maltreatment, interpersonal violence, trauma to a close friend or relative, and unexpected death of someone close than did heterosexuals with no same-sex attractions or partners. Risk of onset of PTSD was higher among lesbians and gays (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.03; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.34, 3.06), bisexuals (AOR = 2.13; 95% CI = 1.38, 3.29), and heterosexuals with any same-sex partners (AOR = 2.06; 95% CI = 1.54, 2.74) than it was among the heterosexual reference group. This higher risk was largely accounted for by sexual orientation minorities' greater exposure to violence, exposure to more potentially traumatic events, and earlier age of trauma exposure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Profound sexual orientation disparities exist in risk of PTSD and in violence exposure, beginning in childhood. Our findings suggest there is an urgent need for public health interventions aimed at preventing violence against individuals with minority sexual orientations and providing follow-up care to cope with the sequelae of violent victimization.
authors.affiliation: Department of Society, Human Development, and Health, School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA. kkoenen@hsph.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Andrea L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: S Bryn
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Austin
authors.forename: Heather L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Corliss
authors.forename: Ashley K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Vandermorris
authors.forename: Karestan C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Koenen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002649:Child Abuse / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D008297:Male; D008913:Minority Groups / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012307:Risk Factors; D012725:Sexual Behavior / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012931:Social Environment; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014754:Violence / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
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