title: Enhancement of cognitive control by approach and avoidance motivational states.
abstract: Affective variables have been shown to impact working memory and cognitive control. Theoretical arguments suggest that the functional impact of emotion on cognition might be mediated through shifting action dispositions related to changes in motivational orientation. The current study examined the effects of positive and negative affect on performance via direct manipulation of motivational state in tasks with high demands on cognitive control. Experiment 1 examined the effects of monetary reward on task-switching performance, while Experiment 2 examined the effects of both rewards and punishments on working memory, using primary (liquid) reinforcers. In both experiments, dissociable trial-by-trial and contextual (block-related) enhancements of cognitive control during task performance were observed in relationship to motivational incentive value. Performance enhancements were equivalent in the reward and punishment conditions, but were differentially impacted by individual difference measures of trait reward and punishment sensitivity. Together, the results suggest both common and specific mechanisms by which approach and avoidance motivational states influence cognitive control, via activation of reward and punishment processing systems.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Washington University in St. Louis.
authors.forename: Adam C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Savine
authors.forename: Stefanie M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Beck
authors.forename: Bethany G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.forename: Kimberly S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Chiew
authors.forename: Todd S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Braver
references.citation: Trends Cogn Sci. 2009 Apr;13(4):160-6
references.pmid: 19285913
references.citation: Emotion. 2008 Apr;8(2):267-80
references.pmid: 18410200
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Apr 16;99(8):5669-74
references.pmid: 11960021
references.citation: Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci. 2005 Jun;5(2):182-90
references.pmid: 16180624
references.citation: Psychol Bull. 1996 Jul;120(1):3-24
references.pmid: 8711015
references.citation: Trends Cogn Sci. 2003 Mar;7(3):134-140
references.pmid: 12639695
references.citation: Psychol Rev. 2001 Jul;108(3):624-52
references.pmid: 11488380
references.citation: Science. 2004 Apr 9;304(5668):307-10
references.pmid: 15073380
references.citation: Cognition. 2008 Oct;109(1):133-42
references.pmid: 18835601
references.citation: Emotion. 2007 Aug;7(3):668-74
references.pmid: 17683222
references.citation: Science. 2006 Oct 6;314(5796):91-4
references.pmid: 17023651
references.citation: Trends Cogn Sci. 2005 May;9(5):242-9
references.pmid: 15866151
references.citation: J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn. 2004 Mar;30(2):343-353
references.pmid: 14979809
references.citation: Psychol Rev. 1984 Apr;91(2):153-84
references.pmid: 6571423
references.citation: Nat Rev Neurosci. 2008 Feb;9(2):148-58
references.pmid: 18209732
references.citation: Psychol Sci. 2008 May;19(5):476-82
references.pmid: 18466409
references.citation: J Neurophysiol. 2001 Mar;85(3):1315-21
references.pmid: 11248000
references.citation: Annu Rev Neurosci. 1995;18:193-222
references.pmid: 7605061
references.citation: J Pers Soc Psychol. 1991 Jul;61(1):132-40
references.pmid: 1890584
references.citation: Psychophysiology. 2008 Jan;45(1):119-29
references.pmid: 17910734
references.citation: Trends Cogn Sci. 2007 Jul;11(7):307-16
references.pmid: 17553730
references.citation: Brain Res. 2007 Apr 13;1141:168-77
references.pmid: 17320835
references.citation: Psychol Sci. 2002 Jan;13(1):34-40
references.pmid: 11892776
references.citation: J Pers Soc Psychol. 1990 Feb;58(2):330-41
references.pmid: 2319445
references.citation: Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci. 2008 Mar;8(1):99-112
references.pmid: 18405050
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2008 Aug 15;42(2):988-97
references.pmid: 18556218
references.citation: Behav Res Methods. 2007 Aug;39(3):445-59
references.pmid: 17958156
references.citation: Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci. 2004 Dec;4(4):540-52
references.pmid: 15849896
references.citation: PLoS One. 2010 Feb 16;5(2):e9251
references.pmid: 20169080
references.citation: Brain Cogn. 2006 Feb;60(1):11-9
references.pmid: 16216400
references.citation: Cogn Psychol. 2000 Nov;41(3):211-53
references.pmid: 11032657
references.citation: Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci. 2008 Sep;8(3):239-53
references.pmid: 18814461
references.citation: Am Psychol. 1997 Dec;52(12):1280-300
references.pmid: 9414606
references.citation: Psychol Sci. 2005 Nov;16(11):852-5
references.pmid: 16262768
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2004 Mar;21(3):1045-54
references.pmid: 15006672
references.citation: Science. 1999 Mar 12;283(5408):1657-61
references.pmid: 10073923
references.citation: Annu Rev Neurosci. 2001;24:167-202
references.pmid: 11283309
references.citation: Emotion. 2003 Dec;3(4):378-93
references.pmid: 14674830
references.citation: Eur J Neurosci. 2007 Dec;26(12):3661-8
references.pmid: 18088285
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Mar 19;99(6):4115-20
references.pmid: 11904454
references.citation: Science. 1966 Aug 5;153(3736):652-4
references.pmid: 5939936
references.citation: J Pers. 1999 Oct;67(5):761-91
references.pmid: 10540757
references.citation: Psychon Bull Rev. 2002 Mar;9(1):86-92
references.pmid: 12026956
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Jan 2;104(1):383-8
references.pmid: 17182749
references.citation: J Exp Psychol Gen. 2001 Sep;130(3):436-52
references.pmid: 11561919
references.citation: Emotion. 2007 May;7(2):336-53
references.pmid: 17516812
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 May 5;106(18):7351-6
references.pmid: 19380750
references.citation: Cereb Cortex. 2005 Dec;15(12):1855-65
references.pmid: 15746002
references.citation: Psychol Rev. 2007 Apr;114(2):376-97
references.pmid: 17500631
references.citation: Mem Cognit. 2006 Oct;34(7):1377-97
references.pmid: 17263064
references.citation: Psychol Sci. 2009 May;20(5):549-50
references.pmid: 19476588
references.citation: Psychol Rev. 1959 May;66(3):183-201
references.pmid: 13658305