title: CH(3)CH(2)OD/D(2)O binary condensation in a supersonic Laval nozzle: Presence of small clusters inferred from a macroscopic energy balance.
abstract: We determined the heat released in the condensing flow of a CH(3)CH(2)OD/D(2)O/carrier gas mixture (EtOD/D(2)O for brevity) through a supersonic Laval nozzle by integrating the equations for supersonic flow with condensation, using the static pressure, temperature, and mole fractions of EtOD and D(2)O monomers [S. Tanimura, B. E. Wyslouzil, M. S. Zahniser, et al., J. Chem. Phys. 127, 034305 (2007)] as inputs. By considering the depletion of the monomer species, the deviation of the pressure from the isentropic value, and the heat released, we estimated that approximately 10% of the EtOD molecules are present as pure clusters (dimer to tetramer) upstream of the onset point of condensation. In contrast, clustering was not detected when only pure EtOD was present under the same conditions (temperature and the partial pressure of EtOD) for which clustering was observed in the EtOD/D(2)O flow. This suggests that the formation of EtOD clusters is facilitated by D(2)O in the EtOD/D(2)O flow. A comparison of the heat released to the flow and the expected heat of dissociation of the EtOD/D(2)O droplets suggests that small EtOD clusters persist downstream of the onset point. Both upstream and downstream of the onset point of condensation, the concentration of these clusters in the nozzle is higher than that expected at equilibrium. A possible mechanism for the overabundance of pure EtOD clusters is that they form in the mixed EtOD/D(2)O particles (droplets or clusters) and evaporate from them.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Biomolecular engineering, The Ohio State University, 140 West 19th Av., Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA. tanimura5@yahoo.co.jp
authors.forename: Shinobu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tanimura
authors.forename: Barbara E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Wyslouzil
authors.forename: Gerald
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wilemski
mesh_terms: D017666:Deuterium Oxide / Q000737:chemistry*; D000431:Ethanol / Q000737:chemistry*; D011312:Pressure; D013696:Temperature; D013816:Thermodynamics
chemical_list: D000431:Ethanol; D017666:Deuterium Oxide