title: Subclinical effects of saxitoxin and domoic acid on aggressive behaviour and monoaminergic turnover in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).
abstract: The algal produced neurotoxins saxitoxin and domoic acid may have serious effects on marine life and can be responsible for the intoxication of for instance sea mammals, sea birds and fish. Given that farmed fish cannot escape algal blooms, they may be more susceptible to intoxication than wild stocks. In the present study, subclinical effects of saxitoxin and domoic on aggressive behaviour and monoaminergic systems in the brain of the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were investigated. The resident-intruder test was used to measure aggression where only the resident fish were subjected to the toxins and analysed for monoamines and their metabolites. The resident-intruder test was carried out on two consecutive days. On day one basal aggression was measured in the four groups. On day two three of the groups were injected with subclinical doses of one of the following: saxitoxin (1.752 microg/kg bw), domoic (0.75 mg/kg bw) or 0.9% saline solution. This was performed 30 min prior to the aggression test. Handling stress and injection affected aggressive behaviour, cortisol and the serotonergic system in telencephalic brain regions. Cortisol levels were elevated in all of the injected groups when compared to the control group. An increase in serotonergic turnover was evident when all injected groups were pooled and compared to the control group. All together this suggests that the handling stress in connection with the injection was similar in all of the three injected groups. In contrast to both the undisturbed control group and the toxin-injected groups, the saline-injected group displayed a reduction in aggressive behaviour which was evident in increased attack latency. Furthermore the domoic injected group displayed more aggressive attacks towards their conspecifics than the saline-injected group. Consequently the two toxins appear to mask the stress induced alteration in aggressive behaviour. Monoamine levels and monoaminergic turnover could not be demonstrated to be directly affected by the two toxins at the given doses in the investigated brain regions (dorsal and ventral parts of telencephalon, optic tectum, locus coeruleus, raphe nucleus, molecular and granular layer of cerebellum). This could indicate that the toxins mediate aggressive behaviour either through other systems than the monoaminergic systems, such as neuroactive amino acids, or that the mediation occurs in other brain regions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, N-0033 Oslo, Norway. marit.bakke@nvh.no
authors.forename: Marit Jørgensen
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Bakke
authors.forename: Hanne Kolsrud
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Hustoft
authors.forename: Tor Einar
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Horsberg
mesh_terms: D000374:Aggression / Q000187:drug effects*; D000818:Animals; D015306:Biogenic Monoamines / Q000378:metabolism*; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism; D007267:Injections; D007608:Kainic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000633:toxicity; D009467:Neuromuscular Depolarizing Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity; D017686:Oncorhynchus mykiss / Q000378:metabolism*; D012530:Saxitoxin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D012701:Serotonin / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D015306:Biogenic Monoamines; D009467:Neuromuscular Depolarizing Agents; D012701:Serotonin; D012530:Saxitoxin; C012301:domoic acid; D007608:Kainic Acid; D004298:Dopamine