title: Developmental milestones among African elephant calves on their first day of life.
abstract: A recurrent issue confronted by zoos is the extent to which animals living ex situ have life history profiles representative of those living in situ. The lengthy lifespan of African elephants hinders collecting proper comparative data, but enough information has been published to conduct preliminary analyses comparing the developmental profile of zoo and wild African elephants on their first day of life. We show that calves born in a zoo stand and walk on their own for the first time at the same age as those born in the wild. Calves born in the zoo take a little longer until first successful nursing, but the difference in age between wild and zoo is not statistically significant. Male and female calves born in zoos develop at the same pace, with data insufficient to compare with wild-born calves. We conclude maternal parity has an effect on the age of first nursing, but not on first standing or walking, because the initiation of suckling requires coordination between two animals. We suggest that available evidence indicates that calves born in the wild and in zoos develop at comparable rates.
authors.affiliation: Center for Conservation and Research for Endangered Species, Zoological Society of San Diego, Escondido, California 92027, USA. fbercovitch@sandiegozoo.org
authors.forename: Fred B
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Bercovitch
authors.forename: Jeff
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Andrews
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D000836:Animals, Zoo; D004606:Elephants / Q000254:growth & development*; D005260:Female; D008297:Male