title: Non-cardioembolic Mechanisms in Cryptogenic Stroke: Clinical and Diffusion-weighted Imaging Features.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The role of several cardiogenic risk factors, including patent foramen ovale, in patients with cryptogenic stroke has been extensively studied. However, little attention has been paid to the role of non-cardioembolic causes of cryptogenic stroke. We therefore sought to identify the characteristics of cryptogenic stroke.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 832 patients with acute infarction in the middle cerebral arterial territory. We divided the patients into four subtypes: 402 with large artery atherosclerosis (LAA), 133 with cardioembolism, 182 with small arterial occlusion (SAO), and 115 with cryptogenic stroke. We compared risk factors and lesion patterns observed by diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) between patients with cryptogenic stroke and those with stroke of other subtypes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both risk factors and DWI lesion patterns differed between the cryptogenic and cardioembolic groups (P<0.05). Risk factors for cryptogenic stroke were similar to those for the LAA and SAO groups. Similarly, DWI lesion patterns for cryptogenic stroke were similar to LAA patients. Large cortical infarcts on DWI were more common in the cardioembolic group than in the LAA or cryptogenic groups (P<0.001). In contrast, deep, non-lacunar (OR 5.02; 95% CI 2.68~9.40; P<0.001) and superficial perforator infarcts (OR 2.23; 95% CI 1.08~4.59; P=0.029) were independently associated with the cryptogenic group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that non-cardioembolic causes, such as macro- and microangiopathy, are important mechanisms in the pathogenesis of cryptogenic stroke.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.
authors.forename: Oh Young
authors.initials: OY
authors.lastname: Bang
authors.forename: Phil Hyu
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Seung Hyeon
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Yeo
authors.forename: Ji Won
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: In Soo
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Joo
authors.forename: Kyoon
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Huh
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