title: The effectiveness of music in relieving pain in cancer patients: a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine effects of sedative music on cancer pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomized controlled trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two large medical centers in Kaoshiung City, in southern Taiwan.
  
  
  METHODS
  126 hospitalized persons with cancer pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were randomly assigned to an experimental (n=62) or a control group (n=64), with computerized minimization, stratifying on gender, pain, and hospital unit. Music choices included folk songs, Buddhist hymns (Taiwanese music), plus harp, and piano (American). The experimental group listened to music for 30 min; the control group rested in bed. Sensation and distress of pain were rated on 100mm VAS before and after the 30-min test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using MANCOVA, there was significantly less posttest pain in the music versus the control group, p<.001. Effect sizes were large, Cohen's d=.64, sensation, d=.70, distress, indicating that music was very helpful for pain. Thirty minutes of music provided 50% relief in 42% of the music group compared to 8% of the controls. The number needed to treat (NNT) to find one with 50% sensation relief was three patients. More patients chose Taiwanese music (71%) than American music (29%), but both were liked and effective.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Offering a choice of familiar, culturally appropriate music was a key element of the intervention. Findings extend the Good and Moore theory (1996) to cancer pain. Soft music was safe, effective, and liked by participants. It provided greater relief of cancer pain than analgesics alone. Thus nurses should offer calming, familiar music to supplement analgesic medication for persons with cancer pain.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, Fooyin University, Lin-Yuan Township, Kaoshiung County, Taiwan. Shihtzu.huang@gmail.com
authors.forename: Shih-Tzu
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Marion
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Good
authors.forename: Jaclene A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Zauszniewski
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009147:Music Therapy; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications*; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology; D059408:Pain Management; D013624:Taiwan