title: Heritability of MMPI-2 scales in the UCSF family alcoholism study.
abstract: The current study evaluated the heritability of personality traits and psychopathology symptoms assessed by the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory 2nd Edition (MMPI-2) in a family-based sample selected for alcohol dependence. Participants included 950 probands and 1,204 first-degree relatives recruited for the University of California at San Francisco (UCSF) Family Alcoholism Study. Heritability estimates for MMPI-2 scales ranged from .25 to .49. When alcohol dependence was used as a covariate, heritability estimates remained significant but generally declined. However, when the MMPI-2 scales were used as covariates to estimate the heritability of alcohol dependence, the scales measuring antisocial behavior, depressive symptoms, and addictive behavior led to moderate increases in the heritability of alcohol dependence. This suggests that the scales may explain some of the non-genetic variance in the alcohol dependence diagnosis in this population when used as covariates, and thus may serve to produce a more homogeneous and heritable alcohol-dependence phenotype.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics and the Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7264, USA. igizer@unc.edu
authors.forename: Ian R
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: Gizer
authors.forename: Kimberley L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Seaton-Smith
authors.forename: Cindy L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Ehlers
authors.forename: Cassandra
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vieten
authors.forename: Kirk C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Wilhelmsen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000987:Antisocial Personality Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics; D016739:Behavior, Addictive / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008950:MMPI / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010641:Phenotype; D012495:San Francisco / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
references.citation: Science. 1987 Apr 24;236(4800):410-6
references.pmid: 2882604
references.citation: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1988 Jan;45(1):62-3
references.pmid: 3337610
references.citation: Mol Psychiatry. 2006 Jun;11(6):603-11
references.pmid: 16534506
references.citation: J Stud Alcohol. 2006 Mar;67(2):215-27
references.pmid: 16562403
references.citation: Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2002 Oct;26(10):1453-60
references.pmid: 12394277
references.citation: BMC Med Genet. 2008 Apr 23;9:35
references.pmid: 18433502
references.citation: Mol Psychiatry. 2006 Mar;11(3):301-11
references.pmid: 16314872
references.citation: J Abnorm Psychol. 2003 May;112(2):282-9
references.pmid: 12784838
references.citation: J Pers Soc Psychol. 1988 Aug;55(2):302-11
references.pmid: 3171910
references.citation: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1986 Oct;43(10):923-9
references.pmid: 3753159
references.citation: Compr Psychiatry. 1993 Jul-Aug;34(4):235-42
references.pmid: 8348801
references.citation: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1988 Nov;45(11):1023-31
references.pmid: 3263100
references.citation: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1992 Aug;49(8):599-608
references.pmid: 1637250
references.citation: Hum Genet. 2009 Jul;126(1):91-9
references.pmid: 19533172
references.citation: Psychol Med. 1997 Nov;27(6):1381-96
references.pmid: 9403910
references.citation: J Stud Alcohol. 1998 Mar;59(2):222-6
references.pmid: 9500310
references.citation: Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2004 Jan;28(1):78-84
references.pmid: 14745304
references.citation: Biol Psychol. 2002 Oct;61(1-2):229-48
references.pmid: 12385677
references.citation: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2004 Aug;61(8):807-16
references.pmid: 15289279
references.citation: Am J Hum Genet. 1998 May;62(5):1198-211
references.pmid: 9545414
references.citation: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2000 Oct;57(10):979-86
references.pmid: 11015816
references.citation: Drug Alcohol Depend. 2003 Jul 20;71(1):7-16
references.pmid: 12821201
references.citation: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1973 Feb;28(2):238-43
references.pmid: 4684290
references.citation: Am J Hum Genet. 2004 Apr;74(4):705-14
references.pmid: 15024690
references.citation: Science. 1990 Oct 12;250(4978):223-8
references.pmid: 2218526
references.citation: Psychiatr Genet. 2005 Mar;15(1):25-30
references.pmid: 15722954
references.citation: Psychol Monogr. 1963;77(9):1-21
references.pmid: 4381911
references.citation: Am J Med Genet. 1998 May 8;81(3):207-15
references.pmid: 9603606
references.citation: Psychiatr Clin North Am. 1999 Jun;22(2):221-40
references.pmid: 10385930
references.citation: Behav Genet. 1992 Sep;22(5):515-29
references.pmid: 1417677
references.citation: Compr Psychiatry. 1993 Nov-Dec;34(6):447-54
references.pmid: 8131392
references.citation: Hum Genet. 2003 Sep;113(4):325-36
references.pmid: 12884000
references.citation: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1981 Aug;38(8):861-8
references.pmid: 7259422
references.citation: Hum Mol Genet. 2004 Sep 1;13(17):1903-11
references.pmid: 15229186
references.citation: Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2006 Jul;30(7):1176-83
references.pmid: 16792565
references.citation: Assessment. 1999 Dec;6(4):353-66
references.pmid: 10539982
references.citation: Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2009 Apr 5;150B(3):359-68
references.pmid: 18618593
references.citation: Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2007 Jun;9(3):217-24
references.pmid: 17521518
references.citation: J Abnorm Psychol. 2002 Aug;111(3):411-24
references.pmid: 12150417
references.citation: Am J Med Genet. 1998 May 8;81(3):216-21
references.pmid: 9603607
references.citation: J Nerv Ment Dis. 2006 Sep;194(9):667-75
references.pmid: 16971818
references.citation: Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2004 Oct;28(10):1509-16
references.pmid: 15597083
references.citation: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2002 Dec;59(12):1125-32
references.pmid: 12470129
references.citation: Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2001 Apr;3(2):144-51
references.pmid: 11276410
references.citation: Addict Behav. 2006 Aug;31(8):1442-8
references.pmid: 16236456
references.citation: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2004 Sep;61(9):922-8
references.pmid: 15351771
references.citation: J Stud Alcohol. 1980 Nov;41(11):1143-52
references.pmid: 7278259
references.citation: J Abnorm Psychol. 2007 Nov;116(4):842-7
references.pmid: 18020730
references.citation: Twin Res. 1999 Jun;2(2):62-80
references.pmid: 10480741
references.citation: Behav Genet. 1973 Jun;3(2):133-44
references.pmid: 4147188
references.citation: Compr Psychiatry. 1993 Mar-Apr;34(2):87-94
references.pmid: 8387417
references.citation: Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2004 Dec;28(12):1789-95
references.pmid: 15608594
references.citation: Mol Psychiatry. 2008 Jul;13(7):649-53
references.pmid: 18504426
references.citation: Eur Psychiatry. 2006 Jun;21(4):245-50
references.pmid: 16530391
references.citation: Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1998 May;22(3):553-8
references.pmid: 9622431
references.citation: J Pers Soc Psychol. 1994 Apr;66(4):762-75
references.pmid: 8189351
references.citation: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1993 Sep;50(9):690-8
references.pmid: 8357294
references.citation: J Abnorm Psychol. 2002 Feb;111(1):124-33
references.pmid: 11871377
references.citation: J Affect Disord. 2007 Apr;99(1-3):265-71
references.pmid: 16978706
references.citation: J Pers Soc Psychol. 1998 Mar;74(3):818-27
references.pmid: 9523421
references.citation: J Pers Soc Psychol. 1992 Jul;63(1):85-96
references.pmid: 1494987
references.citation: Am J Public Health. 1979 Mar;69(3):238-45
references.pmid: 420369
references.citation: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1994 Jun;51(6):456-68
references.pmid: 8192548
references.citation: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003 Sep;60(9):929-37
references.pmid: 12963675
references.citation: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2004 Apr;61(4):361-8
references.pmid: 15066894
references.citation: Psychiatr Genet. 2005 Mar;15(1):71-5
references.pmid: 15722961
references.citation: J Pers Soc Psychol. 1996 Jan;70(1):127-40
references.pmid: 8558406
references.citation: Alcohol Alcohol. 2005 Jul-Aug;40(4):323-6
references.pmid: 15824064
references.citation: J Stud Alcohol. 1981 Nov;42(11):925-37
references.pmid: 7038311
references.citation: Multivariate Behav Res. 1987 Apr 1;22(2):137-48
references.pmid: 26782062
references.citation: J Abnorm Psychol. 1969 Dec;74(6):661-9
references.pmid: 4391191
references.citation: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007 Jul;64(7):830-42
references.pmid: 17606817
references.citation: J Stud Alcohol. 1994 Mar;55(2):149-58
references.pmid: 8189735
references.citation: Hum Mol Genet. 2005 Aug 15;14(16):2421-34
references.pmid: 16000316
references.citation: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1997 Feb;54(2):178-84
references.pmid: 9040286
references.citation: Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2004 Aug 15;129B(1):110-5
references.pmid: 15274051
references.citation: J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1999 Jan;40(1):3-18
references.pmid: 10102724
references.citation: Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2006 Apr;8(2):151-7
references.pmid: 16539893
references.citation: Br J Psychiatry. 2005 Mar;186:190-6
references.pmid: 15738498