title: Childhood violence and behavioral effects among urban pregnant women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Childhood violence has been linked to a variety of health outcomes in adulthood; however, little research has focused on the impact of childhood violence on behavior and health during pregnancy. We aimed to explore the role of experiencing childhood physical and sexual violence in health status and high-risk behaviors among young, urban pregnant women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pregnant women seeking care in an urban emergency department were recruited. Information on demographics, prior and current violence, depressive symptoms, stress, substance use, and health conditions was collected, and multivariate analyses were used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-nine percent of women reported at least one episode of childhood physical violence before the age of 16, and 14% reported at least one episode of rape during childhood. Women reporting any type of childhood violence were > twice as likely to be experiencing current violence (odds ratio [OR] 2.45, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.83-2.74). Pregnant women who reported childhood physical violence without current violence had a higher odds of prior sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), confirmed cigarette use (OR 1.98, 95% CI 1.44-2.74), and depressive symptoms, adjusting for age, race, and education. The group of pregnant women reporting childhood sexual violence/rape without current violence reported significantly higher levels of depressive symptoms, stress, problem drinking, and cigarette use during pregnancy (OR 4.11, 95% CI 2.24-7.55). Women who experienced any type of childhood violence and reported current violence were > five times more likely to report depressive symptoms and have confirmed, recent cocaine use compared with women without a history of prior or current violence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings underscore the importance of understanding the full impact of early childhood violence on behaviors during pregnancy and provide direction for substance use and depression prevention strategies among pregnant women.
authors.affiliation: Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19112, USA. dnelson@temple.edu
authors.forename: Deborah B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: Lori
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Uscher-Pines
authors.forename: Stephanie R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Staples
authors.forename: Jeane Ann
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Grisso
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002649:Child Abuse; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D014505:Urban Population; D016387:Women's Health; D055815:Young Adult