Brominated phenols, anisoles, and dioxins present in blue mussels from the Swedish coastline.
BACKGROUND
Naturally occurring hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (OH-PBDEs), their methoxylated counterparts (MeO-PBDEs), and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PBDDs), together with their potential precursors polybrominated phenols (PBPs) and polybrominated anisoles (PBAs), were analyzed in blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) gathered along the east coast (bordering the Baltic Sea) and west coast of Sweden (bordering the North Sea). Brown algae (Dictyosiphon foenicolaceus) and cyanobacteria (Nodularia spumigena) from the Baltic Sea, considered to be among the primary producers of these compounds, were also analyzed for comparison.


METHODS
The samples were liquid-liquid extracted, separated into a phenolic and a neutral fraction, and subsequently analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GS-MS).


CONCLUSIONS
The levels of OH-PBDEs, MeO-PBDEs and PBDDs were significantly higher in Baltic Sea mussels than in those from the west coast, whereas the levels of PBPs and PBAs displayed the opposite pattern. The blue mussels from the Baltic Sea contained high levels of all analyzed substances, much higher than the levels of, e.g., polybrominated diphenyl ethers. In addition, the GC-MS chromatogram of the phenolic fraction of the west coast samples was dominated by four unknown peak clusters, three of which were tentatively identified as dihydroxy-PBDEs and the other as a hydroxylated-methyl-tetraBDE.


CONCLUSIONS
Clearly, all of the compounds analyzed are natural products, both in the Baltic and the North Sea. However, the geographical differences in composition may indicate different origin, e.g., due to differences in the occurrence and/or abundance of various algae species along these two coasts or possibly a more extensive dilution on the west coast.
Löfstrand
Karin
K
Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Environmental Chemistry Unit, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden. karin.lofstrand@mmk.su.se
Malmvärn
Anna
A
Haglund
Peter
P
Bignert
Anders
A
Bergman
Ake
A
Asplund
Lillemor
L
D000818:Animals; D000840:Anisoles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D049872:Bivalvia / Q000378:metabolism*; D004147:Dioxins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D046932:Nodularia / Q000378:metabolism; D000459:Phaeophyceae / Q000378:metabolism; D011075:Polybrominated Biphenyls / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D013548:Sweden; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*
D000840:Anisoles; D004147:Dioxins; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers; D011075:Polybrominated Biphenyls; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C020887:dibenzo(1,4)dioxin
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