title: Witnessing domestic abuse in childhood as an independent risk factor for depressive symptoms in young adulthood.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study addresses the relationship between retrospective reports of witnessing domestic abuse in childhood and levels of depressive symptoms in young adulthood. We examine whether the association between having witnessed violence in childhood and depression is independent of having been the direct target of sexual and/or physical abuse, as well as other characteristics and experiences linked with family violence.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used two waves of data collected from a sample of 1,175 young adults (ages 20-24) in Miami, Florida. Retrospective self-reports of witnessed abuse and measures of family context and adversities were obtained in 1998-2000. The respondents' level of depressive symptoms was assessed 2 years later in 2000-2002.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Multivariate results indicate that frequently having witnessed domestic abuse predicts higher levels of depressive symptoms in young adulthood, independently of other risk factors for depression and family violence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results provide preliminary evidence that frequent exposure to domestic abuse is an independent risk factor for depressive symptoms in young adulthood.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results support a renewed call for (a) increased attention to depression among children exposed to adults' interpersonal violence, and (b) greater efforts to bridge prevention and intervention efforts regarding domestic violence and child maltreatment.
authors.affiliation: Center for Home Care Policy & Research, Visiting Nurse Service of New York, 1250 Broadway, 20th Floor, New York, NY 10001, USA.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Russell
authors.forename: Kristen W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Springer
authors.forename: Emily A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Greenfield
mesh_terms: D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D017579:Domestic Violence / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005431:Florida / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014584:User-Computer Interface; D055815:Young Adult
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