title: Seeing what they read and hearing what they say: readers' representation of the story characters' world.
abstract: Do readers "see" the words that story characters read and "hear" the words that they hear? Just as priming effects are reduced when stimuli are presented cross-modally on two different occasions, we found reduced transfer effects when story characters were described as experiencing stimuli cross-modally. In Experiment 1, a repeated phrase was described as being part of a spoken message in both Story A and Story B, and transfer effects were found. In Experiment 2, in contrast, when the phrase was described as a written note in one story and a spoken message in the other, reading-time results indicated that readers did not retrieve the meaning of the repeated phrase. The results are consistent with findings indicating that visual imagery simulates visual processing and that auditory imagery simulates auditory processing. We conclude that readers mentally simulate the perceptual details involved in story characters' linguistic exchanges.
authors.affiliation: Departmentof Psychology, State University of New York, Binghamton, New York 13902-6000, USA. cklin@binghamton.edu
authors.forename: Celia M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Klin
authors.forename: April M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Drumm
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D032882:Comprehension; D006309:Hearing; D006801:Humans; D007092:Imagination; D008091:Literature; D011932:Reading; D013997:Time Factors; D014163:Transfer, Psychology
references.citation: Q J Exp Psychol (Hove). 2008 Jun;61(6):825-50
references.pmid: 18470815
references.citation: Can J Exp Psychol. 1995 Jun;49(2):151-72
references.pmid: 9183975
references.citation: J Exp Psychol Gen. 1981 Sep;110(3):306-40
references.pmid: 6457080
references.citation: J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn. 1990 Jan;16(1):56-66
references.pmid: 1688454
references.citation: Behav Brain Sci. 1999 Aug;22(4):577-609; discussion 610-60
references.pmid: 11301525
references.citation: Annu Rev Psychol. 2008;59:617-45
references.pmid: 17705682
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000 Sep 26;97(20):11125-9
references.pmid: 11005879
references.citation: J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn. 1992 Jul;18(4):777-84
references.pmid: 1385615
references.citation: Mem Cognit. 2009 Jul;37(5):556-68
references.pmid: 19487748
references.citation: Mem Cognit. 2007 Oct;35(7):1588-99
references.pmid: 18062537
references.citation: J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn. 1993 Jul;19(4):765-76
references.pmid: 8345323
references.citation: Nat Rev Neurosci. 2001 Sep;2(9):635-42
references.pmid: 11533731
references.citation: Science. 1990 Jan 5;247(4938):44-8
references.pmid: 2403694
references.citation: Psychon Bull Rev. 2002 Sep;9(3):558-65
references.pmid: 12412897
references.citation: Neuropsychologia. 2004;42(9):1281-92
references.pmid: 15178179