title: Cognitive performance enhancement: misuse or self-treatment?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This cross-sectional survey study examines the link between ADHD medication misuse and a positive screen for adult ADHD symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Surveys from 184 college student volunteers in Northern Virginia are collected and analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 71% of ADHD stimulant misusers screen positive for ADHD symptoms. Misusers are 7 times more likely to be symptomatic for ADHD than those who do not misuse. Also, 87% of misusers indicate that they do so for academic reasons, and 76% believe that the misuse of the ADHD stimulants improve their grades.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ADHD stimulant misuse in college students is found to be strongly linked to having symptoms of adult ADHD. The desire for cognitive performance enhancement in college students may be a form of self-treatment for undiagnosed ADHD. College students need more accessibility to medical diagnosis and treatment of adult ADHD to reduce the incidence of misuse in the future.
authors.affiliation: University of Virginia, Charlottesville 22904, USA. peterkin.alex@gmail.com
authors.forename: Alexander L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Peterkin
authors.forename: Catherine C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Crone
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Sheridan
authors.forename: Thomas N
authors.initials: TN
authors.lastname: Wise
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D009042:Motivation; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology*; D014495:Universities
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants