title: Bioconcentration of trace metals in the tissues of two leafy vegetables widely consumed in South West Nigeria.
abstract: The trace metal levels in the tissues of two popular leafy vegetables Amaranthus caudatus and Corchrus olithorus widely consumed in Nigeria were assessed from a cultivated floodplain receiving effluents from diverse factories in Ibadan. Although the leaves are primarily consumed, the stems are usually used as a feed for farm animals while the roots are disposed by burning when dry or by composting. The objective of this work was to evaluate the level of trace elements in the tissues of these vegetables at harvest time when they become available to the human ecosystem for exposure to the accumulated trace metals, especially the leaves which are cooked and eaten as soup. The results of the mean trace metal levels in the analyses show that the leaves of A. caudatus had the highest bioconcentration in the following order Ba>Mn>Zn>Cu>Pb>Cr>Co>Ni>Cd>U>Sb, stems: Ba>Zn>Mn>Cu>Cr>Pb>Ni>Co>Cd>U>Sb, and roots: Mn>Ba>Zn>Cu>Cr>Pb>Ni>Co>U>Cd>Sb. In C. olithorus, the order was Mn>Ba>Zn>Cu>Pb>Cr>Co>Ni>Cd>Sb>U in the leaves, Mn>Zn>Ba>Pb>Cr>Cu>Co>Ni>U>Cd>Sb in the roots, and Mn>Zn>Ba>Cu>Cr>Pb>Co>Ni>Cd>U>Sb in the stems. The final result of the vegetable samples showed that the trace metal concentration was in the range of Cr (0.8-58.7), Mn (35.0-9,495.9), Co (0.3-33.6), Cu (2.3-60.3), Zn (16.0-538.2), Cd (0.000-40.53), Sb (0.000-0.037), Ba (13.0-1,175.6), Pb (0.9-39.7), and U (0.0-2.2). The bioconcentration factors (BF) for the transfer of trace metals from soil to the tissues showed a higher ease of bioaccumulation when compared to previous studies. The element with the highest BF in the study was Ba (6.45) in the leaves while the least was Co (0.09) in the roots of A. caudatus. The level of bioconcentration of trace metals in the leaves in most of the samples exceeds the recommended levels given by the World Health Organization (WHO) and Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA), Nigeria and therefore constitutes a potential public health risk to the populace who consume these vegetables cultivated in effluent-impacted floodplains.
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. e.tyokumbur@mail.ui.edu.ng
authors.forename: Emmanuel Teryila
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Tyokumbur
authors.forename: Tonye
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Okorie
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D009549:Nigeria; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry*; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D014131:Trace Elements / Q000032:analysis*; D014675:Vegetables / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D012989:Soil Pollutants; D014131:Trace Elements