title: Upper arm postures and movements in female hairdressers across four full working days.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe upper arm postures and movements among female hairdressers, including the variability between hairdressers, between days within hairdresser, and between tasks, as a basis for understanding the characteristics of exposures in the job, considering possible sources of variation and recovery, and discussing appropriate exposure assessment strategies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data on upper arm postures were collected using inclinometers during four working days the same week from 28 female hairdressers working in 13 salons. Twenty of the hairdressers noted customer on and off times in a diary, to allow separate analyses of customer tasks (CT) and auxiliary non-customer tasks (AT), including breaks. For a number of posture and movement variables, mean values and variance components between subjects (BS) and within subjects between days (BD) were estimated using restricted maximum likelihood algorithms in one-way random effect models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the 20 hairdressers with diaries, CT accounted for 279 min (58%) (SD(BS) = 39 min and SD(BD) = 85 min) of the working day and AT and breaks for 207 min (42%) (SD(BS) = 46 min and SD(BD) = 88 min). The hairdressers worked with the right arm elevated >60 degrees for 6.8% of the whole job (SD(BS) = 2.8% and SD(BD) = 2.0%). On average, the hairdressers worked with the right arm elevated >60 degrees for 9.0% of the time during CT, compared to 3.7% during AT, resulting in a contrast between tasks of 0.35.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hairdressers may be at risk for developing musculoskeletal disorders in the neck and shoulders due to a considerable occurrence of highly elevated arms, especially during CT. On the other hand, we do not find reasons to classify hairdressing as a job with too little variation. Posture variability between days within hairdressers was in the same order of magnitude as that between hairdressers, suggesting that 'typical' workdays do not exist. The exposure contrast between CT and AT for variables describing elevated arm postures indicates that for these variables a simple task-based approach for estimating job exposure could be successful.
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Umeå University Hospital, SE-901 85 Umeå, Sweden. jens.wahlstrom@envmed.umu.se
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wahlström
authors.forename: Svend Erik
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Mathiassen
authors.forename: Per
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Liv
authors.forename: Pernilla
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hedlund
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ahlgren
authors.forename: Mikael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Forsman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001132:Arm / Q000502:physiology*; D001461:Barbering; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D012090:Cumulative Trauma Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology*; D057566:Self Report; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D016526:Workload / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055815:Young Adult