title: Delayed hepatocarcinogenesis through antiangiogenic intervention in the nuclear factor-kappa B activation pathway in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The active form of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB) is involved in the initiation, generation, and development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and is up-regulated in inflammation-associated malignancies. We investigated the dynamic expression of NF-kappaB and its influences on the occurrence of HCC through antiangiogenic (thalidomide) intervention in NF-kappaB activation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hepatoma models were induced with 2-fluorenylacetamide (2-FAA, 0.05%) in male Sprague-Dawley rats, and thalidomide (100 mg/kg body weight) was administered intragastrically to intervene in NF-kappaB activation. The pathological changes in the liver of sacrificed rats were assessed after hematoxylin and eosin staining. NF-kappaB mRNA was amplified by RT-nested PCR. The alterations of NF-kappaB and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, immunohistochemistry, and Western blotting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Rat hepatocytes showed denatured, precancerous, and cancerous stages in hepatocarcinogenesis, with an increasing tendency of hepatic NF-kappaB, NF-kappaB mRNA, and VEGF expression, and their values in the HCC group were higher than those in controls (P<0.001). In the thalidomide-treated group, the morphologic changes generated only punctiform denaturation and necrosis at the early or middle stages, and nodular hyperplasia or a little atypical hyperplasia at the final stages, with the expression of NF-kappaB (X2=9.93, P<0.001) and VEGF (X2=8.024, P<0.001) lower than that in the 2-FAA group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NF-kappaB is overexpressed in hepatocarcinogenesis and antiangiogenic treatment down-regulates the expression of NF-kappaB and VEGF, and delays the occurrence of HCC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostics, Medical College, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China.
authors.forename: Zhi-Zhen
authors.initials: ZZ
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.forename: Deng-Fu
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.forename: Hong-Bo
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Jun-Jun
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Li-Wei
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Qiu
authors.forename: Ning-Hua
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.forename: Wen-Li
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Sai
authors.forename: Jun-Ling
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D008114:Liver Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000032:analysis / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects*; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000032:analysis / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors; D016328:NF-kappa B; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A