title: Assessing the effectiveness and cost effectiveness of adaptive e-Learning to improve dietary behaviour: protocol for a systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The composition of habitual diets is associated with adverse or protective effects on aspects of health. Consequently, UK public health policy strongly advocates dietary change for the improvement of population health and emphasises the importance of individual empowerment to improve health. A new and evolving area in the promotion of dietary behavioural change is e-Learning, the use of interactive electronic media to facilitate teaching and learning on a range of issues, including diet and health. The aims of this systematic review are to determine the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of adaptive e-Learning for improving dietary behaviours.
  
  
  METHODS
  The research will consist of a systematic review and a cost-effectiveness analysis. Studies will be considered for the review if they are randomised controlled trials, involving participants aged 13 or over, which evaluate the effectiveness or efficacy of interactive software programmes for improving dietary behaviour. Primary outcome measures will be those related to dietary behaviours, including estimated intakes of energy, nutrients and dietary fibre, or the estimated number of servings per day of foods or food groups. Secondary outcome measures will be objective clinical measures that are likely to respond to changes in dietary behaviours, such as anthropometry or blood biochemistry. Knowledge, self-efficacy, intention and emotion will be examined as mediators of dietary behaviour change in order to explore potential mechanisms of action. Databases will be searched using a comprehensive four-part search strategy, and the results exported to a bibliographic database. Two review authors will independently screen results to identify potentially eligible studies, and will independently extract data from included studies, with any discrepancies at each stage settled by a third author. Standardised forms and criteria will be used.A descriptive analysis of included studies will describe study design, participants, the intervention, and outcomes. Statistical analyses appropriate to the data extracted, and an economic evaluation using a cost-utility analysis, will be undertaken if sufficient data exist, and effective components of successful interventions will be investigated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This review aims to provide comprehensive evidence of the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of adaptive e-Learning interventions for dietary behaviour change, and explore potential psychological mechanisms of action and the effective components of effective interventions. This can inform policy makers and healthcare commissioners in deciding whether e-Learning should be part of a comprehensive response to the improvement of dietary behaviour for health, and if so which components should be present for interventions to be effective.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK. Phil.Edwards@lshtm.ac.uk
authors.forename: Phil
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.forename: Lambert
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Felix
authors.forename: Jody
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: Elaine
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ferguson
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Free
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Landon
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lock
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Michie
authors.forename: Alec
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Miners
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Murray
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000886:Anthropometry; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D004032:Diet; D020375:Education, Distance / Q000191:economics; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet; D009751:Nutritional Requirements; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010353:Patient Education as Topic / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods; D000078202:Systematic Reviews as Topic
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