title: Decreased expression of FGFR1, SOS1, RAF1 genes in cryptorchidism.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In recent years, several genes were found to be involved in the process of epididymo-testicular descent, the most frequently cited ones include INSL3, HOXA10, GNRHR, and KAL1. In this study, we analyzed the differences in gene expression profiles between cryptorchid and descended testes. In particular, we analyzed expression of all recently published genes known to be associated with undescended testis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-two testicular biopsies from 18 boys were analyzed. We analyzed gene expression in 16 cryptorchid and 6 descended testes using Affymetrix Human Genome U133 Plus 2.0 GeneChips, and validated the results with qPCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  3,688 transcripts were differentially expressed with an adjusted p value of <0.05 and a change of at least 1.5-fold. The list contained 1,866 downregulated and 1,822 upregulated transcripts in the cryptorchid testes. A novel observation in our study was that the fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 gene (FGFR1) and its mediators SOS1 and RAF1 were expressed less in undescended testes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on our results, it is possible that a subtle dysfunction (expression) of the FGFR1, SOS1 and RAF1 genes is involved in the development of the most common male reproductive tract disorder - unilateral or bilateral cryptorchidism.
authors.affiliation: Kindertagesklinik Liestal, Liestal, Switzerland.
authors.forename: N O
authors.initials: NO
authors.lastname: Hadziselimovic
authors.forename: Ch
authors.initials: Ch
authors.lastname: de Geyter
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Demougin
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Oakeley
authors.forename: Faruk
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hadziselimovic
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D003456:Cryptorchidism / Q000235:genetics*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D019908:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-raf / Q000235:genetics*; D051496:Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1 / Q000235:genetics*; D020837:SOS1 Protein / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D020837:SOS1 Protein; C496348:FGFR1 protein, human; D051496:Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1; D019908:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-raf