title: Is ultrasound guidance mandatory when performing paediatric regional anaesthesia?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Since Kapral in 1994 first described the use of real-time ultrasound-guided regional anaesthesia, this novel technique has gained widespread recognition in adult practice and has been shown to be associated with clinically relevant advantages. The aim of this manuscript is to review the currently published paediatric data associated with the use of ultrasound-guided regional anaesthesia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with alternative techniques ultrasound guidance is associated with an increased success rate, reduced onset time, moderately prolonged duration, reduced need for local anaesthetics and lower costs, and may also be considered to reduce the risk for complications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on current data the use of ultrasound guidance is strongly recommended when performing peripheral nerve blocks in infants and children. Concerning ultrasound assistance in relation to paediatric neuroaxial blocks there is currently not enough supporting evidence to issue a general recommendation regarding its routine use.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Anaesthesia & Intensive Care, ALB/Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. per-arne.lonnqvist@ki.se
authors.forename: Per-Arne
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Lönnqvist
mesh_terms: D000763:Anesthesia, Caudal / Q000379:methods; D000765:Anesthesia, Conduction / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D000767:Anesthesia, Epidural / Q000379:methods; D001917:Brachial Plexus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000187:drug effects; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005267:Femoral Nerve / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D009407:Nerve Block / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods; D010372:Pediatrics / Q000379:methods*; D012584:Sciatic Nerve / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000187:drug effects; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*