title: Interactions between ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and arginine on nutritional and immunological aspects in severe inflammation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Immune-enhancing diets (IEDs) contain a mixture of nutrients claimed to have immunological properties. Therefore, it seemed relevant to determine the effect of each of their components. The aim of this study was to examine the role of arginine (Arg) and ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω3 PUFAs) in the effect of an IED (Crucial(®)) in a validated rat model of inflammation induced by turpentine (TI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-two rats were randomized into five groups: AL (ad libitum), TI-EN (TI+standard enteral nutrition (EN): Sondalis(®)HP), TI-EN-Arg (TI+standard EN+Arg in equimolar concentration to Arg in the IED), TI-M-IED (TI+modified IED containing the same ω6/ω3 ratio as in standard EN) and TI-IED (TI+Crucial(®)). Blood was sampled to determine CD25 receptor density on lymphocytes. TNF-α, IL-6 and NO (production and expression) were evaluated on isolated macrophages. Mesenteric lymph nodes, spleen and liver were cultured for analysis of enterobacterial translocation and dissemination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CD25 density was decreased after TI and was corrected in the TI-EN-Arg, TI-M-IED and TI-IED groups (p<0.05). TI induced an alteration of macrophage mRNA expression of IL-6, TNF-α and iNOS, corrected in the TI-EN-Arg and TI-M-IED groups (p<0.05), but not by the IED. Enterobacterial translocation was observed in all treated groups, nevertheless the amount tended (p=0.054) to be lower in the TI-EN-Arg group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Arg and ω3 PUFAs make a major contribution to IED effects, but our study shows interaction between them on macrophage reactivity. This indicates that the individual properties of each pharmaconutrient are not additive in IEDs.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Biologie de la Nutrition EA2498, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, 4 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75270 Paris, Cedex 06, France.
authors.forename: Djamel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hamani
authors.forename: Mirjam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kuhn
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Charrueau
authors.forename: Anne-Judith
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Waligora-Dupriet
authors.forename: Nathalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Neveux
authors.forename: Marie-José
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Butel
authors.forename: Luc
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cynober
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Moinard
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001120:Arginine / Q000276:immunology / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D018988:Bacterial Translocation; D004347:Drug Interactions; D004750:Enteral Nutrition; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000276:immunology / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D005526:Food, Formulated; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000628:therapy*; D053645:Interleukin-2 Receptor alpha Subunit / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D014425:Turpentine / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D053645:Interleukin-2 Receptor alpha Subunit; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D001120:Arginine; D014425:Turpentine