title: Comorbid insomnia and obstructive sleep apnea: challenges for clinical practice and research.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review studies examining the cooccurrence of insomnia and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), explore evidence for the effect of OSA therapy on insomnia symptoms and the effect of insomnia treatments on breathing and sleep in patients with OSA, and discuss challenges in the evaluation and treatment of comorbid insomnia and OSA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seven pertinent studies were identified that assessed the prevalence of comorbid insomnia and OSA or sleep disordered breathing. Four studies were identified that examined the effects of OSA treatment in patients with insomnia, and 8 studies were found that examined hypnotic use in patients with OSA or sleep disordered breathing. A high prevalence (39%-58%) of insomnia symptoms have been reported in patients with OSA, and between 29% and 67% of patients with insomnia have an apnea-hypopnea index of greater than 5. Combination therapy, including both cognitive behavior therapy and OSAtreatment, resulted in greater improvements in insomnia than did either cognitive behavior therapy or OSA treatment alone. The use of GABAergic nonbenzodiazepine agents has been associated with improvements in sleep and has little to no effect on the apnea-hypopnea index in patients with OSA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Insomnia and OSA frequently cooccur. The optimal strategy for adequately treating comorbid insomnia and OSA remains unclear. Future research examining the impact of insomnia on continuous positive airway pressure therapy is needed. Given the substantial overlap in symptoms between insomnia and OSA, evaluation and treatment of these 2 conditions can be challenging and will require multidisciplinary collaboration among sleep specialists.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA. luysterfs@upmc.edu
authors.forename: Faith S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Luyster
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Buysse
authors.forename: Patrick J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Strollo
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D035843:Biomedical Research / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / Q000379:methods; D015897:Comorbidity; D045422:Continuous Positive Airway Pressure / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D018682:GABA Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012891:Sleep Apnea Syndromes / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D020181:Sleep Apnea, Obstructive / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D007319:Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D018682:GABA Agents
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