title: Estimating effective dose to pediatric patients undergoing interventional radiology procedures using anthropomorphic phantoms and MOSFET dosimeters.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to estimate the effective doses received by pediatric patients during interventional radiology procedures and to present those doses in "look-up tables" standardized according to minute of fluoroscopy and frame of digital subtraction angiography (DSA).
  
  
  METHODS
  Organ doses were measured with metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET) dosimeters inserted within three anthropomorphic phantoms, representing children at ages 1, 5, and 10 years, at locations corresponding to radiosensitive organs. The phantoms were exposed to mock interventional radiology procedures of the head, chest, and abdomen using posteroanterior and lateral geometries, varying magnification, and fluoroscopy or DSA exposures. Effective doses were calculated from organ doses recorded by the MOSFET dosimeters and are presented in look-up tables according to the different age groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The largest effective dose burden for fluoroscopy was recorded for posteroanterior and lateral abdominal procedures (0.2-1.1 mSv/min of fluoroscopy), whereas procedures of the head resulted in the lowest effective doses (0.02-0.08 mSv/min of fluoroscopy). DSA exposures of the abdomen imparted higher doses (0.02-0.07 mSv/DSA frame) than did those involving the head and chest.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patient doses during interventional procedures vary significantly depending on the type of procedure. User-friendly look-up tables may provide a helpful tool for health care providers in estimating effective doses for an individual procedure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, 555 University Ave, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada.
authors.forename: Nelson
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Miksys
authors.forename: Christopher L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Gordon
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Bairbre L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Connolly
mesh_terms: D000886:Anthropometry / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D001822:Body Burden; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D015641:Radiography, Interventional; D011874:Radiometry / Q000295:instrumentation*; D012062:Relative Biological Effectiveness; D012666:Semiconductors