title: Time-dependent effect of refrigeration on viscosity and conversion kinetics of dental adhesive resins.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study evaluated the effect of refrigeration at 4 degrees C and post-refrigeration times (immediate, 5, 10, 15, or 20 min) on the viscosity and conversion kinetics of adhesive bonding resins.
  
  
  METHODS
  Scotchbond Dual-Cure (3M ESPE) and Clearfil SE Bond (Kuraray) were tested. Control samples were kept at 25 degrees C for 24 h. At each post-refrigeration time, the temperature was checked with a K-type thermocouple. Viscosity measurements as a function of temperature were performed using a cone-plate viscometer. Real-time polymerization was monitored by infrared spectroscopy. Degree of conversion (DC) was calculated for each second during polymerization, and the rate of polymerization analyzed. Data were separately submitted to two-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (P<.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Clearfil presented faster increase in temperature after exposure to room temperature than Scotchbond. A continuous decrease in viscosity (Pa.s) was observed for both Scotchbond (0.49, 0.34, 0.30, 0.26, 0.23, 0.23) and Clearfil (0.38, 0.37, 0.34, 0.25, 0.24, 0.22). For Scotchbond, higher final DC was detected for the control (62.7%) compared with the immediate (53.3%) and 5 min (54.7%) groups. For Clearfil, the control sample (81.4%) showed higher DC than all refrigerated groups (68.8-69.5%). Clearfil always showed significantly higher DC than Scotchbond.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Refrigeration presented a significant time- and material-dependent effect on the viscosity and polymerization kinetics of the bonding resins. Under clinical conditions, adhesive agents should be removed from the refrigerator at least 20 min before being used.
authors.affiliation: Professor, Department of Dentistry, School of Dentistry, State University of Montes Claros, MG, Brasil.
authors.forename: André L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Faria-E-Silva
authors.forename: Evandro
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Piva
authors.forename: Rafael R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Moraes
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