title: Holistic efficacy of specific nutrient synergy against avian flu virus: pathology and immunomodulation.
abstract: The authors evaluated the holistic efficacy of nine specific nutrient synergy (NS) against avian influenza virus (AIV) strain Lebanon 1 (H9N2). The study included two segments; the first was designed to determine the minimum dose among four doses (1X, 2X, 3X and 4X in which X = 24.4 mg/ml/bird) of NS, administered intraoesophageally, once per day between 7 and 14 days of age, resulting in an improvement of chicken performance without any toxic side-effects; the second aimed at reducing pathological effects and inducing immunomodulation by the determined safe dose of NS in chickens exposed to AIV. The first segment showed that the daily oral administration of the NS to birds between 7 to 14 days of age at the 2X dose-level (320 mg/kg body weight or 48.8 mg/ml/bird) resulted in a consistent and significant improvement in the feed conversion (P<0.05) at 10 and 14 days of age, associated with a significant (P<0.05) increase in the liver weight index. In addition, the administration of NS at 2X level resulted in complete absence of toxicity signs (swollen infraorbital sinuses, ocular exudate, nasal discharge, thick oral saliva, diarrhoea, lameness and huddling) and complete absence of toxicity lesions (airsacculitis, hydropericardium signs, pericarditis, perihepatitis, splenomegaly and tracheitis). The four groups of birds that received levels 1X to 4X levels had significantly higher frequency of birds with gaseous caeca compared to the control group deprived of NS (P<0.05), a sign of higher fermentation activity in this organ. Data from the second segment of this research showed that the daily administration of NS at a level of 48.8 mg/ml/bird, between 7 to 14 days of age, to H9N2-challenged birds reduced specific pathological effects at 14 days of age namely: absence of rales at 3 days post H9N2 challenge and gross lesions (absence of tracheitis and enteritis at 7 days post challenge). Such reductions in signs and gross lesions were associated with a 63.4% reduction in immune responses to the hemagglutinin protein of the AIV, an indication that NS has a reducing effect on the viral infectivity in chickens.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, P.O. Box 11-0236, Beirut, Lebanon. eb01@aub.edu.lb
authors.forename: Elie K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Barbour
authors.forename: Edward G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Rayya
authors.forename: Houssam A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Shaib
authors.forename: Rindala G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: El Hakim
authors.forename: Afif M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Abdel Nour
authors.forename: Aleksandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Niedzwiecki
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Harakeh
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rath