title: The management of dyspnoea in chronic heart failure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify current management options for dyspnoeic people with chronic heart failure (CHF).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Research in people with CHF studying dyspnoea as a primary endpoint remains sparse. However, attention is turning towards symptoms as well as survival, and the need for agreed outcome measurement is recognized. There is relevant recent work examining both pharmacological and nonpharmacological interventions, targeting breathlessness directly or indirectly. There is evidence to support exercise training and mindfulness based programmes. The safety of morphine for breathlessness in acute heart failure has been retrospectively analysed but controlled clinical trials are required. Sildenafil may be useful for dyspnoea in CHF due to reduction of peripheral muscle signalling. Rolophylline, relaxin, carperitide, nesiritide and steroids warrant further evaluation. Bronchodilator use for dyspnoea in acute heart failure in the absence of COPD should be used with caution. A recent Cochrane review highlights the importance of diuretic therapy for both symptom control and optimizing prognosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Better standardization of dyspnoea outcome measures should help comparison of future trials. Optimization of diuretic therapy and attempted correction of neurohormonal disturbance in CHF remain the therapeutic targets for the underlying cause in dyspnoea management.
authors.affiliation: Hull York Medical School, St. Catherine's Hospice, Yorkshire, UK. miriam.johnson@hyms.ac.uk
authors.forename: Miriam J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Stephen G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Oxberry
mesh_terms: D001993:Bronchodilator Agents; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D000075202:Contraindications; D004232:Diuretics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004417:Dyspnea / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D005081:Exercise Therapy; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy; D006801:Humans; D026441:Mind-Body Therapies; D009020:Morphine; D009294:Narcotics; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D001993:Bronchodilator Agents; D004232:Diuretics; D009294:Narcotics; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D009020:Morphine