title: Reversible polyelectrolyte capsules as carriers for protein delivery.
abstract: A reversible drug delivery system based on spontaneous deposition of a model protein into preformed microcapsules has been demonstrated for protein delivery applications. Layer-by-Layer assembly of poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) and poly(methacrylic acid) (PMA) onto polystyrene sulfonate (PSS) doped CaCO3 particles, followed by core removal yielded intact hollow microcapsules having a unique property to induce spontaneous deposition of bovine serum albumin (BSA) at pH below its isoelectric point of 4.8, where it was positively charged. These capsules showed reversible pH dependent open and closed states to fluorescence labeled dextran (FITC-Dextran) and BSA (FITC-BSA). The loading capacity of BSA increased from 9.1 x 10(7) to 2.03 x 10(8) molecules per capsule with decrease in pH from 4.5 to 3. The loading of BSA-FITC was observed by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), which showed homogeneous distribution of protein inside the capsule. Efficient loading of BSA was further confirmed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The interior capsule concentration was as high as 209 times the feeding concentration when the feeding concentration was increased from 1 to 10 mg/ml. The deposition was initially controlled by spontaneous loading mechanism at lower BSA concentration followed by diffusion controlled loading at higher concentration; which decreased the loading efficiency from 35% to 7%. Circular dichroism (CD) measurements and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed that there was no significant change in conformation of released BSA in comparison with native BSA. The release was initially burst in the first 0.5 h and sustained up to 5 h. The hollow capsules were found to be biocompatible with mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cells during in vitro cell culture studies. Thus these pH sensitive polyelectrolyte microcapsules may offer a promising delivery system for water soluble proteins and peptides.
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Anandhakumar
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Nagaraja
authors.forename: Ashok M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Raichur
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002119:Calcium Carbonate / Q000737:chemistry; D002417:Cattle; D002470:Cell Survival; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002942:Circular Dichroism; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods*; D004573:Electrolytes / Q000737:chemistry; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian / Q000166:cytology; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D008689:Methacrylates / Q000737:chemistry; D051379:Mice; D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D053769:Nanocapsules / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D010316:Particle Size; D011073:Polyamines / Q000737:chemistry; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry*; D011137:Polystyrenes / Q000737:chemistry; D011506:Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D012710:Serum Albumin, Bovine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared
chemical_list: D004573:Electrolytes; D008689:Methacrylates; D053769:Nanocapsules; D011073:Polyamines; D011108:Polymers; D011137:Polystyrenes; D011506:Proteins; C008384:methacrylic acid; D012710:Serum Albumin, Bovine; C063994:polyallylamine; C003321:polystyrene sulfonic acid; D002119:Calcium Carbonate