title: Results of a multi-institutional benchmark test for cranial CT/MR image registration.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Variability in computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging (CT/MR) cranial image registration was assessed using a benchmark case developed by the Quality Assurance Review Center to credential institutions for participation in Children's Oncology Group Protocol ACNS0221 for treatment of pediatric low-grade glioma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two DICOM image sets, an MR and a CT of the same patient, were provided to each institution. A small target in the posterior occipital lobe was readily visible on two slices of the MR scan and not visible on the CT scan. Each institution registered the two scans using whatever software system and method it ordinarily uses for such a case. The target volume was then contoured on the two MR slices, and the coordinates of the center of the corresponding target in the CT coordinate system were reported. The average of all submissions was used to determine the true center of the target.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results are reported from 51 submissions representing 45 institutions and 11 software systems. The average error in the position of the center of the target was 1.8 mm (1 standard deviation = 2.2 mm). The least variation in position was in the lateral direction. Manual registration gave significantly better results than did automatic registration (p = 0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When MR and CT scans of the head are registered with currently available software, there is inherent uncertainty of approximately 2 mm (1 standard deviation), which should be considered when defining planning target volumes and PRVs for organs at risk on registered image sets.
authors.affiliation: Quality Assurance Review Center, Providence, RI, USA.
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ulin
authors.forename: Marcia M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Urie
authors.forename: Joel M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Cherlow
mesh_terms: D019985:Benchmarking / Q000592:standards*; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002648:Child; D005910:Glioma / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D012984:Software; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards
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