title: Nonlinear coupling between cerebral blood flow, oxygen consumption, and ATP production in human visual cortex.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate activation-induced hypermetabolism and hyperemia by using a multifrequency (4, 8, and 16 Hz) reversing-checkerboard visual stimulation paradigm. Specifically, we sought to (i) quantify the relative contributions of the oxidative and nonoxidative metabolic pathways in meeting the increased energy demands [i.e., ATP production (J(ATP))] of task-induced neuronal activation and (ii) determine whether task-induced cerebral blood flow (CBF) augmentation was driven by oxidative or nonoxidative metabolic pathways. Focal increases in CBF, cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO(2); i.e., index of aerobic metabolism), and lactate production (J(Lac); i.e., index of anaerobic metabolism) were measured by using physiologically quantitative MRI and spectroscopy methods. Task-induced increases in J(ATP) were small (12.2-16.7%) at all stimulation frequencies and were generated by aerobic metabolism (approximately 98%), with %DeltaJ(ATP) being linearly correlated with the percentage change in CMRO(2) (r = 1.00, P < 0.001). In contrast, task-induced increases in CBF were large (51.7-65.1%) and negatively correlated with the percentage change in CMRO(2) (r = -0.64, P = 0.024), but positively correlated with %DeltaJ(Lac) (r = 0.91, P < 0.001). These results indicate that (i) the energy demand of task-induced brain activation is small (approximately 15%) relative to the hyperemic response (approximately 60%), (ii) this energy demand is met through oxidative metabolism, and (iii) the CBF response is mediated by factors other than oxygen demand.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX 78229, USA. lina3@uthscsa.edu
authors.forename: Ai-Ling
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Peter T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Fox
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hardies
authors.forename: Timothy Q
authors.initials: TQ
authors.lastname: Duong
authors.forename: Jia-Hong
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Gao
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D000328:Adult; D000332:Aerobiosis; D000693:Anaerobiosis; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008297:Male; D017711:Nonlinear Dynamics; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D014793:Visual Cortex / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000378:metabolism*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate
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