title: Epidemiologic relationships between A1C and all-cause mortality during a median 3.4-year follow-up of glycemic treatment in the ACCORD trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Randomized treatment comparing an intensive glycemic treatment strategy with a standard strategy in the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) trial was ended early because of an unexpected excess of mortality in the intensive arm. As part of ongoing post hoc analyses of potential mechanisms for this finding, we explored whether on-treatment A1C itself had an independent relationship with mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants with type 2 diabetes (n = 10,251 with mean age 62 years, median duration of diabetes 10 years, and median A1C 8.1%) were randomly assigned to treatment strategies targeting either A1C <6.0% (intensive) or A1C 7.0-7.9% (standard). Data obtained during 3.4 (median) years of follow-up before cessation of intensive treatment were analyzed using several multivariable models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Various characteristics of the participants and the study sites at baseline had significant associations with the risk of mortality. Before and after adjustment for these covariates, a higher average on-treatment A1C was a stronger predictor of mortality than the A1C for the last interval of follow-up or the decrease of A1C in the first year. Higher average A1C was associated with greater risk of death. The risk of death with the intensive strategy increased approximately linearly from 6-9% A1C and appeared to be greater with the intensive than with the standard strategy only when average A1C was >7%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These analyses implicate factors associated with persisting higher A1C levels, rather than low A1C per se, as likely contributors to the increased mortality risk associated with the intensive glycemic treatment strategy in ACCORD.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Clinical Nutrition, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA. riddlem@ohsu.edu
authors.forename: Matthew C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Riddle
authors.forename: Walter T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Ambrosius
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Brillon
authors.forename: John B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Buse
authors.forename: Robert P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Byington
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Goff
authors.forename: Saul
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Malozowski
authors.forename: Karen L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Margolis
authors.forename: Jeffrey L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Probstfield
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schnall
authors.forename: Elizabeth R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Seaquist
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002423:Cause of Death; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human