title: Genome-wide MyoD binding in skeletal muscle cells: a potential for broad cellular reprogramming.
abstract: Recent studies have demonstrated that MyoD initiates a feed-forward regulation of skeletal muscle gene expression, predicting that MyoD binds directly to many genes expressed during differentiation. We have used chromatin immunoprecipitation and high-throughput sequencing to identify genome-wide binding of MyoD in several skeletal muscle cell types. As anticipated, MyoD preferentially binds to a VCASCTG sequence that resembles the in vitro-selected site for a MyoD:E-protein heterodimer, and MyoD binding increases during differentiation at many of the regulatory regions of genes expressed in skeletal muscle. Unanticipated findings were that MyoD was constitutively bound to thousands of additional sites in both myoblasts and myotubes, and that the genome-wide binding of MyoD was associated with regional histone acetylation. Therefore, in addition to regulating muscle gene expression, MyoD binds genome wide and has the ability to broadly alter the epigenome in myoblasts and myotubes.
authors.affiliation: Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.forename: Zizhen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.forename: Deepayan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sarkar
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lawrence
authors.forename: Gilson J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Sanchez
authors.forename: Maura H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Parker
authors.forename: Kyle L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: MacQuarrie
authors.forename: Jerry
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Davison
authors.forename: Martin T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Morgan
authors.forename: Walter L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Ruzzo
authors.forename: Robert C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Gentleman
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Tapscott
mesh_terms: D020816:Amino Acid Motifs; D000818:Animals; D001665:Binding Sites; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002460:Cell Line; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000378:metabolism; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D016678:Genome; D006657:Histones / Q000737:chemistry; D051379:Mice; D008954:Models, Biological; D018485:Muscle Fibers, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism*; D017570:MyoD Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
chemical_list: D006657:Histones; D017570:MyoD Protein; C057363:MyoD1 myogenic differentiation protein