title: Developmental and degenerative features in a complicated spastic paraplegia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We sought to explore the genetic and molecular causes of Troyer syndrome, one of several complicated hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSPs). Troyer syndrome had been thought to be restricted to the Amish; however, we identified 2 Omani families with HSP, short stature, dysarthria and developmental delay-core features of Troyer syndrome-and a novel mutation in the SPG20 gene, which is also mutated in the Amish. In addition, we analyzed SPG20 expression throughout development to infer how disruption of this gene might generate the constellation of developmental and degenerative Troyer syndrome phenotypes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical characterization of 2 non-Amish families with Troyer syndrome was followed by linkage and sequencing analysis. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction and in situ hybridization analysis of SPG20 expression were carried out in embryonic and adult human and mouse tissue.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two Omani families carrying a novel SPG20 mutation displayed clinical features remarkably similar to the Amish patients with Troyer syndrome. SPG20 mRNA is expressed broadly but at low relative levels in the adult brain; however, it is robustly and specifically expressed in the limbs, face, and brain during early morphogenesis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Null mutations in SPG20 cause Troyer syndrome, a specific clinical entity with developmental and degenerative features. Maximal expression of SPG20 in the limb buds and forebrain during embryogenesis may explain the developmental origin of the skeletal and cognitive defects observed in this disorder.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: M Chiara
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Manzini
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rajab
authors.forename: Thomas M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Maynard
authors.forename: Ganeshwaran H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Mochida
authors.forename: Wen-Hann
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: Ramzi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nasir
authors.forename: R Sean
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.forename: Danielle
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gleason
authors.forename: Muna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Al Saffar
authors.forename: Jennifer N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Partlow
authors.forename: Brenda J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Barry
authors.forename: Mike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vernon
authors.forename: Anthony-Samuel
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: LaMantia
authors.forename: Christopher A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Walsh
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis / Q000379:methods; D005192:Family Health; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D019636:Neurodegenerative Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D009850:Oman; D010264:Paraplegia / Q000150:complications* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics*; D011506:Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D011506:Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C464787:SPART protein, human