title: A comprehensive survey of human polymorphisms at conserved splice dinucleotides and its evolutionary relationship with alternative splicing.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Alternative splicing (AS) is a key molecular process that endows biological functions with diversity and complexity. Generally, functional redundancy leads to the generation of new functions through relaxation of selective pressure in evolution, as exemplified by duplicated genes. It is also known that alternatively spliced exons (ASEs) are subject to relaxed selective pressure. Within consensus sequences at the splice junctions, the most conserved sites are dinucleotides at both ends of introns (splice dinucleotides). However, a small number of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) occur at splice dinucleotides. An intriguing question relating to the evolution of AS diversity is whether mutations at splice dinucleotides are maintained as polymorphisms and produce diversity in splice patterns within the human population. We therefore surveyed validated SNPs in the database dbSNP located at splice dinucleotides of all human genes that are defined by the H-Invitational Database.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found 212 validated SNPs at splice dinucleotides (sdSNPs); these were confirmed to be consistent with the GT-AG rule at either allele. Moreover, 53 of them were observed to neighbor ASEs (AE dinucleotides). No significant differences were observed between sdSNPs at AE dinucleotides and those at constitutive exons (CE dinucleotides) in SNP properties including average heterozygosity, SNP density, ratio of predicted alleles consistent with the GT-AG rule, and scores of splice sites formed with the predicted allele. We also found that the proportion of non-conserved exons was higher for exons with sdSNPs than for other exons.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  sdSNPs are found at CE dinucleotides in addition to those at AE dinucleotides, suggesting two possibilities. First, sdSNPs at CE dinucleotides may be robust against sdSNPs because of unknown mechanisms. Second, similar to sdSNPs at AE dinucleotides, those at CE dinucleotides cause differences in AS patterns because of the arbitrariness in the classification of exons into alternative and constitutive type that varies according to the dataset. Taking into account the absence of differences in sdSNP properties between those at AE and CE dinucleotides, the increased proportion of non-conserved exons found in exons flanked by sdSNPs suggests the hypothesis that sdSNPs are maintained at the splice dinucleotides of newly generated exons at which negative selection pressure is relaxed.
authors.affiliation: Biomedicinal Information Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 2-42 Aomi Koto-ku, Tokyo135-0064, Japan.
authors.forename: Makoto K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Shimada
authors.forename: Yosuke
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hayakawa
authors.forename: Jun-ichi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Takeda
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gojobori
authors.forename: Tadashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Imanishi
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D017398:Alternative Splicing; D000818:Animals; D055028:Comparative Genomic Hybridization; D030541:Databases, Genetic; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005091:Exons; D015894:Genome, Human; D006801:Humans; D007438:Introns; D051379:Mice; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA