Inhibition of the Fe(4)S(4)-cluster-containing protein IspH (LytB): electron paramagnetic resonance, metallacycles, and mechanisms.
We report the inhibition of the Aquifex aeolicus IspH enzyme (LytB, (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl diphosphate reductase, EC 1.17.1.2) by a series of diphosphates and bisphosphonates. The most active species was an alkynyl diphosphate having IC(50) = 0.45 microM (K(i) approximately 60 nM), which generated a very large change in the 9 GHz EPR spectrum of the reduced protein. On the basis of previous work on organometallic complexes, together with computational docking and quantum chemical calculations, we propose a model for alkyne inhibition involving pi (or pi/sigma) "metallacycle" complex formation with the unique fourth Fe in the Fe(4)S(4) cluster. Aromatic species had less activity, and for these we propose an inhibition model based on an electrostatic interaction with the active site E126. Overall, the results are of broad general interest since they not only represent the first potent IspH inhibitors but also suggest a conceptually new approach to inhibiting other Fe(4)S(4)-cluster-containing proteins that are of interest as drug and herbicide targets.
Wang
Ke
K
Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
Wang
Weixue
W
No
Joo-Hwan
JH
Zhang
Yonghui
Y
Zhang
Yong
Y
Oldfield
Eric
E
D055162:Biocatalysis; D011756:Diphosphates / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D004578:Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006090:Gram-Negative Bacteria / Q000201:enzymology; D007506:Iron-Sulfur Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D008958:Models, Molecular; D010088:Oxidoreductases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D011487:Protein Conformation
D011756:Diphosphates; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D007506:Iron-Sulfur Proteins; D010088:Oxidoreductases