title: Criteria for evaluation of disease extent by (123)I-metaiodobenzylguanidine scans in neuroblastoma: a report for the International Neuroblastoma Risk Group (INRG) Task Force.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Neuroblastoma is an embryonic tumour of the sympathetic nervous system, metastatic in half of the patients at diagnosis, with a high preponderance of osteomedullary disease, making accurate evaluation of metastatic sites and response to therapy challenging. Metaiodobenzylguanidine (mIBG), taken into cells via the norepinephrine transporter, provides a sensitive and specific method of assessing tumour in both soft tissue and bone sites. The goal of this report was to develop consensus guidelines for the use of mIBG scans in staging, response assessment and surveillance in neuroblastoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  The International Neuroblastoma Risk Group (INRG) Task Force, including a multidisciplinary group in paediatric oncology of North and South America, Europe, Oceania and Asia, formed a subcommittee on metastatic disease evaluation, including expert nuclear medicine physicians and oncologists, who developed these guidelines based on their experience and the medical literature, with approval by the larger INRG Task Force.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Guidelines for patient preparation, radiotracer administration, techniques of scanning including timing, energy, specific views, and use of single photon emission computed tomography are included. Optimal timing of scans in relation to therapy and for surveillance is reviewed. Validated semi-quantitative scoring methods in current use are reviewed, with recommendations for use in prognosis and response evaluation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Metaiodobenzylguanidine scans are the most sensitive and specific method of staging and response evaluation in neuroblastoma, particularly when used with a semi-quantitative scoring method. Use of the optimal techniques for mIBG in staging and response, including a semi-quantitative score, is essential for evaluation of the efficacy of new therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94143-0106, USA. matthayk@peds.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: K K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Matthay
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Shulkin
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ladenstein
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Michon
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Giammarile
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Lewington
authors.forename: A D J
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Pearson
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Cohn
mesh_terms: D019797:3-Iodobenzylguanidine; D026683:Advisory Committees; D001859:Bone Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000556:secondary*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D009367:Neoplasm Staging / Q000379:methods; D009447:Neuroblastoma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D011856:Radiographic Image Enhancement; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D012983:Soft Tissue Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000556:secondary*; D015899:Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D019797:3-Iodobenzylguanidine