title: Effects of soft palate implants on acoustic characteristics of voice and articulation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effects of soft palate implants on voice and articulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective case series.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male subjects (n=23) diagnosed with mild obstructive sleep apnea and/or habitual snoring underwent acoustic analysis with the Multidimensional Voice Program (Kay Multi-Speech Model 3700 Advanced Version; Kay Elemetrics [KayPentax], Lincoln Park, NJ) before and 8 weeks after insertion of palatal implants to determine the effects of soft palate implants on voice and articulation. Sustained vowels (/a/e/u/o/i/) and phonetically balanced carrier sentences were used for acoustic analyses. Parameters measured were fundamental frequency (F0), jitter, shimmer, noise-to-harmonics ratio, Voice Turbulence Index, Soft Phonation Index, degree of voiceless, degree of voice breaks and peak amplitude variation, first formant (F1) and second formant (F2) frequencies, and voice onset time (VOT). F1 and F2 for each vowel were determined using linear predictive analysis on a spectrogram. VOT was measured for the palatal consonant /k/ and the dental consonant /t/ on a wideband spectrogram from a carrier sentence segment that contained a syllable with a stop consonant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No statistically significant difference was detected in F0, F1, F2, or other MDVP parameters before and after implantation. Average VOT values measured for /t/ were not significantly different. On the other hand, average VOT values of /k/ were found to be significantly shorter.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Implant insertion had no significant effect on MDVP parameters, F0, F1, or F2. On the other hand, articulation as a function of velar region seemed to be affected because VOT values of velar /k/ were changed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Istanbul Surgery Hospital, KBB Major, Istanbul, Turkey. meltemakpinar@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Meltem Esen
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Akpinar
authors.forename: Ismail
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kocak
authors.forename: Berk
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gurpinar
authors.forename: Halil Erturk
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Esen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001184:Articulation Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010160:Palate, Soft / Q000601:surgery*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D019919:Prosthesis Implantation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D020181:Sleep Apnea, Obstructive / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D012913:Snoring / Q000601:surgery*; D013018:Sound Spectrography; D013061:Speech Acoustics; D013068:Speech Production Measurement; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014421:Turkey; D014832:Voice Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D014833:Voice Quality; D055815:Young Adult