title: Perinatal risk and psychiatric outcome in adolescents born preterm with very low birth weight or term small for gestational age.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study perinatal risk factors for psychiatric symptoms in adolescents born preterm with very low birth weight or at term, but small for gestational age (GA).
  
  
  METHODS
  Mental health was assessed in 65 adolescents born with very low birth weight (VLBW) (birth weight < or = 1500 g), 59 born term small for GA (birth weight <10th centile) and 81 control adolescents using Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children, Children's Global Assessment Scale, Autism Spectrum Screening Questionnaire, Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder-Rating Scale IV and Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment. Perinatal data included birth weight, GA, head circumference, Apgar scores, intraventricular hemorrhage, days in neonatal intensive care unit, and days on mechanical ventilation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the very low birth weight group, lower birth weight was associated with inattention (p < .01), psychiatric diagnoses, and reduced psychosocial function (p < or = .05). Intraventricular hemorrhage increased the risk for a high inattention score (odds ratio = 7.5; 95% confidence intervals: 1.2-46.8). Lower Apgar score at 1 min was associated with a high Autism Spectrum Screening Questionnaire score and lower Apgar score at 5 min with a high internalizing score (p < or = .05). In the subgroup born appropriate for GA, internalizing symptoms were also associated with lower GA. In the term small for GA group, perinatal events were not associated with psychiatric problems. In contrast, low socioeconomic status was associated with externalizing symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lower birth weight, shorter gestation, and intraventricular hemorrhage were risk factors for psychiatric problems in the very low birth weight group. Lower Apgar score increased the risk for autism spectrum symptoms and internalizing symptoms. Among adolescents born term small for GA, the main risk factor for psychiatric symptoms was low socioeconomic status.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7489 Trondheim, Norway. marit.s.indredavik@ntnu.no
authors.forename: Marit S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Indredavik
authors.forename: Torstein
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Vik
authors.forename: Kari Anne I
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Evensen
authors.forename: Jon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Skranes
authors.forename: Gunnar
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Taraldsen
authors.forename: Ann-Mari
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Brubakk
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D002659:Child Development Disorders, Pervasive / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D007236:Infant, Small for Gestational Age; D019102:Infant, Very Low Birth Weight; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires