title: Endoscopic endonasal transethmoidal transcribriform transfovea ethmoidalis approach to the anterior cranial fossa and skull base.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The anterior skull base, in front of the sphenoid sinus, can be approached using a variety of techniques including extended subfrontal, transfacial, and craniofacial approaches. These methods include risks of brain retraction, contusion, cerebrospinal fluid leak, meningitis, and cosmetic deformity. An alternate and more direct approach is the endonasal, transethmoidal, transcribriform, transfovea ethmoidalis approach.
  
  
  METHODS
  An endoscopic, endonasal approach was used to treat a variety of conditions of the anterior skull base arising in front of the sphenoid sinus and between the orbits in a series of 44 patients. A prospective database was used to detail the corridor of approach, closure technique, use of intraoperative lumbar drainage, operative time, and postoperative complications. Extent of resection was determined by a radiologist using volumetric analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pathology included meningo/encephaloceles (19), benign tumors (14), malignant tumors (9), and infectious lesions (2). Lumbar drains were placed intraoperatively in 20 patients. The CSF leak rate was 6.8% for the whole series and 9% for intradural cases. Leaks were effectively managed with lumbar drainage. Early reoperation for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak occurred in 1 patient (2.2%). There were no intracranial infections. Greater than 98% resection was achieved in 12 of 14 benign and 5 of 9 malignant tumors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The endoscopic, endonasal, transethmoidal, transcribriform, transfovea ethmoidalis approach is versatile and suitable for managing a variety of pathological entities. This minimal access surgery is a feasible alternative to transcranial, transfacial, or combined craniofacial approaches to the anterior skull base and anterior cranial fossa in front of the sphenoid sinus. The risk of CSF leak and infection are reasonably low and decrease with experience. Longer follow-up and larger series of patients will be required to validate the long-term efficacy of this minimally invasive approach.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York 10065, USA.
authors.forename: Jeffrey P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Greenfield
authors.forename: Vijay K
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Anand
authors.forename: Ashutosh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kacker
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Seibert
authors.forename: Ameet
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Seth M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Theodore H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Schwartz
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D035262:Cranial Fossa, Anterior / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D044583:Neuroendoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D019291:Skull Base / Q000601:surgery; D055815:Young Adult