title: Clinically relevant doses of lidocaine and bupivacaine do not impair cutaneous wound healing in mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lidocaine and bupivacaine are commonly infiltrated into surgical cutaneous wounds to provide local anaesthesia after surgical procedures. However, very little is known about their effects on cutaneous wound healing. If an inhibitory effect is demonstrated, then the balance between the benefits of postoperative local anaesthesia and the negatives of impaired cutaneous wound healing may affect the decision to use local anaesthesia or not. Furthermore, if a difference in the rate of healing of lidocaine- and bupivacaine-treated cutaneous wounds is revealed, or if an inhibitory effect is found to be dose-dependent, then this may well influence the choice of agent and its concentration for clinical use.
  
  
  METHODS
  Immediately before incisional wounding, we administered lidocaine and bupivacaine intradermally to adult female mice, some of which had been ovariectomized to act as a model of post-menopausal women (like post-menopausal women, ovariectomized mice heal wounds poorly, with increased proteolysis and inflammation). Day 3 wound tissue was analysed histologically and tested for expression of inflammatory and proteolytic factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On day 3 post-wounding, wound areas and extent of re-epithelialization were comparable between the control and local anaesthetic-treated animals, in both intact and ovariectomized groups. Both tested drugs significantly increased wound activity of the degradative enzyme matrix metalloproteinase-2 relative to controls, while lidocaine also increased wound neutrophil numbers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although lidocaine and bupivacaine influenced local inflammatory and proteolytic factors, they did not impair the rate of healing in either of two well-established models (mimicking normal human wound healing and impaired age-related healing).
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, AV Hill Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Waite
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Gilliver
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Masterson
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Hardman
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Ashcroft
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003094:Collagen / Q000378:metabolism; D062109:Dermatologic Surgical Procedures; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000502:physiology; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D003094:Collagen; D008012:Lidocaine; D002045:Bupivacaine