title: Direct tumor in vivo dosimetry in highly-conformal radiotherapy: a feasibility study of implantable MOSFETs for hypofractionated extracranial treatments using the Cyberknife system.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In highly-conformal radiotherapy, due to the complexity of both beam configurations and dose distributions, traditional in vivo dosimetry is unpractical or even impossible. The ideal dosimeter would be implanted inside the planning treatment volume so that it can directly measure the total delivered dose during each fraction with no additional uncertainty due to calculation models. The aim of this work is to verify if implantable metal oxide semiconductors field effect transistors (MOSFETs) can achieve a sufficient degree of dosimetric accuracy when used inside extracranial targets undergoing radiotherapy treatments using the Cyberknife system.
  
  
  METHODS
  Based on the preliminary findings of this study, new prototypes for high dose fractionations were developed to reduce the time dependence for long treatment delivery times. These dosimeters were recently cleared and are marketed as DVS-HFT. Multiple measurements were performed using both Virtual Water and water phantoms to characterize implantable MOSFETs under the Cyberknife beams, and included the reference-dosimetry consistency, the dependence of the response on the collimator size, on the daily delivered dose, and the time irradiation modality. Finally a Cyberknife prostate treatment simulation using a body phantom was conducted, and both MOSFET and ionization readings were compared to Monte Carlo calculations. The feasibility analysis was conducted based on the ratios of the absorbed dose divided by the dose reading, named as "further calibration factor" (FCF).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average FCFs resulted to be 0.98 for the collimator dependence test, and about 1.00 for the reference-dosimetry test, the dose-dependence test, and the time-dependence test. The average FCF of the prostate treatment simulation test was 0.99.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The obtained results are well within DVS specifications, that is, the factory calibration is still valid for such kind of treatments using the Cyberknife system, with no need of further calibration factors to be applied. The final accuracy of implantable MOSFETs when used for such kind of treatments was estimated to be within +/- 4%. Additional investigations using dose/fraction higher than 12 Gy, different beam configurations, and tracking systems could extend the present findings to other kind of treatments. MOSFET technology was proven to have high versatility in fast adaptation of existing detectors to new applications. It is plausible to expect a general feasibility of implantable MOSFET technology for in vivo dosimetry of the extracranial-targets treatments using the Cyberknife, provided each particular application will be validated by suitable both physical and clinical studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics, San Bortolo City Hospital, Vicenza 36100, Italy. paolo.scalchi@ulssvicenza.it
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Scalchi
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Righetto
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cavedon
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Francescon
authors.forename: Federico
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Colombo
mesh_terms: D002138:Calibration; D019583:Dose Fractionation, Radiation; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008670:Metals / Q000737:chemistry; D010087:Oxides / Q000737:chemistry; D010315:Particle Accelerators; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy; D011874:Radiometry / Q000379:methods*; D016634:Radiosurgery; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D020266:Radiotherapy, Conformal / Q000379:methods*; D012666:Semiconductors; D012984:Software
chemical_list: D008670:Metals; D010087:Oxides