title: Ureteroscopic surgery for a large upper ureteral stone in an infant with bilateral vesicoureteral reflux.
abstract: Pediatric urolithiasis is a relatively rare disease that can have lifelong consequences. The management of pediatric urolithiasis should be individualized with careful consideration of the patients' small body sizes, delicate tissues, needs for general anesthesia with every procedure, and risks of long-term complications. Miniaturization of urological instruments has made the treatment of distal ureteral stones by ureteroscopy in children more common, but there are few reports of the ureteroscopic removal of large upper ureteral stones in infants. We present a case of a 10-month-old female who simultaneously underwent ureteroscopic surgery and endoscopic Deflux(R) injection for treatment of a 22x10 mm unilateral upper ureteral stone and bilateral vesicoureteral reflux. We also review the current treatment options for pediatric urolithiasis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Minki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Baek
authors.forename: Sung Hyun
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Paick
authors.forename: Byung Ki
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Myung Beom
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Yong Soo
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Lho
authors.forename: Kyo Sun
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Hyeong Gon
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Kim