title: Fibrinogen triggers astrocyte scar formation by promoting the availability of active TGF-beta after vascular damage.
abstract: Scar formation in the nervous system begins within hours after traumatic injury and is characterized primarily by reactive astrocytes depositing proteoglycans that inhibit regeneration. A fundamental question in CNS repair has been the identity of the initial molecular mediator that triggers glial scar formation. Here we show that the blood protein fibrinogen, which leaks into the CNS immediately after blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption or vascular damage, serves as an early signal for the induction of glial scar formation via the TGF-beta/Smad signaling pathway. Our studies revealed that fibrinogen is a carrier of latent TGF-beta and induces phosphorylation of Smad2 in astrocytes that leads to inhibition of neurite outgrowth. Consistent with these findings, genetic or pharmacologic depletion of fibrinogen in mice reduces active TGF-beta, Smad2 phosphorylation, glial cell activation, and neurocan deposition after cortical injury. Furthermore, stereotactic injection of fibrinogen into the mouse cortex is sufficient to induce astrogliosis. Inhibition of the TGF-beta receptor pathway abolishes the fibrinogen-induced effects on glial scar formation in vivo and in vitro. These results identify fibrinogen as a primary astrocyte activation signal, provide evidence that deposition of inhibitory proteoglycans is induced by a blood protein that leaks in the CNS after vasculature rupture, and point to TGF-beta as a molecular link between vascular permeability and scar formation.
authors.affiliation: Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schachtrup
authors.forename: Jae K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Ryu
authors.forename: Matthew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Helmrick
authors.forename: Eirini
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vagena
authors.forename: Dennis K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Galanakis
authors.forename: Jay L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Degen
authors.forename: Richard U
authors.initials: RU
authors.lastname: Margolis
authors.forename: Katerina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Akassoglou
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000502:physiology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000098:blood supply / Q000293:injuries* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002921:Cicatrix / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005340:Fibrinogen / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D005911:Gliosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D016501:Neurites / Q000502:physiology; D058580:Neurocan; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011509:Proteoglycans / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D051899:Smad2 Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: C507576:Ncan protein, mouse; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D058580:Neurocan; D011509:Proteoglycans; D051899:Smad2 Protein; C497783:Smad2 protein, mouse; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D005340:Fibrinogen