title: An investigation into the behaviour of air rifle pellets in ballistic gel and their interaction with bone.
abstract: Although air weapons are considerably lower in power than other firearms, there is increasing concern that serious injuries can result from their misuse. The present study was therefore carried out to improve understanding of the terminal ballistic behaviour of air rifle pellets. Pellets were fired into ballistic gel under a variety of conditions. The pellets penetrated further than anticipated from their low cross-sectional density, and Bloom number was not necessarily a good guide to gel behaviour. Pellet penetration into the gel decreased with increasing gel concentration, and appeared to be linear at higher concentrations. Pointed pellets penetrated up to 50% further than rounded pellets. Power and range affect penetration, but other factors are also important, and power alone is not a simple guide to potential penetration. Test firings were also carried out firing pellets into ballistic gel that contained sections of animal bone. Computed tomography (CT) and visual observation were employed to record the interactions. CT scanning showed potential as a tool for examining pellet damage. The bone appeared to be undamaged, but the pellets were severely deformed on impact. If the pellet strikes the bone at an angle, less energy is absorbed by the impact and the pellet fragments may ricochet and cause further damage in the gel. A tentative model is proposed for estimating the energy absorbed by the impact.
authors.affiliation: School of Contemporary Sciences, University of Abertay Dundee, Bell Street, Dundee DD5 3JS, Scotland, United Kingdom. g.wightman@abertay.ac.uk
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wightman
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Beard
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Allison
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D005269:Femur / Q000473:pathology*; D005389:Firearms; D044709:Forensic Ballistics / Q000379:methods*; D005780:Gelatin; D005782:Gels; D014948:Wounds, Gunshot / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D005782:Gels; D005780:Gelatin