title: Hyperbaric oxygen treatment induces a 2-phase antinociceptive response of unusually long duration in mice.
abstract: Hyperbaric oxygen (HBO(2)) therapy is approved by the FDA for limited clinical indications but is reported to produce pain relief in several chronic pain conditions. However, there have been no studies to explain this apparent analgesic effect of HBO(2). Research conducted in our laboratory demonstrates that 4 daily 60-minute HBO(2) treatments at 3.5 absolute atmospheres induced an unparalleled antinociceptive response that consists of 1) an early phase that lasted at least 6 hours after the HBO(2) treatment before dissipating; and 2) a late phase that emerged about 18 hours after the early phase and lasted for up to 3 weeks. The early phase was sensitive to antagonism by acutely intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.)-administered opioid antagonist naltrexone and the nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-inhibitor L-NAME. The late phase was inhibited by treatment with i.c.v. naltrexone or L-NAME during the 4 daily HBO(2) treatments but was not antagonized by either naltrexone or L-NAME following acute pretreatment 2 weeks after HBO(2) treatment. These experimental results implicate a novel mechanism that is activated by HBO(2), resulting in an antinociceptive response of unusually long duration that is of potential interest in the clinical management of pain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hyperbaric oxygen treatment of mice can induce a 2-phase antinociceptive response of unusually long duration. Nitric oxide and opioid receptors appear to initiate or mediate both phases of the antinociceptive response. Further elucidation of the underlying mechanism may potentially identify molecular targets that cause long-lasting activation of endogenous analgesic systems.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA.
authors.forename: Eunhee
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Lisa M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Zelinski
authors.forename: Yusuke
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ohgami
authors.forename: Donald Y
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Shirachi
authors.forename: Raymond M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Quock
mesh_terms: D019342:Acetic Acid; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D006931:Hyperbaric Oxygenation; D007276:Injections, Intraventricular; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D009271:Naltrexone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D009619:Nociceptors / Q000187:drug effects*; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D009271:Naltrexone; D019342:Acetic Acid; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester