title: Bio-psychosocial determinants of persistent pain 6 months after non-life-threatening acute orthopaedic trauma.
abstract: The study quantifies the association between a range of bio-psychosocial factors and the presence of persistent pain, pain severity and pain interfering with normal work activities in a cohort of 168 patients with a range of non-life-threatening orthopaedic injuries. Participants were recruited following presentation to 1 of 4 Victoria hospitals for treatment for their injury and followed until 6 months postinjury. Multivariate analysis was employed to determine factors associated with pain outcomes, 6 months postinjury. The prevalence of pain was common; 54% of participants reported the presence of persistent pain at 6 months, with the majority (87%) reporting that pain interfered to an extent with their normal work activities. High initial pain, external attributions of responsibility for the injury, and psychological distress were found to be significant independent predictors of the presence of all 3 outcomes. In addition, poor recovery expectations was found to be a significant predictor of pain-related work disability and being injured at work a significant predictor of pain severity. Many of these factors are potentially modifiable and should alert the clinician about the need for interventions in order to prevent the development of pain chronicity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study has quantified determinants of pain, 6 months after non-life-threatening acute orthopaedic trauma. Psychosocial factors strongly predicted persistent pain, pain-related work disability, and pain severity. These findings may assist clinicians to determine the need for, and likely effectiveness of, individual pain-management approaches in this population.
authors.affiliation: Monash University, Accident Research Centre, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia.
authors.forename: Fiona J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Clay
authors.forename: Stuart V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Newstead
authors.forename: Wendy L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Watson
authors.forename: Joan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ozanne-Smith
authors.forename: Jonathon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Guy
authors.forename: Roderick J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: McClure
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002908:Chronic Disease; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010146:Pain / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013997:Time Factors; D014739:Victoria / Q000453:epidemiology; D014937:Work; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult