title: An unusual attraction to the eyes in Williams-Beuren syndrome: a manipulation of facial affect while measuring face scanpaths.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study aimed to investigate face scanpaths and emotion recognition in Williams-Beuren syndrome (WBS) and whether: (1) the eyes capture the attention of WBS individuals faster than typically developing mental age-matched controls; (2) WBS patients spend abnormally prolonged periods of time viewing the eye region; and (3) emotion recognition skills or eye gaze patterns change depending on the emotional valance of the face.
  
  
  METHODS
  Visual scanpaths were recorded while 16 WBS patients and 16 controls passively viewed happy, angry, fearful, and neutral faces. Emotion recognition was subsequently measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The eyes did not capture the attention of WBS patients faster than controls, but once WBS patients attended to the eyes, they spent significantly more time looking at this region. Unexpectedly, WBS patients showed an impaired ability to recognise angry faces, but face scanpaths were similar across the different facial expressions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings suggest that face processing is atypical in WBS and that emotion recognition and eye gaze abnormalities in WBS are likely to be more complex than previously thought. Findings highlight the need to develop remediation programmes to teach WBS patients how to explore all facial features, enhancing their emotion recognition skills and "normalising" their social interactions.
authors.affiliation: Psychology Department, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia. melanie.porter@psy.mq.edu.au
authors.forename: Melanie A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Porter
authors.forename: Tracey A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Shaw
authors.forename: Pamela J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Marsh
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology*; D002648:Child; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology*; D053483:Eye Movement Measurements; D005133:Eye Movements / Q000502:physiology*; D005149:Facial Expression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D021641:Recognition, Psychology / Q000502:physiology; D012938:Social Perception; D014796:Visual Perception / Q000502:physiology; D018980:Williams Syndrome / Q000503:physiopathology*