title: Childhood life events and psychological symptoms in adult survivors of the 2004 tsunami.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Negative life events in childhood have an adverse influence on adult psychological health, and increase vulnerability to subsequent potential traumas. It remains unclear whether this is also true in the case of disasters.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study investigates whether the experience of negative life events in childhood and adolescence was associated with psychological symptoms in groups of Swedish survivors with different types of exposure to the tsunami.
  
  
  METHODS
  1505 survivors from Stockholm responded to a questionnaire on psychological distress, which was sent by post 14 months after the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. Psychological distress was measured by General Health Questionnaire-12 and suicidal ideation, and post-traumatic stress was measured by Impact of Event Scale-Revised. Life events prior to age 16 were collected and categorized under the indices accident, violence, loss and interpersonal events. Exposure to the tsunami was categorized in different types, and controlled for in the analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With the adjustment for confounders, significant odds ratios were found for all indices on at least one outcome measure, despite the powerful effect of the tsunami. We could not discern any distinct difference in the distribution of the tendency to report the different outcomes depending on types of prior life events.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The implication of the study is that, for adult survivors of disaster, the reporting of adverse life events from childhood may influence future decisions regarding therapy.
authors.affiliation: Center for Family and Community Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. lars.wahlstrom@sll.se
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wahlström
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Michélsen
authors.forename: Abbe
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schulman
authors.forename: Magnus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Backheden
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D004190:Disasters; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D013405:Suicide / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D017741:Survivors / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology; D057192:Tsunamis; D055815:Young Adult