title: Prevalence of strabismus in patients with pathologic myopia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To determine the prevalence and clinical features of strabismus in patients with pathologic myopia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medical records of a total of 636 highly myopic patients were retrospectively reviewed. Pathologic myopia was defined as spherical equivalent (SE) of at least -8D, or axial length >26.5 mm in patients older than 9 years, <-4D in those younger than 5 years, <-6D in those aged from 6 to 8 years. Myopic refractive degree, axial length measurements, best-corrected visual acuity and eye position were then analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 636 patients with pathologic myopia, 520 (81.8%) had orthophoria, 85 (13.4%) had exotropia and 31 (4.9%) had esotropia at near distance. At long distance, 499 (86.5%) had orthophoria, 51 (8.8%) had exotropia and 27 (4.7%) had esotropia. Vertical heterotropia was seen in 103 patients (16.2%). The mean axial length was significantly longer and the mean age was higher in esotropia than orthophoria and in patients with vertical heterotropia than without vertical heterotropia. There were 16 patients with myopic strabismus fixus or acquired progressive esotropia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study confirmed the relatively high prevalence of horizontal and vertical strabismus in patients with pathologic myopia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Akiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: Kyoko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ohno-Matsui
authors.forename: Noriaki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shimada
authors.forename: Kengo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hayashi
authors.forename: Yuko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shibata
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.forename: Makiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yamashita
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tokoro
authors.forename: Manabu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mochizuki
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009216:Myopia / Q000150:complications*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013285:Strabismus / Q000209:etiology*; D055815:Young Adult