title: Small dense LDL cholesterol and coronary heart disease: results from the Framingham Offspring Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We sought to establish reference values for a new direct assay for small dense LDL cholesterol (sdLDL-C) and to measure sdLDL-C concentrations in patients with established coronary heart disease (CHD) vs controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Direct LDL-C and sdLDL-C were measured in samples from 3188 male and female participants of the Framingham Offspring Study, including 173 men and 74 women with CHD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Postmenopausal status and male sex were associated with higher sdLDL-C concentrations (P < 0.0001). Cholesterol-lowering medication use was more frequent (P < 0.0001) in CHD patients than in controls (46.8% vs 11.4% in men; 35.1% vs 8.8% in women). In men, mean LDL-C was lower in CHD than in controls (3.22 vs 3.51 mmol/L, P < 0.0001), whereas mean sdLDL-C concentrations were similar (0.83 vs 0.84 mmol/L, P = 0.609). In women, mean LDL-C was similar in CHD and controls (3.53 vs 3.46 mmol/L, P = 0.543), but mean sdLDL-C was higher (0.83 vs 0.68 mmol/L, P = 0.0015). The mean percentage of LDL-C as sdLDL-C was higher in both men and women with CHD than controls (P < 0.01). Increased LDL-C and sdLDL-C were found in 10.4% and 22.0% of men and in 24.3% and 27.8% of women with CHD, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite 4-fold greater cholesterol-lowering therapy use, CHD patients had mean LDL-C concentrations above the LDL-C goal of <2.6 mmol/L (<100 mg/dL). Although women with CHD had higher sdLDL-C concentrations than controls, this difference was not seen in men. These findings may explain some of the high residual risk of future CHD events in CHD patients.
authors.affiliation: Lipid Metabolism Laboratory, Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
authors.forename: Masumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ai
authors.forename: Seiko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Otokozawa
authors.forename: Bela F
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: Asztalos
authors.forename: Yasuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.forename: Katsuyuki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakajima
authors.forename: Charles C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: L Adrienne
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Cupples
authors.forename: Peter W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Ernst J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Schaefer
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL