title: Changing sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of tuberculosis among HIV-infected patients, New York City, 1992-2005.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has decreased human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related morbidity, tuberculosis remains an important disease among HIV-infected individuals.
  
  
  METHODS
  By use of surveillance data, sociodemographic and clinical changes among HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected tuberculosis patients in New York City were evaluated using the Cochran-Armitage trend test and multivariate logistic regression across 3 periods: 1992-1995 (pre-HAART), 1996-2000 (early HAART), and 2001-2005 (late HAART).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among tuberculosis patients with known HIV status, 4345 (60%) of 7224 were HIV-infected in pre-HAART, 1943 (33%) of 5933 in early HAART, and 851 (22%) of 3815 in late HAART (P < .001 for trend). During the study period, the age of HIV-infected tuberculosis patients increased, and greater proportions were female, non-Hispanic black, Asian, and foreign born; the proportion that was non-Hispanic white decreased. The proportion that was culture-negative for Mycobacterium tuberculosis increased (from 7% pre-HAART to 21% late HAART; P < .001 for trend; early HAART vs pre-HAART adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.68; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.38-2.04), and the proportion with extrapulmonary disease also increased (from 32% to 46%; P < .001 for trend). The proportion with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis decreased (from 16% to 4%; P < .001 for trend), especially from pre-HAART to early HAART (aOR, 0.31; 95% CI, 0.25-0.40). The proportion who died before tuberculosis treatment decreased (from 12% to 7%), and the proportion who died during tuberculosis treatment also decreased (from 29% to 11%) (both, P < .001 for trend). Over time, HIV-infected tuberculosis patients had AIDS longer before the diagnosis of tuberculosis (P < .001 for trend). Similar trends for culture, site of disease, and drug resistance were seen for HIV-uninfected tuberculosis patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The sociodemographic and clinical characteristics changed substantially among HIV-infected tuberculosis patients in New York City. Awareness of these changes may speed diagnosis of tuberculosis. Future studies should evaluate HAART's effect on tuberculosis presentation among HIV-infected patients.
authors.affiliation: New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, New York, USA. tharris@health.nyc.gov
authors.forename: Tiffany G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: Jiehui
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: David B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Hanna
authors.forename: Sonal S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Munsiff
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003710:Demography; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D009519:New York City / Q000453:epidemiology; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology*; D055815:Young Adult