title: Partial pulmonary embolization disrupts alveolarization in fetal sheep.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although bronchopulmonary dysplasia is closely associated with an arrest of alveolar development and pulmonary capillary dysplasia, it is unknown whether these two features are causally related. To investigate the relationship between pulmonary capillaries and alveolar formation, we partially embolized the pulmonary capillary bed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Partial pulmonary embolization (PPE) was induced in chronically catheterized fetal sheep by injection of microspheres into the left pulmonary artery for 1 day (1d PPE; 115d gestational age; GA) or 5 days (5d PPE; 110-115d GA). Control fetuses received vehicle injections. Lung morphology, secondary septal crests, elastin, collagen, myofibroblast, PECAM1 and HIF1 alpha abundance and localization were determined histologically. VEGF-A, Flk-1, PDGF-A and PDGF-R alpha mRNA levels were measured using real-time PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At 130d GA (term approximately 147d), in embolized regions of the lung the percentage of lung occupied by tissue was increased from 29 +/- 1% in controls to 35 +/- 1% in 1d PPE and 44 +/- 1% in 5d PPE fetuses (p < 0.001). Secondary septal crest density was reduced from 8 +/- 0% in controls to 5 +/- 0% in 1d PPE and 4 +/- 0% in 5d PPE fetuses (p < 0.05), indicating impaired alveolar formation. The deposition of differentiated myofibroblasts (23 +/- 1% vs 28 +/- 1%; p < 0.001) and elastin fibres (3 +/- 0% vs 4 +/- 0%; p < 0.05) were also impaired in embolized lung regions of PPE fetuses compared to controls. PPE did not alter the deposition of collagen or PECAM1. At 116d GA in 5d PPE fetuses, markers of hypoxia indicated that a small and transient hypoxic event had occurred (hypoxia in 6.7 +/- 1.4% of the tissue within embolized regions of 5d PPE fetuses at 116d compared to 0.8 +/- 0.2% of tissue in control regions). There was no change in the proportion of tissue labelled with HIF1 alpha. There was no change in mRNA levels of the angiogenic factors VEGF and Flk-1, although a small increase in PDGF-R alpha expression at 116d GA, from 1.00 +/- 0.12 in control fetuses to 1.61 +/- 0.18 in 5d PPE fetuses may account for impaired differentiation of alveolar myofibroblasts and alveolar development.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PPE impairs alveolarization without adverse systemic effects and is a novel model for investigating the role of pulmonary capillaries and alveolar myofibroblasts in alveolar formation.
authors.affiliation: The Ritchie Centre, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, PO Box 5418, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.
authors.forename: Caitlin E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Filby
authors.forename: Stuart B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Hooper
authors.forename: Megan J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Wallace
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000378:metabolism; D042501:Angiogenic Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D000818:Animals; D002196:Capillaries / Q000196:embryology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D015687:Cell Hypoxia; D003094:Collagen / Q000378:metabolism; D004549:Elastin / Q000378:metabolism; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic; D005260:Female; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000378:metabolism; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D005865:Gestational Age; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit / Q000378:metabolism; D023421:Models, Animal; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic / Q000235:genetics; D019408:Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D011247:Pregnancy; D011650:Pulmonary Alveoli / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000196:embryology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D012756:Sheep
chemical_list: D000199:Actins; D042501:Angiogenic Proteins; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D019408:Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D003094:Collagen; D004549:Elastin