title: [Clinical characteristics and treatment assessments of severe enterovirus 71 infected children].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To facilitate early recognition of ominous clinical manifestations, to understand pathophysiology and assess treatment effects in patients with severe enterovirus 71 (EV71) associated hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD).
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective analysis was performed based on the clinical records, laboratory data and treatment effects which were collected from twelve severe EV71 infected cases from nine hospitals in 2008, in Hubei province, China.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 12 severe cases, ten (83.3%) were male and two female. The median age was 1.96 yrs (8 m to 7 yrs). The mean hyperthermic duration was 6 days with the peak temperature over 38.5 degrees C, and mean rash duration was 7 days. Fever and rash emerged simultaneously in 4 of 5 cases with cardiopulmonary failure. The severe complications included encephalitis (10 cases), pulmonary edema or hemorrhage (5 cases). Eleven cases were checked with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and four cases showed characteristics of encephalitis or meningitis, two with images of naso sinusitis and ethmoid-mastoid inflammation. Chest X-ray examination showed with pulmonary edema on single or both sides (5 cases), bronchitis (4 cases), and normal image (3 cases). There was no specific finding in the cardiac ultrasound and electrocardiogram in any of the patients, as well as the white blood cell count, blood glucose, prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time and D-dimer. Cerebrospinal fluid showed aseptic meningitis with the increase of cell count in 7 cases. All patients were treated with antibiotics and/or antivirals, such as cephalosporins, ribavirin etc. Eleven patients were treated with intravenous immunoglobulin (total dose 2 - 4.5 g/kg) for 2 - 5 days, and the highest blood concentration of immunoglobulin was detected increasing at 7 g/L. Seven cases were also treated with methylprednisolone 10 - 30 mg/(kg x d), four with dopamine, dobutamine, or digitalis. In addition, by using continuous positive airway pressure by nasal catheter and maintenance of circulation in the cases with cardiopulmonary failure could not relieve the symptoms of dyspnoea, and mechanical ventilation was required to maintain for a mean of 72 hrs (24 - 96 hrs). Except one case died of pulmonary edema in the early stage, others were cured without sequelae.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Severe EV71 infection is more common in children younger than 3 years old, in which the profound complications include encephalitis and pulmonary edema. The mechanical ventilation should be critically urged for child with complicating cardiopulmonary failure as soon.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Zhong Nan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China.
authors.forename: Jing-tao
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.forename: Xu-hua
authors.initials: XH
authors.lastname: Guan
authors.forename: Dian-ding
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Zou
authors.forename: Dong-chi
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Zhao
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D029821:Enterovirus A, Human / Q000145:classification; D004769:Enterovirus Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy* / Q000821:virology; D005260:Female; D006232:Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy* / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome