title: Male gender and poor visual outcome in uveitis associated with juvenile idiopathic arthritis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze visual outcome in uveitis associated with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) according to age of onset of uveitis, gender, and initial manifestation of JIA.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective nonrandomized interventional case series.
  
  
  METHODS
  Visual outcome of 117 affected eyes (65 patients) with JIA-associated uveitis was noted at onset of uveitis and after 1, 3, and 5 years. Visual outcome was analyzed according to gender, age of onset of JIA-associated uveitis (<7 years and >7 years), and initial manifestation of JIA (as uveitis or as arthritis). Linear and logistic regression with generalized estimating equation (GEE) was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median age of onset of uveitis was 4.2 years (range 1.5-16). Female-to-male ratio was 3:1. In 15 children (23%) uveitis was diagnosed before arthritis. Visual acuity of boys was significantly worse at 1 and 3 years of follow-up (both P <or= .03) but not at 5 years of follow-up (P = .45). Until 3 years after the diagnosis of uveitis, children with atypical initial manifestation of JIA (uveitis before arthritis) had significantly worse visual acuity compared with children in whom uveitis debuted after arthritis (all P <or= .05). No difference in vision between younger-onset (<7 years) and older-onset (>7 years) groups was noted. Blindness was independently associated with male gender (odds ratio [OR] = 6.61; 95% CI: 1.02-42.98; P = .048).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Male gender was an independent risk factor for poor visual prognosis in JIA-associated uveitis. Children in whom uveitis is being diagnosed before arthritis have significantly worse vision until 3 years after uveitis onset.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands. v.kalininaayuso@umcutrecht.nl
authors.forename: Viera
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kalinina Ayuso
authors.forename: Hermine Adriana Theodore
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Ten Cate
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: van der Does
authors.forename: Aniki
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rothova
authors.forename: Joke Helena
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: de Boer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017668:Age of Onset; D000550:Amblyopia / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D001171:Arthritis, Juvenile / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001766:Blindness / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D014606:Uveitis, Anterior / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015354:Vision, Low / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology*