title: When enough is enough; terminating life-sustaining treatment at the patient's request: a survey of attitudes among Swedish physicians and the general public.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore attitudes and reasoning among Swedish physicians and the general public regarding the withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment at a competent patient's request.
  
  
  METHODS
  A vignette-based postal questionnaire including 1202 randomly selected individuals in the county of Stockholm and 1200 randomly selected Swedish physicians with various specialities. The vignettes described patients requesting withdrawal of their life-sustaining treatment: (1) a 77-year-old woman on dialysis; (2) a 36-year-old man on dialysis; (3) a 34-year-old ventilator-dependent tetraplegic man. Responders were asked to classify the act of terminating treatment and to prioritise arguments for/against.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A majority in both groups prioritised arguments in favour of terminating treatment and classified the act as defensible in all vignettes. However, among the general public, 16% classified the act as euthanasia in all vignettes; among physicians this view was most expressed regarding ventilator treatment (26%). Some who classified the act as euthanasia prioritised arguments in favour of terminating treatment: among physicians 18% in vignette 1, 19% in vignette 2 and 34% in vignette 3; among the general public 35% in vignette 1, 20% in vignette 2 and 48% in vignette 3.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a widespread consensus regarding competent patients' right to abstain from life-sustaining treatment. An association between the hastening of death, caused by the withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment and the concept of euthanasia is proposed. The results also suggest that classifying the withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment as 'euthanasia' does not necessarily mean that the act is interpreted as ethically unacceptable.
authors.affiliation: LIME, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden. anna.lindblad@ki.se
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lindblad
authors.forename: Niklas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Juth
authors.forename: Carl Johan
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Fürst
authors.forename: Niels
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lynöe
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D001293:Attitude to Death; D003657:Decision Making / Q000941:ethics; D005066:Euthanasia, Passive / Q000941:ethics*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011639:Public Opinion; D012737:Sex Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013548:Sweden; D016312:Treatment Refusal / Q000941:ethics; D055815:Young Adult