title: Value for money and the Quality and Outcomes Framework in primary care in the UK NHS.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Quality and Outcomes Framework (QOF) is a pioneering attempt to improve the quality of primary care in the UK through the use of financial rewards. Despite its achievements, there are concerns that the QOF may offer poor value for money.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the cost-effectiveness of QOF payments.
  
  
  METHODS
  Economic analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  England, UK.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cost-effectiveness evidence was identified for a subset of nine QOF indicators with a direct therapeutic impact. These data were then applied to an analytic framework to determine the conditions under which QOF payments would be cost-effective. This framework was constructed to assess the cost-effectiveness of QOF payments by modelling the incentive structure using cost-effectiveness thresholds of 20 000 and 30 000 UK pounds per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) gained, to represent good value to the NHS. It used 2004/2005 data on the QOF performance of all English primary care practices.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Average indicator payments ranged from 0.63 to 40.61 UK pounds per patient, and the percentage of eligible patients treated ranged from 63% to 90%. The proportional changes required for QOF payments to be cost-effective varied widely between the indicators. Although most indicators required only a fraction of a 1% change to be cost-effective, for some indicators improvements in performance of around 20% were needed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For most indicators that can be assessed, QOF incentive payments are likely to be a cost-effective use of resources for a high proportion of primary care practices, even if the QOF achieves only modest improvements in care. However, only a small subset of the indicators has been considered, and no account has been taken of the costs of administering the QOF scheme.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Health Economics, University of York, Heslington, York, UK. smw501@york.ac.uk
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: Anne R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Mason
authors.forename: Karl
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Claxton
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cookson
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fenwick
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fleetcroft
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sculpher
mesh_terms: D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D004739:England; D005194:Family Practice / Q000191:economics* / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010816:Physician Incentive Plans / Q000191:economics*; D019984:Quality Indicators, Health Care; D011787:Quality of Health Care / Q000191:economics; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D013222:State Medicine / Q000191:economics* / Q000592:standards