title: Epidemiological and genetic characteristics of norovirus outbreaks in long-term care facilities, 2003-2006.
abstract: To identify the epidemiological and genetic characteristics of norovirus (NoV) outbreaks and estimate the impact of NoV infections in an older population, we analysed epidemiological and laboratory data collected using standardized methods from long-term care facilities (LTCFs) during 2003-2006. Faecal specimens were tested for NoV by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. NoV strains were genotyped by sequencing. Of the 234 acute gastroenteritis (AGE) outbreaks reported, 163 (70%) were caused by NoV. The annual attack rate of outbreak-associated NoV infection in LTCF residents was 4%, with a case-hospitalization rate of 3·1% and a case-fatality rate of 0·5%. GII.4 strains accounted for 84% of NoV outbreaks. Median duration of illness was longer for GII.4 infections than non-GII.4 infections (33 vs. 24 h, P<0·001). Emerging GII.4 strains (Hunter/2004, Minerva/2006b, Terneuzen/2006a) gradually replaced the previously dominant strain (Farmington Hills/2002) during 2004-2006. NoV GII.4 strains are now associated with the majority of AGE outbreaks in LTCFs and prolonged illness in Oregon.
authors.affiliation: Epidemic Intelligence Service assigned to the Oregon Public Health Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: N A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Rosenthal
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: B A J
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Vermeulen
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hedberg
authors.forename: W E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Keene
authors.forename: M-A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Widdowson
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Cieslak
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vinjé
mesh_terms: D017250:Caliciviridae Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008134:Long-Term Care; D029322:Norovirus / Q000235:genetics*; D012112:Residential Facilities / Q000458:organization & administration*; D012621:Seasons