title: Association of smoking and flat adenomas: results from an asymptomatic population screened with a high-definition colonoscope.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Flat adenomas represent a morphologically distinct class of polyps that may be difficult to detect, and little is known regarding risk factors for these lesions. Identification of risk factors for these lesions may aid in colorectal cancer (CRC) screening, because patients at risk for these lesions may require special imaging techniques. Smoking, an important risk factor for CRC, may be associated with molecular changes that increase the risk for flat adenomas.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to examine the association between smoking and flat adenomas.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  University hospital endoscopy center.
  
  
  METHODS
  We enrolled asymptomatic patients presenting for CRC screening.
  
  
  METHODS
  We screened patients with a high-definition (1080i signal) wide-angle (170 degrees field of view) Olympus 180-series colonoscope. We collected demographics, medication use, family history of CRC, diet history, and smoking history.
  
  
  METHODS
  Polyp morphology, assessed by using the Japanese Research Society Classification (JRSC).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 600 patients were enrolled. We observed that smoking was associated with having a flat adenoma of any size (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 2.53; 95% CI, 1.60-4.00), having only flat adenomas that were > or = 6 mm in diameter (adjusted OR, 3.84; 95% CI, 2.02-7.32), as well as flat advanced adenomas (adjusted OR, 2.81; 95% CI, 1.08-7.30).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study design may not account for some confounding variables and provides no information regarding smoking status at the time of initiation of flat adenomas.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Smoking was associated with flat adenomas in our population. Our findings may explain the earlier onset of CRC in smokers as well as the advanced stage with which they present, with compared with nonsmokers. Smokers may require screening with high-definition colonoscopes to detect flat adenomas.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Connecticut, Farmington, Connecticut 06030-1845, USA. joanderson@uchc.edu
authors.forename: Joseph C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.forename: Charles J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Kahi
authors.forename: Ramona
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rajapakse
authors.forename: Grace
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: Zvi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Alpern
mesh_terms: D000236:Adenoma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D003113:Colonoscopy; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011159:Population Surveillance; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000453:epidemiology; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology