title: Hippocampal and striatal gray matter volume are associated with a smoking cessation treatment outcome: results of an exploratory voxel-based morphometric analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Compared to nonsmokers, smokers exhibit a number of potentially important differences in regional brain structure including reduced gray matter (GM) volume and/or density in areas including frontal and cingulate cortices, thalamus, and insula. However, associations between brain structure and smoking cessation treatment outcomes have not been reported.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In the present analysis we sought to identify associations between regional GM volume--as measured by voxel-based morphometry (VBM)--and a smoking cessation treatment outcome (point prevalence abstinence at 4 weeks).
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult smokers underwent high-resolution anatomical MRI scanning prior to an open label smoking cessation treatment trial. VBM was conducted in SPM5 using the DARTEL algorithm and relapser vs. quitter groups were compared using independent sample t tests (p < 0.001, uncorrected). Analyses controlled for potentially confounding factors including years smoked, cigarettes per day, total intracranial volume (TIV), and sex.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 18 smokers, 8 achieved a 4-week point prevalence abstinence, confirmed by CO level (<or=8 ppm). After controlling for all covariates, compared to relapsers, quitters had significantly higher GM volume in the left putamen and right occipital lobe, while also significantly lower GM volume in bilateral hippocampus and right cuneus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These preliminary results suggest that maintaining smoking abstinence is associated with higher pre-quit brain volume in regions that subserve habit learning and visual processing, and lower brain volume in regions that subserve long-term memory processes and visual information processing. Future, large-scale studies can determine whether brain structure variables can serve as clinically useful predictors of smoking cessation treatment outcome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Box 2701, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
authors.forename: Brett
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Froeliger
authors.forename: Rachel V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Kozink
authors.forename: Jed E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Rose
authors.forename: Frederique M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Behm
authors.forename: Alfred N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Salley
authors.forename: F Joseph
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: McClernon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D003342:Corpus Striatum / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D036421:Nerve Fibers, Unmyelinated / Q000473:pathology*; D012008:Recurrence; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods*; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000473:pathology*; D016896:Treatment Outcome