title: What counts as a choice? U.S. Americans are more likely than Indians to construe actions as choices.
abstract: People everywhere select among multiple alternatives, but are they always making choices? In five studies, we found that people in U.S. American contexts, where the disjoint model of agency is prevalent, are more likely than those in Indian contexts to construe their own and other individuals' behaviors as choices, to construe ongoing behaviors and behaviors recalled from memory as choices, to construe naturally occurring and experimentally controlled behaviors as choices, to construe mundane and important actions as choices, and to construe personal and interpersonal actions as choices. Indians showed a greater tendency to construe actions as choices when these actions involved responding to other people than when they did not. These findings show that whether people construe actions as choices is significantly shaped by sociocultural systems of meanings and practices. Together, they suggest that the positive consequences associated with maximizing the availability of personal choice may not be universal and instead may be limited to North American contexts.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Stanford University, 450 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. ksavani@stanford.edu
authors.forename: Krishna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Savani
authors.forename: Hazel Rose
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Markus
authors.forename: N V R
authors.initials: NV
authors.lastname: Naidu
authors.forename: Satishchandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Neha
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Berlia
mesh_terms: D002755:Choice Behavior; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D003657:Decision Making; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D008297:Male; D011939:Mental Recall; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology; D014481:United States