title: Sleep problems in children with prenatal substance exposure: the Maternal Lifestyle study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the associations between sleep problems and prenatal exposure to cocaine, opiates, marijuana, alcohol, and nicotine in children aged 1 month to 12 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sleep data were collected by maternal report in a prospective longitudinal follow-up of children participating in the Maternal Lifestyle multisite study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hospital-based research centers in Providence, Rhode Island; Miami, Florida; Detroit, Michigan; and Memphis, Tennessee.
  
  
  METHODS
  There were 808 participants, 374 exposed to cocaine and/or opiates, and 434 comparison subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prenatal cocaine, opiate, marijuana, alcohol, and/or nicotine exposure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sleep problems in early, middle, and/or late childhood, assessed as composites of maternal report items.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 5 substances, prenatal nicotine exposure was the only unique predictor of sleep problems (B = 0.074, R(2) change = 0.008, P = .01), with adjustment for covariates, including socioeconomic status, marital status, physical abuse, prenatal medical care, and postnatal cigarette smoke exposure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prenatal exposure to nicotine was positively associated with children's sleep problems persisting throughout the first 12 years of life. Targeting of this group of children for educational and behavioral efforts to prevent and treat sleep problems is merited given that good sleep may serve as a protective factor for other developmental outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Brown Center for the Study of Children at Risk, Women and Infants Hospital, 101 Dudley Street, Providence, RI 02905, USA. kristen_stone@brown.edu
authors.forename: Kristen C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Stone
authors.forename: Linda L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: LaGasse
authors.forename: Barry M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Lester
authors.forename: Seetha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shankaran
authors.forename: Henrietta S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Bada
authors.forename: Charles R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.forename: Jane A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Hammond
mesh_terms: D002186:Cannabinoids / Q000494:pharmacology; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003042:Cocaine / Q000494:pharmacology; D000431:Ethanol / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009294:Narcotics / Q000494:pharmacology; D009538:Nicotine / Q000494:pharmacology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012890:Sleep / Q000187:drug effects*; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D002186:Cannabinoids; D009294:Narcotics; D000431:Ethanol; D009538:Nicotine; D003042:Cocaine