title: Influence of the gastrocnemius muscle on the sit-and-reach test assessed by angular kinematic analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The sit-and-reach test (SRT) used to measure low back and hamstring flexibility is more adequate when combined with hip joint angle (HJA) measurement. It is supposed that shortening of the gastrocnemius muscle could affect the SRT results.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purposes of the study were to investigate the relationship between the HJA and SRT and to verify the influence of the gastrocnemius.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a cross-sectional study on healthy subjects. Two hundred subjects took part in the study: 100 males and 100 females aged 21.2 years (SD=1.7). The materials used were a sit-and-reach box with an adapted door to evaluate the influence of the gastrocnemius and a digital camera. Skin markers were positioned on the anterior superior iliac spine and greater trochanter. Two pictures were taken in the final position of the test, one with the door closed (with ankle dorsiflexed - DF) and the other with the door opened (with ankle plantarflexed - PF).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Moderate correlation was found between the HJA and SRT for DF and PF (r=0.48 e 0.44). The HJA with DF and PF were 95.5 masculine+/-18.6 masculine and 99.7 masculine+/-18 masculine (P<0.001), respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Angular kinematic analysis is a reliable technique to measure the HJA. The results demonstrated the influence of the gastrocnemius; thus we suggest that the SRT be performed with free ankle joint mobility.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Fisioterapia, Barreiras, BA, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcio M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Kawano
authors.forename: Gabriel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ambar
authors.forename: Beatriz I R
authors.initials: BI
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.forename: Marcela C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Boer
authors.forename: Ana P R G
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Cardoso
authors.forename: Jefferson R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Cardoso
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006621:Hip Joint / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D010808:Physical Examination / Q000379:methods*; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D055815:Young Adult