title: Immunosuppressive medications during pregnancy and lactation in women with autoimmune diseases.
abstract: Most autoimmune diseases predominantly affect females. Many of these diseases occur in women who have the potential to become pregnant or wish to plan a pregnancy. The potential for fetotoxic effects of immunosuppressive medications that are commonly used to treat systemic autoimmune diseases must be weighed against the need for control of disease activity during pregnancy and the postpartum period, since active disease can be an independent risk factor for adverse pregnancy outcomes. Although far from conclusive, most data concerning the safety of medications for use during pregnancy come from case series and observational studies. It is often necessary to continue treating patients throughout pregnancy and lactation in order to control the activity of the underlying disease. The aim of this paper is to review the evidence regarding the safety of the most commonly used medications in rheumatic disease during pregnancy or lactation and to enable practitioners and patients to make informed decisions regarding treatment during this period in a woman's life.
authors.affiliation: Division of Immunology & Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA. amy_b_elliott@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Amy B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Elliott
authors.forename: Eliza F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Chakravarty
mesh_terms: D018501:Antirheumatic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy; D001942:Breast Feeding; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007774:Lactation / Q000187:drug effects*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D012216:Rheumatic Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D018501:Antirheumatic Agents; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents