title: Hedgehog/Gli supports androgen signaling in androgen deprived and androgen independent prostate cancer cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) develops as a consequence of hormone therapies used to deplete androgens in advanced prostate cancer patients. CRPC cells are able to grow in a low androgen environment and this is associated with anomalous activity of their endogenous androgen receptor (AR) despite the low systemic androgen levels in the patients. Therefore, the reactivated tumor cell androgen signaling pathway is thought to provide a target for control of CRPC. Previously, we reported that Hedgehog (Hh) signaling was conditionally activated by androgen deprivation in androgen sensitive prostate cancer cells and here we studied the potential for cross-talk between Hh and androgen signaling activities in androgen deprived and androgen independent (AI) prostate cancer cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Treatment of a variety of androgen-deprived or AI prostate cancer cells with the Hh inhibitor, cyclopamine, resulted in dose-dependent modulation of the expression of genes that are regulated by androgen. The effect of cyclopamine on endogenous androgen-regulated gene expression in androgen deprived and AI prostate cancer cells was consistent with the suppressive effects of cyclopamine on the expression of a reporter gene (luciferase) from two different androgen-dependent promoters. Similarly, reduction of smoothened (Smo) expression with siRNA co-suppressed expression of androgen-inducible KLK2 and KLK3 in androgen deprived cells without affecting the expression of androgen receptor (AR) mRNA or protein. Cyclopamine also prevented the outgrowth of AI cells from androgen growth-dependent parental LNCaP cells and suppressed the growth of an overt AI-LNCaP variant whereas supplemental androgen (R1881) restored growth to the AI cells in the presence of cyclopamine. Conversely, overexpression of Gli1 or Gli2 in LNCaP cells enhanced AR-specific gene expression in the absence of androgen. Overexpressed Gli1/Gli2 also enabled parental LNCaP cells to grow in androgen depleted medium. AR protein co-immunoprecipitates with Gli2 protein from transfected 293T cell lysates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Collectively, our results indicate that Hh/Gli signaling supports androgen signaling and AI growth in prostate cancer cells in a low androgen environment. The finding that Gli2 co-immunoprecipitates with AR protein suggests that an interaction between these proteins might be the basis for Hedgehog/Gli support of androgen signaling under this condition.
authors.affiliation: The Ordway Research Institute, Albany, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Mengqian
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Feuerstein
authors.forename: Elina
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Levina
authors.forename: Prateek S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Baghel
authors.forename: Richard D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Carkner
authors.forename: Matthew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Tanner
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shtutman
authors.forename: Francis
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Vacherot
authors.forename: Stéphane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Terry
authors.forename: Alexandre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: de la Taille
authors.forename: Ralph
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Buttyan
mesh_terms: D000728:Androgens / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015153:Blotting, Western; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D053823:Hedgehog Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D047468:Immunoprecipitation; D008297:Male; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D011944:Receptors, Androgen / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014162:Transfection; D014704:Veratrum Alkaloids / Q000494:pharmacology; D000071676:Zinc Finger Protein GLI1
chemical_list: D000728:Androgens; C400551:GLI1 protein, human; D053823:Hedgehog Proteins; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D011944:Receptors, Androgen; D014157:Transcription Factors; D014704:Veratrum Alkaloids; D000071676:Zinc Finger Protein GLI1; C000541:cyclopamine