title: DNA Motif Detection Using Particle Swarm Optimization and Expectation-Maximization.
abstract: Motif discovery, the process of discovering a meaningful pattern of nucleotides or amino acids that is shared by two or more molecules, is an important part of the study of gene function. In this paper, we propose a hybrid motif discovery approach based upon a combination of Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and the Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm. In the proposed algorithm, we use PSO to generate a seed for the EM algorithm.
authors.affiliation: Department of Computer Science and Computer Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292,  cthard01@louisville.edu.
authors.forename: C T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Hardin
authors.forename: Eric C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Rouchka