title: Do neuropsychological tests have the same meaning in Spanish speakers as they do in English speakers?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to examine whether neuropsychological tests translated into Spanish measure the same cognitive constructs as the original English versions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Older adult participants (N = 2,664), who did not exhibit dementia from the Washington Heights Inwood Columbia Aging Project (WHICAP), a community-based cohort from northern Manhattan, were evaluated with a comprehensive neuropsychological battery. The study cohort includes both English (n = 1,800) and Spanish speakers (n = 864) evaluated in their language of preference. Invariance analyses were conducted across language groups on a structural equation model comprising four neuropsychological factors (memory, language, visual-spatial ability, and processing speed).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results of the analyses indicated that the four-factor model exhibited partial measurement invariance, demonstrated by invariant factor structure and factor loadings but nonequivalent observed score intercepts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The finding of invariant factor structure and factor loadings provides empirical evidence to support the implicit assumption that scores on neuropsychological tests are measuring equivalent psychological traits across these two language groups. At the structural level, the model exhibited invariant factor variances and covariances.
authors.affiliation: Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center.
authors.forename: Karen L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Siedlecki
authors.affiliation: Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center.
authors.forename: Jennifer J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Manly
authors.affiliation: Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center.
authors.forename: Adam M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Brickman
authors.affiliation: Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center.
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Schupf
authors.affiliation: Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University Medical Center.
authors.forename: Ming-Xin
authors.initials: MX
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center.
authors.forename: Yaakov
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-7542-3241
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Stern
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D044383:Black People; D004739:England; D056344:Executive Function / Q000502:physiology; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D007206:Individuality; D007802:Language; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000502:physiology; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000592:standards*; D011578:Psycholinguistics; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013028:Space Perception / Q000502:physiology; D013030:Spain; D014796:Visual Perception / Q000502:physiology; D044465:White People