title: PD-1, gender, and autoimmunity.
abstract: Programmed death 1 (PD-1) and its ligands (PD-L1 and PD-L2) are responsible for inhibitory T cell signaling that helps mediate the mechanisms of tolerance and immune homeostasis. The PD-1:PD-L signaling pathway has been shown to play an important role in a variety of diseases, including autoimmune conditions, chronic infection, and cancer. Recently, investigators have explored the role of sex hormones in modulating the pathway in autoimmune conditions. Exploring the effects of sex hormones on the PD-1:PD-L pathway could shed light on the gender biased nature of many autoimmune conditions as well as aide in the development of therapeutics targeting the immune system.
authors.affiliation: Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine at the David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1670, USA.
authors.forename: Ravi K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Dinesh
authors.forename: Bevra H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Hahn
authors.forename: Ram Pyare
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Singh
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000276:immunology*; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins / Q000276:immunology*; D015551:Autoimmunity / Q000276:immunology*; D060890:B7-H1 Antigen; D005260:Female; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007108:Immune Tolerance / Q000276:immunology; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D061027:Programmed Cell Death 1 Ligand 2 Protein; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000276:immunology; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; D060890:B7-H1 Antigen; C423236:CD274 protein, human; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; C105992:PDCD1 protein, human; C556977:PDCD1LG2 protein, human; D061027:Programmed Cell Death 1 Ligand 2 Protein; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor