title: Free gingival grafts: graft shrinkage and donor-site healing in smokers and non-smokers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This prospective clinical study aims to evaluate the influence of cigarette smoking on free gingival graft (FGG) healing, by assessing FGG dimensional changes and donor-site wound healing.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve non-smokers and 10 smokers treatment planned for FGG to augment keratinized tissue dimensions in the mandibular incisor area completed the study. All subjects received standardized FGG of same dimensions. Probing depth, gingival margin position, clinical attachment level, keratinized tissue (KT) width, gingival thickness, and FGG dimensions (width, length, and area) were assessed and recorded before surgery, and 7, 15, 30, 60, and 90 days postoperatively. The palatal donor area was evaluated for immediate bleeding and complete wound epithelialization. Differences between the two groups (smokers and non-smokers) were statistically analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  FGG dimensions changed significantly postoperatively. At 90 days postoperatively, FGG width, length, and area were respectively reduced by 31%, 22%, and 44% in non-smokers and by 44%, 25%, and 58% in smokers (no significant differences between groups; P >0.05). Significant KT increases were observed in both non-smokers and smokers (5.4 and 4.8 mm, respectively). Donor-site immediate bleeding was significantly more prevalent in non-smokers (75%) compared to smokers (30%) (P = 0.04). At 15 days postoperatively, donor-site complete epithelialization was much more prevalent in non-smokers (92%) than in smokers (20%) (P <0.002).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Smoking alters FGG donor-site wound healing by reducing immediate bleeding incidence and by delaying epithelialization, although it does not have discernible effects on postoperative FGG dimensional changes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, School of Dentistry at Piracicaba, University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Cléverson O
authors.initials: CO
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: Erica Del Peloso
authors.initials: Edel P
authors.lastname: Ribeiro
authors.forename: Antônio Wilson
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Sallum
authors.forename: Dimitris N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Tatakis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003774:Dental Plaque Index; D004848:Epithelium / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005881:Gingiva / Q000473:pathology / Q000637:transplantation*; D005884:Gingival Hemorrhage / Q000601:surgery; D005889:Gingival Recession / Q000601:surgery; D006085:Graft Survival / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007633:Keratins; D008297:Male; D010159:Palate / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D017622:Periodontal Attachment Loss / Q000601:surgery; D010512:Periodontal Index; D010514:Periodontal Pocket / Q000601:surgery; D019106:Postoperative Hemorrhage / Q000145:classification; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012907:Smoking / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013524:Surgical Flaps / Q000473:pathology* / Q000502:physiology; D020858:Tissue and Organ Harvesting; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D007633:Keratins