title: The influence of engineered Fe(2)O(3) nanoparticles and soluble (FeCl(3)) iron on the developmental toxicity caused by CO(2)-induced seawater acidification.
abstract: An embryo development assay using a common test organism, the edible mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis), exposed to both Fe(2)O(3) nanoparticles and soluble FeCl(3) at 3 acidic pHs, has provided evidence for the following: (1) CO(2) enriched seawater adjusted to pH projections for carbon capture leakage scenarios (CCS) significantly impaired embryo development; (2) under natural pH conditions, no significant effect was detected following exposure of embryos to Fe, no matter if in nano- or soluble form; (3) at pH of natural seawater nano-Fe particles aggregate into large, polydisperse and porous particles, with no biological impact detected; (4) at pH 6 and 7, such aggregates may moderate the damage associated with CO(2) enrichment as indicated by an increased prevalence of normal D-shell larvae when nano-Fe was present in the seawater at pH 7, while soluble iron benefited embryo development at pH 6, and (5) the observed effects of iron on pH-induced development toxicity were concentration dependent.
authors.affiliation: Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, The Hoe, Plymouth PL1 3DH, UK. enik@pml.ac.uk
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kadar
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Simmance
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Voulvoulis
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Widdicombe
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mitov
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Lead
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Readman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000737:chemistry*; D047108:Embryonic Development / Q000502:physiology; D005290:Ferric Compounds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D049878:Mytilus / Q000196:embryology* / Q000378:metabolism; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D012623:Seawater / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D005290:Ferric Compounds; D002245:Carbon Dioxide