title: Antiphospholipid syndrome and central nervous system.
abstract: Classification criteria, etiology, pathogenesis, major central nervous system (CNS) manifestations of the antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), as well as diagnostic and therapeutic approach are discussed in the article, supported by several MRI findings to illustrate differential complexity of selected topics. Close interplay of inflammation, autoimmunity, coagulation cascade, vasculature bed, neuron physiology and demyelinization in APS is elaborated. Cerebrovascular disease, multiple sclerosis-like syndrome, seizures, cognitive disfunction, headache and migraine, chorea and catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome (CAPS) are discussed as the most prominent CNS manifestations of the APS.
authors.affiliation: University Hospital Center Zagreb, University of Zagreb, School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Kispaticeva ulica 12, Zagreb, Croatia. miro.mayer@gmail.com
authors.forename: Miroslav
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mayer
authors.forename: Mislav
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cerovec
authors.forename: Marko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rados
authors.forename: Nada
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Cikes
mesh_terms: D016736:Antiphospholipid Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000523:psychology; D015551:Autoimmunity; D002493:Central Nervous System Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000523:psychology; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy