title: Vitamin E succinate (VES) inhibits cell growth and induces apoptosis by mitochondrial-derived ROS in SGC-7901 cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Many reports investigated the effects of vitamin E succinate (VES) on cell growth inhibition and apoptosis in SGC-7901 cells, but the mechanisms are still unclear. This study assessed the effects of VES-induced oxidative stress on apoptosis in SGC-7901 cells and further explored its mechanism.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cell growth and survival were detected by the MTT assay. Apoptosis was examined by DAPI fluorescence and an Annexin V-FITC apoptosis detection kit. The fluorescent probe CMXRos was used to analyze mitochondrial transmembrane potential by confocal microscopy. Accumulation of intracellular ROS was detected with DCFH-DA. DNA damage was evaluated by the comet assay in SGC-7901 cells. The total GSH concentration was detected by a total glutathione quantification kit. The expression level of Bcl-2 in response to VES treatment was determined by Western blot analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results showed that VES induced growth inhibition and apoptosis in SGC-7901 cells as assessed by the MTT assay and apoptosis detection method. VES also induced a concentration-dependent generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and a concentration-dependent depletion of glutathione (GSH) in the cells. Mannitol, an inhibitor of mitochondrial oxidative damage, prevented ROS generation, GSH depletion, and apoptosis in response to VES in SGC-7901 cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  VES abrogated the generation of intracellular ROS and the induction of apoptosis. The results indicate that VES induced apoptosis in SGC-7901 cells and this involved mitochondria, likely through mitochondrial- derived ROS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, Public Health Institute of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jia
authors.forename: Xiao-Li
authors.initials: XL
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Xu-Guang
authors.initials: XG
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Kun
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects*; D002460:Cell Line; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008564:Membrane Potentials; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism*; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D014810:Vitamin E; D005978:Glutathione