title: Tissue-mimicking bladder wall phantoms for evaluating acoustic radiation force-optical coherence elastography systems.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Acoustic radiation force-optical coherence elastography (ARF-OCE) systems are novel imaging systems that have the potential to simultaneously quantify and characterize the optical and mechanical properties of in vivo tissues. This article presents the construction of bladder wall phantoms for use in ARF-OCE systems. Mechanical, acoustic, and optical properties are reported and compared to published values for the urinary bladder.
  
  
  METHODS
  The phantom consisted of 0.2000 +/- 0.0089 and 6.0000 +/- 0.2830 microm polystyrene microspheres (Polysciences Inc., Warrington, PA, Catalog Nos. 07304 and 07312), 7.5 +/- 1.5 microm copolymer microspheres composed of acrylonitrile and vinylidene chloride, (Expancel, Duluth, GA, Catalog No. 461 DU 20), and bovine serum albumin within a gelatin matrix. Young's modulus was measured by successive compression of the phantom and obtaining the slope of the resulting force-displacement data. Acoustic measurements were performed using the transmission method. The phantoms were submerged in a water bath and placed between transmitting and receiving 13 mm diameter unfocused transducers operating at a frequency of 3.5 MHz. A MATLAB algorithm to extract the optical scattering coefficient from optical coherence tomography (OCT) images of the phantom was used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The phantoms possess a Young's modulus of 17.12 +/- 2.72 kPa, a mass density of 1.05 +/- 0.02 g/cm3, an acoustic attenuation coefficient of 0.66 +/- 0.08 dB/cm/MHz, a speed of sound of 1591 +/- 8.76 m/s, and an optical scattering coefficient of 1.80 +/- 0.23 mm(-1). Ultrasound and OCT images of the bladder wall phantom are presented.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A material that mimics the mechanical, optical, and acoustic properties of healthy bladder wall has been developed. This tissue-mimicking bladder wall phantom was developed as a control tool to investigate the feasibility of using ARF-OCE to detect the mechanical and optical changes that may be indicative of the onset or development of cancer in the urinary bladder. By following the methods used in this article, phantoms matching the optical, acoustic, and mechanical properties of other biological tissues can also be constructed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA. tegae@gwu.edu
authors.forename: O'tega A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Ejofodomi
authors.forename: Vesna
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Zderic
authors.forename: Jason M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Zara
mesh_terms: D000162:Acoustics; D004548:Elasticity; D054459:Elasticity Imaging Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D008863:Microspheres; D015233:Models, Statistical; D055095:Optics and Photonics; D009991:Oscillometry; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011137:Polystyrenes / Q000737:chemistry; D011312:Pressure; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012984:Software; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D011137:Polystyrenes