title: Diagnostic assessment of normal and pale optic nerve heads by confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope and stereophotography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the diagnostic assessment of optic nerve heads (ONH) by stereophotography (SP) and Heidelberg retina tomograph (HRT) in patients with retinitis pigmentosa (RP).
  
  
  METHODS
  This study involved 53 consecutive patients with RP and 24 controls who underwent ONH examination by SP and HRT. On the basis of the appearance at SP, RP ONH were divided in normal-colored (24/53) and pale (29/53). The measurements of vertical ONH diameter and vertical cup/disc ratio (VCDR) by SP and HRT were compared between the groups by means of t test and Bland-Altman plots. Diagnosis, ONH pallor and size, HRT image quality (image standard deviation, SD) were also inspected as sources of differences in the results by means of a multivariate analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Vertical diameter measurements were similar using SP and HRT, respectively (1.93±0.50 and 1.80±0.62 for normal-colored ONH, P=0.43; 2.02±0.65 and 1.90±0.40 for pale ONH, P=0.27; and 1.98±0.55 and 1.84±0.52 for controls, P=0.33). In normal-colored ONH, VCDR was 0.30±0.11 at SP and 0.31±0.21 at HRT (P=0.90); in controls, it was 0.29±0.13 at SP and 0.30±0.18 at HRT (P=0.77). In the group with pale ONH, VCDR was 0.34±0.14 at SP and 0.53±0.24 at HRT (P<0.001). HRT image quality was the only parameter which influenced the difference in VCDR estimates between SP and HRT (P=0.02). In patients with pale ONH, this difference was significantly higher, when images of acceptable quality were used for analysis (0.36±0.15 vs. 0.15±0.21 for images with good quality or better, P=0.03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In ONH diseases other than glaucoma, HRT may give misleading information when images of acceptable quality are considered for analysis. We therefore recommend the use of images with good quality or better (SD ≤30 μm) in these cases.
authors.affiliation: G. B. Bietti Foundation for the Study and Research in Ophthalmology, IRCCS, Rome, Italy. fogagnolopaolo@googlemail.com
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fogagnolo
authors.forename: Simona
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Romano
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ranno
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Taibbi
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pierrottet
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ferreras
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Figus
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rossetti
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Orzalesi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003941:Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007429:Intraocular Pressure; D008297:Male; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D019721:Ophthalmoscopes; D009898:Optic Disk / Q000473:pathology*; D009901:Optic Nerve Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D010781:Photography; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012174:Retinitis Pigmentosa / Q000175:diagnosis*; D014054:Tomography; D014065:Tonometry, Ocular