title: Iatrogenic esophageal perforation in patients with head and neck cancer: evaluation of the SEER-Medicare database.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  1) Determine rate of iatrogenic esophageal perforation in head and neck cancer patients. 2) Identify risk factors for perforation. 3) Determine effect of perforation on mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  Secondary data analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results-Medicare-linked database.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma of the upper aerodigestive tract between January 1995 and December 2002 who underwent esophagoscopy were included. Primary outcome was the rate of iatrogenic esophageal perforation. Secondary outcomes included identification of risk factors for perforation and effect of perforation on mortality. Logistic regression analysis and the chi(2) test were used to evaluate risk factors and 30-day mortality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 152 perforations in 126 patients, for a rate of 2.70 percent (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.28-3.20) per patient (n = 4659) and 1.44 percent (1.21-1.67) per esophagoscopy (n = 10,529). Odds of perforation were increased in patients with cancer of the pharynx (odds ratio [OR] 4.49, 1.82-11.08), pyriform sinus (OR 5.00, 2.10-11.93), and larynx (OR 3.39, 1.57-7.34), and those who underwent both surgery and radiation (OR 1.75, 11.12-2.74). Each esophagoscopy increased odds of perforation by 22 percent (17-28). Compared with diagnostic esophagoscopy, perforation was 2.9 times (1.77-4.69) more likely when dilatation was performed. Thirty-day postperforation mortality was 7.1 percent, a three percent absolute increase (-1.5 to 7.5) over the postesophagoscopy rate in patients without perforation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma patients are a high-risk population for iatrogenic pharyngoesophageal perforation. Perforation is related to esophagoscopy frequency and type, tumor location, and use of multimodality therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
authors.forename: Nsangou T
authors.initials: NT
authors.lastname: Ghogomu
authors.forename: Dorina
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kallogjeri
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Nussenbaum
authors.forename: Jay F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Piccirillo
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000150:complications* / Q000401:mortality; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D015897:Comorbidity; D016208:Databases, Factual; D004939:Esophageal Perforation / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality; D004945:Esophagoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000150:complications* / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D007049:Iatrogenic Disease; D007822:Laryngeal Neoplasms / Q000150:complications; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors