title: Dryopteris crassirhizoma has anti-cancer effects through both extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways and G0/G1 phase arrest in human prostate cancer cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The inhibitory effect of Dryopteris crassirhizoma on the proliferation of human metastatic prostate PC3-MM2 cells and the mechanism of action were examined to identify its anti-cancer properties. The effect of the extract on cell cycle progression and its combined cytotoxic effect with tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) on PC3-MM2 cells were also investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  The anti-proliferative effects of Dryopteris crassirhizoma were examined by culturing PC3-MM2 cells in the presence or absence of various concentrations of Dryopteris crassirhizoma extract, and the inhibitory effects on cell proliferation were determined by Cell Counting Kit (CCK)-8 analysis. The quantities of apoptosis-inducing proteins were measured by western blotting analysis. Cell cycle progression was analyzed by PI staining using flow cytometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Dryopteris crassirhizoma (50 and 100 microg/ml) inhibited markedly the proliferation of PC-3 and PC3-MM2 cells without cytotoxicity to normal (spleen) cells from BALB/C mice. Dryopteris crassirhizoma (100 microg/ml) effectively induced apoptosis through the activation of caspase-3, -8, -9, bid, and PARP in PC3-MM2 cells. The cells exposed to Dryopteris crassirhizoma increased significantly the accumulation of the DNA contents in the G0/G1 phase and sub-G1 phase in contrast to the control. The combined cytotoxic effects of Dryopteris crassirhizoma and TRAIL induced the increased activity of 29% in contrast to the sum of the inhibitory effects of each agent alone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dryopteris crassirhizoma has anti-cancer properties by inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis through the extrinsic and intrinsic pathway in PC3-MM2 cells. The extract also showed a combined effect with TRAIL on the inhibition of proliferation in the cells. These findings suggest that possibly its extract could be used for treating androgen-independent prostate cancer with minimal side effects.
authors.affiliation: BK21 Medical Science Education Center, Department of Biochemistry, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan-City, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sung-Ho
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Jae-Ho
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Bae
authors.forename: Doo-Pyo
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: Kang-Duk
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Song-Cheol
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Erk
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Her
authors.forename: Sun-Hee
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Chi-Dug
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Kang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D051023:BH3 Interacting Domain Death Agonist Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D015153:Blotting, Western; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004357:Drug Synergism; D032492:Dryopteris; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D016193:G1 Phase; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases / Q000378:metabolism; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D016192:Resting Phase, Cell Cycle; D053221:TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand / Q000494:pharmacology; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D051023:BH3 Interacting Domain Death Agonist Protein; C494814:BID protein, human; D053221:TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases; D020169:Caspases