title: Effect of a mixture of steam-flaked corn and soybeans on health, growth, and selected blood metabolism of Holstein calves.
abstract: The objective of the experiment was to evaluate the effects of steam-flaked corn grains and soybeans on calf health, growth, and selected blood parameters. Holstein bull calves (n=30, approximately 7+/-3 d of age) were purchased from local dairy farms and offered milk, starter diets, and hay, and were then assigned to the experiment at 21+/-3 d of age. Calves were blocked into 3 treatments by birth date and body weight and randomly assigned to receive fresh milk and a commercial pelleted starter containing extruded corn and soybeans (ECS), steam-flaked corn and soybeans (SFCS), or ground corn and soybeans (GCS). The experiment was conducted with calves from 3 to 13 wk of age. Body weight, calf starter intake, milk intake, total dry matter intake, and body structural growth were not significantly influenced by corn and soybean processing during the study; however, feed efficiency was significantly improved by the SFCS treatment. Average daily gain generally decreased during the weaning week for all treatments, but did not differ significantly among treatments. Health incidences for calves fed the SFCS starter were lower than those fed the other 2 treatments. The blood hematocrit was higher for calves fed the SFCS starter than for those fed the GCS and ECS starters during wk 6 to 11. The concentration of plasma beta-hydroxybutyrate was higher for the calves fed the GCS and SFCS treatments than for those fed the ECS treatment during wk 6 to 13, but lower during wk 4 and 5. Plasma glucose concentrations decreased remarkably with increasing calf age but were not affected by corn and soybean processing. Plasma nonesterified fatty acids were influenced by calf age, and higher NEFA concentration was observed in the SFCS treatment than in the other 2 treatments during wk 5 to 9. Calves consuming the SFCS starter had similar average daily gain, milk intake, starter intake, total dry matter intake, and body structure, but had improved feed efficiency when compared with animals consuming the GCS and ECS starters. The SFCS starter decreased incidence of diarrhea during the postweaning period and required less veterinary treatment. These data suggest that the steam-flaking of corn and soybeans can influence the growth performance and the selected blood parameters of calves and that, in this study, the extrusion of corn and soybeans had no beneficial effect on the growth performance of calves.
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Y Q
authors.initials: YQ
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: D Ch
authors.initials: DCh
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Q X
authors.initials: QX
authors.lastname: Meng
mesh_terms: D020155:3-Hydroxybutyric Acid / Q000097:blood; D000818:Animals; D001774:Blood Chemical Analysis; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D001835:Body Weight / Q000502:physiology; D002417:Cattle / Q000097:blood / Q000254:growth & development*; D004032:Diet / Q000662:veterinary*; D004435:Eating / Q000502:physiology; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / Q000097:blood; D005511:Food Handling / Q000379:methods*; D006400:Hematocrit / Q000662:veterinary; D008297:Male; D011897:Random Allocation; D013025:Glycine max / Q000378:metabolism*; D013227:Steam; D003313:Zea mays / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D013227:Steam; D020155:3-Hydroxybutyric Acid