title: Evaluation of an a-Si EPID in direct detection configuration as a water-equivalent dosimeter for transit dosimetry.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A major problem associated with amorphous silicon (a-Si) electronic portal imaging devices (EPIDs) for transit dosimetry is the presence of a phosphor layer, which can introduce large deviations from water-equivalent behavior due to energy-dependent response and visible light scattering. In this study, an amorphous silicon EPID was modified to a direct detection configuration by removing the phosphor layer, and the accuracy of using it for transit dosimetry measurements was investigated for 6 and 18 MV treatment beams by comparison to ion-chamber in water measurements.
  
  
  METHODS
  Solid water and copper were both evaluated as buildup materials. Using the optimum buildup thickness in each case, effects of changes in radiation field size, source to detector distance, and patient/phantom thickness were investigated by comparison to reference measurements made by an ionization chamber on the central axis. The off-axis response of the imager was also investigated by comparison of EPID image profiles to dose profiles obtained by a scanning ionization chamber in a water tank with various thicknesses of slab phantoms, and an anthropomorphic phantom in the beam using Gamma evaluation (3%, 3 mm criteria). The imaging characteristics of the direct EPID were investigated by comparison to a commercial EPID using QC3V phantom, and by taking images of an anthropomorphic pelvic phantom containing fiducial gold markers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Either 30 mm of solid water or 3.3 mm of copper were found to be the most suitable buildup thicknesses with solid water providing more accurate results. Using solid water buildup, the EPID response compared to the reference dosimeter within 2% for all conditions except phantom thicknesses larger than 25 cm in 6 MV beams, which was up to 6.5%. Gamma evaluation results comparing EPID profiles and reference ionization chamber profiles showed that for 6 and 18 MV beams, at least 91.8% and 90.9% of points had a Gamma <1 for all phantoms, respectively. But using copper buildup, the EPID response had more discrepancies from the ionization chamber reference measurements, including: More than 2% difference for small air gaps using 6 MV beams, up to 8% difference for phantom thicknesses larger than 25 cm in 6 MV beams, and large differences (up to 9.3%) for increasing phantom thicknesses in 18 MV beams. The percentage of points with Gamma <1 with copper buildup were at least 96.6% and 99.8% in 6 and 18 MV beams, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The direct EPID performs as an ion-chamber detector for transit dosimetry applications in all geometries studied except for small discrepancies at 6 MV for thick phantoms. This can be ameliorated by the calibration of the EPID to dose at an intermediate phantom thickness. The major current limitation of the direct EPID is poor quality of images compared with the clinical configuration, which could be overcome by a method to interchange between imaging and dosimetry setups.
authors.affiliation: School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science and IT Callaghan Campus, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales 2308, Australia. Mahsheed.Sabet@uon.edu.au
authors.forename: Mahsheed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sabet
authors.forename: Frederick W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Menk
authors.forename: Peter B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Greer
mesh_terms: D000886:Anthropometry / Q000379:methods; D002138:Calibration; D003300:Copper / Q000737:chemistry; D005720:Gamma Rays; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007477:Ions; D010388:Pelvis / Q000473:pathology; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000737:chemistry*; D011874:Radiometry / Q000379:methods*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D012825:Silicon / Q000737:chemistry*; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D007477:Ions; D014867:Water; D010758:Phosphorus; D003300:Copper; D012825:Silicon