title: Effect of titanium on lipoprotein lipase activity in vivo and in vitro.
abstract: CONCLUSIONS
  Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) is a major lipolytic enzyme in the intravascular metabolism of postprandial triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. This enzyme is synthesized and secreted by tissues and transported to the capillary endothelial surface. Decreased activity of this enzyme is suggested to be involved in arterial sequestration of lipoproteins and thus in the progression of atherosclerosis. Titanium salts are widely used in industry, medicine, and pharmacy for tablet coating, pharmaceuticals and cosmetic products. In this study the effect of titanium on post-heparin LPL activity is reported in vivo and in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  Groups of Male Wistar rats were administered (i.p) with an acute dose of 2.5 mg/kg titanium chloride for 10 days and a chronic dose of 0.75 mg/kg for 30 and/or 60 days. Blood samples were then collected for LPL assay. For in vitro study, plasma aliquots were incubated in the presence of up to 50 mM titanium and the enzyme activity was measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Animals exposed to acute dose of titanium showed about 20% reduction in LPL activity, whereas 31% and 36% reductions were observed in animals chronically exposed for 30 and/or 60 days, respectively. Titanium in vitro also led to enzyme inhibition, so that a decrease of 28-53% was seen in the presence of 0.1-50 mM titanium. This inhibition by titanium was potentiated when citrate and/or bicarbonate was present.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the mechanism of titanium effect on LPL activity in vivo and in vitro demands more investigations, the inhibitory effect of titanium ion in vivo should be considered seriously in subjects exposed to this metal ion. Changes in LPL activity may affect whole body lipid metabolism, a condition favorable for development and progression of atherosclerosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of pharmacy, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. ani@pharm.mui.ac.ir
authors.forename: Alireza
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ani
authors.forename: Mohsen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ani
authors.forename: Ali-A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Moshtaghie
authors.forename: Hassan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ahmadvand
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D008071:Lipoprotein Lipase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D008074:Lipoproteins / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D014025:Titanium / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D008074:Lipoproteins; D014025:Titanium; D008071:Lipoprotein Lipase