title: Internal exposure of hairdressers to permanent hair dyes: a biomonitoring study using urinary aromatic diamines as biomarkers of exposure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether the occupational exposure of hairdressers to permanent hair dyes can be quantified by the use of biological monitoring of urinary aromatic diamines as one of the main constituents and to compare these levels to those recently determined in persons after personal application of hair dyes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-two hairdressers (40 female and 12 male) from 16 hairdresser salons in and around the city of Aachen took part in this field study. Subjects were asked to document all operations associated with possible exposure to permanent hair dyes like mixing colour, application of colour, washing after dyeing, and cutting of freshly coloured hair. Excretion of aromatic diamines 2,5-toluylene diamine (2,5-TDA) and p-phenylene diamine (p-PDA) as main constituents of commercially available hair dyes was measured in urine samples using a highly specific and accurate GC/MS-method. Urine samples were taken at 5 points of time during the work week: pre-shift before the start of the work week, pre- and post-shift on the third day of the work week and finally pre- and post-shift on the last day of a work week in order to meet different workloads and possible accumulative effects over the week. Nineteen persons matched for age served as a control group and gave spot urine samples.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although the levels were generally low, we could determine a significantly higher internal exposure to 2,5-TDA in hairdressers (medians ranged from <0.2 μg/g creatinine up to 1.7 μg/g creatinine at various sampling times, with a maximum of 155.8 μg/g creatinine) compared to the control group (median <0.2 μg/g creatinine, maximum 3.33 μg/g creatinine). At the same time, p-PDA was detectable only in selected cases in the group of hairdressers but not in the control group. Overall, there was neither an intra-shift effect seen nor an effect across the work week. There was also no significant difference in urinary excretion of participants who reported wearing protective gloves compared to those who reported not wearing protective gloves.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The internal exposure to aromatic diamines in hairdressers using permanent hair dyes can be determined using biological monitoring. The extent of exposure is low compared to subjects after personal application of hair dyes, who excreted more than 200 times higher amounts of aromatic diamines. This slight work-related exposure might be reduced by the strict adherence to the use of suitable gloves as well as long-sleeved clothing.
authors.affiliation: Medical Faculty, Institute for Occupational and Social Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany. mgube@ukaachen.de
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gube
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Heinrich
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dewes
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Brand
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kraus
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Schettgen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006202:Hair Dyes / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D010655:Phenylenediamines / Q000652:urine*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D006202:Hair Dyes; D010655:Phenylenediamines; C007303:2,5-diaminotoluene; C029728:4-phenylenediamine