title: Synovial tissue hypoxia and inflammation in vivo.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hypoxia is a microenvironmental feature in the inflamed joint, which promotes survival advantage for cells. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship of partial oxygen pressure in the synovial tissue (tPO(2)) in patients with inflammatory arthritis with macroscopic/microscopic inflammation and local levels of proinflammatory mediators.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with inflammatory arthritis underwent full clinical assessment and video arthroscopy to quantify macroscopic synovitis and measure synovial tPO(2) under direct visualisation. Cell specific markers (CD3 (T cells), CD68 (macrophages), Ki67 (cell proliferation) and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labelling (cell apoptosis)) were quantified by immunohistology. In vitro migration was assessed in primary and normal synoviocytes (synovial fibroblast cells (SFCs)) using a wound repair scratch assay. Levels of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha), interleukin 1beta (IL1beta), interferon gamma (IFNgamma), IL6, macrophage inflammatory protein 3alpha (MIP3alpha) and IL8 were quantified, in matched serum and synovial fluid, by multiplex cytokine assay and ELISA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The tPO(2) was 22.5 (range 3.2-54.1) mm Hg and correlated inversely with macroscopic synovitis (r=-0.421, p=0.02), sublining CD3 cells (-0.611, p<0.01) and sublining CD68 cells (r=-0.615, p<0.001). No relationship with cell proliferation or apoptosis was found. Primary and normal SFCs exposed to 1% and 3% oxygen (reflecting the median tPO(2) in vivo) induced cell migration. This was coupled with significantly higher levels of synovial fluid tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha), IL1beta, IFNgamma and MIP3alpha in patients with tPO(2) <20 mm Hg (all p values <0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first study to show a direct in vivo correlation between synovial tPO(2), inflammation and cell migration, thus it is proposed that hypoxia is a possible primary driver of inflammatory processes in the arthritic joint.
authors.affiliation: Dublin Academic Medical Centre, St Vincent's University Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin 4, Ireland.
authors.forename: C T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Biniecka
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kennedy
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McCormick
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Fitzgerald
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bresnihan
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Buggy
authors.forename: C T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: O'Sullivan
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Fearon
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Veale
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015535:Arthritis, Psoriatic / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology*; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology*; D015687:Cell Hypoxia / Q000502:physiology; D002460:Cell Line; D018925:Chemokines / Q000097:blood; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D010313:Partial Pressure; D013583:Synovial Membrane / Q000473:pathology*; D013585:Synovitis / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D018925:Chemokines; D016207:Cytokines; D010100:Oxygen