title: Tailoring the synthesis of supported Pd catalysts towards desired structure and size of metal particles.
abstract: In a systematic study, the influence of different preparation parameters on phase composition and size of metal crystallites and particles in Pd-Cu/TiO(2) and Pd-Sb/TiO(2) catalyst materials has been explored. Temperature and atmosphere of thermal pretreatment (pure He or 10% H(2)/He), nature of metal precursors (chlorides, nitrates or acetates) as well as of ammonium additives (ammonium sulfate, nitrate, carbonate) and urea were varied with the aim of tailoring the synthesis procedure for the preferential formation of metal particles with similar size and structure as observed recently in active catalysts after long-term equilibration under catalytic reaction conditions in acetoxylation of toluene to benzylacetate. Among the metal precursors and additives, the chloride metal precursors and (NH(4))(2)SO(4) were most suitable. Upon thermal pretreatment of Pd-Sb or Pd-Cu precursors, chloroamine complexes of Pd and Cu are formed, which decompose above 220 degrees C to metallic phases independent of the atmosphere. In He, metallic Pd particles were formed with both the co-components. In H(2)/He flow, Pd-Cu precursors were converted to core-shell particles with a Cu shell and a Pd core, while Sb(1)Pd(1) and Sb(7)Pd(20) alloy phases were formed in the presence of Sb. Metal crystallites of about 40 nm agglomerate to particles of up to 150 nm in He and to even larger size in H(2)/He.
authors.affiliation: Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e. V.an der Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str., 29a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany.
authors.forename: Gatla
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Suresh
authors.forename: Jörg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Radnik
authors.forename: Venkata Narayana
authors.initials: VN
authors.lastname: Kalevaru
authors.forename: Marga-Martina
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Pohl
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: Bernhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lücke
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Neetika
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Madaan
authors.forename: Angelika
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Brückner