Parent discipline practices in an international sample: associations with child behaviors and moderation by perceived normativeness.
This study examined the associations of 11 discipline techniques with children's aggressive and anxious behaviors in an international sample of mothers and children from 6 countries and determined whether any significant associations were moderated by mothers' and children's perceived normativeness of the techniques. Participants included 292 mothers and their 8- to 12-year-old children living in China, India, Italy, Kenya, Philippines, and Thailand. Parallel multilevel and fixed effects models revealed that mothers' use of corporal punishment, expressing disappointment, and yelling were significantly related to more child aggression symptoms, whereas giving a time-out, using corporal punishment, expressing disappointment, and shaming were significantly related to greater child anxiety symptoms. Some moderation of these associations was found for children's perceptions of normativeness.
Gershoff
Elizabeth T
ET
University of Texas at Austin, Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, 1 University Station A2700, Austin, TX 78712, USA. liz.gershoff@austin.utexas.edu
Grogan-Kaylor
Andrew
A
Lansford
Jennifer E
JE
Chang
Lei
L
Zelli
Arnaldo
A
Deater-Deckard
Kirby
K
Dodge
Kenneth A
KA
D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology*; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D003906:Developing Countries; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D016487:Parenting / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology*; D011678:Punishment; D012201:Reward; D012945:Social Values / Q000208:ethnology*; D012951:Socialization