TonB-dependent transporters: regulation, structure, and function.
TonB-dependent transporters (TBDTs) are bacterial outer membrane proteins that bind and transport ferric chelates, called siderophores, as well as vitamin B(12), nickel complexes, and carbohydrates. The transport process requires energy in the form of proton motive force and a complex of three inner membrane proteins, TonB-ExbB-ExbD, to transduce this energy to the outer membrane. The siderophore substrates range in complexity from simple small molecules such as citrate to large proteins such as serum transferrin and hemoglobin. Because iron uptake is vital for almost all bacteria, expression of TBDTs is regulated in a number of ways that include metal-dependent regulators, σ/anti-σ factor systems, small RNAs, and even a riboswitch. In recent years, many new structures of TBDTs have been solved in various states, resulting in a more complete understanding of siderophore selectivity and binding, signal transduction across the outer membrane, and interaction with the TonB-ExbB-ExbD complex. However, the transport mechanism is still unclear. In this review, we summarize recent progress in understanding regulation, structure, and function in TBDTs and questions remaining to be answered.
Noinaj
Nicholas
N
Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. noinajn@niddk.nih.gov
Guillier
Maude
M
Barnard
Travis J
TJ
Buchanan
Susan K
SK
D001419:Bacteria / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D001692:Biological Transport; D050260:Carbohydrate Metabolism; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D015964:Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; D007501:Iron / Q000378:metabolism; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D008954:Models, Biological; D009532:Nickel / Q000378:metabolism; D018892:Proton-Motive Force; D017262:Siderophores / Q000378:metabolism; D014805:Vitamin B 12 / Q000378:metabolism
D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D017262:Siderophores; C057616:tonB protein, Bacteria; D009532:Nickel; D007501:Iron; D014805:Vitamin B 12