title: [Sustentaculum tali screw placement for calcaneus fractures--different navigation procedures compared to the conventional technique].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Precise placement of the sustentaculum tali screw is essential for fixation of calcaneus fractures to achieve the best fixation strength. In the clinical practice, this procedure is demanding due to the complex anatomic configuration of the calcaneus and the limited visualisation in the intraoperative fluoroscopic images. The aim of this study was an evaluation of the accuracy for the sustentaculum tali screw placement by using different navigation procedures compared to the standard procedure. The different navigation specific workflows were evaluated and the feasibility of each procedure proven in clinical applications.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight sustentaculum screws per group were placed in an artifical Synbone model. Different navigation procedures were evaluated: 2D-fluoroscopy (group I), 3D-fluoroscopy (group II), fluoro-free (group III) and compared to the conventional screw placement without navigation (group IV). For each screw the time of fluoroscopy and the duration of the procedure were measured. The accuracy was evaluated postoperatively by computed tomography using axial slices and coronary as well as sagittal reformations. Furthermore, the workflow of each navigation procedure was analysed and proven in clinical applications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the experimental setup, no radiation exposure was mandatory for the conventional and fluoro-free procedures, whereas mean fluoroscopy times of 17 +/- 1.03 und 66.8 +/- 0.9 were measured for 2D- and 3D-navigation procedures. In line with this, the overall mean procedure times for the screw placement were 1.26 +/- 0.05 (group IV), 3.49 +/- 0.26 (group III), 13.32 +/- 0.49 (group I) und 19.04 +/- 1.41 minutes (group II). No significant differences were observed for the accuracy of screw placement. In the clinical practice a better orientation was achieved by use of a navigation system. The fluoro-free procedure can be easily integrated into the common operation workflow, whereas the workflow of both image-based navigation procedures is technically demanding.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Navigation procedures seem to be helpful for the precise placement of sustentaculum tali screws in cases of operative calcaneus fracture fixation. The kind of application to be used depends on the infrastructure of the department and the navigation-experience of the operating room team. Whereas the fluoro-free procedure is intuitive in use, the 2D-navigation does not justify the extra efforts. The 3D-procedure is the recommended application for surgeons familiar with navigation, providing the best orientation due to the slice image visualisation in all three dimensions.
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Unfall-, Hand- und Wiederherstellungschirurgie, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena. marc.gras@med.uni-jena.de
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gras
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Marintschev
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wilharm
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lindner
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Klos
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mückley
authors.forename: G O
authors.initials: GO
authors.lastname: Hofmann
mesh_terms: D016512:Ankle Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D001863:Bone Screws; D002111:Calcaneus / Q000293:injuries* / Q000601:surgery*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D019919:Prosthesis Implantation / Q000379:methods; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome