title: Tipsitis: incidence and outcome-a single centre experience.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Infection of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent shunt (TIPSS) called 'Tipsitis' has been reported but appears unusual. We report here our experience of patients who were diagnosed to have Tipsitis at our centre.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective single centre study. Patients identified from a dedicated data base. Patients with TIPSS with otherwise unexplained sustained bacteraemia were included.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over 14 years of age, of 785 patients with TIPSS, eight (1%) had Tipsitis. Indication for TIPSS: variceal bleed, seven; refractory ascites, one. Child-Pugh score: 8.3 (1.4). Seven patients had overlapping stents in situ. Duration to Tipsitis: 21.6 (7.1) months. At diagnosis, TIPSS was occluded in four and patent in three. Tipsitis developed within 2 weeks of shunt interventions in two patients and was owing to development of bilio-venous fistula in one. The organisms identified were: Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae, Enterococcusfaecium and Staphylococcus aureus. Median duration of antibiotic therapy: 3 (0.3-3) months. Symptoms initially resolved in all but one. Symptoms recurred in three and this was related to premature cessation of antibiotics in two. Five patients died at a median 1.3 (0.3 to 33) months after Tipsitis with Tipsitis contributing to death in three.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tipsitis is a rare but serious problem. It should be suspected in patients with TIPSS and unexplained sustained bacteraemia. Shunt interventions, where TIPSS is inserted for variceal bleed, and use of overlapping shunts at TIPSS insertion may be risk factors for its development. Prolonged antibiotics are usually required but Tipsitis may recur despite apparently successful treatment.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Hepatology, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. nkochar@staffmail.ed.ac.uk
authors.forename: Narendra
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kochar
authors.forename: Dhiraj
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tripathi
authors.forename: Nikolaas J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Arestis
authors.forename: Hamish
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ireland
authors.forename: Doris N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Redhead
authors.forename: Peter C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Hayes
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000800:Angioplasty, Balloon / Q000009:adverse effects; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001201:Ascites / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D004932:Esophageal and Gastric Varices / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019168:Portasystemic Shunt, Transjugular Intrahepatic / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D012008:Recurrence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015607:Stents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000382:microbiology*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents