title: An electronic hand hygiene surveillance device: a pilot study exploring surrogate markers for hand hygiene compliance.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the feasibility of using an electronic hand hygiene surveillance and feedback monitoring device.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 2-phase pilot study included initial direct observation of hand hygiene practices as part of routine hospital quality assurance (phase I) and subsequent monitoring using an electronic hand hygiene surveillance device (phase II).
  
  
  METHODS
  A 700-bed tertiary care teaching hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Phase I included a convenience sample of healthcare workers. Phase II included 7 medical interns and 7 registered nurses recruited through email and at work-related meetings.
  
  
  METHODS
  During phase I, healthcare workers were directly observed at patient room entry and exit during the period April through November 2008. During phase II, hand hygiene data were gathered through indirect observation using the electronic device during a 4-week period in August 2009. Twenty patient rooms were fitted with electronic trigger devices that signaled a reader unit worn by participants when they entered the room, and 70 dispensers for liquid soap or hand sanitizer were fitted with triggers that signaled the reader unit when the dispenser was used. The accuracy of the devices was checked by the principal investigator, who manually recorded his room entries and exits and dispenser use while wearing a reader unit.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During phase I, hand hygiene occurred before room entry for 95 (25.1%) and after room exit for 149 (39.4%) of 378 directly observed patient room visits, for a cumulative composite compliance rate of 32.3%. Among the 378 room visits, 347 (91.8%) involved contact with the patient and/or environment. During phase II, electronic monitoring revealed a cumulative composite compliance rate of 25.5%. The electronic device captured 61 (98%) of 62 manually recorded room entries and 133 (95%) of 140 manually recorded dispensing events.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The electronic hand hygiene surveillance device seems to be a practical method for routinely monitoring hand hygiene compliance in healthcare workers.
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15212, USA. asahud@wpahs.org
authors.forename: Andrew G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Sahud
authors.forename: Nitin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bhanot
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Radhakrishnan
authors.forename: Rajinder
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bajwa
authors.forename: Harish
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Manyam
authors.forename: James Christopher
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Post
mesh_terms: D003428:Cross Infection / Q000517:prevention & control; D004581:Electronics / Q000295:instrumentation*; D005246:Feedback; D019983:Guideline Adherence; D006235:Hand Disinfection; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching; D006801:Humans; D006920:Hygiene; D019370:Observation; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011159:Population Surveillance / Q000379:methods*