title: Antiplatelet therapy in percutaneous coronary intervention: recent advances in oral antiplatelet agents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Dual antiplatelet therapy with aspirin and clopidogrel, in conjunction with heparin, is the most common antithrombotic strategy in percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) used to reduce peri-procedural ischaemic complications. However, there remains significant inter-individual variability in post-treatment platelet inhibition with this current established therapy. This review focuses on recent developments in oral antiplatelet agents used in PCI, which promise to overcome, at least in part, current shortfalls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Genetic polymorphisms and medication interactions involving CYP3A4 or CYP2C19, patient compliance and higher platelet reactivity in certain subgroups, such as those with diabetes, are important factors contributing to inter-individual variability in post-treatment platelet inhibition. Higher clopidogrel doses have been associated with improved clinical outcomes, especially in those presenting with acute coronary syndrome. Newer agents, namely prasugrel and ticagrelor, have been shown to have greater potency and superior clinical outcomes. However, this comes with a price of increased bleeding complications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Whereas more potent antiplatelet therapies are associated with improved outcome, balancing the risk of bleeding and peri-procedural ischaemic complications remains a key aspect to consider when choosing among the ever-increasing number of agents available. The role of intravenous glycoprotein IIb/IIIa (GPIIb/IIIa) needs to be re-examined in the current context of such potent oral antiplatelet agents. Further research will hopefully help to determine the preferred antithrombotic strategy in patients undergoing PCI.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, Australia.
authors.forename: Yee W
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Roshan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Prakash
authors.forename: Derek P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Chew
mesh_terms: D000241:Adenosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015906:Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases / Q000235:genetics; D001241:Aspirin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000077144:Clopidogrel; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000628:therapy; D065731:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C19; D051544:Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A / Q000235:genetics; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D006801:Humans; D010879:Piperazines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D000068799:Prasugrel Hydrochloride; D011725:Pyridines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012307:Risk Factors; D013876:Thiophenes / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000077486:Ticagrelor; D013988:Ticlopidine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D010879:Piperazines; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; D011725:Pyridines; D013876:Thiophenes; C446540:thienopyridine; D000077144:Clopidogrel; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases; C045793:CYP2C19 protein, human; D065731:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C19; D051544:Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A; C510163:CYP3A4 protein, human; D000068799:Prasugrel Hydrochloride; D000077486:Ticagrelor; D000241:Adenosine; D013988:Ticlopidine; D001241:Aspirin