title: Targeted PLGA microparticles as a novel concept for treatment of lactose intolerance.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Peroral β-galactosidase preparations for the management of lactose intolerance need to be administered in large doses (1500 to 6000 U) immediately before or together with a lactose-containing meal.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Therefore, this work aimed at developing an innovative long-acting formulation. For this purpose, biodegradable polymeric microcarriers were functionalized with β-galactosidase and targeted with wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) for bioadhesion and thus prolonged residence time in the small intestine.
  
  
  METHODS
  Spray-dried poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) particles with 2.78±1.05µm in diameter were functionalized with β-galactosidase from Kluyveromyces lactis and WGA using different types of spacers (polyethyleneimine, hexamethylene diamine, 6-aminocaproic acid) and coupling methods (carbodiimide and glutaraldehyde). The particle-bound enzyme activity was determined, and the bioadhesive characteristics were assessed by interaction with mucin coatings and Caco-2 cell monolayers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Up to 1470 U β-galactosidase per gram PLGA were immobilized. The best results were obtained with hexamethylene diamine as a spacer applying the carbodiimide method. Thereby, a nearly 6-fold increase in enzyme activity was obtained as compared to particles without spacer. Upon targeting with WGA, binding to artificial human intestinal epithelium was increased considerably.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For the delivery of β-galactosidase WGA-targeted PLGA microparticles were prepared, which represent promising candidates for a convenient biomimetic treatment regimen of lactose intolerance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Gerda
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ratzinger
authors.forename: Xueyan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wirth
authors.forename: Franz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gabor
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D002448:Cell Adhesion; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000737:chemistry*; D004339:Drug Compounding; D006801:Humans; D007716:Kluyveromyces / Q000201:enzymology; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000737:chemistry*; D007787:Lactose Intolerance / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology; D009077:Mucins / Q000737:chemistry; D010316:Particle Size; D011100:Polyglycolic Acid / Q000737:chemistry*; D000077182:Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer; D013499:Surface Properties; D013552:Swine; D014909:Wheat Germ Agglutinins / Q000737:chemistry; D001616:beta-Galactosidase / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004337:Drug Carriers; D009077:Mucins; D014909:Wheat Germ Agglutinins; D000077182:Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer; D011100:Polyglycolic Acid; D019344:Lactic Acid; D001616:beta-Galactosidase