title: Risk factors for development of cardiovascular complications in patients with chronic renal disease and diabetic nephropathy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cardiovascular diseases are the most frequent causes of morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic renal disease. The aim of our paper is to evaluate the risk factors of cardiovascular complications in patients with various stages of chronic renal disease (CRD), with or without diabetes mellitus (DM).
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included 98 patients with different stages of the CRD, with creatinine clearance <60 ml/min/1.73m2, and laboratory parameters monitored: homocysteine, BNP, cholesterol, LDL, HDL, HbA1c, Body Mass Index (BMI). First group comprised 49 patients with DM, age 50-82 years, M 28/F 21. Second group comprised 49 patients without DM, age 35-80 years, M 18/F 31. The IMT (intima media thickness) was measured by B-mode ultrasonography, and all patients had echocardiography examination done by 2D Doppler ultrasonography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The IMT values in diabetic patients had statistically significant positive correlation with homocysteine values of r=0.9393, p<0.034, and cholesterol r=0.289, p<0.05, compared to non-diabetics. A significant negative correlation was found between the ejection fraction (EF) and BMI in both groups, more prominent in non-diabetics r=0.289, p<0.044 (diabetics r=0.162, p>0.05). 47.4% of diabetics had arteriosclerotic changes on carotid arteries, 8.5% had stenosis of ACC, and 22.0% had rhythm abnormalities on ECG. A positive correlation between IMT and BMI was found in diabetics, but was not statistically significant r=0.111, p>0.05. In the diabetics group a significantly higher (p<0.05) values of BNP, HbA1c, proteinuria, BMI, and cholesterol were found, and significantly lowered EF (p<0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Risk factors for cardiovascular complications in patients with DM are various, and the most pronounced significance was found in the values of homocysteine, BNP and cholesterol.
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Nephrology, University of Sarajevo Clinics Centre, Bolnicka 25, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
authors.forename: Amra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mataradzija
authors.forename: Halima
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Resić
authors.forename: Senija
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rasić
authors.forename: Nihad
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kukavica
authors.forename: Fahrudin
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Masnić
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000473:pathology; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000150:complications*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D017539:Tunica Intima / Q000473:pathology; D017540:Tunica Media / Q000473:pathology; D018608:Ultrasonography, Doppler / Q000379:methods