title: Supervised and unsupervised methods for prostate cancer segmentation with multispectral MRI.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been proposed as a promising alternative to transrectal ultrasound for the detection and localization of prostate cancer and fusing the information from multispectral MR images is currently an active research area. In this study, the goal is to develop automated methods that combine the pharmacokinetic parameters derived from dynamic contrast enhanced (DCE) MRI with quantitative T2 MRI and diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) in contrast to most of the studies which were performed with human readers. The main advantages of the automated methods are that the observer variability is removed and easily reproducible results can be efficiently obtained when the methods are applied to a test data. The goal is also to compare the performance of automated supervised and unsupervised methods for prostate cancer localization with multispectral MRI.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors use multispectral MRI data from 20 patients with biopsy-confirmed prostate cancer patients, and the image set consists of parameters derived from T2, DWI, and DCE-MRI. The authors utilize large margin classifiers for prostate cancer segmentation and compare them to an unsupervised method the authors have previously developed. The authors also develop thresholding schemes to tune support vector machines (SVMs) and their probabilistic counterparts, relevance vector machines (RVMs), for an improved performance with respect to a selected criterion. Moreover, the authors apply a thresholding method to make the unsupervised fuzzy Markov random fields method fully automatic.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The authors have developed a supervised machine learning method that performs better than the previously developed unsupervised method and, additionally, have found that there is no significant difference between the SVM and RVM segmentation results. The results also show that the proposed methods for threshold selection can be used to tune the automated segmentation methods to optimize results for certain criteria such as accuracy or sensitivity. The test results of the automated algorithms indicate that using multispectral MRI improves prostate cancer segmentation performance when compared to single MR images, a result similar to the human reader studies that were performed before.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The automated methods presented here can help diagnose and detect prostate cancer, and improve segmentation results. For that purpose, multispectral MRI provides better information about cancer and normal regions in the prostate when compared to methods that use single MRI techniques; thus, the different MRI measurements provide complementary information in the automated methods. Moreover, the use of supervised algorithms in such automated methods remain a good alternative to the use of unsupervised algorithms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Medical Imaging Research Center, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois 60616, USA. sozer1@iit.edu
authors.forename: Sedat
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ozer
authors.forename: Deanna L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Langer
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Masoom A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Haider
authors.forename: Theodorus H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: van der Kwast
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: Yongyi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Miles N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Wernick
authors.forename: Imam S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Yetik
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001185:Artificial Intelligence; D001331:Automation; D001706:Biopsy; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D038524:Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D017143:Fuzzy Logic; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008390:Markov Chains; D015233:Models, Statistical; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media