title: Factors affecting the career development of male nurses: a structural equation model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This paper is a report of a study conducted to test a theory of the relations of emotional labour and professional empowerment to nursing career development.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Nurses are required to show high emotional labour, but this can bring about excessive pressure and emotional exhaustion. Male nurses usually perceive societal expectations in line with a more traditionally masculine role. Greater professional empowerment might assist them in attaining promotion and career success.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study had a cross-sectional correlational design. Data were collected in 2007 using a mailed questionnaire. We used a database published by the National Union of Nurses' Associations, Republic of China, to find medical care institutions at which male nurses were working. A convenience sample of male nurses (308) working at clinical nursing centres completed the mailed questionnaires.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Emotional labour was not statistically significantly related to nursing career development, but was statistically significantly related to professional empowerment. Professional empowerment was statistically significantly related to nursing career development. Professional empowerment a mediating factor in the influence of emotional labour on nursing career development. We found that 75% of the variance in nursing career development could be explained by emotional labour and professional empowerment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The expected result, that emotional labour has a direct effect on nursing career development, was not supported by the analyses. Emotional labour has only an indirect effect on nursing career development. Professional empowerment was directly linked to nursing career development. Male nurses who perceived higher professional empowerment had better career development.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing, Jen-Teh Junior College of Medicine, Nursing, and Management, Miaoli, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Jiunn-Horng
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lou
authors.forename: Hsing-Yi
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Sheng-Hwang
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002322:Career Mobility; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006801:Humans; D007588:Job Satisfaction; D008297:Male; D016294:Models, Nursing; D009727:Nurses, Male / Q000523:psychology*; D011209:Power, Psychological; D012737:Sex Factors; D013192:Staff Development; D013624:Taiwan