title: Re-inspiration of CO(2) from ventilator circuit: effects of circuit flushing and aspiration of dead space up to high respiratory rate.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dead space negatively influences carbon dioxide (CO(2)) elimination, particularly at high respiratory rates (RR) used at low tidal volume ventilation in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Aspiration of dead space (ASPIDS), a known method for dead space reduction, comprises two mechanisms activated during late expiration: aspiration of gas from the tip of the tracheal tube and gas injection through the inspiratory line - circuit flushing. The objective was to study the efficiency of circuit flushing alone and of ASPIDS at wide combinations of RR and tidal volume (V(T)) in anaesthetized pigs. The hypothesis was tested that circuit flushing and ASPIDS are particularly efficient at high RR.
  
  
  METHODS
  In Part 1 of the study, RR and V(T) were, with a computer-controlled ventilator, modified for one breath at a time without changing minute ventilation. Proximal dead space in a y-piece and ventilator tubing (VD(aw, prox)) was measured. In part two, changes in CO(2) partial pressure (PaCO(2)) during prolonged periods of circuit flushing and ASPIDS were studied at RR 20, 40 and 60 minutes(-1).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In Part 1, VDaw, prox was 7.6 +/- 0.5% of V(T) at RR 10 minutes(-1) and 16 +/- 2.5% at RR 60 minutes(-1). In Part 2, circuit flushing reduced PaCO(2) by 20% at RR 40 minutes(-1) and by 26% at RR 60 minutes(-1). ASPIDS reduced PaCO(2) by 33% at RR 40 minutes(-1) and by 41% at RR 60 minutes(-1).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  At high RR, re-breathing of CO(2) from the y-piece and tubing becomes important. Circuit flushing and ASPIDS, which significantly reduce tubing dead space and PaCO2, merit further clinical studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical, Anaesthesiological, and Intensive Care Medicine Sciences, University of Napoli Federico II, Via S, Pansini 5, Naples, Italy. ederober@unina.it
authors.forename: Edoardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: De Robertis
authors.forename: Leif
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Uttman
authors.forename: Björn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jonson
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D012126:Respiratory Dead Space; D013396:Suction / Q000379:methods*; D013552:Swine; D013990:Tidal Volume
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide