title: Quantification of nucleotide-activated sialic acids by a combination of reduction and fluorescent labeling.
abstract: Sialic acids usually represent the terminal monosaccharide of glycoconjugates and are directly involved in many biological processes. The cellular concentration of their nucleotide-activated form is one pacemaker for the highly variable sialylation of glycoconjugates. Hence, the determination of CMP-sialic acid levels is an important factor to understand the complex glycosylation machinery of cells and to standardize the production of glycotherapeutics. We have established a highly sensitive strategy to quantify the concentration of nucleotide-activated sialic acid by a combination of reduction and fluorescent labeling using the fluorophore 1,2-diamino-4,5-methylenedioxybenzene (DMB). The labeling with DMB requires free keto as well as carboxyl groups of the sialic acid molecule. Reduction of the keto group prior to the labeling process precludes the labeling of nonactivated sialic acids. Since the keto group is protected against reduction by the CMP-substitution, labeling of nucleotide-activated sialic acids is still feasible after reduction. Subsequent combination of the DMB-high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) application with mass spectrometric approaches, such as matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) and electrospray-ionization (ESI)-MS, allows the unambiguous identification of both natural and modified CMP-sialic acids and localization of potential substituents. Thus, the described strategy offers a sensitive detection, identification, and quantification of nucleotide-activated sialic acid derivatives in the femtomole range without the need for nucleotide-activated standards.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Giessen, Friedrichstrasse 24, D-35392 Giessen, Germany. sebastian.galuska@biochemie.med.uni-giessen.de
authors.forename: Sebastian P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Galuska
authors.forename: Hildegard
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Geyer
authors.forename: Birgit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Weinhold
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kontou
authors.forename: René C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Röhrich
authors.forename: Ulrike
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Bernard
authors.forename: Rita
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gerardy-Schahn
authors.forename: Werner
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Reutter
authors.forename: Anja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Münster-Kühnel
authors.forename: Rudolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Geyer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D003568:Cytidine Monophosphate / Q000378:metabolism*; D003600:Cytosol / Q000378:metabolism; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000378:metabolism*; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D051379:Mice; D019158:N-Acetylneuraminic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D016716:PC12 Cells; D010655:Phenylenediamines / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D010655:Phenylenediamines; C058886:1,2-diamino-4,5-methylenedioxybenzene; D003568:Cytidine Monophosphate; D019158:N-Acetylneuraminic Acid