title: Radiation exposure from medical imaging in patients with chronic and recurrent conditions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Advances in medical imaging have been associated with increased utilization and increased radiation exposure, especially for patients with chronic and recurrent conditions. The authors estimated the cumulative radiation doses from medical imaging for specific cohorts with chronic and recurrent conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients diagnosed with hydrocephalus (n = 1,711), pulmonary thromboembolic disease (n = 3,220), renal colic (n = 5,855), and cardiac disease (n = 11,072) from January 1, 2000, to December 31, 2005, were retrospectively identified. Each imaging examination that used ionizing radiation from 2000 to 2008 was incorporated into an estimate of total effective dose and organ-specific doses. Patients with high levels of radiation exposure after 3 years (total effective dose > 50 mSv; dose to the ocular lens > 150 mSv) were identified.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean estimated effective doses for the surviving diagnostic cohorts after 3 years were 12.3 mSv for patients with hydrocephalus, 21.7 mSv for those with pulmonary thromboembolic disease, 18.7 mSv for those with renal colic, and 14.0 mSv for those with cardiac disease. Among patients with hydrocephalus, 26.3% (339 of 1,291) had radiation doses > 150 mSv to the ocular lens within 3 years. In all cohorts, the proportion of patients with total effective doses > 50 mSv within 3 years was significantly higher for those diagnosed in 2004 and 2005 than for those diagnosed in 2000 and 2001.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with hydrocephalus, pulmonary thromboembolic disease, renal colic, and cardiac disease received radiation exposures that may put them at increased risk for cancer. Moreover, the proportion who received estimated total effective doses > 50 mSv within 3 years was significantly higher for those diagnosed most recently. It is the responsibility of institutions and physicians to critically evaluate their infrastructures, diagnostic strategies, and imaging techniques for each individual patient, with an eye toward minimizing cumulative medical radiation exposure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Evan G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.forename: Linda B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Haramati
authors.forename: Eran
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bellin
authors.forename: Lori
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ashton
authors.forename: Gus
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mitsopoulos
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schoenfeld
authors.forename: E Stephen
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Amis
mesh_terms: D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D006849:Hydrocephalus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology*; D009381:Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011859:Radiography; D012307:Risk Factors; D013923:Thromboembolism / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D013997:Time Factors