title: Learning to dislike alcohol: conditioning negative implicit attitudes toward alcohol and its effect on drinking behavior.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Since implicit attitudes toward alcohol play an important role in drinking behavior, a possible way to obtain a behavioral change is changing these implicit attitudes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study examined whether a change in implicit attitudes and in drinking behavior can be achieved via evaluative conditioning.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were randomly assigned to an experimental condition and a control condition. In the experimental condition, participants were subjected to an evaluative conditioning procedure that consistently pairs alcohol-related cues with negative stimuli. In the control condition, alcohol-related cues were consistently paired with neutral stimuli during the evaluative conditioning phase. Implicit attitudes, explicit attitudes, and drinking behavior were measured before and after the evaluative conditioning phase.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Following the evaluative conditioning procedure, participants in the experimental condition showed stronger negative implicit attitudes toward alcohol and consumed less alcohol compared to participants in the control condition. However, this effect was only found when the evaluative conditioning task paired alcohol-related cues with general negative pictures, but not when using pictures of frowning faces.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate that evaluative conditioning can effectively change implicit attitudes toward alcohol and also suggest that this procedure can be used to change drinking behavior. Hence, evaluative conditioning may be a useful new intervention tool to combat alcohol misuse.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Psychological Science, Maastricht University, P. O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands. K.Houben@maastrichtuniversity.nl
authors.forename: Katrijn
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Houben
authors.forename: Remco C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Havermans
authors.forename: Reinout W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Wiers
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000523:psychology*; D000434:Alcoholic Beverages; D001290:Attitude; D001362:Avoidance Learning / Q000502:physiology*; D003463:Cues; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007389:Internal-External Control; D008297:Male; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult