title: CLOCK regulates circadian rhythms of hepatic glycogen synthesis through transcriptional activation of Gys2.
abstract: Hepatic glycogen content is important for glucose homeostasis and exhibits robust circadian rhythms that peak at the end of the active phase in mammals. The activities of the rate-limiting enzymes for glycogenesis and glycogenolysis also show circadian rhythms, and the balance between them forms the circadian rhythm of the hepatic glycogen content. However, no direct evidence has yet implicated the circadian clock in the regulation of glycogen metabolism at the molecular level. We show here that a Clock gene mutation damps the circadian rhythm of the hepatic glycogen content, as well as the circadian mRNA and protein expression of Gys2 (glycogen synthase 2), which is the rate-limiting enzyme of glycogenesis in the liver. Transient reporter assays revealed that CLOCK drives the transcriptional activation of Gys2 via two tandemly located E-boxes. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays of liver tissues revealed that CLOCK binds to these E-box elements in vivo, and real time reporter assays showed that these elements are sufficient for circadian Gys2 expression in vitro. Thus, CLOCK regulates the circadian rhythms of hepatic glycogen synthesis through transcriptional activation of Gys2.
authors.affiliation: Ishida Group of Clock Gene, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan.
authors.forename: Ryosuke
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Doi
authors.forename: Katsutaka
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Oishi
authors.forename: Norio
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ishida
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D056926:CLOCK Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000235:genetics*; D024721:E-Box Elements / Q000235:genetics; D005215:Fasting / Q000378:metabolism; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D006006:Glycogen Synthase / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D007438:Introns / Q000235:genetics; D008112:Liver Glycogen / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D041681:NIH 3T3 Cells; D013997:Time Factors; D015533:Transcriptional Activation / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D008112:Liver Glycogen; D056926:CLOCK Proteins; D006006:Glycogen Synthase; D005947:Glucose