title: Oral clofarabine in the treatment of patients with higher-risk myelodysplastic syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Efficacy and toxicity profile of orally administered clofarabine were evaluated in patients with higher-risk myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-two patients were treated, of whom 22 had intermediate-2 or high-risk disease (International Prognostic Scoring System). Median age was 70 years (range, 53 to 86), nine patients had secondary MDS, and 20 patients experienced prior therapy failure with hypomethylating agents. Three doses of clofarabine were evaluated: 40 mg/m(2), 30 mg/m(2), and 20 mg/m(2) daily for 5 days. Courses were repeated every 4 to 8 weeks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eight patients (25%) achieved complete remission (CR), three had (9%) hematologic improvement (HI), and three had (9%) clinical benefit (CB; overall response rate, 43%). Responses in patients who experience treatment failure with hypomethylating agents included CR in two (10%), HI in two (10%), and CB in two patients (10%). No patients died within 6 weeks of induction. Renal failure occurred in four patients in the context of myelosuppression-associated infectious complications. Common adverse events were gastrointestinal and hepatic. Myelosuppression was common, but prolonged myelosuppression (> 42 days) was rare. The toxicity profile was better with lower doses of clofarabine, whereas response rates did not differ significantly.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Oral clofarabine has achieved a response rate of 43% in patients with higher-risk MDS. The optimal dose and schedule and the appropriate patient population for such therapy remain to be further defined.
authors.affiliation: Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1400 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77230-1402, USA. sfaderl@mdanderson.org
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Faderl
authors.forename: Guillermo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Garcia-Manero
authors.forename: Zeev
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Estrov
authors.forename: Farhad
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ravandi
authors.forename: Gautam
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Borthakur
authors.forename: Jorge E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Cortes
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: O'Brien
authors.forename: Varsha
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gandhi
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Plunkett
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Byrd
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kwari
authors.forename: Hagop M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Kantarjian
mesh_terms: D000227:Adenine Nucleotides / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D001087:Arabinonucleosides / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D000077866:Clofarabine; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D020714:Maximum Tolerated Dose; D008875:Middle Aged; D009190:Myelodysplastic Syndromes / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality*; D011336:Probability; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000227:Adenine Nucleotides; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D001087:Arabinonucleosides; D000077866:Clofarabine