title: HCV co-infection in HIV positive population in British Columbia, Canada.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  As HIV and hepatitis C (HCV) share some modes of transmission co-infection is not uncommon. This study used a population-based sample of HIV and HCV tested individuals to determine the prevalence of HIV/HCV co-infection, the sequence of virus diagnoses, and demographic and associated risk factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Positive cases of HIV were linked to the combined laboratory database (of negative and positive HCV antibody results) and HCV reported cases in British Columbia (BC).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 4,598 HIV cases with personal identifiers, 3,219 (70%) were linked to the combined HCV database, 1,700 (53%) of these were anti-HCV positive. HCV was diagnosed first in 52% of co-infected cases (median time to HIV identification 3 1/2 years). HIV and HCV was diagnosed within a two week window in 26% of cases. Among individuals who were diagnosed with HIV infection at baseline, subsequent diagnoses of HCV infection was independently associated with: i) intravenous drug use (IDU) in males and females, Hazard Ratio (HR) = 6.64 (95% CI: 4.86-9.07) and 9.76 (95% CI: 5.76-16.54) respectively; ii) reported Aboriginal ethnicity in females HR = 2.09 (95% CI: 1.34-3.27) and iii) males not identified as men-who-have-sex-with-men (MSM), HR = 2.99 (95% CI: 2.09-4.27).Identification of HCV first compared to HIV first was independently associated with IDU in males and females OR = 2.83 (95% CI: 1.84-4.37) and 2.25 (95% CI: 1.15-4.39) respectively, but not Aboriginal ethnicity or MSM. HIV was identified first in 22%, with median time to HCV identification of 15 months;
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ability to link BC public health and laboratory HIV and HCV information provided a unique opportunity to explore demographic and risk factors associated with HIV/HCV co-infection. Over half of persons with HIV infection who were tested for HCV were anti-HCV positive; half of these had HCV diagnosed first with HIV identification a median 3.5 years later. This highlights the importance of public health follow-up and harm reduction measures for people identified with HCV to prevent subsequent HIV infection.
authors.affiliation: BC Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, British Columbia. jane.buxton@bccdc.ca
authors.forename: Jane A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Buxton
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Paul H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: John J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Spinelli
authors.forename: Margot
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kuo
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alvarez
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gilbert
authors.forename: Mel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Krajden
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001955:British Columbia / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology; D006679:HIV Seropositivity / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology; D006801:Humans; D007198:Indians, North American; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011159:Population Surveillance; D015995:Prevalence; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D012725:Sexual Behavior; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology; D055815:Young Adult