title: Antiulcerogenic activity of hydroalcoholic extract of Achillea millefolium L.: involvement of the antioxidant system.
abstract: Achillea millefolium L. is a member of the Asteraceae family that is commonly referred to as "yarrow" and has been used in folk medicine against several disturbances including skin inflammations, spasmodic and gastrointestinal disorders, as well as hepato-biliary complaints.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In the present study, we evaluated the efficacy of a hydroalcoholic extract from the Achillea millefolium (HE) for gastroprotective properties and additional mechanism(s) involved in this activity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats were treated with HE and subsequently exposed to both acute gastric lesions induced by ethanol P.A. and chronic gastric ulcers induced by 80% acetic acid. Following treatment, glutathione (GSH) levels and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were measured. The activity of myeloperoxidase (MPO) and histological and immunohistochemical analysis were performed in animals with acetic acid-induced gastric ulcers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Oral administration of HE (30, 100 and 300mg/kg) inhibited ethanol-induced gastric lesions by 35, 56 and 81%, respectively. Oral treatment with HE (1 and 10mg/kg) reduced the chronic gastric ulcers induced by acetic acid by 43 and 65%, respectively, and promoted significant regeneration of the gastric mucosa after ulcer induction denoting increased cell proliferation, which was confirmed by PCNA immunohistochemistry. HE treatment prevented the reduction of GSH levels and SOD activity after acetic acid-induced gastric lesions. In addition, HE (10mg/kg) inhibited the MPO activity in acetic acid-induced gastric ulcers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of the present study indicate that the antioxidant properties of HE may contribute to the gastroprotective activity of this extract.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
authors.forename: Francine Bittencourt
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Potrich
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Allemand
authors.forename: Luísa Mota
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: da Silva
authors.forename: Ana Cristina
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Dos Santos
authors.forename: Cristiane Hatsuko
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Baggio
authors.forename: Cristina Setim
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Freitas
authors.forename: Daniel Augusto Gasparin Bueno
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Mendes
authors.forename: Eunice
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Andre
authors.forename: Maria Fernanda de Paula
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Werner
authors.forename: Maria Consuelo Andrade
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Marques
mesh_terms: D031162:Achillea / Q000737:chemistry*; D000818:Animals; D000897:Anti-Ulcer Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D000431:Ethanol / Q000737:chemistry*; D005260:Female; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013276:Stomach Ulcer / Q000517:prevention & control; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000897:Anti-Ulcer Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D010936:Plant Extracts; D000431:Ethanol; D009195:Peroxidase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D005978:Glutathione