title: HIV-subtype A is associated with poorer  neuropsychological performance compared with  subtype D in antiretroviral therapy-naive  Ugandan children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  HIV-subtype D is associated with more rapid disease progression and higher rates of dementia in Ugandan adults compared with HIV-subtype A. There are no data comparing neuropsychological function by HIV subtype in Ugandan children.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and two HIV-infected antiretroviral therapy (ART) naive Ugandan children 6-12 years old (mean 8.9) completed the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children, second edition (KABC-2), the Test of Variables of Attention (TOVA), and the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test for Motor Proficiency, second edition (BOT-2). Using a PCR-based multiregion assay with probe hybridization in five different regions (gag, pol, vpu, env, gp-41), HIV subtype was defined by hybridization in env and by total using two or more regions. Analysis of covariance was used for multivariate comparison.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The env subtype was determined in 54 (37 A, 16 D, 1 C) children. Subtype A and D groups were comparable by demographics, CD4 status, and WHO stage. Subtype A infections had higher log viral loads (median 5.0 vs. 4.6, P = 0.02). Children with A performed more poorly than those with D on all measures, especially on KABC-2 Sequential Processing (memory) (P = 0.01), Simultaneous Processing (visual-spatial analysis) (P = 0.005), Learning (P = 0.02), and TOVA visual attention (P = 0.04). When adjusted for viral load, Sequential and Simultaneous Processing remained significantly different. Results were similar comparing by total HIV subtype.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HIV subtype A children demonstrated poorer neurocognitive performance than those with HIV subtype D. Subtype-specific neurocognitive deficits may reflect age-related differences in the neuropathogenesis of HIV. This may have important implications for when to initiate ART and the selection of drugs with greater central nervous system penetration.
authors.affiliation: International Neurologic and Psychiatric Epidemiology Program Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA. boivin@msu.edu
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Boivin
authors.forename: Theodore D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Ruel
authors.forename: Hannah E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Boal
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bangirana
authors.forename: Huyen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.forename: Leigh A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Eller
authors.forename: Edwin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Charlebois
authors.forename: Diane V
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Havlir
authors.forename: Moses R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Kamya
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Achan
authors.forename: Carolyne
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Akello
authors.forename: Joseph K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Wong
mesh_terms: D015526:AIDS Dementia Complex / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D002648:Child; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D014644:Genetic Variation; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D012367:RNA, Viral; D014454:Uganda / Q000453:epidemiology; D056189:Viral Tropism
chemical_list: D012367:RNA, Viral