title: Contribution of snacking to older adults' vitamin, carotenoid, and mineral intakes.
abstract: Decreased food and beverage consumption among older adults can lead to inadequate intakes of energy and numerous micronutrients. Although older adults are prone to having inadequate diets, little research attention has been directed at their dietary behaviors, such as snacking. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between snacking frequency and older adults' daily intakes of vitamins, carotenoids, and minerals. Cross-sectional data for 2,056 older adults (65 years and older) from the 2003-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were used for this study. Dietary data were collected through two 24-hour dietary recall interviews. Participants' snacking occasions and daily nutrient intakes were averaged during the two 24-hour recalls. Using linear regression models to adjust for multiple covariates, mean vitamin, carotenoid, and mineral intakes by snacking category were estimated. As snacking frequency increased, daily intakes of vitamins A, C, and E and beta carotene increased. Older adults' daily intakes of magnesium, copper, and potassium also increased as snacking frequency increased. As older adults' snacking frequency increased, their daily intake of selenium decreased, and their snacking frequency was not associated with their daily intakes of the B-complex vitamins, vitamin K, lycopene, phosphorus, iron, and zinc. Providing healthy snacks on a regular basis has practical implications for institutions, centers, or organizations that serve older adults; however, nutritional benefits obtained from snack food and beverages warrant their inclusion in older adults' diet.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA. Claire_Zizza@auburn.edu
authors.forename: Claire A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Zizza
authors.forename: Dilbur D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Arsiwalla
authors.forename: Kathy Jo
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Ellison
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000502:physiology; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D015577:Geriatric Assessment; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D011939:Mental Recall; D008903:Minerals / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D009747:Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D009751:Nutritional Requirements; D014815:Vitamins / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D008903:Minerals; D014815:Vitamins; D002338:Carotenoids