title: [Hemorrhagic complications of warfarin therapy].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Introduction of warfarin use in prevention and treatment of thromboembolic diseases resulted in lower rates of thromboembolic complications, however, on the other hand, it has been associated with increased incidence of hemorrhagic complications,which often require surgical management. AIM, MATERIAL, METHODS: The aim of the study was a retrospective analysis of hemorrhagic complications in 184 patients, hospitalized in the FNKV (Královské Vinohrady Faculty Hospital) Surgical Clinic during 2000-2008, following warfarin overdose. The following diagnostic or treatment methods were used: endoscopy of the upper or lower GIT in GIT hemorrhages and spiral CT when peritoneal bleeding was suspected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  GIT bleeding, such as hematemesis, melena, enterorrhagy, was the commonest complication observed in 147 patients, ie. 79.9%. Upper GIT was identified as the source of bleeding in 76 subjects, i.e. 51.7%, lower GIT was the identified source in 26 subjects, ie. 17.7%, and the source remained unidentified in 45 patients, ie. in 30.6%. 10 patients suffered from soft tissue bleeding, m. rectus abdominis hematoma was detected in 7 subjects, hemoperitoneum and/or retrohemoperitoneum was identified in 8 subjects. Intestinal wall or its intestinal peritoneum was affected in 3 subjects and 3 patients suffered from liver or splenic intraparenchymal hematoma. Out of the total of 184 patients, 165 subjects were treated conservatively (89.7%), 19 subjects underwent surgery (10.3%), including 14 laparotomies for acute abdomen symptoms and 5 incisions with removal of hematomas. Overall lethality rate was 7/184, ie. 3.8%, 5 subjects undergoing conservative treatment and 2 subjects undergoing surgery exited.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Uncontrolled warfarin administration may cause serious, even life- threatening complications. Therefore, patients undergoing warfarin therapy should be adequately informed about potential complications and regular INR monitoring is required.
authors.affiliation: Chirurgická klinika 3. LF UK a FNKV Praha. kosrod@seznam.cz
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kostka
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Havlůj
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jirava
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Novák
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Vach
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Weiss
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D062787:Drug Overdose; D005260:Female; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D013923:Thromboembolism / Q000517:prevention & control; D014859:Warfarin / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D014859:Warfarin