title: Plasma neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin and acute postoperative kidney injury in adult cardiac surgical patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Acute kidney injury (AKI) after coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery is associated with increased postoperative morbidity and mortality. We hypothesized that increased plasma neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) measured immediately after separating from cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) would predict AKI after CABG surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a retrospective observational study, we examined the value of plasma NGAL measured after CPB for predicting the risk of developing AKI (defined as a > or = 50% increase in serum creatinine from preoperative levels) in 879 patients after CABG surgery using multivariable logistic regression. Area under the curve of receiver operating characteristic curves was analyzed to assess sensitivities, specificities, and cutoff points for postoperative plasma NGAL levels to predict AKI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy-five patients (8.6%) developed postoperative AKI. Plasma NGAL levels measured after CPB were higher in patients who subsequently developed AKI than in those who did not (AKI: 268.8 ng/mL [207.5-459.5 ng/mL], median [interquartile range], vs no AKI: 238.4 ng/mL [172.0-319.1 ng/mL]; P < 0.001) and remained higher through postoperative day 4. An optimal serum plasma NGAL cutoff of 353.5 ng/mL at the post-CPB time point had a sensitivity of 38.7%, specificity of 81.5%, and a positive predictive value of 16.3% for predicting AKI. In our multivariate regression model, post-CPB plasma NGAL levels >353.5 ng/mL were independently associated with postoperative AKI (odds ratio, 2.3; 95% confidence interval, 1.5-6.5; P = 0.002).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An early increase of post-CPB plasma NGAL is associated with AKI in adult patients undergoing CABG surgery, although the sensitivity is low. Therefore, assessing early plasma NGAL alone has limited utility for predicting AKI in this patient population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis St., Boston, MA 02115, USA. tperry@partners.or
authors.forename: Tjörvi E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Perry
authors.forename: Jochen D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Muehlschlegel
authors.forename: Kuang-Yu
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Amanda A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Fox
authors.forename: Charles D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Collard
authors.forename: Stanton K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Shernan
authors.forename: Simon C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Body
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D019540:Area Under Curve; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D000071068:Lipocalin-2; D054834:Lipocalins / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011184:Postoperative Period; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000097:blood*; D012372:ROC Curve; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins; C489506:LCN2 protein, human; D000071068:Lipocalin-2; D054834:Lipocalins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D003404:Creatinine