title: Requirement of retinoids for the expression of CD38 on human hematopoietic progenitors in vitro.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cells expressing high levels of CD34 and little or no CD38 comprise a primitive compartment of progenitors, thought to include hematopoietic stem cells. In this study we sought to determine the feasibility of using CD34 and CD38 as markers of hematopoietic differentiation in vitro, using retinoids to induce the expression of CD38.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effects over time of culture, sera and retinoids on the expression of CD34 and CD38 were determined using a base-medium lacking serum. Two early progenitor populations, isolated by FACS from human fetal liver, were studied: CD38(-)CD34(++) and CD38(+)CD34(++) cells. Additionally, HL-60 cells were adapted to grow in serum-deprived medium to study factors that control CD38 expression. Colony forming cell (CFC) assays and short-term expansion cultures were used to measure the effects of all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) oil the growth of fetal progenitors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fetal progenitors and HL-60 cells grown under serum-deprived conditions exhibited almost no CD38 expression. However, CD34 expression was observed on fetal progenitors and declined slowly over time. Addition of FBS or human serum restored CD38 expression to cultured cells, but at levels below those found on progenitors in vivo. Addition of ATRA or 9-cis-retinoic acid (9CRA) to cultures of fetal progenitors or HL-60 cells, resulted in a time- and dose-dependent increase in CD38 expression, ATRA being the more potent of the two retinoids. However, ATRA inhibited colony formation, reduced the expansion of CFC and accelerated the loss of CD34 expression at doses required for the induction of CD38 expression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ATRA-induced CD38 expression on cells to levels comparable to those found on progenitors in vivo. ATRA also inhibited the growth of early progenitors, which was partly due to ATRA accelerating the differentiation of the progenitors. These findings indicate that CD34 and CD38 expression may be followed as markers of hematopoietic differentiation in vitro, but at the cost of culture conditions that are less than optimal for maintaining early progenitors.
authors.affiliation: Fetal Treatment Center Research Laboratory, University of California at San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue Room HSW-1601, San Francisco, CA 94143-0570, USA.
authors.forename: M O
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Muench
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bárcena
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ohkubo
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Harrison
mesh_terms: D051997:ADP-ribosyl Cyclase 1 / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D018952:Antigens, CD34 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D016895:Culture Media, Serum-Free / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005434:Flow Cytometry / Q000379:methods; D018922:HL-60 Cells; D006412:Hematopoietic Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology*; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D012176:Retinoids / Q000378:metabolism*; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D018952:Antigens, CD34; D016895:Culture Media, Serum-Free; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D012176:Retinoids; D014212:Tretinoin; D051997:ADP-ribosyl Cyclase 1