title: Trends in tuberculosis mortality in the United States, 1990-2006: a population-based case-control study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We assessed demographic and temporal trends of tuberculosis (TB)-related deaths in the United States and examined associated comorbidities listed on death certificates.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed TB-related mortality from 1990 through 2006 by examining multiple-cause-of-death data from the National Center for Health Statistics. We assessed age-adjusted mortality rates, secular trends, associations with demographic variables, and comorbid conditions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From 1990 through 2006, TB was reported as a cause of death among 53,505 people in the U.S. with a combined overall mean age-adjusted mortality rate of 1.16 per 100,000 person-years. The age-adjusted TB mortality rate declined from 2.22 per 100,000 person-years in 1990 to 0.47 per 100,000 person-years in 2006, demonstrating mean annual decline of about 10%. People aged 75 years and older; males; foreign-born people; and those of Hispanic, Asian, black, and Native American race/ethnicity had comparatively elevated TB-related mortality rates. The mortality rate in foreign-born people was more than two times higher than in U.S.-born people. About 89% of deaths among people of Asian race/ethnicity and nearly 50% among black people were foreign-born individuals. Human immunodeficiency virus and selected autoimmune diseases were more common in TB-related deaths.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TB mortality decreased substantially from 1990 through 2006, but remains an important cause of preventable mortality. The observed decrease was more pronounced among U.S.-born people than among foreign-born people. Disparities in TB-related mortality and the identification of important comorbid conditions can inform strategies targeting subpopulations at increased risk for fatal TB infection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Alhambra, CA, USA. sujung@ph.lacounty.gov
authors.forename: Richard S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: Jonathan R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Bennion
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sorvillo
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bellomy
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015897:Comorbidity; D054242:Emigrants and Immigrants / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009026:Mortality / Q000639:trends; D016012:Poisson Distribution; D012044:Regression Analysis; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology / Q000401:mortality*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology