title: Prevalence of incomplete ossification of the humeral condyle in the limb opposite humeral condylar fracture: 14 dogs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objectives of this study were to determine the frequency of incomplete ossification of the contralateral humeral condyle (IOHC) in mature dogs with unilateral, atraumatic humeral condylar fracture (HCF), and to determine the sensitivity of radiographs as a diagnostic tool for IOHC.
  
  
  METHODS
  Computed tomography and radiographs were obtained for both elbows of 14 dogs with unilateral HCF. The images were evaluated by two boarded radiologists and the prevalence of IOHC in the limb contralateral to the HCF was identified. Sensitivity and specificity of the radiographic diagnosis of IOHC were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Incomplete ossification of the humeral condyle was present in six of 14 dogs, however IOHC was incomplete in three of the six affected dogs. Plain radiographs had a sensitivity of 0.83 (CI 95%: 0.36 to 0.99) and specificity of 1 (CI 95%: 0.60 to1). The Kappa coefficient between radiologists for radiographic examination was 0.714. Of the Spaniel breeds, four out of eight had IOHC in the limb contralateral to the HCF.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Computed tomography evaluation is more sensitive than radiographs for diagnosis of IOHC, particularly when assessing partial or incomplete IOHC. However, sensitivity of radiographic diagnosis is good and should be adequate in most cases. Clinical suspicion of IOHC in the contralateral limb to the unilateral HCF should be present; however overall frequency may not be as high as previously reported.
authors.affiliation: University of Minnesota, Veterinary Medical Science, Small Animal Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Medical Center, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA. mart2006@umn.edu
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Crews
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Saveraid
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Conzemius
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D005552:Forelimb / Q000473:pathology*; D006810:Humeral Fractures / Q000150:complications / Q000662:veterinary*; D007592:Joint Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary; D008297:Male; D011859:Radiography