title: Cholestyramine reverses hyperglycemia and enhances glucose-stimulated glucagon-like peptide 1 release in Zucker diabetic fatty rats.
abstract: Bile acid sequestrants (BAS) have shown antidiabetic effects in both humans and animals but the underlying mechanism is not clear. In the present study, we evaluated cholestyramine in Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats. Although control ZDF rats had continuous increases in blood glucose and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and serum glucose and a decrease in serum insulin throughout a 5-week study, the cholestyramine-treated ZDF rats showed a dose-dependent decrease and normalization in serum glucose and HbA1c. An oral glucose tolerance test showed a significant increase in glucose-stimulated glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), peptide YY (PYY), and insulin release in rats treated with cholestyramine. Quantitative analysis of gene expression indicated that cholestyramine treatment decreased farnesoid X receptor (FXR) activity in the liver and the intestine without liver X receptor (LXR) activation in the liver. Moreover, a combination of an FXR agonist with cholestyramine did not reduce the antihyperglycemic effect over cholestyramine alone, suggesting that the FXR-small heterodimer partner-LXR pathway was not required for the glycemic effects of cholestyramine. In summary, our results demonstrated that cholestyramine could completely reverse hyperglycemia in ZDF rats through improvements in insulin sensitivity and pancreatic beta-cell function. Enhancement in GLP-1 and PYY secretion is an important mechanism for BAS-mediated antidiabetic efficacy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Metabolic Drug Discovery, GlaxoSmithKline, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
authors.forename: Lihong
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Judi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McNulty
authors.forename: Don
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Yaping
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nystrom
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bullard
authors.forename: Jon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Collins
authors.forename: Anthony L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Handlon
authors.forename: Ryan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Grimes
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.forename: Roger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Krull
authors.forename: Bill
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Benson
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kleymenova
authors.forename: Katja
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Remlinger
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: Xiaozhou
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yao
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D002792:Cholestyramine Resin / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D015870:Gene Expression; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D000071518:Liver X Receptors; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D057093:Orphan Nuclear Receptors / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D019894:Peptide YY / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D011924:Rats, Zucker; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D000099150:Receptor, Farnesoid X-Activated
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D002792:Cholestyramine Resin; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D000071518:Liver X Receptors; D057093:Orphan Nuclear Receptors; D019894:Peptide YY; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D000099150:Receptor, Farnesoid X-Activated