title: Effect of maternal diet rich in omega-6 and omega-9 fatty acids on the liver of LDL receptor-deficient mouse offspring.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Omega-6 fatty acids are important to fetal development. However, during gestation/lactation, these fatty acids may contribute toward the development of fat tissue. Omega-9 fatty acids are associated with a reduction in serum lipids and protection from liver disease.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present study investigated the effect of the maternal intake of omega-6 and omega-9 in hypercholesterolemic mothers on the liver of the offspring.
  
  
  METHODS
  LDL receptor-deficient mice were fed a diet rich in either omega-6 (E6D) or omega-9 (E9D) for 45 days prior to mating and until the birth of the offspring, evaluating the effect on the offspring liver in comparison to a standard diet (STD).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mothers fed with the E6D experienced an increase in total cholesterol (TC) and the offspring exhibited an increase in TC, hepatic triglycerides (TG), and CC-chemokine ligand (CCL)2/monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 as well as a reduction in HDL. Histological analysis on this group revealed steatosis, leukocyte infiltrate, and increased CCL2/MCP-1 expression. The ultrastructural analysis revealed hepatocytes with lipid droplets and myofibroblasts. The offspring of mothers fed the standard diet exhibited low serum TC, but microvesicular steatosis was observed. The offspring of mothers fed the E9D exhibited lower serum and hepatic TG as well as higher LDL in comparison to the other diets. The histological analyses revealed lower steatosis and leukocyte infiltrate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings suggest that hypercholesterolemic mothers with a diet rich in omega-6 fatty acids predispose their offspring to steatohepatitis, whereas a diet rich in omega-9 has a protective effect.
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Análises Clínicas, HUOC/PROCAPE, Recife, Brazil.
authors.forename: Dilênia De Oliveira Cipriano
authors.initials: Dde O
authors.lastname: Torres
authors.forename: Ana Célia Oliveira
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Dos Santos
authors.forename: Amanda Karolina Soares E
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: Jacqueline Isaura Alvarez
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Leite
authors.forename: José Roberto Botelho
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: De Souza
authors.forename: Eduardo Isidoro Carneiro
authors.initials: EI
authors.lastname: Beltrão
authors.forename: Christina Alves
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Peixoto
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000196:embryology; D047108:Embryonic Development / Q000187:drug effects; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D043371:Fatty Acids, Omega-6 / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005234:Fatty Liver / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D047109:Fetal Development / Q000187:drug effects; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000648:ultrastructure; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000151:congenital / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000196:embryology / Q000254:growth & development; D018811:Maternal Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D011247:Pregnancy; D011973:Receptors, LDL / Q000172:deficiency / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; D043371:Fatty Acids, Omega-6; D011973:Receptors, LDL