title: Fully collapsed (kippah) vesicles: preparation and characterization.
abstract: A study is presented of the formation of a kippah or hemispherical dome structure, a new morphology generated when a vesicle completely collapses to a hollow hemisphere. Justification for the new name is given in the Introduction. Relatively large vesicles of ca. approximately 500 nm in diameter were prepared from poly(acrylic acid)-block-polystyrene (PAA-b-PS) amphiphilic copolymer in the dioxane/water system. The vesicle specimens for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were prepared using four different methods: drying under ambient conditions, freeze-drying, freeze-drying and subsequent resuspension in water, and drying under vacuum. The formation of the kippah was found to be strongly influenced by the method of preparation. When the vesicles were allowed to dry on the grid, either by drying under ambient conditions or by direct freeze-drying, "normal" vesicles (i.e., not kippah) with the classical indentation pattern were the only structures to be observed. Kippah vesicles, on the other hand, were obtained only by freeze-drying and subsequent rehydration in water or by direct drying under vacuum where no freezing is involved. The cause of the kippah vesicle formation is not yet completely understood for all methods of preparation; however, it was postulated to be strongly influenced by one or more of the following parameters: the relative flexibility of the vesicle wall, pressure gradient, and surface tension. Unlike "normal" vesicles, which exhibit, in TEM, a classical indentation pattern, kippah vesicles appear nearly round but with average wall thickness twice as large as in the "normal" vesicles. The study illustrates also the usefulness of specimen tilting in the analysis of the kippah. In addition, specimen tilting was found to allow the unambiguous determination of the orientation of the kippah on the surface (i.e., open-side-up or open-side-down).
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Centre for Self Assembled Chemical Structures, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2K6, Canada.
authors.forename: Tony
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Azzam
authors.forename: Adi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Eisenberg