title: Effects of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma agonist pioglitazone on renal and hormonal responses to salt in diabetic and hypertensive individuals.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Glitazones are powerful insulin sensitisers prescribed for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Their use is, however, associated with fluid retention and an increased risk of congestive heart failure. We previously demonstrated that pioglitazone increases proximal sodium reabsorption in healthy volunteers. This study examines the effects of pioglitazone on renal sodium handling in individuals prone to insulin resistance, i.e. those with diabetes and/or hypertension.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this double-blind randomised placebo-controlled four-way crossover study, we examined the effects of pioglitazone (45 mg daily during 6 weeks) or placebo on renal, systemic and hormonal responses to changes in sodium intake in 16 individuals, eight with type 2 diabetes and eight with hypertension.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pioglitazone was associated with a rapid increase in body weight and an increase in diurnal proximal sodium reabsorption, without any change in renal haemodynamics or in the modulation of the renin-angiotensin aldosterone system to changes in salt intake. A compensatory increase in brain natriuretic peptide levels was observed. In spite of sodium retention, pioglitazone dissociated the blood-pressure response to salt and abolished salt sensitivity in salt-sensitive individuals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pioglitazone increases diurnal proximal sodium retention in diabetic and hypertensive individuals. These effects cause fluid retention and may contribute to the increased incidence of congestive heart failure with glitazones.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  ClinicalTrial.gov NCT01090752
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Hypertension Research Foundation Lausanne.
authors.affiliation: Service of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland. azanchidel@hotmail.com
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zanchi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maillard
authors.forename: F R
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Jornayvaz
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vinciguerra
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Deleaval
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nussberger
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Burnier
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pechere-Bertschi
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008297:Male; D008687:Metformin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D020097:Natriuretic Peptide, Brain / Q000097:blood; D000077205:Pioglitazone; D012982:Sodium, Dietary / Q000378:metabolism*; D045162:Thiazolidinediones / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D012982:Sodium, Dietary; D045162:Thiazolidinediones; D020097:Natriuretic Peptide, Brain; D008687:Metformin; D000077205:Pioglitazone