title: Construct and face validity of SINERGIA laparoscopic virtual reality simulator.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Laparoscopic techniques have nowadays become a gold standard in many surgical procedures, but they imply a more difficult learning skills process. Simulators have a fundamental role in the formative stage of new surgeons. This paper presents the construct and face validity of SINERGIA laparoscopic virtual reality simulator in order to decide whether it can be considered as an assessment tool.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty people participated in this study, 14 were novices and 6 were experts. Five tasks of SINERGIA were included in the study: coordination, navigation, navigation and touch, precise grasping and coordinate traction. For each one of these tasks, a certain number of metrics are automatically recorded. All subjects accomplished each task only once and filled in two questionnaires. A statistical analysis was made and results from both groups were compared with the Mann-Whitney U-test, considering significant differences when P < or = 0.05. Internal consistency of the system has been analyzed with the Cronbach's alpha test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Novices and experts positively rated SINERGIA characteristics. At least one of the evaluated metrics of each exercise presented significant differences between both groups. Nevertheless, all metrics under study gave a better punctuation to the executions accomplished by experts (lower time, higher efficiency, fewer errors. . .) than to those made by novices.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SINERGIA laparoscopic virtual reality simulator is able to discriminate subjects according to their level of experience in laparoscopic surgery; therefore, it can be used within a training program as an assessment tool.
authors.affiliation: Minimally Invasive Surgery Centre Jesús Usón, Cáceres, Spain. lfsanchez@ccmijesususon.com
authors.forename: Luisa F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Peralta
authors.forename: Francisco M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Margallo
authors.forename: José Luis
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Moyano-Cuevas
authors.forename: José Blas
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Pagador
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Enciso-Sanz
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sánchez-González
authors.forename: Enrique J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Gómez-Aguilera
authors.forename: Jesús
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Usón-Gargallo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002983:Clinical Competence; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003194:Computer-Assisted Instruction / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013502:General Surgery / Q000193:education*; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000592:standards*; D013030:Spain; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D014584:User-Computer Interface