title: Increased number of sex chromosomes affects height in a nonlinear fashion: a study of 305 patients with sex chromosome aneuploidy.
abstract: Tall stature and eunuchoid body proportions characterize patients with 47,XXY Klinefelter syndrome, whereas patients with 45,X Turner syndrome are characterized by impaired growth. Growth is relatively well characterized in these two syndromes, while few studies describe the growth of patients with higher grade sex chromosome aneuploidies. It has been proposed that tall stature in sex chromosome aneuploidy is related to an overexpression of SHOX, although the copy number of SHOX has not been evaluated in previous studies. Our aims were therefore: (1) to assess stature in 305 patients with sex chromosome aneuploidy and (2) to determine the number of SHOX copies in a subgroup of these patients (n = 255) these patients and 74 healthy controls. Median height standard deviation scores in 46,XX males (n = 6) were -1.2 (-2.8 to 0.3), +0.9 (-2.2 to +4.6) in 47,XXY (n = 129), +1.3 (-1.8 to +4.9) in 47,XYY (n = 44), +1.1 (-1.9 to +3.4) in 48,XXYY (n = 45), +1.8 (-2.0 to +3.2) in 48,XXXY (n = 9), and -1.8 (-4.2 to -0.1) in 49,XXXXY (n = 10). Median height standard deviation scores in patients with 45,X (n = 6) were -2.6 (-4.1 to -1.6), +0.7 (-0.9 to +3.2) in 47,XXX (n = 40), -0.6 (-1.9 to +2.1) in 48,XXXX (n = 13), and -1.0 (-3.5 to -0.8) in 49,XXXXX (n = 3). Height increased with an increasing number of extra X or Y chromosomes, except in males with five, and in females with four or five sex chromosomes, consistent with a nonlinear effect on height.
authors.affiliation: University Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Anne Marie
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Ottesen
authors.forename: Lise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Aksglaede
authors.forename: Inger
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Garn
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tartaglia
authors.forename: Flora
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tassone
authors.forename: Claus H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Gravholt
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bojesen
authors.forename: Kaspar
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sørensen
authors.forename: Niels
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Jørgensen
authors.forename: Ewa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rajpert-De Meyts
authors.forename: Tommy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gerdes
authors.forename: Anne-Marie
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Lind
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kjaergaard
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Juul
mesh_terms: D000782:Aneuploidy; D001827:Body Height / Q000235:genetics*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D018628:Gene Dosage / Q000235:genetics; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; D008297:Male; D017711:Nonlinear Dynamics; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012729:Sex Chromosome Aberrations; D012730:Sex Chromosomes / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology*; D000074122:Short Stature Homeobox Protein
chemical_list: D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; C106071:SHOX protein, human; D000074122:Short Stature Homeobox Protein