title: Actin-like cytoskeleton filaments contribute to cell mechanics in bacteria.
abstract: A filamentous cytoskeleton largely governs the physical shape and mechanical properties of eukaryotic cells. In bacteria, proteins homologous to all three classes of eukaryotic cytoskeletal filaments have recently been discovered. These proteins are essential for the maintenance of bacterial cell shape and have been shown to guide the localization of key cell-wall-modifying enzymes. However, whether the bacterial cytoskeleton is stiff enough to affect the overall mechanical rigidity of a cell has not been probed. Here, we used an optical trap to measure the bending rigidity of live Escherichia coli cells. We find that the actin-homolog MreB contributes nearly as much to the stiffness of a cell as the peptidoglycan cell wall. By quantitatively modeling these measurements, our data indicate that the MreB is rigidly linked to the cell wall, increasing the mechanical stiffness of the overall system. These data are the first evidence that the bacterial cytoskeleton contributes to the mechanical integrity of a cell in much the same way as it does in eukaryotes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biology, Department of Physics, and Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
authors.forename: Siyuan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Hugo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Arellano-Santoyo
authors.forename: Peter A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Combs
authors.forename: Joshua W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Shaevitz
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002473:Cell Wall / Q000378:metabolism; D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D003599:Cytoskeleton / Q000502:physiology / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000166:cytology* / Q000502:physiology; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008954:Models, Biological; D052898:Optical Tweezers
chemical_list: D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; C078473:MreB protein, E coli