title: Print-focused read-alouds in preschool classrooms: intervention effectiveness and moderators of child outcomes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of teachers' use of a print-referencing style during whole-class read-alouds with respect to accelerating 4- and 5-year-old children's print-knowledge development. It also examined 8 specific child- and setting-level moderators to determine whether these influenced the relation between teachers' use of a print-referencing style and children's print-knowledge development.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this randomized controlled trial, 59 teachers were randomly assigned to 2 conditions. Teachers in the experimental group (n = 31) integrated explicit references to specified print targets within each of 120 read-aloud sessions conducted in their classrooms over a 30-week period; comparison teachers (n = 28) read the same set of book titles along the same schedule but read using their business-as-usual reading style. Children's gains over the 30-week period on a composite measure of print knowledge were compared for a subset of children who were randomly selected from the experimental (n = 201) and comparison (n = 178) classrooms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When controlling for fall print knowledge, child age, and classroom quality, children who experienced a print-referencing style of reading had significantly higher print knowledge scores in the spring than did children in the comparison classroom. None of the child-level (age, initial literacy skills, language ability) or setting-level characteristics (program type, instructional quality, average level of classroom socioeconomic status, teachers' education level, teachers' experience) significantly moderated intervention effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Considered in tandem with prior study findings concerning this approach to emergent literacy intervention, print-focused read-alouds appear to constitute an evidence-based practice with net positive impacts on children's literacy development.
authors.affiliation: College of Education and Human Ecology, The Ohio State University, 231 Arps Hall, 1945 N. High Street, Columbus, OH 43210, USA. justice.57@osu.edu
authors.forename: Laura M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Justice
authors.forename: Anita S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: McGinty
authors.forename: Shayne B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Piasta
authors.forename: Joan N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Kaderavek
authors.forename: Xitao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Fan
mesh_terms: D001184:Articulation Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D002675:Child, Preschool; D018479:Early Intervention, Educational; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010700:Phonetics; D011932:Reading; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013061:Speech Acoustics; D013062:Speech Articulation Tests; D014705:Verbal Behavior