title: The criterion validity of different versions of the General Health Questionnaire among non-psychiatric inpatients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  While the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) has an excellent screening performance among outpatients and in the community, its accuracy to detect mental disorders among non-psychiatric inpatients was reported to be lower. The aim of the present study was to compare the criterion validity of different scoring methods, i.e. the Bimodal scoring, Likert scoring, Modified Likert scoring and Chronic scoring, of the 30-, 20- and 12-item version of the GHQ.
  
  
  METHODS
  The GHQ was available from 511 inpatients recruited from surgical, medical, gynaecological and physical rehabilitation wards. The Clinical Interview Schedule was performed for psychiatric case-identification and was used as external care criterion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sensitivities of all versions were between 0.612 and 0.701, and specificities between 0.601 and 0.759. The Overall Misclassification Rate (OMR) varied for the Bimodal and the Modified Likert scoring method between 0.257 and 0.281, for the Likert and the Chronic scoring method between 0.325 and 0.386. Overall, the Bimodal and the Modified Likert scoring method showed significantly better specificity and OMR than the Likert and the Chronic scoring method, while we could not find any differences for sensitivity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, the Bimodal and the Modified Likert scoring method seem to be more accurate than the Likert and the Chronic scoring method. Nevertheless, due to the high misclassification, none of these versions can be recommended for routine screening among non-psychiatric inpatients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria. fabian.friedrich@meduniwien.ac.at
authors.forename: Fabian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Friedrich
authors.forename: Rainer
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Alexandrowicz
authors.forename: Norbert
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Benda
authors.forename: Gero
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cerny
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wancata
mesh_terms: D001317:Austria; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007297:Inpatients / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards