title: Associations between street connectivity and active transportation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Past studies of associations between measures of the built environment, particularly street connectivity, and active transportation (AT) or leisure walking/bicycling have largely failed to account for spatial autocorrelation of connectivity variables and have seldom examined both the propensity for AT and its duration in a coherent fashion. Such efforts could improve our understanding of the spatial and behavioral aspects of AT. We analyzed spatially identified data from Los Angeles and San Diego Counties collected as part of the 2001 California Health Interview Survey.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Principal components analysis indicated that ~85% of the variance in nine measures of street connectivity are accounted for by two components representing buffers with short blocks and dense nodes (PRIN1) or buffers with longer blocks that still maintain a grid like structure (PRIN2). PRIN1 and PRIN2 were positively associated with active transportation (AT) after adjustment for diverse demographic and health related variables. Propensity and duration of AT were correlated in both Los Angeles (r = 0.14) and San Diego (r = 0.49) at the zip code level. Multivariate analysis could account for the correlation between the two outcomes.After controlling for demography, measures of the built environment and other factors, no spatial autocorrelation remained for propensity to report AT (i.e., report of AT appeared to be independent among neighborhood residents). However, very localized correlation was evident in duration of AT, particularly in San Diego, where the variance of duration, after accounting for spatial autocorrelation, was 5% smaller within small neighborhoods (approximately 0.01 square latitude/longitude degrees = 0.6 mile diameter) compared to within larger zip code areas. Thus a finer spatial scale of analysis seems to be more appropriate for explaining variation in connectivity and AT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Joint analysis of the propensity and duration of AT behavior and an explicitly geographic approach can strengthen studies of the built environment and physical activity (PA), specifically AT. More rigorous analytical work on cross-sectional data, such as in the present study, continues to support the need for experimental and longitudinal study designs including the analysis of natural experiments to evaluate the utility of environmental interventions aimed at increasing PA.
authors.affiliation: ARP, DCCPS, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA. berrigad@mail.nih.gov
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Berrigan
authors.forename: Linda W
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Pickle
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dill
mesh_terms: D001642:Bicycling / Q000502:physiology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002140:California; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D004779:Environment Design; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D015141:Los Angeles; D008297:Male; D015233:Models, Statistical; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014186:Transportation / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014505:Urban Population; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*