title: Complementary effects of antioxidants and sunscreens in reducing UV-induced skin damage as demonstrated by skin biomarker expression.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  UV-exposure of the skin causes oxidative stress, leading to inflammatory reactions and premature skin aging. Sunscreens protect by absorbing or reflecting UV on the skin surface. Antioxidants provide protection by quenching UV-induced reactive oxygen species inside skin.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the complementary photoprotective benefits of formulas containing either an antioxidant complex of Cassia alata leaf extract or a combination of the antioxidant complex and sunscreens on normal healthy volunteers using biomarkers of skin damage.
  
  
  METHODS
  Each formula and a placebo control were applied separately to selected areas on the lower back of 10 individuals for 4 consecutive days. On Day 4, the control and three test sites were exposed to 5 x MED (minimal erythemal dose) of solar-simulated UV-irradiation (UVR). On Day 5, 4-mm punch biopsies were collected from the four exposed sites and a control site (untreated, unexposed) for immunohistochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Exposure to 5 x MED demonstrated significant damage as assessed by thymine dimer formation, MMP-9 and p53 protein expression on untreated exposed skin. The formula containing sunscreens + the antioxidant complex was the most protective, followed by the formula with the antioxidant alone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study demonstrated that a combination of antioxidants and sunscreens complement each other, resulting in superior photoprotection.
authors.affiliation: L'Oreal USA, Research and Development, Clark, NJ 07066, USA. coresajo@rd.us.loreal.com
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Oresajo
authors.forename: Margarita
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yatskayer
authors.forename: Angelike
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Galdi
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Foltis
authors.forename: Sreekumar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pillai
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D002366:Cassia; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000032:analysis; D008875:Middle Aged; D010936:Plant Extracts; D018515:Plant Leaves; D011740:Pyrimidine Dimers / Q000032:analysis; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000528:radiation effects; D013473:Sunscreening Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000032:analysis; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays / Q000009:adverse effects*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D015415:Biomarkers; D010936:Plant Extracts; D011740:Pyrimidine Dimers; D013473:Sunscreening Agents; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9