title: Influence of insertion protocol and implant shoulder design on inflammatory infiltration and gene expression in peri-implant soft tissue during nonsubmerged dental implant healing.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed at elucidating the influence of insertion protocol and implant shoulder design on peri-implant soft tissue healing.
  
  
  METHODS
  One month after removal of all maxillary premolars in 12 minipigs, 4 implants were installed in each quadrant. According to implant shoulder design, 3 groups were established: 1) rough, 0.4 mm; 2) smooth, 3 mm; and 3) smooth, 0.4 mm. One quadrant was randomized to flapless insertion, and the other was used for flap surgery in each animal. Mucosa biopsies were retrieved 1, 2, 4, and 12 weeks after surgery and subjected to a leukocyte count as well as pangenomic gene expression analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Flapless surgery shortened the period of postsurgical inflammation as shown by the leukocyte count and induced early constructive remodeling as indicated by the microarray. Regarding design of the implant shoulder, leukocyte count values were lowest for group 3.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Flapless surgery in combination with group 3 implants appears to enhance peri-implant soft tissue healing.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Plastic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Jena, Jena, Germany. cornelia.mueller1@med.uni-jena.de
authors.forename: Cornelia Katharina
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Mueller
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Thorwarth
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schultze-Mosgau
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001706:Biopsy; D003758:Dental Implantation, Endosseous / Q000379:methods*; D015921:Dental Implants; D017267:Dental Prosthesis Design; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D005881:Gingiva / Q000473:pathology*; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000473:pathology; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000473:pathology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000473:pathology; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000473:pathology; D016348:Osseointegration / Q000502:physiology; D010027:Osteotomy / Q000379:methods; D010519:Periodontium / Q000473:pathology*; D011897:Random Allocation; D013499:Surface Properties; D013524:Surgical Flaps; D013552:Swine; D013556:Swine, Miniature; D013997:Time Factors; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D015921:Dental Implants