title: Voltage-gated calcium channels are involved in the regulation of calcium oscillations in vascular smooth muscle cells from isolated porcine retinal arterioles.
abstract: Disturbances in the regulation of retinal arteriolar tone are involved in the pathophysiology of major vision threatening diseases. Therefore, improving the treatment of these diseases requires knowledge about how the contraction of retinal arterioles is controlled. The present study hypothesized that in addition to calcium release from sarcoplasmic reticulum, calcium entry from the extracellular space is also involved in the generation of calcium oscillations as a basis for initiation of contraction in retinal arterioles. Isolated porcine retinal arterioles were mounted in a confocal microvascular myograph and loaded with the calcium sensitive fluorophore Oregon Green allowing simultaneous measurements of oscillations in the intracellular calcium concentration in individual smooth muscle cells and changes in the vascular tone. Recordings were made after pre-contraction with the thromboxane analogue U46619 in a low and a high ambient calcium concentration, and after subsequent blocking of voltage-gated calcium channels using nifedipine or the sarcoplasmic reticulum dependent calcium recruitment using ryanodine, caffeine, thapsigargin and cyclopiazonic acid. U46619 increased the number of oscillations in a low but not in physiological extracellular calcium concentration. In contrast to mesenteric arterioles, blocking of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) channels with ryanodine was without effect on both retinal arteriolar tone and calcium oscillations. Conversely, blocking of the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) pump with cyclopiazonic acid or thapsigargin significantly reduced calcium oscillations, but not arteriolar tone. At a physiological extracellular calcium concentration, addition of nifedipine, an L-type calcium channel blocker, reduced vascular tone but increased the number of cells displaying calcium oscillations. Fast oscillations in the intracellular calcium concentration in retinal smooth muscle cells depend on calcium transport by both the SR and the sarcolemma. However, both sites of calcium recruitment seem to have unique properties in porcine retinal arterioles as compared to other organs.
authors.affiliation: Aarhus University Hospital, Department of Ophthalmology, Norrebrogade 44, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark. mikkelmisfeldt@gmail.com
authors.forename: Mikkel Wölck
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Misfeldt
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Aalkjaer
authors.forename: Ulf
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Simonsen
authors.forename: Toke
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bek
mesh_terms: D019796:15-Hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D000814:Aniline Compounds / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001160:Arterioles / Q000378:metabolism; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology; D015220:Calcium Channels / Q000502:physiology*; D020013:Calcium Signaling / Q000502:physiology*; D005110:Extracellular Space / Q000378:metabolism; D005452:Fluoresceins / Q000378:metabolism; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000378:metabolism*; D009213:Myography; D009543:Nifedipine / Q000494:pharmacology; D012161:Retinal Artery / Q000378:metabolism*; D012433:Ryanodine / Q000494:pharmacology; D019837:Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel / Q000378:metabolism; D012519:Sarcoplasmic Reticulum / Q000378:metabolism; D053498:Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Calcium-Transporting ATPases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D013552:Swine; D019284:Thapsigargin / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000814:Aniline Compounds; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D015220:Calcium Channels; D005452:Fluoresceins; C503942:Oregon green 488 BAPTA-1; D019837:Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel; D012433:Ryanodine; D019284:Thapsigargin; D019796:15-Hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic Acid; D053498:Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Calcium-Transporting ATPases; D009543:Nifedipine; D002118:Calcium