title: Vaccination with autologous dendritic cells pulsed with multiple tumor antigens for treatment of patients with malignant melanoma: results from a phase I/II trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Dendritic cells are regarded as the most effective antigen presenting cells and coordinators of the immune response and therefore suitable as vaccine basis. Here we present results from a clinical study in which patients with malignant melanoma (MM) with verified progressive disease received vaccination with autologous monocyte-derived mature dendritic cells (DC) pulsed with p53, survivin and telomerase-derived peptides (HLA-A2+ patients) or with autologous/allogeneic tumor lysate (HLA-A2(−) patients) in combination with low-dose interleukin (IL)-2 and interferon (IFN)-alpha2b.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 46 patients who initiated treatment, 10 stopped treatment within 1-4 weeks because of rapid disease progression and deterioration. After 8 weeks, 36 patients were evaluable: no patient had an objective response, 11 patients had stable disease (SD); six had continued SD after 4 months, and three patients had prolonged SD for more than 6 months. The mean overall survival time was 9 months, with a significantly longer survival (18.4 months) of patients who attained SD compared with patients with progressive disease (PD) (5 months). Induction of antigen-specific T-cell responses was analyzed by multidimensional encoding of T cells using HLA-A2 major histocompatibility complex (MHC) multimers. Immune responses against five high-affinity vaccine peptides were detectable in the peripheral blood of six out of 10 analyzed HLA-A2+ patients. There was no observed correlation between the induction of immune responses and disease stabilization. A significant lower blood level of regulatory T cells (CD25(high) CD4 T cells) was demonstrable after six vaccinations in patients with SD compared with PD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vaccination was feasible and safe. Treatment-associated SD was observed in 24% of the patients. SD correlated with prolonged survival suggesting a clinical benefit. Differences in the level of regulatory T cells among SD and PD patients could indicate a significant role of these immune suppressive cells.
authors.affiliation: Center for Cancer Immunotherapy (CCIT), Department of Hematology, Herlev Hospital, Herlev, Denmark.
authors.forename: Redas
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Trepiakas
authors.forename: Annika
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Berntsen
authors.forename: Sine Reker
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Hadrup
authors.forename: Jon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bjørn
authors.forename: Poul F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Geertsen
authors.forename: Per Thor
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Straten
authors.forename: Mads H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Andersen
authors.forename: Anders E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Pedersen
authors.forename: Amir
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Soleimani
authors.forename: Torben
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lorentzen
authors.forename: Julia S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Johansen
authors.forename: Inge Marie
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Svane
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D019496:Cancer Vaccines; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000637:transplantation; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015789:HLA-A2 Antigen / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D016898:Interferon-alpha / Q000008:administration & dosage; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D008297:Male; D008545:Melanoma / Q000276:immunology / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D008875:Middle Aged; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm; D019496:Cancer Vaccines; D015789:HLA-A2 Antigen; D016898:Interferon-alpha; D007376:Interleukin-2