title: Evaluation of bleeding risk in patients exposed to therapeutic unfractionated or low-molecular-weight heparin: a cohort study in the context of a quality improvement initiative.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bleeding associated with the use of unfractionated heparin (UFH) and low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) can be a serious complication of health-care management and should be the focus of quality improvement initiatives by institutions.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To measure the incidence of bleeding with UFH and LMWH and evaluate associated risk factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  An observational cohort study was conducted at a secondary and tertiary care hospital in Canada. All adults receiving therapeutic doses of UFH or LMWH between April 2006 and March 2007, with the exception of cardiac surgery patients, were included. Bleeding episodes were classified per the GUSTO scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 3066 hospitalizations, the incidence of moderate or severe bleeding was 3.5%. Advanced age (OR 1.02, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.04; p < 0.001), female sex (OR 1.80, 95% CI 1.21 to 2.66; p = 0.003), UFH instead of LMWH (OR 4.72, 95% CI 2.17 to 10.30; p < 0.001), creatinine clearance (CrCl) (OR 0.89, 95% CI 0.84 to 0.95; p < 0.001, for a difference of 10 mL/min in CrCl), and supratherapeutic activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) (OR 3.88, 95% CI 2.25 to 6.69; p < 0.001 for >180 vs <90 seconds) were associated with a higher risk of bleeding in univariate analysis. In a multivariate model without aPTT, CrCl (OR 0.90, 95% CI 0.85 to 0.96; p < 0.001, for a difference of 10 mL/min in CrCl) and UFH (OR 2.35, 95% CI 1.11 to 4.98; p = 0.005) were significant predictors of bleeding. Among the bleeding episodes, 31% were in a postoperative context and 15% were following a puncture.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings show that CrCl and aPTT values, as well as the type of heparin used, are significant predictors of bleeding in patients receiving UFH or LMWH and that dosages should be adjusted to patient weight. The reason for all supratherapeutic aPTT levels should be sought and corrective measures taken immediately.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy and Health Technology Assessment Unit, Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada. bcossette.chus@ssss.gouv.qc.ca
authors.forename: Benoit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cossette
authors.forename: Marie-Eve
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Pelletier
authors.forename: Nathalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Carrier
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Turgeon
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Leclair
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Charron
authors.forename: Donald
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Echenberg
authors.forename: Tania
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fayad
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Farand
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006493:Heparin / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006495:Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019984:Quality Indicators, Health Care / Q000592:standards*; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D006495:Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight; D006493:Heparin