title: Urinary BTEX, MTBE and naphthalene as biomarkers to gain environmental exposure profiles of the general population.
abstract: The aim of this work was to evaluate urinary benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, m+p-xylene, o-xylene (BTEX), methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), ethyl tert-butyl ether (ETBE), and naphthalene (NAP) as biomarkers of exposure to environmental pollutants. Personal air and urine samples from 108 subjects belonging to the Italian general population were compared. Urinary profiles were obtained by headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. BTEX, MTBE, ETBE and NAP median airborne exposures during a 5-h sampling were 4.0, 25.3, 3.8, 9.3, 3.4, 3.4, <0.8, and 3.4 microg/m(3), respectively. Meanwhile, median urinary levels, as geometric means of three determinations were: 122, 397, 74, 127, 43, 49, <15, and 46 ng/L, respectively. Urinary benzene and toluene concentrations were 4.6- and 1.2-fold higher in smokers than in non-smokers. For most chemicals, significant positive correlations between airborne exposure (log-transformed) and the corresponding biological marker (log-transformed) were found, with Pearson's r values for correlation, ranging from 0.228 to 0.396. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that the urinary level of these chemicals was influenced by personal airborne exposure, urinary creatinine, and urinary cotinine, with R(2) 0.733 for benzene. Urinary chemicals are useful biomarkers of environmental exposure. Given the ease of rapidly obtaining urine samples, they represent a non-invasive alternative to blood chemical analysis. The possibility of obtaining urinary exposure profiles makes this method an appealing tool for environmental epidemiology.
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of Milan and Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via S. Barnaba, 8 - 20122 Milan, Italy. silvia.fustinoni@unimi.it
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fustinoni
authors.forename: Federica
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rossella
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Campo
authors.forename: Rosa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mercadante
authors.forename: Pier Alberto
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Bertazzi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001555:Benzene Derivatives / Q000652:urine*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D005019:Ethyl Ethers / Q000652:urine*; D005260:Female; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy; D008297:Male; D008738:Methyl Ethers / Q000652:urine*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009281:Naphthalenes / Q000652:urine*; D011159:Population Surveillance; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001555:Benzene Derivatives; D015415:Biomarkers; D005019:Ethyl Ethers; D008738:Methyl Ethers; D009281:Naphthalenes; C031721:naphthalene; C043243:methyl tert-butyl ether; C098546:ethyl tert-butyl ether