title: Selective induction of astrocytic gliosis generates deficits in neuronal inhibition.
abstract: Reactive astrocytosis develops in many neurologic diseases, including epilepsy. Astrocytotic contributions to pathophysiology are poorly understood. Studies examining this are confounded by comorbidities accompanying reactive astrocytosis. We found that high-titer transduction of astrocytes with enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) via adeno-associated virus induced reactive astrocytosis without altering the intrinsic properties or anatomy of neighboring neurons. We examined the consequences of selective astrocytosis induction on synaptic transmission in mouse CA1 pyramidal neurons. Neurons near eGFP-labeled reactive astrocytes had reduced inhibitory, but not excitatory, synaptic currents. This inhibitory postsynaptic current (IPSC) erosion resulted from a failure of the astrocytic glutamate-glutamine cycle. Reactive astrocytes downregulated expression of glutamine synthetase. Blockade of this enzyme normally induces rapid synaptic GABA depletion. In astrocytotic regions, residual inhibition lost sensitivity to glutamine synthetase blockade, whereas exogenous glutamine administration enhanced IPSCs. Astrocytosis-mediated deficits in inhibition triggered glutamine-reversible hyperexcitability in hippocampal circuits. Thus, reactive astrocytosis could generate local synaptic perturbations, leading to broader functional deficits associated with neurologic disease.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Pavel I
authors.initials: PI
authors.lastname: Ortinski
authors.forename: Jinghui
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.forename: Alison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mungenast
authors.forename: Cuiyong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yue
authors.forename: Hajime
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Takano
authors.forename: Deborah J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Watson
authors.forename: Philip G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Haydon
authors.forename: Douglas A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Coulter
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D000941:Antigens / Q000378:metabolism; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000502:physiology*; D001973:Bromodeoxyuridine / Q000378:metabolism; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D018756:GABA Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D005911:Gliosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005974:Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase / Q000378:metabolism; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000166:cytology; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D051379:Mice; D008840:Microfilament Proteins; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D009433:Neural Inhibition / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D018408:Patch-Clamp Techniques / Q000379:methods; D010721:Phosphinic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D011509:Proteoglycans / Q000378:metabolism; D011724:Pyridazines / Q000494:pharmacology; D011725:Pyridines / Q000494:pharmacology; D055366:Synaptic Potentials / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D014161:Transduction, Genetic / Q000379:methods; D000099216:Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycan 4
chemical_list: D000941:Antigens; D001973:Bromodeoxyuridine; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins; D018756:GABA Antagonists; D005974:Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D008840:Microfilament Proteins; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D010721:Phosphinic Acids; D011509:Proteoglycans; D011724:Pyridazines; D011725:Pyridines; D000099216:Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycan 4; C101879:(1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl)methylphosphinic acid; C491049:Aif1 protein, mouse; C485184:enhanced green fluorescent protein; C049853:gabazine