title: Obese children show hyperactivation to food pictures in brain networks linked to motivation, reward and cognitive control.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the neural mechanisms of food motivation in children and adolescents, and examine brain activation differences between healthy weight (HW) and obese participants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten HW children (ages 11-16; BMI < 85%ile) and 10 obese children (ages 10-17; BMI >95%ile) matched for age, gender and years of education.
  
  
  METHODS
  Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scans were conducted twice: when participants were hungry (pre-meal) and immediately after a standardized meal (post-meal). During the fMRI scans, the participants passively viewed blocked images of food, non-food (animals) and blurred baseline control.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both groups of children showed brain activation to food images in the limbic and paralimbic regions (PFC/OFC). The obese group showed significantly greater activation to food pictures in the PFC (pre-meal) and OFC (post-meal) than the HW group. In addition, the obese group showed less post-meal reduction of activation (vs pre-meal) in the PFC, limbic and the reward-processing regions, including the nucleus accumbens.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Limbic and paralimbic activation in high food motivation states was noted in both groups of participants. However, obese children were hyper-responsive to food stimuli as compared with HW children. In addition, unlike HW children, brain activations in response to food stimuli in obese children failed to diminish significantly after eating. This study provides initial evidence that obesity, even among children, is associated with abnormalities in neural networks involved in food motivation, and that the origins of neural circuitry dysfunction associated with obesity may begin early in life.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Hoglund Brain Imaging Center, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Bruce
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Holsen
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Chambers
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: W M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Brooks
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Zarcone
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Butler
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Savage
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000502:physiology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D005502:Food; D006801:Humans; D006815:Hunger / Q000502:physiology*; D008032:Limbic System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation / Q000502:physiology*; D009765:Obesity / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D019518:Postprandial Period