title: Biomonitoring of smoke constituents: exposure to 4-aminobiphenyl and 4-aminobiphenyl hemoglobin adduct levels in nonsmokers and smokers.
abstract: Public health authorities worldwide have concluded that exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) causes diseases, including cancer, in adult nonsmokers. The arylamine, 4-aminobiphenyl (4-ABP), has been identified as a human carcinogen. Some publications have suggested that 4-ABP hemoglobin (4-ABP-Hb) adduct levels in nonsmokers are a result of exposure to ETS, whereas others could not confirm these observations. Toxicokinetic and exposure models proposed in this work are used to estimate the concentration of 4-ABP-Hb adducts resulting from ETS exposure that is based on experimental values for respirable suspended particulates (RSP) concentration. Monte Carlo methods were used to obtain estimates of population distributions of 4-ABP-Hb adduct levels resulting from indoor ETS exposure in homes, workplaces, and hospitality environments. It is found that the mean, median, and 95th percentile 4-ABP-Hb adduct steady-state levels of 0.4-1.4, 0.2-1.0, and 0.97-4.63 pg/g Hb, respectively, are estimated from ETS exposure. These 4-ABP-Hb adduct levels from ETS exposure account for approximately 1-4% of the median levels reported for nonsmokers, explaining, in part, contradictory literature data on 4-ABP-Hb adduct levels in nonsmokers. No risk assessment of ETS or 4-ABP was conducted in this work, consequently the known health effects of ETS are neither confirmed or challenged and our conclusions are limited to the determination that ETS is not a major source of 4-ABP-Hb adduct levels in non-smokers.
authors.affiliation: Philip Morris Products SA, Philip Morris International, Research and Development, Neuchâtel, Switzerland. matthias.schorp@pmintl.com
authors.forename: Matthias K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Schorp
authors.forename: Donald E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Leyden
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000611:Aminobiphenyl Compounds / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D000818:Animals; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D000611:Aminobiphenyl Compounds; D002273:Carcinogens; D006454:Hemoglobins; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution; C006757:4-biphenylamine