title: Patient exposure dose for chest and skull radiographies in Mazandaran hospitals.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Radiographic techniques are essential methods of diagnosis, and their use has been increased, especially with the development of the new technologies. Inappropriate administration of these techniques may put both the patients and personnel at unnecessary risks. The objective of this research was to measure the skin dose of chest and skull radiographies used in Mazandaran hospitals and to compare these doses with national and international standards.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this cross-sectional study, six X-ray generators at six hospitals affiliated to Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences were included. One hundred and twenty patients referred to the radiology wards for radiographic examinations of chest and skull with normal body mass index (BMI) were selected (20 patients for each radiography unit). The generators were matched for mAs, kvp, type of amplifier sheets, and technical conditions as much as possible. Calibrated thermo luminescence dosimeters (TLD-USA, Lif-100) were used to measure the skin dose by placing them on the patients' back and the absorbed doses by TLDs were read by a TLD reader (model: Harshuu, TLD3500, Japan).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean values of the skin dose were 0.51 mGray for posteroanterior (PA), chest X-ray (CXR), 3.36 mGray for lateral CXR, 7.25 mGray for anterroposterior (AP) or PA skull X-rays, and 7.59 mGray for lateral skull X-rays. The measured values were higher than the national and international standards.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this research revealed that the conditions of the X-ray generators should be monitored and modified periodically. Modifying the X-ray generators plus improving technicians' skills would, to some extent, reduce the radiation exposure of the patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational Health, Faculty of Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Iran.
authors.forename: Siavash
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Etemadinezhad
authors.forename: Seyed Ali
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Rahimi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006761:Hospitals / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007492:Iran; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D013902:Radiography, Thoracic / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011874:Radiometry; D012886:Skull / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*