title: Heterogeneity of regional redox status and relation of the redox status to oxygenation in a tumor model, evaluated using electron paramagnetic resonance imaging.
abstract: It is widely accepted that redox status, along with the partial pressure of oxygen (pO(2)), determines the efficacy of some therapeutic methods applied to treat tumors, including radiation. Redox status, evaluated by the reduction of a nitroxyl probe, was reportedly heterogeneous in a mouse tumor model. However, neither variation of heterogeneity of the redox status among mice nor the relation of the redox status to pO(2) in tumors has been characterized sufficiently. In this study, the regional reduction status in a mouse radiation-induced fibrosarcoma tumor model was evaluated using sequential three-dimensional electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) imaging after i.v. injection of a tissue-permeable nitroxyl probe, HM-PROXYL. The regional decay of HM-PROXYL signal obeyed first-order kinetics, and the amplitude of the reduction rate and extent of its heterogeneity in a tumor varied among six mice. The tissue pO(2) was measured using EPR oximetry with lithium phthalocyanine (LiPc) microcrystals implanted within the tumor. The location of LiPc was determined with EPR imaging. A sequential image was obtained following the injection of HM-PROXYL, even after LiPc implantation, by choosing an HM-PROXYL signal peak which does not overlap with the signal of LiPc. The relationship between pO(2) and the reduction rate at the region of pO(2) measurement was found to be low (r = 0.357) in 13 tumor-bearing mice, indicating that the extent of oxygenation does not necessarily affect the redox status under air-breathing conditions. The results strongly indicate the necessity of measurements of both redox status and oxygenation in every tumor to characterize tumor physiology.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, Kumamoto, Japan. keizo@ph.sojo-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Keizo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takeshita
authors.forename: Kumiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kawaguchi
authors.forename: Kaori
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fujii-Aikawa
authors.forename: Megumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ueno
authors.forename: Shoko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Okazaki
authors.forename: Mitsuhiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ono
authors.forename: Murali C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Krishna
authors.forename: Periannan
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kuppusamy
authors.forename: Toshihiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ozawa
authors.forename: Nobuo
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ikota
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019069:Cell Respiration / Q000502:physiology*; D004578:Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy; D005354:Fibrosarcoma / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D007211:Indoles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008809:Mice, Inbred C3H; D009381:Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D009589:Nitrogen Oxides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D009942:Organometallic Compounds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010092:Oximetry; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism*; D013113:Spin Labels
chemical_list: D007211:Indoles; D009589:Nitrogen Oxides; D009942:Organometallic Compounds; D013113:Spin Labels; C081756:lithium phthalocyanine; C039900:nitroxyl; D010100:Oxygen