title: Racial disparities in traumatic stress in prostate cancer patients: secondary analysis of a National URCC CCOP Study of 317 men.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  African American men have the highest rates of prostate cancer of any racial group, but very little is known about the psychological functioning of African American men in response to prostate cancer diagnosis and treatment.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In this secondary analysis of a national trial testing a psychological intervention for prostate cancer patients, we report on the traumatic stress symptoms of African American and non-African American men.
  
  
  METHODS
  This analysis includes 317 men (African American: n = 30, 9%; non-African American: n = 287, 91%) who were enrolled in the intervention trial, which included 12 weeks of group psychotherapy and 24 months of follow-up. Using mixed model analysis, total score on the Impact of Events Scale (IES) and its Intrusion and Avoidance subscales were examined to determine mean differences in traumatic stress across all time points (0, 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months). In an additional analysis, relevant psychosocial, demographic, and clinical variables were added to the model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results showed significantly higher levels of traumatic stress for African American men compared to non-African American men in all models independently of the intervention arm, demographics, and relevant clinical variables. African Americans also had a consistently higher prevalence of clinically significant traumatic stress symptoms (defined as IES total score ≥ 27). These elevations remained across all time points over 24 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first study to show a racial disparity in traumatic stress specifically as an aspect of overall psychological adjustment to prostate cancer. Recommendations are made for appropriate assessment, referral, and treatment of psychological distress in this vulnerable population.
authors.affiliation: Washington University in St. Louis, Health Communication Research Laboratory, 700 Rosedale Ave., Campus Box 1009, St. Louis, MO 63112, USA. jpurnell@gwbmail.wustl.edu
authors.forename: Jason Q
authors.initials: JQ
authors.lastname: Purnell
authors.forename: Oxana G
authors.initials: OG
authors.lastname: Palesh
authors.forename: Charles E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Heckler
authors.forename: M Jacob
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chin
authors.forename: Supriya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mohile
authors.forename: Luke J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Peppone
authors.forename: James N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Atkins
authors.forename: Dennis F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Spiegel
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Messing
authors.forename: Gary R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Morrow
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D011594:Psychometrics; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D013315:Stress, Psychological; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*