title: Abnormal hippocampal functioning and impaired spatial navigation in depressed individuals: evidence from whole-head magnetoencephalography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Dysfunction of the hippocampus has long been suspected to be a key component of the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder. Despite evidence of hippocampal structural abnormalities in depressed patients, abnormal hippocampal functioning has not been demonstrated. The authors aimed to link spatial navigation deficits previously documented in depressed patients to abnormal hippocampal functioning using a virtual reality navigation task.
  
  
  METHODS
  Whole-head magnetoencephalography (MEG) recordings were collected while participants (19 patients diagnosed with major depressive disorder and 19 healthy subjects matched by gender and age) navigated a virtual Morris water maze to find a hidden platform; navigation to a visible platform served as a control condition. Behavioral measures were obtained to assess navigation performance. Theta oscillatory activity (4-8 Hz) was mapped across the brain on a voxel-wise basis using a spatial-filtering MEG source analysis technique.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Depressed patients performed worse than healthy subjects in navigating to the hidden platform. Robust group differences in theta activity were observed in right medial temporal cortices during navigation, with patients exhibiting less engagement of the anterior hippocampus and parahippocampal cortices relative to comparison subjects. Left posterior hippocampal theta activity was positively correlated with individual performance within each group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Consistent with previous findings, depressed patients showed impaired spatial navigation. Dysfunction of right anterior hippocampus and parahippocampal cortices may underlie this deficit and stem from structural abnormalities commonly found in depressed patients.
authors.affiliation: Mood and Anxiety Disorders Program, NIMH, 15K North Dr., MSC 2670, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. cornwellb@mail.nih.gov
authors.forename: Brian R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Cornwell
authors.forename: Giacomo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Salvadore
authors.forename: Veronica
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Colon-Rosario
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Latov
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Holroyd
authors.forename: Frederick W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Carver
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Coppola
authors.forename: Husseini K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Manji
authors.forename: Carlos A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Zarate
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Grillon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D015225:Magnetoencephalography; D008297:Male; D018782:Maze Learning / Q000502:physiology; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology; D013037:Spatial Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D013826:Theta Rhythm