title: Trunk and hip muscle activation patterns are different during walking in young children with and without cerebral palsy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Poor control of postural muscles is a primary impairment in people with cerebral palsy (CP).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to investigate differences in the timing characteristics of trunk and hip muscle activity during walking in young children with CP compared with children with typical development (TD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-one children (16 with TD, 15 with CP) with an average of 28.5 months of walking experience participated in this observational study. Electromyographic data were collected from 16 trunk and hip muscles as participants walked at a self-selected pace. A custom-written computer program determined onset and offset of activity. Activation and coactivation data were analyzed for group differences.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The children with CP had greater total activation and coactivation for all muscles except the external oblique muscle and differences in the timing of activation for all muscles compared with the TD group. The implications of the observed muscle activation patterns are discussed in reference to existing postural control literature.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The potential influence of recording activity from adjacent deep trunk muscles is discussed, as well as the influence of the use of an assistive device by some children with CP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Young children with CP demonstrate excessive, nonreciprocal trunk and hip muscle activation during walking compared with children with TD. Future studies should investigate the efficacy of treatments to reduce excessive muscle activity and improve coordination of postural muscles in CP.
authors.affiliation: Rehabilitation Medicine Department, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bldg 10-CRC, 1-1469 10 Center Dr, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. laura.prosser@nih.gov
authors.forename: Laura A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Prosser
authors.forename: Samuel C K
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Ann F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: VanSant
authors.forename: Mary F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Barbe
authors.forename: Richard T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Lauer
mesh_terms: D000886:Anthropometry; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002547:Cerebral Palsy / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004576:Electromyography; D056228:Feedback, Sensory; D005260:Female; D020233:Gait Disorders, Neurologic / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D006615:Hip / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000503:physiopathology*; D026741:Physical Therapy Modalities; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013909:Thorax / Q000503:physiopathology; D013997:Time Factors; D014741:Video Recording