title: [Causes and risk factors of pleural empyema and complicated parapneumonic pleural effusion].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze the causes and risk factors of pleural empyema and complicated parapneumonic pleural effusion and to evaluate age, sex, concomitant pathology of the patients studied, time of consulting a doctor, and antibacterial treatment before the diagnosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 120 patients with pleural empyema (n=67) and complicated parapneumonic pleural effusion (n=53) were studied. When pus in the pleural space was present, pleural empyema was considered. Complicated parapneumonic pleural effusion was diagnosed when multiloculated fluid in the pleural cavity by ultrasound examination, more than 50% neutrophils of all leukocytes in the pleural fluid, and pleural fluid pH <7.0 were found.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most patients with pleural empyema and complicated parapneumonic pleural effusion were middle aged (53+/-17 years); men were twice as likely as women to have these conditions. Less than half (46%) of patients had at least one risk factor such as neoplasia (37%), treatment with immunosuppressive medicine (15%), alcohol abuse (15%). Persons consulted a doctor after 12 days, on the average, following the onset of the symptoms of the illness. The risk factors were found more often for the patients with pleural empyema than with complicated parapneumonic pleural effusion (50.75% versus 39.62%). Patients with pleural empyema consulted a doctor later than patients with complicated parapneumonic pleural effusion (21+/-28.6 days versus 9.5+/-9.8 days, P=0.0052). Three-fourths (75%) of the patients were treated with antibiotics, and monotherapy was applied most frequently (86% of cases). Penicillins (28%), cephalosporins (26%), aminoglycosides (20%), and macrolides (10%) were prescribed most commonly. One-quarter (25%) of patients were not treated with antibiotics mostly because of misdiagnosed intercostal neuralgia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Causes of pleural empyema and complicated parapneumonic pleural effusion are multifactorial. Patients consult a doctor too late after the onset of the symptoms, nearly half of the studied patients were found to have conditions that might cause immunosuppression, and a part of patients did not receive antibiotics or antibacterial treatment was administered improperly.
authors.affiliation: Center of Pulmonology and Allergology, Vilniaus University Hospital Santariskiu Klinikos, Santariskiu 2, Vilnius, Lithuania. rzablockis@takas.lt
authors.forename: Rolandas
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zablockis
authors.forename: Rūta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Petruskeviciene
authors.forename: Remigijus Valdemaras
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Nargela
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000150:complications; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D016724:Empyema, Pleural / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010996:Pleural Effusion / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000382:microbiology; D010998:Pleurisy / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents