title: Cancer-germline antigen vaccines and epigenetic enhancers: future strategies for cancer treatment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Immunotherapy holds great potential for disseminated cancer, and cancer-germline (CG) antigens are among the most promising tumor targets. They are widely expressed in different cancer types and are essentially tumor-specific, since their expression in normal tissues is largely restricted to immune-privileged sites. Although the therapeutic potential of these antigens may be compromised by their highly heterogeneous expression in many tumors and low frequency in some cancers, recent developments suggest that tumor-cell-selective enhancement of CG antigen gene expression can be achieved using epigenetic modifiers.
  
  
  METHODS
  We provide an overview of the potential of CG antigens as targets for cancer immunotherapy, including advantages and disadvantages. We also discuss the current state of development of CG antigen vaccines, and the potential synergistic effect of combining CG antigen immunotherapeutic strategies with epigenetic modifiers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The reader will gain an overview of the past, present and future role of CG antigens in cancer immunotherapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chemoimmunotherapy using epigenetic drugs and CG antigen vaccines may be a useful approach for treating cancer.
authors.affiliation: Odense University Hospital, SDR Boulevard 29, DK-5000, Odense C, Denmark.
authors.forename: Morten Frier
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Gjerstorff
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Burns
authors.forename: Henrik Jorn
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Ditzel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019496:Cancer Vaccines / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015254:DNA Modification Methylases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects*; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects; D015316:Genetic Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D019496:Cancer Vaccines; D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors; D015254:DNA Modification Methylases