title: Fine-scale detection of population-specific linkage disequilibrium using haplotype entropy in the human genome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The creation of a coherent genomic map of recent selection is one of the greatest challenges towards a better understanding of human evolution and the identification of functional genetic variants. Several methods have been proposed to detect linkage disequilibrium (LD), which is indicative of natural selection, from genome-wide profiles of common genetic variations but are designed for large regions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  To find population-specific LD within small regions, we have devised an entropy-based method that utilizes differences in haplotype frequency between populations. The method has the advantages of incorporating multilocus association, conciliation with low allele frequencies, and independence from allele polarity, which are ideal for short haplotype analysis. The comparison of HapMap SNPs data from African and Caucasian populations with a median resolution size of ~23 kb gave us novel candidates as well as known selection targets. Enrichment analysis for the yielded genes showed associations with diverse diseases such as cardiovascular, immunological, neurological, and skeletal and muscular diseases. A possible scenario for a selective force is discussed. In addition, we have developed a web interface (ENIGMA, available at http://gibk21.bse.kyutech.ac.jp/ENIGMA/index.html), which allows researchers to query their regions of interest for population-specific LD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The haplotype entropy method is powerful for detecting population-specific LD embedded in short regions and should contribute to further studies aiming to decipher the evolutionary histories of modern humans.
authors.affiliation: The Simons Center for Systems Biology, Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, New Jersey, USA. mizunohda@chugai-pharm.co.jp
authors.forename: Hideaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mizuno
authors.forename: Gurinder
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Atwal
authors.forename: Haijian
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Arnold J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Levine
authors.forename: Alexei
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vazquez
mesh_terms: D019277:Entropy; D005828:Genetics, Population; D015894:Genome, Human; D006239:Haplotypes; D006801:Humans; D015810:Linkage Disequilibrium; D044382:Population Groups / Q000235:genetics; D018167:Receptors, Calcitriol / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D018167:Receptors, Calcitriol