Examining a cognitive model of persecutory ideation in the daily life of people with schizophrenia: a computerized experience sampling study.
Contemporary theoretical models of paranoia suggest that negative emotions, perceptual anomalies, and recent life events are important predictors of experiencing persecutory ideation. In the current experience sampling study, these factors are examined prospectively for the first time as predictors of the occurrence of persecutory ideation, as well as persecutory belief conviction, and associated distress in real time in the context of daily life. One hundred and forty five community-dwelling participants with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder completed self-report assessments generated by a personal digital assistant multiple times a day for 1 week. Their responses were time lagged to allow examination of dynamic prospective relationships between variables as they occur within days. Approximately half of the participants reported having some persecutory thoughts, with a total of 378 reported occurrences of persecutory thoughts across participants during the week. Negative emotional states of anxiety and sadness were significant predictors of the occurrence of subsequent persecutory ideation, but hallucinations and recent life events were not. In a subsample of people who had multiple persecutory thoughts, anxiety was a significant predictor of belief conviction and associated distress, while sadness was only predictive of distress. The findings are consistent with recent cognitive theory that proposes a causal role for negative emotional states in the formation and maintenance of persecutory ideation and suggest that persecutory ideation may be addressed indirectly by interventions targeting anxiety and depression.
Ben-Zeev
Dror
D
Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL 60616, USA. benzeev@iit.edu
Ellington
Kemp
K
Swendsen
Joel
J
Granholm
Eric
E
D000203:Activities of Daily Living / Q000523:psychology*; D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000523:psychology; D003071:Cognition; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D006212:Hallucinations / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008960:Models, Psychological; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010552:Personality Assessment; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D012494:Sampling Studies; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D013850:Thinking