title: Mechanotransduction: the missing link in the facial aging puzzle?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Craniofacial bony remodeling has been recognized as an important contributor to the facial aging process. Multiple studies have demonstrated significant craniofacial skeletal changes with age. However, no review has assembled this information in a concise, cogent fashion. Furthermore, the etiology of these skeletal changes has not been elucidated. This information is important for understanding the mechanisms of facial aging and for further development of facial rejuvenation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature review of all articles discussing remodeling of the craniofacial skeleton with age was performed. Studies that used objective measurements of craniofacial skeletal parameters for different age groups were collected and analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The studies demonstrated consistent morphologic changes in the craniofacial skeleton with age. These changes included trends toward increased facial bony width in women; contour changes of the orbit, anterior maxilla, and mandibular body; and decreased dimensions of the glabellar, pyriform, and maxillary angles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The craniofacial skeleton remodels with aging. Many of the observed changes in soft tissue contour and position reflect these skeletal changes. Changes in facial muscle function through the process of mechanotransduction may be responsible for these skeletal changes.
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Safa E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Sharabi
authors.forename: Daniel A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Hatef
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Koshy
authors.forename: Larry H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Hollier
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Yaremchuk
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D055592:Biophysical Phenomena; D005145:Face / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012886:Skull / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult