title: Trajectories of behavioral adjustment following early placement in foster care: predicting stability and change over 8 years.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify trajectories of behavioral adjustment from age 6 through 14 years for youth placed in early foster care, and to examine links between trajectories and early cognitive ability and social competence, caregiver stability, and frequency, timing, and type of maltreatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were 279 youth from the Southwest site of the Consortium for Longitudinal Studies of Child Abuse and Neglect (LONGSCAN). All youth had spent at least 5 months in out-of-home care before age 4 years because of substantiated reports of maltreatment. Behavioral adjustment was assessed using caregiver reports on the Child Behavior Checklist at ages 6, 8, 10, 12, and 14. Cognitive ability and social competence were assessed at age 6. Caregiver stability was recorded every 2 years from age 6 through 14 years and summed. Child protective services (CPS) maltreatment reports were coded for type and frequency.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Growth mixture modeling identified three internalizing trajectories: stable adjustment (66.7%), mixed/decreasing adjustment (25.4%), and increasing adjustment (7.9%). Four externalizing trajectories were identified: stable adjustment (46.6%), mixed adjustment (28.7%), increasing adjustment (8.2%), and stable maladjustment (16.5%). Trajectories of stable or increasing adjustment were predicted by social competence, cognitive ability, placement stability, and low frequency of physical abuse from ages 6 through 14.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Many youth who have spent time in early out-of-home care evidence stable, long-term positive behavioral adjustment. Trajectories reflecting more positive adjustment are associated with early child cognitive ability and social competence, long-term caregiver stability, and low frequency of physical abuse in middle childhood and adolescence.
authors.affiliation: San Diego State University and the Child and Adolescent Services Research Center, Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, CA 92123-4282, USA. lproctor@casrc.org
authors.forename: Laura J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Proctor
authors.forename: Laura C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Skriner
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Roesch
authors.forename: Alan J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Litrownik
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D000374:Aggression / Q000523:psychology; D017028:Caregivers; D002648:Child; D002649:Child Abuse / Q000523:psychology; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003376:Counseling; D005260:Female; D005581:Foster Home Care; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012917:Social Adjustment