title: Maternal human immunodeficiency virus infection and congenital transmission of cytomegalovirus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the frequency of congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in infants born to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected mothers and assess risk factors that may facilitate intrauterine transmission of CMV, including the role of perinatal HIV infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective cohort study of infants who were born to HIV-infected mothers at Parkland Memorial Hospital and screened for congenital CMV infection according to a standard nursery protocol between February 1, 1997 and May 31, 2005.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the 8-year study period that included 125,781 live births, there were 367 infants (0.3%) born to 303 HIV-infected mothers. Of 333 HIV-exposed infants who were screened for CMV, 10 (3%) had congenital CMV infection and 6 (60%) of these were identified only because of the CMV screening protocol. Four (1%) infants were infected with HIV, and none of these was CMV-infected. Compared with CMV-uninfected infants, CMV-infected, HIV-exposed newborns had lower mean birth weight (2508 versus 3148 g, P < 0.01), lower gestational age (37 vs. 39 weeks, P < 0.01), and higher median maternal HIV viral load at the start of prenatal care (15,411 vs. 2209 copies/mL, P = 0.02). CMV-infected infants were more likely to be born to mothers who were diagnosed with HIV during the pregnancy or at delivery (P = 0.03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of congenital CMV infection among HIV-exposed newborns was 3%. Screening of these infants for CMV would allow identification of infants who are at risk for delayed onset of hearing loss and other neurodevelopmental impairment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
authors.forename: Elaine L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Duryea
authors.forename: Pablo J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Sánchez
authors.forename: Jeanne S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Sheffield
authors.forename: Gregory L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: George D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Wendel
authors.forename: Barbara S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: McElwee
authors.forename: Linda F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Boney
authors.forename: Mary M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Mallory
authors.forename: Kristine E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Owen
authors.forename: Elizabeth K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Stehel
mesh_terms: D015331:Cohort Studies; D003587:Cytomegalovirus / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D003586:Cytomegalovirus Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000151:congenital* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors