title: High irradiance induces photoprotective mechanisms and a positive effect on NH4+ stress in Pisum sativum L.
abstract: Photosynthesis provides plant metabolism with reduced carbon (C) but is also the main source of oxidative stress in plants. Likewise, high doses of NH(4)(+) as sole N source have been reported to be toxic for most plants, resulting in reduced plant growth and restricting C availability. The combination of high photosynthetic photon flux densities (PPFD) and NH(4)(+) nutrition may provide higher C availability but could also have a detrimental effect on the plants, therefore the objective of this study is to evaluate whether NH(4)(+) induces photo-oxidative stress that is exacerbated under high light conditions. Pea plants (Pisum sativum cv. sugar-snap) were grown hydroponically with NH(4)(+) (0.5, 2.5, 5 and 10 mM) under high (750 micromol photons m(-2)s(-1)) or low PPFD conditions (350 micromol photons m(-2)s(-1)). High PPFD contributes to a higher tolerance to ammonium by pea plants, as it originated higher biomass content due to higher photosynthetic rates. However, a deficit of N (0.5 and 2.5 mM NH(4)(+)) under high PPFD conditions caused an antioxidant response, as indicated by increased photoprotective pigment and chloroplastic superoxide dismutase contents. Plants grown with higher doses of N and high PPFD showed less need for photoprotection. An increase in the specific leaf weight (SLW) ratio was observed associated not only with high PPFDs but also with the highest NH(4)(+) dose. Overall, these results demonstrate that, despite the activation of some photoprotective responses at high PPFD, there were no photoinhibitory symptoms and a positive effect on NH(4)(+) toxicity, thus suggesting that the harmful effects of NH(4)(+) are not directly related to the generation of photo-oxidative stress.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Agri-Biotechnology, Public University of Navarre - CSIC - Government of Navarre, Campus de Arrosadía s/n, E-31006 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.
authors.forename: Idoia
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ariz
authors.forename: Raquel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Esteban
authors.forename: Jose Ignacio
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: García-Plazaola
authors.forename: José María
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Becerril
authors.forename: Pedro María
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Aparicio-Tejo
authors.forename: Jose Fernando
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Moran
mesh_terms: D002338:Carotenoids / Q000378:metabolism; D008027:Light; D018532:Pisum sativum / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D010788:Photosynthesis / Q000187:drug effects; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000378:metabolism; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds / Q000633:toxicity*; D012273:Ribulose-Bisphosphate Carboxylase / Q000378:metabolism; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000187:drug effects*; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D024502:alpha-Tocopherol / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; D002338:Carotenoids; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D012273:Ribulose-Bisphosphate Carboxylase; D024502:alpha-Tocopherol