title: Hydrogen gas reduced acute hyperglycemia-enhanced hemorrhagic transformation in a focal ischemia rat model.
abstract: Hyperglycemia is one of the major factors for hemorrhagic transformation after ischemic stroke. In this study, we tested the effect of hydrogen gas on hemorrhagic transformation in a rat focal cerebral ischemia model. Sprague-Dawley rats (n=72) were divided into the following groups: sham; sham treated with hydrogen gas (H(2)); Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion (MCAO); and MCAO treated with H(2) (MCAO+H(2)). All rats received an injection of 50% dextrose (6 ml/kg i.p.) and underwent MCAO 15 min later. Following a 90 min ischemic period, hydrogen was inhaled for 2 h during reperfusion. We measured the level of blood glucose at 0 h, 0.5 h, 4 h, and 6 h after dextrose injection. Infarct and hemorrhagic volumes, neurologic score, oxidative stress (evaluated by measuring the level of 8 Hydroxyguanosine (8OHG), 4-Hydroxy-2-Nonenal (HNE) and nitrotyrosine), and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2/MMP-9 activity were measured at 24 h after ischemia. We found that hydrogen inhalation for 2 h reduced infarct and hemorrhagic volumes and improved neurological functions. This effect of hydrogen was accompanied by a reduction of the expression of 8OHG, HNE, and nitrotyrosine and the activity of MMP-9. Furthermore, a reduction of the blood glucose level from 500+/-32.51 to 366+/-68.22 mg/dl at 4 h after dextrose injection was observed in hydrogen treated animals. However, the treatment had no significant effect on the expression of ZO-1, occludin, collagen IV or aquaporin4 (AQP4). In conclusion, hydrogen gas reduced brain infarction, hemorrhagic transformation, and improved neurological function in rats. The potential mechanisms of decreased oxidative stress and glucose levels after hydrogen treatment warrant further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Manaenko
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhan
authors.forename: W W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Ostrowki
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000447:Aldehydes / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D051401:Aquaporin 4 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D001925:Brain Damage, Chronic / Q000517:prevention & control; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018450:Disease Progression; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D005947:Glucose / Q000633:toxicity; D006859:Hydrogen / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000150:complications*; D020244:Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000032:analysis; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000032:analysis; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000447:Aldehydes; D000975:Antioxidants; C496032:Aqp4 protein, rat; D051401:Aquaporin 4; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; C002744:3-nitrotyrosine; D014443:Tyrosine; D006859:Hydrogen; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9; D005947:Glucose; C027576:4-hydroxy-2-nonenal