title: Stability tests of zopiclone in whole blood.
abstract: Zopiclone is a common drug in forensic cases and it is frequently analyzed in biological materials using different analytical methods. Zopiclone is unstable in certain solvents and depending on storage conditions unstable in biological fluids; however its stability in human whole blood has not yet been established in detail. Therefore, the following investigation was performed to study the stability of zopiclone in both spiked and authentic human blood. First, spiked blood samples were stored at -20 degrees C, 5 degrees C and 20 degrees C and the degradation of zopiclone was investigated. Second, authentic and spiked blood samples were stored at 5 degrees C and differences in zopiclone stability were studied. Third, processed sample stability and effect of freeze/thaw cycles were evaluated. Analyses were performed by GC-NPD and zopiclone concentrations were measured at selected time intervals. The study showed that zopiclone degrades in human blood depending on time and temperature and may not be detected after long-term storage. 2-amino-5-chloropyridine was identified as the primary degradation product from zopiclone. At refrigerator temperature zopiclone was stable less than 1 month in both spiked and authentic human blood samples. The best storage condition was at -20 degrees C even at short storage times, as freeze-thaw had no influence on the results. In butyl acetate extracts, zopiclone was stable at least 2 days when kept in the autosampler at ambient temperature. We conclude that preanalytical factors have great impact on analytical results and should be addressed when interpreting whole blood zopiclone concentrations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Genetics and Forensic Toxicology, National Board of Forensic Medicine, Artillerigatan 12, SE-587 58 Linköping, Sweden.gunnel.nilsson@rmv.se
authors.forename: Gunnel H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Nilsson
authors.forename: Fredrik C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Kugelberg
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kronstrand
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ahlner
mesh_terms: D053961:Azabicyclo Compounds / Q000097:blood*; D002849:Chromatography, Gas; D004355:Drug Stability; D053593:Forensic Toxicology; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000097:blood*; D010879:Piperazines / Q000097:blood*; D011725:Pyridines / Q000097:blood; D013048:Specimen Handling; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D053961:Azabicyclo Compounds; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D010879:Piperazines; D011725:Pyridines; C515050:zopiclone; C108972:2-amino-5-chloropyridine