title: An investigation of discordance between subjective and physiological measures of vasomotor symptoms.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hot flushes and night sweats (HF/NS) can be measured objectively using sternal skin conductance (SSC) monitoring, but objective and subjective measures of HF/NS have only moderate concordance. We aim to investigate this discordance and factors affecting perceptions of HF/NS in a UK sample.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-seven menopausal women completed questionnaires assessing beliefs about HF/NS, mood, stress, somatic amplification and subjective (frequency and problem-rating) and objective (24-h SSC) HF/NS measures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On average, 48 HF/NS were reported per week; 47% of objectively recorded HF/NS were accompanied by a subjective response and 56% of subjectively recorded HF/NS were accompanied by an objective recording. Concordant HF/NS were more likely to be moderate or severe, while over-reported (false-positive) HF/NS tended to be mild or moderate; night sweats were more likely to be under-reported. Anxiety, somatic amplification and body mass index were associated with negative beliefs about HF/NS and, in turn, negative beliefs were associated with more problematic HF/NS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Different patterns of discordance were evident for hot flushes and night sweats. Both subjective and objective measures should be included in the evaluation of treatments for HF/NS. The possible role of beliefs in mediating the influence of anxiety, somatic amplification and body mass index upon HF/NS experience warrants further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Psychology, King's College London, London Bridge, London, UK.
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Hunter
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Haqqani
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000523:psychology; D001294:Attitude to Health; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D005712:Galvanic Skin Response; D019584:Hot Flashes / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008593:Menopause / Q000523:psychology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000523:psychology; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013546:Sweating