title: Simulation-based learning in nurse education: systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This paper is a report of a review of the quantitative evidence for medium to high fidelity simulation using manikins in nursing, in comparison to other educational strategies.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Human simulation is an educational process that can replicate clinical practices in a safe environment. Although endorsed in nursing curricula, its effectiveness is largely unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic review of quantitative studies published between 1999 and January 2009 was undertaken using the following databases: CINAHL Plus, ERIC, Embase, Medline, SCOPUS, ProQuest and ProQuest Dissertation and Theses Database. The primary search terms were 'simulation' and 'human simulation'. Reference lists from relevant papers and the websites of relevant nursing organizations were also searched. The quality of the included studies was appraised using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twelve studies were included in the review. These used experimental or quasi-experimental designs. All reported simulation as a valid teaching/learning strategy. Six of the studies showed additional gains in knowledge, critical thinking ability, satisfaction or confidence compared with a control group (range 7-11%). The validity and reliability of the studies varied due to differences in design and assessment methods.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Medium and/or high fidelity simulation using manikins is an effective teaching and learning method when best practice guidelines are adhered to. Simulation may have some advantage over other teaching methods, depending on the context, topic and method. Further exploration is needed to determine the effect of team size on learning and to develop a universal method of outcome measurement.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing and Midwifery, Monash University, Churchill, Victoria, Australia. robyn.cant@med.monash.edu.au
authors.forename: Robyn P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Cant
authors.forename: Simon J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Cooper
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002983:Clinical Competence; D004506:Education, Nursing / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008348:Manikins; D016544:Patient Simulation