title: Enhanced blood pressure and appetite responses to chronic central melanocortin-3/4 receptor blockade in dietary-induced obesity.
abstract: METHODS
  We examined the role of central nervous system (CNS) endogenous melanocortin 3/4 receptors (MC3/4R) activity in controlling cardiovascular and metabolic functions in Sprague Dawley rats fed a high-fat diet (n = 6) for 10 months compared with rats fed a standard chow (normal fat, n = 8) starting at 3 weeks of age.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At 7 months of age, high-fat rats were heavier (473 +/- 3 vs. 424 +/- 7 g), consumed more calories with larger, less frequent meals and had reduced respiratory quotient (RQ) compared with normal-fat rats. After 10 months on the diets, arterial and venous catheters were implanted for measurement of mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) 24-h/day and i.v. (intravenous) infusions, and a 21G steel cannula was placed in the lateral ventricle for intracerebroventricular (ICV) infusions. High-fat rats were heavier (528 +/- 14 vs. 477 +/- 11 g) with increased visceral adiposity and significantly higher MAP (108 +/- 3 vs. 102 +/- 1 mmHg). After a 5-day control period, the rats were infused with a MC3/4R antagonist (SHU-9119, 1 nmol/h, ICV) for 10 days followed by a 5-day recovery period. SHU-9119 infusion for 10 days increased caloric intake significantly more in high-fat rats (159 +/- 19 vs. 64 +/- 8 kcal). Despite increasing caloric intake and rapid weight gain, MC3/4R antagonism reduced MAP more in high-fat diet compared with normal-fat rats (-7.9 +/- 0.3 vs. -4.7 +/- 1.3 mmHg, average reduction of last 4 days of blockade).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These observations suggest that a high-fat diet increases endogenous activity of the CNS MC3/4R and that an intact MC3/4 appears to play an important role in linking increased blood pressure with diet-induced obesity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216-4505, USA. jdubinion@physiology.umsmed.edu
authors.forename: John H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Dubinion
authors.forename: Alexandre A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: da Silva
authors.forename: John E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Hall
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001066:Appetite / Q000187:drug effects; D001376:Azaperone; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000009:adverse effects; D002149:Energy Intake; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications; D009074:Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormones; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D044104:Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 3 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D044105:Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 4 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D015430:Weight Gain
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats; D044104:Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 3; D044105:Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 4; C103272:SHU 9119; D001376:Azaperone; D009074:Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormones