Nurses' experiences with telephone triage and advice: a meta-ethnography.
OBJECTIVE
This study is a meta-ethnography of nurses' experiences with telephone triage and advice and factors that facilitate or impede their decision-making process.


BACKGROUND
Telephone triage and advice services are a rapidly expanding development in health care. Unlike traditional forms of nursing practice, telenurses offer triage recommendations and advice to the general public without visual cues.


METHODS
Published qualitative research on telephone triage and advice were sought from interdisciplinary research databases (1980-2008) and bibliographical reviews of retrieved studies.


METHODS
Our systematic search identified 16 relevant studies. Two researchers independently reviewed, critically appraised, and extracted key themes and concepts from each study. We followed techniques of meta-ethnography to synthesize the findings, using both reciprocal and refutational translation to compare similar or contradictory findings, and a line-of-arguments synthesis.


RESULTS
We identified five major themes that highlight common issues and concerns experienced by telenurses: gaining and maintaining skills, autonomy, new work environment, holistic assessment, and stress and pressure. A line-of-arguments synthesis produced a three-stage model that describes the decision-making process used by telenurses and highlights how assessments largely depend on the ability to 'build a picture' of the patient and the presenting health issue.


CONCLUSIONS
Telenurses experience a range of common concerns and issues which either impede or facilitate the decision-making process. Although 'building a picture' of the patient is key to making assessments over the telephone, final triage decisions are influenced by balancing the conflicting demands of being both carer and gatekeeper to limited healthcare services.
Purc-Stephenson
Rebecca J
RJ
Department of Social Sciences, University of Alberta, Augustana Campus, Canada. purcstep@ualberta.ca
Thrasher
Christine
C
D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D002983:Clinical Competence; D003657:Decision Making; D015277:Hotlines; D006801:Humans; D009726:Nurses; D017009:Professional Autonomy; D036301:Qualitative Research; D019114:Remote Consultation / Q000379:methods*; D013315:Stress, Psychological; D013689:Telephone; D014218:Triage / Q000379:methods*