title: Logistic regression was preferred to estimate risk differences and numbers needed to be exposed adjusted for covariates.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The estimation of the number needed to be exposed (NNE) with adjustment for covariates can be performed by inverting the corresponding adjusted risk difference. The latter can be estimated by several approaches based on binomial and Poisson regression with or without constraints. A novel proposal is given by logistic regression with average risk difference (LR-ARD) estimation. Finally, the use of ordinary linear regression and unadjusted estimation can be considered.
  
  
  METHODS
  LR-ARD is compared with alternative approaches regarding bias, precision, and coverage probability by means of an extensive simulation study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  LR-ARD was found to be superior compared with the other approaches. In the case of balanced covariates and large sample sizes, unadjusted estimation and ordinary linear regression can also be used. In general, however, LR-ARD seems to be the most appropriate approach to estimate adjusted risk differences and NNEs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To estimate risk differences and NNEs with adjustment for covariates, the LR-ARD approach should be used.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biometry, Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG), Dillenburger Street 27, Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Gehrmann
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Kuss
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wellmann
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bender
mesh_terms: D015982:Bias; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D016015:Logistic Models; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011336:Probability; D012307:Risk Factors