title: Laparoscopic antrectomy for the treatment of type I gastric carcinoid tumors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  While the optimal treatment for type I gastric carcinoid tumors remains controversial, there is evidence to suggest that in multifocal disease, antrectomy may not only control local disease but also may lead to enterochromaffin-like cell (ECL) hyperplasia regression compared to medical and endoscopic treatments.
  
  
  METHODS
  A single institution retrospective review of eight consecutive patients with multifocal type I gastric carcinoid tumor patients with no evidence of metastatic disease was performed from 2005 to 2006. All of these patients underwent laparoscopic antrectomy with Billroth II reconstruction. Patients' preoperative gastrin, chromogranin A levels, and biopsy and surgical specimen slides were compared with postoperative laboratory and biopsy slides. Pathology slides were reanalyzed by a blinded pathologist from our institution for evidence of tumor and ECL hyperplasia regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All patients tolerated the procedure well with no reoperations or mortalities. Six of eight patient complained of mild reflux which was treated medically. One of eight had a mild wound infection which resolved with a course of cephalexin. Gastrin levels significantly decreased (98.9%) in all patients (P = 0.001). Furthermore, chromogranin A levels also significantly decreased (81.4%). Eight of eight patients showed no evidence of carcinoid tumor after surgery at mean biopsy follow-up of 17 mo (range 2-35 mo), however there was ECL hyperplasia after resection. Four of eight patients (50%) showed regression of ECL hyperplasia on postop biopsy, while the remaining four of eight showed no evidence of regression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the largest case series to investigate the surgical, clinical, and histologic outcomes of laparoscopic antrectomy in type I gastric carcinoid. Our data suggest that laparoscopic antrectomy is a safe and minimally invasive approach to treat nonmetastatic type I gastric carcinoid. All patients had no evidence of gross or microscopic disease at follow-up biopsy and almost half had regression of ECL hyperplasia at follow-up suggesting that antrectomy may be sufficient to prevent tumor recurrence. However, continued regular endoscopic surveillance and medical follow-up of patients with ECL hyperplasia are recommended.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA.
authors.forename: Junko
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ozao-Choy
authors.forename: Kerri
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Buch
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Strauchen
authors.forename: Richard R P
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Warner
authors.forename: Celia M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Divino
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002276:Carcinoid Tumor / Q000097:blood / Q000601:surgery*; D019861:Enterochromaffin-like Cells / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D005755:Gastrins / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D006965:Hyperplasia; D010535:Laparoscopy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011706:Pyloric Antrum / Q000601:surgery*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000601:surgery*
chemical_list: D005755:Gastrins