title: Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an autocrine excitatory transmitter in human pancreatic beta-cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Paracrine signaling via gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and GABA(A) receptors (GABA(A)Rs) has been documented in rodent islets. Here we have studied the importance of GABAergic signaling in human pancreatic islets.
  
  
  METHODS
  Expression of GABA(A)Rs in islet cells was investigated by quantitative PCR, immunohistochemistry, and patch-clamp experiments. Hormone release was measured from intact islets. GABA release was monitored by whole-cell patch-clamp measurements after adenoviral expression of alpha(1)beta(1) GABA(A)R subunits. The subcellular localization of GABA was explored by electron microscopy. The effects of GABA on electrical activity were determined by perforated patch whole-cell recordings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PCR analysis detected relatively high levels of the mRNAs encoding GABA(A)R alpha(2), beta(3,) gamma(2), and pi subunits in human islets. Patch-clamp experiments revealed expression of GABA(A)R Cl(-) channels in 52% of beta-cells (current density 9 pA/pF), 91% of delta-cells (current density 148 pA/pF), and 6% of alpha-cells (current density 2 pA/pF). Expression of GABA(A)R subunits in islet cells was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. beta-Cells secreted GABA both by glucose-dependent exocytosis of insulin-containing granules and by a glucose-independent mechanism. The GABA(A)R antagonist SR95531 inhibited insulin secretion elicited by 6 mmol/l glucose. Application of GABA depolarized beta-cells and stimulated action potential firing in beta-cells exposed to glucose.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Signaling via GABA and GABA(A)R constitutes an autocrine positive feedback loop in human beta-cells. The presence of GABA(A)R in non-beta-cells suggests that GABA may also be involved in the regulation of somatostatin and glucagon secretion.
authors.affiliation: Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK. matthias.braun@drl.ox.ac.uk
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Braun
authors.forename: Reshma
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ramracheya
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bengtsson
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: Jonathan N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: Paul R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Patrik
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rorsman
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism; D000078790:Insulin Secretion; D050417:Insulin-Secreting Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D019899:Paracrine Communication / Q000502:physiology*; D018408:Patch-Clamp Techniques; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011963:Receptors, GABA-A / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011963:Receptors, GABA-A; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; D005947:Glucose