title: Effects of liposomal encapsulation on the antioxidant activity of lipophilic prodrugs of idebenone.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Increasing the lipophilicity and/or amphiphilicity of drugs is a potential strategy to improve loading and retention in lipid-based carriers, such as liposomes or lipid nanoparticles.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Idebenone (IDE), an antioxidant compound structurally related to coenzyme Q, or amphiphilic prodrugs of IDE with lipoamino acids, were loaded in neutral or negatively charged SUVET unilamellar liposomes to achieve a controlled release.
  
  
  METHODS
  Technological properties of these systems in the presence of loaded drugs were evaluated in terms of vesicle size, homogeneity, and surface charge, as well as in vitro drug release. The effect of liposomal carrier on the in vitro antioxidant activity of the prodrugs was evaluated from using different biochemical assays on murine astrocyte cultures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although a good loading efficiency was obtained, liposomes were not able to release efficiently the encapsulated drugs, at least in the in vitro serum-free conditions used for the biological tests. However, in some cases, such as in the comet assay, encapsulation of IDE prodrugs in liposomes allowed for the improvement of their protective activity, compared to the free compounds, against the oxidative damage induced on cultured astrocytes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Experimental in vitro data suggested that the high affinity shown by these lipophilic IDE derivatives for the liposomal carriers negatively affect their biological activity.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, Catania, Italy. r.pignatello@unict.it
authors.forename: Rosario
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pignatello
authors.forename: Rosaria
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Acquaviva
authors.forename: Agata
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Campisi
authors.forename: Giuseppina
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Raciti
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Musumeci
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Puglisi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D020552:Comet Assay; D004247:DNA / Q000378:metabolism; D004337:Drug Carriers; D008081:Liposomes; D011355:Prodrugs / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D014451:Ubiquinone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D004337:Drug Carriers; D008081:Liposomes; D011355:Prodrugs; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D014451:Ubiquinone; D004247:DNA; C036619:idebenone