title: Sublethal toxicity of commercial insecticide formulations and their active ingredients to larval fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas).
abstract: Toxic effect concentrations of insecticides are generally determined using the technical grade or pure active ingredient. Commercial insecticide formulations, however, contain a significant proportion (>90%) of so-called inert ingredients, which may alter the toxicity of the active ingredient(s). This study compares the sublethal toxicity of two insecticides, the pyrethroid bifenthrin, and the phenylpyrazole fipronil, to their commercial formulations, Talstar and Termidor. Both insecticides are used for landscape treatment and structural pest control, and can be transported into surface water bodies via stormwater and irrigation runoff. We used larval fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas), to determine effects on growth and swimming performance after short-term (24h) exposure to sublethal concentrations of pure insecticides and the respective formulations. Significantly enhanced 7d growth was observed at 10% of the 24h LC(10) (53 microg L(-)(1)) fipronil. Swimming performance was significantly impaired at 20% of the 24h LC(10) (0.14 microg L(-)(1)) of bifenthrin and 10% of the 24h LC(10) of Talstar (0.03 microgL(-)(1)). Fipronil and Termidor led to a significant impairment of swimming performance at 142 microgL(-)(1) and 148 microgL(-)(1) respectively, with more pronounced effects for the formulation. Our data shows that based on dissolved concentrations both formulations were more toxic than the pure active ingredients, suggesting that increased toxicity due to inert ingredients should be considered in risk assessments and regulation of insecticides.
authors.affiliation: Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Beggel
authors.forename: Inge
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Werner
authors.forename: Richard E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Connon
authors.forename: Juergen P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Geist
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003530:Cyprinidae / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000502:physiology; D007306:Insecticides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects*; D013550:Swimming
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides