title: Nonoperative management of symptomatic urachal anomalies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Symptomatic urachal anomalies are rare disorders that consist of urachal remnants or fistulas with or without an associated cyst. Traditionally, when a urachal anomaly was recognized, operative excision was performed. There has been a shift toward the nonoperative management of urachal anomalies at many centers, although there is little in the literature to support this practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective chart review of patients with urachal anomalies was performed from January 2002 to March 2008. Children with a draining umbilicus and no radiographic or surgical confirmation of a urachal anomaly were excluded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifteen patients with symptomatic urachal anomalies were identified. The average age was 3.5 years (4 weeks to 14 years). Symptoms included umbilical drainage (n = 10), abdominal pain (n = 6), omphalitis (n = 4), intraabdominal mass (n = 3), dysuria (n = 1), recurrent urinary tract infections (n = 1), and fever (n = 4). The diagnosis was confirmed by ultrasound (n = 13) and/or computed tomographic scan (n = 4). The surgically treated cases included 7 urachal cysts (5 uninfected, 2 infected) and 1 patent urachal fistula. Mean follow-up is 37 months, and there have been no reported recurrences. Those treated without surgical excision included 4 patent urachal fistulas (mean follow-up, 20 months-no recurrences) and 3 infected urachal cysts (percutaneous drainage [n = 2] and laparoscopic drainage [n = 1]-no recurrences on ultrasound at 26 months).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nonoperative management of urachal anomalies is a reasonable approach and may be extended to infected urachal cysts after initial drainage. Infected cysts that are adequately drained seem to obliterate with time. Modern ultrasonography facilitates thorough follow-up. We propose a treatment algorithm for the management of suspected urachal anomalies.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Surgery, Schneider Children's Hospital, North Shore Long Island Jewish Health System, New Hyde Park, NY 11030, USA.
authors.forename: Aaron M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Lipskar
authors.forename: Richard D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Glick
authors.forename: Nelson G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Rosen
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Layliev
authors.forename: Andrew R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: Stephen E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Dolgin
authors.forename: Samuel Z
authors.initials: SZ
authors.lastname: Soffer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000465:Algorithms; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005402:Fistula / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014496:Urachal Cyst / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D014497:Urachus / Q000002:abnormalities*