title: Congenital diaphragmatic hernia in the neonatal period: review of 21 years' experience.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite advances in therapeutic modalities, congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) still accounts for significant neonatal mortality. This study aimed to describe the demographic features, clinical experiences of postnatal care, and differences between non-survivors and survivors with CDH.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed medical records of neonates with CDH admitted to Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital over a 21-year period. Neonates with diaphragmatic eventration and those transferred after surgery were excluded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 24 live-born neonates fulfilled the study criteria; 13 (54%) were boys and 11 (46%) were girls. Eight (33%) patients were prenatally diagnosed. The mean gestational age was 38.8 +/- 1.8 weeks (range, 35-41 weeks). Twenty-three (96%) had Bochdalek hernia [19 (83%) left-sided, 4 (17%) right-sided], and one (4%) had right-sided Morgagni hernia. Additional major congenital anomalies were identified in five patients (21%). The overall mortality was 21% (5/24); all deaths occurred before surgery. Statistically significant differences between survivors and non-survivors were found for right-sided CDH, low 1-minute and 5-minute Apgar scores, and low pH of the first arterial blood gas. Deaths were attributed to severe persistent pulmonary hypertension, unresponsiveness to aggressive resuscitation at birth, and major associated malformations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Seventy-nine percent of our CDH patients survived to hospital discharge. Resuscitation by a skilled neonatology team to prevent low Apgar scores and low pH, careful evaluation of other anomalies, and overcoming pulmonary hypertension might improve the survival rate. Recognizing unfavorable factors in CDH may help clinicians manage the critical care of these babies.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Kaohsiung Medical Center, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Pei-Hsin
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Chao
authors.forename: Chung-Bin
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Chieh-An
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Mei-Yung
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Chih-Cheng
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Feng-Shun
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Mei-Chen
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Ou-Yang
authors.forename: Hsin-Chun
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001034:Apgar Score; D005260:Female; D006548:Hernia, Diaphragmatic / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D065630:Hernias, Diaphragmatic, Congenital; D006801:Humans; D006976:Hypertension, Pulmonary / Q000209:etiology; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies