title: Does upper-limb muscular demand differ between preferred and nonpreferred sitting pivot transfer directions in individuals with a spinal cord injury?
abstract: This study's main objective was to determine if upper-limb (UL) muscular demand was reduced when individuals with a spinal cord injury (SCI) performed a sitting pivot transfer (SPT) in the preferred direction compared with that in a nonpreferred direction. Fourteen individuals (mean +/- standard deviation age 47.0 +/- 8.3 yr, height 1.80 +/- 0.08 m, and weight 75.3 +/- 11.3 kg) with SCI levels ranging from the sixth cervical to first sacral vertebra levels volunteered to participate in this study during the 2008 National Disabled Veterans Winter Sports Clinic. Surface electromyography (EMG) was used to record activity of the biceps, triceps, deltoid, pectoralis major, trapezius, and latissimus dorsi bilaterally during SPTs. These transfers were performed in each of the preferred and nonpreferred directions from the individuals' wheelchairs to a padded tub bench of even height. To quantify electromyographic muscular utilization ratio (MUR(EMG)), we normalized EMG data recorded during the transfer tasks to values obtained during static maximum voluntary contraction and then multiplied this ratio by 100 to obtain a percentage MUR(EMG) (%MUR(EMG)). The overall peak %MUR(EMG) and the area under the %MUR(EMG) curve were selected as primary outcome measures. Similar peak %MUR(EMGs) were found between the preferred and nonpreferred transfer directions for all muscles from which data were recorded (p = 0.053 to 0.961). The peak %MUR(EMGs) were also found to be similar between the leading and trailing ULs during the transfers in all muscles from which data were recorded (p = 0.125 to 0.838), except for the anterior deltoid, which was found to be solicited the most in the trailing UL (p = 0.008). Comparable areas under the %MUR(EMG) curves were calculated between the preferred and nonpreferred transfer directions for all muscles (p = 0.289 to 0.678) and between the leading and trailing ULs (p = 0.104 to 0.946). These results indicate that direction preference expressed by individuals with SCI when transferring between seats of even height is not explained by relative muscular demand differences.
authors.affiliation: Human Engineering Research Laboratories, Department of Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA 15206, USA.
authors.forename: Dany
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gagnon
authors.forename: Alicia M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Koontz
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Brindle
authors.forename: Michael L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Boninger
authors.forename: Rory A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Cooper
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000328:Adult; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008124:Locomotion / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D057240:Patient Preference; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D034941:Upper Extremity / Q000502:physiology*; D016474:Weight-Bearing