title: [Hyposmics have less evoked respiratory orienting reactions than normosmics].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Respiratory orienting reactions after olfactory stimulation can be seen as an indicator of an intact olfactory processing. Olfactory stimuli have to be recognized and they have to be important for a subject in order to generate a respiratory orienting reaction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hyposmic patients were stimulated pre-nasally with one sub-threshold and two supra-threshold concentrations of hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) using a flow olfactometer. Nasal respiration was measured unilaterally using a differential pressure transducer. The data were processed after digitalization with the LabView software package. Duration of inspiration (DIN) and duration of expiration (DEX) were used as test variables for the evaluation of a regular resting respiration or a poststimulation respiration complex (PRC), respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The rate of poststimulatory respiration alterations (47%) in hyposmic subjects was significantly higher than the rate of spontaneous changes after resting respiration (31%). The reaction rate was not stimulus concentration-dependent. In spite of the stimulus recognition poststimulatory respiration alterations were less often in hyposmic subjects compared to normosmic subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Maybe this is due to the reduced significance of perceptible odors for hyposmic persons.
authors.affiliation: Universitätsklinikum der FSU Jena, HNO, Jena. hilmar.gudziol@med.uni-jena.de
authors.forename: Hilmar
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gudziol
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Stark
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lehnich
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bitter
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Guntinas-Lichius
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001143:Arousal / Q000502:physiology*; D045853:Exhalation / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006862:Hydrogen Sulfide; D001239:Inhalation / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D000857:Olfaction Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D012016:Reference Values; D012684:Sensory Thresholds / Q000502:physiology*; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D012903:Smell / Q000502:physiology*; D014160:Transducers, Pressure; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D006862:Hydrogen Sulfide