Late presentation for human immunodeficiency virus care in the United States and Canada.
BACKGROUND. Initiatives to improve early detection and access to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) services have increased over time. We assessed the immune status of patients at initial presentation for HIV care from 1997 to 2007 in 13 US and Canadian clinical cohorts. METHODS. We analyzed data from 44,491 HIV-infected patients enrolled in the North American-AIDS Cohort Collaboration on Research and Design. We identified first presentation for HIV care as the time of first CD4(+) T lymphocyte (CD4) count and excluded patients who prior to this date had HIV RNA measurements, evidence of antiretroviral exposure, or a history of AIDS-defining illness. Trends in mean CD4 count (measured as cells/mm(3)) and 95% confidence intervals were determined using linear regression adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, HIV transmission risk, and cohort. RESULTS. Median age at first presentation for HIV care increased over time (range, 40-43 years; P < .01), whereas the percentage of patients with injection drug use HIV transmission risk decreased (from 26% to 14%; P < .01) and heterosexual transmission risk increased (from 16% to 23%; P < .01). Median CD4 count at presentation increased from 256 cells/mm(3) (interquartile range, 96-455 cells/mm(3)) to 317 cells/mm(3) (interquartile range, 135-517 cells/mm(3)) from 1997 to 2007 (P < .01). The percentage of patients with a CD4 count > or = 350 cells/mm(3) at first presentation also increased from 1997 to 2007 (from 38% to 46%; P < .01). The estimated adjusted mean CD4 count increased at a rate of 6 cells/mm(3) per year (95% confidence interval, 5-7 cells/mm(3) per year). CONCLUSION. CD4 count at first presentation for HIV care has increased annually over the past 11 years but has remained <350 cells/mm(3), which suggests the urgent need for earlier HIV diagnosis and treatment.
Althoff
Keri N
KN
Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Gange
Stephen J
SJ
Klein
Marina B
MB
Brooks
John T
JT
Hogg
Robert S
RS
Bosch
Ronald J
RJ
Horberg
Michael A
MA
Saag
Michael S
MS
Kitahata
Mari M
MM
Justice
Amy C
AC
Gebo
Kelly A
KA
Eron
Joseph J
JJ
Rourke
Sean B
SB
Gill
M John
MJ
Rodriguez
Benigno
B
Sterling
Timothy R
TR
Calzavara
Liviana M
LM
Deeks
Steven G
SG
Martin
Jeffrey N
JN
Rachlis
Anita R
AR
Napravnik
Sonia
S
Jacobson
Lisa P
LP
Kirk
Gregory D
GD
Collier
Ann C
AC
Benson
Constance A
CA
Silverberg
Michael J
MJ
Kushel
Margot
M
Goedert
James J
JJ
McKaig
Rosemary G
RG
Van Rompaey
Stephen E
SE
Zhang
Jinbing
J
Moore
Richard D
RD
D000328:Adult; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D002170:Canada; D057210:Delayed Diagnosis / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014481:United States