title: Resveratrol inhibits neuronal apoptosis and elevated Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II activity in diabetic mouse retina.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study investigated the effects of resveratrol, a natural polyphenol with neuroprotective properties, on retinal neuronal cell death mediated by diabetes-induced activation of Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII).
  
  
  METHODS
  Diabetes was induced in C57BL/6 mice by five consecutive intraperitoneal injections of 55 mg/kg streptozotocin (STZ). Control mice received buffer. All mice were killed 2 months after the injections, and the extent of neuronal cell death, CaMKII, and phospho-CaMKII protein expression levels and CaMKII kinase activity were examined in the retinas. To assess the role of CaMKII in the death of retinal neurons, a small-interfering RNA (siRNA) or specific inhibitor of CaMKII was injected into the right vitreous humor, and vehicle only was injected into the left vitreous humor, 2 days before death. Resveratrol (20 mg/kg) was administered by oral gavage daily for 4 weeks, beginning 1 month after the fifth injection of either STZ or buffer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The death of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), CaMKII, phospho-CaMKII protein levels, and CaMKII activity were all greatly increased in the retinas of diabetic mice compared with controls, 2 months after induction of diabetes. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL)-positive signals co-localized with CaMKII- and phospho-CaMKII immunoreactive RGCs. However, in addition to CaMKII knockdown and inhibition by siRNA or a specific inhibitor, respectively, resveratrol provided complete protection from diabetes-induced retinal cell death.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the present study, resveratrol prevented diabetes-induced RGC death via CaMKII downregulation, implying that resveratrol may have potential therapeutic applications for prevention of diabetes-induced visual dysfunction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam, Korea.
authors.forename: Young-Hee
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Yoon-Sook
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Sang-Soo
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Gyeong-Jae
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: Wan-Sung
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Choi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D015153:Blotting, Western; D001835:Body Weight / Q000502:physiology; D054732:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D002452:Cell Count; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000378:metabolism*; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D000077185:Resveratrol; D012160:Retina / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D012165:Retinal Ganglion Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013267:Stilbenes / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D001786:Blood Glucose; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D013267:Stilbenes; D054732:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2; D000077185:Resveratrol