title: A study of image-guided radiotherapy of bladder cancer based on lipiodol injection in the bladder wall.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We have tested a procedure of focal injection of the contrast medium Lipiodol as a fiducial marker for image-guided boost of the tumor in bladder cancer radiotherapy (RT). In this study, we have evaluated the feasibility and the safety of the method as well as the inter- and intra-fraction shift of the bladder tumor.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five patients with muscle invasive urinary bladder cancer were included in the study. Lipiodol was injected during flexible cystoscopy into the submucosa of the bladder wall at the periphery of the tumor or the post resection tumor-bed. Cone-beam CT (CBCT) scans were acquired daily throughout the course of RT.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lipiodol demarcation of the bladder tumor was feasible and safe with only a minimum of side effects related to the procedure. The Lipiodol spots were visible on CT and CBCT scans for the duration of the RT course. More than half of all the treatment fractions required a geometric shift of 5 mm or more to match on the Lipiodol spots. The mean intra-fraction shift (3D) of the tumor was 3 mm, largest in the anterior-posterior and cranial-caudal directions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates that Lipiodol can be injected into the bladder mucosa and subsequently visualized on CT and CBCT as a fiducial marker. The relatively large inter-fraction shifts in the positions of Lipiodol spots compared to the intra-fraction movement indicates that image-guided RT based on radio-opaque markers is important for RT of the bladder cancer tumor.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark. jimmsoen@rm.dk
authors.forename: Jimmi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Søndergaard
authors.forename: Kasper Ørding
authors.initials: KØ
authors.lastname: Olsen
authors.forename: Ludvig Paul
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Muren
authors.forename: Ulrik Vindelev
authors.initials: UV
authors.lastname: Elstrøm
authors.forename: Cai
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Grau
authors.forename: Morten
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Høyer
mesh_terms: D000283:Administration, Intravesical; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D054893:Cone-Beam Computed Tomography / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D003558:Cystoscopy; D004998:Ethiodized Oil / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006801:Humans; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology; D009929:Organ Size; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D050397:Radiotherapy, Intensity-Modulated / Q000379:methods; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000532:radiotherapy*
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D004998:Ethiodized Oil