title: A randomized, double-blinded, crossover pilot study assessing the effect of nabilone on spasticity in persons with spinal cord injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether nabilone, a synthetic cannabinoid, alleviates spasticity in people with spinal cord injury (SCI).
  
  
  METHODS
  A double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Outpatient rehabilitation clinics.
  
  
  METHODS
  We recruited volunteers (N=12) with SCI and spasticity. One subject, a paraplegic man, dropped out of the study because of an unrelated cause. Eleven subjects completed the study; all subjects were men with an average age of 42.36 years; 6 of them were persons with tetraplegia, and 5 were persons with paraplegia.
  
  
  METHODS
  The subjects received either nabilone or placebo during the first 4-week period (0.5mg once a day with option to increase to 0.5mg twice a day), and then outcome measures were assessed. After a 2-week washout, subjects were crossed over to the opposite arm.
  
  
  METHODS
  The primary outcome was the Ashworth Scale for spasticity in the most involved muscle group, in either the upper or lower extremities, chosen by the subject and clinician. The secondary outcomes included the sum of the Ashworth Scale in 8 muscle groups of each side of the body measured by the clinician; Spasm Frequency Scale and visual analog scale, reported by the subject; Wartenberg Pendulum Test, in order to quantify severity of spasticity; and the Clinician's and Subject's Global Impression of Change.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One subject dropped out during the placebo arm because of an unrelated urinary stricture, and 11 subjects completed the study. There was a significant decrease on active treatment for the Ashworth in the most involved muscle (mean difference +/- SD, .909+/-.85; P=.003), as well as the total Ashworth score (P=.001). There was no significant difference in other measures. Side effects were mild and tolerable.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nabilone may be beneficial to reduce spasticity in people with SCI. We recommend a larger trial with a more prolonged treatment period and an option to slowly increase the dosage further.
authors.affiliation: Section of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Department of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada. sepidehali@yahoo.com <sepidehali@yahoo.com>
authors.forename: Sepideh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pooyania
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ethans
authors.forename: Tony
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Szturm
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Casey
authors.forename: Daryl
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Perry
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D013759:Dronabinol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009128:Muscle Spasticity / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D010264:Paraplegia / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011782:Quadriplegia / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000150:complications*
chemical_list: C011941:nabilone; D013759:Dronabinol