title: Sex differences in the phosphorylation of mitochondrial proteins result in reduced production of reactive oxygen species and cardioprotection in females.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although premenopausal females have a lower risk for cardiovascular disease, the mechanism(s) are poorly understood.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We tested the hypothesis that cardioprotection in females is mediated by altered mitochondrial protein levels and/or posttranslational modifications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using both an in vivo and an isolated heart model of ischemia and reperfusion (I/R), we found that females had less injury than males. Using proteomic methods we found that female hearts had increased phosphorylation and activity of aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH)2, an enzyme that detoxifies reactive oxygen species (ROS)-generated aldehyde adducts, and that an activator of ALDH2 reduced I/R injury in males but had no significant effect in females. Wortmannin, an inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, blocked the protection and the increased phosphorylation of ALDH2 in females, but had no effect in males. Furthermore, we found an increase in phosphorylation of alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (alphaKGDH) in female hearts. alphaKGDH is a major source of ROS generation particularly with a high NADH/NAD ratio which occurs during I/R. We found decreased ROS generation in permeabilized female mitochondria given alphaKGDH substrates and NADH, suggesting that increased phosphorylation of alphaKGDH might reduce ROS generation by alphaKGDH. In support of this hypothesis, we found that protein kinase C-dependent phosphorylation of purified alphaKGDH reduced ROS generation. Additionally, myocytes from female hearts had less ROS generation following I/R than males and addition of wortmannin increased ROS generation in females to the same levels as in males.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that posttranslational modifications can modify ROS handling and play an important role in female cardioprotection.
authors.affiliation: Translational Medicine Branch, NHLBI-NIH 10 Center Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
authors.forename: Claudia J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Lagranha
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Deschamps
authors.forename: Angel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aponte
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Steenbergen
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Murphy
mesh_terms: D000444:Aldehyde Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D000071396:Aldehyde Dehydrogenase, Mitochondrial; D000730:Androstadienes / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001549:Benzamides / Q000494:pharmacology; D052117:Benzodioxoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D015153:Blotting, Western; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D015180:Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D020536:Enzyme Activators / Q000494:pharmacology; D004958:Estradiol / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D007211:Indoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D007655:Ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase Complex / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008301:Maleimides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008929:Mitochondria, Heart / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D024101:Mitochondrial Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015428:Myocardial Reperfusion Injury / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D009243:NAD / Q000378:metabolism; D010052:Ovariectomy; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D000081082:Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational; D040901:Proteomics / Q000379:methods; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*; D012737:Sex Factors; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left; D017725:Ventricular Pressure; D000077191:Wortmannin
chemical_list: D000444:Aldehyde Dehydrogenase; D000071396:Aldehyde Dehydrogenase, Mitochondrial; D000730:Androstadienes; D001549:Benzamides; D052117:Benzodioxoles; D020536:Enzyme Activators; D004958:Estradiol; D007211:Indoles; D007655:Ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase Complex; D008301:Maleimides; D024101:Mitochondrial Proteins; D009243:NAD; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D000081082:Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D000077191:Wortmannin; C531525:N-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethyl)-2,6-dichlorobenzamide; C505112:Aldh2 protein, rat; C064755:Ro 31-7549