Antiphospholipid syndrome and central nervous system.
Classification criteria, etiology, pathogenesis, major central nervous system (CNS) manifestations of the antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), as well as diagnostic and therapeutic approach are discussed in the article, supported by several MRI findings to illustrate differential complexity of selected topics. Close interplay of inflammation, autoimmunity, coagulation cascade, vasculature bed, neuron physiology and demyelinization in APS is elaborated. Cerebrovascular disease, multiple sclerosis-like syndrome, seizures, cognitive disfunction, headache and migraine, chorea and catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome (CAPS) are discussed as the most prominent CNS manifestations of the APS.
Mayer
Miroslav
M
University Hospital Center Zagreb, University of Zagreb, School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Kispaticeva ulica 12, Zagreb, Croatia. miro.mayer@gmail.com
Cerovec
Mislav
M
Rados
Marko
M
Cikes
Nada
N
D016736:Antiphospholipid Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000523:psychology; D015551:Autoimmunity; D002493:Central Nervous System Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000523:psychology; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy