title: Assessment of factors influencing preservation of dignity at life's end: creation and the cross-cultural validation of the preservation of dignity card-sort tool.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Preserving patient dignity is a sentinel premise of palliative care. This study was conducted to gain a better understanding of factors influencing preservation of dignity in the last chapter of life.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted an open-ended written survey of 100 multidisciplinary providers (69% response rate) and responses were categorized to identify 2 main themes, 5 subthemes, and 10 individual factors that were used to create the preservation of dignity card-sort tool (p-DCT). The 10-item rank order tool was administered to a cohort of community dwelling Filipino Americans (n = 140, age mean = 61.3, 45% male and 55% female). A Spearman correlation matrix was constructed for all the 10 individual factors as well as the themes and subthemes based on the data generated by the subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The individual factors were minimally correlated with each other indicating that each factor was an independent stand-alone factor. The median, 25th and 75th percentile ranks were calculated and "s/he has self-respect" (intrinsic theme, self-esteem subtheme) emerged as the most important factor (mean rank 3.0 and median rank 2.0) followed by "others treat her/him with respect" (extrinsic theme, respect subtheme) with a mean rank = 3.6 and median = 3.0.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The p-DCT is a simple, rank order card-sort tool that may help clinicians identify patients' perceptions of key factors influencing the preservation of their dignity in the last chapter of life.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine & the VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA. periyakoil@stanford.edu
authors.forename: Vyjeyanthi S
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Periyakoil
authors.forename: Arthur M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Noda
authors.forename: Helena Chmura
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Kraemer
mesh_terms: D001293:Attitude to Death; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010166:Palliative Care / Q000379:methods; D026684:Personal Autonomy; D010679:Philippines / Q000208:ethnology; D011369:Professional-Patient Relations; D011581:Psychological Tests; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012297:Right to Die; D012649:Self Concept; D029181:Spirituality; D013727:Terminal Care; D014481:United States