title: Curve length, curve form, and location of lower-end vertebra as a means of identifying the type of scoliosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine if the curve length, curve form, and location of the lower-end vertebra can identify the type of scoliosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Standing posteroanterior and lateral radiographs of 78 women and 27 men with scoliosis aged 8 to 32 years were retrospectively analysed. Parameters measured were (1) the curve length (the number of vertebrae in the main curve), (2) the curve form (C-form, inverted C-form, or S-form), (3) the curve apex (the vertebral body at the apex of each curve), (4) the site of the scoliosis (thoracic, thoracolumbar, or lumbar), and (5) the location of the lower-end vertebra.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Only 3 (4%) of 77 patients with idiopathic scoliosis had a curve length of >8 vertebrae, compared with 19 (90%) of 21 patients with neuromuscular/neuropathic scoliosis (p<0.001, Fisher's exact test). 14 (18%) of the patients with idiopathic scoliosis had an S-form curve, compared with none in those with neuromuscular/neuropathic or congenital/osteogenic scoliosis (p=0.035, Fisher's exact test). No patient with idiopathic scoliosis had the lower- end vertebra located at L5, compared with 8 (38%) patients with neuromuscular scoliosis (p<0.001, Fisher's exact test). The criteria for neuromuscular/neuropathic scoliosis (a curve length of >8 vertebrae, a C-form or inverted C-form curve, and a lower-end vertebra located at L4 or L5) had 81% specificity, 76% sensitivity, 100% positive and 93% negative predictive values.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These criteria may help identify patients with neuromuscular/neuropathic scoliosis for further investigation by magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography before they undergo corrective surgery.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Diagnostic Centre for Imaging and Functional Medicine, Skane University Hospital, Malmo, Sweden. kasim.abul-kasim@med.lu.se
authors.forename: Kasim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Abul-Kasim
authors.forename: Acke
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ohlin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001837:Body Weights and Measures; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae; D008297:Male; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011859:Radiography; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012600:Scoliosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology*; D013904:Thoracic Vertebrae; D055815:Young Adult