title: Chemical attribution of corroded coins using X-ray fluorescence and lead isotope ratios: a case study from first century Judaea.
abstract: Nondestructive analyses using a quadrupole inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer (ICP-QMS) and polarizing, multi-target, energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (PEDXRF) with three-dimensional optics were conducted on Judean coins from the first century BCE and CE to determine the efficacy and limits of these methods for numismatic analyses of coins with a patina. Comparisons with destructive analyses and literature databases demonstrate their value even when corrosion is present. An outstanding question about the dating of Herod Agrippa I or II "canopy" coins that has significance to Biblical historians is used as a case study. Multiple lines of evidence attribute this coin to Agrippa I, with a date of 41 to 45 CE, produced using Faynan (Feinan), Jordan, and Cyprus ores.
authors.affiliation: Mount Saint Mary's University, Emmitsburg, Maryland 21727, USA.
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Epstein
authors.forename: David B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Hendin
authors.forename: Lee L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Nathan W
authors.initials: NW
authors.lastname: Bower