title: A cardiologist's view of hypoglycemia.
abstract: Recent studies have failed to show an improvement in cardiovascular mortality with intensive glycemic control and aggressive glycated hemoglobin (A(1c)) targets less than 7.0%. Excessive hypoglycemic episodes with intensive glucose-lowering therapy are thought to be a major factor in the failure to show cardiovascular benefit in these trials. In this article, we review the physiology of glucose metabolism, the cardiovascular pathophysiology of hypoglycemia, and the trials with an intensive glucose-lowering strategy that have studied microvascular and macrovascular complications. We also review the current non-insulin drugs available for the treatment of diabetes and their potential hypoglycemic and cardiovascular impacts.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Diseases, UT Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, 78229-3900, USA. nandish@uthscsa.edu
authors.forename: Shailesh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nandish
authors.forename: Jamison
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wyatt
authors.forename: Rene
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Oliveros
authors.forename: Adrienne Stevens
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Zion
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lujan
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chilton
mesh_terms: D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D002309:Cardiology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011379:Prognosis
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents