title: Starch-entrapped biopolymer microspheres as a novel approach to vary blood glucose profiles.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  With emerging knowledge of the impact of the metabolic quality of glycemic carbohydrates on human health, there is a need for novel carbohydrate ingredients that can be custom-made to deliver controlled amounts of glucose to the body and to test hypotheses on the postprandial metabolic consequences of carbohydrates.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The goal of the present study was to demonstrate the applicability and action of starch-entrapped biopolymer microspheres as customized, novel, slowly digestible carbohydrates to obtain desired glycemic responses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Starch-entrapped microspheres were developed; and starch digestion and glucose release, subsequent to their cooking (100 degrees C, 20 min) in water, were initially monitored by measuring the rapidly digestible, slowly digestible, and resistant starch fractions using the in vitro Englyst assay. Glycemic and insulinemic responses after consumption of glucose and two different slowly digestible starch microsphere diets were compared using a crossover study in 10 healthy individuals. The mechanism of starch digestion in the microspheres was elucidated from scanning electron microscopic images of the in vitro digested microspheres.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Factors such as biopolymer type and concentration, microsphere size, and starch type were manipulated to obtain starch materials with defined amounts of slowly digestible starch based on in vitro studies. Scanning electron microscopy showed that cooked starch entrapped in the dense biopolymer matrix is digested layer by layer from the outside to the inside of the microsphere. Glycemic and insulinemic responses to microsphere test diets were moderate as compared to a glucose diet, but more important, they showed extended glucose release.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Starch-entrapped microspheres provide a useful tool to study the postprandial metabolic consequences of slowly digestible carbohydrates.
authors.affiliation: Bruce R Hamaker, Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research, Department of Food Science, Purdue University, 745 Agriculture Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
authors.forename: Mahesh
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Venkatachalam
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Kushnick
authors.forename: Genyi
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Bruce R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Hamaker
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001704:Biopolymers; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D008863:Microspheres; D019518:Postprandial Period; D013213:Starch / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D001704:Biopolymers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D007328:Insulin; D013213:Starch