title: Residue depletion of melamine and cyanuric acid in catfish and rainbow trout following oral administration.
abstract: The intentional addition of triazines such as melamine to animal feeds and the lack of information about residue accumulation in food animals caused global concerns for food safety during 2007 and 2008. We report the results of a good laboratory practices (GLP) study to determine melamine and cyanuric acid residues in catfish and trout filets harvested at 1, 3, 7, 14, 28, and 42 days after a single oral dose of 20 mg/kg body weight of melamine, cyanuric acid, or melamine and cyanuric acid together. Peak melamine concentrations were 12.73 mg/kg (ppm) in catfish (mean = 9.98), 12.26 mg/kg in trout (mean = 7.89) on day 1. Within 7 days (catfish) or 14 days (trout) residues were <2.5 mg/kg, a level in foods accepted by many risk assessors worldwide to be unlikely to pose health risks to consumers. Peak cyanuric acid residues also occurred on day 1, 0.68 mg/kg in catfish (mean = 0.46), 2.59 mg/kg in trout (mean = 0.86). Cyanuric acid muscle residues were <2.5 mg/kg by day 3. The half-lives for melamine and cyanuric acid ranged between 1 and 4 days. Renal crystals formed in fish given both melamine and cyanuric acid, persisting for weeks after the single dose.
authors.affiliation: Center for Veterinary Medicine, US Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA. renate.reimschuessel@fda.hhs.gov
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Reimschuessel
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Andersen
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Turnipseed
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Karbiwnyk
authors.forename: T D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Mayer
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nochetto
authors.forename: N G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Rummel
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Gieseker
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000821:Animal Feed; D000818:Animals; D002397:Catfishes / Q000378:metabolism*; D004350:Drug Residues / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D005506:Food Contamination; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D017686:Oncorhynchus mykiss / Q000378:metabolism*; D014227:Triazines / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D014227:Triazines; C004632:cyanuric acid; C011907:melamine