title: Ten year performance evaluation of a field-scale zero-valent iron permeable reactive barrier installed to remediate trichloroethene contaminated groundwater.
abstract: The Monkstown zero-valent iron permeable reactive barrier (ZVI PRB), Europe's oldest commercially-installed ZVI PRB, had been treating trichloroethene (TCE) contaminated groundwater for about 10 years on the Nortel Network site in Northern Ireland when cores from the reactive zone were collected in December, 2006. Groundwater data from 2001-2006 indicated that TCE is still being remediated to below detection limits as the contaminated groundwater flows through the PRB. Ca and Fe carbonates, crystalline and amorphous Fe sulfides, and Fe (hydr)oxides have precipitated in the granular ZVI material in the PRB. The greatest variety of minerals is associated with a approximately 1-2 cm thick, slightly cemented crust on top (up-gradient influent entrance) of the ZVI section of the PRB and also with the discontinuous cemented ZVI material ( approximately 23 cm thick) directly below it. The greatest presence of microbial communities also occurred in the up-gradient influent portion of the PRB compared to its down-gradient effluent section, with the latter possibly due to less favorable conditions (i.e., high pH, low oxygen) for microbial growth. The ZVI filings in the down-gradient effluent section of the PRB have a projected life span of >10 years compared with ZVI filings from the continuous to discontinuous cemented up-gradient ZVI section (upper approximately 25 cm) of the PRB, which may have a life span of only approximately 2-5 more years. Supporting Information from applied, multi-tracer testing indicated that restricted groundwater flow is occurring in the upper approximately 25 cm of the ZVI section and preferential pathways have also formed in this PRB over its 10 years of operation.
authors.affiliation: Environmental Engineering Research Centre, School of Planning, Architecture & Civil Engineering, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5AG, Northern Ireland, U.K. d.phillips@qub.ac.uk
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Van Nooten
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bastiaens
authors.forename: M I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Russell
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dickson
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Plant
authors.forename: J M E
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Ahad
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Newton
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Elliot
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Kalin
mesh_terms: D052918:Environmental Restoration and Remediation / Q000379:methods*; D007501:Iron / Q000737:chemistry*; D010539:Permeability; D014241:Trichloroethylene / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000302:isolation & purification*
chemical_list: D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D014241:Trichloroethylene; D007501:Iron