Advanced-stage III/IV follicular lymphoma: treatment strategies for individual patients.
BACKGROUND
In patients with advanced-stage III/IV follicular lymphoma (FL), there are many treatment options available. The current challenge is to choose the optimal strategy for the individual patient.


METHODS
The literature was reviewed with respect to treatment strategies in patients with advanced FL by screening the PubMed databank.


RESULTS
In advanced-stage III/IV FL, median survival may approach 8-10 years. Treatment strategies include a watch-and-wait strategy, chemoimmunotherapy, monotherapy with rituximab, and - as an experimental approach so far - radioimmunotherapy. The use of autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) for patients in first remission or chemosensitive relapse prolongs progression-free survival while the effect on overall survival remains unclear compared to standard chemotherapy. However, long-term results are flawed by high relapse rates and risk of secondary malignancies. In patients with relapsed/chemoresistant disease, allogeneic HSCT constitutes the only curative approach but is associated with high treatment-related mortality. In the palliative setting, low-dose involved-field irradiation constitutes an effective treatment option in order to control local symptoms with potential long-lasting response.


CONCLUSIONS
In case of advanced-disease FL, asymptomatic patients can be managed expectantly. In symptomatic patients, chemoimmunotherapy is regarded as standard therapy. In symptomatic elderly patients with relevant comorbidities, rituximab +/- single-agent chemotherapy, or low-dose involved-field radiotherapy might be appropriate. For younger patients with chemoresistant/relapsed disease, allogeneic HSCT might be considered, since advances in supportive care and better patient selection have resulted in improved outcomes.
Heinzelmann
Frank
F
Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany. frank.heinzelmann@med.uni-tuebingen.de
Ottinger
Hellmut
H
Engelhard
Marianne
M
Soekler
Martin
M
Bamberg
Michael
M
Weinmann
Martin
M
D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D058846:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D006801:Humans; D008224:Lymphoma, Follicular / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D016499:Radioimmunotherapy; D000069283:Rituximab; D015996:Survival Rate
D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D058846:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived; D000069283:Rituximab