title: Design features that affect the maneuverability of wheelchairs and scooters.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the minimum space required for wheeled mobility device users to perform 4 maneuverability tasks and to investigate the impact of selected design attributes on space.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case series.
  
  
  METHODS
  University laboratory, Veterans Affairs research facility, vocational training center, and a national wheelchair sport event.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample of convenience included manual wheelchair (MWC; n=109), power wheelchair (PWC; n=100), and scooter users (n=14).
  
  
  METHODS
  A mock environment was constructed to create passageways to form an L-turn, 360 degrees -turn in place, and a U-turn with and without a barrier. Passageway openings were increased in 5-cm increments until the user could successfully perform each task without hitting the walls. Structural dimensions of the device and user were collected using an electromechanical probe. Mobility devices were grouped into categories based on design features and compared using 1-way analysis of variance and post hoc pairwise Bonferroni-corrected tests.
  
  
  METHODS
  Minimum passageway widths for the 4 maneuverability tasks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ultralight MWCs with rear axles posterior to the shoulder had the shortest lengths and required the least amount of space compared with all other types of MWCs (P<.05). Mid-wheel-drive PWCs required the least space for the 360 degrees -turn in place compared with front-wheel-drive and rear-wheel-drive PWCs (P<.01) but performed equally as well as front-wheel-drive models on all other turning tasks. PWCs with seat functions required more space to perform the tasks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Between 10% and 100% of users would not be able to maneuver in spaces that meet current Accessibility Guidelines for Buildings and Facilities specifications. This study provides data that can be used to support wheelchair prescription and home modifications and to update standards to improve the accessibility of public areas.
authors.affiliation: Human Engineering Research Laboratories, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh HealthCare System, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15206, USA. akoontz@pitt.edu
authors.forename: Alicia M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Koontz
authors.forename: Eric D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Brindle
authors.forename: Padmaja
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kankipati
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Feathers
authors.forename: Rory A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Cooper
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001107:Architectural Accessibility; D011211:Electric Power Supplies; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014910:Wheelchairs