title: Development of a water calorimetry-based standard for absorbed dose to water in HDR 192Ir brachytherapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this article is to develop and evaluate a primary standard for HDR 192Ir brachytherapy based on 4 degrees C stagnant water calorimetry.
  
  
  METHODS
  The absolute absorbed dose to water was directly measured for several different Nucletron microSelectron 192Ir sources of air kerma strength ranging between 21,000 and 38,000 U and for source-to-detector separations ranging between 25 and 70 mm. The COMSOL MULTIPHYSICS software was used to accurately calculate the heat transport in a detailed model geometry. Through a coupling of the "conduction and convection" module with the "Navier-Stokes incompressible fluid" module in the software, both the conductive and convective effects were modeled.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A detailed uncertainty analysis resulted in an overall uncertainty in the absorbed dose of 1.90% (1 sigma). However, this includes a 1.5% uncertainty associated with a nonlinear predrift correction which can be substantially reduced if sufficient time is provided for the system to come to a new equilibrium in between successive calorimetric runs, an opportunity not available to the authors in their clinical setting due to time constraints on the machine. An average normalized dose rate of 361 +/- 7 microGy/(h U) at a source-to-detector separation of 55 mm was measured for the microSelectron 192Ir source based on water calorimetry. The measured absorbed dose per air kerma strength agreed to better than 0.8% (1 sigma) with independent ionization chamber and EBT-1 Gafchromic film reference dosimetry as well as with the currently accepted AAPM TG-43 protocol measurements.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This work paves the way toward a primary absorbed dose to water standard in 192Ir brachytherapy.
authors.affiliation: Medical Physics Unit, McGill University, Montréal General Hospital, Montréal, Québec H3G 1A4, Canada.
authors.forename: Arman
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sarfehnia
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Seuntjens
mesh_terms: D000388:Air; D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000379:methods*; D002151:Calorimetry / Q000379:methods*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004867:Equipment Design; D005373:Film Dosimetry / Q000379:methods; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D007496:Iridium Radioisotopes / Q000737:chemistry*; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D012984:Software; D013696:Temperature; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D007496:Iridium Radioisotopes; D014867:Water