title: Are ankle chondrocytes from damaged fragments a suitable cell source for cartilage repair?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterize the post-expansion cartilage-forming capacity of chondrocytes harvested from detached fragments of osteochondral lesions (OCLs) of ankle joints (Damaged Ankle Cartilage Fragments, DACF), with normal ankle cartilage (NAC) as control.
  
  
  METHODS
  DACF were obtained from six patients (mean age: 35 years) with symptomatic OCLs of the talus, while NAC were from 10 autopsies (mean age: 55 years). Isolated chondrocytes were expanded for two passages and then cultured in pellets for 14 days or onto HYAFF-11 meshes (FAB, Italy) for up to 28 days. Resulting tissues were assessed histologically, biochemically [glycosaminoglycan (GAG), DNA and type II collagen (CII)] and biomechanically.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As compared to NAC, DACF contained significantly lower amounts of DNA (3.0-fold), GAG (5.3-fold) and CII (1.5-fold) and higher amounts of type I collagen (6.2-fold). Following 14 days of culture in pellets, DACF-chondrocytes generated tissues less intensely stained for Safranin-O and CII, with significantly lower GAG contents (2.8-fold). After 28 days of culture onto HYAFF((R))-11, tissues generated by DACF-chondrocytes were less intensely stained for Safranin-O and CII, contained significantly lower amounts of GAG (1.9-fold) and CII (1.4-fold) and had lower equilibrium (1.7-fold) and dynamic pulsatile modulus (3.3-fold) than NAC-chondrocytes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We demonstrated that DACF-chondrocytes have inferior cartilage-forming capacity as compared to NAC-chondrocytes, possibly resulting from environmental changes associated with trauma/disease. The study opens some reservations on the use of DACF-derived cells for the repair of ankle cartilage defects, especially in the context of tissue engineering-based approaches.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Candrian
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Miot
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wolf
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bonacina
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dickinson
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wirz
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jakob
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Valderrabano
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Barbero
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Martin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000843:Ankle Joint; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000378:metabolism; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D020219:Chondrogenesis / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D013628:Talus; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*