title: Antinociceptive, genotoxic and histopathological study of Heliopsis longipes S.F. Blake in mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  H. longipes S.F. Blake (Asteraceae) is a Mexican plant, whose roots are traditionally used as a condiment, as a mouth anesthetic, and as an antiparasitic. Affinin is the alkamide present in higher amounts in the roots of H. longipes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To date, there are no published studies regarding the relation between the analgesic properties, in vivo cytotoxicity, and DNA-damaging potential of H. longipes ethanol extract (HLEE).
  
  
  METHODS
  The HLEE was chromatographically fingerprinted to validate its affinin contents. Biological evaluation was conducted in sets of 6-8 CD1(+) mice. Antinociceptive effect was evaluated using the writhing and hot-plate tests, and mutagenic and cytotoxic effects were evaluated with micronucleous test in CD1(+) mice. For histopathological studies, biological samples from liver, heart, kidneys, spleen, lung, and brain were collected and stained.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Oral administration of HLEE (3-100 mg/kg) produced a dose-dependent antinociceptive effect in both assays. In micronucleus assay, the variability in the number of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPE) induced, and PE/NE index, the ratio of polychromatic erythrocytes with respect to the number of normochromatic erythrocytes induced by HLEE in the evaluated schedule, were small and nonsignificant. After histopathological results, HLEE showed polioencephalomalacia with 1000 mg/kg dose.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This work provides evidence that HLEE exerts analgesic effects, with no genotoxic effects in vivo. These findings would be an important contribution to explain the use of H. longipes root as an effective analgesic in traditional medicine, and to establish for the first time the absence of genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of the root in bioactive doses in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo Pachuca, Hidalgo, Mexico. raquelcarcortes@gmail.com
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cariño-Cortés
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Gayosso-De-Lucio
authors.forename: M I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Ortiz
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Gutiérrez
authors.forename: P B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: García-Reyna
authors.forename: V G
authors.initials: VG
authors.lastname: Cilia-López
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pérez-Hernández
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Moreno
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ponce-Monter
mesh_terms: D019342:Acetic Acid; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D000818:Animals; D019659:Asteraceae; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D006358:Hot Temperature; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D048629:Micronuclei, Chromosome-Defective / Q000139:chemically induced; D015162:Micronucleus Tests; D009153:Mutagens / Q000633:toxicity; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D017288:Pain Threshold / Q000187:drug effects; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D018517:Plant Roots
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D009153:Mutagens; D010936:Plant Extracts; D019342:Acetic Acid