title: A novel dithiol amide CB3 attenuates allergic airway disease through negative regulation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cellular redox homeostasis altered by excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and weakening of the antioxidant defense leads to oxidative stress. Oxidative stress is characterized as a decrease in glutathione/glutathione disulfide (GSH/GSSG) and the triggering of a number of the redox-sensitive signaling cascades. Recent studies have demonstrated that ROS play an important role in the pathogenesis of airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Here we characterized for the first time the protective properties of a new hydrophobic thiol compound, N-acetyl cysteine proline cysteine amide (CB3), in allergic airway diseases.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used ovalbumin (OVA)-inhaled mice to evaluate the role of CB3 as an antiinflammatory reagent and to determine its molecular signaling activity in allergic airways.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The administration of CB3 (1-50 mg/kg) to OVA-inhaled mice restored the decreased GSH levels, enhanced IL-10 expression, and significantly reduced the increase of Th2 cytokines and OVA-specific IgE. CB3 decreased the number of inflammatory cells and airway hyperresponsiveness in the lungs. We also found that the administration of CB3 dramatically decreased the nuclear translocation of the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and the phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in lungs after OVA inhalation. In addition, allergen-induced airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness were substantially reduced by the administration of inhibitors of NF-κB and p38 MAPK, BAY 11-7085, and SB 239063, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that CB3 attenuates allergic airway disease by up-regulation of GSH levels as well as inhibition of NF-κB and p38 MAPK activity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Chonbuk National University Medical School, San 2-20 Geumam-dong, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, South Korea. leeyc@chonbuk.ac.kr
authors.forename: So Ri
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Kyung Sun
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Seoung Ju
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Kyung Hoon
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Min
authors.forename: Min Hee
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Kyung Ae
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Orit
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Bartov
authors.forename: Daphne
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Atlas
authors.forename: Yong Chul
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018927:Anti-Asthmatic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001249:Asthma / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016535:Bronchial Hyperreactivity / Q000188:drug therapy; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / Q000737:chemistry / Q000166:cytology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D005978:Glutathione / Q000032:analysis; D019803:Glutathione Disulfide / Q000032:analysis; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D008168:Lung / Q000737:chemistry; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009570:Nitriles / Q000494:pharmacology; D009842:Oligopeptides / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011743:Pyrimidines / Q000494:pharmacology; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000032:analysis; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013450:Sulfones / Q000494:pharmacology; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*
chemical_list: D018927:Anti-Asthmatic Agents; C416282:BAY 11-7085; D007093:Imidazoles; C558827:N-acetyl cysteine proline cysteine amide; D009570:Nitriles; D009842:Oligopeptides; D011743:Pyrimidines; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds; D013450:Sulfones; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D005978:Glutathione; C406525:SB 239063; D019803:Glutathione Disulfide