title: Isoflurane anesthesia does not satisfy the homeostatic need for rapid eye movement sleep.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sleep and general anesthesia are distinct states of consciousness that share many traits. Prior studies suggest that propofol anesthesia facilitates recovery from rapid eye movement (REM) and non-REM (NREM) sleep deprivation, but the effects of inhaled anesthetics have not yet been studied. We tested the hypothesis that isoflurane anesthesia would also facilitate recovery from REM sleep deprivation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six rats were implanted with superficial cortical, deep hippocampal, and nuchal muscle electrodes. Animals were deprived of REM sleep for 24 hours and then (1) allowed to sleep ad libitum for 8 hours or (2) were immediately anesthetized with isoflurane for a 4-hour period followed by ad libitum sleep for 4 hours. The percentage of REM and NREM sleep after the protocols was compared with similar conditions without sleep deprivation. Hippocampal activity during isoflurane anesthesia was also compared with activity during REM sleep and active waking.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Recovery after deprivation was associated with a 5.7-fold increase (P = 0.0005) in REM sleep in the first 2 hours and a 2.6-fold increase (P = 0.004) in the following 2 hours. Animals that underwent isoflurane anesthesia after deprivation demonstrated a 3.6-fold increase (P = 0.001) in REM sleep in the first 2 hours of recovery and a 2.2-fold increase (P = 0.003) in the second 2 hours. There were no significant differences in REM sleep rebound between the first 4 hours after deprivation and the first 4 hours after both deprivation and isoflurane anesthesia. Hippocampal activity during isoflurane anesthesia was not affected by REM sleep deprivation, and the probability distribution of events during anesthesia was more similar to that of waking than to REM sleep.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Unlike propofol, isoflurane does not satisfy the homeostatic need for REM sleep. Furthermore, the regulation and organization of hippocampal events during anesthesia are unlike sleep. We conclude that different anesthetics have distinct interfaces with sleep.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5048, USA. gmashour@umich.edu
authors.forename: George A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Mashour
authors.forename: William J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Lipinski
authors.forename: Lisa B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Matlen
authors.forename: Amanda J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: Ashley M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Schoen
authors.forename: Uncheol
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Gina R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Poe
mesh_terms: D000769:Anesthesia, Inhalation; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D000818:Animals; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000187:drug effects; D004594:Electrophysiology; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000187:drug effects; D006706:Homeostasis / Q000187:drug effects*; D007530:Isoflurane; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D011916:Rats, Inbred F344; D012892:Sleep Deprivation / Q000503:physiopathology; D012895:Sleep, REM / Q000187:drug effects*; D013826:Theta Rhythm / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D007530:Isoflurane