title: Removal of asymmetric dimethylarginine during artificial liver support using fractionated plasma separation and adsorption.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) is the most potent endogenous nitric oxide synthase inhibitor. Elevated ADMA levels have been linked to increased mortality in different patient populations. Key regulation of ADMA levels mainly takes place in the liver. Hence, ADMA is elevated in liver disease. There is no specific pharmacological treatment to lower the elevated ADMA levels. Hemodialysis is of limited efficiency in removing ADMA as it is highly protein bound. Prometheus is an extracorporeal liver support system which allows the removal of protein-bound toxins. We assessed the efficiency of the Prometheus system in reducing high ADMA levels in patients with liver failure.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied nine patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure and concomitant renal failure already necessitating hemodialysis. Seven patients needed intensive care treatment. Two consecutive sessions of Prometheus therapy of each 4 h were performed in all patients. ADMA and its structural isomer symmetrical dimethylarginine (SDMA) were determined using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ADMA levels correlated to model for end stage liver disease (MELD) score (r(s) = 0.62; p < 0.0001). Before Prometheus was started, levels of ADMA and SDMA were elevated (1.36 +/- 0.5 micromol/l and 1.90 +/- 0.4 micromol/l, respectively). During Prometheus treatments, plasma levels of ADMA dropped by a mean 25% (p < 0.0001) and SDMA levels by 22% (p < 0.0001). However, there was a significant rebound of ADMA levels between the two therapy sessions (p < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows for the first time that plasma levels of ADMA can be effectively lowered by an artificial liver support system (Prometheus). Effective elimination of ADMA might explain some of the beneficial clinical effects of these systems in patients with liver failure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany. rifai.kinan@mh-hannover.de
authors.forename: Kinan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rifai
authors.forename: Stefanie M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Bode-Boeger
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Martens-Lobenhoffer
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ernst
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Kretschmer
authors.forename: Carsten
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hafer
authors.forename: Danilo
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fliser
authors.forename: Michael Peter
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Manns
authors.forename: Jan T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Kielstein
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001120:Arginine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017093:Liver Failure / Q000150:complications* / Q000628:therapy*; D019164:Liver, Artificial; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: C487735:dimethylarginine; D001120:Arginine