title: [MR imaging of lymph nodes using Gadofluorine M: feasibility in a swine model at 1.5 and 3T].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the potential of Gadofluorine M for targeted lymph node imaging in a human size animal model and on a clinical MR scanner at 1.5 and 3 T.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pelvic and cervical lymph nodes in a swine model were investigated prior to and 24 hours after intravenous administration of 50 micromol/kg body weight Gadofluorine M, an experimental contrast agent. MR imaging was carried out on clinical 1.5 T and 3 T whole-body MR systems using clinically available coils and T 1-weighted sequences. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) with respect to the surrounding tissue were assessed and compared using the Student's t-test. The Gd concentration in the lymph nodes (n = 43) was measured post mortem by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Gadofluorine M allowed for high signal and high contrast visualization of lymph nodes in all stations on post-contrast images with a significantly increased SNR and CNR (SNR pelvic lymph nodes post vs. pre: 46 +/- 7 vs.14 +/- 3, SNR cervical lymph nodes post vs. pre: 105 +/- 64 vs. 32 +/- 21; CNR pelvic lymph node vs. muscle post vs. pre 28 +/- 5 vs. 0.2 +/- 0.5, CNR cervical lymph node vs. muscle post vs. pre 76 +/- 53 vs. 11 +/- 15, p < 0.05 for all comparisons). The SNR and CNR in the pelvis were further improved using 3 T compared to 1.5 T scanners (SNR lymph nodes 3 T vs. 1.5 T 84 +/- 6 vs. 46 +/- 7, CNR lymph node vs. muscle 3 T vs. 1.5 T 53 +/- 9 vs. 28 +/- 5 respectively, p < 0.05). A high concentration of Gd in the lymph nodes was found (149 +/- 25 mmol Gd/L).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gadofluorine M accumulates in the lymph nodes and allows for selective targeted high contrast MR imaging of lymph node tissue in a large animal model using clinically available MR imaging techniques. 3 T further improves SNR and CNR compared to 1.5 T.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Radiologie, Klinikum Saarbrücken. spuenti@rad.rwth-aachen.de
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Spuentrup
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ruhl
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Weigl
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Misselwitz
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wardeh
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Buhl
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Botnar
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Katoh
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Wiethoff
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Günther
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005466:Fluorocarbons; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis / Q000473:pathology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D009333:Neck; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D009942:Organometallic Compounds / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D010388:Pelvis; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D005466:Fluorocarbons; D009942:Organometallic Compounds; C517961:gadofluorine M