title: Cancer-selective apoptotic effects of extracellular and intracellular Par-4.
abstract: Selectivity toward cancer cells is the most desirable element in cancer therapeutics. Par-4 is a cancer cell-selective proapoptotic protein that functions intracellularly in the cytoplasmic and nuclear compartments as a tumor suppressor. Moreover, recent findings indicate that the Par-4 protein is secreted by cells, and extracellular Par-4 induces cancer cell-specific apoptosis by interaction with the cell-surface receptor GRP78. This review describes the mechanisms underlying the apoptotic effects of both extracellular and intracellular Par-4 acting through its effector domain SAC.
authors.affiliation: Graduate Center for Toxicology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shrestha-Bhattarai
authors.forename: V M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Rangnekar
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D000091342:Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperone BiP; D005110:Extracellular Space / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D042541:Intracellular Space / Q000378:metabolism*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; D000091342:Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperone BiP; C000717247:HSPA5 protein, human; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; C101296:prostate apoptosis response-4 protein