title: Calculation of gestational age in late second and third trimesters by ex vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy of amniotic fluid.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to develop a reliable model for the calculation of gestational age (GA) in second and third trimesters with the use of amniotic fluid (AF) metabolite profiles that were determined by magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
  
  
  METHODS
  High-resolution (11.7 T) ex vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy was performed on 95 AF samples (mean, 31.7 weeks; range, 15.6-39.9 weeks). GA was determined by last menstrual period or first-trimester ultrasound scanning. Concentrations of 21 AF metabolites were measured with automated techniques. Metabolite concentrations, inverses, natural logs, and squares were entered as predictive variables in a stepwise linear regression model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The following formula was derived: GA = 64.922 - (14.456 x alanine) + (4.965 x natural log [creatinine]) - (0.931 x glucose) - (5.202 x valine). This model fit the data with an R(2) value of 0.926. Average error among all samples was +/-1.75 weeks (SD, +/-1.43 weeks), for the second trimester was +/-2.21 weeks (SD, +/-1.78 weeks), and for the third trimester was +/-1.59 weeks (SD, +/-1.26 weeks).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Statistical modeling accurately predicted GA with amniotic fluid metabolite profiles that were obtained by magnetic resonance spectroscopy, which may represent a significant improvement over conventional ultrasound dating in the third trimester. Future studies should compare these techniques directly.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of California-San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
authors.forename: Brad R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Cohn
authors.forename: Emily Y
authors.initials: EY
authors.lastname: Fukuchi
authors.forename: Bonnie N
authors.initials: BN
authors.lastname: Joe
authors.forename: Mark G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Swanson
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kurhanewicz
authors.forename: Jingwei
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Aaron B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Caughey
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D000653:Amniotic Fluid / Q000737:chemistry*; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D015233:Models, Statistical; D019906:Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular / Q000379:methods*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011262:Pregnancy Trimester, Second; D011263:Pregnancy Trimester, Third; D012189:Retrospective Studies