title: Role of central muscarinic cholinergic receptors in the formalin-induced pain in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In the present study, central effects of physostigmine and atropine have investigated in the formalin-induced pain in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  In conscious rats implanted with an intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) cannula, the effects of i.c.v. injection of physostigmine and atropine were investigated on the formalin test in the rat. Formalin test was induced by subcutaneous (s.c.) injection of formalin (50 mul, 1%) in ventral surface of left hind paw, and durations of licking and biting of the injected paw were measured in 5-min blocks for 1 h.
  
  
  RESULTS
  FORMALIN PRODUCED A BIPHASIC RESPONSE (FIRST PHASE: 0-5 and second phase: 15-40 min) in durations of licking and biting of the injected paw. Physostigmine at doses of 2.5, 5 and 10 ug significantly (P < 0.05) attenuated both first and second phases of pain response. Atropine (5 and 10 ug), used alone, produced no significant effect on pain, but pretreatment with atropine (10 ug) significantly (P < 0.05) blocked antinociception induced by physostigmine (5 ug).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that i.c.v. physostigmine can affect both neurogenic and inflammatory phases of formalin-induced pain through a mechanism in which the muscarinic cholinergic receptors are involved.
authors.affiliation: Division of Physiology, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mojtahedin
authors.forename: Esmaeal
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tamaddonfard
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zanbouri