title: Biochemical and genetic diversity of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli associated with diarrhea in United States students in Cuernavaca and Guadalajara, Mexico, 2004-2007.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Molecular characterization of Escherichia coli with use of the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) assay allows the determination of clonal origin and geographic clustering.
  
  
  METHODS
  Presumed enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) from 213 adults with travelers' diarrhea acquired in Mexico during the summer months of 2004-2007 were studied. Biochemical testing strips determined a 7-digit fingerprint on the basis of 21 biochemical reactions. E. coli producing enterotoxin were evaluated for clonality by RAPD assay. Dendrograms were developed using Pearson correlations with 80% similarity to determine clonal groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the presumed ETEC, 85% were confirmed to be E. coli on the basis of biochemical analysis. Other enterotoxigenic bacteria included Citrobacter species (9%) and other coliforms (all 2%). RAPD analysis with primers 1247 and 1254 determined 24 ETEC clonal groups containing 2-9 subjects each, of which 15 spanned the 4 years and 8 spanned both cities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Complete biochemical evaluation of E. coli-like, enterotoxigenic organisms is crucial in ETEC identification. In addition, other enterotoxigenic organisms identified should be studied further for their role in enteric disease. Travelers to Mexico are exposed to a large pool of different ETEC strains from multiple sources, with a small number of dominant types showing a widespread and persistent reservoir of infection.
authors.affiliation: Baylor College of Medicine, 2University of Texas School of Public Health, 3University of Texas Medical School, and 4St Luke's Episcopal Hospital, Houston, Texas.
authors.forename: Jeannette
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ouyang-Latimer
authors.forename: Nadim J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Ajami
authors.forename: Zhi-Dong
authors.initials: ZD
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Pablo C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Okhuysen
authors.forename: Mercedes
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Paredes
authors.forename: Jose
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Flores
authors.forename: Herbert L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Dupont
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015373:Bacterial Typing Techniques; D002947:Cities; D002954:Citrobacter / Q000302:isolation & purification; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D016172:DNA Fingerprinting; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology*; D004756:Enterobacteriaceae Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology*; D054307:Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008800:Mexico / Q000453:epidemiology; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology; D019105:Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Technique; D013334:Students; D014195:Travel; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial