title: Incidence of bladder neck contracture after robot-assisted laparoscopic and open radical prostatectomy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the incidence and risk factors for bladder neck contracture (BNC) in men treated with robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (RALP) and open radical prostatectomy (ORP), as BNC is a well-described complication of ORP and may be partially attributable to technique.
  
  
  METHODS
  The University of California San Francisco Urologic Oncology Database was queried for patients undergoing RALP or ORP from 2002 to 2008. Patient demographics, prostate cancer-specific information, surgical data, and follow-up were collected. For each surgical approach, multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression was performed to evaluate associations of demographics and clinical characteristics with BNC. Time to BNC after RP was evaluated using life table and Kaplan-Meier methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From 2002 to 2008, 988 patients underwent RP as primary treatment and had at least 12 months of follow-up. Of these men, 695 underwent ORP and 293 underwent RALP. The mean (sd) age was 59.3 (6.80) years and 91% of men were Caucasian. D'Amico risk groups at diagnosis were low (38%), intermediate (38%), and high (24%). The BNC incidence was 2.2% (22 cases) overall, 1.4% (four) for RALP, and 2.6% (18) for ORP (P= 0.12). Patients with BNC were diagnosed a median (range) of 4.7 (1-15) months after surgery. At 18 months after surgery, the BNC-free rate was 97% for ORP and 99% for RALP (log-rank P= 0.13). The most common presenting complaint was slow stream, followed by urinary retention. In Cox proportional hazards regression analysis, earlier year of surgery, older age at diagnosis and higher PSA level at diagnosis were significantly associated with BNC among ORP patients. In the RALP group, none of the covariates were associated with BNC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The overall incidence of BNC was low in both RALP and ORP groups. Technical factors such as enhanced magnification and a running bladder anastomosis may explain the lower BNC incidence in the RALP group.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. bbreyer@urology.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: Benjamin N
authors.initials: BN
authors.lastname: Breyer
authors.forename: Cole B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: Janet E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Cowan
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Kane
authors.forename: Peter R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Carroll
mesh_terms: D003286:Contracture / Q000209:etiology*; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011468:Prostatectomy / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery*; D012371:Robotics; D001748:Urinary Bladder Neck Obstruction / Q000209:etiology*