title: Causes of death and rehospitalization in patients hospitalized with worsening heart failure and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction: results from Efficacy of Vasopressin Antagonism in Heart Failure Outcome Study with Tolvaptan (EVEREST) program.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The postdischarge rehospitalization and death rates are high in patients with acute heart failure (HF) syndromes despite optimization of standard therapy for chronic HF. To the best of our knowledge, there has been no systematic analysis of the causes of death and rehospitalization in this patient population.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a prespecified analysis of adjudicated cause-specific all-cause mortality and cardiovascular (CV) hospitalization in the Efficacy of Vasopressin Antagonism in Heart Failure Outcome Study with Tolvaptan (EVEREST) trial, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in patients hospitalized with worsening HF and left ventricular ejection fraction < or =40% comparing tolvaptan, an oral vasopressin receptor antagonist to placebo, in addition to standard care.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 4,133 randomized, there were 5,239 rehospitalizations and 1,080 deaths during a median of 9.9 months. Of all deaths, 41.0% were due to HF, 26.0% due to sudden cardiac death (SCD), 2.6% due to acute myocardial infarction (MI), 2.2% due to stroke, and 13.2% due to non-CV causes. Of all hospitalizations, 39.2% were non-CV, whereas 46.3% were for HF, and a minority of hospitalizations was due to stroke, MI, arrhythmia, or other CV causes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite close follow-up and evidence-based therapy within a clinical trial, rehospitalization and death remain high. Although most deaths were from HF, one quarter of patients had SCD. In addition, there were almost as many non-CV hospitalizations as HF hospitalizations. Knowledge of the causes of death and rehospitalization may be essential for proper management and early initiation of therapy.
authors.affiliation: Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Christopher M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: O'Connor
authors.forename: Alan B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: John E A
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Blair
authors.forename: Marvin A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Konstam
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wedge
authors.forename: Maria C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Bahit
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Carson
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Haass
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Hauptman
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Metra
authors.forename: Ron M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Oren
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Patten
authors.forename: Ileana
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Piña
authors.forename: Sherryn
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Roth
authors.forename: Jonathan D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Sackner-Bernstein
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Traver
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: Mihai
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gheorghiade
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D065092:Antidiuretic Hormone Receptor Antagonists; D001552:Benzazepines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002317:Cardiovascular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002423:Cause of Death; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010359:Patient Readmission / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D013318:Stroke Volume; D000077602:Tolvaptan
chemical_list: D065092:Antidiuretic Hormone Receptor Antagonists; D001552:Benzazepines; D002317:Cardiovascular Agents; D000077602:Tolvaptan