title: Immunotoxicological properties of airborne particles at landfill, urban and rural sites and their relation to microbial concentrations.
abstract: We investigated the immunotoxicological activity of airborne particles in three different environments during 11 months. Specifically, we analyzed the relation of the immunotoxicological activity to microbial concentrations. During the study period, samples from a landfill, an urban and a rural site were collected on filters once a month. The immunotoxicological characteristics of collected particle samples were studied by exposing mouse macrophages (RAW264.7), and measuring the viability and production of inflammatory mediators i.e. nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interleukin (IL)-6 after 24 hours. In addition, the results were compared to corresponding microbial concentrations measured with quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) in the same sites. The particles collected from the landfill caused significantly more toxicity and inflammatory responses than the particles from other sites. The immunotoxicological activity of the samples changed according to the season, being the lowest in all study sites in the winter. In the rural and urban sites the responses peaked during the spring, whereas at the landfill the highest responses were detected towards the fall. All immunotoxic responses correlated strongly with airborne microbial concentrations at the landfill, whereas on the other sites the correlations were weaker. These results indicate that the overall immunotoxicological activity of the particles is increased in waste handling area with a heavy microbial load. The activity of the samples collected from different sites changes according to the season being at their lowest at wintertime. At the waste center, the immunotoxicological responses are related with concentrations of microbes, whereas at rural area and city center other factors seem to govern the toxicity of the sample.
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Environmental Health, P.O. Box 95, FI-70701, Kuopio, Finland. Kati.Huttunen@thl.fi
authors.forename: Kati
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Huttunen
authors.forename: Pasi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kaarakainen
authors.forename: Teija
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Meklin
authors.forename: Aino
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nevalainen
authors.forename: Maija-Riitta
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Hirvonen
mesh_terms: D000391:Air Microbiology; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D002947:Cities; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000633:toxicity*; D012037:Refuse Disposal; D012424:Rural Population; D012621:Seasons; D013302:Streptomyces / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D018675:Toxicity Tests; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D015850:Interleukin-6; D052638:Particulate Matter; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D009569:Nitric Oxide