title: Neuroprotective effects of cognitive enhancement therapy against gray matter loss in early schizophrenia: results from a 2-year randomized controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cognitive rehabilitation has shown efficacy in improving cognition in patients with schizophrenia but the underlying neurobiologic changes that occur during these treatments and support cognitive improvement are not well known.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine differential changes in brain morphology in early course schizophrenia during cognitive rehabilitation vs supportive therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized controlled trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  An outpatient research clinic at a university-based medical center that provides comprehensive care services for patients with severe mental illness.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 53 symptomatically stable but cognitively disabled outpatients in the early course of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 2-year trial with annual structural magnetic resonance imaging and cognitive assessments. Cognitive enhancement therapy is an integrated approach to the remediation of cognitive impairment in schizophrenia that uses computer-assisted neurocognitive training and group-based social-cognitive exercises. Enriched supportive therapy is an illness management approach that provides psychoeducation and teaches applied coping strategies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Broad areas of frontal and temporal gray matter change were analyzed with longitudinal, voxel-based morphometry methods using mixed-effects models followed by volumetric analyses of regions that demonstrated significant differential changes between treatment groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients who received cognitive enhancement therapy demonstrated significantly greater preservation of gray matter volume over 2 years in the left hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus, and fusiform gyrus, and significantly greater gray matter increases in the left amygdala (all corrected P < .04) compared with those who received enriched supportive therapy. Less gray matter loss in the left parahippocampal and fusiform gyrus and greater gray matter increases in the left amygdala were significantly related to improved cognition and mediated the beneficial cognitive effects of cognitive enhancement therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cognitive enhancement therapy may offer neurobiologic protective and enhancing effects in early schizophrenia that are associated with improved long-term cognitive outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, USA.
authors.forename: Shaun M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Eack
authors.forename: Gerard E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Hogarty
authors.forename: Raymond Y
authors.initials: RY
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: Konasale M R
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Prasad
authors.forename: Deborah P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Greenwald
authors.forename: Susan S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Hogarty
authors.forename: Matcheri S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Keshavan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000679:Amygdala / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology; D001284:Atrophy / Q000473:pathology; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000473:pathology / Q000534:rehabilitation / Q000628:therapy*; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000473:pathology*; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D020534:Parahippocampal Gyrus / Q000473:pathology; D011613:Psychotherapy / Q000379:methods; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D012944:Social Support; D013702:Temporal Lobe / Q000473:pathology*; D016896:Treatment Outcome