title: Combining ontologies and workflows to design formal protocols for biological laboratories.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Laboratory protocols in life sciences tend to be written in natural language, with negative consequences on repeatability, distribution and automation of scientific experiments. Formalization of knowledge is becoming popular in science. In the case of laboratory protocols two levels of formalization are needed: one for the entities and individuals operations involved in protocols and another one for the procedures, which can be manually or automatically executed. This study aims to combine ontologies and workflows for protocol formalization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A laboratory domain specific ontology and the COW (Combining Ontologies with Workflows) software tool were developed to formalize workflows built on ontologies. A method was specifically set up to support the design of structured protocols for biological laboratory experiments. The workflows were enhanced with ontological concepts taken from the developed domain specific ontology.The experimental protocols represented as workflows are saved in two linked files using two standard interchange languages (i.e. XPDL for workflows and OWL for ontologies). A distribution package of COW including installation procedure, ontology and workflow examples, is freely available from http://www.bmr-genomics.it/farm/cow.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using COW, a laboratory protocol may be directly defined by wet-lab scientists without writing code, which will keep the resulting protocol's specifications clear and easy to read and maintain.
authors.affiliation: CRIBI Biotechnology Centre, University of Padua, viale G, Colombo 3, 35121 Padova, Italy. maccagnan@math.unipd.it.
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Maccagnan
authors.forename: Mauro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Riva
authors.forename: Erika
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Feltrin
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Simionati
authors.forename: Tullio
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Vardanega
authors.forename: Giorgio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Valle
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Cannata