title: The effect of polymorphisms in the promoter region of the MMP-1 gene on the occurrence and invasiveness of hypophyseal adenoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The matrix metalloproteinase-1 enzyme (MMP-1, also called collagenase 1) plays a key role in turnover of collagen fibers in the intercellular matrix. Insertion of a guanine residue was found within the promoter region of the MMP-1 gene. We found that MMP-1 levels increased approximately twofold over normal when this insertion was present, enabling MMP-1 to facilitate tumor invasion and metastasis. MMP-1 is also believed to play a role in tumor development. The aim of our study is to investigate the effect of polymorphisms in the promoter region of the MMP-1 gene on the development of benign and invasive hypophyseal adenomas.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty patients with hypophyseal adenomas diagnosed by radiological examination underwent surgical removal, and the diagnosis was confirmed using immunohistochemical staining of the pathology specimens. We found that ten of these patients had invasive adenomas confirmed by radiological examination and immunohistochemical staining. DNA isolation was performed on all specimens, and 5-cc venous blood samples were obtained from all patients as well as 30 volunteers using the Qiagen QIAquick kit. Promoter regions of MMP-1 genes from the DNA samples were amplified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and primers designed for the site-directed mutation method. Following PCR, a guanine residue within the promoter region of the MMP-1 gene was identified using the restriction fragment length polymorphism method and the ALU I restriction enzyme. Three genotypes were detected in a genotyping assay: 2G/2G, 1G/2G, and 1G/1G.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the surgically treated patients, 36.6% had the 2G/2G genotype, 46.6% had the 1G/2G genotype, and 16.6% had the 1G/1G genotype. The 2G allele frequency was found to be 83.4%. In 90% of cases of invasive adenoma, a homozygous 2G/2G genotype was detected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The risk for development of hypophyseal adenoma may be greater in patients with the 2G allele. In cases of existing hypophyseal adenoma, those with the homozygous 2G allele tend to be invasive.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Tayfur Ata Sökmen Medical Faculty, Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay 31700, Turkey. draltasmurat@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Murat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Altaş
authors.forename: Omer Faruk
authors.initials: OF
authors.lastname: Bayrak
authors.forename: Erdogan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ayan
authors.forename: Fatihhan
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bolukbasi
authors.forename: Gokalp
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Silav
authors.forename: Kerim Kenan
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Coskun
authors.forename: Mustafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Culha
authors.forename: Fikrettin
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sahin
authors.forename: Serhat
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sevli
authors.forename: Ilhan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Elmaci
mesh_terms: D000236:Adenoma / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology*; D000483:Alleles; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000235:genetics; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D020781:Matrix Metalloproteinase 1 / Q000235:genetics*; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D010911:Pituitary Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology*; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D020781:Matrix Metalloproteinase 1