title: The mycorrhizal status and colonization of 26 tree species growing in urban and rural environments.
abstract: Urban environments are highly disturbed and fragmented ecosystems that commonly have lower mycorrhizal fungal species richness and diversity compared to rural or natural ecosystems. In this study, we assessed whether the mycorrhizal status and colonization of trees are influenced by the overall environment (rural vs. urban) they are growing in. Soil cores were collected from the rhizosphere of trees growing in urban and rural environments around southern Ontario. Roots were extracted from the soil cores to determine whether the trees were colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, ectomycorrhizal fungi, or both, and to quantify the percent colonization of each type of mycorrhizal fungi. All 26 tree species were colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, and seven tree species were dually colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal and ectomycorrhizal fungi. Overall, arbuscular mycorrhizal and ectomycorrhizal fungal colonization was significantly (p < 0.001) lower in trees growing in urban compared to rural environments. It is not clear what 'urban' factors are responsible for the reduction in mycorrhizal fungal colonization; more research is needed to determine whether inoculating urban trees with mycorrhizal fungi would increase colonization levels and growth of the trees.
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada. lbainard@uoguelph.ca
authors.forename: Luke D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Bainard
authors.forename: John N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Klironomos
authors.forename: Andrew M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Gordon
mesh_terms: D004463:Ecology; D017753:Ecosystem; D004777:Environment; D038821:Mycorrhizae / Q000145:classification* / Q000254:growth & development*; D009864:Ontario; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000382:microbiology; D013559:Symbiosis; D014197:Trees / Q000145:classification / Q000382:microbiology*