title: The biological response modifier AM3 attenuates the inflammatory cell response and hepatic fibrosis in rats with biliary cirrhosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An inflammatory immune system response ensues in the liver and in the systemic circulation in cirrhosis, where it contributes to hepatic fibrosis and peripheral vasodilation. Modulation of the inflammatory response without increasing susceptibility to infection is a therapeutic target in cirrhosis. AM3 is a low-toxicity biological response modifier with regulatory effects on innate and adaptative immunity, and the ability to normalise the production of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This was an experimental study to investigate the effects of oral AM3 on the systemic and hepatic inflammatory response, liver fibrosis and on the haemodynamic abnormalities of portal hypertension in rats with biliary cirrhosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bile-duct ligated rats received a 3-week oral course of AM3 or placebo.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In cirrhotic rats, AM3 blunted the inflammatory switch of circulating and intrahepatic monocytes and T-cells to TNFalpha and interferon gamma (IFNgamma) production, respectively. AM3 modified the intrahepatic polarisation pattern of the regulatory cytokines, decreasing the mRNA expression of transforming growth factor beta1 (TGFbeta1), interleukin 4 (IL4), and IFNgamma, and increasing that of IL10. Total and IFNgamma-producing natural killer (NK) cells were lowered by AM3 in the peripheral blood and liver of cirrhotic rats. The immunomodulatory effects of AM3 led to reduced hepatic fibrogenesis in cirrhotic rats, as shown by decreased area of liver fibrosis, hydroxyproline content and mRNA expression of procollagen alpha1(I). Besides, AM3 lowered portal pressure and systemic hyperaemia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The biological response modifier AM3 reverses the concurrent inflammatory immune system activation in peripheral blood and liver of experimental established cirrhosis, which results in reductions of hepatic fibrosis, portal pressure and peripheral vasodilation.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina-Campus Universitario, Universidad de Alcalá, Carretera Madrid-Barcelona km. 33.600, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain. aalbillosm@meditex.es
authors.forename: Agustín
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Albillos
authors.forename: Mónica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nieto
authors.forename: María
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ubeda
authors.forename: Leticia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Muñoz
authors.forename: Benito
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Fraile
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Reyes
authors.forename: Lourdes
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lledó
authors.forename: Ignacio
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Blanco
authors.forename: Oscar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Pastor
authors.forename: Clara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Salas
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lario
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Monserrat
authors.forename: Ramón
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bataller
authors.forename: Melchor
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alvarez-Mon
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D002130:Calcium Phosphates / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical / Q000379:methods; D006020:Glycopeptides / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D056747:Immunomodulation; D016130:Immunophenotyping; D007694:Killer Cells, Natural / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D008099:Liver / Q000276:immunology; D008105:Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D008106:Liver Cirrhosis, Experimental / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D009000:Monocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D016176:T-Lymphocyte Subsets / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D002130:Calcium Phosphates; D016207:Cytokines; D006020:Glycopeptides; C038773:Immunoferon