title: Temporal augmentation using a polytetrafluoroethylene implant with the assistance of an endoscope.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (e-PTFE), invented by W. L. Gore in the late 1960s, has become a popular material in facial plastic and reconstructive surgery. The use of e-PTFE sheets in the temporal region is reported by some authors and achieving good results. Endoscopic techniques, characterized by small incisions, slight injury, and fewer complications, can be applied in many fields. With the assistance of an endoscope, temporal augmentation with e-PTFE is performed under direct sight, and complications can be reduced. This study aimed to investigate endoscopically assisted temporal augmentation using e-PTFE.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, 16 patients with concave temporal regions underwent temporal augmentation using e-PTFE with the assistance of an endoscope. The implants were inserted in the plane overlying the deep temporal fascia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most of the patients were satisfied with the result. One patient had mild temporal area asymmetry, which did not need revision. Another patient had paralysis of the temporal branch of the facial nerve and recovered 3 months after surgery. No infection, foreign body reaction, implant rejection or extrusion, hematoma, seroma, or curling of the edge of the implant occurred.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Endoscopic procedures are characterized by small incisions, slight tissue injury, direct vision, and fewer complications. Such procedures are helpful in the reconstruction of concave temporal regions using e-PTFE.
authors.affiliation: International Education and Research Centre of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Nanjing Medical University, China. hzljd@sohu.com
authors.forename: Jinde
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Xiaoping
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Wanquan
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Ligang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Xiangyu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zheng
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D005145:Face / Q000601:surgery*; D005146:Facial Asymmetry / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D011138:Polytetrafluoroethylene / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019919:Prosthesis Implantation; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D013701:Temporal Bone / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D011138:Polytetrafluoroethylene