title: Comparison of Bayesian network and support vector machine models for two-year survival prediction in lung cancer patients treated with radiotherapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Classic statistical and machine learning models such as support vector machines (SVMs) can be used to predict cancer outcome, but often only perform well if all the input variables are known, which is unlikely in the medical domain. Bayesian network (BN) models have a natural ability to reason under uncertainty and might handle missing data better. In this study, the authors hypothesize that a BN model can predict two-year survival in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients as accurately as SVM, but will predict survival more accurately when data are missing.
  
  
  METHODS
  A BN and SVM model were trained on 322 inoperable NSCLC patients treated with radiotherapy from Maastricht and validated in three independent data sets of 35, 47, and 33 patients from Ghent, Leuven, and Toronto. Missing variables occurred in the data set with only 37, 28, and 24 patients having a complete data set.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The BN model structure and parameter learning identified gross tumor volume size, performance status, and number of positive lymph nodes on a PET as prognostic factors for two-year survival. When validated in the full validation set of Ghent, Leuven, and Toronto, the BN model had an AUC of 0.77, 0.72, and 0.70, respectively. A SVM model based on the same variables had an overall worse performance (AUC 0.71, 0.68, and 0.69) especially in the Ghent set, which had the highest percentage of missing the important GTV size data. When only patients with complete data sets were considered, the BN and SVM model performed more alike.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Within the limitations of this study, the hypothesis is supported that BN models are better at handling missing data than SVM models and are therefore more suitable for the medical domain. Future works have to focus on improving the BN performance by including more patients, more variables, and more diversity.
authors.affiliation: Siemens Medical Solutions, Malvern, Pennsylvania 19355, USA.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jayasurya
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fung
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dehing-Oberije
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: De Ruysscher
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hope
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: De Neve
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lievens
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lambin
authors.forename: A L A J
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Dekker
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001185:Artificial Intelligence; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis / Q000532:radiotherapy; D016571:Neural Networks, Computer; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000379:methods; D011336:Probability; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome