title: Combined proteasome and histone deacetylase inhibition attenuates epithelial-mesenchymal transition through E-cadherin in esophageal cancer cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Metastasis is thought to be governed partially by induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Combination of proteasome and histone deacetylase inhibitors has shown significant promise, but no studies have investigated this in esophageal cancer. This study investigated effects of vorinostat (histone deacetylase inhibitor) and bortezomib (proteasome inhibitor) on esophageal cancer epithelial-mesenchymal transition.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three-dimensional tumor spheroids mimicking tumor architecture were created with esophageal squamous and adenocarcinoma cancer cells. Cells were treated with tumor necrosis factor alpha (to simulate proinflammatory tumor milieu) and transforming growth factor beta (cytokine critical for induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition). Tumor models were then treated with vorinostat, bortezomib, or both. Cytotoxic assays assessed cell death. Messenger RNA and protein expressions of metastasis suppressor genes were assessed. After treatment, Boyden chamber invasion assays were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Combined therapy resulted in 3.7-fold decrease in adenocarcinoma cell invasion (P = .002) and 2.8-fold decrease in squamous cell invasion (P = .003). Three-dimensional invasion assays demonstrated significant decrease in epithelial-mesenchymal transition after combined therapy. Quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analyses revealed robust rescue of E-cadherin transcription and protein expression after combined therapy. Importantly, inhibition of the E-cadherin gene resulted in abolition of the salutary benefits of combined therapy, highlighting the importance of this metastasis suppressor gene in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition process.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Combined vorinostat and bortezomib therapy significantly decreased esophageal cancer epithelial-mesenchymal transition. This combined therapeutic effect on esophageal cancer epithelial-mesenchymal transition was associated with upregulation of E-cadherin protein expression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0679, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Yuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Alykhan S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Nagji
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Theodosakis
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Jones
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000556:secondary; D015703:Antigens, CD; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001897:Boronic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D000069286:Bortezomib; D015820:Cadherins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000556:secondary; D016923:Cell Death; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects; D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D006655:Histone Deacetylases / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D006877:Hydroxamic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D008648:Mesoderm / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D011480:Protease Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex / Q000378:metabolism; D061988:Proteasome Inhibitors; D011719:Pyrazines / Q000494:pharmacology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D018874:Spheroids, Cellular; D013997:Time Factors; D014162:Transfection; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D015854:Up-Regulation; D000077337:Vorinostat
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D001897:Boronic Acids; C513384:CDH1 protein, human; D015820:Cadherins; D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors; D006877:Hydroxamic Acids; D011480:Protease Inhibitors; D061988:Proteasome Inhibitors; D011719:Pyrazines; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D000077337:Vorinostat; D000069286:Bortezomib; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex; D006655:Histone Deacetylases