title: Clinical and pharmacologic risk factors for neuroleptic malignant syndrome and their association with death.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the present study was to evaluate demographics, clinical features, psychiatric diagnoses and prognosis of neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) reported in Turkey, and to assess their association with mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data on all reported cases of NMS in the Turkish Psychiatric Index between 1985 and 2005 were collected. The type, dosage and administration period of neuroleptics, the clinical and laboratory findings; and prognosis were compared in terms of mortality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-six patients with a mean age of 33.67 +/- 16.98 years were identified. Fifteen (41.7%) were diagnosed as having schizophrenia or other psychotic disorders and the same number were diagnosed as having affective disorder. Remaining five (13.9%) were diagnosed with other psychiatric disorders and 1 (2.7%) had no psychiatric diagnosis. Twenty-two (61.1%) of the NMS cases were associated with high potency typical neuroleptics. Association between an atypical antipsychotic and NMS has been reported in one case. NMS appeared within 7 days after initiation of the antipsychotic medication in the majority of samples (n = 19, 52.8%). Several combinations of rescue treatments were used in the majority of cases (n = 19, 52.8%), although bromocriptine (n = 22, 61.1%) was the most frequently preferred rescue treatment for NMS. Benzodiazepines were significantly better than the other treatment options in preventing mortality. Five out of the 36 patients (13.9%) with NMS had died. Age was the only significant independent factor that was associated with mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Benzodiazepines may be included in the treatment of NMS. The mortality rate due to NMS in Turkey was lower than the previously reported rates from other developing countries.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey. turalu@kocaeli.edu.tr
authors.forename: Umit
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Tural
authors.forename: Emin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Onder
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001971:Bromocriptine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D003643:Death; D005260:Female; D006727:Hormone Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality; D008875:Middle Aged; D009459:Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy; D012307:Risk Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D006727:Hormone Antagonists; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D001971:Bromocriptine