title: Gender differences in psychosocial responses to lung cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although biologically based sex differences in the smoking patterns, epidemiology, biomedical markers, and survival rates associated with lung cancer are well documented, examinations of psychosocial gender differences are scarce.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This cross-sectional study examined gender differences in psychosocial factors that are important in the medical management of lung cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  A convenience sample of patients who were attending a multidisciplinary lung cancer treatment center (Markey Cancer Center, Lexington, Kentucky) were invited to complete a psychosocial needs assessment. Eligibility criteria included primary diagnosis of lung cancer, age > or =18 years, and being cognitively intact. Measures focused on psychosocial resources, treatment decision-making, social consequences of treatments, and treatment outcomes. Data were collected between the fall of 2005 and the summer of 2006.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 47 women and 53 men (mean [SD] age, 62.81 [12.01] years; 95% white) completed the needs assessment. Gender was not found to be associated with demographic characteristics, time until diagnosis, treatment, or survival rate. Smoking histories differed significantly in the proportion of women and men who smoked or were former smokers (P = 0.01) as well as the age when they began to smoke (P = 0.02). There were no significant gender differences in social support networks, general coping, information needs, treatment decision satisfaction, functional health, life satisfaction, financial impact, or service needs. However, significant gender differences did indicate that women favored spiritual practices (P = 0.02) and religious coping (P = 0.04), and were more likely to endorse having a life mission (P = 0.03) and being part of a divine plan (P = 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Previous research has found that religiousness and spirituality improved depressive symptoms and may ease end-of-life despair. In the present study of patients with lung cancer, gender differences in religiousness and spirituality suggest that this may be especially true for women, and that interventions should be directed toward their religious practices and coping.
authors.affiliation: University of Kentucky, Lexington, 40536-0200, USA. jjaco4@uky.edu <jjaco4@uky.edu>
authors.forename: Joy M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Jacobs-Lawson
authors.forename: Mitzi M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Schumacher
authors.forename: Travonia
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Arnold
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D001293:Attitude to Death; D001294:Attitude to Health; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003657:Decision Making; D003863:Depression / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand; D006801:Humans; D007629:Kentucky / Q000453:epidemiology; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D008571:Men / Q000523:psychology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010549:Personal Satisfaction; D012069:Religion and Psychology; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D012944:Social Support; D029181:Spirituality; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014930:Women / Q000523:psychology*