title: A 0.18-µm CMOS Array Sensor for Integrated Time-Resolved Fluorescence Detection.
abstract: This paper describes the design of an active, integrated CMOS sensor array for fluorescence applications which enables time-gated, time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy. The 64-by-64 array is sensitive to photon densities as low as 8.8 × 10(6) photons/cm(2) with 64-point averaging and, through a differential pixel design, has a measured impulse response of better than 800 ps. Applications include both active microarrays and high-frame-rate imagers for fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy.
authors.affiliation: Columbia Bioelectronics Systems Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027 USA.
authors.forename: Ta-Chien D
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sorgenfrei
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gong
authors.forename: Rastislav
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Levicky
authors.forename: Kenneth L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Shepard