title: Azithromycin effectiveness against intracellular infections of Francisella.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Macrolide antibiotics are commonly administered for bacterial respiratory illnesses. Azithromycin (Az) is especially noted for extremely high intracellular concentrations achieved within macrophages which is far greater than the serum concentration. Clinical strains of Type B Francisella (F.) tularensis have been reported to be resistant to Az, however our laboratory Francisella strains were found to be sensitive. We hypothesized that different strains/species of Francisella (including Type A) may have different susceptibilities to Az, a widely used and well-tolerated antibiotic.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In vitro susceptibility testing of Az confirmed that F. tularensis subsp. holarctica Live Vaccine Strain (LVS) (Type B) was not sensitive while F. philomiragia, F. novicida, and Type A F. tularensis (NIH B38 and Schu S4 strain) were susceptible. In J774A.1 mouse macrophage cells infected with F. philomiragia, F. novicida, and F. tularensis LVS, 5 microg/ml Az applied extracellularly eliminated intracellular Francisella infections. A concentration of 25 microg/ml Az was required for Francisella-infected A549 human lung epithelial cells, suggesting that macrophages are more effective at concentrating Az than epithelial cells. Mutants of RND efflux components (tolC and ftlC) in F. novicida demonstrated less sensitivity to Az by MIC than the parental strain, but the tolC disc-inhibition assay demonstrated increased sensitivity, indicating a complex role for the outer-membrane transporter. Mutants of acrA and acrB mutants were less sensitive to Az than the parental strain, suggesting that AcrAB is not critical for the efflux of Az in F. novicida. In contrast, F. tularensis Schu S4 mutants DeltaacrB and DeltaacrA were more sensitive than the parental strain, indicating that the AcrAB may be important for Az efflux in F. tularensis Schu S4. F. novicida LPS O-antigen mutants (wbtN, wbtE, wbtQ and wbtA) were found to be less sensitive in vitro to Az compared to the wild-type. Az treatment prolonged the survival of Galleria (G.) mellonella infected with Francisella.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These studies demonstrate that Type A Francisella strains, as well as F. novicida and F. philomiragia, are sensitive to Az in vitro. Francisella LPS and the RND efflux pump may play a role in Az sensitivity. Az also has antimicrobial activity against intracellular Francisella, suggesting that the intracellular concentration of Az is high enough to be effective against multiple strains/species of Francisella, especially in macrophages. Az treatment prolonged survival an in vivo model of Francisella-infection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Microbiology, National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20120, USA.
authors.forename: Saira
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ahmad
authors.forename: Lyman
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hunter
authors.forename: Aiping
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Qin
authors.forename: Barbara J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Mann
authors.forename: Monique L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: van Hoek
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017963:Azithromycin / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002460:Cell Line; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000382:microbiology*; D005603:Francisella / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D007915:Lepidoptera / Q000382:microbiology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000382:microbiology*; D051379:Mice; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D050296:Microbial Viability / Q000187:drug effects; D016019:Survival Analysis
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D017963:Azithromycin