title: Clinical patterns in asthma based on proximal and distal airway nitric oxide categories.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The exhaled nitric oxide (eNO) signal is a marker of inflammation, and can be partitioned into proximal [J'awNO (nl/s), maximum airway flux] and distal contributions [CANO (ppb), distal airway/alveolar NO concentration]. We hypothesized that J'awNO and CANO are selectively elevated in asthmatics, permitting identification of four inflammatory categories with distinct clinical features.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 200 consecutive children with asthma, and 21 non-asthmatic, non-atopic controls, we measured baseline spirometry, bronchodilator response, asthma control and morbidity, atopic status, use of inhaled corticosteroids, and eNO at multiple flows (50, 100, and 200 ml/s) in a cross-sectional study design. A trumpet-shaped axial diffusion model of NO exchange was used to characterize J'awNO and CANO.
  
  
  RESULTS
  J'awNO was not correlated with CANO, and thus asthmatic subjects were grouped into four eNO categories based on upper limit thresholds of non-asthmatics for J'awNO (>or= 1.5 nl/s) and CANO (>or= 2.3 ppb): Type I (normal J'awNO and CANO), Type II (elevated J'awNO and normal CANO), Type III (elevated J'awNO and CANO) and Type IV (normal J'awNO and elevated CANO). The rate of inhaled corticosteroid use (lowest in Type III) and atopy (highest in Type II) varied significantly amongst the categories influencing J'awNO, but was not related to CANO, asthma control or morbidity. All categories demonstrated normal to near-normal baseline spirometry; however, only eNO categories with increased CANO (III and IV) had significantly worse asthma control and morbidity when compared to categories I and II.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  J'awNO and CANO reveal inflammatory categories in children with asthma that have distinct clinical features including sensitivity to inhaled corticosteroids and atopy. Only categories with increase CANO were related to poor asthma control and morbidity independent of baseline spirometry, bronchodilator response, atopic status, or use of inhaled corticosteroids.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, 2420 Engineering Tower, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
authors.forename: James L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Puckett
authors.forename: Richard W E
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Szu-Yun
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Leu
authors.forename: Olga L
authors.initials: OL
authors.lastname: Guijon
authors.forename: Anna S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Aledia
authors.forename: Stanley P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Galant
authors.forename: Steven C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: George
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000293:Adolescent; D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001249:Asthma / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D001944:Breath Tests; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003876:Dermatitis, Atopic / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D004058:Diffusion; D045853:Exhalation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism*; D008168:Lung / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D013147:Spirometry; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D009569:Nitric Oxide