Factors determining age-related macular degeneration: a current view.
Age-related macular degeneration affects the macula and is the leading cause of significant and irreversible central visual loss. It is the most common cause of visual loss in people older than 60 years. The pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration is complex and not completely understood. It is thought that age-related macular degeneration has a multifactorial etiology, the development of which may be caused by interrelation of environmental and genetic factors and body characteristics. In this article, risk factors such as age, gender, cigarette smoking, color of the iris, nutrition, body mass index, oxidative stress, and genetic factors (complement factor H gene, Apo E gene, and others) are reviewed. Here, choroidal neovascularization process, in which hypoxia, inflammatory process, and proteolytic enzymes play a determinant role, is discussed. Considerable attention is paid to genetic polymorphism of matrix metalloproteinases, especially to matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9, respectively gelatinases A and B, also to matrix metalloproteinase 9.
Liutkeviciene
Rasa
R
Department of Ophthalmology, Kaunas University of Medicine, Eiveniu 2, 50009 Kaunas, Lithuania. rliutkeviciene@gmail.com.
Lesauskaite
Vaiva
V
Asmoniene
Virginija
V
Zaliūniene
Dalia
D
Jasinskas
Vytautas
V
D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002386:Cataract / Q000150:complications; D004200:Diseases in Twins / Q000235:genetics; D005006:Ethnicity; D005127:Eye Color; D005260:Female; D006239:Haplotypes; D006801:Humans; D008268:Macular Degeneration / Q000150:complications / Q000201:enzymology / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases / Q000378:metabolism; D008875:Middle Aged; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D010447:Peptide Hydrolases / Q000378:metabolism; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D044469:Racial Groups; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D013472:Sunlight / Q000009:adverse effects
D010447:Peptide Hydrolases; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases