Human rhinovirus proteinase 2A induces TH1 and TH2 immunity in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
BACKGROUND
Tobacco-related lung diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), are major causes of lung-related disability and death worldwide. Acute exacerbation of COPD (AE-COPD) is commonly associated with upper and lower respiratory tract viral infections and can result in respiratory failure in those with advanced lung disease.


OBJECTIVE
We sought to determine the mechanism underlying COPD exacerbation and host response to pathogen-derived factors.


METHODS
Over a 24-month period, we assessed the viral causes for upper and lower respiratory tract infections in patients with COPD (n = 155) and control subjects (n = 103). We collected nasal and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and peripheral blood under baseline and exacerbated conditions. We determined the effect of human rhinovirus (HRV) proteinases on T-cell activation in human subjects and mice.


RESULTS
HRVs are isolated from nasal and lung fluid from subjects with AE-COPD. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and CD4 T cells from patients with COPD exhibited a T(H)1 and T(H)2 cell cytokine phenotype during acute infection. HRV-encoded proteinase 2A activated monocyte-derived dendritic cells in vitro and induced strong T(H)1 and T(H)2 immune responses from CD4 T cells. Intranasal administration of recombinant rhinovirus proteinase 2A in mice resulted in an increase in airway hyperreactivity, lung inflammation, and IL-4 and IFN-gamma production from CD4 T cells.


CONCLUSIONS
Our findings suggest that patients with severe COPD show T(H)1- and T(H)2-biased responses during AE-COPD. HRV-encoded proteinase 2A, like other microbial proteinases, could provide a T(H)1- and T(H)2-biasing adjuvant factor during upper and lower respiratory tract infection in patients with severe COPD. Alteration of the immune response to secreted viral proteinases might contribute to worsening of dyspnea and respiratory failure in patients with COPD.
Singh
Manisha
M
Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex., USA.
Lee
Seung-Hyo
SH
Porter
Paul
P
Xu
Chuang
C
Ohno
Ayako
A
Atmar
Robert L
RL
Greenberg
Stephen B
SB
Bandi
Venkata
V
Gern
Jim
J
Amineva
Svetlana
S
Aminev
Alex
A
Skern
Tim
T
Smithwick
Pamela
P
Perusich
Sarah
S
Barrow
Nadia
N
Roberts
Luz
L
Corry
David B
DB
Kheradmand
Farrah
F
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D016535:Bronchial Hyperreactivity; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003546:Cysteine Endopeptidases / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000378:metabolism; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000378:metabolism; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008875:Middle Aged; D010850:Picornaviridae Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology; D011014:Pneumonia; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology; D012229:Rhinovirus / Q000201:enzymology / Q000276:immunology* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000276:immunology; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000276:immunology; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology
D014764:Viral Proteins; D015847:Interleukin-4; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D003546:Cysteine Endopeptidases; C057400:picornain 2A, Picornavirus