title: Subtotal gastrectomy with D2 dissection by minimally invasive surgery for distal adenocarcinoma of the stomach: results and 5-year survival.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this study is to assess outcomes and 5-year survival after subtotal gastrectomy (SG) for early and advanced distal adenocarcinoma with D2 dissection performed by minimally invasive surgery (MIS).
  
  
  METHODS
  From June 2000 to October 2009 a total of 70 patients with adenocarcinoma of the lower third of the stomach underwent SG with D2 nodal clearance by MIS. This series enrolled 37 patients with early gastric cancer (EGC) and 33 with advanced gastric cancer (AGC). SG was attempted by conventional laparoscopy (CL) in 52 cases and by robot-assisted (RA) technique in 18. Clinical and histopathologic results with 5-year survival were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No intraoperative complication was registered. Conversion to laparotomy was required in five patients. Overall, the mean operating time for SG was 254 min (range = 145-460) and estimated mean blood loss was 146 ml (range = 45-250). Postoperative complications occurred in seven patients, including two duodenal leakages none of which required laparotomy. There were two postoperative deaths, one caused by hepatic failure and one by hemorrhagic stroke. Preoperative understaging occurred in ten cases (three were AGC). On average, 30 ± 8 lymph nodes were collected. The distance of proximal resection margin was 6.6 cm (range = 4-8.5 cm). Short-term results were equal with those of laparoscopic and RA gastrectomy. The mean hospital stay of all patients was 10 days (range = 7-24). The mean follow-up span was 53 months (range = 3-112). Relapse of disease occurred in 12 patients, 10 of whom died from the disease and their mean survival was 25 months (range = 12-38). The overall 3-year survival was 85% for CL gastrectomy and 78% for RA gastrectomy, but this difference was not significant with the log rank test (p > 0.05). The overall 5-year survival was 81% (97% for EGC and 67% for AGC).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  D2 subtotal gastrectomy performed by MIS is reproducible and safe. The long-term outcomes and 5-year survival are acceptable. Extended lymphadenectomy was carried out for both EGC and AGC so as to ensure adequate nodal clearance and compensate preoperative underestimation.
authors.affiliation: Chirurgia Generale e Videolaparoscopica, Ospedale Niguarda Ca' Granda, Piazza Ospedale Maggiore 3, 20162, Milan, Italy. chirurgiaurgenza@ospedaleniguarda.it
authors.forename: Raffaele
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pugliese
authors.forename: Dario
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Maggioni
authors.forename: Fabio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sansonna
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Costanzi
authors.forename: Giovanni Carlo
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Ferrari
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Di Lernia
authors.forename: Carmelo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Magistro
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: De Martini
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pugliese
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D005743:Gastrectomy / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy; D008197:Lymph Node Excision; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012371:Robotics; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D015996:Survival Rate