title: Carotid artery calcification and atherosclerosis at the initiation of hemodialysis in patients with end-stage renal disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Vascular calcification and atherosclerosis frequently develop in end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Although several reports have investigated both carotid artery calcification (CAAC) and carotid atherosclerosis in ESRD patients, the relationship between the two vascular conditions has remained unclear. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of CAAC and carotid artery plaque (CAP) in patients with ESRD and to investigate potential factors contributing to the development of CAAC and CAP.
  
  
  METHODS
  This cross-sectional study assessed CAAC and CAP using multidetector computed tomography and high-resolution B-mode ultrasonography, respectively, in 135 patients with ESRD at the start of hemodialysis. The prevalence of CAAC and CAP was examined. The risk factors associated with CAAC and CAP were also evaluated using a logistic regression model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CAAC and CAP were found in 71% and 65%, of the patients, respectively. A logistic regression analysis adjusted for age and gender showed that CAAC was significantly associated with age, hypertension, dyslipidemia, serum albumin, calcium-phosphorus product, proteinuria and CAP. In contrast, in the same analysis, CAP was significantly correlated with age, male gender, diabetes, intact parathyroid hormone, proteinuria and CAAC. In the multivariate analysis, CAAC was independently associated with age, hypertension, and calcium-phosphorus product. Male gender was identified as an independent determinant for CAP. Furthermore, CAP remained as an independent risk factor of CAAC (odds ratio (OR): 13.89; 95% confidence interval (CI): 4.08-47.29), and CAAC also showed a high OR for having CAP (OR: 11.74; 95% CI: 4.12-33.51).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both CAAC and CAP were associated with traditional and/or non-traditional risk factors. The risk factors of CAAC were different from those of CAP. CAAC or CAP was identified to be an independent risk factor for each other with a high OR, thus suggesting a strong relationship between carotid calcification and atherosclerosis.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology and Clinical Research Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, National Kyushu Medical Center Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sumida
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nakayama
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nagata
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nakashita
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Suehiro
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kaizu
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ikeda
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Izumaru
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D018616:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Duplex