title: Antenatal and postpartum depressive symptoms are differentially associated with early childhood weight and adiposity.
abstract: Antenatal depression is associated with small-for-gestational age, but few studies have examined associations with weight during childhood. Similarly, few studies address whether antenatal and postpartum depression differentially affect child weight. Among 838 mother-child dyads in Project Viva, a prospective cohort study, we examined relationships of antenatal and postpartum depression with child weight and adiposity. We assessed maternal depression at mid-pregnancy and 6 months postpartum with the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (score > or =13 indicating probable depression). We assessed child outcomes at age 3 years: body mass index (BMI) z-score, weight-for-height z-score, sum of subscapular (SS) and triceps (TR) skinfold thickness (SS + TR) for overall adiposity, and SS : TR ratio for central adiposity. Sixty-nine (8.2%) women experienced antenatal depression and 59 (7.0%) postpartum depression. Mean (SD) outcomes at age 3 were: BMI z-score, 0.45 (1.01); SS + TR, 16.72 (4.03) mm; SS : TR, 0.64 (0.15). In multivariable models, antenatal depression was associated with lower child BMI z-score (-0.24 [95% confidence interval: -0.49, 0.00]), but higher SS : TR (0.05 [0.01, 0.09]). There was no evidence of a dose-response relationship between antenatal depression and these outcomes. Postpartum depression was associated with higher SS + TR (1.14 [0.11, 2.18]). In conclusion, whereas antenatal depression was associated with smaller size and central adiposity at age 3 years, postpartum depression was associated with higher overall adiposity.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Society, Human Development, and Health, Harvard School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA. kertel@hsph.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Karen A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Ertel
authors.forename: Karestan C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Koenen
authors.forename: Janet W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Rich-Edwards
authors.forename: Matthew W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Gillman
mesh_terms: D050154:Adiposity; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight; D002657:Child Development; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D019052:Depression, Postpartum / Q000453:epidemiology; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology; D011247:Pregnancy; D012016:Reference Values; D012885:Skinfold Thickness