title: Radioprotectors and mitigators of radiation-induced normal tissue injury.
abstract: Radiation is used in the treatment of a broad range of malignancies. Exposure of normal tissue to radiation may result in both acute and chronic toxicities that can result in an inability to deliver the intended therapy, a range of symptoms, and a decrease in quality of life. Radioprotectors are compounds that are designed to reduce the damage in normal tissues caused by radiation. These compounds are often antioxidants and must be present before or at the time of radiation for effectiveness. Other agents, termed mitigators, may be used to minimize toxicity even after radiation has been delivered. Herein, we review agents in clinical use or in development as radioprotectors and mitigators of radiation-induced normal tissue injury. Few agents are approved for clinical use, but many new compounds show promising results in preclinical testing.
authors.affiliation: Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. citrind@mail.nih.gov
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Citrin
authors.forename: Ana P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Cotrim
authors.forename: Fuminori
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hyodo
authors.forename: Bruce J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Baum
authors.forename: Murali C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Krishna
authors.forename: James B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Mitchell
mesh_terms: D004999:Amifostine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003497:Cyclic N-Oxides / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000528:radiation effects; D051523:Fibroblast Growth Factor 7 / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011835:Radiation Protection; D011837:Radiation-Protective Agents; D012307:Risk Factors; D013113:Spin Labels
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D003497:Cyclic N-Oxides; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D011837:Radiation-Protective Agents; D013113:Spin Labels; D051523:Fibroblast Growth Factor 7; D004999:Amifostine; C001803:tempol