title: Medicare part D's exclusion of benzodiazepines and fracture risk in nursing homes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Medicare Part D excludes benzodiazepine medications from coverage, and some state Medicaid programs also limit coverage. We assessed whether such policies decrease the risk of fractures in elderly individuals living in nursing homes.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a quasi-experimental study with interrupted time-series estimation and extended Cox proportional hazards models comparing changes in outcomes before and after implementation of Medicare Part D in a nationwide sample of nursing home residents in 48 states. The study included 1 068 104 residents and a subsample of 50 874 residents with fracture data from 1 pharmacy. We assessed monthly prescribing rates of benzodiazepines and potential substitutes from January 1, 2005, through June 30, 2007, and hazard ratios for incident hip fracture and falls, adjusted for age, sex, and race/ethnicity. Estimates were stratified by concurrent Medicaid limits on benzodiazepines: no supplemental coverage (1 state), partial supplemental coverage (6 states), or complete supplemental coverage (41 states).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The no-supplemental-coverage policy resulted in an immediate and significant reduction of 10 absolute points in benzodiazepine use (27.0% to 17.0%) after Medicare Part D was implemented (95% confidence interval, -0.11 to -0.09; P < .001). Benzodiazepine use remained stable in the partial-supplemental- and complete-supplemental-coverage states. Hazard ratios for incident hip fracture were 1.60 (95% confidence interval, 1.05 to 2.45; P = .03) in the no-supplemental-coverage state after Medicare Part D implementation and 1.17 (95% confidence interval, 0.93 to 1.46; P = .18) in the partial-supplemental-coverage states, relative to complete-supplemental-coverage states.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Supplemental drug coverage exclusion policies affect the medication use of nursing home residents and may not decrease their fracture risk.
authors.affiliation: Division of Geriatric Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 377 Plantation St, Biotech Four, Ste 315, Worcester, MA 01605, USA. Becky.Briesacher@umassmed.edu
authors.forename: Becky A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Briesacher
authors.forename: Stephen B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Soumerai
authors.forename: Terry S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Field
authors.forename: Hassan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fouayzi
authors.forename: Jerry H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Gurwitz
mesh_terms: D000058:Accidental Falls / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D004363:Drug Utilization; D005260:Female; D006620:Hip Fractures / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006707:Homes for the Aged; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D019458:Insurance Coverage / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D007880:Legislation, Drug; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D054524:Medicare Part D / Q000191:economics*; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009735:Nursing Homes; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012016:Reference Values; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; D001569:Benzodiazepines