title: Comparison of face-to-face and telephone consultations in primary care: qualitative analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is evidence that telephone consultations in general practice are typically shorter than face-to-face consultations and that fewer problems are presented in them.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare the communicative practices of doctors and patients in face-to-face and telephone consultations, in order to understand the contrasts between the two consulting modes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Conversation analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight NHS GP surgeries in Scotland.
  
  
  METHODS
  Transcription and conversation analysis of 32 face-to-face and 33 telephone consultations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighteen GPs and 65 patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There are no underlying contrasts between the communicative practices used in face-to-face and telephone consultations. Telephone consultations are typically used by patients to deal with a limited range of single-issue concerns, whereas a wide range of different problem types is dealt with in face-to-face consultations. Most telephone consultations for new problems lead to a face-to-face meeting rather than a diagnosis, making them shorter than equivalent face-to-face consultations. Interaction in telephone consultations is continuous and orderly, but in face-to-face consultations there are periods of silence that facilitate the introduction of additional topics, including social speech and rapport building. Doctors on the telephone are less likely to elicit additional concerns than in face-to-face consultations, and ask fewer questions when patients present self-diagnosed problems or describe problems with treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Doctors in general practice do not substantially change their communicative behaviour on the telephone. Telephone consultations are shorter and include less problem disclosure than face-to-face meetings, partly because they are typically mono-topical and partly because of intrinsic differences between the two channels.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Population Health Sciences: General Practice Section, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, UK. Heather.Hewitt@ed.ac.uk
authors.forename: Heather
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hewitt
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gafaranga
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: McKinstry
mesh_terms: D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D003142:Communication; D058006:General Practice / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008487:Medical History Taking / Q000379:methods; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D011364:Professional Practice; D012606:Scotland; D013689:Telephone