title: A regression model to predict warfarin dose from clinical variables and polymorphisms in CYP2C9, CYP4F2, and VKORC1: Derivation in a sample with predominantly a history of venous thromboembolism.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pharmacogenomic warfarin dosing has been suggested to produce more accurate dosing and an improved patient safety profile; however, very few models have been derived in patients with venous thromboembolism. We sought to develop a new algorithm to predict maintenance dose in a cohort of patients, using clinical variables and genetic polymorphism in CYP2C9, VKORC1, and CYP4F2.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients on a stable maintenance dose of warfarin, with observed dose ranging from 0.6 to 12mg were recruited from a specialized anticoagulation clinic (Ottawa Hospital Thrombosis Clinic) with genotyping and standardized patient interviews being conducted to collect clinical and genomic variables known to impact warfarin dose. Multivariate linear regression was used to develop the model using a stepwise backwards elimination approach.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From 249 enrolled patients with a mean clinical maintenance dose of 5.58mg/day, a model with an R(2) of 58% was developed as: Dose=1.85-0.048(Age)+0.041(BMI)+0.05(Height in cm) - 0.73(Less Exercise) - 1.13(2C9*2 Hetero) - 2.09(2C9*2 Homo) - 1.51(2C9*3 Hetero) -1.43(VKORC1 GA) - 2.86(VKORC1 AA) - 1.33(4F2 CC) -1.24(4F2 CT) - 1.46(Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonist) - 0.84(beta-Blockers). Analysis of residual plots revealed that prediction errors were a function of observed maintenance dose with the model tending to predict higher doses than observed in those with low dose requirements and lower doses than observed in those with higher dose requirement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study confirms the importance of the CYP4F2 polymorphism. Our model may prove useful in clinical practice but further validation studies are required before implementation into clinical practice.
authors.affiliation: University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada. pwells@toh.on.ca
authors.forename: P S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Wells
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Majeed
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kassem
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Langlois
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gin
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Clermont
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Taljaard
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases / Q000235:genetics*; D065729:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000235:genetics*; D000072470:Cytochrome P450 Family 4; D054796:Drug Dosage Calculations; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases / Q000235:genetics*; D010597:Pharmacogenetics / Q000379:methods; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D012044:Regression Analysis; D054556:Venous Thromboembolism / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics; D064417:Vitamin K Epoxide Reductases; D014859:Warfarin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014859:Warfarin; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases; C450260:CYP2C9 protein, human; D065729:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases; D000072470:Cytochrome P450 Family 4; C117480:CYP4F2 protein, human; C578523:VKORC1 protein, human; D064417:Vitamin K Epoxide Reductases