title: The predictive value of pain drawings in lumbar spinal fusion surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pain drawings have been used extensively in spine surgery. It has been associated with inferior outcome after disc and stenosis surgery. Results regarding the predictive value in fusion surgery have been conflicting.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the predictive value of pain drawings in relation to outcome after lumbar spinal fusion. To investigate if there are differences between spondylolisthesis patients and patients with degenerative disease as well as between patients with or without radicular pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective clinical cohort with a minimum of 1-year follow-up.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred thirty-five patients undergoing lumbar spinal fusion. Fifty-seven men and 78 women, mean age 44 years (range 21-59 years).
  
  
  METHODS
  Dallas Pain Questionnaire (DPQ), Low Back Pain Rating Scale (LBPRS) pain index and patient satisfaction. Minimal clinical important difference was defined for the LBPRS score.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pain drawings were classified, using the visual inspection method, as organic or nonorganic and correlated to outcomes. Multivariate adjustment for several possible confounding variables was done using logistic regression analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-three percent of the drawings were classified as nonorganic. Nonorganic drawings were associated with significantly higher DPQ and LBPRS scores preoperatively and at follow-up. Differences between organic and nonorganic drawings were larger in spondylolisthesis patients than in patients with degenerative disorders. Nonorganic pain drawings were associated with poorer outcome in patients with low back pain and radicular symptoms, however, not in patients without radicular symptoms. A nonorganic pain drawing predicted negative patient satisfaction with odds ratio (OR) 3.01 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.14-8.55, p=.027) but had no significant predictive value with respect to improvement in the LBPRS pain index OR 1.92 (95% CI: 0.82-4.47, p=.132).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A nonorganic pain drawing was a significant risk factor for inferior outcome after spinal fusion surgery. The predictive value did not allow for patient selection.
authors.affiliation: Spine Unit, Department of Orthopaedics E, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark. tba@dadlnet.dk
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Andersen
authors.forename: Finn B
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Christensen
authors.forename: Kristian W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Høy
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Helmig
authors.forename: Bent
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Niedermann
authors.forename: Ebbe S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.forename: Cody
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bünger
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D013122:Spinal Diseases / Q000523:psychology / Q000601:surgery; D013123:Spinal Fusion; D013168:Spondylolisthesis / Q000601:surgery; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult