title: Cumulative risk, age at onset, and sex-specific differences for developing end-stage renal disease in young patients with type 1 diabetes: a nationwide population-based cohort study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to estimate the current cumulative risk of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) due to diabetic nephropathy in a large, nationwide, population-based prospective type 1 diabetes cohort and specifically study the effects of sex and age at onset.
  
  
  METHODS
  In Sweden, all incident cases of type 1 diabetes aged 0-14 years and 15-34 years are recorded in validated research registers since 1977 and 1983, respectively. These registers were linked to the Swedish Renal Registry, which, since 1991, collects data on patients who receive active uremia treatment. Patients with > or =13 years duration of type 1 diabetes were included (n = 11,681).
  
  
  RESULTS
  During a median time of follow-up of 20 years, 127 patients had developed ESRD due to diabetic nephropathy. The cumulative incidence at 30 years of type 1 diabetes duration was low, with a male predominance (4.1% [95% CI 3.1-5.3] vs. 2.5% [1.7-3.5]). In both male and female subjects, onset of type 1 diabetes before 10 years of age was associated with the lowest risk of developing ESRD. The highest risk of ESRD was found in male subjects diagnosed at age 20-34 years (hazard ratio 3.0 [95% CI 1.5-5.7]). In female subjects with onset at age 20-34 years, the risk was similar to patients' diagnosed before age 10 years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The cumulative incidence of ESRD is exceptionally low in young type 1 diabetic patients in Sweden. There is a striking difference in risk for male compared with female patients. The different patterns of risk by age at onset and sex suggest a role for puberty and sex hormones.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden. anna.mollsten@pediatri.umu.se
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Möllsten
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Svensson
authors.forename: Ingeborg
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Waernbaum
authors.forename: Yonas
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Berhan
authors.forename: Staffan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schön
authors.forename: Lennarth
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Nyström
authors.forename: Hans J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Arnqvist
authors.forename: Gisela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dahlquist
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D012042:Registries; D012306:Risk; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology