title: Advances in the treatment of diabetic retinopathy.
abstract: Diabetic retinopathy, the most common long-term complication of diabetes mellitus, remains one of the leading causes of blindness worldwide. Strict metabolic control, tight blood pressure control, laser photocoagulation, and vitrectomy remain the standard care for diabetic retinopathy. Focal/grid photocoagulation is a better treatment than intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide in eyes with diabetic macular edema and should be considered as the first-line therapeutic option. The current evidence suggests that intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide or anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents result in a temporary improvement of visual acuity and a short-term reduction of central macular thickness in patients with refractory diabetic macular edema and are effective adjunctive treatment to laser photocoagulation or vitrectomy. However, triamcinolone is associated with risks of elevated intraocular pressure and cataract. Vitrectomy with removal of the posterior hyaloid without internal limiting membrane peeling seems to be effective in eyes with persistent diffuse diabetic macular edema, particularly in eyes with associated vitreomacular traction. Emerging therapies include islet cell transplantation, fenofibrate, ruboxistaurin, pharmacologic vitreolysis, rennin-angiotensin system blockers, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonists.
authors.affiliation: Department of Opthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11411, Saudi Arabia. abuelasrar@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Ahmed M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Abu El-Asrar
authors.forename: Hani S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Al-Mezaine
mesh_terms: D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006801:Humans; D005791:Patient Care; D014821:Vitrectomy