title: Stereotactic radiosurgery for intractable cluster headache: an initial report from the North American Gamma Knife Consortium.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcomes of Gamma Knife surgery (GKS) when used for patients with intractable cluster headache (CH).
  
  
  METHODS
  Four participating centers of the North American Gamma Knife Consortium identified 17 patients who underwent GKS for intractable CH between 1996 and 2008. The median patient age was 47 years (range 26-83 years). The median duration of pain before GKS was 10 years (range 1.3-40 years). Seven patients underwent unsuccessful prior surgical procedures, including microvascular decompression (2 patients), microvascular decompression with glycerol rhizotomy (2 patients), deep brain stimulation (1 patient), trigeminal ganglion stimulation (1 patient), and prior GKS (1 patient). Fourteen patients had associated autonomic symptoms. The radiosurgical target was the trigeminal nerve (TN) root and the sphenopalatine ganglion (SPG) in 8 patients, only the TN in 8 patients, and only the SPG in 1 patient. The median maximum TN and SPG dose was 80 Gy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Favorable pain relief (Barrow Neurological Institute Grades I-IIIb) was achieved and maintained in 10 (59%) of 17 patients at a median follow-up of 34 months. Three patients required additional procedures (repeat GKS in 2 patients, hypothalamic deep brain stimulation in 1 patient). Eight (50%) of 16 patients who had their TN irradiated developed facial sensory dysfunction after GKS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gamma Knife surgery for intractable, medically refractory CH provided lasting pain reduction in approximately 60% of patients, but was associated with a significantly greater chance of facial sensory disturbances than GKS used for trigeminal neuralgia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Hideyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kano
authors.forename: Douglas
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kondziolka
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mathieu
authors.forename: Scott L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Stafford
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Flannery
authors.forename: Ajay
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Niranjan
authors.forename: Bruce E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Pollock
authors.forename: Anthony M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Kaufmann
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Flickinger
authors.forename: L Dade
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Lunsford
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003027:Cluster Headache / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D016634:Radiosurgery / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome