title: Robust and expanded norms for the Dementia Rating Scale.
abstract: The Dementia Rating Scale (DRS) is a widely used measure of global cognition, with age- and education-corrected norms derived from a cross-sectional sample of adults participating in Mayo's Older Americans Normative Studies (MOANS). In recent years, however, studies have indicated that cross-sectional normative samples of older adults represent an admixture of individuals who are indeed cognitively normal (i.e., disease-free) and individuals with incipient neurodegenerative disease. Theoretically, the "contamination" of cross-sectional normative samples with cases of preclinical dementia can lead to underestimation of the test mean and overestimation of the variance, thus reducing the clinical utility of the norms. Robust norming, in which dementia cases are removed from the normative cohort through longitudinal follow-up, is an alternative approach to norm development. The current study presents a reappraisal of the original MOANS DRS norms, provides robust and expanded norms based on a sample of 894 adults age 55 and over, and critically evaluates the benefits of robust norming.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA. otto.pedraza@mayo.edu
authors.forename: Otto
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Pedraza
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Lucas
authors.forename: Glenn E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Ronald C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Petersen
authors.forename: Neill R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Graff-Radford
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Ivnik
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003704:Dementia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015577:Geriatric Assessment; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000592:standards*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000592:standards*; D012016:Reference Values; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013223:Statistics as Topic