title: A near infrared instrument to monitor relative hemoglobin concentrations of human bone tissue in vitro and in vivo.
abstract: A continuous wave near infrared instrument has been developed to monitor in vivo changes in the hemoglobin concentration of the trabecular compartment of human bone. The transmitter uses only two laser diodes of wavelengths 685 and 830 nm, and the receiver uses a single silicon photodiode operating in the photovoltaic mode. The functioning of the instrument and the depth of penetration of the near infrared signals was determined in vitro using tissue-equivalent phantoms. The instrument achieves a depth of penetration of approximately 2 cm for an optode separation of 4 cm and, therefore, has the capacity to interrogate the trabecular compartment of human bone. The functioning of the instrument was tested in vivo to evaluate the relative oxy-hemoglobin (HbO(2)) and deoxy-hemoglobin (Hb) concentrations of the proximal tibial bone of apparently healthy, normal weight, adult subjects in response to a 3 min on, 5 min off, vascular occlusion protocol. The traces of the relative Hb and HbO(2) concentrations obtained were reproducible in controlled conditions. The instrument is relatively simple and flexible, and offers an inexpensive platform for further studies to obtain normative data for healthy cohorts, and to evaluate disease-specific performance characteristics for cohorts with vasculopathies of bone.
authors.affiliation: School of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia. mahfuz.aziz@unisa.edu.au
authors.forename: Syed Mahfuzul
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Aziz
authors.forename: Faram
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Khambatta
authors.forename: Tharshan
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Vaithianathan
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Jillian M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Marshall
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000098:blood supply / Q000737:chemistry*; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D007259:Infrared Rays; D054023:Lasers, Semiconductor; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D055095:Optics and Photonics / Q000191:economics / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D010108:Oxyhemoglobins / Q000032:analysis; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012825:Silicon; D012984:Software; D012985:Software Design; D014584:User-Computer Interface
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins; D010108:Oxyhemoglobins; D012825:Silicon