title: Conditions of retinal glial and inflammatory cell activation after irradiation in a GFP-chimeric mouse model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Microglia cells have been associated with immunologic defense and repair. The course of retinal disease after lethal irradiation for bone marrow depletion and substitution was evaluated with respect to macrophage and microglial involvement.
  
  
  METHODS
  Lethal irradiation in C57BL/6 mice was conducted with a low-voltage radiation unit. The animals were randomized to shielded or unshielded radiation and subsequently received transplants of GFP+ bone marrow cells (beta-actin promoter). The GFP transformation rate was analyzed by flow cytometry. GFP+ cells in the retina were examined for co-localization with macrophage and dendritic cell markers at various time points between 1 and 7 months after irradiation. Clodronate liposomes were used to investigate the fate of migrated and residential microglia cells. Pathologic angiogenesis was investigated in laser-induced choroidal neovascularization (CNV) after unshielded and shielded irradiation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Flow cytometry revealed average transformation rates of 78.2% in unshielded and 64.1% in shielded group. Four weeks after transplantation, perfused flat mounts were virtually free of extravasal GFP+ cells in both groups, whereas 4 months after irradiation, cluster cell infiltrations, preferentially in the peripheral retina, became apparent exclusively in the unshielded group. Cell morphology ranged from oval, to a few extensions, to dendritiform with long-branched extensions. Clodronate treatment resulted in a reduction of GFP+ cells in the retinal tissue when applied 3 months after unshielded irradiation. Although GFP+ cells accumulated in the choroidal scar after laser treatment, in both the shielded and unshielded groups, GFP+ cells in the overlying retina were restricted to the unshielded group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Approximately 3 months after lethal full-body irradiation including the eye, bone marrow-derived leukocytes exhibit a wound-healing reaction, and unlike physiological turnover, infiltrate the retina and form microglial cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: Philipp S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Müther
authors.forename: Irina
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Semkova
authors.forename: Kristina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Abari
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kuebbeler
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Beyer
authors.forename: Hinrich
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Abken
authors.forename: Klaus L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.forename: Norbert
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kociok
authors.forename: Antonia M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Joussen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000276:immunology / Q000528:radiation effects; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000528:radiation effects; D016026:Bone Marrow Transplantation; D020256:Choroidal Neovascularization / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000528:radiation effects; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000276:immunology / Q000528:radiation effects; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D017628:Microglia / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D018183:Transplantation Chimera; D014916:Whole-Body Irradiation / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins