title: Testosterone measurement in patients with prostate cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Serum testosterone measurement has no widely accepted place in the management of patients with prostate cancer (PCa). However, several potential clinical applications of serum testosterone determination can be envisaged.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To review the role of testosterone and the androgen axis in the natural history of PCa and evaluate the evidence for the clinical application of serum testosterone measurement in patient screening, diagnosis, and management.
  
  
  METHODS
  A Medline search retrieved original research and review articles relating to the androgen axis in PCa and the use of testosterone measurement for (1) assessing PCa risk in the general population, (2) adding to the specificity of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing, (3) determining tumour aggressiveness, (4) assessing the efficacy of androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT), and (5) optimising the scheduling of intermittent ADT. Relevant data were reviewed during a roundtable discussion, and consensus recommendations were agreed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A body of data implicates the androgen axis in PCa throughout its natural history. Based on current evidence, serum testosterone measurement cannot be recommended for determining PCa risk, increasing specificity of PSA testing, or assessing tumour aggressiveness. In contrast, for patients receiving ADT, there is a clear rationale for serum testosterone monitoring to ensure that castration levels are achieved. Practical recommendations for testosterone measurement during ADT are outlined. If PSA is rising while on ADT, castration levels of serum testosterone must be demonstrated before hormonal independence can be assumed. Serum testosterone levels might be considered an additional trigger for therapy reinitiation in intermittent ADT schedules. Finally, future prospective studies should further evaluate the potential relevance of testosterone measurement as an independent assessment of prognosis and treatment decision in different disease stages.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As a therapeutic target, serum testosterone levels should be monitored to verify response to ADT and confirm suspected castration independence.
authors.affiliation: Clinic E. Cavell and University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Claude C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Schulman
authors.forename: Jacques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Irani
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Morote
authors.forename: Jack A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Schalken
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Montorsi
authors.forename: Piotr L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Chlosta
authors.forename: Axel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Heidenreich
mesh_terms: D000726:Androgen Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000097:blood* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D017322:Clinical Trials, Phase II as Topic; D017326:Clinical Trials, Phase III as Topic; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000819:agonists; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009919:Orchiectomy; D011379:Prognosis; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D013739:Testosterone / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D000726:Androgen Antagonists; D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone; D013739:Testosterone; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen