title: The prognostic value of blood and lymph vessel parameters in lichen sclerosus for vulvar squamous cell carcinoma development: an immunohistochemical and electron microscopy study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of the study was to quantify vessel type and density in lichen sclerosus (LS) to find a marker for its malignant potential.
  
  
  METHODS
  Quantitative analysis was performed on paraffin-embedded tissue samples of 28 patients with LS (7 adjacent to vulvar squamous cell carcinoma, 21 solitary) and immunohistochemical staining for CD34 (vascular and lymphangiogenic lymph endothelial cells), D2-40 (lymphatic-specific marker), and alpha-SMA (pericyte marker). Electron microscopy was performed on fresh tissue.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No significant differences in vessel density or other vessel parameters could be demonstrated between the 2 groups. In hyalinized lesions, vessel diameter, and alpha-SMA positivity was reduced compared with nonhyalinized lesions. Electron microscopy revealed detachment of pericytes from vascular endothelial cells and increased thickening of basement membrane, whereas endothelial cell function did not appear strongly impaired.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Malignant potential of LS cannot be predicted by vessel characteristics. Hyalinization in LS is associated with pericyte detachment from the basal lamina of vascular endothelial cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. i.vanderavoort@obgyn.umcn.nl
authors.forename: Irene A M
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: van der Avoort
authors.forename: Jeroen A W M
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: van der Laak
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Otte-Höller
authors.forename: Hedwig P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: van de Nieuwenhof
authors.forename: Leon F A G
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Massuger
authors.forename: Joanne A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: de Hullu
authors.forename: Léon C L T
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: van Kempen
mesh_terms: D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D001808:Blood Vessels / Q000473:pathology; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000473:pathology*; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D042601:Lymphatic Vessels / Q000473:pathology; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D016612:Paraffin Embedding; D011230:Precancerous Conditions / Q000473:pathology*; D011336:Probability; D011379:Prognosis; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014844:Vulva / Q000473:pathology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D007724:Vulvar Lichen Sclerosus / Q000473:pathology*; D014846:Vulvar Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*