title: Pulse wave velocity and augmentation index, but not intima-media thickness, are early indicators of vascular damage in hypercholesterolemic children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Arterial stiffness is an important determinant of cardiovascular risk. It is associated with several cardiovascular risk factors, including hypertension, diabetes and cigarette smoking. However, there are conflicting data about the relationship between arterial stiffness and hypercholesterolemia. Furthermore, augmentation index (AIx), a measure of systemic arterial stiffness, has not been previously investigated in hypercholesterolemic (HCh) children. Aim of our study was to evaluate local and systemic arterial stiffness as well as carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) in HCh children and also to investigate the relation between serum cholesterol levels and arterial stiffness.
  
  
  METHODS
  We determined lipid profile, body mass index, blood pressure, heart rate, carotid IMT and several arterial stiffness parameters, as beta-index, elastic modulus (E(p)), arterial compliance (AC), pulse wave velocity (PWV) and AIx, in 44 untreated HCh children (mean age 10.7 +/- 2.8 years; 18 with familial hypercholesterolemia, FH, and 26 with primary hypercholesterolemia, PHC) and 18 age- and sex-matched controls. HCh children never received any medication, including antihypertensive and lipid lowering drugs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Respect to controls and to PHC, FH had significantly higher (P < 0.001) beta-index (5.22 +/- 1.13 vs. 3.13 +/- 0.74 and 3.60 +/- 1.02), PWV (4.72 +/- 0.72 m s(-1) vs. 3.66 +/- 0.55 m s(-1) and 4.10 +/- 0.67 m s(-1)), AIx (3.55 +/- 3.97% vs. -4.43 +/- 4.09% and 0.61 +/- 2.39%) and E(p) (64.4 +/- 19.6 kPa vs. 36.2 +/- 11.3 kPa and 42.9 +/- 13.1), whereas AC (1.25 +/- 0.48 mm(2) kPa(-1) vs. 1.9 +/- 0.43 mm(2) kPa(-1) and 1.62 +/- 0.43 mm(2) kPa(-1)) was lower (P < 0.001). There was no significant difference in carotid IMT and blood pressure values between the groups. The multiple regression analysis showed a significant association of arterial stiffness values with plasma cholesterol levels (P < 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings show that local and systemic arterial stiffness are increased in asymptomatic, normotensive HCh children, suggesting that HCh plays a key role in arterial mechanical impairment since the paediatric age.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapy, University of Messina, 8298123 Messina, Italy.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Riggio
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mandraffino
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Sardo
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Iudicello
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Camarda
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Imbalzano
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alibrandi
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Saitta
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Carerj
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Arrigo
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Saitta
mesh_terms: D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000502:physiology*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002648:Child; D003187:Compliance / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006973:Hypertension / Q000503:physiopathology; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D011674:Pulse; D017539:Tunica Intima / Q000503:physiopathology*; D017540:Tunica Media / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D008055:Lipids