title: Animal-eyeball vs. road-sign retroreflectors.
abstract: The retroreflective characteristics of ex-vitro cow and deer eyeballs were compared to those of man-made materials used in road signs and bicycle-style reflectors. Reflected intensities were measured using a goniometer that consists of a green He-Ne laser as the light source, and a photomultiplier tube as the detector. It was found that the best quality road-sign reflector, made from a 200-micron-scale, close-packed array of corner cubes, is approximately six times more efficient than a cow eyeball at returning light in the direction of the incoming beam. Less expensive man-made retroreflectors, utilizing 35-micron glass beads (as in mailbox decals) or millimeter-scale arrays of corner cubes (bicycle-style reflectors) are, however, less efficient than the cow eye. The high quality of animal eyeball optics is evidenced by their extremely tight angular spread (full width half maximum congruent with 1 degrees) of retroreflected intensity about the incident path. Moreover, as the reflector itself is rotated relative to the incident beam, the eyeballs preserve their efficiency of retroreflection better than the man-made materials. Interference-diffraction patterns were observed in the retroreflected beams from the small-scale corner cubes, but were not observed in eyeball retroreflection.
authors.affiliation: Physics and Engineering Technology, Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania, 400 East Second Street, Bloomsburg, PA 17815, USA. ngreene@bloomu.edu
authors.forename: Nathaniel R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Greene
authors.forename: Brian J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Filko
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D003670:Deer; D004867:Equipment Design / Q000592:standards*; D005123:Eye; D008027:Light; D008123:Location Directories and Signs; D055095:Optics and Photonics; D011482:Protective Devices / Q000592:standards*; D012542:Scattering, Radiation