title: The influence of temperature on 5-aminolevulinic acid-based photodynamic reaction in keratinocytes in vitro.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Based on the observation that increasing skin temperature could improve 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) penetration and accumulation of protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) in the ALA-based photodynamic therapy (PDT), this study was designed to investigate how temperature change varied the therapeutic effect of ALA-based PDT in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  HaCat cells were cultured with or without ALA at various temperatures. ALA uptake and PpIX accumulation were analyzed before laser irradiation as the baseline. After irradiation, cell death and cytokine secretions in the media, including interleukin (IL)-1alpha, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) were assayed, and the morphological changes were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With increasing temperature, the amount of ALA uptake, intracellular PpIX concentration and cell death increased in both the PDT and the non-PDT groups. Secretions of IL-1alpha, TNF-alpha and bFGF also increased and reached a peak around 44-47 degrees C and then declined at a higher temperature. This biphasic response might be due to protein thermolysis that occurs when cells reach beyond thermal tolerance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Elevating temperature could augment photodynamic reactions to a certain extent, but adverse effects occurred when cells were overheated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China.
authors.forename: Jiabin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Aaron C-H
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Qiuhe
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Shan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Xiaoming
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Layuan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xiong
authors.forename: Yumin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xia
mesh_terms: D000622:Aminolevulinic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D002460:Cell Line; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D006358:Hot Temperature / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D010778:Photochemotherapy; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011524:Protoporphyrins / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents; D011524:Protoporphyrins; D000622:Aminolevulinic Acid; C028025:protoporphyrin IX