title: Postoperative spinal epidural hematoma: a systematic review.
abstract: METHODS
  Surgeon survey.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To characterize the incidence of epidural hematoma in postoperative spinal patients; to assess the effect of chemical thromboprophylaxis on the risk of epidural hematoma.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The precise indications and/or timing of anticoagulation for thromboembolic prophylaxis following spinal surgery are not clear. Patients who endure periods of extended recumbency and limited mobility after major operative spinal interventions may be at increased risk of thromboembolic disease. Among other factors, spine surgeons must weigh the risk of a symptomatic postoperative epidural hematoma against the benefit of DVT/PE prevention when deciding to initiate chemoprophylaxis. However, the incidence of postoperative epidural hematoma is not well-known, leading to uncertainty regarding the real versus perceived risk of this complication.
  
  
  METHODS
  The MEDLINE database was queried using the search terms epidural hematoma and spinal or spine surgery. Abstracts of all identified articles were reviewed. Studies were deemed eligible if they specifically documented the incidence of clinically significant epidural hematoma in a series of patients who underwent spinal surgery. Detailed information from eligible articles was extracted. Data were compiled and analyzed to examine incidences of clinically relevant postoperative epidural hematoma (i.e., resulted in new, associated neurologic deficit).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 493 abstracts that were identified in the search, a total of sixteen articles were eligible for full review. From this review, the range of reported incidences of epidural hematoma in the literature ranges from 0% to 0.7% in studies where patients received chemical anticoagulation and 0% and 1% in all of the included studies. In no study was the incidence of clinically relevant epidural hematoma greater than 1%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The catastrophic morbidity of a symptomatic postoperative epidural hematoma remains a substantial disincentive to start chemoprophylaxis after spinal surgery. The rarity of this complication makes study of its risk factors difficult. Although many surgeons perceive the risk to be higher, the reported incidences of clinically relevant postoperative epidural hematoma are lower, ranging from 0% to 1%. Despite this finding, there is insufficient published data available to precisely define the safety of postoperative chemoprophylaxis. Though not pertaining to prophylaxis, the available evidence does suggest that use of therapeutic doses of heparin in postoperative spinal patients who sustain a PE may have a higher incidence of bleeding complications.
authors.affiliation: Harvard Combined Orthopaedic Residency Program and Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Michael P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Glotzbecker
authors.forename: Christopher M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Bono
authors.forename: Kirkham B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.forename: Mitchel B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Harris
mesh_terms: D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018890:Chemoprevention / Q000009:adverse effects; D046748:Hematoma, Epidural, Spinal / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D007049:Iatrogenic Disease / Q000517:prevention & control; D015994:Incidence; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects; D011182:Postoperative Care / Q000009:adverse effects; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013131:Spine / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D013923:Thromboembolism / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants