title: Identification of substance use and dependence among patients with viral hepatitis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  As drug abuse and addiction have been shown to decrease adherence to treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) or HIV, screening for substance use should be standard clinical practice in those undergoing an evaluation for these diseases.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effectiveness of the Kreek-McHugh-Schluger-Kellogg (KMSK) scale to quantify substance use and dependence among patients with viral hepatitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  The KMSK scale, a validated instrument that quantifies lifetime use of alcohol, cocaine, heroin, and tobacco, was distributed to 161 consecutive patients referred to a hepatology clinic at an academic, tertiary-care center over a 1-year period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 159 patients who returned the KMSK scale, 62% reported illicit drug use and 30% met defined criteria for lifetime dependence on cocaine or heroin. We found that 15% of our population at some time had been co-dependent on cocaine and heroin. The KMSK scale identified significantly more cocaine, heroin, and alcohol use than that detected through the medical record (chi(2)=7.61, p<0.01, chi(2)=9.66, p<0.002, respectively). Cocaine dependence was significantly higher among HCV/HIV co-infected than among mono-infected patients (chi(2)=5.46, p<0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The KMSK scale may be useful to diagnose drug and alcohol use and dependence among patients undergoing evaluation for treatment of viral hepatitis.
authors.affiliation: The Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
authors.forename: Colin B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: Jack
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Varon
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: Kristen M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Marks
authors.forename: Andrew H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Talal
authors.forename: Mary Jeanne
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Kreek
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications; D019694:Hepatitis B, Chronic / Q000150:complications*; D019698:Hepatitis C, Chronic / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult