title: Novel hydrogel-based preparation-free EEG electrode.
abstract: The largest obstacles to signal transduction for electroencephalography (EEG) recording are the hair and the epidermal stratum corneum of the skin. In typical clinical situations, hair is parted or removed, and the stratum corneum is either abraded or punctured using invasive penetration devices. These steps increase preparation time, discomfort, and the risk of infection. Cross-linked sodium polyacrylate gel swelled with electrolyte was explored as a possible skin contact element for a prototype preparation-free EEG electrode. As a superabsorbent hydrogel, polyacrylate can swell with electrolyte solution to a degree far beyond typical contemporary electrode materials, delivering a strong hydrating effect to the skin surface. This hydrating power allows the material to increase the effective skin contact surface area through wetting, and noninvasively decrease or bypass the highly resistive barrier of the stratum corneum, allowing for reduced impedance and improved electrode performance. For the purposes of the tests performed in this study, the polyacrylate was prepared both as a solid elastic gel and as a flowable paste designed to penetrate dense scalp hair. The gel can hold 99.2% DI water or 91% electrolyte solution, and the water content remains high after 29 h of air exposure. The electrical impedance of the gel electrode on unprepared human forearm is significantly lower than a number of commercial ECG and EEG electrodes. This low impedance was maintained for at least 8 h (the longest time period measured). When a paste form of the electrode was applied directly onto scalp hair, the impedance was found to be lower than that measured with commercially available EEG paste applied in the same manner. Time-frequency transformation analysis of frontal lobe EEG recordings indicated comparable frequency response between the polyacrylate-based electrode on unprepared skin and the commercial EEG electrode on abraded skin. Evoked potential recordings demonstrated signal-to-noise ratios of the experimental and commercial electrodes to be effectively equivalent. These results suggest that the polyacrylate-based electrode offers a powerful option for EEG recording without scalp preparation.
authors.affiliation: Bioengineering Department, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA. nia16@pitt.edu
authors.forename: Nicolas Alexander
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Alba
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Sclabassi
authors.forename: Mingui
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Xinyan Tracy
authors.initials: XT
authors.lastname: Cui
mesh_terms: D000180:Acrylic Resins / Q000138:chemical synthesis; D000465:Algorithms; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents; D004553:Electric Conductivity; D017097:Electric Impedance; D004566:Electrodes; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D004867:Equipment Design; D006197:Hair / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D020100:Hydrogels; D012535:Scalp / Q000502:physiology; D012879:Skin Physiological Phenomena; D012996:Solutions; D014508:Urea / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000180:Acrylic Resins; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents; D020100:Hydrogels; D012996:Solutions; D014508:Urea