title: Functional crosstalk between type I and II interferon through the regulated expression of STAT1.
abstract: Autocrine priming of cells by small quantities of constitutively produced type I interferon (IFN) is a well-known phenomenon. In the absence of type I IFN priming, cells display attenuated responses to other cytokines, such as anti-viral protection in response to IFNgamma. This phenomenon was proposed to be because IFNalpha/beta receptor1 (IFNAR1) is a component of the IFNgamma receptor (IFNGR), but our new data are more consistent with a previously proposed model indicating that regulated expression of STAT1 may also play a critical role in the priming process. Initially, we noticed that DNA binding activity of STAT1 was attenuated in c-Jun(-/-) fibroblasts because they expressed lower levels of STAT1 than wild-type cells. However, expression of STAT1 was rescued by culturing c-Jun(-/-) fibroblasts in media conditioned by wild-type fibroblasts suggesting they secreted a STAT1-inducing factor. The STAT1-inducing factor in fibroblast-conditioned media was IFNbeta, as it was inhibited by antibodies to IFNAR1, or when IFNbeta expression was knocked down in wild-type cells. IFNAR1(-/-) fibroblasts, which cannot respond to this priming, also expressed reduced levels of STAT1, which correlated with their poor responses to IFNgamma. The lack of priming in IFNAR1(-/-) fibroblasts was compensated by over-expression of STAT1, which rescued molecular responses to IFNgamma and restored the ability of IFNgamma to induce protective anti-viral immunity. This study provides a comprehensive description of the molecular events involved in priming by type I IFN. Adding to the previous working model that proposed an interaction between type I and II IFN receptors, our work and that of others demonstrates that type I IFN primes IFNgamma-mediated immune responses by regulating expression of STAT1. This may also explain how type I IFN can additionally prime cells to respond to a range of other cytokines that use STAT1 (e.g., IL-6, M-CSF, IL-10) and suggests a potential mechanism for the changing levels of STAT1 expression observed during viral infection.
authors.affiliation: Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Gough
authors.forename: Nicole L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Messina
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hii
authors.forename: Jodee A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Gould
authors.forename: Kanaga
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sabapathy
authors.forename: Ashley P S
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Robertson
authors.forename: Joseph A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Trapani
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Levy
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Hertzog
authors.forename: Christopher J P
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Clarke
authors.forename: Ricky W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Johnstone
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D007370:Interferon Type I / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D053633:Receptor, Interferon alpha-beta / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D050794:STAT1 Transcription Factor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*; D013154:Spleen / Q000166:cytology
chemical_list: C508032:Ifnar1 protein, mouse; D007370:Interferon Type I; D050794:STAT1 Transcription Factor; C494080:Stat1 protein, mouse; D053633:Receptor, Interferon alpha-beta; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases