title: Photoacoustic generation by multiple picosecond pulse excitation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this work is to demonstrate that higher amplitude of ultrashort laser induced photoacoustic signal can be achieved by multiple-pulse excitation when the temporal duration of the pulse train is less than the minimum of the medium's thermal relaxation time and stress relaxation time. Thus, improved signal-to-noise ratio can thus be attained through multiple-pulse excitation while minimizing the energy of each pulse.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors used a Michelson interferometer together with a picoseconds laser system to introduce two 6 ps pulses separated by a controllable delay by introducing a path length difference between the two arms of the interferometer. The authors then employed a series of three interferometers to create a pulse train consisting of eight pulses. The average pulse energy was 11 nJ and the temporal span of the pulse train was less than 1 ns.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The detected peak-to-peak amplitude of the multiple-pulse induced photoacoustic waves were linearly dependent on the number of pulses in the pulse train and such a linearity held for different optical absorption coefficients. The signal-to-noise ratio improved when the number of pulses increased. Moreover, nonlinear effects were not detected and no photoacoustic saturation effect was observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The authors have shown that multiple-pulse excitation improves the signal-to-noise ratio through an accumulated energy deposition effect. This method is invaluable for photoacoustic measurements that require ultrashort laser pulses with minimized pulse energy to avoid laser damage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, USA.
authors.forename: Tan
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Georgi I
authors.initials: GI
authors.lastname: Petrov
authors.forename: Vladislav V
authors.initials: VV
authors.lastname: Yakovlev
authors.forename: Hao F
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000162:Acoustics; D004867:Equipment Design; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D007368:Interferometry / Q000379:methods*; D007834:Lasers; D008027:Light; D055095:Optics and Photonics; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D013997:Time Factors