title: Epidemiology and pathophysiology of left ventricular abnormalities in chronic kidney disease: a review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cardiovascular diseases are highly prevalent in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), and represent the major hazard for mortality in this population. Anomalies of left ventricular (LV) structure and function are very frequent too among CKD patients, and show a negative impact on cardiovascular prognosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched PubMed for manuscripts regarding left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) in CKD. Definition of LVH was different according to different studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In patients with end-stage renal disease, the prevalence of LVH is higher than 70%. Studies in patients with less advanced CKD have reported increasing prevalence of LVH along with declining renal function. However, there is relatively wide heterogeneity in the prevalence of LVH in different studies, according to the characteristics of the population studied, the method chosen to estimate glomerular filtration rate and the definition of LVH.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hypertension, alterations of fluid and electrolyte balance and anemia are identified as the major determinants of LVH in CKD. However, beyond hemodynamic factors, other factors, such as an inappropriate activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, oxidative stress, inflammation and collagen and muscle cell growth factors may have a relevant role. LV diastolic dysfunction is also very frequent among CKD patients and is associated with risk of heart failure and with mortality; impairment of diastolic function in patients with CKD may occur very early, even in the absence of LVH. Early detection of LVH and LV dysfunction in CKD could yield an improvement in the adverse cardiovascular outcomes of CKD patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular and Renal Diseases, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy. medint@unipa.it
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cerasola
authors.forename: Emilio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nardi
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Palermo
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mulè
authors.forename: Santina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cottone
mesh_terms: D002908:Chronic Disease; D018450:Disease Progression; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D017379:Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D007668:Kidney / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D015995:Prevalence; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left