title: Antenatal depression and anxiety affect postpartum parenting stress: a longitudinal, prospective study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Postpartum depression has been associated with parenting stress, impacting attachment and child development. However, the relation between antenatal depression or anxiety and postpartum parenting stress has not been investigated. We studied the effect of antenatal depression and anxiety and treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (antidepressants [ADs]) on postpartum parenting stress.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety-four pregnant women (part of a larger study examining prenatal AD exposure on infants) were prospectively monitored for depression and anxiety during the third trimester and 3- and 6-months postpartum using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) and Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale. Parenting stress was assessed using the Parenting Stress Index-Short Form at 3- and 6-months postpartum.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both antenatal third trimester depression and anxiety were significant predictors of 3- and 6-month postpartum parenting stress, after controlling for maternal age, number of children, and exposure to prenatal ADs (all Ps < 0.001). Third trimester depression accounted for 13% to 22% of the variance in postpartum stress at 3 and 6 months. Prenatal AD use was not a significant predictor in any of the models (all Ps > 0.2). Twenty of 41 mothers on ADs achieved remission (HDRS = 7) in pregnancy and had average parenting stress scores of about 1 standard deviation lower than those who did not at 3- and 6-months postpartum (t = 3.32, df = 32, P = 0.002 and t = 2.52, df = 32, P = 0.02, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings indicate that antenatal depression and anxiety directly impact postpartum parenting stress, regardless of antenatal AD treatment. Ongoing maternal mental illness in pregnancy is an important predictor of postpartum parenting stress. Early recognition and treatment to remission is key.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia. smisri@cw.bc.ca
authors.forename: Shaila
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Misri
authors.forename: Kristin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kendrick
authors.forename: Tim F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Oberlander
authors.forename: Sandhaya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Norris
authors.forename: Lianne
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tomfohr
authors.forename: Hongbin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Ruth E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Grunau
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018687:Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000523:psychology*; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology*; D049590:Postpartum Period / Q000523:psychology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000523:psychology*; D011262:Pregnancy Trimester, Second / Q000523:psychology; D011263:Pregnancy Trimester, Third / Q000523:psychology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D018687:Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation; D009638:Norepinephrine; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors