title: COX-2-dependent PGE(2) acts as a growth factor in mycosis fungoides (MF).
abstract: Cancer often originates from a site of persistent inflammation, and the mechanisms turning chronic inflammation into a driving force of carcinogenesis are intensely investigated. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is an inducible key modulator of inflammation that carries out the rate-limiting step in prostaglandin synthesis. Aberrant COX-2 expression and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) production have been implicated in tumorigenesis. In this study we show that COX-2 is ectopically expressed in malignant T-cell lines from patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) as well as in situ in lymphocytic cells in 21 out of 22 patients suffering from mycosis fungoides (MF) in plaque or tumor stage. COX-2 is not expressed in lymphocytes of 11 patients with patch-stage MF, whereas sporadic COX-2 staining of stromal cells is observed in the majority of patients. COX-2 expression correlates with a constitutive production of PGE(2) in malignant T cells in vitro. These cells express prostaglandin receptors EP3 and EP4 and the receptor antagonist as well as small interfering RNA (siRNA) directed against COX-2, and specific COX-2 inhibitors strongly reduce their spontaneous proliferation. In conclusion, our data indicate that COX-2 mediated PGE(2) exerts an effect as a tumor growth factor in MF.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: K L M
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Kopp
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Kauczok
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lauenborg
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Krejsgaard
authors.forename: K W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Eriksen
authors.forename: Q
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Wasik
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Geisler
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ralfkiaer
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ødum
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Woetmann
mesh_terms: D015153:Blotting, Western; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D016410:Lymphoma, T-Cell, Cutaneous / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D009182:Mycosis Fungoides / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D011458:Prostaglandins E / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000494:pharmacology; D018078:Receptors, Prostaglandin E / Q000378:metabolism; D058308:Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP3 Subtype; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; C545647:PTGER3 protein, human; D011458:Prostaglandins E; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D018078:Receptors, Prostaglandin E; D058308:Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP3 Subtype; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human