title: Why is in-hospital diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis delayed in southern Taiwan?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In-hospital diagnosis delay (IHDD) of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) has a significant impact on nosocomial TB transmission. We investigated the risk factors associated with prolonged IHDD in Taiwan, a high-resource, mid-incidence area.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between January 2005 and August 2006, we retrospectively enrolled 193 consecutive hospitalized patients. All of them had culture-proven pulmonary TB and did not receive antitubercular treatment at admission. IHDD was defined as the interval between admission and initiation of antitubercular treatment. Patients were grouped according to the median value of IHDD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median IHDD was 7 days. Patients with IHDD > 7 days were considered the prolonged-delay group, and those with IHDD <or= 7 days, the short-delay group. Independent risk factors [with adjusted odd ratios (95% confidence intervals)] for prolonged IHDD were: negative sputum smear [47.53 (13.20-171.18), p < 0.001]; non-cavitary lesions on chest radiographs [14.90 (3.46-64.14), p < 0.001]; admission to hospital departments other than chest medicine/infectious diseases [6.60 (1.95-22.41), p = 0.002]; exposure to fluoroquinolones before antitubercular treatment [5.29 (1.13-24.75), p = 0.034]; underlying malignancy [4.59 (1.13-18.67), p = 0.033); and age > 65 years [3.19 (1.01-10.05), p = 0.048]. Death attributed to tuberculosis was associated with positive sputum smear (hazard ratio = 21.85; 95% CI = 2.74-174.44; p = 0.004) but not prolonged IHDD (p = 0.325).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To minimize IHDD, clinicians should carefully manage hospitalized patients with risk factors for prolonged delay, such as those with negative sputum smears, non-cavitary lesions on chest radiographs, admission to departments other than chest medicine/infectious diseases, exposure to fluoroquinolones before antitubercular treatment, underlying malignancy, and age > 65 years.
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chun-Yu
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Wei-Ru
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Tun-Chieh
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Po-Liang
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Pei-Ming
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Zhong-Rong
authors.initials: ZR
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: Ming-Shyan
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Wen-Cheng
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: Yen-Hsu
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000995:Antitubercular Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D057210:Delayed Diagnosis; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006761:Hospitals; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013183:Sputum / Q000382:microbiology*; D013624:Taiwan / Q000453:epidemiology; D013997:Time Factors; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy / Q000635:transmission
chemical_list: D000995:Antitubercular Agents