title: Serotypes and antimicrobial resistance profiles of Salmonella isolates from pigs at slaughter in Kenya.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Salmonellosis is considered one of the most widespread food-borne zoonoses in industrialized as well as developing countries. The presence of Salmonella in food animals at slaughter and the consequent cross-contamination of edible carcass tissues present a significant food safety hazard.
  
  
  METHODS
  Samples were collected from randomly selected pigs at the Ndumbuini abattoir in Nairobi. Isolates were confirmed to be Salmonella by biochemical tests and characterised by serotyping, phage typing and plasmid analysis. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of eight antimicrobials were determined and the resistant isolates were screened for resistance genes by PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixteen (13.8%) of 116 samples were positive for Salmonella. Three Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovars, namely Saintpaul, Braenderup, and Heidelberg were identified, S. Saintpaul being predominant. Antimicrobial resistance was found in 35.7% of the isolates. The S. Heidelberg isolates were susceptible to all the antimicrobials tested. Multidrug resistance was found in 7.1% of the Salmonella isolates. Plasmids were only detected in S. Heidelberg. Ampicillin resistance was based on expression of a blaTEM gene, while chloramphenicol, streptomycin, and tetracycline resistances were encoded by the genes catA1, strA, and tet(A), respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pigs may serve as reservoirs of antimicrobial resistant Salmonella and slaughterhouse cross-contamination of pork may be a food safety risk.
authors.affiliation: Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya. kikuvi@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Gideon M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Kikuvi
authors.forename: Jackson N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Ombui
authors.forename: Eric S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Mitema
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001434:Bacteriophage Typing; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D005798:Genes, Bacterial; D007630:Kenya; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D010957:Plasmids / Q000032:analysis; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D019779:Salmonella enterica / Q000145:classification* / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012703:Serotyping; D013552:Swine / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial