title: Concentrations of 17 elements, including mercury, and their relationship to fitness measures in arctic shorebirds and their eggs.
abstract: Exposure to contaminants is one hypothesis proposed to explain the global decline in shorebirds, and this is of particular concern in the arctic. However, little information exists on contaminant levels in arctic-breeding shorebirds, especially in Canada. We studied potential contaminants in three biparental shorebird species nesting in Nunavut, Canada: ruddy turnstones (Arenaria interpres), black-bellied plovers (Pluvialis squatarola) and semipalmated plovers (Charadrius semipalmatus). Blood, feathers and eggs were analyzed for As, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Tl, V, and Zn. We assessed whether element concentrations a) differed among species and sexes, b) were correlated among pairs and their eggs, and c) were related to fitness endpoints, namely body condition, blood-parasite load, nest survival days, and hatching success. Non-essential elements were found at lower concentrations than essential elements, with the exception of Hg. Maximum Hg levels in blood approached those associated with toxicological effects in other bird species, but other elements were well below known toxicological thresholds. Reproductive success was negatively correlated with paternal Hg and maternal Pb, although these effects were generally weak and varied among tissues. Element levels were positively correlated within pairs for blood-Hg (turnstones) and feather-Ni and Cr (semipalmated plovers); concentrations in eggs and maternal blood were never correlated. Concentrations of many elements differed among species, but there was no evidence that any species had higher overall exposure to non-essential metals. In conclusion, whereas we found little evidence that exposure to the majority of these elements is leading to declines of the species studied here, Hg levels were of potential concern and both Hg and Pb warrant further monitoring.
authors.affiliation: Calgary Zoo, Centre for Conservation Research, 1300 Zoo Rd NE, Calgary AB, Canada T2E 7V6. alhargreaves@gmail.com
authors.forename: Anna L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Hargreaves
authors.forename: Douglas P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Whiteside
authors.forename: Grant
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gilchrist
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001110:Arctic Regions; D001717:Birds / Q000502:physiology*; D004531:Eggs; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D005241:Feathers; D008670:Metals / Q000032:analysis*; D012098:Reproduction
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D008670:Metals