title: Clinical classification of cauda equina syndrome for proper treatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cauda equina syndrome (CES) is a severe complication of lumbar spinal disorders; it results from compression of the nerve roots of the cauda equina. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical usefulness of a classification scheme of CES based on factors including clinical symptoms, imaging signs, and electrophysiological findings.
  
  
  METHODS
  The records of 39 patients with CES were divided into 4 groups based on clinical features as follows. Group 1 (preclinical): low back pain with only bulbocavernosus reflex and ischiocavernosus reflex abnormalities. Group 2 (early): saddle sensory disturbance and bilateral sciatica. Group 3 (middle): saddle sensory disturbance, bowel or bladder dysfunction, motor weakness of the lower extremity, and reduced sexual function. Group 4 (late): absence of saddle sensation and sexual function in addition to uncontrolled bowel function. The outcome including radiographic and electrophysiological findings was compared between groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The main clinical manifestations of CES included bilateral saddle sensory disturbance, and bowel, bladder, and sexual dysfunction. The clinical symptoms of patients with multiple-segment canal stenosis identified radiographically were more severe than those of patients with single-segment stenosis. BCR and ICR improved in groups 1 and 2 after surgery, but no change was noted for groups 3 and 4.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that bilateral radiculopathy or sciatica are early stages of CES and indicate a high risk of development of advanced CES. Electrophysiological abnormalities and reduced saddle sensation are indices of early diagnosis. Patients at the preclinical and early stages have better functional recovery than patients in later stages after surgical decompression.
authors.affiliation: Orthopedics Department, ChangZheng Hospital, ShangHai, China.
authors.forename: Jiangang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: Lanshun
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jia
authors.forename: Wen
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.forename: GouDong
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: JianFeng
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D019299:Decompression, Surgical; D003672:Defecation / Q000502:physiology; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018579:Patient Selection; D010410:Penile Erection / Q000502:physiology; D011128:Polyradiculopathy / Q000145:classification* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012678:Sensation Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D014554:Urination / Q000502:physiology