title: Clinical experience with alteplase in the management of intracardiac and major cardiac vessels thrombosis in pediatrics: a case series.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Experience with alteplase in pediatric patients is limited and recommendations are extrapolated from adult data. Comprehensive guidelines on the management of thromboembolic events in this group are lacking. We assessed the efficacy and safety of alteplase (recombinant tissue plasminogen activator) in the management of intracardiac and major cardiac vessel thrombosis in pediatric patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  All pediatric patients, 14 years of age and younger, with intracardiac or major cardiac vessel thrombus who were treated with alteplase from 1997 to 2004 at our tertiary care institute were identified through the pharmacy database. Patient data were retrospectively evaluated for the efficacy and safety of altepase.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five cases were eligible out of nineteen who received alteplase. Patient ages ranged from 40 days to 13 years. The initial dose of alteplase ranged from 0.3 to 0.6 mg/kg followed by a continuous infusion in three patients with a dosage range between 0.05 and 0.5 mg/kg/hr, while intermittent infusion was used in the other two patients. The duration of therapy ranged from 2 to 4 days. By the end of the treatment, two patients had complete resolution of thrombus and one had partial resolution. Two patients failed to respond and had "old" thrombus. Major bleeding events were reported in three patients. The rest had minor bleeding events.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Alteplase may effectively dissolve intracardiac thrombi, particularly when freshly formed. Continuous infusion for a long duration appears to be associated with an increased risk of major bleeding. Optimal dose and duration of infusion are still unknown.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmacy Services, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. ajazairi@kfshrc.edu.sa
authors.forename: Abdulrazaq S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Al-Jazairi
authors.forename: Roaa A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Al-Gain
authors.forename: Zead R
authors.initials: ZR
authors.lastname: Bulbul
authors.forename: Antoine J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Cherfan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D002300:Cardiac Care Facilities; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003325:Coronary Care Units; D003328:Coronary Thrombosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007261:Infusions, Intra-Arterial; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D013923:Thromboembolism / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator