title: Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography and prophylactic transfusion program is effective in preventing overt stroke in children with sickle cell disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the impact of our transcranial Doppler ultrasonography (TCD) program on the incidence of first stroke and the rate of transfusion for stroke prevention in children with sickle cell disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this single-institution, retrospective study, we compared the incidence of stroke and of transfusion for stroke prevention in 475 patients observed in the 8-year period before instituting TCD screening with the rate in 530 children in the 8-year period after.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence of overt stroke in the pre-TCD period was 0.67 per 100 patient-years, compared with 0.06 per 100 patient-years in the post-TCD period (P<.0001). Of the 2 strokes in the post-TCD period, 1 occurred in a child too young for the screening protocol, and 1 occurred in a child with high velocities solely in the anterior cerebral arteries. The rate of transfusion therapy for stroke prevention increased from 0.67 per 100 patient-years to 1.12 per 100 patient-years since instituting our program (P=.008).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our program has been successful in reducing the rate of first overt stroke, but with increased use of transfusion. Additional modifications to screening might further reduce the risk of first stroke, and studies of alternative treatments may be beneficial.
authors.affiliation: Division of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
authors.forename: Henrietta
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Enninful-Eghan
authors.forename: Reneé H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ichord
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Smith-Whitley
authors.forename: Janet L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Kwiatkowski
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000755:Anemia, Sickle Cell / Q000150:complications*; D001803:Blood Transfusion; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D020521:Stroke / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D017585:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial