title: Use of stem cells in the biological repair of articular cartilage.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Articular cartilage is avascular, aneural, and renowned for its poor capacity to repair after damage. For decades scientists and clinicians have deliberated over the potential to repair or regenerate articular cartilage and to date many techniques have been used in an attempt to create the best possible repair tissue.
  
  
  METHODS
  This review article summarises surgical interventions that have been developed since the late 1940's; covering conservative strategies, invasive techniques and touching upon latest advancements involving stem cells and tissue engineering.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The reader will gain a sound understanding into the history and background of strategies that have developed in attempts to reverse clinical symptoms of damaged or diseased articular cartilage. The article provides an insight into the plethora of potential repair mechanisms, and reviews future developments involving stem cells and biomaterials.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although work is still in its infancy, the use of stem cells in the biological repair of articular cartilage provides a promising outlook onto future developments; advancing from strategies and techniques that are already in use.
authors.affiliation: Cardiff School of Biosciences, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, UK.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fairclough
authors.forename: C W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Archer
mesh_terms: D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000293:injuries / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D044968:Regenerative Medicine; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000502:physiology; D023822:Tissue Engineering