title: The relationship between health risks and health and productivity costs among employees at Pepsi Bottling Group.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate relationships between modifiable health risks and costs and measure potential cost savings from risk reduction programs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Health risk information from active Pepsi Bottling Group employees who completed health risk assessments between 2004 and 2006 (N = 11,217) were linked to medical care, workers' compensation, and short-term disability cost data. Ten health risks were examined. Multivariate analyses were performed to estimate costs associated with having high risk, holding demographics, and other risks constant. Potential savings from risk reduction were estimated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  High risk for weight, blood pressure, glucose, and cholesterol had the greatest impact on total costs. A one-percentage point annual reduction in the health risks assessed would yield annual per capita savings of $83.02 to $103.39.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Targeted programs that address modifiable health risks are expected to produce substantial cost reductions in multiple benefit categories.
authors.affiliation: Thomson Reuters, Washington DC 20008, USA.
authors.forename: Rachel M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Henke
authors.forename: Ginger S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Carls
authors.forename: Meghan E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Short
authors.forename: Xiaofei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Pei
authors.forename: Shaohung
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Moley
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sullivan
authors.forename: Ron Z
authors.initials: RZ
authors.lastname: Goetzel
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002253:Carbonated Beverages; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D017598:Efficiency, Organizational / Q000191:economics*; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs / Q000639:trends*; D006801:Humans; D007221:Industry; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019982:Organizational Case Studies; D040242:Risk Reduction Behavior; D055815:Young Adult