title: Expression signature of E2F1 and its associated genes predict superficial to invasive progression of bladder tumors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In approximately 20% of patients with superficial bladder tumors, the tumors progress to invasive tumors after treatment. Current methods of predicting the clinical behavior of these tumors prospectively are unreliable. We aim to identify a molecular signature that can reliably identify patients with high-risk superficial tumors that are likely to progress to invasive tumors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Gene expression data were collected from tumor specimens from 165 patients with bladder cancer. Various statistical methods, including leave-one-out cross-validation methods, were applied to identify a gene expression signature that could predict the likelihood of progression to invasive tumors and to test the robustness of the expression signature in an independent cohort. The robustness of the gene expression signature was validated in an independent (n = 353) cohort.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Supervised analysis of gene expression data revealed a gene expression signature that is strongly associated with invasive bladder tumors. A molecular classifier based on this gene expression signature correctly predicted the likelihood of progression of superficial tumor to invasive tumor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We present a molecular signature that can predict, at diagnosis, the likelihood of bladder cancer progression and, possibly, lead to improvements in patient therapy.
authors.affiliation: The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Ju-Seog
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Sun-Hee
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Leem
authors.forename: Sang-Yeop
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Sang-Cheol
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Eun-Sung
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Sang-Bae
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Seon-Kyu
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Yong-June
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Wun-Jae
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: In-Sun
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Chu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000235:genetics* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003558:Cystoscopy / Q000379:methods; D018450:Disease Progression; D050703:E2F2 Transcription Factor / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness / Q000473:pathology*; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D016019:Survival Analysis; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D050703:E2F2 Transcription Factor; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm