title: Epidemiology of bacterial colonization at intensive care unit admission with emphasis on extended-spectrum beta-lactamase- and metallo-beta-lactamase-producing Gram-negative bacteria--an Indian experience.
abstract: An important risk factor for nosocomial infection in an intensive care unit (ICU) is prior colonization. This study was undertaken to determine the spectrum of bacterial colonization and predisposing risk factors in patients being admitted to an ICU in India, with special emphasis on extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)- and metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL)-producing Gram-negative bacteria. Nasal, oral and rectal swab samples were collected and processed for isolation of ESBL-producing Gram-negative bacteria and MBL-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter species. Bacterial colonization (of one or more sites) on admission was detected in 51 out of 96 patients included in the study. Non-fermenters, i.e. P. aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii, were the most common colonizers, present in 37 patients, with simultaneous colonization in 12 patients. A total of 16 patients were colonized with MBL-producing members of the family Enterobacteriaceae, out of which 11 isolates (from 5 patients) were also carrying ESBL-encoding genes. As for MBLs, most of our patients have shown colonization with ESBL-producing bacteria. On admission, 47 of 51 patients (92 %) have been colonized by ESBL-producing members of the family Enterobacteriaceae, at one or more of the three anatomical sites. The most common MBL subtype was bla(IMP) (51.56 %), whereas bla(CTX) was the most common gene (84.9 %) identified among ESBL producers. Risk factors for colonization on admission to the ICU were hospitalization for more than 48 h, use of >or=3 groups of antibiotics, co-morbidities and mechanical ventilation for more than 48 h prior to ICU admission. There is an increasing incidence of MBLs and ESBLs in the Indian population. The identified risk factors can be used as a guide for empiric antibiotic therapy targeted to these resistant bacteria.
authors.affiliation: Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences (SGPGIMS), Lucknow, India.
authors.forename: Afzal
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Azim
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences (SGPGIMS), Lucknow, India.
authors.forename: Mayank
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dwivedi
authors.affiliation: Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences (SGPGIMS), Lucknow, India.
authors.forename: P Bhaskar
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.affiliation: Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences (SGPGIMS), Lucknow, India.
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Baronia
authors.affiliation: Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences (SGPGIMS), Lucknow, India.
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences (SGPGIMS), Lucknow, India.
authors.forename: K N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Prasad
authors.affiliation: Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences (SGPGIMS), Lucknow, India.
authors.forename: Banani
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Poddar
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences (SGPGIMS), Lucknow, India.
authors.forename: Anshuman
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mishra
authors.affiliation: Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences (SGPGIMS), Lucknow, India.
authors.forename: Mohan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gurjar
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences (SGPGIMS), Lucknow, India.
authors.forename: T N
authors.initials: TN
authors.lastname: Dhole
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D002353:Carrier State / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D005260:Female; D006090:Gram-Negative Bacteria / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D016905:Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009055:Mouth / Q000382:microbiology; D009296:Nasal Cavity / Q000382:microbiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012007:Rectum / Q000382:microbiology; D055815:Young Adult; D001618:beta-Lactamases / Q000096:biosynthesis*
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D001618:beta-Lactamases