title: Fatal reactivation of HBV and HDV during a long-lasting interruption of HAART in a patient co-infected with HIV, HCV, HBV and HDV.
abstract: Coinfection by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and hepatitis viruses is a frequent condition in drug addicts. In the present study we report on the case of a patient with a history of drug and alcohol abuse who was sequentially infected with HIV, HCV, HBV and HDV. He died of an overwhelming reactivation of HBV and HDV in spite of a recent interferon treatment. HBV and HDV resumed their active replication after over 20 years of complete latency, that is after long-lasting viral undetectability, when the patient deliberately discontinued his last HAART regimen. HBV and HDV reactivated in spite of a relatively preserved immune system and a recent immune stimulatory treatment with pegylated interferon.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Pathology Unit, Ospedale Civile Spirito Santo, Pescara, Italy.
authors.forename: Ennio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Polilli
authors.forename: Federica
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sozio
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mazzotta
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pieri
authors.forename: Luciana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Alterio
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Placido
authors.forename: Adriana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Agostinone
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Di Masi
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tontodonati
authors.forename: Augusta
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Consorte
authors.forename: Luana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cosentino
authors.forename: Giustino
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Parruti
mesh_terms: D000437:Alcoholism / Q000150:complications; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D017809:Fatal Outcome; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006515:Hepatitis B virus / Q000502:physiology*; D019694:Hepatitis B, Chronic / Q000150:complications*; D019698:Hepatitis C, Chronic / Q000150:complications*; D003699:Hepatitis D / Q000150:complications*; D003698:Hepatitis Delta Virus / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D016867:Immunocompromised Host; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000150:complications; D017093:Liver Failure / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000150:complications; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000150:complications; D014775:Virus Activation
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors