title: Can we prevent smoking in children with ADHD: a review of the literature.
abstract: Cigarette smokers pose public health challenges and are over-represented among individuals with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This article reviews the link between ADHD and smoking across various developmental stages with an emphasis on factors that interact with ADHD (e.g., comorbidity with conduct disorder) to modify risk for nicotine dependence from childhood through adulthood.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature review was conducted for 2000-2009 using key words ADHD, smoking, adolescents, adulthood.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Childhood, adolescent and adult ADHD all increase risk for smoking. Childhood ADHD increases risk for early smoking during adolescence, particularly if untreated and in combination with conduct disorder (CD). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adolescence increases the risk of daily smoking in adulthood. These findings underscore the importance of smoking prevention for children and adolescents with ADHD and other risk factors (e.g., CD). Pharmacotherapy for ADHD offers promise to lower the risk of smoking during adolescence. Preventing the development of conduct disorder (CD) or controlling the symptoms of CD is also possible and may reduce smoking and associated outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Connecticut Valley Hospital, P.O. Box 351, Silver Street, Middletown, CT 06457, USA.
authors.forename: Vania
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Modesto-Lowe
authors.forename: Jeffrey S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Danforth
authors.forename: Carla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Neering
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Easton
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants