title: SNP identification, verification, and utility for population genetics in a non-model genus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  By targeting SNPs contained in both coding and non-coding areas of the genome, we are able to identify genetic differences and characterize genome-wide patterns of variation among individuals, populations and species. We investigated the utility of 454 sequencing and MassARRAY genotyping for population genetics in natural populations of the teleost, Fundulus heteroclitus as well as closely related Fundulus species (F. grandis, F. majalis and F. similis).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We used 454 pyrosequencing and MassARRAY genotyping technology to identify and type 458 genome-wide SNPs and determine genetic differentiation within and between populations and species of Fundulus. Specifically, pyrosequencing identified 96 putative SNPs across coding and non-coding regions of the F. heteroclitus genome: 88.8% were verified as true SNPs with MassARRAY. Additionally, putative SNPs identified in F. heteroclitus EST sequences were verified in most (86.5%) F. heteroclitus individuals; fewer were genotyped in F. grandis (74.4%), F. majalis (72.9%), and F. similis (60.7%) individuals. SNPs were polymorphic and showed latitudinal clinal variation separating northern and southern populations and established isolation by distance in F. heteroclitus populations. In F. grandis, SNPs were less polymorphic but still established isolation by distance. Markers differentiated species and populations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In total, these approaches were used to quickly determine differences within the Fundulus genome and provide markers for population genetic studies.
authors.affiliation: Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149, USA.
authors.forename: Larissa M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Adam R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Boyko
authors.forename: Carlos D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Bustamante
authors.forename: Marjorie F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Oleksiak
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D023781:Fundulidae / Q000235:genetics*; D005828:Genetics, Population; D005838:Genotype; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA