title: NLRP3 inflammasomes are required for atherogenesis and activated by cholesterol crystals.
abstract: The inflammatory nature of atherosclerosis is well established but the agent(s) that incite inflammation in the artery wall remain largely unknown. Germ-free animals are susceptible to atherosclerosis, suggesting that endogenous substances initiate the inflammation. Mature atherosclerotic lesions contain macroscopic deposits of cholesterol crystals in the necrotic core, but their appearance late in atherogenesis had been thought to disqualify them as primary inflammatory stimuli. However, using a new microscopic technique, we revealed that minute cholesterol crystals are present in early diet-induced atherosclerotic lesions and that their appearance in mice coincides with the first appearance of inflammatory cells. Other crystalline substances can induce inflammation by stimulating the caspase-1-activating NLRP3 (NALP3 or cryopyrin) inflammasome, which results in cleavage and secretion of interleukin (IL)-1 family cytokines. Here we show that cholesterol crystals activate the NLRP3 inflammasome in phagocytes in vitro in a process that involves phagolysosomal damage. Similarly, when injected intraperitoneally, cholesterol crystals induce acute inflammation, which is impaired in mice deficient in components of the NLRP3 inflammasome, cathepsin B, cathepsin L or IL-1 molecules. Moreover, when mice deficient in low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) were bone-marrow transplanted with NLRP3-deficient, ASC (also known as PYCARD)-deficient or IL-1alpha/beta-deficient bone marrow and fed on a high-cholesterol diet, they had markedly decreased early atherosclerosis and inflammasome-dependent IL-18 levels. Minimally modified LDL can lead to cholesterol crystallization concomitant with NLRP3 inflammasome priming and activation in macrophages. Although there is the possibility that oxidized LDL activates the NLRP3 inflammasome in vivo, our results demonstrate that crystalline cholesterol acts as an endogenous danger signal and its deposition in arteries or elsewhere is an early cause rather than a late consequence of inflammation. These findings provide new insights into the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and indicate new potential molecular targets for the therapy of this disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Duewell
authors.forename: Hajime
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kono
authors.forename: Katey J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Rayner
authors.forename: Cherilyn M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Sirois
authors.forename: Gregory
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vladimer
authors.forename: Franz G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Bauernfeind
authors.forename: George S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Abela
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Franchi
authors.forename: Gabriel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nuñez
authors.forename: Max
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schnurr
authors.forename: Terje
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Espevik
authors.forename: Egil
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lien
authors.forename: Katherine A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Fitzgerald
authors.forename: Kenneth L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Rock
authors.forename: Kathryn J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Samuel D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: Veit
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Hornung
authors.forename: Eicke
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Latz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D016026:Bone Marrow Transplantation; D053468:CARD Signaling Adaptor Proteins; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002401:Cathepsin B / Q000378:metabolism; D056668:Cathepsin L / Q000378:metabolism; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D003460:Crystallization; D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins / Q000172:deficiency; D004036:Diet, Atherogenic; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000172:deficiency; D020382:Interleukin-18 / Q000378:metabolism; D008247:Lysosomes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D000071199:NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein; D010529:Peritoneal Cavity / Q000473:pathology; D010586:Phagocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology; D011973:Receptors, LDL / Q000172:deficiency; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; D053468:CARD Signaling Adaptor Proteins; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins; D007375:Interleukin-1; D020382:Interleukin-18; D000071199:NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein; C492716:Nlrp3 protein, mouse; C498534:Pycard protein, mouse; D011973:Receptors, LDL; D002784:Cholesterol; D002401:Cathepsin B; C533915:Ctsb protein, mouse; D056668:Cathepsin L; C534278:Ctsl protein, mouse