title: Early surgical ligation versus a conservative approach for management of patent ductus arteriosus that fails to close after indomethacin treatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine whether a more conservative approach to treating patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is associated with an increase or decrease in morbidity compared with an approach involving early PDA ligation.
  
  
  METHODS
  In January 2005, we changed our approach to infants born at age<or=27 weeks gestation who failed indomethacin treatment. We changed from an early surgical approach, in which feedings were stopped and all PDAs were ligated (period 1: January 1999 to December 2004; n=216) to a more conservative approach in which feedings continued and PDAs were ligated only if cardiopulmonary compromise developed (period 2: January 2005 to August 2009; n=180). All infants in both periods received prophylactic indomethacin therapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 2 periods had similar rates of perinatal/neonatal risk factors and indomethacin failure (24%), as well as ventilator management and feeding advance protocols. The conservative approach (period 2) was associated with decreased rates of duct ligation (72% vs 100%; P<.05). Even though infants subjected to this approach were exposed to larger PDA shunts for longer durations, the rates of bronchopulmonary dysplasia, sepsis, retinopathy of prematurity, neurologic injury, and death were similar to those in period 1. The overall rate of necrotizing enterocolitis was significantly lower in period 2 compared with period 1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings support the need for new controlled, randomized trials to reexamine the benefits and risks of different approaches to PDA treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0544, USA.
authors.forename: Nami
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Jhaveri
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moon-Grady
authors.forename: Ronald I
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Clyman
mesh_terms: D004374:Ductus Arteriosus, Patent / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007213:Indomethacin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008026:Ligation; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D017211:Treatment Failure
chemical_list: D007213:Indomethacin