title: Porcine allograft mandible revitalization using autologous adipose-derived stem cells, bone morphogenetic protein-2, and periosteum.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Critical defects of the craniomaxillofacial region are often treated with vascularized osteocutaneous free flaps. These lengthy operations may be associated with considerable donor-site morbidity and suboptimal functional and aesthetic results. To overcome these issues, this study investigates an engineered vascularized bone flap using allograft bone, adipose-derived stem cells, and recombinant human bone morphogenic protein (rhBMP)-2 and compares two alternative blood supplies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Edentulous porcine hemimandibles were commercially sterilized, packed with rhBMP-2-soaked absorbable collagen sponge and autologous, culture-expanded adipose-derived stem cells, and implanted into two locations within 10 pigs: (1) an intercostal-based periosteal envelope (thoracic) and (2) within the rectus abdominis muscle with insertion of the superficial inferior epigastric vascular pedicle into the medullary cavity (abdominal). The constructs were incubated in vivo for 7 to 8 weeks and harvested to assess de novo bone formation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Radiographic, micro-computed tomographic, and histologic assessments of harvested constructs were performed. Abdominal constructs had a thin rim of new, cancellous bone surrounding a fibrotic core with little allograft remaining. Thoracic allografts were absorbed completely and replaced with new, full-thickness, cancellous bone. Calcitic tissue content was significantly higher in thoracic (474.16 +/- 75.93 ml) compared with abdominal (143.20 +/- 46.39 ml) constructs (p < 0.006). New bone in both groups contained Haversian systems, but only thoracic constructs contained marrow elements and blood vessels resembling normal bone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data demonstrate revitalization of large-volume allograft bone, and have positive implications for bone tissue engineering. Allograft revitalization in thoracic but not abdominal constructs reinforces the critical role of the periosteum in the process.
authors.affiliation: Cincinnati, Ohio From the Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pathology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center.
authors.forename: Christopher M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Runyan
authors.forename: Donna C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Kevin E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Bove
authors.forename: Rian A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Maercks
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Simpson
authors.forename: Jesse A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Taylor
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000166:cytology; D000818:Animals; D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008334:Mandible / Q000601:surgery*; D010521:Periosteum / Q000098:blood supply / Q000637:transplantation*; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D033581:Stem Cell Transplantation; D013552:Swine; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*; D014184:Transplantation, Homologous
chemical_list: D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2; D011994:Recombinant Proteins