title: Red blood cell transfusions--are we narrowing the evidence-practice gap? An observational study in 5 Israeli intensive care units.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to document transfusion practices in a cross section of general intensive care units (ICUs) in Israel and to determine whether current guidelines are being applied.
  
  
  METHODS
  This prospective study was performed in 5 general ICUs in Israel over a 3-month period. Red cell transfusion data collected on consecutive patients included the trigger, units transfused per transfusion event, and indications, categorized either to treat a specified condition for which transfusions may be beneficial (acute hemorrhage, acute myocardial ischemia, or severe sepsis) or to treat a low hemoglobin concentration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 238 patients studied, 50% received at least one red blood cell transfusion. The main indication for transfusion (43.7%, or 162/368 U transfused) was to treat a low hemoglobin concentration, in the absence of one of the specified conditions. Total red cell use was 3.0 ± 2.9 U per admission, and patients received a mean of 1.2 ± 0.4 U per transfusion event. The transfusion trigger for the whole group was 7.9 ± 1.1 g/dL. This did not differ significantly between the indications apart from a significantly higher trigger for patients with acute myocardial ischemia (8.8 ± 0.9 g/dL). In addition, patients with a history of heart disease had a higher trigger irrespective of the primary indication for transfusion and received significantly more units per transfusion event. Patients receiving a transfusion had significantly longer ICU stay and hospital mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study showed that evidence-practice gaps continue to exist, and it appears that physician behavior is mainly driven by the absolute level of hemoglobin. Educational interventions focused on these factors are required to limit the widespread and often unnecessary use of this scarce and potentially harmful resource.
authors.affiliation: General Intensive Care, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva 49100, Israel. jonatanc@clalit.org.il
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Ilya
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kagan
authors.forename: Remos
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hershcovici
authors.forename: Sylvianne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bursztein-De Myttenaere
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Makhoul
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Samkohvalov
authors.forename: Moshe
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hersch
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Einav
authors.forename: Vadim
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Berezovsky
authors.forename: Daniel Jorge
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Jakobson
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Singer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D017707:Erythrocyte Transfusion / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005260:Female; D019983:Guideline Adherence; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D007557:Israel; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019370:Observation; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D019564:Unnecessary Procedures
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins