title: Influence of anatomic landmarks in the virtual environment on simulated angled laparoscope navigation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of the presence of anatomic landmarks on the performance of angled laparoscope navigation on the SimSurgery SEP simulator.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-eight experienced laparoscopic surgeons (familiar with 30° angled laparoscope, >100 basic laparoscopic procedures, >5 advanced laparoscopic procedures) and 23 novices (no laparoscopy experience) performed the Camera Navigation task in an abstract virtual environment (CN-box) and in a virtual representation of the lower abdomen (CN-abdomen). They also rated the realism and added value of the virtual environments on seven-point scales.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Within both groups, the CN-box task was accomplished in less time and with shorter tip trajectory than the CN-abdomen task (Wilcoxon test, p < 0.05). No significant differences were found between the performances of the experienced participants and the novices on the CN tasks (Mann-Whitney U test, p > 0.05). In both groups, the CN tasks were perceived as hard work and more challenging than anticipated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Performance of the angled laparoscope navigation task is influenced by the virtual environment surrounding the exercise. The task was performed better in an abstract environment than in a virtual environment with anatomic landmarks. More insight is required into the influence and function of different types of intrinsic and extrinsic feedback on the effectiveness of preclinical simulator training.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Industrial Design Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands, s.n.buzink@tudelft.nl
authors.forename: Sonja N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Buzink
authors.forename: Lorna S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Christie
authors.forename: Richard H M
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Goossens
authors.forename: Huib
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: de Ridder
authors.forename: Jack J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Jakimowicz
mesh_terms: D034841:Abdominal Cavity / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003198:Computer Simulation; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000193:education* / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult