title: In vivo fluorometric assessment of cyclosporine on mitochondrial function during myocardial ischemia and reperfusion.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cyclosporine A (CsA) limits myocardial reperfusion injury and preserves mitochondrial integrity, but its influence on mitochondrial function has not been described in vivo. Auto-fluorescence of mitochondrial nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and flavin adenine dinucleotide correlate with mitochondrial dysfunction. We hypothesized that CsA limits mitochondrial dysfunction and that fluorometry can quantify this influence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventeen rabbits were studied: untreated (UnT, n = 7), CsA preinfarction (CsAp, n = 6), and CsA on reperfusion (CsAr, n = 4). Animals underwent 30 minutes of myocardial ischemia and 3 hours reperfusion. Infarct size was determined by staining. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and flavin adenine dinucleotide fluorescence was continually measured in the risk area. The redox ratio was calculated [flavin adenine dinucleotide(f)/(flavin adenine dinucleotide(f) + nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide(f))]. Electron microscopy evaluated mitochondria morphology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The infarct size by group was 39.1% +/- 1.7% in CsAp, 39.1% +/- 1.7% in CsAr, and 53.4% +/- 1.9% in UnT (p < 0.001). During ischemia, the CsAp group demonstrated less hypoxic reduction, with the redox ratio decreasing to 75.6% +/- 4.1% of baseline. The UnT and CsAr groups deceased to 67.1% +/- 4.0% and 67.2% +/- 3.6%, respectively (p < 0.005). During reperfusion the UnT group redox ratio increased to 1.59 +/- 0.04 times baseline. This increase was blunted in the CsAp (1.17 +/- 0.04, p = 0.026) and CsAr (1.35 +/- 0.02, p = 0.056) groups. Electron microscopy revealed reduced mitochondrial disruption in CsAp (19.7% +/- 7.6%) and CsAr (18.1% +/- 7.1%) rabbits compared with UnT (53.3% +/- 12.5%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fluorometric spectroscopy can be used in vivo to quantitatively assess the time course of CsA's influence on the mitochondrial dysfunction associated with myocardial ischemia and reperfusion.
authors.affiliation: Gorman Cardiovascular Research Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19036, USA.
authors.forename: Muneaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Matsubara
authors.forename: Mahsa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ranji
authors.forename: Bradley G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Leshnower
authors.forename: Mio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Noma
authors.forename: Sarah J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Ratcliffe
authors.forename: Britton
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Chance
authors.forename: Robert C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Gorman
authors.forename: Joseph H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Gorman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D019157:Ischemic Preconditioning, Myocardial; D008929:Mitochondria, Heart / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D015425:Myocardial Reperfusion / Q000379:methods; D015428:Myocardial Reperfusion Injury / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011817:Rabbits; D011897:Random Allocation; D012016:Reference Values; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence
chemical_list: D016572:Cyclosporine