title: The cancer stem cell paradigm: a new understanding of tumor development and treatment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States, and therefore remains a central focus of modern medical research. Accumulating evidence supports a 'cancer stem cell' (CSC) model - where cancer growth and/or recurrence is driven by a small subset of tumor cells that exhibit properties similar to stem cells. This model may provide a conceptual framework for developing more effective cancer therapies that target cells propelling cancer growth.
  
  
  METHODS
  We review evidence supporting the CSC model and associated implications for understanding cancer biology and developing novel therapeutic strategies. Current controversies and unanswered questions of the CSC model are also discussed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This review aims to describe how the CSC model is key to developing novel treatments and discusses associated shortcomings and unanswered questions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A fresh look at cancer biology and treatment is needed for many incurable cancers to improve clinical prognosis for patients. The CSC model posits a hierarchy in cancer where only a subset of cells drive malignancy, and if features of this model are correct, has implications for development of novel and hopefully more successful approaches to cancer therapy.
authors.affiliation: University of Wisconsin,School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor Research Laboratory, CSC K4/879, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53792, USA.
authors.forename: Johnathan D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Ebben
authors.forename: Daniel M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Treisman
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zorniak
authors.forename: Raman G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Kutty
authors.forename: Paul A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: John S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Kuo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D015195:Drug Design; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology*; D014411:Neoplastic Stem Cells / Q000473:pathology*; D011379:Prognosis
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents