title: Impact of race/ethnicity on the efficacy and safety of commonly used insulin regimens: a post hoc analysis of clinical trials in type 2 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the impact of race/ethnicity on the efficacy and safety of commonly used insulin regimens in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this post hoc analysis, pooled data from 11 multinational clinical trials involving 1455 patients with type 2 diabetes were used to compare specific insulin treatments in Latino/Hispanic, Asian, African-descent, and Caucasian patients. Insulin treatments included once daily insulin glargine or neutral protamine Hagedorn (BASAL), insulin lispro mix 75/25 twice daily (LMBID), or insulin lispro mix 50/50 three times daily (LMTID).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Race/ethnicity was associated with significant outcome differences for each of the insulin regimens. BASAL therapy was associated with greater improvement in several measures of glycemic control among Latino/Hispanic patients compared with Caucasian patients (lower end point hemoglobin A1c, greater reduction in hemoglobin A1c from baseline, and a larger proportion of patients achieving hemoglobin A1c level <7%). In contrast, LMBID therapy was associated with higher end point hemoglobin A1c and a smaller decrease in hemoglobin A1c from baseline in Latino/Hispanic and Asian patients than in Caucasian patients. Furthermore, fewer Asian patients attained a hemoglobin A1c level <7% than did Caucasians patients. For LMTID therapy, hemoglobin A1c outcomes were comparable across patient groups. Fasting blood glucose and glycemic excursions varied among racial/ethnic groups for the 3 insulin regimens. Weight change was comparable among racial/ethnic groups in each insulin regimen. During treatment with LMTID, Asian patients experienced higher incidence and rate of severe hypoglycemia than Caucasian patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Latino/Hispanic, Asian, and African-descent patients with type 2 diabetes show different metabolic responses to insulin therapy, dependent in part on insulin type and regimen intensity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, Texas 75248, USA. davidsonmd@sbcglobal.net
authors.forename: Jaime A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Davidson
authors.forename: Lyndon B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Lacaya
authors.forename: Honghua
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Cory R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Heilmann
authors.forename: Jamie L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Scism-Bacon
authors.forename: Jeffrey R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Gates
authors.forename: Jeffrey A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Jackson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000208:ethnology*; D004304:Dosage Forms; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015337:Multicenter Studies as Topic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D044469:Racial Groups / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D004304:Dosage Forms; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin