The contribution of enteroinsular hormones to the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
The gastrointestinal hormones glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), termed incretins, are essential regulators of normal glucose homeostasis. Research indicates that the incretin effect is impaired in type 2 diabetes, and this seems to be a consequence rather than a cause of type 2 diabetes. This review describes the defects in the incretin system seen in diabetic patients and discusses the potential roles of GIP and GLP-1 in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. In addition, new information on clinical applications that exploit the enteroinsular axis to control blood glucose is discussed.
Diab
Dima L
DL
Division of Endocrinology/Metabolism, Cincinnati VA Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, ML 0547, Vontz Center, Cincinnati, OH 45220-0547, USA.
D'Alessio
David A
DA
D000818:Animals; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology*; D005768:Gastrointestinal Hormones / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D054795:Incretins / Q000378:metabolism; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism*
D005768:Gastrointestinal Hormones; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D054795:Incretins; D007328:Insulin