title: Role of PAF receptor in proinflammatory cytokine expression in the dorsal root ganglion and tactile allodynia in a rodent model of neuropathic pain.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Neuropathic pain is a highly debilitating chronic pain following damage to peripheral sensory neurons and is often resistant to all treatments currently available, including opioids. We have previously shown that peripheral nerve injury induces activation of cytosolic phospholipase A(2) (cPLA(2)) in injured dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons that contribute to tactile allodynia, a hallmark of neuropathic pain. However, lipid mediators downstream of cPLA(2) activation to produce tactile allodynia remain to be determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Here we provide evidence that platelet-activating factor (PAF) is a potential candidate. Pharmacological blockade of PAF receptors (PAFRs) reduced the development and expression of tactile allodynia following nerve injury. The expression of PAFR mRNA was increased in the DRG ipsilateral to nerve injury, which was seen mainly in macrophages. Furthermore, mice lacking PAFRs showed a reduction of nerve injury-induced tactile allodynia and, interestingly, a marked suppression of upregulation of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) and interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) expression in the injured DRG, crucial proinflammatory cytokines involved in pain hypersensitivity. Conversely, a single injection of PAF near the DRG of naïve rats caused a decrease in the paw withdrawal threshold to mechanical stimulation in a dose-dependent manner and an increase in the expression of mRNAs for TNFalpha and IL-1beta, both of which were inhibited by pretreatment with a PAFR antagonist.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that the PAF/PAFR system has an important role in production of TNFalpha and IL-1beta in the DRG and tactile allodynia following peripheral nerve injury and suggest that blocking PAFRs may be a viable therapeutic strategy for treating neuropathic pain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and System Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Shigeo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hasegawa
authors.forename: Yuta
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kohro
authors.forename: Miho
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shiratori
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ishii
authors.forename: Takao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tsuda
authors.forename: Kazuhide
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Inoue
mesh_terms: D051103:1-Acylglycerol-3-Phosphate O-Acyltransferase / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005727:Ganglia, Spinal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology*; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism*; D007267:Injections; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D016859:Lipoxygenase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D051379:Mice; D008954:Models, Biological; D010146:Pain / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D059348:Peripheral Nerve Injuries; D010525:Peripheral Nerves / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D010972:Platelet Activating Factor / Q000494:pharmacology; D010980:Platelet Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D049368:Receptors, Lysophosphatidic Acid / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D014110:Touch / Q000187:drug effects; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D016859:Lipoxygenase Inhibitors; D010972:Platelet Activating Factor; D010980:Platelet Membrane Glycoproteins; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; D049368:Receptors, Lysophosphatidic Acid; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C039351:platelet activating factor receptor; D051103:1-Acylglycerol-3-Phosphate O-Acyltransferase
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