title: Prognosis for neonates with enterovirus myocarditis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the severity of the disease and the long-term cardiac prognosis for neonates who developed enterovirus (EV) myocarditis within the first weeks of life.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical presentation, echocardiographic and ECG findings and the outcome of seven infants with EV myocarditis admitted to the intensive care unit are reported. Additionally, 28 previously reported cases are described.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seven neonates presented with cardiac failure within 17 days after birth requiring respiratory and circulatory support. Echocardiography showed dilatation and severe dysfunction of the left ventricle in all and mitral regurgitation in six. In six patients the echocardiographic pattern resembled myocardial infarction. ECG showed complete loss of the R-wave and a new Q-wave in the left precordial leads in all. Two infants died and five developed long-term cardiac sequelae requiring medication. In all survivors aneurysm formation in the left ventricular wall was found weeks to months later. One patient is awaiting heart transplantation. Coxsackie virus B was detected in blood, cerebrospinal fluid, nasopharyngeal swab or stool by PCR or culture. The mortality of previously described neonates combined with our seven cases was 31% (11/35). Among the survivors 66% (16/24) developed severe cardiac damage. Only 23% (8/35) of the infants fully recovered.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  EV myocarditis is a rare but severe disease in the neonatal period, which often leads to death or results in serious chronic cardiac sequelae like chronic heart failure, aneurysm formation within the left ventricle and mitral regurgitation. Chronic cardiac drug therapy is necessary in the majority of these patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neonatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Lundlaan 6, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Matthias W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Freund
authors.forename: Gitta
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kleinveld
authors.forename: Tannette G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Krediet
authors.forename: Anton M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: van Loon
authors.forename: Malgorzata A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Verboon-Maciolek
mesh_terms: D002311:Cardiomyopathy, Dilated / Q000821:virology; D004562:Electrocardiography; D029822:Enterovirus B, Human / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D004769:Enterovirus Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006322:Heart Aneurysm / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D009205:Myocarditis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000821:virology*; D011379:Prognosis; D014463:Ultrasonography