Correlates of protection induced by vaccination.
This paper attempts to summarize current knowledge about immune responses to vaccines that correlate with protection. Although the immune system is redundant, almost all current vaccines work through antibodies in serum or on mucosa that block infection or bacteremia/viremia and thus provide a correlate of protection. The functional characteristics of antibodies, as well as quantity, are important. Antibody may be highly correlated with protection or synergistic with other functions. Immune memory is a critical correlate: effector memory for short-incubation diseases and central memory for long-incubation diseases. Cellular immunity acts to kill or suppress intracellular pathogens and may also synergize with antibody. For some vaccines, we have no true correlates, but only useful surrogates, for an unknown protective response.
Plotkin
Stanley A
SA
Vaxconsult, 4650 Wismer Road, Doylestown, PA 18902, USA. stanley.plotkin@vaxconsult.com
D000906:Antibodies; D006801:Humans; D007109:Immunity; D007111:Immunity, Cellular; D007156:Immunologic Memory; D014612:Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*
D000906:Antibodies; D014612:Vaccines
J Infect Dis. 1990 Dec;162(6):1291-7
2172403
Clin Infect Dis. 2008 Dec 1;47(11):1458-67
18959494
Vaccine. 2008 Dec 9;26(52):6844-51
18930097
Clin Infect Dis. 2001 Dec 15;33 Suppl 4:S274-7
11709759
Clin Exp Immunol. 1997 Dec;110(3):358-61
9409636
Nat Med. 2003 Sep;9(9):1131-7
12925846
Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2007 Dec 7;82(49-50):425-35
18064757
Expert Rev Vaccines. 2004 Jun;3(3):299-306
15176946
J Med Virol. 2010 Feb;82(2):335-40
20029797
Vaccine. 2005 Oct 25;23(44):5127-32
16054733
J Natl Cancer Inst. 2003 Aug 6;95(15):1128-37
12902442
Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2002 Apr;21(4):337-42
12075766
J Infect Dis. 1997 Apr;175(4):749-55
9086126
Eur J Immunol. 2009 Aug;39(8):2100-5
19637203
Scand J Immunol. 2004 Jul-Aug;60(1-2):9-13
15238068
Vaccine. 2008 Dec 9;26(52):6754-8
18951937
Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2001 Jan;20(1):63-75
11176570
Am J Hyg. 1962 Sep;76:173-95
14469861
Vaccine. 2007 May 10;25(19):3816-26
17368878
Lancet. 2009 Jul 25;374(9686):301-14
19586656
Scand J Infect Dis. 1986;18(3):235-9
3738434
Virology. 2004 Apr 10;321(2):205-16
15051381
Pediatrics. 1997 Nov;100(5):761-6
9346974
J Virol. 1996 May;70(5):3075-83
8627786
Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1995 Feb;14(2):149-51
7746699
Infection. 2006 Aug;34(4):222-6
16896582
Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2005 Dec;1062:69-78
16461790
Emerg Infect Dis. 2006 Jan;12(1):48-54
16494717
Vaccine. 2008 Jun 19;26(26):3322-31
18456375
Pediatrics. 1975 Sep;56(3):388-97
1088828
Ann Intern Med. 1988 Feb;108(2):185-9
2963570
Pediatr Res. 1973 Mar;7(3):103-10
4120458
J Infect Dis. 2006 Jun 15;193(12):1658-65
16703509
J Pediatr. 1994 Jul;125(1):72-4
8021790
J Infect Dis. 1994 Mar;169(3):504-11
8158022
Vaccine. 2001 Feb 8;19(13-14):1727-31
11166897
J Infect Dis. 1999 Feb;179(2):489-92
9878036
Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1972 Mar;21(2):214-8
5061278
Am J Med Sci. 2010 Feb;339(2):200-1
20019579
J Infect Dis. 2008 Mar 15;197(6):825-35
18419349
Infect Immun. 2006 Jan;74(1):394-8
16368995
Vaccine. 2005 Mar 18;23(17-18):2222-7
15755600
Vaccine. 2008 Sep 12;26 Suppl 4:D41-4
19230158
Vaccine. 2009 Dec 30;27 Suppl 6:G72-81
20006144
Vaccine. 2004 Jan 2;22(3-4):422-30
14670324
J Infect Dis. 2000 Mar;181(3):1133-7
10720541
Am J Dis Child. 1981 Jan;135(1):48-51
7457444
N Engl J Med. 1987 Oct 8;317(15):923-9
2442610
J Infect Dis. 1990 Nov;162(5):1036-42
2230231
Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1992 Jan;11(1):19-23
1312704
Virology. 1994 Nov 1;204(2):642-50
7941332
Dev Biol (Basel). 2003;115:97-104
15088780
J Virol. 2008 Jul;82(14):7009-21
18480437
J Infect Dis. 1983 Oct;148(4):639-47
6355309
J Infect Dis. 2009 Oct 1;200(7):1068-77
19712037
Biologicals. 1994 Dec;22(4):397-402
7779368
J Immunol. 1969 Jun;102(6):1423-30
4977607
Int J Infect Dis. 2007 Nov;11 Suppl 2:S10-6
18162240
C R Acad Sci III. 1999 Nov;322(11):943-51
10646088
Virology. 2008 Oct 25;380(2):296-303
18774583
Vaccine. 2008 Jul 4;26(29-30):3719-26
18514974
Nouv Presse Med. 1972 Dec 16;1(45):3049-50
4675227
J Virol. 2010 Mar;84(5):2408-20
20032181
N Engl J Med. 1969 Mar 20;280(12):628-33
4179401
Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2005;292:45-56
15981467
Vaccine. 2008 Mar 20;26(13):1616-25
18304706
J Exp Med. 2006 Feb 20;203(2):413-24
16461338
J Immunol Methods. 2006 Aug 31;315(1-2):144-52
16959261
J Infect Dis. 2003 Aug 15;188(4):481-5
12898433
Vaccine. 2005 Nov 1;23(45):5205-11
16055233
Vaccine. 2009 Apr 21;27(18):2418-25
19368783
Clin Infect Dis. 2008 Jan 15;46(2):186-92
18171249
J Virol. 2006 Dec;80(24):12060-9
17035323
J Infect Dis. 2000 Nov;182(5):1553-6
11023481
Vaccine. 1992;10 Suppl 1:S45-7
1335658
J Infect Dis. 2008 Apr 1;197(7):944-9
18419532
Immunology. 2001 Jun;103(2):188-98
11412306
Vaccine. 2009 Aug 21;27 Suppl 3:C15-8
19683657
Trends Microbiol. 1993 Jun;1(3):77-8
8143120
Vaccine. 2003 Sep 8;21(25-26):3542-9
12922081
Nat Med. 2000 Dec;6(12):1299-300
11100089
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995 Dec 5;92(25):11553-7
8524802
J Virol. 2006 Feb;80(4):1752-61
16439532
Clin Infect Dis. 2008 Aug 1;47(3):401-9
18558875
J Immunol. 1946 Dec;54(4):325-47
20278364
Microb Pathog. 2007 Jan;42(1):11-21
17107769
Vaccine. 2006 Feb 20;24(8):1170-9
16191453
PLoS Pathog. 2010 Feb 12;6(2):e1000790
20168989
Vaccine. 2006 Aug 31;24 Suppl 3:S3/106-13
16949996
Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2000 Jul;19(7):589-91
10917213
Viral Immunol. 2007 Dec;20(4):571-84
18158731
Vaccine. 2009 Jan 22;27(4):597-605
19022323
J Infect Dis. 2004 Sep 1;190(5):998-1005
15295708
J Virol. 2008 Mar;82(6):3135-8
18184712
Vaccine. 2009 Oct 19;27(44):6186-95
19815120
Pediatrics. 1975 Sep;56(3):380-7
1161394
J Virol. 2001 Dec;75(24):12182-7
11711609
Infect Immun. 1998 Jun;66(6):2453-9
9596702
Bull World Health Organ. 1975;52(3):307-11
1084801
Vaccine. 2006 Apr 5;24(15):2718-31
16446014
Vaccine. 1998 Apr;16(7):672-7
9562685
J Infect Dis. 1969 Jun;119(6):654-7
4978535
J Virol. 2009 Oct;83(19):9652-62
19625407
Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2010 May;29(5):401-5
20010312
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Aug 16;102(33):11581-8
16037211
Euro Surveill. 2008 Jun 26;13(26):
18761918
N Engl J Med. 1971 Dec 9;285(24):1333-9
4107718
J Virol. 2007 Aug;81(16):8571-8
17553890
J Infect Dis. 2005 Aug 1;192(3):367-76
15995949
J Infect Dis. 2010 Mar 15;201(6):923-35
20158392
J Infect Dis. 2008 May 1;197(9):1263-74
18422438
N Engl J Med. 1998 Apr 16;338(16):1160
9547152
Clin Infect Dis. 2008 Jan 1;46(1):150-1
18171235
J Infect Dis. 2000 Mar;181(3):1010-3
10720524
Clin Infect Dis. 2002 May 15;34(10):1351-61
11981731
Virology. 2004 Feb 20;319(2):262-73
14980486
N Engl J Med. 1977 Sep 29;297(13):686-91
408682
Nat Immunol. 2006 Dec;7(12):1281-4
17110946
Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique. 1998 Mar;46(2):100-7
9592852
Vaccine. 1996 Aug;14(11):1019-27
8879096
J Clin Microbiol. 1986 Jan;23(1):66-72
3700610
Vaccine. 2009 Jun 8;27(28):3681-8
19442421
N Engl J Med. 1964 Jan 23;270:175-8
14072072
J Infect Dis. 1977 Aug;136 Suppl:S43-50
408432
N Engl J Med. 2005 Jun 2;352(22):2271-84
15930418
N Engl J Med. 1989 Apr 6;320(14):892-7
2538749
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 May 17;102(20):7268-73
15883382
J Infect Dis. 1987 Jan;155(1):146-9
3794399
Bull World Health Organ. 1971;45(6):773-85
4947832
J Infect Dis. 2003 Jul 15;188(2):327-38
12854090
Vaccine. 2001 Sep 14;19(32):4768-73
11535328
J Int AIDS Soc. 2009 Feb 02;12:2
19187552
J Infect Dis. 2008 Mar 1;197(5):698-706
18279050
Infect Immun. 2007 Nov;75(11):5443-52
17709410
Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2008 Jul;15(7):1042-53
18448618
Immunol Cell Biol. 2008 Jan;86(1):80-6
17923850
J Virol. 2005 May;79(9):5684-94
15827183
Epidemiol Infect. 1989 Apr;102(2):325-33
2703026
Commun Dis Public Health. 2003 Apr;6(1):55-8
12736974
J Virol. 2009 Mar;83(6):2789-94
19129445
Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1995 Mar;14(3):203-9
7761185
J Infect Dis. 1992 Oct;166(4):942
1388197
Vaccine. 1998 Jan-Feb;16(2-3):298-304
9607046
Immunity. 2007 Sep;27(3):366-9
17892845
Vaccine. 2003 Jul 4;21(23):3265-72
12804857
J Infect Dis. 2008 Aug 15;198(4):508-15
18558869
Vaccine. 1996 Jun;14(8):735-46
8817819
JAMA. 1989 May 5;261(17):2512-6
2704110
J Infect Dis. 1991 Jan;163(1):1-6
1845806
J Virol. 2008 Apr;82(7):3751-68
18234801
Viral Immunol. 2009 Dec;22(6):451-6
19951182
J Exp Med. 2002 Feb 4;195(3):359-65
11828011
J Am Med Assoc. 1959 Sep 26;171:417-27
13819371
Vaccine. 2008 Aug 12;26(34):4299-303
18582523
Clin Exp Immunol. 2009 Aug;157(2):235-43
19604263
Clin Infect Dis. 1999 Aug;29(2):281-8
10476727
Vaccine. 1999 Jun 4;17(20-21):2661-6
10418916
Curr Mol Med. 2007 May;7(3):319-25
17504116
Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2009 Mar;16(3):414-22
19176692
Am J Public Health. 1989 Apr;79(4):475-8
2929807
J Infect Dis. 1983 Jun;147(6):1100
6602191
Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2001 Mar;20(3):235-9
11303822
Nat Med. 2000 Jul;6(7):776-81
10888926
Vaccine. 1998 Dec;16(20):1907-16
9796042
J Hepatol. 1993;18 Suppl 2:S51-5
8182275
Am J Clin Pathol. 1996 Aug;106(2):170-4
8712168
J Infect Dis. 1989 May;159(5):860-5
2540247
Immunol Rev. 2006 Jun;211:320-37
16824139
Lancet. 2009 Dec 12;374(9706):1975-85
19962185
J Virol Methods. 1981 Dec;3(5):251-60
7334066
Immunology. 1992 Jun;76(2):185-91
1353061
J Infect Dis. 1987 Jul;156(1):56-63
3110307
Infect Immun. 2001 May;69(5):2888-93
11292703
Arch Intern Med. 1991 Aug;151(8):1634-6
1831343
J Hepatol. 1994 Aug;21(2):250-4
7989718
J Clin Immunol. 1987 Mar;7(2):174-8
3033012
Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1995 Oct;14(10):874-9
8584315
Vaccine. 2003 May 16;21(17-18):2190-6
12706710
Ann Intern Med. 1982 Sep;97(3):362-6
6810736
Nat Immunol. 2007 Apr;8(4):369-77
17351619
J Immunol. 2006 May 15;176(10):6333-9
16670345
J Pediatr. 1990 Sep;117(3):427-30
2391599
Nat Med. 2010 Feb;16(2):224-7
20081864
J Infect Dis. 1995 Apr;171(4):1076-7
7706800
Science. 1988 Jan 29;239(4839):476-81
3277268
J Clin Invest. 2009 Jul;119(7):1899-909
19509469
Hepatology. 1981 Sep-Oct;1(5):377-85
7030902
Clin Infect Dis. 1994 Apr;18(4):636-8
8038324
Vaccine. 2009 Dec 10;28(1):179-86
19799844
Vaccine. 1998 Dec;16(20):1901-6
9796041
J Virol. 2006 Jul;80(13):6333-8
16775321
Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1952 Jan;1(1):30-50
14903434
J Virol. 2003 Apr;77(7):4396-400
12634396
Appl Microbiol. 1973 Apr;25(4):539-44
4633476
N Engl J Med. 2007 May 10;356(19):1915-27
17494925
J Virol. 1995 Jun;69(6):3959-63
7745754