title: Kinematic correlates of walking cadence in the foot.
abstract: Evidence has frequently been reported of modifications in gait patterns within the lower limb related to the cadence of walking. Most reports have concerned relationships between cadence and kinematic and the kinetic changes occurring in the main joints and muscles of the lower limb as a whole. The aim of the present study was to assess whether significant changes are also measurable in kinematics of the foot segments. An existing 15 marker-set protocol allowed a four-segment foot and shank model to be defined for relative rotations between the segments to be calculated. Stereophotogrammetry was employed to record marker position data from ten subjects walking at three cadences. The slow- and normal cadence datasets showed similar profiles of joint rotation in three anatomical planes, but significant differences were found between these and the fast cadence. At all joints, frame-by-frame statistical analysis revealed increased dorsiflexion from heel-strike to midstance (p < 0.05) and increased plantarflexion from midstance to toe-off (p < 0.05) with increasing cadence. From foot-flat to heel-rise, the fast cadence kinematic data showed a decreased range of motion in the sagittal-plane between forefoot and rearfoot (3.2 degrees +/- 1.2 degrees at slow cadence; 2.0 degrees +/- 0.8 degrees at fast cadence; p < 0.05). The cadences imposed and the multisegment protocol revealed significant kinematic changes in the joints of the foot during barefoot walking.
authors.affiliation: HACB, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Sherrington Buildings, Liverpool L693GE, UK. pacara@liverpool.ac.uk
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Caravaggi
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Leardini
authors.forename: Robin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Crompton
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D033023:Foot Joints / Q000502:physiology*; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology; D012399:Rotation; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult