title: Novel protein kinase D inhibitors cause potent arrest in prostate cancer cell growth and motility.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Protein kinase D (PKD) has been implicated in a wide range of cellular processes and pathological conditions including cancer. However, targeting PKD therapeutically and dissecting PKD-mediated cellular responses remains difficult due to lack of a potent and selective inhibitor. Previously, we identified a novel pan-PKD inhibitor, CID755673, with potency in the upper nanomolar range and high selectivity for PKD. In an effort to further enhance its selectivity and potency for potential in vivo application, small molecule analogs of CID755673 were generated by modifying both the core structure and side-chains.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After initial activity screening, five analogs with equal or greater potencies as CID755673 were chosen for further analysis: kb-NB142-70, kb-NB165-09, kb-NB165-31, kb-NB165-92, and kb-NB184-02. Our data showed that modifications to the aromatic core structure in particular significantly increased potency while retaining high specificity for PKD. When tested in prostate cancer cells, all compounds inhibited PMA-induced autophosphorylation of PKD1, with kb-NB142-70 being most active. Importantly, these analogs caused a dramatic arrest in cell proliferation accompanying elevated cytotoxicity when applied to prostate cancer cells. Cell migration and invasion were also inhibited by these analogs with varying potencies that correlated to their cellular activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Throughout the battery of experiments, the compounds kb-NB142-70 and kb-NB165-09 emerged as the most potent and specific analogs in vitro and in cells. These compounds are undergoing further testing for their effectiveness as pharmacological tools for dissecting PKD function and as potential anti-cancer agents in the treatment of prostate cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA. qjw1@pitt.edu.
authors.forename: Courtney R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Lavalle
authors.forename: Karla
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bravo-Altamirano
authors.forename: Karthik V
authors.initials: KV
authors.lastname: Giridhar
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sharlow
authors.forename: John S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Lazo
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wipf
authors.forename: Q Jane
authors.initials: QJ
authors.lastname: Wang
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