title: The cardiovascular continuum refined: A hypothesis.
abstract: In the light of recent advances in the understanding of cardiovascular disease processes, this article presents an update on the cardiovascular continuum and early intervention targets to prevent disease manifestation and potentially reverse disease progression. It addresses markers of disease progression (urinary albumin excretion, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, natriuretic peptides, estimated glomerular filtration rate), manifestations of cardiovascular disease such as atrial fibrillation and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, and future directions for therapeutic strategies with cardiovascular progression prediction tools. The combination of proteomic biomarkers with clinical phenotypes and genetic haplotype information may also aid prognosis of individual cardiovascular risk in a near future.
authors.affiliation: University of Roma "La Sapienza" Sant Andrea Hospital, Italy. volpema@uniroma1.it
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Volpe
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Camm
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Coca
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Unger
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D018450:Disease Progression; D006801:Humans; D025202:Molecular Diagnostic Techniques; D012306:Risk
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers