Chromatin dynamics.
The expression patterns of many protein-coding genes are orchestrated in response to exogenous stimuli, as well as cell-type-specific developmental programs. In recent years, researchers have shown that dynamic chromatin movements and interactions in the nucleus play a crucial role in gene regulation. In this review, we highlight our current understanding of the organization of chromatin in the interphase nucleus and the impact of chromatin dynamics on gene expression. We also discuss the current state of knowledge with regard to the localization of active and inactive genes within the three-dimensional nuclear space. Furthermore, we address recent findings that demonstrate the movements of chromosomal regions and genomic loci in association with changes in transcriptional activity. Finally, we discuss the role of intra- and interchromosomal interactions in the control of coregulated genes.
Hübner
Michael R
MR
Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA. huebner@cshl.edu
Spector
David L
DL
D000818:Animals; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism*; D002843:Chromatin / Q000378:metabolism*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D007399:Interphase
D002843:Chromatin
Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2007 Nov;14(11):1049-55
17984967
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Dec;85(24):9664-8
2974158
Curr Opin Cell Biol. 1999 Jun;11(3):307-11
10395564
Curr Opin Cell Biol. 2006 Jun;18(3):307-16
16687245
Eur J Immunol. 2004 Dec;34(12):3604-13
15484194
Mol Cell Biol. 2004 Jul;24(14):6393-402
15226439
Exp Cell Res. 1999 Nov 1;252(2):363-75
10527626
Science. 2008 Dec 12;322(5908):1717-20
18988810
J Cell Biol. 1999 Mar 8;144(5):813-21
10085283
Hum Genet. 1982;60(1):46-56
7076247
Science. 2009 Oct 9;326(5950):289-93
19815776
Hum Genet. 1988 Nov;80(3):224-34
3192212
Curr Biol. 2002 Dec 23;12(24):2076-89
12498682
J Cell Sci. 2005 Mar 1;118(Pt 5):951-60
15731005
J Cell Biol. 1996 Nov;135(3):545-57
8909532
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Dec 9;105(49):19199-204
19052240
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996 Oct 1;93(20):10548-55
8855215
Cell. 1999 Oct 29;99(3):259-69
10555142
Genes Dev. 2009 Apr 15;23(8):928-38
19390087
Nat Immunol. 2005 Jan;6(1):31-41
15580273
Chromosoma. 1992 Aug;101(9):557-65
1521500
J Cell Biol. 1993 Jul;122(2):283-93
8320255
Biochem Soc Trans. 2008 Aug;36(Pt 4):585-9
18631121
Genes Dev. 2005 Feb 1;19(3):322-7
15687256
Cell. 2009 Apr 17;137(2):356-68
19379699
Science. 1986 Nov 14;234(4778):863-6
3775367
Mol Cell. 2006 Feb 3;21(3):379-91
16455493
PLoS Biol. 2007 Aug;5(8):e192
17622196
Biophys J. 2000 Jul;79(1):184-90
10866946
Science. 2006 Apr 14;312(5771):269-72
16614224
Nat Genet. 2002 Nov;32(3):426-31
12410230
Nat Immunol. 2007 Apr;8(4):378-87
17334367
Genes Dev. 2009 Apr 15;23(8):912-27
19390086
Nat Genet. 2004 Aug;36(8):889-93
15273689
PLoS Biol. 2004 Nov;2(11):e342
15455074
Curr Opin Cell Biol. 1997 Jun;9(3):388-95
9159074
Eur J Histochem. 2006 Jul-Sep;50(3):161-76
16920639
Cell. 2003 Mar 21;112(6):751-64
12654243
EMBO J. 2004 Mar 24;23(6):1301-12
15014445
J Cell Sci. 1990 Mar;95 ( Pt 3):335-41
2384518
Nat Cell Biol. 2006 Mar;8(3):293-9
16434960
J Cell Sci. 2006 Jan 1;119(Pt 1):132-40
16371653
Science. 2008 Oct 24;322(5901):597-602
18948542
Genes Dev. 2006 Jun 1;20(11):1447-57
16705039
J Cell Biol. 1999 Apr 5;145(1):1-14
10189364
Hum Genet. 1988 Nov;80(3):235-46
3192213
Hum Genet. 1998 Feb;102(2):241-51
9521598
Nat Genet. 2000 May;25(1):19-21
10802648
Cytogenet Genome Res. 2005;108(1-3):255-61
15545738
J Cell Sci. 2000 May;113 ( Pt 9):1565-76
10751148
J Cell Biol. 1998 Oct 5;143(1):13-22
9763417
Curr Biol. 2006 Apr 18;16(8):825-31
16631592
Development. 2005 May;132(9):2215-23
15829525
Cell. 1985 Dec;43(2 Pt 1):471-82
4075401
Chromosoma. 1998 Nov;107(5):330-8
9880766
Science. 2003 Dec 19;302(5653):2088-94
14593185
Cell. 2006 Jul 28;126(2):403-13
16873069
J Cell Biol. 1997 Jun 30;137(7):1459-68
9199163
EMBO J. 1991 Jan;10(1):195-206
1824936
Cell. 2004 Mar 5;116(5):683-98
15006351
Nature. 2008 Mar 13;452(7184):243-7
18272965
Plant J. 2001 Dec;28(6):689-97
11851915
Mol Cell Biol. 2008 Oct;28(20):6473-82
18662993
Genes Dev. 2004 Feb 15;18(4):411-22
15004008
Nat Genet. 2004 Oct;36(10):1065-71
15361872
Mol Biol Cell. 2000 Mar;11(3):799-805
10712500
J Cell Biol. 2003 Mar 3;160(5):685-97
12604593
Cell. 2004 May 14;117(4):427-39
15137937
Curr Opin Immunol. 2006 Apr;18(2):158-63
16459067
Nature. 2005 Jun 2;435(7042):637-45
15880101
Biopolymers. 1980 Aug;19(8):1451-74
7417691
Cell. 2008 Mar 21;132(6):929-34
18358806
Cell. 1997 Dec 12;91(6):845-54
9413993
Genes Dev. 2000 Apr 15;14(8):940-50
10783166
Cell. 2007 May 18;129(4):693-706
17512404
J Cell Biol. 1985 Oct;101(4):1245-56
4044638
Hum Mol Genet. 2001 Feb 1;10(3):211-9
11159939
Genes Dev. 2008 Jan 1;22(1):20-5
18172162
Development. 2007 Mar;134(5):909-19
17251268
Nat Rev Genet. 2001 Apr;2(4):292-301
11283701
Curr Biol. 2004 Jan 20;14(2):166-72
14738741
Biophys J. 2005 Dec;89(6):4275-85
16150965
Nat Cell Biol. 2000 Dec;2(12):871-8
11146650
Science. 2002 May 24;296(5572):1412-6
12029120
Biochim Biophys Acta. 2001 Aug 31;1551(1):M29-39
11553419
Mol Cell. 2000 Nov;6(5):1025-35
11106742
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Apr 2;99(7):4424-9
11930003
Mutat Res. 2002 Jul 25;504(1-2):37-45
12106644
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Dec;85(23):9138-42
2973607
Cell. 2007 Feb 9;128(3):505-518
17289570
Cell. 2007 Jul 27;130(2):373-84
17662950
J Cell Biol. 2008 Jan 14;180(1):51-65
18195101
Exp Cell Res. 1989 Dec;185(2):267-318
2689195
Science. 2007 Dec 7;318(5856):1632-6
18063799
Nat Cell Biol. 2010 Feb;12(2):111-8
20098417
Hum Genet. 1985;71(4):288-93
3908288
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 Sep;87(17):6560-4
1697684
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996 Oct 15;93(21):11646-51
8876190
J Cell Biol. 2004 Sep 13;166(6):815-25
15364959
J Cell Biol. 1996 Dec;135(5):1195-205
8947544
Nat Cell Biol. 2001 Feb;3(2):134-9
11175745
Science. 1996 May 3;272(5262):725-8
8614834
Eur J Histochem. 2006 Oct-Dec;50(4):223-72
17213034
Science. 2002 Apr 5;296(5565):158-62
11935030
Hum Genet. 1976 Dec 29;35(1):83-9
1002167
EMBO J. 1993 Mar;12(3):1059-65
8458323
PLoS Biol. 2006 May;4(5):e138
16623600
Chromosome Res. 2006;14(5):477-95
16823611
Science. 2002 Feb 15;295(5558):1306-11
11847345
J Cell Sci. 1996 Apr;109 ( Pt 4):773-6
8718668
Curr Biol. 1997 Dec 1;7(12):930-9
9382846
J Cell Sci. 2006 Oct 15;119(Pt 20):4165-75
16984972
Science. 2001 Dec 7;294(5549):2181-6
11739961
Genes Dev. 2006 May 15;20(10):1268-82
16702402
J Cell Biol. 1999 Oct 4;147(1):13-24
10508851
Cell. 2007 Feb 23;128(4):787-800
17320514
Biophys J. 1999 Nov;77(5):2871-86
10545385
Nature. 1976 Apr 8;260(5551):534-5
1264213
Hum Genet. 1985;71(4):281-7
2416668
Mol Cell Biol. 2002 Jul;22(13):4876-89
12052893
PLoS Biol. 2005 May;3(5):e157
15839726
Mol Cell. 1999 Feb;3(2):207-17
10078203
Cell. 1996 May 31;85(5):745-59
8646782
Chromosome Res. 1993 Jul;1(2):93-106
8143096
PLoS Genet. 2008 Mar 21;4(3):e1000039
18369458
Curr Biol. 2001 Aug 21;11(16):1227-39
11525737
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1985 Dec;82(24):8527-9
3866238
Annu Rev Biochem. 2003;72:573-608
14527325
Mol Biol Cell. 1996 May;7(5):825-42
8744953
J Cell Biol. 1999 Jun 14;145(6):1119-31
10366586
Nat Rev Genet. 2007 Jul;8(7):507-17
17549064