title: Current concepts in topical therapy for chronic sinonasal disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There has been an explosion in the understanding of the mechanisms of chronic sinonasal inflammation. Multiple approaches to control and modify the inflammatory reaction in chronic rhinosinusitis have led to many new agents being introduced topically to the sinonasal cavities. This article aims to provide an evidence-based approach to the science behind topical management of sinonasal disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  The literature on delivery device, position, surgical state, and pharmaceutical and mechanical concepts of topical therapy to the paranasal sinuses is reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  High-volume irrigation under positive pressure and in head-down positions is important for effective delivery and mechanical action of topical solutions. Unoperated paranasal sinuses appear to receive very limited topical therapy. Enhanced steroid therapy and surfactants appear to be the most promising pharmaceutical approaches. Future novel therapies may include enhancers of the innate immune system. The effect of antibiotic additives is difficult to establish as this might be treating a disease-modifying state rather than the underlying pathology.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Topical therapies, applied after surgery, are likely to represent the mainstay of future management for chronic inflammatory rhinosinusitis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology/Skull Base Surgery, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, Australia. richard@richardharvey.com.au
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Harvey
authors.forename: Alkis
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Psaltis
authors.forename: Rodney J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Schlosser
authors.forename: Ian J
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Witterick
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D004804:Eosinophils / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D009079:Mucociliary Clearance; D009297:Nasal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D009330:Nebulizers and Vaporizers; D013517:Otorhinolaryngologic Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D010254:Paranasal Sinus Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D012996:Solutions / Q000008:administration & dosage; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D007507:Therapeutic Irrigation
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D012996:Solutions; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; D012965:Sodium Chloride