title: Amygdaloid neurosurgery for aggressive behaviour, Sydney, 1967-1977: societal, scientific, ethical and other factors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In 1967, despite escalating international hostility towards psychosurgery, a program of amygdaloid neurosurgery for the reduction of aggressive and self-harming behaviour commenced in Sydney. In this paper, the second of two articles on the Amygdaloid Neurosurgery Project (ANP), we analyse the relative contributions of seven nominated societal, ethical and other factors to the genesis and demise of the ANP, and consider implications of the history of the ANP for the future of neurosurgery for psychiatric disorders (NPD) in New South Wales (NSW) and elsewhere.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Leadership and the availability of resources were crucial factors in the genesis of the project. Its scientific foundations were doubtful in 1967, and remain so in 2009. Ethical issues became the focus of hostile media and Government attention in 1977 and precipitated the project's demise. Lessons derived from an historical analysis of the ANP should assist the medical profession develop appropriate approaches to recent advances in NPD, including deep brain stimulation, new ablative procedures and stem cell implantation.
authors.affiliation: Discipline of Psychological Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia. rwhite999@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: Sid
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Williams
mesh_terms: D000374:Aggression; D000679:Amygdala / Q000601:surgery; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D001315:Australia; D026688:Bioethical Issues / Q000266:history; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine / Q000266:history; D006291:Health Policy / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D008402:Mass Media; D008485:Medical Audit / Q000266:history; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000941:ethics* / Q000266:history*; D011612:Psychosurgery / Q000941:ethics* / Q000266:history*; D016728:Self-Injurious Behavior / Q000601:surgery*