title: Layer-specific noradrenergic modulation of inhibition in cortical layer II/III.
abstract: Norepinephrine (NE) is released in the neocortex after activation of the locus coeruleus of the brain stem in response to novel, salient, or fight-or-flight stimuli. The role of adrenergic modulation in sensory cortices is not completely understood. We investigated the possibility that NE modifies the balance of inhibition acting on 2 different γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic pathways. Using patch-clamp recordings, we found that the application of NE induces an α(1) adrenergic receptor-mediated decrease of the amplitude of inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) evoked by stimulation of layer I (LI-eIPSCs) and a β and α(2) receptor-mediated increase in the amplitude of IPSCs evoked by stimulation of layer II/III (LII/III-eIPSCs). Analysis of minimal stimulation IPSCs, IPSC kinetics, and sensitivity to the GABA(A) receptor subunit-selective enhancer zolpidem corroborated the functional difference between LI- and LII/III-eIPSCs, suggestive of a distal versus somatic origin of LI- and LII/III-eIPSCs, respectively. These findings suggest that NE shifts the balance between distal and somatic inhibition to the advantage of the latter. We speculate that such shift modifies the balance of sensory-specific and emotional information in the integration of neural input to the upper layers of the auditory cortex.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cell and Synaptic Physiology, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA. marco.atzori@utdallas.edu
authors.forename: Humberto
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Salgado
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Garcia-Oscos
authors.forename: Ankur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Martinolich
authors.forename: Justin A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Nichols
authors.forename: Lu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dinh
authors.forename: Swagata
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Roychowdhury
authors.forename: Kuei-Yuan
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Tseng
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Atzori
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D009433:Neural Inhibition / Q000502:physiology*; D009474:Neurons / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000502:physiology*; D009924:Organ Culture Techniques; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013569:Synapses / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; D009638:Norepinephrine
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