title: Red blood cell transfusion in critically ill children: a narrative review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the pathophysiology of anemia, as well as transfusion-related complications and indications for red blood cell (RBC) transfusion, in critically ill children. Although allogeneic blood has become increasingly safer from infectious agents, mounting evidence indicates that RBC transfusions are associated with complications and unfavorable outcomes. As a result, there has been growing interest and efforts to limit RBC transfusion, and indications are being revisited and revamped. Although a so-called restrictive RBC transfusion strategy has been shown to improve morbidity and mortality in critically ill adults, there have been relatively few studies on RBC transfusion performed in critically ill children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Published literature on transfusion medicine and outcomes of RBC transfusion. STUDY SELECTION, DATA EXTRACTION, AND SYNTHESIS: After a brief overview of physiology of oxygen transportation, anemia compensation, and current transfusion guidelines based on available literature, risks and outcomes of transfusion in general and in critically ill children are summarized in conjunction with studies investigating the safety of restrictive transfusion strategies in this patient population.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The available evidence does not support the extensive use of RBC transfusions in general or critically ill patients. Transfusions are still associated with risks, and although their benefits are established in limited situations, the associated negative outcomes in many more patients must be closely addressed. Given the frequency of anemia and its proven negative outcomes, transfusion decisions in the critically ill children should be based on individual patient's characteristics rather than generalized triggers, with consideration of potential risks and benefits, and available blood conservation strategies that can reduce transfusion needs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Institute of Pediatric Anesthesia, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, USA. George.istaphanouscchmc.org
authors.forename: George K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Istaphanous
authors.forename: Derek S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Wheeler
authors.forename: Steven J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Lisco
authors.forename: Aryeh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shander
mesh_terms: D000740:Anemia / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D016638:Critical Illness / Q000628:therapy*; D017707:Erythrocyte Transfusion / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000151:congenital; D006801:Humans; D015278:Intensive Care Units, Pediatric; D019990:Perioperative Care; D016896:Treatment Outcome