title: Cryotherapy and joint position sense in healthy participants: a systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To (1) search the English-language literature for original research addressing the effect of cryotherapy on joint position sense (JPS) and (2) make recommendations regarding how soon healthy athletes can safely return to participation after cryotherapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed an exhaustive search for original research using the AMED, CINAHL, MEDLINE, and SportDiscus databases from 1973 to 2009 to gather information on cryotherapy and JPS. Key words used were cryotherapy and proprioception, cryotherapy and joint position sense, cryotherapy, and proprioception.
  
  
  METHODS
  The inclusion criteria were (1) the literature was written in English, (2) participants were human, (3) an outcome measure included JPS, (4) participants were healthy, and (5) participants were tested immediately after a cryotherapy application to a joint.
  
  
  METHODS
  The means and SDs of the JPS outcome measures were extracted and used to estimate the effect size (Cohen d) and associated 95% confidence intervals for comparisons of JPS before and after a cryotherapy treatment. The numbers, ages, and sexes of participants in all 7 selected studies were also extracted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The JPS was assessed in 3 joints: ankle (n = 2), knee (n = 3), and shoulder (n = 2). The average effect size for the 7 included studies was modest, with effect sizes ranging from -0.08 to 1.17, with a positive number representing an increase in JPS error. The average methodologic score of the included studies was 5.4/10 (range, 5-6) on the Physiotherapy Evidence Database scale.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Limited and equivocal evidence is available to address the effect of cryotherapy on proprioception in the form of JPS. Until further evidence is provided, clinicians should be cautious when returning individuals to tasks requiring components of proprioceptive input immediately after a cryotherapy treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Castletroy, Limerick, Ireland. joseph.costello@ul.ie
authors.forename: Joseph T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Costello
authors.forename: Alan E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Donnelly
mesh_terms: D000843:Ankle Joint; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D017679:Cryotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005073:Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory; D005260:Female; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006801:Humans; D007719:Knee Joint; D008297:Male; D011187:Posture; D011434:Proprioception; D012785:Shoulder Joint; D020886:Somatosensory Disorders; D055815:Young Adult
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