title: Advances in the treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon.
abstract: Raynaud's phenomenon is a common condition characterized by vasospasm of the digital arteries and resulting cyanosis and redness. It often does not require pharmacologic management, but in some cases symptoms are severe and pharmacologic management is necessary. Calcium channel blockers are often used first-line, but in some patients are ineffective. Patients with severe symptoms or intolerance to available therapies have prompted exploration of alternative therapies, including endothelin antagonists, phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors, antioxidants, newer vasodilators, statins, and botulinum toxin. These newer therapies provide the focus for this review.
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, Washington State University Spokane, WA, USA. levient@wsu.edu
authors.forename: Terri L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Levien
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000077300:Bosentan; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000627:therapeutic use; D065128:Endothelin Receptor Antagonists; D006801:Humans; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016285:Iloprost / Q000627:therapeutic use; D058986:Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011928:Raynaud Disease / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012702:Serotonin Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D000077300:Bosentan; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D065128:Endothelin Receptor Antagonists; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; D016285:Iloprost; D058986:Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibitors; D012702:Serotonin Antagonists; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors; D013449:Sulfonamides; D014665:Vasodilator Agents
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