title: Assessment of planning target volume margins for intensity-modulated radiotherapy of the prostate gland: role of daily inter- and intrafraction motion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine planning target volume margins for prostate intensity-modulated radiotherapy based on inter- and intrafraction motion using four daily localization techniques: three-point skin mark alignment, volumetric imaging with bony landmark registration, volumetric imaging with implanted fiducial marker registration, and implanted electromagnetic transponders (beacons) detection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourteen patients who underwent definitive intensity-modulated radiotherapy for prostate cancer formed the basis of this study. Each patient was implanted with three electromagnetic transponders and underwent a course of 39 treatment fractions. Daily localization was based on three-point skin mark alignment followed by transponder detection and patient repositioning. Transponder positioning was verified by volumetric imaging with cone-beam computed tomography of the pelvis. Relative motion between the prostate gland and bony anatomy was quantified by offline analyses of daily cone-beam computed tomography. Intratreatment organ motion was monitored continuously by the Calypso® System for quantification of intrafraction setup error.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As expected, setup error (that is, inter- plus intrafraction motion, unless otherwise stated) was largest with skin mark alignment, requiring margins of 7.5 mm, 11.4 mm, and 16.3 mm, in the lateral (LR), longitudinal (SI), and vertical (AP) directions, respectively. Margin requirements accounting for intrafraction motion were smallest for transponder detection localization techniques, requiring margins of 1.4 mm (LR), 2.6 mm (SI), and 2.3 mm (AP). Bony anatomy alignment required 2.1 mm (LR), 9.4 mm (SI), and 10.5 mm (AP), whereas image-guided marker alignment required 2.8 mm (LR), 3.7 mm (SI), and 3.2 mm (AP). No marker migration was observed in the cohort.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinically feasible, rapid, and reliable tools such as the electromagnetic transponder detection system for pretreatment target localization and, subsequently, intratreatment target location monitoring allow clinicians to reduce irradiated volumes and facilitate safe dose escalation, where appropriate.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239-3098, USA. tanyij@ohsu.edu
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Tanyi
authors.forename: Tongming
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Paige A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Summers
authors.forename: Ruth G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Mburu
authors.forename: Catherine M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.forename: Stephen M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Rhodes
authors.forename: Arthur Y
authors.initials: AY
authors.lastname: Hung
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fuss
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy; D019583:Dose Fractionation, Radiation; D004574:Electromagnetic Fields; D057918:Fiducial Markers; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009068:Movement; D056888:Patient Positioning; D010388:Pelvis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care; D011859:Radiography; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D050397:Radiotherapy, Intensity-Modulated / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D047368:Tumor Burden