title: Novel weapons testing: are invasive plants more chemically defended than native plants?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Exotic species have been hypothesized to successfully invade new habitats by virtue of possessing novel biochemistry that repels native enemies. Despite the pivotal long-term consequences of invasion for native food-webs, to date there are no experimental studies examining directly whether exotic plants are any more or less biochemically deterrent than native plants to native herbivores.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In a direct test of this hypothesis using herbivore feeding assays with chemical extracts from 19 invasive plants and 21 co-occurring native plants, we show that invasive plant biochemistry is no more deterrent (on average) to a native generalist herbivore than extracts from native plants. There was no relationship between extract deterrence and length of time since introduction, suggesting that time has not mitigated putative biochemical novelty. Moreover, the least deterrent plant extracts were from the most abundant species in the field, a pattern that held for both native and exotic plants. Analysis of chemical deterrence in context with morphological defenses and growth-related traits showed that native and exotic plants had similar trade-offs among traits.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, our results suggest that particular invasive species may possess deterrent secondary chemistry, but it does not appear to be a general pattern resulting from evolutionary mismatches between exotic plants and native herbivores. Thus, fundamentally similar processes may promote the ecological success of both native and exotic species.
authors.affiliation: Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, Maryland, United States of America. linde@si.edu
authors.forename: Eric M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Lind
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Parker
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D044822:Biodiversity; D007814:Larva / Q000502:physiology; D010802:Phylogeny; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D018521:Plant Physiological Phenomena; D010944:Plants / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics; D019655:Quantitative Trait, Heritable; D013045:Species Specificity; D013997:Time Factors; D014197:Trees
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