title: Reboxetine enhances the olanzapine-induced antipsychotic-like effect, cortical dopamine outflow and NMDA receptor-mediated transmission.
abstract: Preclinical data have shown that addition of the selective norepinephrine transporter (NET) inhibitor reboxetine increases the antipsychotic-like effect of the D(2/3) antagonist raclopride and, in parallel, enhances cortical dopamine output. Subsequent clinical results suggested that adding reboxetine to stable treatments with various antipsychotic drugs (APDs) may improve positive, negative and depressive symptoms in schizophrenia. In this study, we investigated in rats the effects of adding reboxetine to the second-generation APD olanzapine on: (i) antipsychotic efficacy, using the conditioned avoidance response (CAR) test, (ii) extrapyramidal side effect (EPS) liability, using a catalepsy test, (iii) dopamine efflux in the medial prefrontal cortex and the nucleus accumbens, using in vivo microdialysis in freely moving animals and (iv) cortical N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-mediated transmission, using intracellular electrophysiological recording in vitro. Reboxetine (6 mg/kg) enhanced the suppression of CAR induced by a suboptimal dose (1.25 mg/kg), but not an optimal (2.5 mg/kg) dose of olanzapine without any concomitant catalepsy. Addition of reboxetine to the low dose of olanzapine also markedly increased cortical dopamine outflow and facilitated prefrontal NMDA receptor-mediated transmission. Our data suggest that adjunctive treatment with a NET inhibitor may enhance the therapeutic effect of low-dose olanzapine in schizophrenia without increasing EPS liability and add an antidepressant action, thus in principle allowing for a dose reduction of olanzapine with a concomitant reduction of dose-related side effects, such as EPS and weight gain.
authors.affiliation: Section of Neuropsychopharmacology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Monica M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Marcus
authors.forename: Kent
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jardemark
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Malmerfelt
authors.forename: Carl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Björkholm
authors.forename: Torgny H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Svensson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001362:Avoidance Learning / Q000187:drug effects*; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004357:Drug Synergism; D018690:Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D046352:Freezing Reaction, Cataleptic / Q000187:drug effects; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008297:Male; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000187:drug effects; D017551:Microdialysis / Q000379:methods; D009025:Morpholines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016202:N-Methylaspartate / Q000494:pharmacology; D000077152:Olanzapine; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D000077593:Reboxetine; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D018690:Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists; D009025:Morpholines; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D016202:N-Methylaspartate; D000077593:Reboxetine; D000077152:Olanzapine; D004298:Dopamine
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