title: Sympathetic cardiovascular hyperactivity precedes brain death.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The time preceding brain death is associated with complex dysregulation including autonomic dysfunction that may compromise organ perfusion, thus inducing final organ failure. In this study, we assessed autonomic function in patients prior to brain death.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 5 patients (2 women, median 60 years, age range 52-75 years) with fatal cerebral hemorrhage or stroke and negative prognosis, we monitored RR-intervals (RRI), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP), and oxygen saturation. Adjustment of mechanical ventilation remained constant. We assessed autonomic function from spectral powers of RRI and BP in the mainly sympathetic low- (LF, 0.04-0.15 Hz) and parasympathetic high-frequencies (HF, 0.15-0.5 Hz), and calculated the RRI-LF/HF-ratio as index of sympathovagal balance. Three patients required norepinephrine (0.5-1.6 mg/h) for up to 72 h to maintain organ perfusion. Norepinephrine was reduced to 0.2-0.5 mg/h within 2 h before brain death was diagnosed according to the criteria of the German Medical Association. Wilcoxon test compared average values of ten 2-min epochs determined 2-3 h (measurement 1) and 1 h (measurement 2) before brain death.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found higher systolic (127.3 ± 15.9 vs. 159.4 ± 44.8 mmHg) and diastolic BP (60.1 ± 15.6 vs. 74.0 ± 15.2 mmHg), RRI-LF/HF-ratio (1.2 ± 1.6 vs. 3.9 ± 4.0), and BP-LF-powers (2.7 ± 4.8 vs. 23.1 ± 28.3 mmHg²) during measurement 2 than during measurement 1 (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The increase in BPs, in sympathetically mediated BP-LF-powers, and in the RRI-LF/HF-ratio suggests prominent sympathetic activity shortly before brain death. Prefinal sympathetic hyperactivity might cause final organ failure with catecholamine-induced tissue damage which impedes post-mortem organ transplantation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany. haraldmarthol@gmx.net
authors.forename: Harald
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Marthol
authors.forename: Tassanai
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Intravooth
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bardutzky
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: De Fina
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schwab
authors.forename: Max J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Hilz
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D001926:Brain Death / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000503:physiopathology; D002319:Cardiovascular System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003128:Coma / Q000503:physiopathology; D017809:Fatal Outcome; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D020244:Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery / Q000503:physiopathology; D020300:Intracranial Hemorrhages / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D010275:Parasympathetic Nervous System / Q000503:physiopathology; D020521:Stroke / Q000503:physiopathology; D013345:Subarachnoid Hemorrhage / Q000503:physiopathology; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D010100:Oxygen; D009638:Norepinephrine
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