title: Thrombin receptors and their antagonists: an update on the patent literature.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Thrombin plays a central role in cardiovascular inflammation. Most of the cellular responses to thrombin are mediated by cell surface protease-activated receptors (PARs). Several preclinical studies indicate that PARs are potential targets for treating cardiovascular diseases such as thrombosis, atherosclerosis and restenosis. Among PARs, PAR-1 has emerged as an important therapeutic target.
  
  
  METHODS
  This review covers recent advances in the development of thrombin receptors antagonists. It is focused on the search for PAR-1 antagonists as this is at the moment the most promising and attractive target. However, some early promising studies on PAR-3 and -4 antagonists are also reported.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The review has been written in order to give to the reader hints and references that cover, in our opinion, the most interesting and/or promising approaches in this research field.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Research on PAR-1 antagonists has finally led to good clinical candidates such as SCH-530348 (Schering-Plough) and E-5555 (Eisai Co.). Clinical trials clearly demonstrate that development of PAR1 antagonists is not only possible but most likely will lead to development of antiplatelet drugs as well as of drugs useful for the treatment of inflammatory, proliferative and neurodegenerative diseases.
authors.affiliation: University of Naples Federico II, Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Via Domenico Montesano 49, Napoli 80131, Italy. cirino@unina.it
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cirino
authors.forename: Beatrice
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Severino
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D015195:Drug Design; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D010330:Patents as Topic; D018179:Receptors, Thrombin / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors
chemical_list: D018179:Receptors, Thrombin; C105295:protease-activated receptor 3; C112908:protease-activated receptor 4; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors