title: The role of echocardiographic deformation imaging in hypertrophic myopathies.
abstract: Echocardiography has a leading role in the routine assessment and diagnosis of hypertrophic ventricles. However, the use of M-mode echocardiography and measurement of global left ventricular function may be misleading. Traditionally, systolic function was thought to be preserved in patients with hypertrophic myopathies until the late stages of the disease, and hypertrophic myopathies were thought to affect the myocardium more diffusely than ischemic heart disease. Ultrasound deformation imaging, either by Doppler myocardial imaging or speckle tracking, provides more-sensitive detection of regional myocardial motion and deformation than standard echocardiography. Basic and clinical studies that apply these techniques have revealed early, often subclinical impairment in systolic function. This information allows the detection and treatment of myocardial dysfunction at an early stage, which is of high clinical importance. Physiological hypertrophic remodeling seen in athletes differs from pathological myocardial hypertrophy, which can be caused by compensatory reactive hypertrophy owing to pressure overload in patients with aortic stenosis or hypertension, as well as amyloidosis, Fabry disease or Friedreich ataxia. Each of the etiologies associated with hypertrophy demonstrate distinct regional changes in myocardial deformation, which allows identification of the underlying processes, and will improve the assessment and follow-up of patients with hypertrophic myopathies.
authors.affiliation: University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, University Hospital Center Zagreb, Kispaticeva 12, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia. maja_cikes@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Maja
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cikes
authors.forename: George R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Sutherland
authors.forename: Lisa J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Bart H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Bijnens
mesh_terms: D002312:Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler; D006801:Humans; D009200:Myocardial Contraction; D009206:Myocardium / Q000473:pathology*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left; D020257:Ventricular Remodeling
references.citation: Am J Cardiol. 1999 Nov 1;84(9):1061-7
references.pmid: 10569664
references.citation: Lancet. 1999 Aug 7;354(9177):477-9
references.pmid: 10465173
references.citation: Eur J Echocardiogr. 2008 Jul;9(4):501-8
references.pmid: 17905662
references.citation: Lancet. 2004 Jun 5;363(9424):1881-91
references.pmid: 15183628
references.citation: J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2008 Sep;21(9):1049-54
references.pmid: 18406573
references.citation: Eur J Echocardiogr. 2009 Dec;10(8):914-21
references.pmid: 19666722
references.citation: Am J Cardiol. 2002 May 1;89(9):1067-71
references.pmid: 11988197
references.citation: Am Heart J. 2000 Jun;139(6):1101-8
references.pmid: 10827394
references.citation: Ann Intern Med. 1975 Apr;82(4):521-4
references.pmid: 1119766
references.citation: Heart. 2005 Aug;91(8):1036-40
references.pmid: 16020591
references.citation: Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2001 Feb;280(2):H610-20
references.pmid: 11158958
references.citation: Circulation. 2002 Apr 2;105(13):1602-8
references.pmid: 11927530
references.citation: Circulation. 2005 Sep 27;112(13):2047-60
references.pmid: 16186440
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2001 Jul 5;345(1):9-16
references.pmid: 11439963
references.citation: Am J Cardiol. 2008 Apr 1;101(7):1039-45
references.pmid: 18359328
references.citation: Circulation. 1996 Mar 1;93(5):841-2
references.pmid: 8598070
references.citation: J Magn Reson Imaging. 2008 May;27(5):1054-60
references.pmid: 18425835
references.citation: Circulation. 1999 Jan 19;99(2):254-61
references.pmid: 9892592
references.citation: Circulation. 2004 Dec 21;110(25):3808-14
references.pmid: 15583080
references.citation: Circulation. 1991 May;83(5):1676-84
references.pmid: 1827056
references.citation: J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2007 May;20(5):539-51
references.pmid: 17485001
references.citation: Circulation. 2005 Jan 18;111(2):186-93
references.pmid: 15630027
references.citation: Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2002 Oct;283(4):H1609-15
references.pmid: 12234815
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 Apr;87(7):2843-5
references.pmid: 2320592
references.citation: Am J Cardiol. 2008 May 15;101(10):1493-7
references.pmid: 18471464
references.citation: Am J Cardiol. 2003 Mar 1;91(5):622-6
references.pmid: 12615279
references.citation: Circulation. 2009 Aug 18;120(7):577-84
references.pmid: 19652094
references.citation: J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2007;9(6):891-8
references.pmid: 18066749
references.citation: Eur Heart J. 2007 Dec;28(23):2886-94
references.pmid: 17971400
references.citation: J Am Coll Cardiol. 1990 Nov;16(5):1135-41
references.pmid: 2229760
references.citation: Am J Cardiol. 1998 Dec 1;82(11):1394-8
references.pmid: 9856926
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1989 Oct;257(4 Pt 2):H1119-26
references.pmid: 2801973
references.citation: Circ Res. 2004 Apr 30;94(8):1008-10
references.pmid: 15044325
references.citation: Heart. 2010 Jan;96(1):49-55
references.pmid: 19858137
references.citation: J Am Coll Cardiol. 1986 Jun;7(6):1370-8
references.pmid: 2940284
references.citation: Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2006 Apr;290(4):H1699-705
references.pmid: 16272203
references.citation: Res Exp Med (Berl). 1980;177(3):201-11
references.pmid: 6449727
references.citation: Circulation. 2003 Feb 25;107(7):984-91
references.pmid: 12600911
references.citation: Arch Intern Med. 2005 Jun 27;165(12):1425-9
references.pmid: 15983293
references.citation: Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2002 Aug;283(2):H792-9
references.pmid: 12124229
references.citation: Circulation. 1981 Apr;63(4):882-94
references.pmid: 7193536
references.citation: J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006 Mar 21;47(6):1175-81
references.pmid: 16545649
references.citation: J Am Coll Cardiol. 1983 Sep;2(3):437-44
references.pmid: 6683731
references.citation: Circulation. 2001 Aug 28;104(9):1059-65
references.pmid: 11524402
references.citation: Circulation. 2003 May 20;107(19):2446-52
references.pmid: 12743000
references.citation: Circulation. 2007 Nov 20;116(21):2453-64
references.pmid: 18025403
references.citation: Eur Heart J. 2008 Jan;29(2):270-6
references.pmid: 17916581
references.citation: J Am Coll Cardiol. 1987 Oct;10(4):733-42
references.pmid: 3655141
references.citation: Ultrasound Med Biol. 2006 Oct;32(10):1509-13
references.pmid: 17045871
references.citation: J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2003 Mar;16(3):233-9
references.pmid: 12618731
references.citation: Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2006 Oct;291(4):H1573-9
references.pmid: 16679404
references.citation: J Hum Hypertens. 2006 Sep;20(9):666-71
references.pmid: 16738687
references.citation: Eur Heart J. 2007 Dec;28(24):3020-6
references.pmid: 17981828
references.citation: Br J Sports Med. 2010 Sep;44(12):872-8
references.pmid: 19136502
references.citation: Int J Cardiol. 2002 Dec;86(2-3):177-84
references.pmid: 12419554
references.citation: Eur Heart J. 1992 Sep;13 Suppl D:17-23
references.pmid: 1396854
references.citation: Am J Cardiol. 2000 May 1;85(9):1131-6
references.pmid: 10781765
references.citation: Neurology. 2003 May 27;60(10):1679-81
references.pmid: 12771265
references.citation: Eur Heart J. 2003 Dec;24(23):2151-5
references.pmid: 14643276
references.citation: Heart. 2008 Oct;94(10):1302-6
references.pmid: 18198205
references.citation: Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2000 Mar;278(3):H898-906
references.pmid: 10710359
references.citation: Semin Hematol. 1995 Jan;32(1):45-59
references.pmid: 7878478
references.citation: J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2009 Sep;22(9):1025-30
references.pmid: 19556106
references.citation: J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001 Aug;38(2):315-21
references.pmid: 11499718
references.citation: Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2007 Apr;17(2):148-55
references.pmid: 17394476
references.citation: Eur J Echocardiogr. 2006 Mar;7(2):79-108
references.pmid: 16458610
references.citation: Hypertension. 1985 Jan-Feb;7(1):97-104
references.pmid: 3980063
references.citation: Cell. 1987 Dec 24;51(6):919-28
references.pmid: 3319190
references.citation: Circulation. 1994 Jan;89(1):122-31
references.pmid: 8281637
references.citation: J Am Geriatr Soc. 1975 Mar;23(3):97-103
references.pmid: 122982
references.citation: J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2005 Dec;18(12):1247-53
references.pmid: 16376750
references.citation: Circulation. 1998 Feb 24;97(7):666-72
references.pmid: 9495302
references.citation: Eur J Echocardiogr. 2009 Mar;10(2):216-26
references.pmid: 19098303
references.citation: Eur Heart J. 2004 Sep;25(17):1517-25
references.pmid: 15342171
references.citation: Arch Intern Med. 2006 Sep 25;166(17):1805-13
references.pmid: 17000935
references.citation: Am Heart J. 2007 Nov;154(5):937-42
references.pmid: 17967601
references.citation: J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003 Aug 6;42(3):486-94
references.pmid: 12906978
references.citation: Ultrasound Med Biol. 2001 Aug;27(8):1087-97
references.pmid: 11527595
references.citation: Circulation. 1994 Sep;90(3):1200-9
references.pmid: 8087929
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 1975 Jul;56(1):56-64
references.pmid: 124746
references.citation: J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2008 Dec;21(12):1309-17
references.pmid: 19041574
references.citation: Br Heart J. 1969 Jan;31(1):5-14
references.pmid: 5774037
references.citation: Annu Rev Physiol. 1983;45:169-89
references.pmid: 6221687
references.citation: Am J Cardiol. 2008 Sep 15;102(6):784-9
references.pmid: 18774007
references.citation: J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995 Jul;26(1):195-202
references.pmid: 7797752
references.citation: Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn. 1983;9(5):463-71
references.pmid: 6640662
references.citation: Circulation. 2003 Apr 22;107(15):1978-84
references.pmid: 12668521
references.citation: Clin Physiol Funct Imaging. 2010 Jan;30(1):6-12
references.pmid: 19744087
references.citation: Am J Cardiol. 2009 Feb 1;103(3):411-5
references.pmid: 19166699
references.citation: J Am Coll Cardiol. 1992 Jun;19(7):1550-8
references.pmid: 1534335
references.citation: Blood Press. 2004;13(2):101-9
references.pmid: 15182113
references.citation: Eur J Echocardiogr. 2009 Jan;10(1):112-9
references.pmid: 18579501
references.citation: Ultrasound Med Biol. 2007 Dec;33(12):1963-70
references.pmid: 17673356
references.citation: Hum Mol Genet. 2000 Jan 22;9(2):275-82
references.pmid: 10607838
references.citation: Circulation. 1997 Jul 1;96(1):214-9
references.pmid: 9236436
references.citation: Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 1995 May-Jun;37(6):371-96
references.pmid: 7777668
references.citation: Ultrasound Med Biol. 2003 Aug;29(8):1085-92
references.pmid: 12946511
references.citation: J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006 Nov 21;48(10):2026-33
references.pmid: 17112992
references.citation: Circulation. 2009 Feb 3;119(4):524-9
references.pmid: 19153271
references.citation: Eur Heart J. 2007 Nov;28(21):2627-36
references.pmid: 17526904
references.citation: Am J Cardiol. 2006 May 15;97(10):1515-8
references.pmid: 16679096
references.citation: Lancet. 2006 Jan 28;367(9507):356-67
references.pmid: 16443044
references.citation: Echocardiography. 2006 Feb;23(2):149-57
references.pmid: 16445736
references.citation: J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2008 Oct;21(10):1129-37
references.pmid: 18486443
references.citation: Am Heart J. 2009 Oct;158(4):540-5
references.pmid: 19781412
references.citation: Science. 1996 May 3;272(5262):731-4
references.pmid: 8614836
references.citation: Eur Heart J. 2005 Jun;26(12):1221-7
references.pmid: 15728649
references.citation: JAMA. 1999 Jan 20;281(3):249-54
references.pmid: 9918480
references.citation: Am Heart J. 2004 May;147(5):919-23
references.pmid: 15131552
references.citation: J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004 Jul 7;44(1):144-9
references.pmid: 15234423
references.citation: Curr Opin Cardiol. 2004 Sep;19(5):430-6
references.pmid: 15316448
references.citation: QJM. 1998 Feb;91(2):141-57
references.pmid: 9578896
references.citation: Arch Cardiovasc Dis. 2008 Jan;101(1):61-8
references.pmid: 18391875
references.citation: Clin Res Cardiol. 2008 Feb;97(2):65-73
references.pmid: 17713717
references.citation: Heart. 2008 Feb;94(2):e3
references.pmid: 17916666
references.citation: J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2005 Jul;18(7):737-42
references.pmid: 16003271
references.citation: Eur J Clin Invest. 2004 Mar;34(3):236-42
references.pmid: 15025684
references.citation: Heart. 2009 Apr;95(8):657-61
references.pmid: 18977803
references.citation: Pediatr Rev. 2006 Mar;27(3):83-8
references.pmid: 16510548
references.citation: J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2006 Aug;19(8):987-93
references.pmid: 16880093
references.citation: Eur Heart J. 2003 Nov;24(21):1965-91
references.pmid: 14585256
references.citation: AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2002 Apr;178(4):953-8
references.pmid: 11906882
references.citation: Am J Cardiol. 2007 Jul 1;100(1):128-32
references.pmid: 17599454
references.citation: Am J Cardiol. 2001 Jul 1;88(1):53-8
references.pmid: 11423058
references.citation: Int J Cardiol. 2003 Jul;90(1):33-8; discussion 38-40
references.pmid: 12821216
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 1998 Apr 30;338(18):1248-57
references.pmid: 9562578
references.citation: Br Heart J. 1981 Mar;45(3):248-63
references.pmid: 7008815
references.citation: Circulation. 1999 Jul 27;100(4):361-8
references.pmid: 10421595
references.citation: J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2004 Jan;17(1):36-44
references.pmid: 14712185
references.citation: Circulation. 2000 Sep 12;102(11):1276-82
references.pmid: 10982543
references.citation: Am Heart J. 1985 Jul;110(1 Pt 1):84-90
references.pmid: 3160227
references.citation: Circulation. 2003 Sep 16;108(11):1299-301
references.pmid: 12952834