title: Mucormycosis, pseudallescheriasis, and other uncommon mold infections.
abstract: Serious infections due to non-Aspergillus molds are being encountered with increasing frequency. Factors likely responsible for the rise of these infections include aging populations in countries with advanced medical technologies, the resultant increase in incidence of many cancers, increasingly intensive myeloablative therapies for these cancers, increasingly intensive care for critically ill patients, and increases in the frequency of solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Although diagnostic and therapeutic modalities have improved, mortality rates for invasive mold infections remain high. In this review, we summarize current knowledge about non-Aspergillus mold infections of the chest, with a focus on risk factors, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment.
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, California 90502, USA.
authors.forename: Clifford
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Quan
authors.forename: Brad
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Spellberg
mesh_terms: D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005670:Fusarium; D006801:Humans; D016867:Immunocompromised Host; D008172:Lung Diseases, Fungal / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D009091:Mucormycosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality; D008271:Mycetoma / Q000382:microbiology / Q000401:mortality; D009181:Mycoses / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000382:microbiology; D011541:Pseudallescheria
references.citation: Clin Infect Dis. 2004 Aug 15;39(4):588-90
references.pmid: 15356828
references.citation: Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005 Feb;49(2):830-2
references.pmid: 15673781
references.citation: Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2009 Jul;53(7):3122-5
references.pmid: 19433555
references.citation: Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2006 Dec;130(12):1843-6
references.pmid: 17149961
references.citation: Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2009 Feb;53(2):772-5
references.pmid: 18936190
references.citation: Med Mycol. 2009 Jun;47(4):359-70
references.pmid: 19031336
references.citation: Med Mycol. 2009 Jun;47(4):422-32
references.pmid: 19058049
references.citation: Clin Microbiol Rev. 2000 Apr;13(2):236-301
references.pmid: 10756000
references.citation: Clin Infect Dis. 2001 Apr 15;32(8):1237-40
references.pmid: 11283817
references.citation: J Clin Microbiol. 2008 Jul;46(7):2353-8
references.pmid: 18480229
references.citation: Clin Infect Dis. 2000 Jun;30(6):851-6
references.pmid: 10852735
references.citation: Mycol Res. 2007 May;111(Pt 5):509-47
references.pmid: 17572334
references.citation: Leuk Lymphoma. 2004 Jul;45(7):1351-60
references.pmid: 15359632
references.citation: Clin Infect Dis. 2003 Jul 15;37(2):221-9
references.pmid: 12856215
references.citation: Clin Infect Dis. 2002 Apr 1;34(7):909-17
references.pmid: 11880955
references.citation: J Clin Microbiol. 2008 Nov;46(11):3690-702
references.pmid: 18845827
references.citation: J Natl Med Assoc. 1995 Aug;87(8):572-4
references.pmid: 7674348
references.citation: Best Pract Res Clin Haematol. 2005 Jun;18(2):289-98
references.pmid: 15737891
references.citation: AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2008 Jun;190(6):1605-9
references.pmid: 18492913
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2007 Jan 25;356(4):348-59
references.pmid: 17251531
references.citation: Med Mycol. 2009 Jun;47(4):351-8
references.pmid: 19301173
references.citation: Clin Infect Dis. 2006 Dec 15;43(12):1580-4
references.pmid: 17109292
references.citation: Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2002 Apr;46(4):1032-7
references.pmid: 11897586
references.citation: Clin Infect Dis. 2004 May 1;38(9):1237-42
references.pmid: 15127334
references.citation: J Clin Microbiol. 1998 Oct;36(10):2950-6
references.pmid: 9738049
references.citation: Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 1994 Sep;13(9):749-51
references.pmid: 7843180
references.citation: Am J Med. 2002 Dec 15;113(9):760-2
references.pmid: 12517368
references.citation: Bone Marrow Transplant. 1999 Aug;24(3):307-12
references.pmid: 10455371
references.citation: Clin Infect Dis. 2008 Aug 15;47(4):503-9
references.pmid: 18611163
references.citation: Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2001 Jul;45(7):2151-3
references.pmid: 11408242
references.citation: South Med J. 2006 Jun;99(6):613-6
references.pmid: 16800418
references.citation: Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2004 Apr;25(2):171-81
references.pmid: 16088460
references.citation: J Clin Microbiol. 2009 Jun;47(6):1650-6
references.pmid: 19386856
references.citation: Clin Infect Dis. 2005 Jan 1;40(1):89-99
references.pmid: 15614697
references.citation: Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2007 Apr;51(4):1253-8
references.pmid: 17261624
references.citation: Clin Infect Dis. 2005 Jul 1;41(1):60-6
references.pmid: 15937764
references.citation: Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo. 2004 Jan-Feb;46(1):43-6
references.pmid: 15057335
references.citation: Clin Infect Dis. 2008 Aug 1;47(3):364-71
references.pmid: 18558882
references.citation: Ann Thorac Surg. 1994 Apr;57(4):1044-50
references.pmid: 8166512
references.citation: Mycoses. 2007 Sep;50(5):412-21
references.pmid: 17714363
references.citation: Blood. 1997 Aug 1;90(3):999-1008
references.pmid: 9242529
references.citation: Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2006 Oct;50(10):3418-23
references.pmid: 17005824
references.citation: Sabouraudia. 1982 Sep;20(3):217-24
references.pmid: 7135144
references.citation: Clin Microbiol Rev. 2007 Oct;20(4):695-704
references.pmid: 17934079
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 1993 May;91(5):1979-86
references.pmid: 8486769
references.citation: Clin Infect Dis. 2003 Oct 1;37(7):e107-8
references.pmid: 13130420
references.citation: Clin Infect Dis. 1998 Dec;27(6):1437-41
references.pmid: 9868657
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2004 Feb 26;350(9):950-2
references.pmid: 14985500
references.citation: Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2006 Jun;50(6):2122-31
references.pmid: 16723574
references.citation: Braz J Infect Dis. 2006 Dec;10(6):419
references.pmid: 17420919
references.citation: Emerg Radiol. 2008 Jan;15(1):47-9
references.pmid: 17624561
references.citation: Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2008 Apr;52(4):1556-8
references.pmid: 18212099
references.citation: Clin Infect Dis. 2008 Jun 1;46(11):1733-7
references.pmid: 18419427
references.citation: Mycoses. 1990 Jun;33(6):297-302
references.pmid: 2259370
references.citation: Value Health. 2002 Jan-Feb;5(1):26-34
references.pmid: 11873380
references.citation: Clin Infect Dis. 2005 Sep 1;41(5):634-53
references.pmid: 16080086
references.citation: Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2008 Oct;52(10):3786-8
references.pmid: 18694953
references.citation: J Clin Microbiol. 2004 Oct;42(10):4419-31
references.pmid: 15472288
references.citation: AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2001 Jan;176(1):257-8
references.pmid: 11133582
references.citation: Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2006 Feb;50(2):658-66
references.pmid: 16436724
references.citation: Mycoses. 2002;45 Suppl 1:27-30
references.pmid: 12073559
references.citation: AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1997 Jun;168(6):1541-8
references.pmid: 9168721
references.citation: Clin Infect Dis. 2006 Apr 1;42(7):e61-5
references.pmid: 16511748
references.citation: J Infect. 2001 Jul;43(1):15-7
references.pmid: 11597150
references.citation: Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2006 Jan;50(1):126-33
references.pmid: 16377677
references.citation: Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2002 May;46(5):1581-2
references.pmid: 11959605
references.citation: Chest. 1999 Aug;116(2):572-4
references.pmid: 10453893
references.citation: Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005 Feb;49(2):721-7
references.pmid: 15673756
references.citation: Clin Microbiol Rev. 2005 Jul;18(3):556-69
references.pmid: 16020690
references.citation: Medicine (Baltimore). 2002 Sep;81(5):333-48
references.pmid: 12352630
references.citation: Diabetes. 1982 Dec;31(12):1109-14
references.pmid: 6816646
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 2007 Sep;117(9):2649-57
references.pmid: 17786247
references.citation: Clin Infect Dis. 2008 Jun 15;46(12):1813-21
references.pmid: 18462102
references.citation: Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1997 Aug;41(8):1835-6
references.pmid: 9257774
references.citation: Clin Infect Dis. 2006 May 15;42(10):1398-403
references.pmid: 16619151
references.citation: Clin Infect Dis. 2001 Dec 1;33(11):1871-8
references.pmid: 11692299
references.citation: Clin Infect Dis. 2009 Jun 15;48(12):1743-51
references.pmid: 19435437