title: The effect of the WIC program on the health of newborns.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effect of the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) on birth outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Child Development Supplement (CDS) of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID). The PSID provides extensive data on the income and well-being of a representative sample of U.S. families from 1968 to present. The CDS collects information on the children in PSID families ranging from cognitive, behavioral, and health status to their family and neighborhood environment. The first two waves of the CDS were conducted in 1997 and 2002, respectively. We use information on 3,181 children and their mothers.
  
  
  METHODS
  We use propensity score matching with multiple imputations to examine whether WIC program influences birth outcomes: birth weight, prematurity, maternal report of the infant's health, small for gestational age, and placement in the neonatal intensive care unit. Furthermore, we use a fixed-effects model to examine the above outcomes controlling for mother-specific unobservables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After using propensity scores to adjust for confounding factors, WIC shows no statistically significant effects for any of six outcomes. Fixed-effects models, however, reveal some effects that are statistically significant and fairly substantial in size. These involve preterm birth and birth weight.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, the WIC program had moderate effects, but findings were sensitive to the estimation method used.
authors.affiliation: Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Rosenau Hall, Campus Box# 7445, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7445, USA. emfoster@unc.edu
authors.forename: E Michael
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Foster
authors.forename: Miao
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Christina M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Gibson-Davis
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002662:Child Health Services; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005522:Food Services / Q000592:standards*; D006078:Government Programs; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007229:Infant Welfare; D007230:Infant, Low Birth Weight; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008427:Maternal Health Services; D008603:Mental Health; D015233:Models, Statistical; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D015997:Neonatal Screening; D011247:Pregnancy; D011295:Prenatal Care; D016730:Program Development; D057216:Propensity Score; D011632:Public Assistance; D014481:United States
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