title: Individual and occupational risk factors for knee osteoarthritis: results of a case-control study in Germany.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A number of occupational risk factors are discussed in relation to the development and progress of knee joint diseases (for example, working in a kneeling or squatting posture, lifting and carrying heavy weights). Besides the occupational factors, a number of individual risk factors are important. The distinction between work-related and other factors is crucial in assessing the risk and in deriving preventive measures in occupational health.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a case-control study, patients with and without symptomatic knee osteoarthritis (OA) were questioned by means of a standardised questionnaire complemented by a semi-standardised interview. Controls were matched and assigned to the cases by gender and age. Conditional logistic regression was used in analysing data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 739 cases and 571 controls were included in the study. In women and men, several individual and occupational predictors for knee OA could be described: obesity (odds ratio (OR) up to 17.65 in women and up to 12.56 in men); kneeling/squatting (women, OR 2.52 (>8,934 hours/life); men, 2.16 (574 to 12,244 hours/life), 2.47 (>12,244 hours/life)); genetic predisposition (women, OR 2.17; men, OR 2.37); and sports with a risk of unapparent trauma (women, OR 2.47 (>or=1,440 hours/life); men, 2.58 (>or=3,232 hours/life)). In women, malalignment of the knee (OR 11.54), pain in the knee already in childhood (OR 2.08), and the daily lifting and carrying of loads (>or=1,088 tons/life, OR 2.13) were related to an increased OR; sitting and smoking led to a reduced OR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results support a dose-response relationship between kneeling/squatting and symptomatic knee OA in men and, for the first time, in women. The results concerning general and occupational predictors for knee OA reflect the findings from the literature quite well. Yet occupational risks such as jumping or climbing stairs/ladders, as discussed in the literature, did not correlate with symptomatic knee OA in the present study. With regards to occupational health, prevention measures should focus on the reduction of kneeling activities and the lifting and carrying of loads as well as general risk factors, most notably the reduction of obesity. More intervention studies of the effectiveness of tools and working methods for reducing knee straining activities are needed.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Occupational Health, Safety and Ergonomics (ASER) at the University of Wuppertal, Corneliusstrasse 31, 42329 Wuppertal, Germany. klussmann@uni-wuppertal.de
authors.forename: André
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Klussmann
authors.forename: Hansjürgen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gebhardt
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nübling
authors.forename: Falk
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Liebers
authors.forename: Emilio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Quirós Perea
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Cordier
authors.forename: Lars V
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: von Engelhardt
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schubert
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dávid
authors.forename: Bertil
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bouillon
authors.forename: Monika A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Rieger
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015992:Body Mass Index; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007899:Leisure Activities; D017770:Lifting / Q000009:adverse effects; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D020370:Osteoarthritis, Knee / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005082:Physical Exertion; D012307:Risk Factors; D013177:Sports
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