title: Risk reduction before surgery. The role of the primary care provider in preoperative smoking and alcohol cessation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Daily smokers and hazardous drinkers are high-risk patients, developing 2-4 times more complications after surgery. Preoperative smoking and alcohol cessation for four to eight weeks prior to surgery halves this complication rate. The patients' preoperative contact with the surgical departments might be too brief for the hospital to initiate these programmes. Therefore, it was relevant to evaluate a new clinical practice which combined the general practitioner's (GP) referral to surgery with a referral to a smoking and alcohol intervention in the surgical pathway.
  
  
  METHODS
  The design was an exploratory prospective trial. The outcome measured was the number of patients referred to a preoperative smoking and alcohol cessation programme at the same time as being referred for elective surgery by their GP. The participants consisted of 72 high-risk patients who were referred for elective surgery by 47 local participating GPs. The GPs, nurses, and specialists in internal medicine, prehabilitation and surgery developed new clinical practice guidelines based on the literature and interviews with 11 local GPs about the specific barriers for implementing a smoking and alcohol cessation programme. The role of the GP was to be the gatekeeper: identifying daily smokers and hazardous drinkers when referring them to surgery; handing out information on risk reduction; and referring those patients identified to a preoperative smoking and alcohol cessation programme. The role of the hospital was to contact these patients to initiate smoking and alcohol cessation at the hospital out-patient clinic for life-style intervention.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The GPs increased their referral to the smoking and alcohol cessation programme from 0% to 10% (7/72 patients) in the study period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The effect of the study was limited in integrating the efforts of primary care providers and hospital surgical departments in increasing the up-take of preoperative smoking and alcohol cessation programmes aimed at smokers and harmful drinkers referred for surgery. New strategies for cooperation between GPs and surgical departments are urgently needed.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  J.nr. 2005-54-1781 in Danish Data Protection Agency. J.nr. 07 268136 in Scientific Ethical Committee for Copenhagen and Frederiksberg Municipalities.
authors.affiliation: WHO-CC, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, Copenhagen, DK-2400 KBH NV, Denmark. hanne.tonnesen@bbh.regionh.dk
authors.forename: Hanne
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tønnesen
authors.forename: Pernille
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Faurschou
authors.forename: Helge
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ralov
authors.forename: Ditte
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mølgaard-Nielsen
authors.forename: Grethe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Vibeke
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Backer
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005194:Family Practice; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010819:Physician's Role; D011300:Preoperative Care; D011320:Primary Health Care; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012017:Referral and Consultation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012306:Risk; D012380:Role; D016540:Smoking Cessation
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