title: A mouse model characterizing features of vascular dementia with hippocampal atrophy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We have previously described effects of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion in mice with bilateral common carotid artery stenosis (BCAS) using microcoils for 30 days. These mice specifically exhibit working memory deficits attributable to frontal-subcortical circuit damage without apparent gray matter changes, indicating similarities with subcortical ischemic vascular dementia. However, as subcortical ischemic vascular dementia progresses over time, the longer-term effects that characterize the mouse model are not known.
  
  
  METHODS
  Comprehensive behavioral test batteries and histological examinations were performed in mice subjected to BCAS for up to 8 months. Laser speckle flowmetry and (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography were performed to assess cerebral blood flow and metabolism at several time points.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At 2 hours after BCAS, cerebral blood flow in the cerebral cortex temporarily decreased to as much as 60% to 70% of the control value but gradually recovered to >80% at 1 to 3 months. At 5 to 6 months after BCAS, reference and working memory were impaired as demonstrated by the Barnes and radial arm maze tests, respectively. Furthermore, (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography demonstrated that hippocampal glucose utilization was impaired at 6 months after BCAS. Consistent with these behavioral and metabolic abnormalities, histological analyses demonstrated hippocampal atrophy with pyknotic and apoptotic cells at 8 months after BCAS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that the longer-term BCAS model replicates advanced stages of subcortical ischemic vascular dementia when hippocampal neuronal loss becomes significant.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8507 Japan. ihara@kuhp.kyoto-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Keiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nishio
authors.forename: Masafumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ihara
authors.forename: Nobuyuki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yamasaki
authors.forename: Raj N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Kalaria
authors.forename: Takakuni
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Maki
authors.forename: Youshi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fujita
authors.forename: Hidefumi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.forename: Naoya
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Oishi
authors.forename: Hidenao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fukuyama
authors.forename: Tsuyoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Miyakawa
authors.forename: Ryosuke
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: Hidekazu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tomimoto
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D001284:Atrophy; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D017536:Carotid Artery, Common / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D015140:Dementia, Vascular / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18 / Q000494:pharmacology; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D018782:Maze Learning; D051379:Mice; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D011859:Radiography; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18