title: Choosing the optimal wall shear parameter for the prediction of plaque location-A patient-specific computational study in human right coronary arteries.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Average wall shear-stress (AWSS), average wall shear-stress gradient (AWSSG), oscillatory shear index (OSI) and relative residence time (RRT) are believed to predict areas vulnerable to plaque formation in the coronary arteries. Our aim was to analyze the correlation of these parameters in patients' vessels before the onset of atherosclerosis to the specific plaque sites thereafter, and to compare the parameters' sensitivity and positive predictive value.
  
  
  METHODS
  We obtained 30 patient-specific geometries (mean age 67.1 (+ or - 9.2) years, all with stable angina) of the right coronary artery (RCA) using dual-source computed tomography (CT) and virtually removed any plaque present. We then performed computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations to calculate the wall shear parameters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the 120 total plaques, AWSS had on average a higher sensitivity for the prediction of plaque locations (72 + or - 25%) than AWSSG (68 + or - 36%), OSI (60 + or - 30%, p<0.05), and RRT (69 + or - 59%); while OSI had a higher positive predict value (PPV) (68 + or - 34%) than AWSS (47 + or - 27%, p<0.001), AWSSG (37 + or - 23, p<0.001) and RRT (59 + or - 34%). A significant difference was also found between AWSSG and RRT (p<0.01) concerning PPV.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  OSI and RRT are the optimal parameters when the number of false positives is to be minimized. AWSS accurately identifies the largest number of plaques, but produces more false positives than OSI and RRT.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Thermodynamics in Emerging Technologies, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, Sonneggstrasse 3, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Knight
authors.forename: Ufuk
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Olgac
authors.forename: Stefan C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Saur
authors.forename: Dimos
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Poulikakos
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Marshall
authors.forename: Philippe C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Cattin
authors.forename: Hatem
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Alkadhi
authors.forename: Vartan
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kurtcuoglu
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002309:Cardiology / Q000379:methods*; D017023:Coronary Angiography / Q000379:methods; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D058226:Plaque, Atherosclerotic / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012984:Software; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed