title: A morphometric study of the human ear.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We examined variations in the shape of the human ear according to age, sex and ethnic group with particular attention to ear prominence.
  
  
  METHODS
  420 volunteers were recruited. Measurements included; head height and length, ear height and axis, antihelix taken off angle, earlobe length and width, ear width at the helical root and tragus. Prominence was measured at the helical root and tragus (conchomastoid angle, conchal bowl depth and helical-mastoid distance).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Good symmetry was shown for all measurements. Ethnically Indian volunteers had the largest ears (both length and width), followed by Caucasians, and Afro-Caribbeans. This trend was significant in males (p<0.001), but not significant in females (p=0.087). Ears increased in size throughout life. Subjectively, only 2% of volunteers felt their ears were prominent compared to 10% in the opinion of the principal investigator. No objective measurements were identified that accurately predicted subjective perceptions of prominence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found consistent trends in ear morphology depending on ethnic group, age and sex. Our study was unable to define an objective method for assessing ear prominence. Decisions about what constitutes a prominent ear should be left to personal and aesthetic choice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Royal Free Hospital, Pond Street, London NW3 2QG, UK. ksalexander@doctors.org.uk
authors.forename: K Skaria
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Alexander
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Stott
authors.forename: Branavan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sivakumar
authors.forename: Norbert
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000886:Anthropometry; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004431:Ear, External / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012016:Reference Values; D012737:Sex Factors; D006113:United Kingdom; D055815:Young Adult