title: Stem/progenitor cells from inflamed human dental pulp retain tissue regeneration potential.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Potent stem/progenitor cells have been isolated from normal human dental pulps termed dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs). However, it is unknown whether these cells exist in inflamed pulps (IPs).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether DPSCs can be identified and isolated from IPs; and if they can be successfully cultured, whether they retain tissue regeneration potential in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  DPSCs from freshly collected normal pulps (NPs) and IPs were characterized in vitro and their tissue regeneration potential tested using an in vivo study model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The immunohistochemical analysis showed that IPs expressed higher levels of mesenchymal stem cell markers STRO-1, CD90, CD105 and CD146 compared with NPs (p < 0.05). Flow cytometry analysis showed that DPSCs from both NPs and IPs expressed moderate to high levels of CD146, stage-specific embryonic antigen-4, CD73 and CD166. Total population doubling of DPSCs-IPs (44.6 + or - 2.9) was lower than that of DPSCs-NPs (58.9 + or - 2.5) (p < 0.05), and DPSCs-IPs appeared to have a decreased osteo/dentinogenic potential compared with DPSCs-NPs based on the mineral deposition in cultures. Nonetheless, DPSCs-IPs formed pulp/dentin complexes similar to DPSCs-NPs when transplanted into immunocompromised mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DPSCs-IPs can be isolated and their mesenchymal stem cell marker profiles are similar to those from NPs. Although some stem cell properties of DPSCs-IPs were altered, cells from some samples remained potent in tissue regeneration in vivo.
authors.affiliation: University of Maryland, College of Dental Surgery, MD, USA; and Boston University School of Dental Medicine, Department of Endodontics, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
authors.forename: Dominick J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Alongi
authors.forename: Takayoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamaza
authors.forename: Yingjie
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Ashraf F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Fouad
authors.forename: Elaine E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Romberg
authors.forename: Songtao
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: Rocky S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Tuan
authors.forename: George T-J
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D003782:Dental Pulp / Q000166:cytology* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D012038:Regeneration; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D023822:Tissue Engineering; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D012333:RNA, Messenger
references.citation: J Dent Res. 2002 Aug;81(8):531-5
references.pmid: 12147742
references.citation: J Endod. 2008 Feb;34(2):166-71
references.pmid: 18215674
references.citation: J Oral Pathol Med. 2008 Oct;37(9):571-4
references.pmid: 18331285
references.citation: Mediators Inflamm. 2007;2007:69416
references.pmid: 18320014
references.citation: J Dent Res. 2009 Apr;88(4):339-44
references.pmid: 19407154
references.citation: J Cell Mol Med. 2008 Dec;12(6B):2552-65
references.pmid: 19210755
references.citation: J Appl Oral Sci. 2009 Sep-Oct;17(5):527-32
references.pmid: 19936537
references.citation: Stem Cells. 2006 Jul;24(7):1707-18
references.pmid: 16574750
references.citation: Hum Gene Ther. 2004 Nov;15(11):1045-53
references.pmid: 15610605
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Nov 14;103(46):17432-7
references.pmid: 17088540
references.citation: PLoS One. 2006 Dec 20;1:e79
references.pmid: 17183711
references.citation: Regen Med. 2009 Sep;4(5):697-707
references.pmid: 19761395
references.citation: J Endod. 2006 Nov;32(11):1066-73
references.pmid: 17055908
references.citation: J Endod. 2005 Oct;31(10):711-8
references.pmid: 16186748
references.citation: Cytokine. 2003 Apr;22(1-2):33-41
references.pmid: 12946103
references.citation: Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2002 Aug 9;296(1):93-101
references.pmid: 12147232
references.citation: Histol Histopathol. 2009 Mar;24(3):347-66
references.pmid: 19130405
references.citation: J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009 Jan 27;53(4):305-8
references.pmid: 19161877
references.citation: J Bone Miner Res. 2003 Apr;18(4):696-704
references.pmid: 12674330
references.citation: Blood. 2009 Mar 12;113(11):2595-604
references.pmid: 19074727
references.citation: Transplantation. 2009 May 15;87(9 Suppl):S45-9
references.pmid: 19424005
references.citation: Tissue Eng Part A. 2010 Feb;16(2):605-15
references.pmid: 19737072
references.citation: Int Endod J. 2009 Oct;42(10):855-66
references.pmid: 19549154
references.citation: J Endod. 2008 Jun;34(6):645-51
references.pmid: 18498881
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 May 13;100(10):5807-12
references.pmid: 12716973
references.citation: Cell Tissue Res. 2006 May;324(2):225-36
references.pmid: 16440193
references.citation: J Endod. 2004 Oct;30(10):704-7
references.pmid: 15448463
references.citation: Cytotherapy. 2006;8(4):315-7
references.pmid: 16923606
references.citation: J Dent Res. 2005 Nov;84(11):994-8
references.pmid: 16246929
references.citation: J Endod. 2006 Sep;32(9):853-61
references.pmid: 16934628
references.citation: J Cell Biochem. 2009 Oct 15;108(3):577-88
references.pmid: 19650110
references.citation: Front Biosci (Landmark Ed). 2009 Jan 01;14:4281-98
references.pmid: 19273350
references.citation: Endocrinology. 2000 Nov;141(11):3956-64
references.pmid: 11089525
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000 Dec 5;97(25):13625-30
references.pmid: 11087820
references.citation: Arthritis Res Ther. 2007;9(1):204
references.pmid: 17316462
references.citation: J Dent Res. 2009 Sep;88(9):792-806
references.pmid: 19767575
references.citation: J Cell Mol Med. 2004 Jul-Sep;8(3):301-16
references.pmid: 15491506
references.citation: Immunol Cell Biol. 2006 Oct;84(5):413-21
references.pmid: 16869941
references.citation: Arch Med Res. 2002 Sep-Oct;33(5):482-4
references.pmid: 12459320