title: Evaluation of neuroendocrine markers in renal cell carcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of the study was to examine serotonin, CD56, neurone-specific enolase (NSE), chromogranin A and synaptophysin by immunohistochemistry in renal cell carcinomas (RCCs) with special emphasis on patient outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 152 patients with primary RCCs who underwent surgery for the removal of kidney tumours between 1990 and 1999. The mean follow-up was 90 months. The expression of neuroendocrine (NE) markers was determined by immunohistochemical staining using commercially available monoclonal antibodies. Results were correlated with patient age, clinical stage, Fuhrman grade and patient outcome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eight percent of tumours were positive for serotonin, 18% for CD56 and 48% for NSE. Chromogranin A immunostaining was negative and only 1% of the tumours were synaptophysin immunopositive. The NSE immunopositivity was more common in clear cell RCCs than in other subtypes (p = 0.01). The other NE markers did not show any association with the histological subtype. Tumours with an immunopositivity for serotonin had a longer RCC-specific survival and tumours with an immunopositivity for CD56 and NSE had a shorter RCC-specific survival but the difference was not significant. There was no relationship between stage or Fuhrman grade and immunoreactivity for serotonin, CD56 and NSE.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Serotonin, CD56 and NSE but not synaptophysin and chromogranin A are expressed in RCCs. However, the prognostic potential of these markers remains obscure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, PO Box 21, Oulu University Hospital, FIN-90029 Oulu, Finland. hanna.ronkainen@mail.suomi.net
authors.forename: Hanna
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ronkainen
authors.forename: Ylermi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Soini
authors.forename: Markku H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Vaarala
authors.forename: Saila
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kauppila
authors.forename: Pasi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hirvikoski
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis*; D019002:CD56 Antigen / Q000032:analysis; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D053379:Chromogranin A / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010751:Phosphopyruvate Hydratase / Q000032:analysis; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012701:Serotonin / Q000032:analysis; D015996:Survival Rate; D016708:Synaptophysin / Q000032:analysis; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D019002:CD56 Antigen; D053379:Chromogranin A; C522918:NCAM1 protein, human; D016708:Synaptophysin; D012701:Serotonin; D010751:Phosphopyruvate Hydratase
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