title: Gamma knife thalamotomy for disabling tremor: a blinded evaluation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Gamma knife thalamotomy (GKT) has been used as a therapeutic option for patients with disabling tremor refractory to medications. Impressive improvement of tremor has been reported in the neurosurgical literature, but the reliability of such data has been questioned.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To prospectively evaluate clinical outcomes after GKT for disabling tremor with blinded assessments.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective study with blinded independent neurologic evaluations.
  
  
  METHODS
  University hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Consecutive patients who underwent unilateral GKT for essential tremor and Parkinson disease tremor at our center. These patients were unwilling or deemed unsuitable candidates for deep brain stimulation or other surgical procedures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Unilateral GKT and regular follow-up evaluations for up to 30 months, with blinded video evaluations by a movement disorders neurologist.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical outcomes, as measured by the Fahn-Tolosa-Marin Tremor Rating Scale and activities of daily living scores, and incidence of adverse events.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From September 1, 2006, to November 30, 2008, 18 patients underwent unilateral GKT for essential tremor and Parkinson disease tremor at our center. Videos for 14 patients (11 with essential tremor, 3 with Parkinson disease tremor) with at least 6 months' postoperative follow-up were available for analysis (mean [SD] follow-up duration, 19.2 [7.3] months; range, 7-30 months). The Fahn-Tolosa-Marin Tremor Rating Scale activities of daily living scores improved significantly after GKT (P = .03; median and mean change scores, 2.5 and 2.7 points, respectively [range of scale was 0-27]), but there was no significant improvement in other Fahn-Tolosa-Marin Tremor Rating Scale items (P = .53 for resting tremor, P = .24 for postural tremor, P = .62 for action tremor, P = .40 for drawing, P > .99 for pouring water, P = .89 for head tremor). Handwriting and Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale activities of daily living scores tended to improve (P = .07 and .11, respectively). Three patients developed delayed neurologic adverse events.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, we found that GKT provided only modest antitremor efficacy. Of the 2 patients with essential tremor who experienced marked improvement in tremor, 1 subsequently experienced a serious adverse event. Further prospective studies with careful neurologic evaluation of outcomes are necessary before GKT can be recommended for disabling tremor on a routine clinical basis.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Shen-Yang
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: Mojgan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hodaie
authors.forename: Melanie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fallis
authors.forename: Yu-Yan
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Poon
authors.forename: Filomena
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mazzella
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Moro
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001929:Brain Edema / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D020329:Essential Tremor / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020300:Intracranial Hemorrhages / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009864:Ontario; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010291:Paresis / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016634:Radiosurgery / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D013788:Thalamus / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome