title: Long-term outcome of endoscopic papillotomy for choledocholithiasis with cholecystolithiasis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess long-term outcome of endoscopic papillotomy alone without subsequent cholecystectomy in patients with choledocholithiasis and cholecystolithiasis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective review of clinical records of patients treated for choledocholithiasis and cholecystolithiasis from 1976 to 2006. Of 564 patients subjected to endoscopic papillotomy and endoscopic stone extraction, 522 patients (279 men, 243 women; mean age 66.2 years) were followed up and predisposing risk factors for late complications were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean duration of follow up was 5.6 years. Cholecystitis and recurrent choledocholithiasis occurred in 39 (7.5%) and 60 (11.5%) patients, respectively. Cholecystitis, including one severe case, resolved with conservative treatment. Recurrent choledocholithiasis was successfully treated endoscopically except in one case. Pneumobilia was found to be a significant risk factor for cholecystitis (P = 0.019) and recurrent choledocholithiasis (P = 0.013). Biliary tract cancer occurred in 16 patients; gallbladder cancer in 13 and bile duct cancer in three. Gallbladder cancer developed within 2 years after endoscopic papillotomy in seven of the 13 patients (53.8%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pneumobilia was the only significant risk factor for cholecystitis and recurrent choledocholithiasis in our study population. As for the long-term outcome, it was unclear whether endoscopic papillotomy contributed to the occurrence of biliary tract cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Clinical Oncology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan. tatsuyafujimoto2002@yahoo.co.jp <tatsuyafujimoto2002@yahoo.co.jp>
authors.forename: Tatsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fujimoto
authors.forename: Toshio
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tsuyuguchi
authors.forename: Yuji
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sakai
authors.forename: Harutoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sugiyama
authors.forename: Kaoru
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Miyakawa
authors.forename: Reiko
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Eto
authors.forename: Shin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yasui
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ishihara
authors.forename: Osamu
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Yokosuka
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001661:Biliary Tract Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology; D041761:Cholecystolithiasis / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D042883:Choledocholithiasis / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012008:Recurrence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D016717:Sphincterotomy, Endoscopic; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult