title: Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease mimicking nonconvulsive status epilepticus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nonconvulsive status epilepticus (NCSE) in patients with confusion may be difficult to distinguish from nonepileptic (metabolic/toxic, postanoxic, and spongiform) encephalopathies. This study aimed to describe the misleading presentation of patients with sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) who were initially diagnosed with a refractory NCSE (rNCSE).
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed the clinical characteristics, EEG records, brain MRI scans, 14-3-3 protein detection in CSF, genotype of the prion protein gene, and neuropathologic data of patients referred to our neurologic intensive care unit (NICU) with this presentation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ten patients with a final diagnosis of definite (n = 7) or probable (n = 3) sCJD were referred to our NICU with an initial diagnosis of rNCSE. Reanalysis of the EEG ruled out ictal rhythmic activities, but showed diffuse, periodic, or semiperiodic sharp-wave complexes (PSWC) with short period. PSWC were briefly attenuated by auditory (n = 5) or painful (n = 3) stimuli and by IV injection of antiepileptic drugs (n = 5) but without clinical improvement. In addition, PSWC showed fluctuations according to the vigilance level (n = 5). Brain MRI showed hyperintensities in basal ganglia (n = 9/10) and in cortical areas (n = 7/10). 14-3-3 Protein was detected in CSF (n = 10). Only 2 sCJD subtypes were found (MM1 5/7, MV1 2/7).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This series of patients suggests that sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease should be considered as a differential diagnosis, rather than as a cause, of apparent refractory nonconvulsive status epilepticus. Criteria for nonconvulsive status epilepticus diagnosis should rely on careful examination of both EEG parameters and clinical state so that aggressive, unnecessary treatments can be avoided.
authors.affiliation: Neurological Intensive Care Unit, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpétrière and Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris VI) University, Paris, France.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lapergue
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Demeret
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Denys
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Laplanche
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Galanaud
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Verny
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sazdovitch
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Baulac
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Haïk
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Hauw
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bolgert
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Brandel
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Navarro
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007562:Creutzfeldt-Jakob Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012042:Registries; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013226:Status Epilepticus / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants