title: Inhibition of histone deacetylase in cancer cells slows down replication forks, activates dormant origins, and induces DNA damage.
abstract: Protein acetylation is a reversible process regulated by histone deacetylases (HDAC) that is often altered in human cancers. Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) is the first HDAC inhibitor to be approved for clinical use as an anticancer agent. Given that histone acetylation is a key determinant of chromatin structure, we investigated how SAHA may affect DNA replication and integrity to gain deeper insights into the basis for its anticancer activity. Nuclear replication factories were visualized with confocal immunofluorescence microscopy and single-replicon analyses were conducted by genome-wide molecular combing after pulse labeling with two thymidine analogues. We found that pharmacologic concentrations of SAHA induce replication-mediated DNA damage with activation of histone gammaH2AX. Single DNA molecule analyses indicated slowdown in replication speed along with activation of dormant replication origins in response to SAHA. Similar results were obtained using siRNA-mediated depletion of HDAC3 expression, implicating this HDAC member as a likely target in the SAHA response. Activation of dormant origins was confirmed by molecular analyses of the beta-globin locus control region. Our findings demonstrate that SAHA produces profound alterations in DNA replication that cause DNA damage, establishing a critical link between robust chromatin acetylation and DNA replication in human cancer cells.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4255, USA.
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Conti
authors.forename: Elisabetta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Leo
authors.forename: Gabriel S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Eichler
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Sordet
authors.forename: Melvenia M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.forename: Mirit I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Aladjem
authors.forename: Yves
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Pommier
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics; D004249:DNA Damage; D004261:DNA Replication / Q000187:drug effects*; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D015536:Down-Regulation; D045325:HCT116 Cells; D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006655:Histone Deacetylases / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006657:Histones / Q000096:biosynthesis; D006801:Humans; D006877:Hydroxamic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000077337:Vorinostat; D000099186:Histone Deacetylase 3
chemical_list: D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors; D006655:Histone Deacetylases; D006657:Histones; D006877:Hydroxamic Acids; D000077337:Vorinostat; D000099186:Histone Deacetylase 3; C468783:H2AX protein, human
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