title: Biphasic threat to femoral head perfusion in abduction: arterial hypoperfusion and venous congestion.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hip abduction can cause avascular necrosis (AVN) of the femoral head in infants.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare the US perfusion pattern of femoral head cartilage in neutral position with that in different degrees and duration of abduction, testing the venous congestion theory of post-abduction ischemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 20 neonates, the Doppler flow characteristics of the posterosuperior (PS) branch of the femoral head cartilage feeding vessels were evaluated in neutral and at 30 degrees, 45 degrees, and 60 degrees abduction. In three neonates the leg was held in 45-degree abduction and flow was assessed at 5, 10, and 15 min.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Male/female ratio was 11/9 with a mean age of 1.86 +/- 0.7 weeks. The peak systolic velocities (PSV) declined in all three degrees of abduction. After 15 min of 45-degree abduction, the mean PSV declined and showed an absent or reversed diastolic component and undetectable venous return. No perfusion was detected at 60-degree abduction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Abduction-induced femoral head ischemia is biphasic and degree- and duration-dependent. In phase I there is arterial hypoperfusion and in phase II there is venous congestion. A new pathogeneses for femoral head ischemia is offered.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Comer Children's Hospital, Chicago, IL, USA. dyousefz@radiology.bsd.uchicago.edu
authors.forename: David K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Yousefzadeh
authors.forename: Diego
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jaramillo
authors.forename: Neil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Kirk
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Doerger
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sullivan
mesh_terms: D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005260:Female; D005270:Femur Head / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005271:Femur Head Necrosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D006940:Hyperemia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007511:Ischemia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D011187:Posture; D018615:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color
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