title: Correcting abnormal flexion-relaxation in chronic lumbar pain: responsiveness to a new biofeedback training protocol.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Lumbar flexion-relaxation is a well-known phenomenon that can reliably be seen in normal participants, but not in most chronic low back pain (CLBP) participants. No earlier studies have investigated any specific clinical intervention designed to correct abnormal flexion-relaxation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the contribution of a surface EMG-assisted stretching (SEMGAS) biofeedback training protocol, within a functional restoration treatment program, on flexion range of motion (ROM) and erector spinae surface EMG (SEMG) during maximum voluntary flexion (MVF).
  
  
  METHODS
  Lumbar flexion ROM and MVF SEMG were assessed in 2 groups of CLBP patients at the beginning and end of rehabilitation. One group participated in functional restoration only, whereas the other group participated in functional restoration plus SEMGAS biofeedback training. Both treatment groups were compared with a separate control group of normal, pain-free participants.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pretreatment ROM and MVF SEMG measures were similar in both treatment groups, but were very different than the control group. At posttreatment, the functional restoration only group remained statistically different than the control group on MVF SEMG and some ROM measures, but the SEMGAS group was statistically equivalent to the control participants on all posttreatment measures, including the ability to show flexion-relaxation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Interdisciplinary functional restoration rehabilitation of CLBP participants is effective for increasing ROM and other functional measures, but the addition of a SEMGAS biofeedback training protocol can result in normalization of the flexion-relaxation phenomenon, so that these participants are comparable with a pain-free control group.
authors.affiliation: PRIDE Research Foundation, Dallas, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Randy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Neblett
authors.forename: Tom G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Mayer
authors.forename: Emily
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Brede
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Gatchel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001676:Biofeedback, Psychology; D002908:Chronic Disease / Q000534:rehabilitation; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D008161:Lumbosacral Region / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009068:Movement; D010147:Pain Measurement; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016896:Treatment Outcome
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