title: Experimental orthotopic prostate tumor in nude mice: techniques for local cell inoculation and three-dimensional ultrasound monitoring.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Orthotopic prostate cancer models are of great importance for cancer research. Orthotopic models in mice have been described previously. However, these studies lack a detailed methodological description and fail to define standards for local cell inoculation. Herein, we studied the effect of different protocols on tumor growth and report for the first time the use of high resolution ultrasound for monitoring of tumor growth.
  
  
  METHODS
  Orthotopic inoculation of DU 145 MN1 prostate cancer cells was performed in 30 nude mice varying (1) the amount of cells (5 × 10(5) vs. 5 × 10(4)), (2) the number of puncture sites, and (3) the addition of matrigel. Surgical complications such as recoil of cells through the injection canal and rupture of the prostatic capsule were monitored. Animals were tracked by ultrasound imaging after 4, 5, and 6 weeks. Autopsy and histology confirmed local tumor growth.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A take rate of 27/30 (90%) was observed. Growth of orthotopic prostate tumors was increased after inoculation of a large amount of cells under the capsule of 1 dorsal prostate lobe, but inoculation of small amounts of cells still induced local tumors. Noninvasive ultrasound examination allowed to identify orthotopic tumor formation and to monitor tumor growth in vivo. Addition of matrigel did not accelerate tumor growth. Complications like recoil (6.8%) or rupture of the prostate capsule (1.4%) were rare.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Inoculation of DU 145 MN1 cells under the prostate capsule with a defined procedure results in very high take rates. Ultrasound screening is feasible to repetitively monitor tumor growth.
authors.affiliation: Clinic of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University of Saarland, Homburg/Saar, Germany. matthias.saar@uks.eu
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saar
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Körbel
authors.forename: Volker
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: Henrik
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Suttmann
authors.forename: Rainer
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Grobholz
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stöckle
authors.forename: Gerhard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Unteregger
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Menger
authors.forename: Jörn
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kamradt
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D003094:Collagen / Q000737:chemistry; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004338:Drug Combinations; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D007797:Laminin / Q000737:chemistry; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation / Q000379:methods*; D009374:Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000628:therapy*; D011509:Proteoglycans / Q000737:chemistry; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D004338:Drug Combinations; D007797:Laminin; D011509:Proteoglycans; C059485:matrigel; D003094:Collagen