title: Ebola virus glycoprotein counteracts BST-2/Tetherin restriction in a sequence-independent manner that does not require tetherin surface removal.
abstract: BST-2/tetherin is an interferon-inducible protein that restricts the release of enveloped viruses from the surface of infected cells by physically linking viral and cellular membranes. It is present at both the cell surface and in a perinuclear region, and viral anti-tetherin factors including HIV-1 Vpu and HIV-2 Env have been shown to decrease the cell surface population. To map the domains of human tetherin necessary for both virus restriction and sensitivity to viral anti-tetherin factors, we constructed a series of tetherin derivatives and assayed their activity. We found that the cytoplasmic tail (CT) and transmembrane (TM) domains of tetherin alone produced its characteristic cellular distribution, while the ectodomain of the protein, which includes a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor, was sufficient to restrict virus release when presented by the CT/TM regions of a different type II membrane protein. To counteract tetherin restriction and remove it from the cell surface, HIV-1 Vpu required the specific sequence present in the TM domain of human tetherin. In contrast, the HIV-2 Env required only the ectodomain of the protein and was sensitive to a point mutation in this region. Strikingly, the anti-tetherin factor, Ebola virus GP, was able to overcome restriction conferred by both tetherin and a series of functional tetherin derivatives, including a wholly artificial tetherin molecule. Moreover, GP overcame restriction without significantly removing tetherin from the cell surface. These findings suggest that Ebola virus GP uses a novel mechanism to circumvent tetherin restriction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, USC Keck School of Medicine, 2011 Zonal Ave., HMR502, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
authors.forename: Lisa A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Lopez
authors.forename: Su Jung
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Heiko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hauser
authors.forename: Colin M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Exline
authors.forename: Kevin G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Haworth
authors.forename: Jill
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Oldenburg
authors.forename: Paula M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Cannon
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D001483:Base Sequence; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism; D029043:Ebolavirus / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D058851:GPI-Linked Proteins; D006367:HeLa Cells; D054298:Human Immunodeficiency Virus Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D014759:Viral Envelope Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D054334:Viral Regulatory and Accessory Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D054299:env Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000074010:Bone Marrow Stromal Antigen 2; D000086082:Viroporin Proteins
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D058851:GPI-Linked Proteins; D054298:Human Immunodeficiency Virus Proteins; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D014759:Viral Envelope Proteins; D054334:Viral Regulatory and Accessory Proteins; D054299:env Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus; C094572:BST2 protein, human; D000074010:Bone Marrow Stromal Antigen 2; C113189:envelope glycoprotein, Ebola virus; C514859:vpu protein, Human immunodeficiency virus 1; D000086082:Viroporin Proteins
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