title: Alterations in p16 and p53 genes and chromosomal findings in patients with lung cancer: fluorescence in situ hybridization and cytogenetic studies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chromosomal aberrations and instability of gene(s) are two factors related to the genetic instability of cancer cells. A loss of the tumor-suppressor function of the genes p16 and p53 is the most common event leading to the development of human cancers. Carcinoma of the lung is the leading cause of cancer deaths in the world. Chromosomal abnormalities in lung cancer may provide a valuable clue to the identification of target loci and culminate in a successful search for the major genes. The aim of this study was to investigate (i) alterations of the p16 and p53 genes and (ii) chromosomal aberrations in patients with small cell and non-small cell lung cancer by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and cytogenetic studies. We carried out cytogenetic analysis by Giemsa-banding in 18 cases. FISH probes for the p16 and p53 genes were also used on interphase nuclei to screen the alterations in these genes in lung cancer (LC).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We observed a high frequency of losses of the p16 - in 8/18 (44%) - and p53 - in 7/18 (39%) - genes in the cases with LC. A total of 18 patients showed predominantly numerical and structural aberrations. Among these two types, structural aberrations predominated and usually consisted of deletions, breaks, and fragilities in various chromosomes. Both structural and numerical changes were observed in almost all patients. Chromosomes 3 and 1 were found to be most frequently involved in structural abnormalities, followed by chromosomes 6, 9, and 8. Autosomal aneuploidies were also observed to be the most frequent (chromosomes 22, 19, 18, 20, 9, and 17), followed by those of the X and Y chromosomes. The expression of fragile sites was also found to be significantly higher in seven chromosomal regions: 3p14, 1q21, 1q12, 6q26, 9q13, 8q22, and 8q24.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data confirmed that DNA damage and genomic instability may be factors contributing to the mutation profile and development of lung cancer. The patients who developed lung cancer showed a high frequency of loss of both p16 and p53, in addition to chromosomal aberrations. Tobacco could be a major carcinogenic factor in lung-cancer progression. The loss of p16 and p53, and increased incidence of autosomal aneuploidy and chromatid breaks, along with other chromosomal alterations, can contribute to the progression of the disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Cukurova University, 01330 Balcali-Adana, Turkey. osdemir@cu.edu.tr
authors.forename: Osman
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Demirhan
authors.forename: Deniz
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Taştemir
authors.forename: Serap
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hastürk
authors.forename: Sedat
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kuleci
authors.forename: Ismail
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hanta
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D002869:Chromosome Aberrations; D002877:Chromosomes, Human / Q000235:genetics; D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; D007621:Karyotyping; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D011379:Prognosis; D055752:Small Cell Lung Carcinoma / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: C000614131:CDKN2A protein, human; D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; C495901:TP53 protein, human; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53