title: Intravitreal clindamycin and dexamethasone for zone 1 toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis at twenty-four months.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report the anatomic and functional outcomes of intravitreal clindamycin and dexamethasone for the treatment of zone 1 toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis (TRC). Patients had 1 or more of the following indications for local therapy: intolerance to oral medication, contraindication to oral medication because of pregnancy, lack of response despite oral antimicrobial treatment, or treatment with concomitant oral and local therapy to avoid or limit foveal or optic disc involvement.
  
  
  METHODS
  Noncomparative, retrospective, multicentric interventional case series.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed the medical records of 12 consecutive patients (eyes) with posterior pole (zone 1) TRC who were treated weekly or every 4 weeks (during pregnancy) with intravitreal injections of clindamycin (1.5 mg/0.1 ml) and dexamethasone (400 microg/0.1 ml).
  
  
  METHODS
  Ophthalmic evaluation included Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA); assessment of central macular thickness (CMT); resolution of inflammation by optical coherence tomography (OCT), clinical examination, and fluorescein angiography; and assessment of adverse events. Patients were followed for 24 months.
  
  
  METHODS
  Resolution of TRC, changes in BCVA, and OCT.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Resolution of TRC was achieved in all cases with a mean number of injections of 3.6 (range: 2-5 injections) with a mean interval of 15.5+/-4 days. At 24 months a significant reduction in CMT by OCT was observed, from 387.6+/-70.1 microm to 185.2+/-44.7 microm (P = 0.0004). Baseline BCVA was logarithm of the minimal angle of resolution (logMAR) 1+/-0.4 (20/200), which improved to 0.5+/-0.4 (20/63) (P = 0.002) at the end of follow-up. Ten eyes (83.3%) improved > or =2 ETDRS lines of BCVA, and 2 eyes (20%) remained stable at 24 months. One patient's vision was limited because of macular scarring. No ocular or systemic adverse events were observed. No recurrences at 24 months of follow-up were observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combination of intravitreal clindamycin and dexamethasone was associated with resolution of zone 1 TRC and functional and anatomic improvement in patients who did not tolerate, had contraindications to, or did not respond to oral medications.
authors.affiliation: Retina and Vitreous Service, Clínica Oftalmológica Centro Caracas, Caracas, Venezuela.
authors.forename: Andrés F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Lasave
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Díaz-Llopis
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Muccioli
authors.forename: Rubens
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Belfort
authors.forename: J Fernando
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Arevalo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002825:Chorioretinitis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002981:Clindamycin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003907:Dexamethasone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D005451:Fluorescein Angiography; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007267:Injections; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011247:Pregnancy; D015597:Pregnancy Complications, Parasitic / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence; D014126:Toxoplasmosis, Ocular / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology; D014822:Vitreous Body; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D002981:Clindamycin; D003907:Dexamethasone