title: Ozone modulates the effects of imipramine on immobility in the forced swim test, and nonspecific parameters of hippocampal oxidative stress in the rat.
abstract: Depression has been associated with oxidative stress. There is increased awareness of the role of environmental toxins in the development of mood disorders. Ozone, a pro-oxidant and environmental pollutant, has been noted to have central nervous system effects. We investigated the effects of acute and chronic ozone inhalation on the response of imipramine in the forced-swim test (FST) and on biomarkers of oxidative stress in rat hippocampus. Sprague Dawley rats were exposed to 0, 0.25 or 0.7 ppm ozone per inhalation 4 h daily for either 30 days (chronic) or once (acute). Animals were then injected intraperitoneally with imipramine (10 mg/kg) or saline 24, 5 and 1 h before the forced-swim test. Hippocampal superoxide accumulation and lipid peroxidation were measured. Imipramine evoked an antidepressant-like effect independent of acute or chronic ozone exposure. However, 0.7 ppm acute ozone and 0.25 ppm chronic ozone attenuated the antidepressant-like effects of imipramine. The ozone exposures also elevated hippocampal superoxide accumulation and lipid peroxidation. Importantly, imipramine reversed the lipid peroxidation induced by chronic ozone, thereby preventing cellular damage induced by oxidative stress. Ozone exposure presents a feasible model with etiological validity to investigate oxidative stress in depression and antidepressant action.
authors.affiliation: North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa.
authors.forename: Mmalebuso L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Mokoena
authors.forename: Brian H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Harvey
authors.forename: Douglas W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Oliver
authors.forename: Christiaan B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Brink
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000929:Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D015386:Hazardous Substances / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000633:toxicity; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D007099:Imipramine / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007103:Immobilization; D008297:Male; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D010126:Ozone / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000633:toxicity*; D005082:Physical Exertion / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013550:Swimming / Q000502:physiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000929:Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic; D015386:Hazardous Substances; D010126:Ozone; D007099:Imipramine
references.citation: Neurosci Lett. 1996 Feb 2;204(1-2):49-52
references.pmid: 8929975
references.citation: Neurosci Lett. 1999 Jul 30;270(2):107-9
references.pmid: 10462109
references.citation: Metab Brain Dis. 2006 Sep;21(2-3):211-20
references.pmid: 16865538
references.citation: J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2000 Jan;25(1):43-7
references.pmid: 10721683
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 Feb 4;100(3):1387-92
references.pmid: 12552118
references.citation: Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2008 Feb;18(2):128-40
references.pmid: 17566715
references.citation: Eur J Neurosci. 2001 Jul;14(1):161-6
references.pmid: 11488960
references.citation: Physiol Rev. 1998 Apr;78(2):547-81
references.pmid: 9562038
references.citation: Int J Neurosci. 2001;108(3-4):149-61
references.pmid: 11699188
references.citation: Eur J Biochem. 1993 Jul 15;215(2):213-9
references.pmid: 7688300
references.citation: Toxicol Pathol. 2002 Nov-Dec;30(6):620-50
references.pmid: 12512863
references.citation: Neurochem Res. 2008 Mar;33(3):508-17
references.pmid: 17763945
references.citation: J Affect Disord. 2001 Apr;64(1):43-51
references.pmid: 11292519
references.citation: Eur J Pharmacol. 1978 Feb 15;47(4):379-91
references.pmid: 204499
references.citation: Brain Res Dev Brain Res. 2001 Nov 26;131(1-2):149-52
references.pmid: 11718845
references.citation: Prog Neurobiol. 2005 Feb;75(3):207-46
references.pmid: 15882775
references.citation: Hippocampus. 2008;18(7):631-9
references.pmid: 18306301
references.citation: Physiol Behav. 2002 Dec;77(4-5):601-5
references.pmid: 12527006
references.citation: Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2009 Mar 17;33(2):220-8
references.pmid: 19059298
references.citation: Neurochem Int. 2004 Dec;45(7):979-86
references.pmid: 15337296
references.citation: Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2007 Feb;7(1):18-21
references.pmid: 17049922
references.citation: Eur J Pharmacol. 2004 Aug 16;497(1):49-53
references.pmid: 15321734
references.citation: J Vis Exp. 2007;(7):269
references.pmid: 18989440
references.citation: J Neurochem. 1992 Nov;59(5):1609-23
references.pmid: 1402908
references.citation: Am J Psychiatry. 2003 Aug;160(8):1516-8
references.pmid: 12900317
references.citation: Redox Rep. 2008;13(2):87-100
references.pmid: 18339251
references.citation: Brain Res. 2003 Jan 3;959(1):128-34
references.pmid: 12480166
references.citation: Exp Physiol. 1997 Mar;82(2):291-5
references.pmid: 9129943
references.citation: Mutat Res. 2009 Mar 31;674(1-2):62-72
references.pmid: 18977456
references.citation: Anal Biochem. 1976 May 7;72:248-54
references.pmid: 942051
references.citation: Hum Psychopharmacol. 2008 Jul;23(5):371-84
references.pmid: 18435513
references.citation: Pflugers Arch. 1997 Apr;433(6):744-9
references.pmid: 9049165
references.citation: Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2009 May;12(4):553-9
references.pmid: 18976544
references.citation: Nat Rev Neurosci. 2009 Jun;10(6):434-45
references.pmid: 19401723
references.citation: Free Radic Biol Med. 2005 Feb 15;38(4):515-26
references.pmid: 15649654
references.citation: Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2010 May;13(4):461-73
references.pmid: 19627650
references.citation: Neurosci Lett. 1999 Oct 15;274(1):1-4
references.pmid: 10530505
references.citation: Eur J Pharmacol. 2007 Oct 15;572(1):23-31
references.pmid: 17610875
references.citation: Neuropsychopharmacology. 2008 Jan;33(1):88-109
references.pmid: 17851537
references.citation: Environ Res. 1998 Jan;76(1):33-9
references.pmid: 9466895
references.citation: Am J Psychiatry. 2004 Nov;161(11):1957-66
references.pmid: 15514393
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 1991 Jan;53(1 Suppl):194S-200S
references.pmid: 1985387
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 2004 Aug 1;56(3):140-5
references.pmid: 15271581
references.citation: Arch Environ Health. 1975 Aug;30(8):373-8
references.pmid: 1164043
references.citation: Med Hypotheses. 2009 Mar;72(3):338-41
references.pmid: 19027246
references.citation: Environ Res. 2000 Jan;82(1):7-17
references.pmid: 10677142
references.citation: Neuropsychopharmacology. 2006 Jun;31(6):1165-76
references.pmid: 16205774
references.citation: Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2008 Sep;11(6):851-76
references.pmid: 18205981
references.citation: Free Radic Biol Med. 1991;11(1):41-6
references.pmid: 1937128