title: Do candidate genes discriminate patients with an autism spectrum disorder from those with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and is there an effect of lifetime substance use disorders?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are developmental disorders that overlap in a number of domains, sometimes complicating clinical distinction between both disorders. Although there is some evidence for a genetic overlap, there are no reports on genes that could differentiate between ASD and ADHD. Furthermore, it is not known whether this genetic overlap is influenced by co-morbid substance use disorders (SUD).
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 110 adult patients with ASD (n=61) or ADHD (n=49) with or without a lifetime history of SUD participated in a study in which we genotyped polymorphisms in five known candidate genes for (one of) the disorders, i.e. the 5HTTLPR in SLC6A4/5-HTT, rs1800497 (TaqIA C>T) in DRD2, rs7794745 in CNTNAP2, rs1843809 in TPH2, and rs6565113 in CDH13. Genotyping was by Taqman-based analysis or by simple sequence length analysis, where appropriate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ASD could be differentiated from ADHD with nominal statistical significance by the 5HTTLPR, and the polymorphisms in TPH2 and CNTNAP2. The results were independent of lifetime SUD status.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Serotonergic genes could prove to play an important role in differentiating between ASD and ADHD, but the results of this exploratory study need replication.
authors.affiliation: Dimence Institute of Mental Health, Deventer, The Netherlands. b.sizoo@dimence.nl
authors.forename: Bram
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sizoo
authors.forename: Wim
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: van den Brink
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Franke
authors.forename: Alejandro Arias
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Vasquez
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: van Wijngaarden-Cremers
authors.forename: Rutger Jan
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: van der Gaag
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000483:Alleles; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D002648:Child; D002659:Child Development Disorders, Pervasive / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D056726:Genetic Association Studies; D006580:Genetic Carrier Screening; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D055815:Young Adult