title: Gender differences of polymorphisms in the TF and TFPI genes, as related to phenotypes in patients with coronary heart disease and type-2 diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tissue factor (TF) and its inhibitor tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) are the main regulators of the initiation of the coagulation process, important in atherothrombosis. In this study we have investigated the frequency of six known TF and TFPI single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in CHD patients as compared to healthy individuals. These genotypes and the phenotypes (TF, TFPI free and total antigen) were evaluated with special reference to gender and diabetes in the CHD population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with angiographically verified CHD (n = 1001; 22% women, 20% diabetics), and 204 healthy controls (28% women), were included. The investigated SNPs were: TF -1812C/T and TF -603A/G in the 5'upstream region, TF 5466A/G in intron 2, TFPI -399C/T and TFPI -287T/C in the 5'upstream region and the TFPI -33T/C in intron 7.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No significant differences in frequencies between the CHD population and the controls of any polymorphisms were observed. In the CHD population, the TF 5466 A/G SNP were significantly more frequent in women as compared to men (p < 0.001). The TF-1812C/T and the TF-603A/G SNPs were significantly more frequent in women without type-2 diabetes compared to those with diabetes (p < 0.018, both), and the heterozygous genotypes were associated with significantly lower TF plasma levels compared to the homozygous genotypes (p < 0.02, both).The TFPI-399C/T and the TFPI-33T/C SNPs were associated with lower and higher TFPI total antigen levels, respectively (p < 0.001, both).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Genetic variations in the TF and TFPI genes seem to be associated with gender and type-2 diabetes, partly affecting their respective phenotypes.
authors.affiliation: Center for Clinical Heart Research, Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital Ulleval, Oslo, Norway. trineoa@medisin.uio.no.
authors.forename: Trine B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Opstad
authors.forename: Alf Age
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Pettersen
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Weiss
authors.forename: Harald
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Arnesen
authors.forename: Ingebjørg
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Seljeflot
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