title: Estrogen deficiency after menopause does not result in male very-low-density lipoprotein metabolism phenotype.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sex differences in lipid metabolism result in a less proatherogenic plasma lipid profile in premenopausal women than men. The mechanisms responsible for this are unclear but are thought to be related to differences in the sex hormone milieu in men and women.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Our objective was to evaluate the effect of endogenous sex hormones on very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) triglyceride (TG) and apolipoprotein B-100 (apoB-100) metabolism. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN AND MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: We measured basal VLDL-TG and VLDL-apoB-100 concentrations and kinetics by using stable isotope-labeled tracers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight premenopausal women [age, 43 + or - 8 yr; body mass index (BMI), 35 + or - 4 kg/m(2); mean + or - sd], eight postmenopausal women (age, 55 + or - 4 yr; BMI, 34 + or - 4 kg/m(2)), and eight men (age, 41 + or - 13 yr; BMI, 34 + or - 4 kg/m(2)) were studied at Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO.
  
  
  RESULTS
  VLDL-TG secretion rate was approximately double (P < 0.05) in postmenopausal women and men compared with premenopausal women but not different in postmenopausal women and men. The secretion rate of VLDL-apoB-100 was not different in pre- and postmenopausal women but was greater (P < 0.05) in men than in women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Endogenous ovarian sex steroids are responsible for sexual dimorphism in VLDL-TG secretion, whereas VLDL-apoB-100 secretion is not regulated by female reproductive hormones.
authors.affiliation: Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
authors.forename: Faidon
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Magkos
authors.forename: Elisa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fabbrini
authors.forename: B Selma
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Mohammed
authors.forename: Bruce W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Patterson
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: Bettina
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mittendorfer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D053299:Apolipoprotein B-100 / Q000378:metabolism; D001823:Body Composition / Q000502:physiology; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D004958:Estradiol / Q000097:blood; D004967:Estrogens / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005640:Follicle Stimulating Hormone / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology; D008079:Lipoproteins, VLDL / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000378:metabolism*; D017697:Premenopause / Q000378:metabolism*; D011374:Progesterone / Q000097:blood; D012737:Sex Factors; D013739:Testosterone / Q000097:blood; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D053299:Apolipoprotein B-100; D004967:Estrogens; D008079:Lipoproteins, VLDL; D014280:Triglycerides; D013739:Testosterone; D011374:Progesterone; D004958:Estradiol; D005640:Follicle Stimulating Hormone
references.citation: Circulation. 2002 Dec 17;106(25):3143-421
references.pmid: 12485966
references.citation: Exp Gerontol. 1994 May-Aug;29(3-4):357-75
references.pmid: 7925756
references.citation: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007 Apr;92(4):1311-8
references.pmid: 17264179
references.citation: J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 1990 Nov 20;37(3):437-45
references.pmid: 2257247
references.citation: Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2000 Jun;24 Suppl 2:S148-50
references.pmid: 10997639
references.citation: Obstet Gynecol. 1995 Apr;85(4):523-8
references.pmid: 7898827
references.citation: J Lipid Res. 1999 Nov;40(11):2118-24
references.pmid: 10553015
references.citation: Curr Opin Lipidol. 1994 Jun;5(3):236-40
references.pmid: 7952919
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Sep 8;106(36):15430-5
references.pmid: 19706383
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 1998 Dec;21(12):2191-2
references.pmid: 9839117
references.citation: Gut. 2007 Apr;56(4):594-5
references.pmid: 17369390
references.citation: Climacteric. 2001 Dec;4(4):273-83
references.pmid: 11770183
references.citation: Metabolism. 1975 Apr;24(4):537-45
references.pmid: 163950
references.citation: J Lipid Res. 1988 Nov;29(11):1461-73
references.pmid: 3241122
references.citation: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997 Dec;82(12):3955-63
references.pmid: 9398695
references.citation: FEBS Lett. 1985 Feb 11;181(1):160-4
references.pmid: 3972103
references.citation: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Sep;87(9):4166-70
references.pmid: 12213866
references.citation: J Lipid Res. 2007 May;48(5):1204-11
references.pmid: 17325388
references.citation: Gastroenterology. 2008 Feb;134(2):424-31
references.pmid: 18242210
references.citation: Metabolism. 2004 Feb;53(2):187-92
references.pmid: 14767870
references.citation: Hepatology. 2004 Dec;40(6):1387-95
references.pmid: 15565570
references.citation: Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2005 Aug;25(8):1691-6
references.pmid: 15933247
references.citation: Fertil Steril. 2001 May;75(5):898-915
references.pmid: 11334901
references.citation: Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2003 Mar;284(3):E549-56
references.pmid: 12475754
references.citation: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1983 Aug;57(2):262-7
references.pmid: 6408108
references.citation: Clin Chem. 2004 Jul;50(7):1189-200
references.pmid: 15107310
references.citation: Maturitas. 2007 Oct 20;58(2):182-90
references.pmid: 17889461
references.citation: Climacteric. 2010 Jun;13(3):238-48
references.pmid: 19657790
references.citation: Diabetes. 2003 Jul;52(7):1641-8
references.pmid: 12829627
references.citation: Growth Horm IGF Res. 2006 Oct-Dec;16(5-6):308-17
references.pmid: 17029996
references.citation: Biochim Biophys Acta. 1974 Apr 26;348(1):14-22
references.pmid: 4838220
references.citation: Maturitas. 1995 Apr;21(3):171-8
references.pmid: 7616865
references.citation: J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009 Dec 15;54(25):2366-73
references.pmid: 20082925
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 1991 Oct 24;325(17):1196-204
references.pmid: 1922206
references.citation: Clin Lipidol. 2009 Apr 1;4(2):215-230
references.pmid: 20161007
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 2004 Jun;113(11):1530-2
references.pmid: 15173878
references.citation: Atherosclerosis. 2004 Oct;176(2):371-7
references.pmid: 15380461
references.citation: Endocr J. 2002 Aug;49(4):503-9
references.pmid: 12402983
references.citation: Atherosclerosis. 1979 Jan;32(1):57-67
references.pmid: 223583
references.citation: J Intern Med. 1999 Dec;246(6):521-8
references.pmid: 10620095
references.citation: Horm Metab Res. 1985 Jun;17(6):285-8
references.pmid: 4018717
references.citation: Horm Metab Res. 1973 May;5(3):184-90
references.pmid: 4351691
references.citation: J Lipid Res. 2002 Feb;43(2):223-33
references.pmid: 11861664
references.citation: Endocrinology. 1981 May;108(5):1613-21
references.pmid: 7215287
references.citation: Pharm Stat. 2006 Oct-Dec;5(4):253-63
references.pmid: 17128424
references.citation: Clin Chim Acta. 1995 Apr 30;236(1):7-17
references.pmid: 7664467
references.citation: Am J Hypertens. 2009 Apr;22(4):364-70
references.pmid: 19214164
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 2003 Mar;77(3):573-9
references.pmid: 12600845
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1997 Aug;273(2 Pt 1):E355-62
references.pmid: 9277389
references.citation: Metabolism. 1977 Dec;26(12):1333-44
references.pmid: 200821
references.citation: Biochim Biophys Acta. 1987 Oct 17;921(3):531-40
references.pmid: 3663694
references.citation: Obstet Gynecol. 1999 Apr;93(4):566-70
references.pmid: 10214834
references.citation: Circulation. 1999 Mar 9;99(9):1165-72
references.pmid: 10069784
references.citation: Epidemiol Rev. 2007;29:77-87
references.pmid: 17478441
references.citation: Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2006 Dec;291(6):E1243-9
references.pmid: 16835398
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 2004 Jun;113(11):1582-8
references.pmid: 15173884
references.citation: Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2008 Jul;28(7):1225-36
references.pmid: 18565848
references.citation: J R Soc Med. 2002;95 Suppl 42:23-32
references.pmid: 12216323