title: Unregulated ARF6 activation in epithelial cysts generates hyperactive signaling endosomes and disrupts morphogenesis.
abstract: Tumor development in glandular tissues is associated with structural alterations in the hollow ducts and spherical structures that comprise such tissues. We describe a signaling axis involving sustained activation of the GTP-binding protein, ARF6, that provokes dramatic changes in the organization of epithelial cysts, reminiscent of tumorigenic glandular phenotypes. In reconstituted basement membrane cultures of renal epithelial cysts, enhanced ARF6 activation induces the formation of cell-filled glandular structures with multiple lumens and disassembled cadherin-based cell-cell contacts. All of these alterations are accompanied by growth factor receptor internalization into signaling endosomes and reversed by blocking ARF6 activation or receptor endocytosis. Receptor localization in signaling endosomes results in hyperactive extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling leading to Bcl-2 stabilization and aberrant cysts. Similarly, formation of hyperproliferative and disorganized mammary acini induced by chronic stimulation of colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor is coupled to endogenous ARF6 activation and constitutive receptor internalization and is reversed by ARF6 inhibition. These findings identify a previously unrecognized link between ARF6-regulated receptor internalization and events that drive dramatic alterations in cyst morphogenesis providing new mechanistic insight into the molecular processes that can promote epithelial glandular disruption.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
authors.forename: Jogender S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Tushir
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Clancy
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Warren
authors.forename: Carolyn
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wrobel
authors.forename: Joan S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Brugge
authors.forename: Crislyn
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: D'Souza-Schorey
mesh_terms: D000089982:ADP-Ribosylation Factor 6; D020727:ADP-Ribosylation Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D004285:Dogs; D011992:Endosomes / Q000378:metabolism*; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D004848:Epithelium / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000196:embryology* / Q000378:metabolism; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D042361:Mammary Glands, Human / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism; D009024:Morphogenesis / Q000502:physiology*; D010739:Phospholipase D / Q000378:metabolism; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D000089982:ADP-Ribosylation Factor 6; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases; D010739:Phospholipase D; D020727:ADP-Ribosylation Factors; C000715348:ARF6 protein, human
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