title: Cervical and oral teratoma in the fetus: a systematic review of etiology, pathology, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of the study was to produce a systematic review about etiology, pathology, diagnosis, prognosis and clinical management regarding oral and cervical teratomas.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic review of Pubmed/Medline using the following keywords was made: epignathus, cervical teratoma, fetus, oral teratoma, prenatal diagnosis, prognosis, treatment, ultrasound.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The following clinical conclusions can be reached: (1) teratomas are rare, usually benign congenital tumors which recognized multifactorial etiology; (2) prenatal ultrasound diagnosis can be made early in pregnancy (15-16 weeks); (3) 3D ultrasound and MRI may enhance the accuracy of the antenatal diagnosis (location, extension and intracranial spread) and may aid in the selection of patients requiring treatment; (4) prenatal karyotype and search for associated abnormalities is mandatory in all teratomas; (5) delivery should involve elective Cesarean section with ex utero intrapartum treatment procedure or resection of the tumor mass, which may be performed on placental support operation on placental support procedure to increase the chances of postnatal survival.
authors.affiliation: Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guastalla Civil Hospital, AUSL Reggio Emilia, Guastalla, Italy. Tonni.Gabriele@ausl.re.it
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tonni
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: De Felice
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Centini
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ginanneschi
mesh_terms: D000402:Airway Obstruction / Q000209:etiology; D002585:Cesarean Section; D005260:Female; D005333:Fetus / Q000601:surgery*; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000151:congenital / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007621:Karyotyping; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000151:congenital / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D011247:Pregnancy; D011379:Prognosis; D013724:Teratoma / Q000151:congenital / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal; D014481:United States