title: Biological monitoring of nurses exposed to doxorubicin and epirubicin by a validated liquid chromatography/fluorescence detection method.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Occupational exposure to antineoplastic drugs can represent a potential health risk for hospital staff. Assessing exposure is the first step in providing a safe work environment; the present study aimed to perform a biological monitoring (BM) of nurses exposed to doxorubicin and epirubicin. In order to assure data accuracy and reproducibility, the high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection method was validated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Validation experiments were carried out according to the Food and Drug Administration guidelines. A detailed questionnaire about workplace practices and work organization was administered to 56 nurses of oncology department of two hospitals (A and B) located in southern Italy. End-shift urine samples were collected. Amounts of drugs handled were registered.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The quantification and detection limits were 1.1 and 0.6 pg microl(-1) (doxorubicin) and 2.0 and 1.2 pg microl(-1) (epirubicin); moreover, the analytical method fulfilled all guidelines requirements. Questionnaire information evidenced that vertical laminar flow hoods were present in both hospitals, surfaces were cleaned with inappropriate detergents, no antispilling devices were adopted, and gloves were not changed during the work shift. A lower percentage of positive samples was found in the hospital where higher amounts of anthracyclines were handled (3.4% in A and 14.8% in B), suggesting individual incorrect working/cleaning practices in hospital A and overall hygienic standards to be improved in hospital B, where 'critical practices' were carried out.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results showed the crucial role of adopting effective safety precautions and handling practices to reduce exposure. Environmental and BM should be performed to discriminate between incorrect personal working modalities and general hygienic standards.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Medicine and Social Safety, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy. maria.pieri@unina2.it
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pieri
authors.forename: Loredana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Castiglia
authors.forename: Pascale
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Basilicata
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sannolo
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Acampora
authors.forename: Nadia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Miraglia
mesh_terms: D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic / Q000652:urine*; D002138:Calibration; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D003666:Decontamination / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D004317:Doxorubicin / Q000652:urine*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D015251:Epirubicin / Q000652:urine; D005453:Fluorescence; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy; D009741:Nursing Staff, Hospital; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000032:analysis* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D009859:Oncology Nursing; D016522:Oncology Service, Hospital; D011481:Protective Clothing / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013048:Specimen Handling / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic; D015251:Epirubicin; D004317:Doxorubicin