title: Racial and ethnic disparities within and between hospitals for inpatient quality of care: an examination of patient-level Hospital Quality Alliance measures.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Little is known about whether disparities occur within or between hospitals for national Hospital Quality Alliance (HQA) measures.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined patient-level data from 4,450 non-federal hospitals in the U.S. for over 2.3 million Black, Hispanic, Asian, American Indian/Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander patients who received care for acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, or pneumonia in 2005.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 37 out of 95 findings of disparities after adjusting for patient characteristics. Eleven of the disparities were explained entirely by where minorities received care and the magnitude for 25 of the others was substantially reduced after adjusting for site of care.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adjusting for between-hospital quality differences accounted for a large proportion of the disparities. Where disparities exist, the primary cause may be that minorities are more likely to receive care in lower-performing hospitals. Policies to reduce disparities should include targeting resources to facilities serving a high percentage of minority patients.
authors.affiliation: Center for Healthcare Equity, Institute for Healthcare Studies, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611-3152, USA. r-hasnainwynia@northwestern.edu
authors.forename: Romana
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hasnain-Wynia
authors.forename: Raymond
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Mary Beth
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Landrum
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vogeli
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.forename: Joel S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Weissman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D054625:Healthcare Disparities; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000208:ethnology / Q000628:therapy; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006761:Hospitals / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008913:Minority Groups; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000208:ethnology / Q000628:therapy; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000208:ethnology / Q000628:therapy; D019984:Quality Indicators, Health Care; D011787:Quality of Health Care / Q000592:standards*; D044469:Racial Groups / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult