title: Characterization of adipocyte differentiation from human mesenchymal stem cells in bone marrow.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Adipocyte hyperplasia is associated with obesity and arises due to adipogenic differentiation of resident multipotent stem cells in the vascular stroma of adipose tissue and remote stem cells of other organs. The mechanistic characterization of adipocyte differentiation has been researched in murine pre-adipocyte models (i.e. 3T3-L1 and 3T3-F442A), revealing that growth-arrest pre-adipocytes undergo mitotic clonal expansion and that regulation of the differentiation process relies on the sequential expression of three key transcription factors (C/EBPbeta, C/EBPalpha and PPARgamma). However, the mechanisms underlying adipocyte differentiation from multipotent stem cells, particularly human mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs), remain poorly understood. This study investigated cell cycle regulation and the roles of C/EBPbeta, C/EBPalpha and PPARgamma during adipocyte differentiation from hBMSCs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Utilising a BrdU incorporation assay and manual cell counting it was demonstrated that induction of adipocyte differentiation in culture resulted in 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes but not hBMSCs undergoing mitotic clonal expansion. Knock-down and over-expression assays revealed that C/EBPbeta, C/EBPalpha and PPARgamma were required for adipocyte differentiation from hBMSCs. C/EBPbeta and C/EBPalpha individually induced adipocyte differentiation in the presence of inducers; PPARgamma alone initiated adipocyte differentiation but the cells failed to differentiate fully. Therefore, the roles of these transcription factors during human adipocyte differentiation are different from their respective roles in mouse.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The characteristics of hBMSCs during adipogenic differentiation are different from those of murine cells. These findings could be important in elucidating the mechanisms underlying human obesity further.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China.
authors.forename: Shu-Wen
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Qian
authors.forename: Xi
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: You-You
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Hai-Yan
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Yuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Xia
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Qi-Qun
authors.initials: QQ
authors.lastname: Tang
mesh_terms: D017667:Adipocytes / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D050156:Adipogenesis; D000328:Adult; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D022782:CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Protein-beta / Q000378:metabolism; D002453:Cell Cycle; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D008875:Middle Aged; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D022782:CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Protein-beta; D047495:PPAR gamma
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