title: Improving the inhibitory control task to detect minimal hepatic encephalopathy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Quantification of the number of noninhibited responses (lures) in the inhibitory control task (ICT) has been proposed for the diagnosis of minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE). We assessed the efficacy of ICT compared with recommended diagnostic standards.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied patients with cirrhosis and healthy individuals (controls) who underwent the ICT at 2 centers (center A: n=51 patients and 41 controls, center B: n=24 patients and 14 controls). Subjects were evaluated for MHE by psychometric hepatic encephalopathy score (PHES). Patients from center B also were assessed for MHE by critical flicker frequency and spectral electroencephalogram analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with cirrhosis had higher ICT lures (23.2+/-12.8 vs 12.9+/-5.8, respectively, P<.01) and lower ICT target accuracy (0.88+/-0.17 vs 0.96+/-0.03, respectively, P<.01) compared with controls. However, lures were comparable (25.2+/-12.5 vs 21.4+/-13.9, respectively, P=.32) among patients with/without altered PHES (center A). There was a reverse, U-shaped relationship between ICT lure and target accuracy; a variable adjusting lures was devised based on target accuracy (weighted lures at center B). This variable differed between patients with and without MHE. The variable weighted lures was then validated from data collected at center A by receiver operator characteristic curve analysis; it discriminated between patients with and without PHES alterations (area under the curve=0.71+/-0.07). However, target accuracy alone was as effective as a stand-alone variable (area under the curve=0.81+/-0.06).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ICT is not useful for the diagnosis of MHE, unless adjusted by target accuracy. Testing inhibition (lures) does not seem to be superior to testing attention (target accuracy) for the detection of MHE.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy. piero.amodio@unipd.it
authors.forename: Piero
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Amodio
authors.forename: Lorenzo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ridola
authors.forename: Sami
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schiff
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Montagnese
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pasquale
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nardelli
authors.forename: Ilaria
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Pentassuglio
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Trezza
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Marzano
authors.forename: Cristiana
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Flaiban
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Angeli
authors.forename: Giorgia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cona
authors.forename: Patrizia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bisiacchi
authors.forename: Angelo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gatta
authors.forename: Oliviero
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Riggio
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D001288:Attention; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003071:Cognition; D004522:Educational Status; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005260:Female; D006501:Hepatic Encephalopathy / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D007266:Inhibition, Psychological; D007558:Italy; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D015588:Observer Variation; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011594:Psychometrics; D012372:ROC Curve; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D055815:Young Adult