title: Patterns of spontaneous magnetoencephalographic activity in patients with schizophrenia.
abstract: Magnetoencephalography noninvasively measures the magnetic fields produced by the brain. Pertinent research articles from 1993 to 2009 that measured spontaneous, whole-head magnetoencephalography activity in patients with schizophrenia were reviewed. Data on localization of oscillatory activity and correlation of these findings with psychotic symptoms are summarized. Although the variety of measures used by different research groups makes a quantitative meta-analysis difficult, it appears that magnetoencephalography activity in patients may exhibit identifiable patterns, defined by topographic organization and frequency band. Specifically, 11 of the 12 studies showed increased theta (4-8 Hz) and delta (1-4 Hz) band oscillations in the temporal lobes of patients; of the 10 studies that examined the relationship between oscillatory activity and symptomatology, 8 found a positive correlation between temporal lobe theta activity and positive schizophrenic symptoms. Abnormally high frontal delta activity was not seen. These findings are analyzed in comparison with the electroencephalogram literature on schizophrenics, and possible confounds (e.g., medication effects) are discussed. In the future, magnetoencephalography might be used to assist in diagnosis or might be fruitfully used in conjunction with new neuroscience research approaches such as computational modeling, which may be able to link oscillatory activity and cellular-level pathology.
authors.affiliation: Harvard Medical School and McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts 02478, USA. psiekmeier@mclean.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Siekmeier
authors.forename: Steven M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Stufflebeam
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D015225:Magnetoencephalography / Q000187:drug effects; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 2001 Nov 15;50(10):729-42
references.pmid: 11720691
references.citation: Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1998 Aug;52(4):375-81
references.pmid: 9766684
references.citation: J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1990 Mar;252(3):1142-9
references.pmid: 2156992
references.citation: Br J Psychiatry. 1985 Feb;146:155-63
references.pmid: 3978333
references.citation: Schizophr Bull. 1977;3(1):61-79
references.pmid: 325642
references.citation: J Clin Neurophysiol. 2001 Jan;18(1):9-13
references.pmid: 11290933
references.citation: IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 1992 Aug;39(8):791-804
references.pmid: 1505993
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 Sep 16;100(19):11053-8
references.pmid: 12958209
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2008 Jun;41(2):561-74
references.pmid: 18403217
references.citation: Brain Cogn. 1995 Apr;27(3):331-52
references.pmid: 7626280
references.citation: Schizophr Res. 2001 May 30;50(1-2):41-53
references.pmid: 11378313
references.citation: J Neurophysiol. 1992 Apr;67(4):981-95
references.pmid: 1316954
references.citation: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1987 Jun;44(6):514-7
references.pmid: 3495249
references.citation: Neuroreport. 2000 Sep 28;11(14):3283-7
references.pmid: 11043565
references.citation: Br J Pharmacol. 1989 Dec;98(4):1173-84
references.pmid: 2558759
references.citation: Science. 1972 Feb 11;175(4022):664-6
references.pmid: 5009769
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Nov;85(22):8732-6
references.pmid: 3186757
references.citation: Trends Cogn Sci. 1999 Apr;3(4):151-162
references.pmid: 10322469
references.citation: Am J Psychiatry. 2007 Mar;164(3):450-7
references.pmid: 17329470
references.citation: Brain. 1983 Sep;106 (Pt 3):643-53
references.pmid: 6640274
references.citation: Prog Brain Res. 2006;159:29-42
references.pmid: 17071222
references.citation: Behav Brain Res. 2009 Jun 8;200(1):220-31
references.pmid: 19378385
references.citation: Neuroreport. 2004 Mar 1;15(3):523-6
references.pmid: 15094516
references.citation: Am J Psychiatry. 1978 Feb;135(2):223-6
references.pmid: 623338
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 1985 Jan;20(1):3-19
references.pmid: 3965037
references.citation: Clin Electroencephalogr. 1987 Jul;18(3):124-35
references.pmid: 3652464
references.citation: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1999 Nov;56(11):1001-5
references.pmid: 10565499
references.citation: J Clin Psychiatry. 2003 Jun;64(6):663-7
references.pmid: 12823080
references.citation: Br J Psychiatry. 1980 May;136:445-55
references.pmid: 7388249
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2006 Feb 15;29(4):1359-67
references.pmid: 16260155
references.citation: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1993 Mar;50(3):190-7
references.pmid: 8439239
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2007 Oct 1;37(4):1083-90; discussion 1097-9
references.pmid: 17719799
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2007 Oct 1;37(4):1091-6; discussion 1097-9
references.pmid: 17368915
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Mar 1;90(5):2078-81
references.pmid: 8446632
references.citation: Neuron. 2002 Jan 31;33(3):325-40
references.pmid: 11832222
references.citation: Hum Brain Mapp. 2006 Jan;27(1):1-13
references.pmid: 16082624
references.citation: Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1969 Apr;26(4):407-18
references.pmid: 4183562
references.citation: Nat Rev Neurosci. 2001 Oct;2(10):685-94
references.pmid: 11584306
references.citation: Clin Neurophysiol. 2000 Nov;111(11):2079-87
references.pmid: 11068245
references.citation: Schizophr Bull. 1987;13(1):115-32
references.pmid: 3496658
references.citation: J Clin Neurophysiol. 2003 Jul-Aug;20(4):227-38
references.pmid: 14530735
references.citation: Nature. 1996 Oct 17;383(6601):621-4
references.pmid: 8857537
references.citation: Brain Topogr. 1989 Spring;1(3):157-74
references.pmid: 2701355
references.citation: Br J Psychiatry. 1963 Jan;109:95-150
references.pmid: 13989174
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000 Jan 18;97(2):919-24
references.pmid: 10639180
references.citation: Schizophr Res. 2003 Sep 1;63(1-2):63-71
references.pmid: 12892859
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 1985 May;20(5):515-32
references.pmid: 3986259
references.citation: Schizophr Res. 2002 May 1;55(1-2):1-10
references.pmid: 11955958
references.citation: J Neurophysiol. 2008 May;99(5):2656-71
references.pmid: 18287555
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 1986 Apr;21(4):382-9
references.pmid: 3955112
references.citation: Am J Psychiatry. 1997 Apr;154(4 Suppl):1-63
references.pmid: 9090368
references.citation: Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1995 May;119(2):231-8
references.pmid: 7659771
references.citation: Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 1990 Nov;1(1):27-36
references.pmid: 1983779
references.citation: Psychopharmacol Bull. 1998;34(1):101-5
references.pmid: 9580382
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 2001 Jul 15;50(2):108-16
references.pmid: 11526991
references.citation: Science. 1995 Mar 10;267(5203):1512-5
references.pmid: 7878473
references.citation: Neuropsychopharmacology. 2001 Jul;25(1):1-27
references.pmid: 11377916
references.citation: J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1993 Oct;13(5):332-42
references.pmid: 7693770
references.citation: Pharmacopsychiatry. 1987 Feb;20(1 Spec No):12-27
references.pmid: 2883677
references.citation: Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 1990 Nov;1(1):51-4
references.pmid: 2136214
references.citation: Schizophr Res. 2007 Mar;91(1-3):82-6
references.pmid: 17307337
references.citation: Int J Psychophysiol. 2000 Dec 1;38(3):315-36
references.pmid: 11102670
references.citation: Lancet. 1998 Aug 22;352(9128):620-1
references.pmid: 9746027
references.citation: Psychopharmacol Bull. 1996;32(4):741-50
references.pmid: 8993097
references.citation: Int J Psychophysiol. 2005 Jun;56(3):237-47
references.pmid: 15866327
references.citation: Neurology. 2001 Dec 11;57(11):2022-8
references.pmid: 11739820
references.citation: Am J Psychiatry. 1996 Feb;153(2):151-62
references.pmid: 8561194
references.citation: Biomed Tech (Berl). 1990;35 Suppl 3:146-9
references.pmid: 2078672
references.citation: Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1992;241(6):352-6
references.pmid: 1504112
references.citation: Schizophr Res. 2001 Apr 15;49(1-2):1-52
references.pmid: 11343862
references.citation: Neuropsychobiology. 2007;55(2):89-95
references.pmid: 17570952
references.citation: Clin Neurophysiol. 1999 Feb;110(2):214-29
references.pmid: 10210611
references.citation: Med Biol Eng Comput. 1994 Jan;32(1):35-42
references.pmid: 8182960
references.citation: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1983 Jul;40(7):719-28
references.pmid: 6860073
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2002 Mar;15(3):568-74
references.pmid: 11848699
references.citation: Hum Brain Mapp. 2009 Apr;30(4):1077-86
references.pmid: 18465745
references.citation: Clin Neurophysiol. 2003 Nov;114(11):2052-60
references.pmid: 14580603
references.citation: Compr Psychiatry. 1999 Nov-Dec;40(6):407-14
references.pmid: 10579370
references.citation: Am J Psychiatry. 1990 Nov;147(11):1457-62
references.pmid: 2221156
references.citation: J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1999 Spring;11(2):190-208
references.pmid: 10333991
references.citation: Psychiatry Res. 1987 Jun;21(2):137-49
references.pmid: 3615689
references.citation: J Psychiatr Res. 1995 Jul-Aug;29(4):261-76
references.pmid: 8847654
references.citation: Epilepsia. 2001 Jun;42(6):725-30
references.pmid: 11422326
references.citation: Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1999 Mar;142(4):375-82
references.pmid: 10229062
references.citation: Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1983 Oct;56(4):263-71
references.pmid: 6193939
references.citation: Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2001 Nov;158(3):281-8
references.pmid: 11713618
references.citation: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2008 Mar;1124:1-38
references.pmid: 18400922
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Aug 7;104(32):13170-5
references.pmid: 17670949
references.citation: Psychiatry Res. 1982 Apr;6(2):235-44
references.pmid: 6953462
references.citation: Schizophr Res. 2002 Dec 1;58(2-3):189-99
references.pmid: 12409158
references.citation: Schizophr Res. 1998 Mar 10;30(2):115-25
references.pmid: 9549774
references.citation: Brain Topogr. 2004 Summer;16(4):281-5
references.pmid: 15379228
references.citation: Schizophr Res. 2002 Dec 1;58(2-3):101-15
references.pmid: 12409150
references.citation: Nature. 1989 May 18;339(6221):215-8
references.pmid: 2716848
references.citation: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2000 Jul;57(7):637-48
references.pmid: 10891034
references.citation: Schizophr Res. 2003 Nov 15;64(2-3):187-8
references.pmid: 14613683
references.citation: Schizophr Res. 2007 Dec;97(1-3):194-205
references.pmid: 17628434
references.citation: Science. 1969 Jan 3;163(3862):32-41
references.pmid: 4303225
references.citation: Neuropsychobiology. 2000;41(3):166-70
references.pmid: 10754432
references.citation: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1999 Nov;56(11):1007-8
references.pmid: 10565500