Gender differences in cardiovascular disease: hormonal and biochemical influences.
OBJECTIVE
Atherosclerosis is a complex process characterized by an increase in vascular wall thickness owing to the accumulation of cells and extracellular matrix between the endothelium and the smooth muscle cell wall. There is evidence that females are at lower risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD) as compared to males. This has led to an interest in examining the contribution of genetic background and sex hormones to the development of CVD. The objective of this review is to provide an overview of factors, including those related to gender, that influence CVD.


METHODS
Evidence analysis from PubMed and individual searches concerning biochemical and endocrine influences and gender differences, which affect the origin and development of CVD.


RESULTS
Although still controversial, evidence suggests that hormones including estradiol and androgens are responsible for subtle cardiovascular changes long before the development of overt atherosclerosis.


CONCLUSIONS
Exposure to sex hormones throughout an individual's lifespan modulates many endocrine factors involved in atherosclerosis.
Pérez-López
Faustino R
FR
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zaragoza, Clínico de Zaragoza Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain.
Larrad-Mur
Luis
L
Kallen
Amanda
A
Chedraui
Peter
P
Taylor
Hugh S
HS
D000728:Androgens / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004958:Estradiol / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012737:Sex Factors
D000728:Androgens; D004958:Estradiol
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