title: Prevalence, nature, and correlates of sleep problems among children with fragile X syndrome based on a large scale parent survey.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study reports on current child sleep difficulties reported by parents of children with Fragile X syndrome (FXS). We address prevalence and type of sleep problems (e.g., difficulty falling asleep, frequent awakenings); type and effectiveness of medical and behavioral treatments (e.g., medication, surgery, environmental changes); and explore specific child and family characteristics (e.g., child age, child gender, co-occurring conditions) as possible predictors of child sleep difficulties.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study is part of a larger survey addressing needs of families with children with FXS. This article focuses on the families who responded to the survey sleep questions, had one or more children with the full mutation FXS, and who reside in the United States. The mean age for male and female children in this group was 15 years and 16 years respectively (N=1295).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Parents reported that 32% of the children with FXS currently experience sleep difficulties; 84% of those children are reported to have > or =2 current sleep problems. Problems falling asleep and frequent night awakenings were the most frequently reported difficulties; 47% of males and 40% of females received > or =1 medication to help with sleep. Children with more problematic health or behavioral characteristics had a higher likelihood of having current sleep problems.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our survey provides the most representative sample to date of sleep problems in children with FXS or any other neurodevelopmental disability. This large scale survey establishes a foundation for the prevalence of sleep disorders in children with FXS.
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Child Development Unit, Fragile X Center, UCLID Center, University of Pittsburgh, 45th & Penn, Pittsburgh, PA 15201, USA. becky.kronk@chp.edu
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kronk
authors.forename: Ellen E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Bishop
authors.forename: Melissa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Raspa
authors.forename: Julie O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Bickel
authors.forename: Daniel A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Mandel
authors.forename: Donald B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Bailey
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D017668:Age of Onset; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D005600:Fragile X Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006304:Health Status; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010290:Parents; D015995:Prevalence; D011788:Quality of Life; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
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