Urban aerosols induce pro-inflammatory cytokine production in macrophages and cause airway inflammation in vivo.
Urban air pollution, especially in developing countries, is a crucial environmental problem. Urban aerosols may contain various kinds of substances and induce harmful effects such as allergic diseases. Therefore, it is critical to clarify the biological effects of urban aerosols on human health. In this study, we evaluated the induction of airway inflammation in vitro and in vivo due to exposure of urban aerosols. We investigated cytokine production and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation after stimulation of macrophage cells by exposure of urban aerosols. Urban aerosols were found to induce the production of interleukin (IL)-8, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and IL-1beta on macrophage cells. In addition, we showed that NF-kappaB pathway regulated the urban aerosols-induced inflammatory cytokine response. Moreover, the intranasal administration of urban aerosols resulted in increases in the total cell number in bronchoalveolar lavage and infiltration of eosinophils in lung tissue. These results indicate that urban aerosols induce respiratory inflammation and onset of inflammatory disease due to an activation of the immune system.
Yoshida
Tokuyuki
T
Department of Toxicology and Safety Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
Yoshioka
Yasuo
Y
Fujimura
Maho
M
Kayamuro
Hiroyuki
H
Yamashita
Kohei
K
Higashisaka
Kazuma
K
Nakanishi
Ryosuke
R
Morishita
Yuki
Y
Nabeshi
Hiromi
H
Yamashita
Takuya
T
Muroi
Masashi
M
Tanamoto
Kenichi
K
Nagano
Kazuya
K
Abe
Yasuhiro
Y
Kamada
Haruhiko
H
Kawai
Yuichi
Y
Mayumi
Tadanori
T
Itoh
Norio
N
Yoshikawa
Tomoaki
T
Tsunoda
Shinichi
S
Tsutsumi
Yasuo
Y
D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000009:adverse effects; D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000336:Aerosols / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000818:Animals; D016535:Bronchial Hyperreactivity / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000276:immunology*; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid; D002460:Cell Line; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D003906:Developing Countries; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D004804:Eosinophils / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D007249:Inflammation / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000096:biosynthesis; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D008168:Lung / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis; D014505:Urban Population
D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000336:Aerosols; D000393:Air Pollutants; D016207:Cytokines; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D016209:Interleukin-8; D016328:NF-kappa B; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha