title: [Cocaine: historical background, neurobiology of the addiction and relapse and therapeutic perspectives].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Following more than a century of cocaine hydrochloride extraction from Erythroxylon coca, this drug remains representing a serious social and public health problema around the world. This paper intends to provide a review about the cocaine theme, focusing on historical background and on its different neurotransmission systems, as well as addresses therapeutics aspects about drug addiction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Electronic search in databases Medline, Pubmed and Lilacs was accomplished in order to select classics and recent studies relevant to the discussion of issue addressed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Previous studies have shown high vulnerability to relapse to cocaine seeking following prolonged withdrawal periods. Such behavioral consequences have been cre-dited to induced changes in brain neurotransmitters provoked by repeated cocaine use. In recent years, the growing abuse of this drug has mobilized researchers worldwide in seeking for new therapies that reduce the behavioral and neurochemical changes resulting from addiction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Numerous advances regarding the treatment of cocaine abuse and dependence have emerged in recent years. However, researche aiming at a safe and effective users' pharmacological treatment remain necessary and should be continued.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brasil.
authors.forename: M I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Citó
authors.forename: P F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Vasconcelos
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Vasconcelos
authors.forename: F C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Sousa
mesh_terms: D003042:Cocaine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000266:history* / Q000494:pharmacology; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000266:history* / Q000628:therapy*; D049669:History, 16th Century; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049690:History, Ancient; D049691:History, Medieval; D006801:Humans; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents; D011954:Receptors, Dopamine / Q000187:drug effects; D011985:Receptors, Serotonin / Q000187:drug effects; D012008:Recurrence
chemical_list: D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents; D011954:Receptors, Dopamine; D011985:Receptors, Serotonin; D003042:Cocaine