title: Innate inflammatory responses of human decidual cells to periodontopathic bacteria.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that periodontopathic bacteria exert potent proinflammatory effects in human decidua.
  
  
  METHODS
  The immunostimulatory effects of Gram-positive and negative periodontopathic bacteria and their lipopolysaccharides were tested in human decidual cell cultures in comparison with Escherichia coli. Cytokine production was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; inflammatory gene expression was measured by oligonucleotide arrays and quantitative real time-polymerase chain reaction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All bacteria that were tested elicited an inflammatory response, although concentration-dependence and efficacy varied considerably with organism and culture. Lipopolysaccharides were more potent stimuli than intact bacterial cells, although bacteria exerted greater effects at high concentrations. Of 112 genes on the arrays, 18 genes were stimulated significantly by one or more lipopolysaccharide preparation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ability of periodontopathic bacteria to stimulate a decidual inflammatory response is highly variable and partly dependent on the presence and structure of constituent lipopolysaccharides. This adds to our understanding of the causal association between periodontal disease and preterm birth.
authors.affiliation: School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.
authors.forename: Jeffrey A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Keelan
authors.forename: Pui-Mun
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Philip S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Bird
authors.forename: Murray D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Mitchell
mesh_terms: D039903:Actinobacteria / Q000276:immunology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D054405:Chemokine CCL3 / Q000378:metabolism; D003656:Decidua / Q000166:cytology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology*; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000382:microbiology; D004926:Escherichia coli; D005260:Female; D016967:Fusobacterium nucleatum / Q000276:immunology; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000382:microbiology; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D010462:Peptostreptococcus / Q000276:immunology; D010510:Periodontal Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D016966:Porphyromonas gingivalis / Q000276:immunology; D047928:Premature Birth / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D054405:Chemokine CCL3; D015850:Interleukin-6; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha