title: The effects of ketamine-midazolam anesthesia on intraocular pressure in clinically normal dogs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effects of intravenous ketamine-midazolam anesthesia on intraocular pressure (IOP) in ocular normotensive dogs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirteen adult mixed-breed dogs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dogs were randomly assigned to treatment (n = 7) and control (n = 6) groups. Dogs in the treatment group received intravenous ketamine 15 mg/kg and midazolam 0.2 mg/kg and dogs in the control group received intravenous saline. The time of intravenous drug injection was recorded (T(0)). Measurements of IOP were then repeated 5 min (T(5)) and 20 min (T(20)) following the intravenous administration of ketamine-midazolam combination and saline in both groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Measurements showed normal IOP values in both groups. The mean + or - SD baseline IOP values for treatment and control groups were 13.00 + or - 1.47 and 10.33 + or - 2.20, respectively. For baseline IOP values, there was no significant difference between treatment and control groups (P = 0.162). In the treatment group, the subsequent post-treatment mean + or - SD values were 15.64 + or - 2.17 (5 min), and 14.92 + or - 1.98 (20 min). There was no evidence of statistical difference between baseline values and post-treatment values after treatment with ketamine-midazolam (P(5) = 0.139; P(20) = 0.442). In control eyes, the mean + or - SD values at 5 and 20 min were 10.41 + or - 2.01 and 10.16 + or - 1.69, respectively. There was no significant difference between baseline values and post-treatment values in control group (P(5) = 1.000; P(20) = 1.000).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ketamine-midazolam combination has no clinically significant effect on IOP in the dog.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University-Karaj Branch, Karaj, Iran. selkghaffari@gmail.com
authors.forename: Masoud Selk
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Ghaffari
authors.forename: Mohammad Ali
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Rezaei
authors.forename: Amir Hessam
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Mirani
authors.forename: Nargess
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Khorami
mesh_terms: D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D004285:Dogs; D007429:Intraocular Pressure / Q000187:drug effects*; D007649:Ketamine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008874:Midazolam / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D007649:Ketamine; D008874:Midazolam