title: Hyponatremia: evaluation and management.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hyponatremia is one of the most common electrolyte disorders encountered in clinical practice. The pathophysiology is complex, but its understanding is vital to the disorder's evaluation and treatment. The clinical manifestations of hyponatremia include headache, dizziness, nausea/vomiting, seizures, obtundation, and death. Undercorrection must be avoided, but overly aggressive treatment can also be detrimental.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We review normal water physiology, including central osmosensory mechanisms, that are now becoming better understood. We will then review the classification and causes of hyponatremia and the clinical evaluation and workup of the disorder. Treatment options will be briefly reviewed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Evaluation of hyponatremia begins with a detailed history and physical examination. Appropriate urine and serum studies can contribute to the evaluation and classification of the disorder. Treatment decisions are based on the underlying cause and severity of symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We present an extensive review of the physiology, pathophysiology, clinical evaluation, and management ofhyponatremia.
authors.affiliation: Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Zenenberg
authors.forename: Alessia L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Carluccio
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Merlin
mesh_terms: D065092:Antidiuretic Hormone Receptor Antagonists; D001127:Arginine Vasopressin / Q000502:physiology; D001552:Benzazepines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001806:Blood Urea Nitrogen; D002303:Cardiac Output, Low / Q000150:complications; D015984:Causality; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007010:Hyponatremia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy*; D007177:Inappropriate ADH Syndrome / Q000150:complications; D007684:Kidney Tubules / Q000502:physiology; D012462:Saline Solution, Hypertonic / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012964:Sodium / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000077602:Tolvaptan; D014527:Uric Acid / Q000097:blood; D014882:Water-Electrolyte Balance / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D065092:Antidiuretic Hormone Receptor Antagonists; D001552:Benzazepines; D012462:Saline Solution, Hypertonic; C106389:conivaptan; D001127:Arginine Vasopressin; D000077602:Tolvaptan; D014527:Uric Acid; D012964:Sodium