title: Clinical benefit of hydroxyapatite-coated pins compared with stainless steel pins in external fixation at the wrist: a randomised prospective study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this study was to determine the clinical benefit of hydroxyapatite (HA)-coated pins compared with standard stainless steel pins in external fixators applied for unstable fractures of the distal radius.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 40 patients (160 pins) with unstable wrist fractures were randomised for uniplanar fixator treatment with the use of identically designed, commercially available pins either composed of stainless steel (steel group) (n = 20) or coated by hydroxyapatite (HA group) (n = 20). Each pin site was clinically evaluated concerning erythema and grade of drainage as well as pain intensity (numeric rating scale (NRS) 0–10) and, additionally, radiological assessment was performed concerning pin-loosening/infection as well as fracture healing at T1 (Ø18 days), T2 (Ø44 days) and T3 (Ø65 days). In case of pintrack complication, the patient was followed continuously. The need for intensified pin-site care, oral or intravenous antibiotic medication, re-admission for additional surgery and premature fixator removal was documented. Bone mineral density (BMD) was determined by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. At fixator removal (T2), the pin-extraction strength was measured by the use of an electronic torque wrench.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two pin-track infections requiring daily pin-site care and oral antibiotics occurred in the HA group (2.6%) compared with four in the steel group (5.3%) (p = 0.601) and although a trend towards a superior performance of HA pins was detectable, the majority of clinical pin-site-parameters were comparable in both groups. At the end of the fixator therapy, the HA group showed a non-significant lower rate of loose pins (n(steel group) = 9; n(HA group) = 6; p = 0.864) and both hydroxyapatite-coated pins showed at the radius a significantly stronger pin-bone bonding measured by the torque wrench (p(proximal radius pin) = 0.007; p(distal radius pin) = 0.031). Except for elderly patients of the steel group (p = 0.018), all demographic-, health- and injury-related data including BMD were not correlated to any type of pin-site complication in both groups (p > 0.05). Since all fracture healed uneventfully without any type of additional surgery, the number of patients suffering clinically relevant pin-related complications showed no significant difference between both groups (p = 0.707).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of HA-coated pins compared with standard stainless-steel pins in external fixation for unstable wrist fractures yields only a trend towards a superior clinical outcome.
authors.affiliation: Klinikum der Universita¨t Mu¨nchen, Chirurgische Klinik & Poliklinik, Marchioninistr. 15, D-81377 Mu¨nchen, Germany. Oliver.Pieske@med.uni-muenchen.de
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Pieske
authors.forename: Felicitas
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kaltenhauser
authors.forename: Leopold
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pichlmaier
authors.forename: Nicolai
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Schramm
authors.forename: Heiko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Trentzsch
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Löffler
authors.forename: Axel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Greiner
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Piltz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001858:Bone Nails / Q000009:adverse effects; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible / Q000009:adverse effects; D017886:Durapatite / Q000009:adverse effects; D016267:External Fixators; D005260:Female; D005592:Fracture Fixation / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016459:Prosthesis-Related Infections / Q000209:etiology*; D011885:Radius Fractures / Q000601:surgery*; D013193:Stainless Steel / Q000009:adverse effects; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D013193:Stainless Steel; D017886:Durapatite