title: A diabetes-specific enteral formula improves glycemic variability in patients with type 2 diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Well-controlled studies have demonstrated that inpatient hyperglycemia is an indicator of poor clinical outcomes, but the use of diabetes-specific enteral formulas in hospitalized patients remains a topic of great debate.
  
  
  METHODS
  In two different protocols, postprandial glycemia and insulinemia were measured in 22 subjects with diabetes fed a diabetes-specific or standard formula (protocol 1). Continuous glucose monitoring was used to assess glucose levels in 12 enterally fed patients with diabetes receiving the standard formula followed by the diabetes-specific formula continuously for 5 days each (protocol 2). End points included postprandial glycemia and insulinemia, glycemic variability (mean amplitude of glycemic excursions [MAGE]), mean glucose, and insulin use.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the postprandial response protocol, the diabetes-specific formula resulted in lower positive areas under the postprandial curve (P < 0.001) and peak glucose (P < 0.001) and insulin (P = 0.017) levels. In the protocol using continuous glucose monitoring, glycemic variability (as measured by MAGE) was lower with continuous administration of the diabetes-specific than the standard formula (64.6 +/- 6.8 mg/dL vs. 110.6 +/-15.3 mg/dL, P = 0.003). Also, administration of the diabetes-specific formula resulted in lower mean glucose concentrations during feeding (171.1 +/- 16.1 vs. 202.1 +/- 17.4 mg/dL, P = 0.024) and insulin requirements (7.8 +/- 2.3 vs. 10.9 +/- 3.3 units/day, P = 0.039) than the standard formula.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Relative to the standard formula, the diabetes-specific formula reduced postprandial glycemia, mean glucose, glycemic variability, and short-acting insulin requirements. These results suggest potential clinical usefulness of a diabetes-specific enteral formula for minimizing glycemic excursions in hospitalized patients.
authors.affiliation: Abbott Nutrition, Abbott Laboratories, Columbus, Ohio 43215-1724, USA. carolyn.alish@abbott.com
authors.forename: Carolyn J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Alish
authors.forename: W Timothy
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Garvey
authors.forename: Kevin C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Maki
authors.forename: Gordon S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Sacks
authors.forename: Deborah S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Hustead
authors.forename: Refaat A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Hegazi
authors.forename: Vikkie A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Mustad
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001786:Blood Glucose; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000628:therapy*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004750:Enteral Nutrition; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D019518:Postprandial Period; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin