title: Trauma exposure and symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder in emergency medical services personnel in Hawaii.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Exposure to traumatic stressors is potentially an integral part of the job for emergency medical services (EMS) personnel, placing them at risk for psychological distress and mental health problems.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and post-traumatic stress symptoms was examined in a sample of EMS personnel in a multiethnic locality in Hawaii. Commonly encountered traumatic incidents at work were also assessed.
  
  
  METHODS
  The PTSD Check List-Civilian version was sent to 220 EMS personnel. The survey included questions on demographics, traumatic incidents at work, general stressors, coping methods and post-traumatic stress symptoms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  105 surveys were returned (48% response rate); 4% of respondents met clinical diagnostic criteria for PTSD, 1% met subclinical criteria for PTSD, 83% reported experiencing some symptoms but no PTSD and 12% had no symptoms. However, few had received treatment for these symptoms. Serious injury or death of a co-worker along with incidents involving children were considered very stressful. General work conditions also contributed to the overall stress levels. Most common coping strategies reported were positive reinterpretation (63%), seeking family and social support (59%) and awareness and venting of emotions (46%), with significant differences by ethnicity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  EMS personnel are at high risk of experiencing post-traumatic stress symptoms. Early identification and treatment of potential stressors, psychiatric and medical problems is warranted and necessitates ongoing assessment and employee assistance programmes at the minimum.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Hawaii, John A. Burns School of Medicine, 1356 Lusitana Street 4th Floor, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813, USA.
authors.forename: Shalini
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mishra
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Goebert
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Char
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dukes
authors.forename: Iqbal
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ahmed
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D004634:Emergency Medical Technicians / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006254:Hawaii / Q000453:epidemiology; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016526:Workload / Q000523:psychology