title: Pharmacokinetics of lidocaine, bupivacaine, and levobupivacaine in plasma and brain in awake rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We have compared the pharmacokinetics and brain distribution of lidocaine, racemic bupivacaine (bupivacaine), and levobupivacaine in awake, spontaneously breathing rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Lidocaine (0.5 mg x kg x min), bupivacaine (0.1 mg x kg x min), or levobupivacaine (0.1 mg x kg x min) was continuously administered to rats for 2 h (n = 12, each anesthetic). Blood samples and cerebral dialysate were collected during infusion and for 2 h after termination of infusion. Concentrations of anesthetics in the cerebral extracellular fluid were measured by microdialysis using the retrodialysis calibration method. Tissue-to-plasma partition coefficients calculated from the total (protein-bound and unbound) and unbound concentrations in plasma and brain as well as pharmacokinetic parameters in plasma and cerebral extracellular fluid were compared among the three anesthetics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no differences in plasma total or unbound concentrations between bupivacaine and levobupivacaine. Concentrations of bupivacaine in the cerebral extracellular fluid were significantly higher than levobupivacaine (P < 0.001). Despite no differences in the ratio of total brain concentration to total plasma concentration among the three anesthetics, the ratio of cerebral extracellular fluid concentration to plasma unbound fraction of bupivacaine was significantly higher than lidocaine and levobupivacaine (0.58 +/- 0.09, 0.47 +/- 0.18, and 0.40 +/- 0.09, respectively; P = 0.03 and 0.003, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the ratio of total brain concentration to total plasma concentrations of lidocaine, bupivacaine, and levobupivacaine was similar, concentration ratio of bupivacaine in the cerebral extracellular fluid to plasma unbound fraction was significantly higher than lidocaine and levobupivacaine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan. odayou@msic.med.osaka-cu.ac.jp
authors.forename: Yuko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ikeda
authors.forename: Yutaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Oda
authors.forename: Taketo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: Ryota
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: Wakako
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Miyake
authors.forename: Ichiro
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hase
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Asada
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D045604:Extracellular Fluid / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D000077554:Levobupivacaine; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000097:blood* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D014851:Wakefulness / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D008012:Lidocaine; D000077554:Levobupivacaine; D002045:Bupivacaine