title: Influence of chromium interlayer on the adhesion of porcelain to machined titanium as determined by the strain energy release rate.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study evaluated the effect of a chromium interlayer deposited by electroplating on the adhesion between titanium and porcelain by means of strain energy release rate (G-value (J/m(2)) or interfacial toughness).
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy rectangular specimens of commercially pure titanium (CP Ti) plates grade II (8 mm x 30 mm x 1.5 mm) were prepared. The specimens were divided into seven groups according to the electroplating treatment; Gr 1 (control without electroplating, n=10); Gr 2 (5% (w/v) chromium nitrate solution for 30 min, n=10); Gr 3 (5% (w/v) chromium nitrate solution for 60 min, n=10); Gr 4 (5% (w/v) chromium nitrate solution for 120 min, n=10); Gr 5 (10% (w/v) chromium nitrate solution for 30 min, n=10); and Gr 6 (10% (w/v) chromium nitrate solution for 60 min, n=10) and Gr 7 (10% (w/v) chromium nitrate solution for 120 min, n=10). Each group was further equally divided into two subgroups according to the type of porcelain used. Two titanium-porcelains (Vita Titankeramik and Triceram) were applied to each subgroup (n=5). The G-value was measured with a four-point bending configuration. Following fracture testing, specimens were examined with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Data were analysed using ANOVA and Tukey's test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adhesion values were significantly affected by the type of electroplating treatment (P<0.05) and by the type of porcelain (P<0.05). The CP Ti/Vita Titankeramik (0.5h 5% (w/v), 1h 5% (w/v) and 0.5h 10% (w/v)) groups showed the highest G-value (36.94+/-3.25, 38.87+/-7.91 and 37.22+/-5.76J/m(2)) amongst their groups. The CP Ti/Triceram (0.5h 5% (w/v) and 0.5h 10% (w/v)) groups (26.72+/-4.36 and 26.94+/-3.52J/m(2)) were statistically significantly different from the control group (14.99+/-1.50J/m(2)) (P<0.05). A definitive relationship was found between Cr film thickness and G-value for both porcelain materials.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adhesion between porcelain and CP Ti can be improved by the use of chromium interlayer prior to porcelain firing.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dental Biomaterials, Faculty of Dentistry, Mansoura University, Egypt.
authors.forename: Shaymaa E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Elsaka
authors.forename: Ibrahim M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Hamouda
authors.forename: Yehia A
authors.initials: YA
authors.lastname: Elewady
authors.forename: Ossama B
authors.initials: OB
authors.lastname: Abouelatta
authors.forename: Michael V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Swain
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002857:Chromium; D001840:Dental Bonding; D003776:Dental Porcelain / Q000737:chemistry; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis / Q000379:methods; D004595:Electroplating / Q000379:methods; D004735:Energy Transfer; D008422:Materials Testing; D016876:Metal Ceramic Alloys / Q000737:chemistry; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D018583:Pliability; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium
chemical_list: D016876:Metal Ceramic Alloys; D002857:Chromium; D003776:Dental Porcelain; D014025:Titanium