title: Changes in the frontotemporal cortex and cognitive correlates in first-episode psychosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Loss of cortical volume in frontotemporal regions has been reported in patients with schizophrenia and their relatives. Cortical area and thickness are determined by different genetic processes, and measuring these parameters separately may clarify disturbances in corticogenesis relevant to schizophrenia. Our study also explored clinical and cognitive correlates of these parameters.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-seven patients with first-episode psychosis (34 schizophrenia, 3 schizoaffective disorder) and 38 healthy control subjects matched for age and sex took part in the study. Imaging was performed on an magnetic resonance imaging 1.5-T scanner. Area and thickness of the frontotemporal cortex were measured using a surface-based morphometry method (Freesurfer). All subjects underwent neuropsychologic testing that included measures of premorbid and current IQ, working and verbal memory, and executive function.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Reductions in cortical area, more marked in the temporal cortex, were present in patients. Overall frontotemporal cortical thickness did not differ between groups, although regional thinning of the right superior temporal region was observed in patients. There was a significant association of both premorbid IQ and IQ at disease onset with area, but not thickness, of the frontotemporal cortex, and working memory span was associated with area of the frontal cortex. These associations remained significant when only patients with schizophrenia were considered.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest an early disruption of corticogenesis in schizophrenia, although the effect of subsequent environmental factors cannot be excluded. In addition, cortical abnormalities are subject to regional variations and differ from those present in neurodegenerative diseases.
authors.affiliation: University College London Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Leticia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gutiérrez-Galve
authors.forename: Claudia A M
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Wheeler-Kingshott
authors.forename: Daniel R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Altmann
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Price
authors.forename: Elvina M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.forename: Verity C
authors.initials: VC
authors.lastname: Leeson
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lobo
authors.forename: Gareth J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Barker
authors.forename: Thomas R E
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Barnes
authors.forename: Eileen M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Joyce
authors.forename: María A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Ron
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D007360:Intelligence; D007361:Intelligence Tests; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008570:Memory, Short-Term / Q000502:physiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology*; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology*; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D013702:Temporal Lobe / Q000473:pathology*; D055815:Young Adult
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