title: Tobacco smoke: a risk factor for pulmonary arterial hypertension? A case-control study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Smoking is a well-known risk factor for cardiovascular, lung, and many other diseases. Smoking can induce pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) in animal models; PAH is common in smokers with COPD and thereby not correlated with the degree of airway obstruction. The impact of tobacco smoke exposure on the development of PAH in humans is not known.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a case-control study we assessed smoking and secondhand smoke exposure in all patients with PAH and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) seen at our pulmonary hypertension clinic from 2002 until July 2008. Data from patients with PAH were compared with CTEPH and healthy control subjects from the Swiss Health Survey 2007.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ninety-one patients with PAH were compared with 64 patients with CTEPH and 18,747 control subjects (women 58, 36, 10,331, respectively). Tobacco smoking was significantly more common in PAH compared with CTEPH and control subjects. This difference could be attributed to men. Patients with PAH also smoked longer and more heavily compared with patients with CTEPH. In addition, secondhand smoke exposure was significantly longer in nonsmokers with PAH compared with control subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data indicate that tobacco smoke exposure may be a risk factor for men with PAH. Considering smoking as a risk factor for PAH will have implications in counseling patients and especially their hitherto unaffected relatives. Further research on the pathogenetic role of smoking in PAH is warranted.
authors.affiliation: Clinic and Policlinic of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Regula
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schiess
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Senn
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fischler
authors.forename: Lars C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Huber
authors.forename: Serap
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vatandaslar
authors.forename: Rudolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Speich
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ulrich
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006976:Hypertension, Pulmonary / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000453:epidemiology; D013557:Switzerland / Q000453:epidemiology