title: High disease activity is a predictor of cortical hand bone loss in post-menopausal patients with established rheumatoid arthritis: a 5-year multicentre longitudinal study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to examine 5-year change in cortical hand BMD in female RA patients with established disease. Further, possibly baseline predictors of 5-year loss in digital X-ray radiogrammetry (DXR)-BMD were studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  This 5-year multicentre, longitudinal study included patients from Amsterdam (the Netherlands), Truro (UK) and Oslo (Norway). At baseline, 50 patients were consecutively included per centre. Inclusion criteria were: female sex, age 50-70 years and disease duration >or=5 years. This study presents 5-year follow-up data for 85 of these 150 patients (29 patients from Amsterdam; 26 from Truro; and 30 from Oslo). Clinical examination, blood test and radiographs were taken at baseline and 5-year follow-up. Cortical hand BMD was measured by DXR from hand radiographs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean (95% CI) baseline DXR-BMD for all patients was 0.46 (0.44, 0.48) g/cm(2) and the median 5-year DXR-BMD change was -6.7% (-11.2, -2.82%). Five-year DXR-BMD loss was associated with baseline measurements of age, RF, CRP, HAQ and 28-joint disease activity score (DAS-28) in univariate linear regression analyses. DAS-28 at baseline was an independent predictor of 5-year DXR-BMD loss in multivariate linear regression analyses corrected for centre, age and use of bone-protective agents.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High disease activity measured by DAS-28 was an independent predictor of cortical hand bone loss over 5 years in established, destructive RA. This finding supports that increased disease activity leads to localized bone loss in long-standing RA and underlines the importance of tight control and aggressive anti-inflammatory treatment in these patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rheumatology, St Olavs Hospital, 7600 Trondheim, Norway. mari.hoff@ntnu.no
authors.forename: Mari
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hoff
authors.forename: Pernille
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bøyesen
authors.forename: Glenn
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Haugeberg
authors.forename: Marijn
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vis
authors.forename: Anthony D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Woolf
authors.forename: Espen A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Havaardsholm
authors.forename: Ben A C
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Dijkmans
authors.forename: Tore K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Kvien
authors.forename: Till
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Uhlig
authors.forename: Willem F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Lems
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000150:complications* / Q000378:metabolism; D015519:Bone Density / Q000502:physiology*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D050276:Hand Bones / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008875:Middle Aged; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000502:physiology*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012720:Severity of Illness Index