title: Changes induced by a fructose-rich diet on hepatic metabolism and the antioxidant system.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The effect of a three-week fructose-rich diet (FRD) upon gene expression, protein and activity levels of liver antioxidant system and carbohydrate metabolism was studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  Serum glucose (fasting and after a glucose load), triglyceride and insulin levels of normal male Wistar rats were measured. In liver, we measured gene/protein expression and enzyme activity of catalase (CAT), copper-zinc-superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx); reduced glutathione (GSH); protein carbonyl content; thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) content and microsomal membrane susceptibility to lipid peroxidation; glucokinase (GK), glucose-6-phosphatase (G-6-Pase) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH) activity; and glycogen, pyruvate, lactate and triglyceride content.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Similar body weights and caloric intake were recorded in both groups. FRD rats had higher serum glucose, insulin and triglyceride levels, molar insulin:glucose ratio, HOMA-IR values and impaired glucose tolerance, whereas CAT, CuZnSOD and GSHPx relative gene expression levels were significantly lower. CAT and CuZnSOD protein expression, CAT activity and GSH content were also lower, while protein carbonyl content was higher. No differences were recorded in CuZnSOD, MnSOD and GSHPx activity, TBARS content and membrane susceptibility to lipid peroxidation. Glycogen, lactate and triglyceride content and GK, G-6-Pase and G-6-PDH activity were significantly higher in FRD rats.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the presence of oxidative stress, the liver exhibits changes in the carbohydrate and lipid metabolic pathways that would decrease reactive oxygen species production and their deleterious effect, thus inducing little impact on specific antioxidant mechanisms. This knowledge could facilitate the design and implementation of strategies to prevent oxidative stress-induced liver damage.
authors.affiliation: CENEXA, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, La Plata, Argentina. f_francini@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Flavio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Francini
authors.forename: María C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Castro
authors.forename: Guillermo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schinella
authors.forename: María E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: García
authors.forename: Bárbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Maiztegui
authors.forename: María A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Raschia
authors.forename: Juan J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Gagliardino
authors.forename: María L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Massa
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D050260:Carbohydrate Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects; D004032:Diet; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004327:Drinking Behavior / Q000187:drug effects; D005632:Fructose / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D050050:Protein Carbonylation / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D001786:Blood Glucose; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D007328:Insulin; D014280:Triglycerides; D005632:Fructose; D005978:Glutathione