title: Transfer of training in the development of intracorporeal suturing skill in medical student novices: a prospective randomized trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To help optimize the use of limited resources in trainee education, we developed a prospective randomized trial to determine the most effective means of teaching laparoscopic suturing to novices.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-one medical students received rudimentary instruction in intracorporeal suturing, then were pretested on a pig enterotomy model. They then were posttested after completion of 1 of 4 training arms: laparoscopic suturing, laparoscopic drills, open suturing, and virtual reality (VR) drills. Tests were scored for speed, accuracy, knot quality, and mental workload (National Aeronautics and Space Administration [NASA] Task Load Index).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Paired t tests were used. Task time was improved in all groups except the VR group. Knot quality improved only in the open or laparoscopic suturing groups. Mental workload improved only for those practicing on a physical laparoscopic trainer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For novice trainees, the efficacy of VR training is questionable. In contrast, the other training methods had benefits in terms of time, quality, and perceived workload.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Maryland, 22 S. Greene St, Rm. S4B14, Baltimore, MD 21201-1595, USA.
authors.forename: Claude
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Muresan
authors.forename: Tommy H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Jacob
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Seagull
authors.forename: Adrian E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Park
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004501:Education, Medical / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods* / Q000523:psychology; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013337:Students, Medical / Q000523:psychology*; D013536:Suture Techniques / Q000193:education*; D013552:Swine; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis