title: Structure of the rat nasal mucosa after acute and chronic hyperbaric oxygen therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We aimed at the identification of putative morphologic changes induced in the rat nasal mucosa by acute or chronic hyperbaric oxygen (HBO2) treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nasal samples were obtained from three groups of eight adult Wistar rats. The first group was submitted to 30 daily sessions of 100-minute-long HBO2 treatments at 2.5 ATA, the second group to a single 485-minute-long HBO2 session following the U.S. Navy Table 6 extended twice at 2.8 and 1.9 ATA, and the third group was composed of rats not submitted to any HBO2 therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Samples of anterior portion of the lower nasal turbinates (concha nasalis ventralis) were collected after sacrifice and head dissection of the animals. The samples were processed for light and electron microscopy and for morphometric analysis. Inflammatory leukocyte infiltration was evaluated by a semiquantitative method. Non-parametric ANOVA was applied to evaluate statistical differences between leukocyte infiltration, and ANOVA one-way was used to evaluate the thickness of epithelium and basement membrane from samples of HBO2-treated rats and untreated rats.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Samples of the turbinate mucosa of the rats submitted to chronic HBO2 treatment showed a significant increase in the thickness of the epithelium and a mild enhancement in the number of infiltrating leukocytes when compared with data from samples from untreated rats or from rats submitted to a single HBO2 treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chronic HBO2 treatment causes only minor changes in the architecture of the nasal mucosa of the rat; they reflect a mild inflammatory response of the respiratory tract to the increase in pressure and in oxygen content induced by HBO2. No significant morphological changes were observed after a single HBO2 treatment.
authors.affiliation: Serviço de Otorrinolaringologia, Hospital da Marinha, Lisboa, Portugal. p_vera_cruz@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Paulo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vera-Cruz
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zagalo
authors.forename: José Martins
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: dos Santos
authors.forename: Artur P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Aguas
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006931:Hyperbaric Oxygenation / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D052016:Mucositis / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D009297:Nasal Mucosa / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar