title: Rapid diversification by recombination in Bartonella grahamii from wild rodents in Asia contrasts with low levels of genomic divergence in Northern Europe and America.
abstract: Bartonella is a genus of vector-borne bacteria that infect the red blood cells of mammals, and includes several human-specific and zoonotic pathogens. Bartonella grahamii has a wide host range and is one of the most prevalent Bartonella species in wild rodents. We studied the population structure, genome content and genome plasticity of a collection of 26 B. grahamii isolates from 11 species of wild rodents in seven countries. We found strong geographic patterns, high recombination frequencies and large variations in genome size in B. grahamii compared with previously analysed cat- and human-associated Bartonella species. The extent of sequence divergence in B. grahamii populations was markedly lower in Europe and North America than in Asia, and several recombination events were predicted between the Asian strains. We discuss environmental and demographic factors that may underlie the observed differences.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Evolution, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Eva C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Berglund
authors.forename: Kirsten
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ellegaard
authors.forename: Fredrik
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Granberg
authors.forename: Zhoupeng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: Soichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Maruyama
authors.forename: Michael Y
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Kosoy
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Birtles
authors.forename: Siv G E
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Andersson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001208:Asia; D001473:Bartonella / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D001474:Bartonella Infections / Q000382:microbiology; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D055028:Comparative Genomic Hybridization; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D005060:Europe; D005828:Genetics, Population; D016680:Genome, Bacterial; D044404:Genomic Islands; D005843:Geography; D009656:North America; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D010802:Phylogeny; D010957:Plasmids; D039002:Prophages / Q000235:genetics; D011995:Recombination, Genetic; D012377:Rodentia / Q000382:microbiology*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial