title: Associations among 25-hydroxyvitamin D, diet quality, and metabolic disturbance differ by adiposity in adults in the United States.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent evidence indicates that a higher plasma level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] is associated with lower adiposity and a reduced number of metabolic disturbances (MetD).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We examined associations among dietary quality, 25(OH)D, percent body fat (%BF), and MetD, and a pathway linking them, across central obesity.
  
  
  METHODS
  This cross-sectional nationally representative study used extensive data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys of 2001-2004.
  
  
  METHODS
  U.S. adults aged at least 20 yr were stratified by central obesity (CO) status. Sample sizes ranged from 1943 (all MetD combined) to 7796 (each component).
  
  
  METHODS
  %BF was measured using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, and MetD was measured with individual continuous nonadiposity outcomes (e.g. fasting plasma glucose) and with a composite count index of binary MetD with prespecified cutoff points (Index I).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A higher 25(OH)D was associated with better dietary quality, lower %BF, and lower number of MetD. These inverse 25(OH)D-%BF and 25(OH)D-MetD associations (i.e. fasting blood glucose, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance, C-reactive protein, and Index I) were significantly stronger among the CO+ group. Finally, the pathway linking the dairy component of the Healthy Eating Index (HEIdairy) to Index I through 25(OH)D and %BF indicated complete mediation among the CO- group, but HEIdairy and 25(OH)D had direct inverse associations with Index I among the CO+ group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Due to potential genetic differences between CO- and CO+ groups, empowering U.S. adults with central obesity to make related behavioral changes may be especially effective in improving their vitamin D status and metabolic profile.
authors.affiliation: National Institutes of Health Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Suite 100, Room 04b118, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA. baydounm@mail.nih.gov
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Beydoun
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Boueiz
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Shroff
authors.forename: H A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Beydoun
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Zonderman
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D050154:Adiposity / Q000502:physiology*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001786:Blood Glucose; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D033461:Hyperuricemia / Q000097:blood*; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood*; D014481:United States; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D014807:Vitamin D; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D
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