title: Maltooligosaccharides from JEG-3 trophoblast-like cells exhibit immunoregulatory properties.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  to better understand the immunoregulatory properties of trophoblasts, we have searched for small immunologically active carbohydrates derived from intact trophoblast-like cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  using solid phase extraction coupled with HPLC and mass spectrometry methods, we have characterized a low molecular weight carbohydrate-rich fraction associated with JEG-3 cells. We have also tested the bioactivities of selected authentic oligosaccharides found in the oligosaccharide fraction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  the most abundant components of the low molecular weight carbohydrate-rich fraction were maltotriose and maltotetraose, with detectable amounts of maltopentaose. When authentic maltooligosaccharides were tested using lymphocytes, IL-2 inhibition was observed. This activity was dependent upon the number of saccharide subunits, stereochemistry, and concentration. To further test maltooligosaccharide properties, maltopentose was attached to glass cover slips. Although spontaneous neutrophil motility was observed on unmodified and control surfaces, it was inhibited on maltooligosaccharide-derivatized surfaces.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  maltooligosaccharides are associated with the trophoblast's surface where they may exhibit immunoregulatory activities.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences and Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.
authors.forename: Aiping
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Romero
authors.forename: Ji-Biao
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: Howard R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Petty
mesh_terms: D002240:Carbohydrate Sequence; D002460:Cell Line; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D006801:Humans; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis; D019169:Jurkat Cells; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008320:Maltose / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000276:immunology / Q000494:pharmacology; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009844:Oligosaccharides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D052616:Solid Phase Extraction; D014327:Trophoblasts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D007376:Interleukin-2; D009844:Oligosaccharides; C021705:maltooligosaccharides; D008320:Maltose
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