title: Autonomic stress and balance--the impact of age and diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Balance is impaired in the elderly and people with diabetes. However, the effect of attempted balance on the autonomic nervous system has not been investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten control subjects, 10 subjects with type 2 diabetes (age range, 21-75 years), and 10 older subjects age-matched to the subjects with diabetes were examined to determine the effect of diabetes and age on balance and the associated autonomic stress. Subjects were asked to stand on a balance platform for 1-min periods under four conditions: (1) quiet standing, (2) quiet standing with eyes closed, (3) quiet standing eyes closed with the platform allowed to move side to side over a central pivot that allows the edge of the platform to rotate 4 inches up and down, and (4) the same platform with eyes closed. Blood pressure, electrocardiogram, and sway were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Balance was worst in the subjects with diabetes, while the cardiovascular stress, as assessed by both heart rate and blood pressure, was greatest in the older group of subjects. But subjects with diabetes, while having a greater blood pressure response to the stress induced by balance, showed a poor heart rate response, probably due to diabetes-induced autonomic damage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Autonomic damage in the subjects with diabetes masked much of the stress of the inability to optimize balance in this population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, School of Allied Health Professions, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California 92350, USA. jpetrofsky@llu.edu
authors.forename: Jerrold Scott
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Petrofsky
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Focil
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Prowse
authors.forename: Yumi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Lee
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Berk
authors.forename: Gurinder
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bains
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001341:Autonomic Nervous System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D004856:Postural Balance / Q000502:physiology*; D013312:Stress, Physiological