title: Impact of tobacco control policies on exhaled carbon monoxide in non-smokers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Passive smoking is a serious health risk in non-smokers. The strength of tobacco control policies of the EU countries vary. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between secondhand smoke exposure, as assessed by exhaled carbon monoxide (eCO), and the strength of national tobacco control policies, in non-smokers in the EU.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were provided from the EU campaign 'HELP: for a life without tobacco' during national events settled in the 27 EU countries in 2006-2007. Individual information on age, gender, and eCO was obtained from 58,919 self-reported non-smokers. The strength of national tobacco control policies was scored by the Tobacco Control Scale (TCS). The relationship between eCO and TCS score was investigated using ecological and multilevel approaches.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both analyses reported a significant linear decrease in eCO per unit increase in TCS score, with a smaller estimation resulting from the multilevel analysis (beta=-0.03 ppm, 95% CI -0.04 to -0.02 vs -0.05, -0.02 to -0.08).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study confirms, in a large European non-smoker population, the relevance of strong antismoking policies in reducing exposure to passive smoking. The findings give further reason to encourage European countries to strengthen their tobacco control policies to protect non-smokers from secondhand smoke.
authors.affiliation: INSERM, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Séverine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tual
authors.forename: Jean-Pierre
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Piau
authors.forename: Martin J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Jarvis
authors.forename: Bertrand
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dautzenberg
authors.forename: Isabella
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Annesi-Maesano
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001944:Breath Tests; D002248:Carbon Monoxide / Q000032:analysis*; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005062:European Union; D045853:Exhalation; D005260:Female; D006291:Health Policy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution; D002248:Carbon Monoxide