title: Conditional expression of Spry1 in neural crest causes craniofacial and cardiac defects.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Growth factors and their receptors are mediators of organogenesis and must be tightly regulated in a temporal and spatial manner for proper tissue morphogenesis. Intracellular regulators of growth factor signaling pathways provide an additional level of control. Members of the Sprouty family negatively regulate receptor tyrosine kinase pathways in several developmental contexts. To gain insight into the role of Spry1 in neural crest development, we analyzed the developmental effects of conditional expression of Spry1 in neural crest-derived tissues.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Here we report that conditional expression of Spry1 in neural crest cells causes defects in craniofacial and cardiac development in mice. Spry1;Wnt1-Cre embryos die perinatally and exhibit facial clefting, cleft palate, cardiac and cranial nerve defects. These defects appear to be the result of decreased proliferation and increased apoptosis of neural crest and neural crest-derived cell populations. In addition, the domains of expression of several key transcription factors important to normal craniofacial and cardiac development including AP2, Msx2, Dlx5, and Dlx6 were reduced in Spry1;Wnt1-Cre transgenic embryos.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Collectively, these data suggest that Spry1 is an important regulator of craniofacial and cardiac morphogenesis and perturbations in Spry1 levels may contribute to congenital disorders involving tissues of neural crest origin.
authors.affiliation: Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME 04074, USA.
authors.forename: Xuehui
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Sean
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kilgallen
authors.forename: Viktoria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Andreeva
authors.forename: Douglas B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Spicer
authors.forename: Ilka
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Pinz
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Friesel
mesh_terms: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D019465:Craniofacial Abnormalities / Q000196:embryology*; D055785:Gene Knockdown Techniques; D006321:Heart; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000196:embryology*; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D009432:Neural Crest / Q000378:metabolism*; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D010750:Phosphoproteins; C425468:Spry1 protein, mouse
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