title: Smoking-based selection and influence in gender-segregated friendship networks: a social network analysis of adolescent smoking.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The main goal of this study was to examine differences between adolescent male and female friendship networks regarding smoking-based selection and influence processes using newly developed social network analysis methods that allow the current state of continuously changing friendship networks to act as a dynamic constraint for changes in smoking behaviour, while allowing current smoking behaviour to be simultaneously a dynamic constraint for changes in friendship networks.
  
  
  METHODS
  Longitudinal design with four measurements.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine junior high schools in Finland.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 1163 adolescents (mean age = 13.6 years) who participated in the control group of the ESFA (European Smoking prevention Framework Approach) study, including 605 males and 558 females.
  
  
  METHODS
  Smoking behaviour of adolescents, parents, siblings and friendship ties.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Smoking-based selection of friends was found in male as well as female networks. However, support for influence among friends was found only in female networks. Furthermore, females and males were both influenced by parental smoking behaviour.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In Finnish adolescents, both male and female smokers tend to select other smokers as friends but it appears that only females are influenced to smoke by their peer group. This suggests that prevention campaigns targeting resisting peer pressure may be more effective in adolescent girls than boys.
authors.affiliation: Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Maastricht, the Netherlands. liesbeth.mercken@gvo.unimaas.nl
authors.forename: Liesbeth
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mercken
authors.forename: Tom A B
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Snijders
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Steglich
authors.forename: Erkki
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vertiainen
authors.forename: Hein
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: de Vries
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology; D001294:Attitude to Health; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D033062:Friends / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D016487:Parenting; D010290:Parents; D010379:Peer Group; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*