[Pain perception of adolescents with chronic functional pain : adaptation and psychometric validation of the Pain Perception Scale (SES) by Geissner].
BACKGROUND
Pain perception is a central aspect of the multidimensional model of chronic pain. Up to now, validated measurement tools are lacking in the German language for measuring pain perception in adolescents. The aim of this study was to examine and adapt the well-established Pain Perception Scale for Adults by Geissner (SES) for use in adolescents with chronic pain to provide a measure for clinical diagnosis and evaluation of treatment effects.


METHODS
Principal component, reliability and item analyses were conducted on a sample with 139 adolescents. To test validity, age and sex effects, correlations with pain-related constructs, differences between treatment groups (inpatients vs outpatients) and concordance between adolescents and their parents were analysed.


RESULTS
Findings support a two-factor solution with one affective and one sensory factor; three additional sensory items were included in the final version. The scales show good internal consistency. Consistent with hypotheses, we found significant correlations with pain characteristics, emotional and cognitive variables as well as pain-related disability. Inpatients and outpatients show a significant difference in affective pain perception. Concordance between parents and adolescents was high.


CONCLUSIONS
With this questionnaire there is now a validated German assessment tool to measure pain perception in adolescents with chronic pain (Pain Perception Scale for Adolescents, SES-J). Due to its practicability it is suitable for clinical application.
Wager
J
J
Vodafone Stiftungsinstitut und Lehrstuhl für Kinderschmerztherapie und Pädiatrische Palliativmedizin, Datteln, Deutschland.
Tietze
A-L
AL
Denecke
H
H
Schroeder
S
S
Vocks
S
S
Kosfelder
J
J
Zernikow
B
B
Hechler
T
T
D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D058443:Catastrophization; D002648:Child; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015588:Observer Variation; D010146:Pain / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D059408:Pain Management; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D058748:Pain Perception; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013001:Somatoform Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*
J Pain. 2009 May;10(5):447-85
19411059
Schmerz. 2006 Feb;20(1):51-60
16391919
Anesthesiology. 2005 Jul;103(1):199-202
15983473
Pain. 1975 Sep;1(3):277-299
1235985
J Pain. 2008 Mar;9(3):226-36
18088558
Pain. 1987 Jan;28(1):27-38
3822493
Nurs Res. 1990 Jan-Feb;39(1):36-41
2136771
J Rheumatol. 2004 Sep;31(9):1840-6
15338510
Pain. 1987 May;29(2):195-207
2886967
Schmerz. 2009 Feb;23(1):20-32
18941801
Cephalalgia. 2004 Sep;24(9):735-9
15315529
Clin J Pain. 2009 Feb;25(2):156-66
19333163
J Pain. 2007 Sep;8(9):746-52
17631055
Pain. 2007 Feb;127(3):199-203
17182186
Pain. 2003 Nov;106(1-2):101-8
14581116
Pain. 1987 Feb;28(2):185-195
3822503
J Pain. 2007 Oct;8(10):802-13
17631054
Pain. 1988 Feb;32(2):251-255
3362561
Psychosom Med. 2001 Jan-Feb;63(1):79-90
11211069
Schmerz. 2002 Aug;16(4):263-70
12192435
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 Jul 8;100(14):8538-42
12824463
Multivariate Behav Res. 2003 Oct 1;38(4):505-28
26777444
J Abnorm Child Psychol. 1998 Oct;26(5):381-91
9826296
Pain. 1987 Aug;30(2):191-197
3670870
Schmerz. 2010 Feb;24(1):23-37
20108103
Nurs Res. 1993 Jan-Feb;42(1):5-9
8424069
Curr Opin Support Palliat Care. 2008 Mar;2(1):1-8
18685386
Pain. 1979 Jun;6(3):249
460932
Pediatrics. 2005 Feb;115(2):e152-62
15687423
Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz. 2007 May-Jun;50(5-6):711-7
17514455
J Pain. 2008 Sep;9(9):771-83
18562251
Pain. 2009 Jul;144(1-2):35-42
19356853
Curr Med Res Opin. 2006 Oct;22(10):1911-20
17022849