title: Cardiopulmonary bypass simulation at the Boot Camp.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  At Boot Camp, we evaluated a modular approach to skills mastery related to cardiopulmonary bypass and crisis scenarios.
  
  
  METHODS
  With 32 first-year cardiothoracic surgery residents divided into 4 groups, 4 consecutive hours were devoted to cardiopulmonary bypass skills by using a perfused nonbeating heart model, computer-controlled CPB simulator, and perfused beating heart simulator. Based on the cardiopulmonary bypass simulator, each resident was assessed by using a checklist rating score on cardiopulmonary bypass management and 1 crisis scenario. An overall cardiopulmonary bypass score was determined. Economy of time and thought was assessed (1 = unnecessary/disorganized to 5 = maximum economy). At the end of the session, residents completed a written examination. Residents rated the sessions on cannulation skills, cardiopulmonary bypass knowledge, and cardiopulmonary bypass emergency and crisis scenarios on a 5-point scale (5 = very helpful to 1 = not helpful).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty residents completed cardiopulmonary bypass simulator exercises. For initiation and termination of cardiopulmonary bypass, most residents performed the tasks and sequence correctly. Some elements were not performed correctly. For instance, 3 residents did not verify the activated clotting time before cardiopulmonary bypass initiation. Four residents demonstrated inadequate communication with the perfusionist, including lack of assertiveness and unclear commands. In crisis scenarios management of massive air embolism (n = 8) was challenging and resulted in the most errors; poor venous drainage and high arterial line pressure scenarios were managed with fewer errors. For the protamine reaction scenario, all residents (n = 7) identified the problem, but in 3 cases heparin was not redosed before resuming cardiopulmonary bypass for right ventricular failure. The score for economy of time and thought was 3.83 ± 0.6 (range, 3-5). The score of the written examination was 90.0 ± 11.3 (range, 60-100), which did not correlate with the overall cardiopulmonary bypass score of 91.4 ± 7.1 (range, 80-100; r = 0.07). The session on acquiring aortic cannulation skills was rated 4.92, that for cardiopulmonary bypass knowledge was rated 4.96, and that for cardiopulmonary bypass crisis scenarios was rated 4.96.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This Boot Camp session introduced residents early in their training to aortic cannulation, principles and management of cardiopulmonary bypass, and crisis management. Based on a modular approach, technical skills and knowledge of cardiopulmonary bypass can be acquired and assessed by using simulations, but further work with more comprehensive educational modules and practice will accelerate the path to mastery of these critical skills.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA. george_hicks@urmc.rochester.edu
authors.forename: George L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Hicks
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gangemi
authors.forename: Ronald E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Angona
authors.forename: Paul S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Ramphal
authors.forename: Richard H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Feins
authors.forename: James I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Fann
mesh_terms: D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000193:education*; D002983:Clinical Competence; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003422:Critical Care; D003479:Curriculum; D004503:Education, Medical, Graduate / Q000379:methods*; D004521:Educational Measurement; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D009048:Motor Skills; D015397:Program Evaluation; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis