title: Type 2 diabetes: an expanded view of pathophysiology and therapy.
abstract: Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a complicated metabolic disease affecting millions of individuals worldwide. The medications used to manage the disease are based on different pharmacologic approaches, including decreasing hepatic gluconeogenesis, stimulating pancreatic insulin production, slowing polysaccharide digestion, and increasing insulin sensitivity in muscle, liver, and fat to lower blood glucose. Incretin-based therapies, including glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists, mimic the effects of native GLP-1, while dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors increase circulating concentrations of endogenous GLP-1. This review focuses on means by which primary care physicians might evaluate the utility of pharmacologic agents based on their relation to the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. In general, patients with type 2 diabetes should be treated to their lowest targeted glycemic goals as soon as they are diagnosed, for as long as possible, as safely as possible, and as rationally as possible.
authors.affiliation: Metabolic Studies, Catalina Research Institute, Chino, CA 91710, USA. jungermd@aol.com
authors.forename: Jeff
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Unger
authors.forename: Christopher G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Parkin
mesh_terms: D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D054873:Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D000067757:Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D054795:Incretins / Q000502:physiology; D018027:Receptors, Glucagon / Q000819:agonists; D045162:Thiazolidinediones / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D054873:Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors; C000593833:GLP1R protein, human; D000067757:Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D054795:Incretins; D018027:Receptors, Glucagon; D045162:Thiazolidinediones