title: Rising methods and leavening agents used in the production of bread do not impact the glycaemic index.
abstract: The aim of this study was to compare the glycaemic index of breads produced using different rising methods and leavening agents. Eleven bread varieties were selected based on method of production, and divided between three groups of ten participants (mean +/- SD age 30.0 +/- 10.7 years and BMI 22.9 +/- 2.8). Standard glycaemic index testing protocol was implemented after an overnight fast, using glucose as the reference food, and collecting blood samples over a two-hour period. Glycemic index was calculated using the usual method. Additionally, incremental area under the curve data were log transformed and glycaemic index was calculated using regression analysis. Mean glycaemic index values of the breads in ascending order were as follows: Swiss Rye; 60, Long oat; 68, Sourdough+oats; 71, Long rye; 76, Short oat; 77, Short whole meal; 78, Long whole meal; 80, Sourdough; 82, Short rye; 82, Yeast; 88, and Desem; 92. There were significant differences in mean glycaemic index values between Swiss Rye and Yeast (p = 0.010), Swiss Rye and Desem (p = 0.007) and Sourdough+oats and Desem (p = 0.043). The rising method and leavening agents used in this study did not impact on the glycaemic index of the breads tested. Other factors, such as increased bread density, and the addition of whole grains may be required to produce bread with a low glycaemic index.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Monica Hardman
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Fredensborg
authors.forename: Tracy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Perry
authors.forename: Jim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mann
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chisholm
authors.forename: Meredith
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rose
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001939:Bread / Q000032:analysis / Q000382:microbiology; D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D003296:Cooking / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005285:Fermentation; D005433:Flour; D005516:Food Microbiology; D038321:Glycemic Index; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D013045:Species Specificity; D013997:Time Factors; D015003:Yeasts / Q000378:metabolism; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose