title: HIV-1 Tat and host AFF4 recruit two transcription elongation factors into a bifunctional complex for coordinated activation of HIV-1 transcription.
abstract: Recruitment of the P-TEFb kinase by HIV-1 Tat to the viral promoter triggers the phosphorylation and escape of RNA polymerase II from promoter-proximal pausing. It is unclear, however, if Tat recruits additional host factors that further stimulate HIV-1 transcription. Using a sequential affinity-purification scheme, we have identified human transcription factors/coactivators AFF4, ENL, AF9, and elongation factor ELL2 as components of the Tat-P-TEFb complex. Through the bridging functions of Tat and AFF4, P-TEFb and ELL2 combine to form a bifunctional elongation complex that greatly activates HIV-1 transcription. Without Tat, AFF4 can mediate the ELL2-P-TEFb interaction, albeit inefficiently. Tat overcomes this limitation by bringing more ELL2 to P-TEFb and stabilizing ELL2 in a process that requires active P-TEFb. The ability of Tat to enable two different classes of elongation factors to cooperate and coordinate their actions on the same polymerase enzyme explains why Tat is such a powerful activator of HIV-1 transcription.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
authors.forename: Nanhai
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Joanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: Yuhua
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xue
authors.forename: Seemay
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chou
authors.forename: Alma
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Burlingame
authors.forename: Nevan J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Krogan
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Alber
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhou
mesh_terms: D001665:Binding Sites; D002460:Cell Line; D042863:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 9 / Q000378:metabolism; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D006801:Humans; D046912:Multiprotein Complexes; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D042925:Positive Transcriptional Elongation Factor B / Q000378:metabolism; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex / Q000378:metabolism; D061988:Proteasome Inhibitors; D034622:RNA Interference; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015533:Transcriptional Activation; D035602:Transcriptional Elongation Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D014162:Transfection; D054322:tat Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: C471348:AFF4 protein, human; C090862:ELL protein, human; C447613:ELL2 protein, human; C489901:MLLT3 protein, human; D046912:Multiprotein Complexes; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D061988:Proteasome Inhibitors; D012367:RNA, Viral; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D035602:Transcriptional Elongation Factors; D054322:tat Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus; D042925:Positive Transcriptional Elongation Factor B; C467969:CDK9 protein, human; D042863:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 9; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex
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