title: Cluster randomized trials in comparative effectiveness research: randomizing hospitals to test methods for prevention of healthcare-associated infections.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The need for evidence about the effectiveness of therapeutics and other medical practices has triggered new interest in methods for comparative effectiveness research.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Describe an approach to comparative effectiveness research involving cluster randomized trials in networks of hospitals, health plans, or medical practices with centralized administrative and informatics capabilities.
  
  
  METHODS
  We discuss the example of an ongoing cluster randomized trial to prevent methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection in intensive care units (ICUs). The trial randomizes 45 hospitals to: (a) screening cultures of ICU admissions, followed by Contact Precautions if MRSA-positive, (b) screening cultures of ICU admissions followed by decolonization if MRSA-positive, or (c) universal decolonization of ICU admissions without screening.
  
  
  METHODS
  All admissions to adult ICUs.
  
  
  METHODS
  The primary outcome is MRSA-positive clinical cultures occurring >or=2 days following ICU admission. Secondary outcomes include blood and urine infection caused by MRSA (and, separately, all pathogens), as well as the development of resistance to decolonizing agents.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Recruitment of hospitals is complete. Data collection will end in Summer 2011.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This trial takes advantage of existing personnel, procedures, infrastructure, and information systems in a large integrated hospital network to conduct a low-cost evaluation of prevention strategies under usual practice conditions. This approach is applicable to many comparative effectiveness topics in both inpatient and ambulatory settings.
authors.affiliation: Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA. richard_platt@harvard.edu
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Platt
authors.forename: Samuel U
authors.initials: SU
authors.lastname: Takvorian
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Septimus
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hickok
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Moody
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Perlin
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Jernigan
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kleinman
authors.forename: Susan S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D057186:Comparative Effectiveness Research / Q000379:methods*; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D017053:Infection Control / Q000379:methods*; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000458:organization & administration*; D055624:Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000379:methods*