title: Angle closure in the Andhra Pradesh Eye Disease Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the prevalence and associated risk factors for primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG), primary angle closure (PAC), and primary angle-closure suspects (PACS) in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh.
  
  
  METHODS
  A population-based, cross-sectional study using a stratified, random, cluster, and systematic sampling strategy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1996 and 2000, participants aged > or =40 years from 94 clusters in 1 urban and 3 rural areas were included.
  
  
  METHODS
  Trained professionals performed a detailed eye examination, including visual acuity, refraction, slit-lamp biomicroscopy, applanation tonometry, gonioscopy, and dilated fundus evaluation after ruling out risk of angle closure. Humphrey threshold 24-2 visual fields (VFs) were performed when indicated by disc criteria or if intraocular pressure (IOP) was > or =22 mmHg.
  
  
  METHODS
  Angle closure was diagnosed and categorized using International Society of Geographical and Epidemiological Ophthalmology criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Primary angle-closure glaucoma was present in 35 of 3724 subjects aged > or =40 years, an age- and gender-adjusted prevalence of 0.94% (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.63-1.24). Primary angle closure was present in 12 subjects (0.3%; 95% CI, 0.1-0.5), and PACS was present in 71 subjects (2%; 95% CI, 1.5-2.3). The prevalence of angle-closure disease (ACD=PACG+PAC) was 1.26% (95% CI, 0.90-1.62). Forty-one of 47 subjects (87.2%) with ACD were unaware of their disease. The prevalence of PACG increased from 0.56% (0.17-0.94) in the fourth decade to 2.5% (0.87-4.12) in the seventh decade. Seven (20%) of the 35 subjects with PACG were blind (visual acuity <3/60). Intraocular pressure increase (odds ratio [OR] 1.16; 95% CI, 1.11-1.22; P<0.001), diabetes mellitus (OR 3.18l; 95% CI, 1.34-7.58; P=0.001), and female gender (OR 2.07; 95% CI, 1.09-3.93; P=0.025) were significantly associated with angle-closure disease. No significant association was found with systemic hypertension (P=0.24) and hyperopia (P=0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of PACG in this population was 0.94%. Increasing age, increasing IOP, diabetes mellitus, and female gender were significantly associated with angle-closure disease. Blindness due to PACG was 20%.
authors.affiliation: L.V Prasad Eye Institute, Kallam Anji Reddy campus, L.V Prasad Marg, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, India. siddharth142@sify.com
authors.forename: Sirisha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Senthil
authors.forename: Chandrasekhar
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Garudadri
authors.forename: Rohit C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Khanna
authors.forename: Krishniah
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sannapaneni
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D015812:Glaucoma, Angle-Closure / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006068:Gonioscopy; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D007429:Intraocular Pressure; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012424:Rural Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017678:Sex Distribution; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data