cis-Regulatory elements and chromatin state coordinately control temporal and spatial expression of FLOWERING LOCUS T in Arabidopsis.
Flowering time of summer annual Arabidopsis thaliana accessions is largely determined by the timing of FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) expression in the leaf vasculature. To understand the complex interplay between activating and repressive inputs controlling flowering through FT, cis-regulatory sequences of FT were identified in this study. A proximal and an approximately 5-kb upstream promoter region containing highly conserved sequence blocks were found to be essential for FT activation by CONSTANS (CO). Chromatin-associated protein complexes add another layer to FT regulation. In plants constitutively overexpressing CO, changes in chromatin status, such as a decrease in binding of LIKE HETEROCHROMATIN PROTEIN1 (LHP1) and increased acetylation of H3K9 and K14, were observed throughout the FT locus, although these changes appear to be a consequence of FT upregulation and not a prerequisite for activation. Binding of LHP1 was required to repress enhancer elements located between the CO-controlled regions. By contrast, the distal and proximal promoter sequences required for FT activation coincide with locally LHP1 and H3K27me3 depleted chromatin, indicating that chromatin status facilitates the accessibility of transcription factors to FT. Therefore, distant regulatory regions are required for FT transcription, reflecting the complexity of its control and differences in chromatin status delimit functionally important cis-regulatory regions.
Adrian
Jessika
J
Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Koeln, Germany.
Farrona
Sara
S
Reimer
Julia J
JJ
Albani
Maria C
MC
Coupland
George
G
Turck
Franziska
F
D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000235:genetics*; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D020029:Base Pairing / Q000235:genetics; D001483:Base Sequence; D002843:Chromatin / Q000378:metabolism*; D002868:Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone / Q000378:metabolism; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D056426:Genetic Loci / Q000235:genetics; D006657:Histones / Q000378:metabolism; D008239:Lysine / Q000378:metabolism; D008745:Methylation; D008957:Models, Genetic; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D017440:Photoperiod; D010802:Phylogeny; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D014176:Protein Biosynthesis; D013997:Time Factors; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D015533:Transcriptional Activation / Q000235:genetics
D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; C092776:CONSTANS protein, Arabidopsis; D002843:Chromatin; D002868:Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C418905:FT protein, Arabidopsis; D006657:Histones; D014157:Transcription Factors; C443901:like heterochromatin protein 1; D008239:Lysine
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