title: Orientia tsutsugamushi induced endothelial cell activation via the NOD1-IL-32 pathway.
abstract: Orientia tsutsugamushi (OT), the causative agent of scrub typhus, is an obligate intracellular bacterium. In order to verify the inflammatory responses involved in the pathogenesis of scrub typhus, we assessed the cytokine profile of the human endothelial cell line, ECV304, after OT infection. We noted that CCL5, CCL17, IL-1alpha, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-15, TNF-alpha and TNF-beta were strongly induced in response to OT. Additionally, IL-32, the candidate modulator for the induction of IL-6 and IL-8, was increased significantly with OT infection and these increases coincided with NOD1 pathway activation. Thus, we hypothesized that NOD1 pathway and IL-32 might act on cytokine release in endothelial cells as a modulator of the inflammation caused by OT infection. NOD1 siRNA resulted in a reduction in IL-32 levels, and also reduced IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-8, and ICAM-1 expression in OT-infected ECV304 cells. These changes in IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-8, and ICAM-1 induced by NOD1 knockdown were reversed as the result of IL-32 treatment. This indicated that OT infection activated the NOD1 pathway followed by IL-32 secretion, thus resulting in the production and expression of IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-8, and ICAM-1. Therefore, IL-32 might perform a role upstream of the inflammatory reaction in endothelial cells of OT infection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Kyung-Ah
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: Yoon Hee
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Jun
authors.forename: Jee Won
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Suh
authors.forename: Jae-Seung
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Hee Jung
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: So-Youn
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Woo
mesh_terms: D002460:Cell Line; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology*; D020868:Gene Silencing; D006801:Humans; D007378:Interleukins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000276:immunology*; D053474:Nod1 Signaling Adaptor Protein / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000276:immunology*; D012285:Orientia tsutsugamushi / Q000276:immunology* / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; C496971:IL32 protein, human; D007378:Interleukins; C119067:NOD1 protein, human; D053474:Nod1 Signaling Adaptor Protein; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering