title: Lithium protects against toxic effects of cadmium in the rat testes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the protective effect of Lithium against the toxic effect of Cadmium in the rat testes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty four adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with four different regimens: Cadmium only, Cadmium and lithium, lithium only and controls. Rats were sacrificed after 6 weeks and testicular levels of pro-inflammatory cytokine (IL-4), anti-inflammatory cytokine (TNF-α), Pro-apoptotic protein (Bax) and anti-apoptotic protein (Bcl-2) were measured by ELISA while serum levels of FSH, LH, Prolactin and Testosterone were measured using the Vidas parametric system. Antioxidant status (MDA, SOD) was also assessed in serum. Histopathological changes of testes were examined using light and electron microscopy. Immunohistochemical staining for Bax, Bcl-2 and Caspase 3 were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Treatment with lithium was associated with significant reduction in the toxic effects of Cadmium as shown by reduced testicular levels of TNF-α, serum levels of Malondialdehyde and testicular level of Bax, and increased levels of IL-4, Zn-Cu SOD, Bcl-2 and Testosterone. Testicular histopathology showed that Cadmium produced an extensive germ cells apoptosis and the addition of lithium in Cadmium-treated rats significantly reduced cadmium-induced testicular damage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lithium has a protective effect against cadmium-induced testicular apoptosis in the rat.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait. alazemimajda@hsc.edu.kw
authors.forename: Majedah
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Al-Azemi
authors.forename: Florence E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Omu
authors.forename: Elijah O
authors.initials: EO
authors.lastname: Kehinde
authors.forename: Jeroham T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Anim
authors.forename: Mabayoje A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Oriowo
authors.forename: Alexander E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Omu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D002104:Cadmium / Q000633:toxicity*; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D005640:Follicle Stimulating Hormone / Q000097:blood; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000378:metabolism; D008094:Lithium / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007986:Luteinizing Hormone / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D011388:Prolactin / Q000097:blood; D020011:Protective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013091:Spermatogenesis / Q000187:drug effects; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000648:ultrastructure; D013737:Testis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D013739:Testosterone / Q000097:blood; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; C494828:Bax protein, rat; D020011:Protective Agents; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; D002104:Cadmium; D015847:Interleukin-4; D013739:Testosterone; D011388:Prolactin; D007986:Luteinizing Hormone; D005640:Follicle Stimulating Hormone; D008094:Lithium; C505410:Casp3 protein, rat; D053148:Caspase 3
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