title: Optimization of metal artefact reduction (MAR) sequences for MRI of total hip prostheses.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the relative contribution of matrix size and bandwidth to artefact reduction in order to define optimal sequence parameters for metal artefact reduction (MAR) sequences for MRI of total hip prostheses.
  
  
  METHODS
  A phantom was created using a Charnley total hip replacement. Mid-coronal T1-weighted (echo time 12ms, repetition time 400ms) images through the prosthesis were acquired with increasing bandwidths (150, 300, 454, 592, and 781Hz/pixel) and increasing matrixes of 128, 256, 384, 512, 640, and 768 pixels square. Signal loss from the prosthesis and susceptibility artefact was segmented using an automated tool.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over 90% of the achievable reduction in artefacts was obtained with matrixes of 256x256 or greater and a receiver bandwidth of approximately 400Hz/pixel or greater. Thereafter increasing the receiver bandwidth or matrix had little impact on reducing susceptibility artefacts. Increasing the bandwidth produced a relative fall in the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of between 49 and 56% for a given matrix, but, in practice, the image quality was still satisfactory even with the highest bandwidth and largest matrix sizes. The acquisition time increased linearly with increasing matrix parameters.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Over 90% of the achievable metal artefact reduction can be realized with mid-range matrices and receiver bandwidths on a clinical 1.5T system. The loss of SNR from increasing receiver bandwidth, is preferable to long acquisition times, and therefore, should be the main tool for reducing metal artefact.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Norfolk & Norwich University Hospital Trust, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7UY, UK. andoni.toms@nnuh.nhs.uk
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Toms
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Smith-Bateman
authors.forename: P N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Malcolm
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cahir
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Graves
mesh_terms: D016477:Artifacts; D006622:Hip Prosthesis; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000295:instrumentation*; D008670:Metals; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
chemical_list: D008670:Metals