title: Are hard-to-reach populations being reached with immunization services? Findings from the 2005 Papua New Guinea national immunization coverage survey.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To measure immunization coverage among children aged 12-23 months in Papua New Guinea (PNG) and to assess if and why there are differences between hard-to-reach and more accessible communities.
  
  
  METHODS
  WHO cluster sampling methodology was employed to measure immunization coverage in PNG's four regions. Survey data were re-analyzed according to a local assessment of geographical accessibility indicated by census unit type: urban, rural and hard-to-reach. Census units were designated as hard-to-reach if they were five or more km from a health centre.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nationwide coverage for most antigens falls below the national target of 80% although there are regional differences with Islands performing the best. Late doses are a major concern: just 4% were fully immunized with valid ("on time") doses by 1 year of age. Coverage was lower in both rural and remote communities: at 6 months 48% of children from urban units had received three valid doses of DTP-3 but only 16% in rural areas and 13% in hard-to-reach communities. Reasons for failure to immunize varied: 21% of mothers said their child was not immunized because distance, travel conditions or cost of transportation prevented access to local health centres; 27% cited a lack of knowledge or misconceptions about immunization; while 29% believed it was because of an issue with the health system.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Throughout PNG there is an urgent need to increase immunization coverage and to ensure that children are immunized on time according to the schedule. Both coverage and timeliness of doses are worse for children living in hard-to-reach and rural areas. Achieving national immunization targets requires improvements in health service delivery, including outreach, especially for remote and rural communities, as well as greater community education and social mobilisation in support of immunization services.
authors.affiliation: Health Services Support Program, Papua New Guinea.
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Toikilik
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tuges
authors.forename: Jamie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lagani
authors.forename: Elis
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wafiware
authors.forename: Enoch
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Posanai
authors.forename: Ben
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Coghlan
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Morgan
authors.forename: Rohan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sweeney
authors.forename: Nan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Anatoly
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Abramov
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.forename: C John
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Clements
mesh_terms: D016000:Cluster Analysis; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007114:Immunization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D007223:Infant; D010219:Papua New Guinea