title: Use of tumor necrosis factor-alpha-coated gold nanoparticles to enhance radiofrequency ablation in a translational model of renal tumors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) has been most effective when the tumors are small, exophytic, and away from vital structures. We enlarged the size of the ablation kill zone by infusing a 30-nm tumor necrosis factor-alpha and polyethylene glycol-coated gold nanoparticle (CYT-6091, CytImmune Sciences, Inc.) before ablation in a rabbit kidney tumor model.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 37 New Zealand White rabbits had VX-2 tumors implanted into their bilateral kidneys; they were then split into 3 treatment groups of 10 rabbits each and a sham group of 7 rabbits as follows: (1) CYT-6091 only, (2) RFA only, (3) CYT-6091 followed 4 hours later by RFA. Gross and microscopic measurements of the ablation size as well as histologic analysis using hematoxylin and eosin staining were performed to determine the effect of CYT-6091 on the ablation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The RFA + CYT-6091 group had a larger zone of complete cell death than the RFA-only group when measured on microscopic examination (0.30 +/- 0.07 vs 0.23 +/- 0.03 mL, P = .03). The zone of partially ablated tissue was smaller in the RFA + CYT-6091 group than in the RFA-only group (0.08 +/- 0.02 vs 0.13 +/- 0.05 mL, P = .01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have demonstrated the efficacy of CYT-6091 in enhancing RFA in a translational kidney tumor model. The potential usage of CYT-6091 to improve RFA of renal cell carcinoma merits further study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Renato Nardi
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Pedro
authors.forename: Thishore
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Thekke-Adiyat
authors.forename: Raghav
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Goel
authors.forename: Mithun
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shenoi
authors.forename: Joel
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Slaton
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schmechel
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bischof
authors.forename: James Kyle
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Anderson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000379:methods*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D006046:Gold; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles; D011817:Rabbits; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D006046:Gold