Coding of facial expressions of pain in the laboratory mouse.
Facial expression is widely used as a measure of pain in infants; whether nonhuman animals display such pain expressions has never been systematically assessed. We developed the mouse grimace scale (MGS), a standardized behavioral coding system with high accuracy and reliability; assays involving noxious stimuli of moderate duration are accompanied by facial expressions of pain. This measure of spontaneously emitted pain may provide insight into the subjective pain experience of mice.
Langford
Dale J
DJ
Department of Psychology and Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
Bailey
Andrea L
AL
Chanda
Mona Lisa
ML
Clarke
Sarah E
SE
Drummond
Tanya E
TE
Echols
Stephanie
S
Glick
Sarah
S
Ingrao
Joelle
J
Klassen-Ross
Tammy
T
Lacroix-Fralish
Michael L
ML
Matsumiya
Lynn
L
Sorge
Robert E
RE
Sotocinal
Susana G
SG
Tabaka
John M
JM
Wong
David
D
van den Maagdenberg
Arn M J M
AM
Ferrari
Michel D
MD
Craig
Kenneth D
KD
Mogil
Jeffrey S
JS
D000818:Animals; D005149:Facial Expression; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D010146:Pain / Q000523:psychology; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods*
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