title: Long-lasting humoral and cellular immune responses and mucosal dissemination after intramuscular DNA immunization.
abstract: Naïve Indian rhesus macaques were immunized with a mixture of optimized plasmid DNAs expressing several SIV antigens using in vivo electroporation via the intramuscular route. The animals were monitored for the development of SIV-specific systemic (blood) and mucosal (bronchoalveolar lavage) cellular and humoral immune responses. The immune responses were of great magnitude, broad (Gag, Pol, Nef, Tat and Vif), long-lasting (up to 90 weeks post third vaccination) and were boosted with each subsequent immunization, even after an extended 90-week rest period. The SIV-specific cellular immune responses were consistently more abundant in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) than in blood, and were characterized as predominantly effector memory CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in BAL and as both central and effector memory T cells in blood. SIV-specific T cells containing Granzyme B were readily detected in both blood and BAL, suggesting the presence of effector cells with cytolytic potential. DNA vaccination also elicited long-lasting systemic and mucosal humoral immune responses, including the induction of Gag-specific IgA. The combination of optimized DNA vectors and improved intramuscular delivery by in vivo electroporation has the potential to elicit both cellular and humoral responses and dissemination to the periphery, and thus to improve DNA immunization efficacy.
authors.affiliation: Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, P.O. Box B, Building 535, Room 206, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USA.
authors.forename: Vainav
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Valentin
authors.forename: Viraj
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kulkarni
authors.forename: Margherita
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rosati
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bergamaschi
authors.forename: Rashmi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jalah
authors.forename: Candido
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Alicea
authors.forename: Jacob T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Minang
authors.forename: Matthew T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Trivett
authors.forename: Claes
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ohlen
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Marjorie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Robert-Guroff
authors.forename: Amir S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Ruxandra
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Draghia-Akli
authors.forename: Barbara K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Felber
authors.forename: George N
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Pavlakis
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood; D000918:Antibody Specificity; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / Q000276:immunology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D018274:Electroporation; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D015683:Gene Products, gag / Q000276:immunology; D005822:Genetic Vectors / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D007111:Immunity, Cellular / Q000276:immunology*; D056724:Immunity, Humoral / Q000276:immunology*; D018928:Immunity, Mucosal / Q000276:immunology*; D007070:Immunoglobulin A / Q000276:immunology; D016219:Immunotherapy, Adoptive; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D018449:SAIDS Vaccines / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D014611:Vaccination / Q000379:methods; D019444:Vaccines, DNA / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D016207:Cytokines; D015683:Gene Products, gag; D007070:Immunoglobulin A; D018449:SAIDS Vaccines; D019444:Vaccines, DNA
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