title: Health hazards, injury problems, and workplace conditions of carpet-weaving children in three districts of Punjab, Pakistan.
abstract: Carpet weaving among children is common in rural Pakistan, but little information is available on the health effects of this work. A total of 628 carpet-weaving children and 292 non-working children from 10 rural villages were evaluated with questionnaires and physical exams. Fifty-five home-based and 30 shed-based worksites in these villages were assessed. Girls comprised the majority of working (73%) and non-working (69%) children; the mean age for both boys and girls was 10 years. The mean number of hours worked daily was 7.2 for males and 6.8 for females. Dust exposure in homes was generally higher than in sheds. Working children had significantly greater odds of joint pain (OR = 2.8), dry cough (OR = 2.5), cuts/bruises (OR = 22.1), Phalen's sign (OR = 17.2), and neck/shoulder abnormalities (OR = 14.2). Symptoms and signs of acute and repetitive injury and respiratory symptoms were more common among carpet-weaving children than their non-working peers.
authors.affiliation: Centre for the Improvement of Working Conditions and Environment, Lahore, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Saeed
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Awan
authors.forename: Muazzam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nasrullah
authors.forename: Kristin J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Cummings
mesh_terms: D000062:Accidents, Occupational / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational; D018771:Arthralgia / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D012090:Cumulative Trauma Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D004391:Dust; D005260:Female; D005430:Floors and Floorcoverings; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced*; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016272:Occupational Health; D010154:Pakistan / Q000453:epidemiology; D012140:Respiratory Tract Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D017132:Workplace / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000209:etiology*
chemical_list: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational; D004391:Dust