title: Active and engaged citizenship: multi-group and longitudinal factorial analysis of an integrated construct of civic engagement.
abstract: Civic participation does not necessarily equate to civic engagement. However, to date, integrated measures of civic engagement that go beyond civic behaviors have not been developed. In this article, we propose an integrated construct of civic engagement, active and engaged citizenship (AEC), that includes behavioral, cognitive, and socioemotional constructs. Using data from 909 adolescents (62.4% girls) who took part in the Grades 8-10 assessments of the longitudinal 4-H Study of Positive Youth Development (PYD), we assessed the structure and measurement invariance of AEC. AEC was proposed as a second-order latent construct that encompasses four first-order latent factors: Civic Duty, Civic Skills, Neighborhood Social Connection, and Civic Participation. Measurement invariance was tested over time (from Grade 8 to Grade 10) and between boys and girls. The results supported strong invariance of AEC over time and between sexes. Implications of AEC for future research and practice are discussed.
authors.affiliation: America's Promise Alliance, 1110 Vermont Avenue, NW, Suite 900, Washington, DC 20005, USA. jonz@americaspromise.org
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zaff
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Boyd
authors.forename: Yibing
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Jacqueline V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Lerner
authors.forename: Richard M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Lerner
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006126:Group Processes; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D012922:Social Change; D012923:Social Class; D012941:Social Responsibility; D055815:Young Adult
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