title: Perfusion MRI in the early clinical development of antivascular drugs: decorations or decision making tools?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Classically, the first step in the clinical development of drugs in oncology involves assessments of dose limiting toxicity (DLT) and maximum tolerated dose (MTD). New paradigms are needed for antiangiogenic drugs and vascular disrupting agents (VDAs) as they are active at doses well below the MTD and as single agents their use might not translate into anti-tumour efficacy. MRI is able to assess the antivascular effects of antivascular drugs via changes in functional kinetic parameters; however, the usefulness of MRI in decision making has been questioned by many.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Our aim is to review the experience of using dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) in early clinical development of vascular directed anticancer therapies over the last decade. Thirty-nine phase I and II studies including data on more than 700 patients have been published as abstracts and/or papers, documenting DCE-MRI changes after the administration of antiangiogenic drugs and VDAs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Perfusion MRI is helpful in assessing whether mechanistic goals are achieved, in assisting dose selection for phase II studies, in selecting subpopulations enriched for response and in predicting patient benefit. Imaging tools are increasingly available. Future challenges for imaging include correlation with clinical measures of efficacy and determining relationships with blood and serum biomarkers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Oncology, Mount Vernon Cancer Centre, Northwood, Middlesex, UK.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zweifel
authors.forename: Anwar R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Padhani
mesh_terms: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001808:Blood Vessels / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003287:Contrast Media; D003657:Decision Making; D055808:Drug Discovery / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D018810:Magnetic Resonance Angiography / Q000379:methods*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy
chemical_list: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors; D003287:Contrast Media
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