title: Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among Turkish, Moroccan, Indian and sub-Sahara African populations in Europe and their countries of origin: an overview.
abstract: Vitamin D status of nonwestern immigrants in Europe was poor. Vitamin D status of nonwestern populations in their countries of origin varied, being either similar to the immigrant populations in Europe or higher than in European indigenous populations. Vitamin D concentrations in nonwestern immigrant populations should be improved.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The higher the latitude, the less vitamin D is produced in the skin. Most European countries are located at higher latitudes than the countries of origin of their nonwestern immigrants. Our aim was to compare the serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration of nonwestern immigrant populations with those of the population in their country of origin, and the indigenous population of the country they migrated to.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed literature searches in the "PubMed" and "Embase" databases, restricted to 1990 and later. The search profile consisted of terms referring to vitamin D or vitamin D deficiency, prevalence or cross-sectional studies, and countries or ethnicity. Titles and abstracts were reviewed to identify studies on population-based mean serum 25(OH)D concentrations among Turkish, Moroccan, Indian, and sub-Sahara African populations in Europe, Turkey, Morocco, India, and sub-Sahara Africa.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The vitamin D status of immigrant populations in Europe was poor compared to the indigenous European populations. The vitamin D status of studied populations in Turkey and India varied and was either similar to the immigrant populations in Europe (low) or similar to or even higher than the indigenous European populations (high).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In addition to observed negative consequences of low serum 25(OH)D concentrations among nonwestern populations, this overview indicates that vitamin D status in nonwestern immigrant populations should be improved. The most efficacious strategy should be the subject of further study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Municipal Health Service of The Hague, The Hague, The Netherlands. irene.vandermeer@denhaag.nl
authors.forename: I M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: van der Meer
authors.forename: B J C
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Middelkoop
authors.forename: A J P
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Boeke
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lips
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017954:Africa South of the Sahara / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology; D000368:Aged; D004641:Emigration and Immigration; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009018:Morocco / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology; D015995:Prevalence; D014421:Turkey / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014807:Vitamin D; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D
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