Are men shortchanged on health? Perspective on life expectancy, morbidity, and mortality in men and women in the United States.
BACKGROUND
Significant gender disparities exist in life expectancy and major disease morbidity. There is an urgent need to understand the major issues related to men's health that contributes to these significant disparities. It is hypothesized that men have higher and earlier morbidities, in addition to behavioral factors that contribute to their lower life expectancy.


METHODS
Data was collected from CDC: Health United States, 2007; American Heart Association, American Obesity Association, and American Cancer Society.


RESULTS
Men have lower life expectancy than women in most countries around the world including United States. This gender disparity is consistent regardless of geography, race and ethnicity. More men die of 12 out of the 15 leading causes of death than women. In addition, men have higher morbidity and mortality in coronary heart disease (CHD), hypertension, diabetes, and cancer.


CONCLUSIONS
Men's lower life expectancy may be explained by biological and clinical factors such as the higher incidence of cardiovascular metabolic disease and cancer. In the context of public health, raising awareness of cardiovascular and metabolic health is needed to reduce the gender disparity. In addition, consideration of preventive and early detection/intervention programs may improve men's health.
Pinkhasov
R M
RM
Division of Urology, Maimonides Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA. wuxingjiang@gmail.com
Shteynshlyuger
A
A
Hakimian
P
P
Lindsay
G K
GK
Samadi
D B
DB
Shabsigh
R
R
D000368:Aged; D002423:Cause of Death; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000401:mortality; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000401:mortality; D008017:Life Expectancy; D008297:Male; D054526:Men's Health; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology