title: Simulated flight path control of fighter pilots and novice subjects at +3 Gz in a human centrifuge.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We have previously shown that subjects produce exaggerated manual forces in +3 Gz. When subjects execute discrete flight path changes in a flight simulator, their performance is less stable in +3 Gz than in +1 Gz. Here we explore whether Gz-related deficits are found with continuous flight path changes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Novice subjects and fighter pilots sat in a high-fidelity flight simulator equipped with the reproduction of the Eurofighter 2000 cockpit, including the realistic flight stick, and pursued continuous altitude changes of a target airplane in +1 Gz and +3 Gz. Subjects also produced verbal responses in a Stroop task. Pursuit and Stroop tasks were administered alone and concurrently.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Flight instability increased in +3 Gz compared to +1 Gz in novices (+46%), but not in pilots (+3%), and even there only during the first minute. Flight performance improved after the first minute in both subject groups. Stroop reaction time was higher in novices (+5.27%) than in pilots (+3.77%) at +3 Gz. Dual-task costs did not differ between groups or Gz levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Deficits of force production in high Gz are largely compensated for when subjects apply forces to produce a continuously changing flight path. This compensation seems not to require additional cognitive resources and may be achieved by using visual feedback. Force production deficits in high Gz seem to have no appreciable effects on flight performance and cognitive load of experienced pilots using a force-plus-displacement stick in +3 Gz. It remains to be shown whether this conclusion extends to purely isometric sticks and to higher Gz levels.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Physiology and Anatomy, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany. dalecki@dshs-koeln.de
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dalecki
authors.forename: Otmar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Bock
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Guardiera
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000337:Aerospace Medicine; D003198:Computer Simulation; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D018471:Hypergravity / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D008889:Military Personnel; D009048:Motor Skills; D011930:Reaction Time; D057190:Stroop Test