title: Force measurement platform for training and assessment of laparoscopic skills.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To improve endoscopic surgical skills, an increasing number of surgical residents practice on box or virtual-reality (VR) trainers. Current training is mainly focused on hand-eye coordination. Training methods that focus on applying the right amount of force are not yet available.
  
  
  METHODS
  The aim of this project is to develop a system to measure forces and torques during laparoscopic training tasks as well as the development of force parameters that assess tissue manipulation tasks. The force and torque measurement range of the developed force platform are 0-4 N and 1 Nm (torque), respectively. To show the potential of the developed force platform, a pilot study was conducted in which five surgeons experienced in intracorporeal suturing and five novices performed a suture task in a box trainer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the pilot study, the maximum and mean absolute nonzero force that the novice used were 4.7 N (SD 1.3 N) and 2.1 N (SD 0.6 N), respectively. With a maximum force of 2.6 N (SD 0.4 N) and mean nonzero force of 0.9 N (SD 0.3 N), the force exerted by the experts was significantly lower.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The designed platform is easy to build, affordable, and accurate and sensitive enough to reflect the most important differences in, e.g., maximal force, mean force, and standard deviation. Furthermore, the compact design makes it possible to use the force platform in most box trainers.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering (3mE), Department of BioMechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD, Delft, The Netherlands. T.Horeman@tudelft.nl
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Horeman
authors.forename: Sharon P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
authors.forename: Frank-Willem
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Jansen
authors.forename: Jenny
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dankelman
authors.forename: John J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: van den Dobbelsteen
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002983:Clinical Competence; D003194:Computer-Assisted Instruction / Q000295:instrumentation; D004501:Education, Medical / Q000379:methods; D004867:Equipment Design; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000193:education* / Q000592:standards*
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