title: Anaerobic biodegradation of triphenylmethane dyes in a hybrid UASFB reactor for wastewater remediation.
abstract: Anaerobic digestions have been proved more successful than aerobic systems for the degradation and destruction of dye-containing wastewaters. The performance of a hybrid up flow anaerobic sludge-filter bed (UASFB) reactor was tested with a synthetic wastewater containing Crystal violet (CV) as a carbon source and sodium acetate as a co-substrate. Continuous feeding of the reactor started with an initial OLR of 0.9 g COD/l-d and then it was increased step wise to 4 g COD l(-1) d(-1), while maintaining constant HRT (24 h). The optimum pH value and temperature for decolorization of crystal violet by this mixed culture species under anaerobic conditions were found to be 8-9 and 30-35°C respectively. N,N-dimethylaminophenol and N,N-bis (dimethylamino) benzophenone (Michler's Ketone) were detected as the degradative metabolites of Crystal Violet. Subsequently, N,N-dimethylaminophenol was further degraded to aniline in the reactor whereas Michler's ketone was not degraded under anaerobic conditions. The UASFB bioreactor was able to remove the CV completely up to a loading rate of 100 mg CV l(-1)d(-1).
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India. pijushamu@gmail.com
authors.forename: Pijush Kanti
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Mondal
authors.forename: Rais
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ahmad
authors.forename: Shams Qamar
authors.initials: SQ
authors.lastname: Usmani
mesh_terms: D000693:Anaerobiosis; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D019149:Bioreactors / Q000382:microbiology*; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000378:metabolism*; D005840:Gentian Violet / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D008697:Methane / Q000032:analysis; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D010100:Oxygen / Q000032:analysis; D012722:Sewage / Q000382:microbiology*; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; D014320:Triphenylmethyl Compounds / Q000378:metabolism*; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000295:instrumentation*; D018508:Water Purification / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D012722:Sewage; D014320:Triphenylmethyl Compounds; C046945:triphenylmethane; D005840:Gentian Violet; D008697:Methane; D010100:Oxygen