title: Respiratory viral infections in transplant and oncology patients.
abstract: Respiratory viral infections are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in the immunocompromised host. In the last two decades, there has been significant advancement in the epidemiology and laboratory diagnosis of respiratory viral infections. In addition, the clinical consequences of many respiratory viruses in the immunocompetent and immunocompromised host continue to be studied. Many therapeutics have also now become available, although their efficacy in transplant recipients remains uncertain. This article describes the current knowledge about respiratory viral infections as it relates to solid organ transplant, hematopoietic stem cell transplant, and oncology settings.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Transplant Infectious Diseases, University of Alberta, 6-030 Katz-Rexall Center for Health Research, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada. Deepali.Kumar@ualberta.ca
authors.forename: Deepali
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Atul
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Humar
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D016867:Immunocompromised Host; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D014180:Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014777:Virus Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D014780:Viruses / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents
references.citation: Emerg Infect Dis. 2007 Sep;13(9):1425-7
references.pmid: 18252130
references.citation: J Infect Dis. 1998 Feb;177(2):459-62
references.pmid: 9466537
references.citation: Am J Transplant. 2008 Jul;8(7):1567-9
references.pmid: 18513273
references.citation: Clin Infect Dis. 2007 Jan 15;44(2):245-9
references.pmid: 17173225
references.citation: J Infect Dis. 2005 Jan 15;191(2):193-7
references.pmid: 15609228
references.citation: Am J Transplant. 2002 Mar;2(3):287-91
references.pmid: 12096793
references.citation: Clin Infect Dis. 2003 Oct 1;37(7):929-32
references.pmid: 13130404
references.citation: Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2006 Dec 15;174(12):1392-9
references.pmid: 17008640
references.citation: J Heart Lung Transplant. 2005 Mar;24(3):343-6
references.pmid: 15737764
references.citation: Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2008 May;50(5):983-7
references.pmid: 18240170
references.citation: Emerg Infect Dis. 2009 Jan;15(1):107-9
references.pmid: 19116066
references.citation: Nat Clin Pract Nephrol. 2007 Oct;3(10):540-50
references.pmid: 17895931
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2003 May 15;348(20):1953-66
references.pmid: 12690092
references.citation: Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2008 Oct 15;178(8):876-81
references.pmid: 18658110
references.citation: JAMA. 2003 Jun 4;289(21):2801-9
references.pmid: 12734147
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Sep 6;102(36):12891-6
references.pmid: 16118271
references.citation: J Med Virol. 2006 Mar;78(3):408-16
references.pmid: 16419110
references.citation: AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2006 Oct;187(4):1085-90
references.pmid: 16985161
references.citation: Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2006 Feb;50(2):774-7
references.pmid: 16436743
references.citation: Am J Transplant. 2003 Aug;3(8):977-81
references.pmid: 12859532
references.citation: Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2001;7 Suppl:11S-15S
references.pmid: 11777098
references.citation: Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2005 Oct;11(10):781-96
references.pmid: 16182179
references.citation: Antiviral Res. 2004 Jul;63(1):51-9
references.pmid: 15196820
references.citation: Thorax. 2009 May;64(5):399-404
references.pmid: 19174425
references.citation: Leuk Lymphoma. 2006 Aug;47(8):1714-5
references.pmid: 16966297
references.citation: Semin Respir Infect. 2002 Dec;17(4):310-4
references.pmid: 12497548
references.citation: Blood. 2003 Aug 1;102(3):1114-20
references.pmid: 12702513
references.citation: Transplantation. 2009 May 27;87(10):1530-7
references.pmid: 19461490
references.citation: Clin Infect Dis. 2003 Oct 15;37(8):1139-42
references.pmid: 14523782
references.citation: J Infect. 2008 Dec;57(6):464-71
references.pmid: 19027169
references.citation: Lancet. 1998 Dec 12;352(9144):1877-81
references.pmid: 9863784
references.citation: J Heart Lung Transplant. 2009 Jan;28(1):67-71
references.pmid: 19134533
references.citation: Transpl Infect Dis. 2009 Aug;11(4):298-303
references.pmid: 19453994
references.citation: J Clin Virol. 2009 Jul;45(3):249-54
references.pmid: 19515607
references.citation: J Clin Virol. 2007 Sep;40(1):15-8
references.pmid: 17706457
references.citation: Am J Transplant. 2006 Jul;6(7):1512-7
references.pmid: 16827850
references.citation: Am J Transplant. 2005 Oct;5(10):2555-9
references.pmid: 16162207
references.citation: Bone Marrow Transplant. 2001 Sep;28(5):479-84
references.pmid: 11593321
references.citation: Transpl Infect Dis. 2009 Apr;11(2):100-5
references.pmid: 19175540
references.citation: Bone Marrow Transplant. 2005 Apr;35(8):737-46
references.pmid: 15750612
references.citation: J Clin Virol. 2007 Nov;40 Suppl 1:S24-30
references.pmid: 18162251
references.citation: J Clin Virol. 2008 Jan;41(1):49-52
references.pmid: 18054841
references.citation: Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2008 Dec;51(6):784-6
references.pmid: 18680152
references.citation: J Clin Microbiol. 1998 Aug;36(8):2289-93
references.pmid: 9666007
references.citation: Clin Infect Dis. 2009 Apr 1;48(7):905-9
references.pmid: 19222373
references.citation: Bone Marrow Transplant. 2007 Jul;40(1):89-91
references.pmid: 17468770
references.citation: Am J Transplant. 2004 Nov;4 Suppl 10:160-3
references.pmid: 15504229
references.citation: Am J Hematol. 2007 Sep;82(9):807-11
references.pmid: 17563077
references.citation: J Heart Lung Transplant. 2008 Mar;27(3):282-8
references.pmid: 18342750
references.citation: Clin Infect Dis. 1993 Aug;17(2):244-7
references.pmid: 8399875
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2003 May 15;348(20):1967-76
references.pmid: 12690091
references.citation: Bone Marrow Transplant. 2001 Oct;28(8):759-63
references.pmid: 11781627
references.citation: J Virol Methods. 2004 Dec 1;122(1):29-36
references.pmid: 15488617
references.citation: Bone Marrow Transplant. 2008 Apr;41(8):707-8
references.pmid: 18347567
references.citation: Emerg Infect Dis. 2007 Dec;13(12):1936-8
references.pmid: 18258052
references.citation: Clin Infect Dis. 2007 Jul 15;45(2):187-93
references.pmid: 17578777
references.citation: Bone Marrow Transplant. 2001 Feb;27(3):295-300
references.pmid: 11277177
references.citation: Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2008 Oct;27(10 Suppl):S110-2
references.pmid: 18820569
references.citation: Int J Hematol. 2008 Oct;88(3):336-340
references.pmid: 18712461
references.citation: Bone Marrow Transplant. 2008 Aug;42(4):265-9
references.pmid: 18516078
references.citation: Bone Marrow Transplant. 2008 Nov;42(10):637-41
references.pmid: 18724396
references.citation: J Infect Dis. 2001 Nov 1;184(9):1093-7
references.pmid: 11598830
references.citation: Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2007 Dec;26(12):1089-93
references.pmid: 18043443
references.citation: Clin Infect Dis. 2006 Oct 15;43(8):1009-15
references.pmid: 16983613
references.citation: Haematologica. 2009 Aug;94(8):1101-8
references.pmid: 19644142
references.citation: Br J Haematol. 2009 Jun;145(5):667-9
references.pmid: 19344395
references.citation: Clin Infect Dis. 2003 Jun 15;36(12):1523-32
references.pmid: 12802751
references.citation: J Heart Lung Transplant. 2007 Aug;26(8):862-4
references.pmid: 17692793
references.citation: Clin Infect Dis. 2004 Nov 1;39(9):1300-6
references.pmid: 15494906
references.citation: Chest. 2005 Jul;128(1):263-72
references.pmid: 16002945
references.citation: Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2008 Sep;52(9):3284-92
references.pmid: 18625765
references.citation: J Heart Lung Transplant. 1994 Mar-Apr;13(2):336-8
references.pmid: 8031818
references.citation: Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2008 Nov;52(11):3889-97
references.pmid: 18725448
references.citation: Blood. 2009 Nov 5;114(19):4283-92
references.pmid: 19700662
references.citation: Transplant Proc. 2009 Jan-Feb;41(1):371-4
references.pmid: 19249559
references.citation: Am J Infect Control. 2007 Dec;35(10 Suppl 2):S65-164
references.pmid: 18068815
references.citation: Bone Marrow Transplant. 2002 Mar;29(6):515-7
references.pmid: 11960272
references.citation: J Heart Lung Transplant. 2005 Dec;24(12):2114-9
references.pmid: 16364859
references.citation: J Clin Virol. 2007 Nov;40 Suppl 1:S15-23
references.pmid: 18162249
references.citation: Bone Marrow Transplant. 2002 Jan;29(2):113-5
references.pmid: 11850704
references.citation: Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2009 May;53(5):2120-8
references.pmid: 19273672
references.citation: J Clin Microbiol. 2007 Sep;45(9):2965-70
references.pmid: 17596360
references.citation: J Clin Virol. 2008 Dec;43(4):391-5
references.pmid: 18823816
references.citation: Transplantation. 2007 Oct 15;84(7):851-6
references.pmid: 17984837
references.citation: Blood. 2007 Sep 1;110(5):1681-8
references.pmid: 17502457
references.citation: Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2007 Jan;13(1):74-81
references.pmid: 17222755
references.citation: Eur Respir J. 2006 Jul;28(1):131-7
references.pmid: 16510454
references.citation: J Infect. 2000 Jan;40(1):42-8
references.pmid: 10762110
references.citation: Korean J Radiol. 2009 Jan-Feb;10(1):21-4
references.pmid: 19182499
references.citation: J Clin Virol. 2008 Jan;41(1):29-33
references.pmid: 18055252
references.citation: J Infect Dis. 2006 Aug 15;194(4):474-8
references.pmid: 16845630
references.citation: J Heart Lung Transplant. 2008 Jun;27(6):699-700
references.pmid: 18503977
references.citation: Transpl Infect Dis. 2007 Jun;9(2):108-13
references.pmid: 17461995
references.citation: J Clin Virol. 2009 Oct;46(2):150-3
references.pmid: 19632147
references.citation: J Heart Lung Transplant. 2002 May;21(5):559-66
references.pmid: 11983546
references.citation: J Clin Virol. 2009 Feb;44(2):179-80
references.pmid: 19083266
references.citation: J Clin Virol. 2008 Feb;41(2):63-8
references.pmid: 18083616
references.citation: Clin Infect Dis. 2001 Feb 1;32(3):413-8
references.pmid: 11170949
references.citation: Pediatr Transplant. 2009 Jun;13(4):451-6
references.pmid: 18785906
references.citation: J Infect Dis. 1992 Jan;165(1):170-4
references.pmid: 1727887
references.citation: Ann Intern Med. 2006 Mar 7;144(5):344-9
references.pmid: 16520475
references.citation: Medicine (Baltimore). 2006 Sep;85(5):278-287
references.pmid: 16974212
references.citation: Antivir Ther. 2007;12(4):571-6
references.pmid: 17668567
references.citation: Pediatrics. 2008 Feb;121(2):235-43
references.pmid: 18245413
references.citation: J Clin Microbiol. 2007 Jun;45(6):1690-6
references.pmid: 17392447
references.citation: Clin Infect Dis. 1999 Mar;28(3):690-1
references.pmid: 10194105
references.citation: Vaccine. 2008 Aug 5;26(33):4224-30
references.pmid: 18585830
references.citation: Clin Microbiol Rev. 2008 Oct;21(4):716-47
references.pmid: 18854489
references.citation: Science. 2003 May 30;300(5624):1394-9
references.pmid: 12730500
references.citation: Clin Infect Dis. 2001 May 1;32(9):1290-7
references.pmid: 11303263
references.citation: Bone Marrow Transplant. 2007 Oct;40(8):809-11
references.pmid: 17704788
references.citation: Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2004 Jan;10(1):58-64
references.pmid: 14752780
references.citation: Emerg Infect Dis. 2006 Oct;12(10):1614-6
references.pmid: 17176591
references.citation: Am J Transplant. 2003 Feb;3(2):116-20
references.pmid: 12603206
references.citation: PLoS Pathog. 2007 May 4;3(5):e64
references.pmid: 17480120
references.citation: Br J Haematol. 2006 Jul;134(1):64-76
references.pmid: 16803570
references.citation: Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2004 Jul 15;170(2):181-7
references.pmid: 15130908
references.citation: Am J Transplant. 2005 Aug;5(8):2031-6
references.pmid: 15996256
references.citation: Haematologica. 2009 Jun;94(6):833-9
references.pmid: 19377073
references.citation: Clin Microbiol Rev. 2008 Oct;21(4):704-15
references.pmid: 18854488
references.citation: Bone Marrow Transplant. 2009 Dec;44(11):749-56
references.pmid: 19398963
references.citation: Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2002 Aug;15(4):355-67
references.pmid: 12130931
references.citation: J Heart Lung Transplant. 2003 Jul;22(7):745-53
references.pmid: 12873542
references.citation: J Med Virol. 2009 Aug;81(8):1498-507
references.pmid: 19551831
references.citation: J Heart Lung Transplant. 2007 Sep;26(9):883-9
references.pmid: 17845926
references.citation: J Clin Virol. 2007 Dec;40(4):307-11
references.pmid: 17997354
references.citation: Clin Infect Dis. 2008 Feb 15;46(4):540-6
references.pmid: 18199037
references.citation: Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2004 Aug;23(8):583-8
references.pmid: 15248091
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 1997 Sep 25;337(13):874-80
references.pmid: 9302301
references.citation: Clin Infect Dis. 2005 Mar 1;40(5):662-9
references.pmid: 15714410
references.citation: Transplant Proc. 2004 Dec;36(10):3025-7
references.pmid: 15686686
references.citation: Leuk Lymphoma. 2002 Feb;43(2):455-7
references.pmid: 11999589
references.citation: Antiviral Res. 2003 Sep;60(1):51-9
references.pmid: 14516921