title: Technosphere insulin: an inhaled prandial insulin product.
abstract: Given the important role of insulin in the treatment of diabetes mellitus and in light of common barriers to insulin use, new strategies for insulin delivery by routes other than intravenous and subcutaneous injection have been investigated since the discovery of insulin in the 1920s. Most companies researching and developing pulmonary administration systems for the use of insulin announced the termination of product development following the failure of the first US FDA-approved inhaled insulin product, Exubera. One company in particular continued their pursuit of a useful inhaled insulin product. MannKind Corporation has developed a powder formulation of insulin that allows for a high percentage of the administered insulin to be absorbed via the lung. Their product, AFREZZA (Technosphere insulin), is currently under review by the FDA for use in patients with diabetes. Technosphere insulin appears to overcome some of the barriers that contributed to the market withdrawal of Exubera by the manufacturer. Studies with Technosphere insulin have shown it to be a unique insulin formulation in that it is very rapid acting, has a relatively short duration of action, and is efficacious in terms of improved glycemic control without contributing to increased weight gain or the incidence of hypoglycemia when compared with other prandial insulin products. Additionally, Technosphere insulin has demonstrated a favorable safety and tolerability profile in clinical studies to date.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacotherapy, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington 99210-1495, USA. neumiller@wsu.edu
authors.forename: Joshua J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Neumiller
authors.forename: R Keith
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Campbell
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009330:Nebulizers and Vaporizers; D013678:Technology, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin