Ball catching skills of 5- to 11-year-old typically developing children in real and virtual environments.
OBJECTIVE
The two aims of this study are (1) to examine the concurrent and discriminant validity of a newly developed virtual ball catching test and (2) to explore the ball catching performance of typically developing children in a virtual environment.


METHODS
Three groups of children aged 60- to 140-mo-old (n = 368) participated in this study: (1) typically developing children (n = 272), (2) children with diagnoses of developmental coordination disorders (n = 33), and (3) children with premature birth history (n = 63).


RESULTS
The concurrent validity of the virtual ball catching test was good, with Pearson's correlation coefficient = 0.67 between the virtual ball catching test and the Van Waelvelde's short ball catching test in successful catching rate. The discriminant validity of the virtual ball catching test was acceptable in differentiating the performance among typically developing children, children with developmental coordination disorders, and children with preterm history. The significant main effects in age, sex, speed, and location (Ps < 0.001) as well as significant interaction effects in age x location and age x speed were found when examining the virtual ball catching performance of typically developing children.


CONCLUSIONS
The virtual ball catching test demonstrates acceptable psychometric properties in assessing the ball catching performance of children aged 5-11 yrs. We propose that testing children's motor performance in a virtual environment might be a useful and promising alternative for clinical assessment. Future research on its clinical application is needed.
Howe
Tsu-Hsin
TH
Department of Occupational Therapy, New York University, New York, USA.
Wang
Tien-Ni
TN
Sheu
Ching-Fan
CF
Hsu
Yung-Wen
YW
D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development / Q000502:physiology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009048:Motor Skills / Q000502:physiology*; D010988:Play and Playthings; D004856:Postural Balance / Q000502:physiology; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D012016:Reference Values; D012737:Sex Factors; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D014584:User-Computer Interface; D014796:Visual Perception