title: Mechanical properties of cellularly responsive hydrogels and their experimental determination.
abstract: Hydrogels are increasingly employed as multidimensional cell culture platforms often with a necessity that they respond to or control the cellular environment. Specifically, synthetic hydrogels, such as poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-based gels, are frequently utilized for probing the microenvironment's influence on cell function, as the gel properties can be precisely controlled in space and time. Synthetically tunable parameters, such as monomer structure and concentration, facilitate initial gel property control, while incorporation of responsive degradable units enables cell- and/or user-directed degradation. Such responsive gel systems are complex with dynamic changes occurring over multiple time-scales, and cells encapsulated in these synthetic hydrogels often experience and dictate local property changes profoundly different from those in the bulk material. Consequently, advances in bulk and local measurement techniques are needed to monitor property evolution quantatively and understand its effect on cell function. Here, recent progress in cell-responsive PEG hydrogel synthesis and mechanical property characterization is reviewed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, 80309, USA.
authors.forename: April M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Kloxin
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Kloxin
authors.forename: Christopher N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Bowman
authors.forename: Kristi S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Anseth
mesh_terms: D002468:Cell Physiological Phenomena; D006801:Humans; D020100:Hydrogels / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D055595:Mechanical Phenomena; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D020100:Hydrogels; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols
references.citation: Langmuir. 2005 Mar 29;21(7):3084-9
references.pmid: 15779988
references.citation: Science. 1997 May 30;276(5317):1425-8
references.pmid: 9162012
references.citation: Langmuir. 2009 Jan 20;25(2):716-23
references.pmid: 19138157
references.citation: Biomaterials. 2006 Apr;27(10):2265-74
references.pmid: 16318872
references.citation: Biomaterials. 2009 Oct;30(30):6048-54
references.pmid: 19674784
references.citation: Soft Matter. 2009;5:1918-1924
references.pmid: 19672325
references.citation: Biophys J. 2009 Aug 19;97(4):1013-21
references.pmid: 19686648
references.citation: J Orthop Res. 2004 Sep;22(5):1143-9
references.pmid: 15304291
references.citation: Adv Mater. 2009 Dec 28;21(48):5005-5010
references.pmid: 25377720
references.citation: J Biomater Sci Polym Ed. 2004;15(6):701-26
references.pmid: 15255521
references.citation: Nat Mater. 2010 Jan;9(1):82-8
references.pmid: 19838182
references.citation: Biomaterials. 2008 Jul;29(20):2962-8
references.pmid: 18433863
references.citation: Biomaterials. 2008 Jan;29(3):314-26
references.pmid: 17953986
references.citation: J Biomater Sci Polym Ed. 2000;11(5):439-57
references.pmid: 10896041
references.citation: Adv Mater. 2010 Jan 5;22(1):61-6
references.pmid: 20217698
references.citation: J Biomech. 2010 Jan 5;43(1):45-54
references.pmid: 19819457
references.citation: Clin Exp Metastasis. 2009;26(4):289-98
references.pmid: 18600304
references.citation: Nat Biotechnol. 2005 Jan;23(1):47-55
references.pmid: 15637621
references.citation: Phys Rev Lett. 1995 Dec 11;75(24):4425-4428
references.pmid: 10059905
references.citation: Methods Cell Biol. 2007;83:47-65
references.pmid: 17613304
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2004 Jun 18;279(25):26323-30
references.pmid: 15096506
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Dec 29;106(52):22108-13
references.pmid: 20018765
references.citation: Soft Matter. 2009 Jan 1;5(4):740-742
references.pmid: 20046915
references.citation: Science. 2004 Feb 27;303(5662):1352-5
references.pmid: 14739465
references.citation: Tissue Eng. 2003 Aug;9(4):679-88
references.pmid: 13678446
references.citation: Biomaterials. 2007 Jul;28(20):3163-70
references.pmid: 17395258
references.citation: Prog Biophys Mol Biol. 2008 Jun-Jul;97(2-3):163-79
references.pmid: 18406455
references.citation: Acta Biomater. 2007 Sep;3(5):615-29
references.pmid: 17572164
references.citation: Curr Opin Cell Biol. 2009 Dec;21(6):864-70
references.pmid: 19740640
references.citation: Biomaterials. 2009 Sep;30(26):4287-96
references.pmid: 19464053
references.citation: Biomacromolecules. 2003 May-Jun;4(3):713-22
references.pmid: 12741789
references.citation: J Cell Sci. 2003 Jun 15;116(Pt 12):2377-88
references.pmid: 12766184
references.citation: Adv Mater. 2009 Sep 4;21(32-33):3307-29
references.pmid: 20882499
references.citation: Langmuir. 2004 Jun 22;20(13):5153-6
references.pmid: 15986641
references.citation: Faraday Discuss. 2003;123:323-34; discussion 401-21
references.pmid: 12638868
references.citation: Cell Stem Cell. 2009 Jul 2;5(1):17-26
references.pmid: 19570510
references.citation: Biophys J. 2005 Aug;89(2):1374-88
references.pmid: 15923238
references.citation: Science. 2006 Oct 13;314(5797):298-300
references.pmid: 17038622
references.citation: Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2002 Dec;3(12):906-18
references.pmid: 12461557
references.citation: Biomacromolecules. 2008 Mar;9(3):842-9
references.pmid: 18288800
references.citation: Macromolecules. 2009 Jul 28;42(14):5310-5316
references.pmid: 21494422
references.citation: Tissue Eng. 2006 Sep;12(9):2695-706
references.pmid: 16995803
references.citation: Science. 2006 Apr 14;312(5771):217-24
references.pmid: 16614209
references.citation: Nat Cell Biol. 2007 Aug;9(8):893-904
references.pmid: 17618273
references.citation: Biomaterials. 2003 Oct;24(23):4245-52
references.pmid: 12853256
references.citation: Biomaterials. 2008 Jun;29(17):2637-45
references.pmid: 18377982
references.citation: J Am Chem Soc. 2007 Apr 18;129(15):4518-9
references.pmid: 17381090
references.citation: Biomaterials. 2006 Oct;27(28):4881-93
references.pmid: 16762407
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Aug 12;105(32):11305-10
references.pmid: 18685096
references.citation: Biomacromolecules. 2005 Jan-Feb;6(1):290-301
references.pmid: 15638532
references.citation: J Chem Phys. 2009 Oct 7;131(13):134904
references.pmid: 19814572
references.citation: Mol Biol Cell. 2004 Dec;15(12):5231-41
references.pmid: 15371537
references.citation: J Cell Sci. 2008 Oct 15;121(Pt 20):3285-92
references.pmid: 18843115
references.citation: Cell. 2006 Aug 25;126(4):677-89
references.pmid: 16923388
references.citation: Curr Opin Chem Biol. 2008 Feb;12(1):60-5
references.pmid: 18282482
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 Apr 29;100(9):5413-8
references.pmid: 12686696
references.citation: Phys Rev Lett. 2000 Jul 24;85(4):888-91
references.pmid: 10991424
references.citation: Mol Cancer Ther. 2007 Feb;6(2):552-61
references.pmid: 17267658
references.citation: Science. 2008 Mar 28;319(5871):1812-6
references.pmid: 18369143
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Nov 3;106(44):18457-62
references.pmid: 19846768
references.citation: Annu Rev Biophys. 2009;38:301-26
references.pmid: 19416071
references.citation: Biophys J. 2004 Jun;86(6):4004-14
references.pmid: 15189896
references.citation: Biomacromolecules. 2009 Jun 8;10(6):1484-9
references.pmid: 19408953
references.citation: Biophys J. 2008 Dec 15;95(12):6044-51
references.pmid: 18775964
references.citation: Biophys J. 2008 Nov 1;95(9):4426-38
references.pmid: 18658232
references.citation: Biopolymers. 1996;40(4):399-416
references.pmid: 8765610
references.citation: Biophys J. 1999 Feb;76(2):1063-71
references.pmid: 9916038
references.citation: Tissue Eng. 2007 Oct;13(10):2369-85
references.pmid: 17658993
references.citation: Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2002 May;3(5):349-63
references.pmid: 11988769
references.citation: Soft Matter. 2008 Apr 15;4(5):1048-1058
references.pmid: 32907138
references.citation: Biophys J. 2007 Dec 15;93(12):4453-61
references.pmid: 18045965
references.citation: Nat Mater. 2009 Aug;8(8):659-64
references.pmid: 19543279
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997 Dec 9;94(25):13661-5
references.pmid: 9391082
references.citation: Phys Rev Lett. 1995 Feb 13;74(7):1250-1253
references.pmid: 10058972
references.citation: Biophys J. 2002 Dec;83(6):3162-76
references.pmid: 12496086
references.citation: Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2007 Nov 10;59(13):1306-18
references.pmid: 17920155
references.citation: Biomaterials. 2001 Nov;22(22):3045-51
references.pmid: 11575479
references.citation: Phys Rev Lett. 2003 Oct 10;91(15):158302
references.pmid: 14611506
references.citation: Phys Rev Lett. 2000 Aug 21;85(8):1774-7
references.pmid: 10970611
references.citation: Langmuir. 2009 Oct 6;25(19):11827-34
references.pmid: 19788229
references.citation: Science. 1994 Apr 29;264(5159):696-8
references.pmid: 8171320
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Jun 10;105(23):7947-52
references.pmid: 18541916
references.citation: Curr Opin Biotechnol. 2005 Aug;16(4):422-6
references.pmid: 16006115