title: GnRH signaling, the gonadotrope and endocrine control of fertility.
abstract: Mammalian reproductive cycles are controlled by an intricate interplay between the hypothalamus, pituitary and gonads. Central to the function of this axis is the ability of the pituitary gonadotrope to appropriately respond to stimulation by gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). This review focuses on the role of cell signaling and in particular, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activities regulated by GnRH that are necessary for normal fertility. Recently, new mouse models making use of conditional gene deletion have shed new light on the relationships between GnRH signaling and fertility in both male and female mice. Within the reproductive axis, GnRH signaling is initiated through discrete membrane compartments in which the receptor resides leading to the activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs 1/2). As defined by gonadotrope-derived cellular models, the ERKs appear to play a central role in the regulation of a cohort of immediate early genes that regulate the expression of late genes that, in part, define the differentiated character of the gonadotrope. Recent data would suggest that in vivo, conditional, pituitary-specific disruption of ERK signaling by GnRH leads to a gender-specific perturbation of fertility. Double ERK knockout in the anterior pituitary leads to female infertility due to LH biosynthesis deficiency and a failure in ovulation. In contrast, male mice are modestly LH deficient; however, this does not have an appreciable impact on fertility.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States.
authors.forename: Stuart P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Bliss
authors.forename: Amy M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Navratil
authors.forename: Jianjun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: Mark S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Roberson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004703:Endocrine System / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005298:Fertility / Q000502:physiology*; D052681:Gonadotrophs / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D006066:Gonads / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007030:Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008954:Models, Biological; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone
references.citation: Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2006 Jul;291(1):C1-10
references.pmid: 16769815
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2001 Feb 16;276(7):4554-63
references.pmid: 11083862
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995 Dec 19;92(26):12280-4
references.pmid: 8618885
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2003 Nov 21;278(47):47307-18
references.pmid: 12963732
references.citation: Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2003 Jan;14(1):35-43
references.pmid: 12475610
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 1997 Nov 27;337(22):1597-602
references.pmid: 9371856
references.citation: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008 Jul;93(7):2686-92
references.pmid: 18445673
references.citation: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008 Mar;93(3):758-63
references.pmid: 18160472
references.citation: FEBS Lett. 2005 Jun 13;579(15):3271-7
references.pmid: 15943972
references.citation: Endocrinology. 2003 Jun;144(6):2409-16
references.pmid: 12746302
references.citation: Anim Reprod Sci. 2005 Aug;88(1-2):57-74
references.pmid: 15993012
references.citation: Mol Cell. 2004 Apr 9;14(1):43-55
references.pmid: 15068802
references.citation: Endocrinology. 1998 Jun;139(6):2710-7
references.pmid: 9607776
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2001 Mar 16;276(11):7754-61
references.pmid: 11112780
references.citation: Mol Endocrinol. 2009 Jul;23(7):1092-101
references.pmid: 19372235
references.citation: Cell. 2002 Apr 19;109(2):217-28
references.pmid: 12007408
references.citation: Endocr Rev. 1997 Apr;18(2):180-205
references.pmid: 9101136
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1998 Jul 17;273(29):17979-82
references.pmid: 9660746
references.citation: Endocrinology. 1999 Feb;140(2):827-34
references.pmid: 9927312
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2004 Nov 12;279(46):47929-38
references.pmid: 15337756
references.citation: Endocrinology. 1994 Sep;135(3):876-80
references.pmid: 8070381
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 May 8;104(19):8173-7
references.pmid: 17470805
references.citation: Endocr J. 2009;56(6):729-37
references.pmid: 19609045
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1998 May 8;273(19):11472-7
references.pmid: 9565559
references.citation: Endocrinology. 2008 Nov;149(11):5577-91
references.pmid: 18653705
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 2000 Apr;105(7):853-4
references.pmid: 10749562
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2006 Jan 13;281(2):1261-73
references.pmid: 16280323
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2008 Aug 27;28(35):8691-7
references.pmid: 18753370
references.citation: Endocrinology. 1988 Aug;123(2):1119-27
references.pmid: 2899500
references.citation: J Neuroendocrinol. 2006 Oct;18(10):806-9
references.pmid: 16965299
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1997 Dec 19;272(51):32642-8
references.pmid: 9405481
references.citation: Dev Dyn. 1999 May;215(1):26-44
references.pmid: 10340754
references.citation: Biol Reprod. 1998 Aug;59(2):278-83
references.pmid: 9687296
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2002 Oct 4;277(40):37469-78
references.pmid: 12145309
references.citation: Neuroendocrinology. 2002 Dec;76(6):357-65
references.pmid: 12566943
references.citation: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000 Sep;85(9):3002-8
references.pmid: 10999776
references.citation: Brain Res Rev. 2008 Mar;57(2):277-87
references.pmid: 17604108
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1999 Oct 15;274(42):30146-53
references.pmid: 10514504
references.citation: Science. 2000 Nov 24;290(5496):1574-7
references.pmid: 11090355
references.citation: Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2003 Aug 29;206(1-2):93-111
references.pmid: 12943993
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 1995 Jul;15(7):3531-9
references.pmid: 7791760
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1996 Sep 27;271(39):23711-7
references.pmid: 8798594
references.citation: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Oct;87(10):4825-8
references.pmid: 12364481
references.citation: Endocrinology. 2008 Jan;149(1):20-7
references.pmid: 17947360
references.citation: Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2010 Jan 27;314(2):192-203
references.pmid: 19747958
references.citation: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1984 Aug;59(2):328-37
references.pmid: 6429184
references.citation: Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2009 Sep;297(3):C591-600
references.pmid: 19587220
references.citation: Endocrinology. 1994 Sep;135(3):1165-70
references.pmid: 8070359
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2001 Dec 7;276(49):45604-13
references.pmid: 11591707
references.citation: Neuron. 2002 May 30;34(5):807-20
references.pmid: 12062026
references.citation: Endocrinology. 2006 Dec;147(12):5817-25
references.pmid: 16959837
references.citation: Mol Pharmacol. 1994 Jul;46(1):1-7
references.pmid: 8058044
references.citation: Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2006 May-Jun;17(4):159-65
references.pmid: 16595179
references.citation: Endocrinology. 2008 Aug;149(8):4168-76
references.pmid: 18467444
references.citation: Neuron. 2006 Oct 19;52(2):271-80
references.pmid: 17046690
references.citation: Science. 1986 Dec 12;234(4782):1372-8
references.pmid: 3097822
references.citation: Biol Reprod. 2001 Mar;64(3):735-42
references.pmid: 11207186
references.citation: Endocr Rev. 2001 Apr;22(2):153-83
references.pmid: 11294822
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995 Mar 14;92(6):1886-90
references.pmid: 7892195
references.citation: Annu Rev Biophys Biomol Struct. 2004;33:269-95
references.pmid: 15139814
references.citation: Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2002 Jun 14;191(2):149-56
references.pmid: 12062898
references.citation: Biol Reprod. 2003 Dec;69(6):1771-8
references.pmid: 12890720
references.citation: Neuroendocrinology. 2003 Jul;78(1):29-35
references.pmid: 12869797
references.citation: J Cell Sci. 2006 Nov 15;119(Pt 22):4607-15
references.pmid: 17093265
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2005 Aug 19;280(33):29796-803
references.pmid: 15967801
references.citation: Science. 1978 Nov 10;202(4368):631-3
references.pmid: 100883
references.citation: Mol Endocrinol. 2001 Mar;15(3):390-7
references.pmid: 11222740
references.citation: Science. 1996 Aug 30;273(5279):1219-21
references.pmid: 8703054
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1999 Jul 9;274(28):19639-43
references.pmid: 10391901
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1996 Aug 16;271(33):20024-8
references.pmid: 8702720
references.citation: Mol Cell Endocrinol. 1999 May 25;151(1-2):129-36
references.pmid: 10411327
references.citation: Pflugers Arch. 2000;439(3 Suppl):R19-20
references.pmid: 10653128
references.citation: Eur J Endocrinol. 2000 May;142(5):537-44
references.pmid: 10802535
references.citation: Endocrinology. 1998 Oct;139(10):4092-101
references.pmid: 9751487
references.citation: Endocrinology. 2005 Jul;146(7):2976-84
references.pmid: 15831567
references.citation: J Mol Med (Berl). 2004 Nov;82(11):725-34
references.pmid: 15365636
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Aug 15;90(16):7794-8
references.pmid: 8356086
references.citation: Mol Endocrinol. 2005 Oct;19(10):2624-38
references.pmid: 15961508
references.citation: Nature. 2000 Mar 23;404(6776):411-4
references.pmid: 10746731
references.citation: Endocrinology. 1973 Aug;93(2):385-90
references.pmid: 4736992
references.citation: BMC Neurosci. 2008 Dec 03;9 Suppl 2:S12
references.pmid: 19090985
references.citation: J Endocrinol. 1986 Oct;111(1):43-9
references.pmid: 3097234
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2006 Feb 3;281(5):2701-10
references.pmid: 16314413
references.citation: Anim Reprod Sci. 2005 Aug;88(1-2):5-28
references.pmid: 16140177
references.citation: Mol Endocrinol. 2008 Oct;22(10):2322-35
references.pmid: 18635666
references.citation: Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2010 Jan 27;314(2):204-12
references.pmid: 19481581
references.citation: Biol Reprod. 2009 Sep;81(3):465-72
references.pmid: 19458315
references.citation: Curr Pharm Des. 2006;12(14):1683-702
references.pmid: 16712482
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998 Nov 10;95(23):13612-7
references.pmid: 9811848
references.citation: Mol Endocrinol. 2007 May;21(5):1216-33
references.pmid: 17327421
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2000 Aug 18;275(33):25342-50
references.pmid: 10840035
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2001 Oct 26;276(43):39685-94
references.pmid: 11495905
references.citation: Endocrinology. 2007 Mar;148(3):1150-7
references.pmid: 17185374
references.citation: Dev Cell. 2004 Jul;7(1):33-44
references.pmid: 15239952
references.citation: Biochem Soc Trans. 1993 Nov;21(4):357S
references.pmid: 8131937
references.citation: Endocrinology. 1996 Jan;137(1):304-11
references.pmid: 8536629
references.citation: EMBO J. 2002 Apr 2;21(7):1628-37
references.pmid: 11927547
references.citation: Mol Endocrinol. 1999 May;13(5):752-63
references.pmid: 10319325
references.citation: Nat Cell Biol. 2000 Feb;2(2):110-6
references.pmid: 10655591
references.citation: Neuroendocrinology. 1996 Feb;63(2):120-31
references.pmid: 9053776
references.citation: Front Neuroendocrinol. 2009 Jan;30(1):10-29
references.pmid: 18708085
references.citation: Neuroendocrinology. 2004;80(4):264-72
references.pmid: 15665556
references.citation: Mol Endocrinol. 1992 Oct;6(10):1673-81
references.pmid: 1333052
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1999 Oct 8;274(41):28880-6
references.pmid: 10506131
references.citation: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1994 Jun;78(6):1521-4
references.pmid: 8200957
references.citation: Mol Cell Endocrinol. 1988 Jul;58(1):1-8
references.pmid: 3208985
references.citation: Oncogene. 2007 May 14;26(22):3291-310
references.pmid: 17496923
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 Mar 4;100(5):2969-74
references.pmid: 12591945
references.citation: Science. 1998 Jan 9;279(5348):227-30
references.pmid: 9422695
references.citation: Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2003 Dec 30;212(1-2):19-27
references.pmid: 14654247
references.citation: Growth Factors. 2006 Mar;24(1):21-44
references.pmid: 16393692
references.citation: Mol Hum Reprod. 2009 Feb;15(2):77-87
references.pmid: 19106114
references.citation: Genesis. 2008 Oct;46(10):507-14
references.pmid: 18802953
references.citation: EMBO J. 2000 Jun 15;19(12):2911-23
references.pmid: 10856236
references.citation: Mol Endocrinol. 2006 Nov;20(11):2909-30
references.pmid: 16772531
references.citation: Mol Endocrinol. 1999 Apr;13(4):566-77
references.pmid: 10194763
references.citation: Annu Rev Biophys Biomol Struct. 2003;32:257-83
references.pmid: 12543707
references.citation: Nature. 1991 Oct 10;353(6344):529-36
references.pmid: 1922361
references.citation: Mol Endocrinol. 1997 Jun;11(6):738-46
references.pmid: 9171237
references.citation: Mol Endocrinol. 2005 Sep;19(9):2412-23
references.pmid: 15890671
references.citation: Mol Endocrinol. 2007 Dec;21(12):3071-86
references.pmid: 17823303
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1996 Aug 30;271(35):21187-92
references.pmid: 8702889
references.citation: Cell Mol Neurobiol. 1998 Feb;18(1):125-46
references.pmid: 9524733
references.citation: Neuroendocrinology. 1983 May;36(5):376-84
references.pmid: 6406927
references.citation: Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2001 Jun 20;179(1-2):33-7
references.pmid: 11420128
references.citation: Prog Clin Biol Res. 1982;112 Pt A:165-82
references.pmid: 6761698
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2001 May 25;276(21):18066-74
references.pmid: 11278484
references.citation: Recent Prog Horm Res. 2000;55:1-13; discussion 13-4
references.pmid: 11036930
references.citation: Biol Reprod. 2008 Nov;79(5):947-53
references.pmid: 18716286
references.citation: Mol Endocrinol. 1994 Oct;8(10):1420-33
references.pmid: 7531821
references.citation: J Neuroendocrinol. 2009 Mar;21(4):305-11
references.pmid: 19207812
references.citation: Sex Dev. 2008;2(4-5):181-93
references.pmid: 18987492
references.citation: Endocrinology. 2001 Feb;142(2):573-9
references.pmid: 11159827
references.citation: Neuroendocrinology. 1984 Sep;39(3):267-74
references.pmid: 6438545
references.citation: Science. 1990 Feb 16;247(4944):836-8
references.pmid: 2106159
references.citation: J Endocrinol Invest. 1998 Oct;21(9):602-11
references.pmid: 9856414
references.citation: Cell Signal. 2007 Jul;19(7):1383-92
references.pmid: 17524618
references.citation: Science. 1993 Apr 2;260(5104):82-4
references.pmid: 8385366
references.citation: J Cell Physiol. 2007 Dec;213(3):589-602
references.pmid: 17786953
references.citation: Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets. 2009 Jun;9(2):145-50
references.pmid: 19519464
references.citation: Endocrinology. 2004 Aug;145(8):3594-602
references.pmid: 15059960
references.citation: Endocrinology. 1998 Jul;139(7):3104-11
references.pmid: 9645682
references.citation: Endocrinology. 1988 Jun;122(6):2570-7
references.pmid: 3286227
references.citation: Endocrinology. 1995 Aug;136(8):3604-10
references.pmid: 7628399
references.citation: Endocrinology. 1988 Apr;122(4):1282-90
references.pmid: 3126034
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2001 Feb 2;276(5):3123-9
references.pmid: 11069921
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 1997 Aug 28;337(9):607-11
references.pmid: 9271483
references.citation: Semin Reprod Med. 2007 Sep;25(5):368-78
references.pmid: 17710733
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1999 May 14;274(20):13870-6
references.pmid: 10318795
references.citation: Endocrinology. 2000 Jan;141(1):299-306
references.pmid: 10614651
references.citation: J Endocrinol. 1994 Feb;140(2):R15-8
references.pmid: 8169550
references.citation: Adv Enzyme Regul. 2010;50(1):285-307
references.pmid: 19895837
references.citation: Mol Endocrinol. 2007 Feb;21(2):538-49
references.pmid: 17068198
references.citation: Cell. 1998 May 15;93(4):605-15
references.pmid: 9604935
references.citation: Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2001 Dec;281(6):R1975-85
references.pmid: 11705784
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 Oct 28;100(22):12759-64
references.pmid: 14566055
references.citation: Mol Endocrinol. 2008 Jun;22(6):1295-303
references.pmid: 18218726
references.citation: Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1986 Jan 29;134(2):565-71
references.pmid: 3511906
references.citation: Endocrinology. 1987 Jul;121(1):182-9
references.pmid: 3297635
references.citation: Science. 1986 Dec 12;234(4782):1366-71
references.pmid: 3024317
references.citation: Endocrinology. 2003 Jan;144(1):138-45
references.pmid: 12488339
references.citation: Endocrinology. 1976 Jul;99(1):243-8
references.pmid: 820547
references.citation: Endocrinology. 1948 Dec;43(6):389-405
references.pmid: 18100247
references.citation: J Immunol. 2008 Jun 15;180(12):8192-203
references.pmid: 18523285
references.citation: Endocrinology. 1985 Jan;116(1):142-7
references.pmid: 3964745
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2003 Feb 21;278(8):6258-67
references.pmid: 12473660
references.citation: Endocrinology. 2000 May;141(5):1795-803
references.pmid: 10803590
references.citation: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1985 Nov;61(5):851-8
references.pmid: 3900122
references.citation: Mol Endocrinol. 1992 Jul;6(7):1163-9
references.pmid: 1324422
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1996 Aug 9;271(32):19443-50
references.pmid: 8702633
references.citation: Biol Reprod. 2009 Dec;81(6):1206-15
references.pmid: 19710510
references.citation: Endocrinology. 2007 Oct;148(10):4927-36
references.pmid: 17595229
references.citation: Endocrinology. 2008 Jun;149(6):2701-11
references.pmid: 18325995
references.citation: Oncogene. 2000 Dec 27;19(56):6594-9
references.pmid: 11426644
references.citation: Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2006 Jun 27;252(1-2):184-90
references.pmid: 16682115
references.citation: Endocrinology. 1997 Dec;138(12):5408-14
references.pmid: 9389526
references.citation: Recent Prog Horm Res. 1991;47:155-87; discussion 188-9
references.pmid: 1745819
references.citation: Physiol Rev. 2007 Jul;87(3):933-63
references.pmid: 17615393
references.citation: Cancer Res. 2004 Oct 15;64(20):7533-44
references.pmid: 15492280
references.citation: Mol Endocrinol. 1996 Apr;10(4):356-66
references.pmid: 8721981
references.citation: Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2007 Aug;14(4):306-10
references.pmid: 17940457
references.citation: Tissue Cell. 2001 Aug;33(4):361-7
references.pmid: 11521952
references.citation: Science. 2009 May 15;324(5929):938-41
references.pmid: 19443782
references.citation: Neuroendocrinology. 1999 Oct;70(4):246-54
references.pmid: 10529619
references.citation: Biochemistry. 2000 Jul 18;39(28):8133-41
references.pmid: 10889019
references.citation: Cell. 1995 Jan 27;80(2):179-85
references.pmid: 7834738
references.citation: Genes Dev. 1994 Oct 1;8(19):2302-12
references.pmid: 7958897
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2003 Aug 22;278(34):31593-602
references.pmid: 12791688
references.citation: Biol Reprod. 2001 Dec;65(6):1789-93
references.pmid: 11717142
references.citation: Endocrinology. 1996 Jul;137(7):3144-7
references.pmid: 8770941
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 1986 Dec 4;315(23):1459-68
references.pmid: 3097540
references.citation: J Cell Sci. 2002 Feb 1;115(Pt 3):455-65
references.pmid: 11861753
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1994 Mar 18;269(11):7851-4
references.pmid: 8132501
references.citation: Science. 1982 Feb 19;215(4535):983-5
references.pmid: 6296998
references.citation: Recent Prog Horm Res. 1980;36:53-88
references.pmid: 6774388
references.citation: Endocrinology. 1991 Jan;128(1):509-17
references.pmid: 1702704
references.citation: Mol Endocrinol. 1996 Apr;10(4):439-50
references.pmid: 8721988
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1995 Oct 20;270(42):25259-65
references.pmid: 7559665
references.citation: Endocrinology. 2005 Dec;146(12):5503-13
references.pmid: 16141398
references.citation: Biochem Soc Trans. 2006 Nov;34(Pt 5):842-5
references.pmid: 17052211
references.citation: Endocrinology. 2007 Feb;148(2):782-9
references.pmid: 17095591
references.citation: Biol Reprod. 2002 Jul;67(1):119-25
references.pmid: 12080007
references.citation: Development. 2001 Jan;128(2):147-54
references.pmid: 11124111
references.citation: Reprod Sci. 2007 Feb;14(2):101-16
references.pmid: 17636222
references.citation: J Endocrinol. 1999 Sep;162(3):R1-5
references.pmid: 10467239
references.citation: Endocrinology. 1992 Apr;130(4):2101-5
references.pmid: 1312442
references.citation: J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 1996 Jan;56(1-6 Spec No):67-77
references.pmid: 8603049
references.citation: Nature. 2000 Apr 13;404(6779):770-4
references.pmid: 10783891
references.citation: Endocrinology. 1999 Jan;140(1):165-70
references.pmid: 9886822
references.citation: Genesis. 2006 Sep;44(9):419-24
references.pmid: 16937416
references.citation: J Comp Neurol. 1999 Aug 23;411(2):346-58
references.pmid: 10404258
references.citation: Nature. 1992 Jul 16;358(6383):242-5
references.pmid: 1321347
references.citation: Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 2003;19:91-118
references.pmid: 14570565
references.citation: J Leukoc Biol. 2007 Apr;81(4):860-9
references.pmid: 17289800
references.citation: Endocrinology. 2002 Mar;143(3):985-97
references.pmid: 11861523
references.citation: Endocrinology. 2003 Jul;144(7):2768-74
references.pmid: 12810529
references.citation: Biol Reprod. 1986 Dec;35(5):1154-61
references.pmid: 3103699
references.citation: FEBS J. 2008 Nov;275(22):5479-95
references.pmid: 18959738
references.citation: Endocrinology. 2000 Apr;141(4):1477-85
references.pmid: 10746653
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2000 Mar 31;275(13):9193-200
references.pmid: 10734055
references.citation: Horm Res. 2009;71(2):75-82
references.pmid: 19129711
references.citation: Endocrinology. 2000 Dec;141(12):4564-75
references.pmid: 11108269
references.citation: Endocrinology. 1989 Aug;125(2):917-24
references.pmid: 2502379
references.citation: Genes Dev. 2002 Feb 15;16(4):427-38
references.pmid: 11850406
references.citation: Mol Cell Endocrinol. 1998 Jul 25;142(1-2):99-117
references.pmid: 9783907
references.citation: Curr Biol. 2005 Jul 26;15(14):1319-24
references.pmid: 16051177
references.citation: Biol Reprod. 1985 May;32(4):855-64
references.pmid: 3924134
references.citation: Peptides. 2009 Jan;30(1):111-22
references.pmid: 18614256
references.citation: Mol Endocrinol. 2001 Jan;15(1):172-83
references.pmid: 11145748
references.citation: Mol Endocrinol. 2005 Jan;19(1):237-54
references.pmid: 15375186
references.citation: Mol Endocrinol. 2001 Jan;15(1):184-200
references.pmid: 11145749
references.citation: J Mol Endocrinol. 2005 Aug;35(1):177-89
references.pmid: 16087731
references.citation: Nature. 1993 Jul 15;364(6434):249-52
references.pmid: 8321321
references.citation: EMBO J. 1999 Feb 1;18(3):664-74
references.pmid: 9927426
references.citation: Neuroendocrinology. 2008;87(3):142-50
references.pmid: 18063854
references.citation: Mol Endocrinol. 1991 Mar;5(3):347-55
references.pmid: 1653891
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1992 Oct 25;267(30):21281-4
references.pmid: 1328228
references.citation: Mol Cell Biochem. 1999 Dec;202(1-2):85-90
references.pmid: 10705998
references.citation: Genesis. 2009 Jan;47(1):55-60
references.pmid: 19039787
references.citation: J Endocrinol. 1989 Oct;123(1):1-2
references.pmid: 2681501
references.citation: Endocrinology. 1999 Mar;140(3):1310-8
references.pmid: 10067858
references.citation: Endocrinol Jpn. 1991 Aug;38(4):383-91
references.pmid: 1802679
references.citation: Endocrinology. 2004 Dec;145(12):5832-9
references.pmid: 15319358
references.citation: Nat Genet. 1997 Feb;15(2):201-4
references.pmid: 9020850
references.citation: Mol Endocrinol. 2002 Feb;16(2):221-33
references.pmid: 11818496
references.citation: Gen Comp Endocrinol. 2008 Apr 1;156(2):426-33
references.pmid: 18275963
references.citation: Mol Endocrinol. 1998 Jun;12(6):815-24
references.pmid: 9626657
references.citation: Mol Cell Endocrinol. 1996 Apr 19;118(1-2):103-11
references.pmid: 8735596
references.citation: Endocrinology. 1997 Dec;138(12):5227-30
references.pmid: 9389505
references.citation: Mol Endocrinol. 2002 Mar;16(3):419-34
references.pmid: 11875099
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 2001 May;21(9):2981-90
references.pmid: 11287604
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2002 Mar 15;277(11):9429-36
references.pmid: 11777902
references.citation: Semin Reprod Med. 2004 Aug;22(3):253-67
references.pmid: 15319828
references.citation: Oncogene. 2004 Jan 29;23(4):991-9
references.pmid: 14647423
references.citation: Mol Endocrinol. 2001 May;15(5):695-703
references.pmid: 11328852
references.citation: Biol Reprod. 1981 Jun;24(5):1145-55
references.pmid: 6268204
references.citation: Biol Reprod. 2002 Sep;67(3):725-34
references.pmid: 12193378
references.citation: Trends Genet. 1998 Jul;14(7):284-90
references.pmid: 9676531
references.citation: Mol Endocrinol. 2009 Apr;23(4):510-9
references.pmid: 19179479
references.citation: J Mol Endocrinol. 2006 Feb;36(1):41-50
references.pmid: 16461925
references.citation: J Membr Biol. 1998 Jul 15;164(2):103-14
references.pmid: 9662555
references.citation: Cell Calcium. 2006 Nov-Dec;40(5-6):405-12
references.pmid: 17030366
references.citation: J Biol. 2006;5(5):14
references.pmid: 16805921
references.citation: Mol Cell Endocrinol. 1995 Feb;107(2):241-5
references.pmid: 7768336
references.citation: Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2009 Sep 24;308(1-2):17-25
references.pmid: 19549588
references.citation: Endocrinology. 2008 Jun;149(6):3118-29
references.pmid: 18356273
references.citation: Fertil Steril. 2005 Feb;83(2):466-70
references.pmid: 15705395
references.citation: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003 Feb;88(2):834-43
references.pmid: 12574221
references.citation: Front Biosci. 1998 Nov 01;3:D1134-47
references.pmid: 9792904
references.citation: Genesis. 2006 Aug;44(8):391-5
references.pmid: 16868919
references.citation: Biochem J. 1983 Jul 15;214(1):11-9
references.pmid: 6311174
references.citation: Nat Genet. 2003 Apr;33(4):463-5
references.pmid: 12627230
references.citation: Endocr Rev. 1994 Aug;15(4):462-99
references.pmid: 7988482
references.citation: Endocrinology. 1993 Jun;132(6):2307-11
references.pmid: 8504735
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2004 Jan 2;279(1):152-62
references.pmid: 14570911
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001 Feb 27;98(5):2449-54
references.pmid: 11226259
references.citation: Gynecol Endocrinol. 2005 Apr;20(4):188-94
references.pmid: 16019360
references.citation: Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1992 Oct 30;188(2):921-6
references.pmid: 1445333
references.citation: Mol Endocrinol. 2006 Jun;20(6):1366-77
references.pmid: 16543408
references.citation: Endocrinology. 2009 Aug;150(8):3833-44
references.pmid: 19423765
references.citation: Nat Cell Biol. 2002 Aug;4(8):556-64
references.pmid: 12134156
references.citation: Neuroendocrinology. 2002 Jun;75(6):392-401
references.pmid: 12065892
references.citation: J Neuroendocrinol. 1998 Jun;10(6):461-71
references.pmid: 9688349
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1999 Oct 15;274(42):29796-804
references.pmid: 10514457
references.citation: J Immunol. 2005 Aug 15;175(4):2374-80
references.pmid: 16081808
references.citation: Biol Reprod. 2006 Jun;74(6):993-8
references.pmid: 16481592
references.citation: Mol Endocrinol. 2007 May;21(5):1175-91
references.pmid: 17299135
references.citation: PLoS One. 2009 Sep 29;4(9):e7244
references.pmid: 19787048
references.citation: Endocr Rev. 2000 Oct;21(5):551-83
references.pmid: 11041448
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2001 Feb 9;276(6):4416-23
references.pmid: 11054417
references.citation: Science. 1973 Feb 2;179(4072):484-6
references.pmid: 4196168
references.citation: Endocrinology. 1997 Apr;138(4):1673-82
references.pmid: 9075730
references.citation: Mol Endocrinol. 1990 Apr;4(4):597-603
references.pmid: 1704103
references.citation: Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2003 Jul 31;205(1-2):51-64
references.pmid: 12890567
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2002 Aug 30;277(35):32099-108
references.pmid: 12050161
references.citation: Gynecol Endocrinol. 2008 Jan;24(1):4-11
references.pmid: 18224538
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2003 Sep 5;278(36):34418-26
references.pmid: 12821670
references.citation: Biophys J. 2006 Jul 1;91(1):74-83
references.pmid: 16603486
references.citation: Neuroendocrinology. 1992 Aug;56(2):214-24
references.pmid: 1407376
references.citation: Mol Endocrinol. 1998 Feb;12(2):161-71
references.pmid: 9482659
references.citation: Endocrinology. 2008 Mar;149(3):1415-22
references.pmid: 18039780
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2001 Dec 14;276(50):47195-201
references.pmid: 11581274
references.citation: Endocrinology. 2003 Oct;144(10):4484-91
references.pmid: 12960084
references.citation: Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2000 Apr;11(3):91-9
references.pmid: 10707049
references.citation: Endocrinology. 1986 Jun;118(6):2608-10
references.pmid: 3084224
references.citation: Nat Genet. 1998 Jan;18(1):14-5
references.pmid: 9425890
references.citation: Endocrinology. 2006 Dec;147(12):6036-45
references.pmid: 16935846
references.citation: Circ Res. 2004 Apr 30;94(8):1133-41
references.pmid: 15031261
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2000 May 12;275(19):14182-9
references.pmid: 10799494
references.citation: Endocrinology. 1994 Jul;135(1):315-20
references.pmid: 8013367
references.citation: Endocrinology. 2003 Oct;144(10):4354-65
references.pmid: 12960037
references.citation: Mol Endocrinol. 2002 Jul;16(7):1638-51
references.pmid: 12089357