title: Changes in gingival crevicular fluid inflammatory mediator levels during the induction and resolution of experimental gingivitis in humans.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The goal of this study is to characterize the changes in 33 biomarkers within the gingival crevicular fluid during the 3-week induction and 4-week resolution of stent-induced, biofilm overgrowth mediated, experimental gingivitis in humans.
  
  
  METHODS
  Experimental gingivitis was induced in 25 subjects for 21 days followed by treatment with a sonic powered toothbrush for 28 days. Clinical indices and gingival crevicular fluids were collected weekly during induction and biweekly during resolution. Samples were analysed using a bead-based multiplexing analysis for the simultaneous measurements of 33 biomarkers within each sample including cytokines, matrix-metalloproteinases (MMPs) and adipokines. Prostaglandin-E(2) was measured by enzyme-linked immunoadsorbant assay. Statistical testing using general linear models with structured covariance matrices were performed to compare stent to contralateral (non-stent) changes in clinical signs and in biomarker levels over time.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Gingivitis induction was associated with a significant 2.6-fold increase in interleukin 1-beta (IL-beta), a 3.1-fold increase in IL-1alpha and a significant decrease in multiple chemokines as well as MMPs-1, -3 and 13. All changes in clinical signs and mediators rebounded to baseline in response to treatment in the resolution phase.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Stent-induced gingivitis is associated with marked, but reversible increases in IL-alphaa and IL-1beta with suppression of multiple chemokines as well as selected MMPs.
authors.affiliation: UNC Center for Oral and Systemic Diseases, North Carolina Oral Health Institute, UNC School of Dentistry, Durham, NC 27709, USA. steve_offenbacher@dentistry.unc.edu
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Offenbacher
authors.forename: Silvana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Barros
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mendoza
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mauriello
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Preisser
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Moss
authors.forename: Marko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: de Jager
authors.forename: Marcelo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aspiras
mesh_terms: D054392:Adipokines / Q000378:metabolism; D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005883:Gingival Crevicular Fluid / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D005891:Gingivitis / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism*; D053582:Interleukin-1alpha / Q000378:metabolism*; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000378:metabolism*; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases / Q000378:metabolism; D008875:Middle Aged; D012016:Reference Values; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D054392:Adipokines; D015415:Biomarkers; D016207:Cytokines; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D053582:Interleukin-1alpha; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases
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