Glucose as a clean and renewable reductant in the Pd-nanoparticle-catalyzed reductive homocoupling of bromo- and chloroarenes in water.
An efficient and highly sustainable Ullmann-type homocoupling of bromo- and chloroarenes, including the more challenging electron-rich chloroarenes (e.g., 4-chloroanisole), catalyzed by in situ generated Pd colloids, is carried out in aqueous medium under relatively mild conditions (temperatures ranging from 40 to 90 degrees C). Glucose is used as a clean and renewable reductant, while tetrabutylammonium hydroxide (TBAOH) acts as base, surfactant, and phase-transfer agent, creating a favorable environment for the catalyst. Pd nanoparticle sizes, morphology, and chemical composition are ascertained by TEM and XPS analyses.
Monopoli
Antonio
A
Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy. antomono@libero.it
Calò
Vincenzo
V
Ciminale
Francesco
F
Cotugno
Pietro
P
Angelici
Carlo
C
Cioffi
Nicola
N
Nacci
Angelo
A
D002384:Catalysis; D005947:Glucose / Q000737:chemistry*; D006842:Hydrocarbons, Brominated / Q000737:chemistry*; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated / Q000737:chemistry*; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry; D010165:Palladium / Q000737:chemistry*; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; D019163:Reducing Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
D006842:Hydrocarbons, Brominated; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; D019163:Reducing Agents; D014867:Water; D010165:Palladium; C009405:tetrabutylammonium; D005947:Glucose