title: Neurocognitive performance in children with ADHD and OCD.
abstract: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) have both been linked to dysfunction in the cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical circuitry (CSTCC). However, the exact nature of neurocognitive deficits remains to be investigated in both disorders. We applied two neuropsychological tasks that tap into different functions associated with the CSTCC, namely a serial reaction time (SRT) task, developed to assess implicit sequence learning, and a delay aversion (DA) task in order to assess abnormal motivational processes. The performance data of boys with ADHD (n=20), OCD (n=20) and healthy controls (n=25), all aged 10-18 years, were compared. Subjects with ADHD less frequently chose the larger, more delayed reward compared to those with OCD and controls, while subjects with OCD showed impaired implicit learning. In contrast, the ADHD group was unimpaired in their implicit learning behavior and the OCD group was not characterized by a DA style. Within the OCD-group, severity of obsessions was associated with implicit learning deficits and impulsive symptoms with DA in the ADHD-group. This double dissociation highlights the distinct cognitive dysfunctions associated with ADHD and OCD and might possibly point to different neural abnormalities in both disorders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Timo D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Vloet
authors.forename: Ivo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Marx
authors.forename: Berrak
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kahraman-Lanzerath
authors.forename: Florian D
authors.initials: FD
authors.lastname: Zepf
authors.forename: Beate
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Herpertz-Dahlmann
authors.forename: Kerstin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Konrad
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology; D002648:Child; D002755:Choice Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D003342:Corpus Striatum / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007175:Impulsive Behavior / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D007859:Learning Disabilities / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation / Q000502:physiology; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000503:physiopathology; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D009771:Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D011594:Psychometrics; D012201:Reward; D013788:Thalamus / Q000503:physiopathology
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 2005 Jun 1;57(11):1231-8
references.pmid: 15949993
references.citation: Behav Res Ther. 2008 Jan;46(1):48-61
references.pmid: 17988651
references.citation: J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1992 Feb;33(2):387-98
references.pmid: 1564081
references.citation: Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2008 Apr;17(2):367-84, ix
references.pmid: 18295151
references.citation: Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2003 Nov;27(7):593-604
references.pmid: 14624804
references.citation: J Anxiety Disord. 2006;20(4):389-407
references.pmid: 15919176
references.citation: Neurosurg Clin N Am. 2003 Apr;14(2):213-23, vii-viii
references.pmid: 12856489
references.citation: J Exp Child Psychol. 2001 Aug;79(4):364-87
references.pmid: 11511129
references.citation: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1989 Nov;46(11):1012-6
references.pmid: 2510699
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 2007 Feb 1;61(3):330-6
references.pmid: 16497278
references.citation: Neuropsychologia. 2009 Jan;47(2):446-56
references.pmid: 18929587
references.citation: Dev Psychopathol. 2008 Fall;20(4):1251-83
references.pmid: 18838041
references.citation: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2008 Nov;47(11):1262-72
references.pmid: 18827717
references.citation: Neural Plast. 2004;11(1-2):1-11
references.pmid: 15303301
references.citation: Z Kinder Jugendpsychiatr Psychother. 2009 Sep;37(5):431-40
references.pmid: 19739061
references.citation: Am J Psychiatry. 2000 Jul;157(7):1182-3
references.pmid: 10873941
references.citation: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1989 Nov;46(11):1006-11
references.pmid: 2684084
references.citation: Trends Cogn Sci. 2006 Mar;10(3):117-23
references.pmid: 16460990
references.citation: Lancet. 2002 Nov 16;360(9345):1577-86
references.pmid: 12443611
references.citation: Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2005 May;29(3):399-419
references.pmid: 15820546
references.citation: Am J Psychiatry. 2002 Oct;159(10):1780-2
references.pmid: 12359688
references.citation: J Exp Child Psychol. 1998 Jun;69(3):199-221
references.pmid: 9654439
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 2005 Aug 1;58(3):239-44
references.pmid: 15939407
references.citation: Annu Rev Neurosci. 2001;24:167-202
references.pmid: 11283309
references.citation: J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2007 Nov;48(11):1061-70
references.pmid: 17995481
references.citation: Am J Psychiatry. 2009 Jun;166(6):664-74
references.pmid: 19448188
references.citation: Adv Neurol. 2001;85:207-24
references.pmid: 11530429
references.citation: Brain Lang. 2000 Jun 15;73(2):297-320
references.pmid: 10856179
references.citation: Dev Psychobiol. 2002 Apr;40(3):237-54
references.pmid: 11891636
references.citation: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2009 Aug;48(8):837-846
references.pmid: 19564796
references.citation: Psychol Aging. 1995 Sep;10(3):379-94
references.pmid: 8527059
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 2001 Nov 1;50(9):659-67
references.pmid: 11704072
references.citation: J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2001 Jul;42(5):691-8
references.pmid: 11464973
references.citation: J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2009 May;37(4):551-64
references.pmid: 19016322
references.citation: Child Neuropsychol. 2009 May;15(3):262-79
references.pmid: 19089681
references.citation: J Cogn Neurosci. 2004 Oct;16(8):1339-51
references.pmid: 15509382
references.citation: Behav Brain Res. 2002 Mar 10;130(1-2):29-36
references.pmid: 11864715
references.citation: Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2009 Jun;33(6):818-30
references.pmid: 19428494