title: Human mesenchymal stem cells modulate cellular immune response to islet antigen glutamic acid decarboxylase in type 1 diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) exert an immunosuppressive effect on the immune system. However, studies on the immunomodulatory potential of MSCs in type 1 diabetes are lacking.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to evaluate whether human MSCs may inhibit in vitro pancreatic islet antigen-specific T cell activation in type 1 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human MSCs were isolated and characterized. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were obtained from nine type 1 diabetic patients at disease onset and 13 healthy control subjects. IFN-gamma, IL-10, and IL-4 enzyme-linked immunospot responses of lymphocytes incubated with glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65) were investigated in PBMC cultures and PBMC/MSC cocultures. Levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), IFN-gamma, IL-4, and IL-10 in supernatants were measured by ELISA. PGE2 inhibition experiments with NS-398 and indomethacin were also performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five diabetic patients were identified with a positive PBMC IFN-gamma response to GAD65 and negative IL-10 and IL-4 response. PBMC/MSC cocultures resulted in a significant decrease in the number of spots and in detection of IL-4-secreting cells. PGE2 inhibitors abrogated the immune-suppressive effect, indicating an involvement of PGE2 production, and the constitutive production of PGE2 by MSCs was enhanced in PBMC/MSC coculture. Moreover, in GAD-responder patients, GAD-stimulated PBMC/MSC cocultures significantly decreased secretion of IFN-gamma and IL-10 and increased secretion of IL-4.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results provide evidence that human MSCs abrogate in vitro a proinflammatory T helper type 1 response to an islet antigenic stimulus in type 1 diabetes. MSCs induce IL-4-producing cells, suggesting a possible switch to an antiinflammatory T helper type 2 signaling of T cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Turin, Turin, Italy. mmz@libero.it
authors.forename: Maria M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Zanone
authors.forename: Enrica
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Favaro
authors.forename: Ilaria
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Miceli
authors.forename: Giorgio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Grassi
authors.forename: Elisa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Camussi
authors.forename: Cristiana
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Caorsi
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Amoroso
authors.forename: Mirella
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Giovarelli
authors.forename: Paolo Cavallo
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Perin
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Camussi
mesh_terms: D002478:Cells, Cultured; D018920:Coculture Techniques; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005968:Glutamate Decarboxylase / Q000276:immunology / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D007111:Immunity, Cellular / Q000276:immunology*; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D007515:Islets of Langerhans / Q000276:immunology; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016753:Interleukin-10; D015847:Interleukin-4; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D005968:Glutamate Decarboxylase; D015232:Dinoprostone