title: Titanium Implants after alkali heating treatment with a [Zn(OH)4]2 complex: analysis of interfacial bond strength using push-out tests.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Clinical demands for stronger and faster bone bonding to implants have motivated the development of chemically and topographically modified surfaces capable of chemical bonding. This study presents a new one-step alkali heat treatment performed with a solution containing [Zn(OH)(4)](2-) complex as an alternative to the conventional NaOH solution.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this work is to assess the effect of a Zn-modified surface chemistry on bone-implant shear strength using a rabbit model.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted on mechanical-grinded and smooth surfaces of Ti cylindrical implants. The topographical structure, chemical surface composition, and structural properties of the chemically modified titanium surface were studied by scanning electron microscopy, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and x-ray diffractometry. Implant-bone shear strength was evaluated by push-out tests undertaken at 4, 12, and 24 weeks after insertion in rabbit femora.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Implants with smooth and rough surfaces chemically-modified with a solution containing [Zn(OH)(4)](2-) complex demonstrated significantly stronger bone fixation than nonmodified implants at all healing times (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The obtained results suggest that biochemical bonding at the bone-implant interface, stimulated by the Zn(2+) ion release in combination with mechanical interlocking definitively improved the implant fixation.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Engineering and Resource Science, Center for Geo-Environmental Science, Akita University, Akita, Japan. yamamoto@cges.akita-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Kelly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Alvarez
authors.forename: Masayuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fukuda
authors.forename: Osamu
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D001840:Dental Bonding; D015921:Dental Implants; D017267:Dental Prosthesis Design; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis; D005269:Femur; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006878:Hydroxides; D020007:Implants, Experimental; D008297:Male; D011817:Rabbits; D033081:Shear Strength; D013052:Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium; D017967:Zinc Compounds
chemical_list: D015921:Dental Implants; D006878:Hydroxides; D017967:Zinc Compounds; D014025:Titanium; C052745:zinc hydroxide