title: Evaluation of botanical extracts against Haemaphysalis bispinosa Neumann and Hippobosca maculata Leach.
abstract: In the current study, in vitro evaluation of crude hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, acetone, and methanol extracts of Anisomeles malabarica (L.) R. Br., Gloriosa superba L., Psidium guajava L., Ricinus communis L., and Solanum trilobatum L. exhibited acaricidal and insecticidal activities against the adult of Haemaphysalis bispinosa Neumann (Acarina: Ixodidae) and hematophagous fly Hippobosca maculata Leach (Diptera: Hippoboscidae). All plant extracts showed moderate toxic effect on parasites after 24 h of exposure; the complete inhibition (100%) at the maximum concentration tested (3,000 ppm) was obtained in acetone, methanol, hexane, and chloroform extracts of A. malabarica; methanol, chloroform, and ethyl acetate extracts of G. superba; acetone extract of P. guajava; methanol extract of R. communis; and leaf hexane extract of S. trilobatum; and the lowest inhibition (38%) was recorded for the seed hexane extract of S. trilobatum. The highest parasite dead was found in leaf acetone and methanol extracts of A. malabarica, seed methanol of G. superba, leaf methanol of R. communis against H. bispinosa (LC(50) = 466.15, 719.78, 476.06, and 243.87 ppm; LC(90) = 1,837.96, 2,014.47, 1,904.36, and 2,692.15 ppm), leaf hexane and chloroform extracts of A. malabarica, seed chloroform and ethyl acetate of G. superba, leaf acetone of P. guajava, leaf methanol of R. communis, and leaf hexane extract of S. trilobatum against H. maculata (LC(50) = 495.61, 414.81, 360.02, 479.37, 646.30, 506.13, and 432.77 ppm; LC(90) = 1,914.84, 1,956.59, 1,598.54, 1,636.41, 2,192.73, 1,982.66, and 1,872.33 ppm), respectively. These results suggest that the leaf methanol of R. communis, chloroform extracts of A. malabarica, and chloroform extract of G. superba have the potential to be used as an ideal eco-friendly approach for the control of the H. bispinosa and H. maculata. Therefore, this study provides first report on the parasitic activities of plant extracts from Southern India.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Nanotechnology and Bioactive Natural Products, Post Graduate and Research Department of Zoology, C.Abdul Hakeem College, Melvisharam, Vellore District, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Abdul Abduz
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Zahir
authors.forename: Abdul Abdul
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Rahuman
authors.forename: Asokan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bagavan
authors.forename: Thirunavukkarasu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Santhoshkumar
authors.forename: Razack Rafi
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Mohamed
authors.forename: Chinnaperumal
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kamaraj
authors.forename: Govindasamy
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rajakumar
authors.forename: Gandhi
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Elango
authors.forename: Chidambaram
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jayaseelan
authors.forename: Sampath
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Marimuthu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000977:Antiparasitic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D004175:Diptera / Q000187:drug effects*; D007194:India; D026863:Ixodidae / Q000187:drug effects*; D019684:Magnoliopsida / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000145:classification; D021261:Parasitic Sensitivity Tests; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry*; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000977:Antiparasitic Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts
references.citation: Parasitol Res. 2010 May;106(6):1403-12
references.pmid: 20306205
references.citation: Vet Parasitol. 2007 Jun 20;147(1-2):150-4
references.pmid: 17478043
references.citation: Parasitol Res. 2008 Apr;102(5):867-73
references.pmid: 18163189
references.citation: J Commun Dis. 2008 Jun;40(2):121-5
references.pmid: 19301696
references.citation: Parasitol Res. 2006 Sep;99(4):466-72
references.pmid: 16642386
references.citation: Parasitol Res. 2007 Feb;100(3):575-9
references.pmid: 17013649
references.citation: J S Afr Vet Assoc. 2000 Dec;71(4):240-3
references.pmid: 11212935
references.citation: J Commun Dis. 2002 Dec;34(4):264-9
references.pmid: 14710857
references.citation: Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo. 2006 Jul-Aug;48(4):211-4
references.pmid: 17119677
references.citation: J Environ Biol. 2009 Sep;30(5 Suppl):883-8
references.pmid: 20143723
references.citation: Parasitol Res. 2008 Jul;103(2):325-31
references.pmid: 18437424
references.citation: Vet Parasitol. 2009 Dec 23;166(3-4):286-92
references.pmid: 19819626
references.citation: J Commun Dis. 2007 Dec;39(4):233-6
references.pmid: 18697593
references.citation: Rev Bras Parasitol Vet. 2009 Oct-Dec;18(4):44-8
references.pmid: 20040208
references.citation: Parasitol Res. 2007 Sep;101 Suppl 2:S207-16
references.pmid: 17823830
references.citation: Parasit Vectors. 2008 Oct 22;1(1):42
references.pmid: 18945343
references.citation: Malar J. 2008 Aug 07;7:152
references.pmid: 18687119
references.citation: Pest Manag Sci. 2009 Feb;65(2):144-9
references.pmid: 18937217
references.citation: Parasitol Res. 2009 Aug;105(2):453-61
references.pmid: 19308453
references.citation: Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 1999 Jun;93(4):351-6
references.pmid: 10656036
references.citation: Vet Parasitol. 2007 Aug 19;148(1):62-74
references.pmid: 17560724
references.citation: J Ethnopharmacol. 1985 May;13(2):209-15
references.pmid: 4021518
references.citation: Commun Agric Appl Biol Sci. 2008;73(3):643-50
references.pmid: 19226806
references.citation: J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem. 2008 Dec;23(6):855-9
references.pmid: 18615278
references.citation: J Ethnopharmacol. 2009 Mar 18;122(2):240-4
references.pmid: 19330920
references.citation: Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 2002 Sep;24(7):397-401
references.pmid: 12428427
references.citation: Parasitol Res. 1988;75(1):67-8
references.pmid: 3205873
references.citation: J Med Entomol. 2004 Jul;41(4):672-6
references.pmid: 15311459
references.citation: Cancer Lett. 1997 Jan 30;112(2):219-23
references.pmid: 9066731
references.citation: Z Parasitenkd. 1985;71(6):727-37
references.pmid: 4082732
references.citation: Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2003 Jan 30;91(2):105-17
references.pmid: 12543547
references.citation: J Wildl Dis. 1980 Jul;16(3):343-6
references.pmid: 7411739
references.citation: Aust Vet J. 1983 Feb;60(2):37-9
references.pmid: 6838436
references.citation: Vet Parasitol. 1997 Jul 31;71(2-3):77-97
references.pmid: 9261972
references.citation: J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2009 Aug;25(4):293-8
references.pmid: 19450152
references.citation: Pest Manag Sci. 2003 Dec;59(12):1349-54
references.pmid: 14667057
references.citation: J Environ Biol. 2005 Jun;26(2 Suppl):399-401
references.pmid: 16334274
references.citation: Phytother Res. 2004 Oct;18(10):805-9
references.pmid: 15551394
references.citation: Comput Appl Biosci. 1992 Jun;8(3):209-13
references.pmid: 1353007
references.citation: BMC Complement Altern Med. 2008 Dec 06;8:62
references.pmid: 19061512
references.citation: Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2004 Sep;35(3):608-10
references.pmid: 15689074
references.citation: Bioresour Technol. 2009 Jan;100(1):452-6
references.pmid: 18396398