title: Chemical epigenetics alters the secondary metabolite composition of guttate excreted by an atlantic-forest-soil-derived Penicillium citreonigrum.
abstract: Chemical epigenetic manipulation of Penicillium citreonigrum led to profound changes in the secondary metabolite profile of its guttate. While guttate from control cultures exhibited a relatively simple assemblage of secondary metabolites, the guttate collected from cultures treated with 50 muM 5-azacytidine (a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor) was highly enriched in compounds representing at least three distinct biosynthetic families. The metabolites obtained from the fungus included six azaphilones (sclerotiorin (1), sclerotioramine (6), ochrephilone (2), dechloroisochromophilone III (3), dechloroisochromophilone IV (4), and 6-((3E,5E)-5,7-dimethyl-2-methylenenona-3,5-dienyl)-2,4-dihydroxy-3-methylbenzaldehyde (5)), pencolide (7), and two new meroterpenes (atlantinones A and B (9 and 10, respectively)). While pencolide was detected in the exudates of both control and 5-azacytidine-treated cultures, all of the other natural products were found exclusively in the guttates of the epigenetically modified fungus. All of the metabolites from the P. citreonigrum guttate were tested for antimicrobial activity in a disk diffusion assay. Both sclerotiorin and sclerotioramine caused modest inhibition of Staphylococcus epidermidis growth; however, only sclerotioramine was active against a panel of Candida strains.
authors.affiliation: Natural Products Discovery Group, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 620 Parrington Oval, Room 208, and Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Program, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019-3032, USA.
authors.forename: Xiaoru
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: José G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Sena Filho
authors.forename: Ashley R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Hoover
authors.forename: Jarrod B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: King
authors.forename: Trevor K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Ellis
authors.forename: Douglas R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Powell
authors.forename: Robert H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Cichewicz
mesh_terms: D001374:Azacitidine / Q000494:pharmacology; D001578:Benzopyrans / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002175:Candida / Q000187:drug effects; D015254:DNA Modification Methylases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D006571:Heterocyclic Compounds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000494:pharmacology; D007659:Ketones / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000494:pharmacology; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D015394:Molecular Structure; D010407:Penicillium / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D010860:Pigments, Biological / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012987:Soil; D013212:Staphylococcus epidermidis / Q000187:drug effects; D013729:Terpenes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification
chemical_list: D001578:Benzopyrans; D006571:Heterocyclic Compounds; D007659:Ketones; D010860:Pigments, Biological; D012987:Soil; D013729:Terpenes; C494154:azaphilone; D015254:DNA Modification Methylases; D001374:Azacitidine
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