title: Activation of TLR2 and TLR4 by minimally modified low-density lipoprotein in human macrophages and monocytes triggers the inflammatory response.
abstract: Oxidized low-density lipoproteins and Toll-like receptors (TLR) 2 and 4 are involved in the development of atherosclerosis. The TLR are important in the pro-inflammatory response. The aim of this research was to analyze the activation of CD14, TLR4, and TLR2 in response to minimally modified low-density lipoprotein (mmLDL). Human monocytes and macrophages secreted tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha in response to mmLDL, and blocking CD14 or TLR4 resulted in a approximately 60% decrease in mmLDL-induced TNF-alpha secretion. We also observed similar inhibition of TNF-alpha synthesis in human monocytes ( approximately 65%) and macrophages ( approximately 70%) when both receptors were blocked simultaneously. When TLR2 was blocked, TNF-alpha synthesis was inhibited by approximately 70% in both cell types. Moreover mmLDL induced redistribution of CD14, TLR4, and TLR2 on the cell surface. This is the first evidence that TLR2 and TLR4 are upregulated in response to mmLDL. Our results suggest that mmLDL activates CD14, TLR4, and TLR2, inducing the production of TNF-alpha and increasing the expression of TLR2 and TLR4.
authors.affiliation: Unidad de investigación Médica en Inmunología del Hospital de Pediatría Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, IMSS, Ciudad de México, México.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chávez-Sánchez
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Madrid-Miller
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chávez-Rueda
authors.forename: M V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Legorreta-Haquet
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tesoro-Cruz
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Blanco-Favela
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000276:immunology / Q000494:pharmacology; D000918:Antibody Specificity / Q000276:immunology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism; D018950:Lipopolysaccharide Receptors / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D009000:Monocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2 / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4 / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism*; D020298:U937 Cells; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D018950:Lipopolysaccharide Receptors; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C099252:oxidized low density lipoprotein