title: A novel role for Wnt/Ca2+ signaling in actin cytoskeleton remodeling and cell motility in prostate cancer.
abstract: Wnt signaling is a critical regulatory pathway in development and disease. Very little is known about the mechanisms of Wnt signaling in prostate cancer, a leading cause of death in men. A quantitative analysis of the expression of Wnt5A protein in human tissue arrays, containing 600 prostate tissue cores, showed >50% increase in malignant compared to benign cores (p<0.0001). In a matched pair of prostate cancer and normal cell line, expression of Wnt5A protein was also increased. Calcium waves were induced in prostate cells in response to Wnt5A with a 3 fold increase in Flou-4 intensity. The activity of Ca(2+)/calmodulin dependent protein kinase (CaMKII), a transducer of the non-canonical Wnt/Ca(2+) signaling, increased by 8 fold in cancer cells; no change was observed in beta-catenin expression, known to activate the canonical Wnt/beta-catenin pathway. Mining of publicly available human prostate cancer oligoarray datasets revealed that the expression of numerous genes (e.g., CCND1, CD44) under the control of beta-catenin transcription is down-regulated. Confocal and quantitative electron microscopy showed that specific inhibition of CaMKII in cancer cells causes remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton, irregular wound edges and loose intercellular architecture and a 6 and 8 fold increase in the frequency and length of filopodia, respectively. Conversely, untreated normal prostate cells showed an irregular wound edge and loose intercellular architecture; incubation of normal prostate cells with recombinant Wnt5A protein induced actin remodeling with a regular wound edge and increased wound healing capacity. Live cell imaging showed that a functional consequence of CaMKII inhibition was 80% decrease in wound healing capacity and reduced cell motility in cancer cells. We propose that non-canonical Wnt/Ca(2+) signaling via CaMKII acts as a novel regulator of structural plasticity and cell motility in prostate cancer.
authors.affiliation: Prostate Cancer Research Centre and Division of Surgery, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Qin
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Symes
authors.forename: Corrina A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Kane
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Freeman
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nariculam
authors.forename: Philippa
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Munson
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Thrasivoulou
authors.forename: John R W
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Masters
authors.forename: Aamir
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ahmed
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000378:metabolism*; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D020013:Calcium Signaling; D054732:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002465:Cell Movement; D003599:Cytoskeleton / Q000378:metabolism*; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D011467:Prostate / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011554:Pseudopodia / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015398:Signal Transduction; D051153:Wnt Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000071818:Wnt-5a Protein; D014945:Wound Healing
chemical_list: D000199:Actins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C085389:WNT5A protein, human; D051153:Wnt Proteins; D000071818:Wnt-5a Protein; D054732:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2; D002118:Calcium
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