title: Regulation of (pro)renin receptor expression by glucose-induced mitogen-activated protein kinase, nuclear factor-kappaB, and activator protein-1 signaling pathways.
abstract: Renal (pro)renin receptor (PRR) expression is increased in diabetes. The exact mechanisms involved in this process are not well established. We hypothesized that high glucose up-regulates PRR through protein kinase C (PKC)-Raf-ERK and PKC-c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)-c-Jun signaling pathways. Rat mesangial cells exposed to 30 mm d-glucose demonstrated significant increase in PRR mRNA and protein expression, intracellular phosphorylation of Raf-1 (Y340/341), ERK, JNK, nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) p65 (S536) and c-Jun (S63). By chromatin immunoprecipitation assay and EMSA, high glucose induced more functional NF-kappaB and activator protein (AP)-1 dimers bound to corresponding cis-regulatory elements in the predicted PRR promoter to up-regulate PRR transcription. Conventional and novel PKC inhibitors Chelerythrine and Rottlerin, Raf-1 inhibitor GW5074, MEK1/2 inhibitor U0126, JNK inhibitor SP600125, NF-kappaB inhibitor Quinazoline, and AP-1 inhibitor Curcumin, respectively, attenuated glucose-induced PRR up-regulation. Chelerythrine and Rottlerin also inhibited glucose-induced phosphorylation of Raf-1 (Y340/341), ERK1/2, JNK, NF-kappaB p65 (S536), and c-Jun (S63). GW5074 and U0126 inhibited the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and NF-kappaB p65 (S536). SP600125 inhibited phosphorylation of NF-kappaB p65 (S536) and c-Jun (S63). We conclude that high glucose up-regulates the expression of PRR through mechanisms dependent on both PKC-Raf-ERK and PKC-JNK-c-Jun signaling pathways. NF-kappaB and AP-1 are involved in high-glucose-induced PRR up-regulation in rat mesangial cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22908-1409, USA.
authors.forename: Jiqian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Helmy M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Siragy
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000873:Anthracenes / Q000494:pharmacology; D002070:Butadienes / Q000494:pharmacology; D002460:Cell Line; D047369:Chromatin Immunoprecipitation; D024202:Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay; D005947:Glucose / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007211:Indoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D020930:MAP Kinase Kinase Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D050527:Mesangial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D009570:Nitriles / Q000494:pharmacology; D010636:Phenols / Q000494:pharmacology; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D011485:Protein Binding; D019908:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-raf / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D051381:Rats; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000235:genetics*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D000093342:Prorenin Receptor
chemical_list: D000873:Anthracenes; D002070:Butadienes; D007211:Indoles; D016328:NF-kappa B; D009570:Nitriles; D010636:Phenols; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1; C113580:U 0126; C432165:pyrazolanthrone; D019908:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-raf; C546782:Raf1 protein, rat; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D020930:MAP Kinase Kinase Kinases; D005947:Glucose; C489251:5-iodo-3-((3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxyphenyl)methylene)-2-indolinone; D000093342:Prorenin Receptor
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