title: Etiology and clinical spectrum of constipation in Indian children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze the etiology, clinical spectrum and outcome of constipation in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tertiary care teaching hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective chart review.
  
  
  METHODS
  Consecutive children with constipation from 2001 to 2006.
  
  
  METHODS
  Functional constipation was designated when there was no objective evidence of any causative pathologic condition while the rest were termed as organic constipation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Lactulose was started after disimpaction with polyethyleneglycol in functional constipation cases.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical and etiological profile, management, and follow-up data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  137 children (boys, 90); 117 (85%), had functional constipation while the remaining 15% had an associated organic disorder. Hirschsprungs disease accounted for 6% of all patients. Children in organic group more commonly had delayed passage of meconium (50.0% vs 1.7%), symptoms since first month of life (40.0% vs 1.7%), and abdominal distension (50% vs 5%) as compared to functional group, while fecal impaction was less common (69% vs 20%). Besides fecal impaction, straining (35%), withholding behaviour (27.4%), and fecal incontinence (30.8%) were other main clinical characteristics of the functional group. In the functional group, successful outcome to laxatives was obtained in 95% of patients while 10% needed rescue disimpaction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Functional constipation is the most common cause of constipation in Indian children. History of delayed passage of meconium, presence of abdominal distension, and absence of fecal impaction point to an organic pathology.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India.
authors.forename: Vikrant
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Khanna
authors.forename: Ujjal
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Poddar
authors.forename: Surender Kumar
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Yachha
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003248:Constipation / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies