title: Sea ice protects the embryos of the Antarctic sea urchin Sterechinus neumayeri from oxidative damage due to naturally enhanced levels of UV-B radiation.
abstract: The 'ozone hole' has caused an increase in ultraviolet B radiation (UV-B, 280-320 nm) penetrating Antarctic coastal marine ecosystems, however the direct effect of this enhanced UV-B on pelagic organisms remains unclear. Oxidative stress, the in vivo production of reactive oxygen species to levels high enough to overcome anti-oxidant defences, is a key outcome of exposure to solar radiation, yet to date few studies have examined this physiological response in Antarctic marine species in situ or in direct relation to the ozone hole. To assess the biological effects of UV-B, in situ experiments were conducted at Cape Armitage in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica (77.06 degrees S, 164.42 degrees E) on the common Antarctic sea urchin Sterechinus neumayeri Meissner (Echinoidea) over two consecutive 4-day periods in the spring of 2008 (26-30 October and 1-5 November). The presence of the ozone hole, and a corresponding increase in UV-B exposure, resulted in unequivocal increases in oxidative damage to lipids and proteins, and developmental abnormality in embryos of S. neumayeri growing in open waters. Results also indicate that embryos have only a limited capacity to increase the activities of protective antioxidant enzymes, but not to levels sufficient to prevent severe oxidative damage from occurring. Importantly, results show that the effect of the ozone hole is largely mitigated by sea ice coverage. The present findings suggest that the coincidence of reduced stratospheric ozone and a reduction in sea ice coverage may produce a situation in which significant damage to Antarctic marine ecosystems may occur.
authors.affiliation: Department of Marine Science, 410 Castle Street, University of Otago, 9016 Dunedin, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Kathryn N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Lister
authors.forename: Miles D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Lamare
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Burritt
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000864:Antarctic Regions; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects*; D046448:Ice Cover; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D012617:Sea Urchins / Q000196:embryology*; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays