title: Physical activity, obesity and cardiometabolic risk factors in 9- to 10-year-old UK children of white European, South Asian and black African-Caribbean origin: the Child Heart And health Study in England (CHASE).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Physical inactivity is implicated in unfavourable patterns of obesity and cardiometabolic risk in childhood. However, few studies have quantified these associations using objective physical activity measurements in children from different ethnic groups. We examined these associations in UK children of South Asian, black African-Caribbean and white European origin.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a cross-sectional study of 2,049 primary school children in three UK cities, who had standardised anthropometric measurements, provided fasting blood samples and wore activity monitors for up to 7 days. Data were analysed using multilevel linear regression and allowing for measurement error.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall physical activity levels showed strong inverse graded associations with adiposity markers (particularly sum of skinfold thicknesses), fasting insulin, HOMA insulin resistance, triacylglycerol and C-reactive protein; for an increase of 100 counts of physical activity per min of registered time, levels of these factors were 12.2% (95% CI 10.2-14.1%), 10.2% (95% CI 7.5-12.8%), 10.2% (95% CI 7.5-12.8%), 5.8% (95% CI 4.0-7.5%) and 19.2% (95% CI 13.9-24.2%) lower, respectively. Similar increments in physical activity levels were associated with lower diastolic blood pressure (1.0 mmHg, 95% CI 0.6-1.5 mmHg) and LDL-cholesterol (0.04 mmol/l, 95% CI 0.01-0.07 mmol/l), and higher HDL-cholesterol (0.02 mmol/l, 95% CI 0.01-0.04 mmol/l). Moreover, associations were broadly similar in strength in all ethnic groups. All associations between physical activity and cardiometabolic risk factors were reduced (albeit variably) after adjustment for adiposity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Objectively measured physical activity correlates at least as well with obesity and cardiometabolic risk factors in South Asian and African-Caribbean children as in white European children, suggesting that efforts to increase activity levels in such groups would have equally beneficial effects.
authors.affiliation: Division of Community Health Sciences, St George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 ORE, UK. cowen@sgul.ac.uk
authors.forename: C G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Owen
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Nightingale
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Rudnicka
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sattar
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Ekelund
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Whincup
mesh_terms: D050154:Adiposity / Q000502:physiology*; D044466:Asian People; D044383:Black People; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology; D002648:Child; D002669:Child Welfare; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012306:Risk; D012307:Risk Factors; D012885:Skinfold Thickness; D012923:Social Class; D044465:White People
references.citation: Pediatrics. 2006 Dec;118(6):2388-93
references.pmid: 17142523
references.citation: Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1999 Jul;153(7):695-704
references.pmid: 10401802
references.citation: PLoS Med. 2010 Apr 20;7(4):e1000263
references.pmid: 20421924
references.citation: Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2008 Jun;15(3):239-46
references.pmid: 18525377
references.citation: BMJ. 2007 Feb 10;334(7588):299
references.pmid: 17237299
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 2008 Mar;31(3):569-75
references.pmid: 18070991
references.citation: PLoS Med. 2007 Mar;4(3):e97
references.pmid: 17388663
references.citation: Diabetologia. 2007 Sep;50(9):1832-1840
references.pmid: 17641870
references.citation: JAMA. 2009 May 27;301(20):2129-40
references.pmid: 19470990
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Sep;80(3):584-90
references.pmid: 15321796
references.citation: BMJ. 2009 Nov 26;339:b4544
references.pmid: 19942665
references.citation: Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2007 Nov 19;4:61
references.pmid: 18021444
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 1998 Dec;21(12):2191-2
references.pmid: 9839117
references.citation: Br J Sports Med. 2008 May;42(5):357-60
references.pmid: 18178678
references.citation: Diabetes. 2002 Jan;51(1):204-9
references.pmid: 11756342
references.citation: Int J Obes (Lond). 2007 Oct;31(10):1545-51
references.pmid: 17653064
references.citation: Arch Dis Child. 2005 Oct;90(10):999-1004
references.pmid: 15956046
references.citation: Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2004 Jan;36(1):86-92
references.pmid: 14707773
references.citation: Obes Res. 2000 Oct;8(7):506-15
references.pmid: 11068956
references.citation: Lancet. 2006 Jul 22;368(9532):299-304
references.pmid: 16860699
references.citation: Clin Chem. 1993 Apr;39(4):578-82
references.pmid: 8472350
references.citation: J Public Health (Oxf). 2007 Jun;29(2):191-8
references.pmid: 17456532
references.citation: Circulation. 2006 Jan 31;113(4):499-506
references.pmid: 16449729
references.citation: Hypertension. 2008 Jan;51(1):92-8
references.pmid: 18071055
references.citation: Arch Dis Child. 2003 Sep;88(9):748-52
references.pmid: 12937090
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2004 Apr 1;350(14):1387-97
references.pmid: 15070788
references.citation: Diabetologia. 2008 Jun;51(6):926-40
references.pmid: 18392804
references.citation: JAMA. 2000 Jun 14;283(22):2961-7
references.pmid: 10865274
references.citation: Atherosclerosis. 2000 Mar;149(1):139-50
references.pmid: 10704625
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 2007 May;30(5):1097-101
references.pmid: 17259470
references.citation: Arch Dis Child. 2007 Nov;92(11):963-9
references.pmid: 17855437
references.citation: Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2002 Oct;26(10):1310-6
references.pmid: 12355326
references.citation: Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2004 Nov;28(11):1503-8
references.pmid: 15326467
references.citation: BMJ. 2006 Nov 18;333(7577):1041
references.pmid: 17028105
references.citation: Int J Pediatr Obes. 2010;5(1):3-18
references.pmid: 19562608
references.citation: PLoS Med. 2006 Dec;3(12):e488
references.pmid: 17194189
references.citation: Int J Epidemiol. 2009 Aug;38(4):1082-93
references.pmid: 19377098
references.citation: Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2009 Feb;19(1):30-5
references.pmid: 18248540
references.citation: Sports Med. 1991 Apr;11(4):203-9
references.pmid: 2014368
references.citation: Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001 Feb;33(2):275-81
references.pmid: 11224818
references.citation: Obes Rev. 2000 Oct;1(2):95-111
references.pmid: 12119991
references.citation: Obesity (Silver Spring). 2008 Feb;16(2):415-20
references.pmid: 18239653
references.citation: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005 Jul 20;(3):CD001871
references.pmid: 16034868