title: Protection against early intestinal compromise by lipid-rich enteral nutrition through cholecystokinin receptors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Early gut wall integrity loss and local intestinal inflammation are associated with the development of inflammatory complications in surgical and trauma patients. Prevention of these intestinal events is a potential target for therapies aimed to control systemic inflammation. Previously, we demonstrated in a rodent shock model that lipid-rich enteral nutrition attenuated systemic inflammation and prevented organ damage through a cholecystokinin receptor-dependent vagal pathway. The influence of lipid-rich nutrition on very early intestinal compromise as seen after shock is investigated. Next, the involvement of cholecystokinin receptors on the nutritional modulation of immediate gut integrity loss and intestinal inflammation is studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized controlled in vivo study.
  
  
  METHODS
  University research unit.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male Sprague-Dawley rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Liquid lipid-rich nutrition or control low-lipid feeding was administered per gavage before hemorrhagic shock. Cholecystokinin receptor antagonists were used to investigate involvement of the vagal antiinflammatory pathway.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Gut permeability to horseradish peroxidase increased as soon as 30 mins postshock and was prevented by lipid-rich nutrition compared with low-lipid (p<.01) and fasted controls (p<.001). Furthermore, lipid-rich nutrition reduced plasma levels of enterocyte damage marker ileal lipid binding protein at 60 mins (p<.05). Early gut barrier dysfunction correlated with rat mast cell protease plasma concentrations at 30 mins (rs=0.67; p<.001) and intestinal myeloperoxidase levels at 60 mins (rs=0.58; p<.05). Lipid-rich nutrition significantly reduced plasma rat mast cell protease (p<.01) and myeloperoxidase (p<.05) before systemic inflammation was detectable. Protective effects of lipid-rich nutrition were abrogated by cholecystokinin receptor antagonists (horseradish peroxidase; p<.05 and rat mast cell protease; p<.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lipid-rich enteral nutrition prevents early gut barrier loss, enterocyte damage, and local intestinal inflammation before systemic inflammation develops in a cholecystokinin receptor-dependent manner. This study identifies activation of the vagal antiinflammatory pathway with lipid-rich nutrition as a potential therapy in patients prone to develop a compromised gut.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center & NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jacco J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: de Haan
authors.forename: Geertje
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Thuijls
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lubbers
authors.forename: M'hamed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hadfoune
authors.forename: Kostan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Reisinger
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Heineman
authors.forename: Jan-Willem M
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Greve
authors.forename: Wim A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Buurman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004750:Enteral Nutrition / Q000379:methods*; D020895:Enterocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D005759:Gastroenteritis / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007408:Intestinal Absorption / Q000187:drug effects; D007422:Intestines / Q000276:immunology / Q000294:innervation / Q000473:pathology; D008055:Lipids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008407:Mast Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D009434:Neural Pathways; D029363:Organic Anion Transporters, Sodium-Dependent / Q000097:blood; D010447:Peptide Hydrolases / Q000097:blood; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000097:blood; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D011949:Receptors, Cholecystokinin / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D012771:Shock, Hemorrhagic / Q000150:complications; D027981:Symporters / Q000097:blood; D014630:Vagus Nerve / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D008055:Lipids; D029363:Organic Anion Transporters, Sodium-Dependent; D011949:Receptors, Cholecystokinin; D027981:Symporters; C071908:sodium-bile acid cotransporter; D009195:Peroxidase; D010447:Peptide Hydrolases