title: Lidocaine suppresses mouse Peyer's Patch T cell functions and induces bacterial translocation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The gastrointestinal mucosa is an important route of entry for microbial pathogens. The immune cells of Peyer's patch (PP) compartments contribute to the active immune response against infection. Although local anesthetics are widely used in clinical practice, it remains unclear whether local anesthetics such as lidocaine affect PP T cell functions.
  
  
  METHODS
  The aim of this study was to examine if lidocaine has any effects on mouse PP T cell functions. To test this, freshly isolated mouse Peyer's patch T cells were incubated with lidocaine. The effects of lidocaine on concanavalin A-stimulated PP T cell proliferation and cytokine production were assessed. The effect of lidocaine on PP T cell mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation was also assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results indicate that lidocaine suppresses cell proliferation, cytokine production, and MAPK activation in PP T cells. Furthermore, we found that the chronic in vivo exposure to lidocaine increases bacterial accumulation in PP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The enhanced immunosuppressive effects of lidocaine on PP T cell functions could contribute to the host's enhanced susceptibility to infection.
authors.affiliation: Center for Surgical Research and Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kawasaki
authors.forename: Chika
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kawasaki
authors.forename: Takeyoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sata
authors.forename: Irshad H
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Chaudry
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D018988:Bacterial Translocation / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002470:Cell Survival; D002478:Cells, Cultured / Q000187:drug effects; D003208:Concanavalin A / Q000276:immunology / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000276:immunology; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000276:immunology; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000276:immunology / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008809:Mice, Inbred C3H; D023421:Models, Animal; D010581:Peyer's Patches / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology*; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D003208:Concanavalin A; D008012:Lidocaine
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