title: Glatiramer acetate for multiple sclerosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This is an updated Cochrane review of the previous version published (Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2004 , Issue 1 . Art. No.: CD004678. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004678)Previous studies have shown that glatiramer acetate (Copaxone (R)), a synthetic amino acid polymer is effective in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), and improve the outcome of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To verify the clinical efficacy of glatiramer acetate in the treatment of MS patients with relapsing remitting (RR) and progressive (P) course.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the Cochrane MS Group Trials Register (26 March 2009), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (The Cochrane Library, Issue 1, 2009), MEDLINE (PubMed) (January 1966 to 26 March 2009), EMBASE (January 1988 to 26 March 2009) and hand searching of symposia reports (1990-2009).
  
  
  METHODS
  All randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing glatiramer acetate and placebo in patients with definite MS, whatever the administration schedule and disease course, were eligible for this review.
  
  
  METHODS
  Both patients with RR and P MS were analysed. Study protocols were comparable across trials. No major flaws were found in methodological quality. However, efficacy of blinding should be balanced against side effects, including injection-site reactions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 409 retrieved references, we identified 16 RCTs; six of them, published between 1987 and 2007, met the selection criteria and were included in this review. Five hundred and forty RR patients and 1049 PMS contributed to the analysis. In RR MS, a decrease in the mean EDSS score (-0.33 and -0.45), was found respectively at 2 years and 35 months without any significant effect on sustained disease progression. The reduction of mean number of relapse was evident at 1 year (-0.35 ) 2 years (-0.51 ) and 35 months (-0.64), but significant studies ' heterogeneity was found. The number of hospitalisations and steroid courses were significantly reduced. No benefit was shown in P MS patients. No major toxicity was found. The most common systemic adverse event was a transient and self-limiting patterned reaction of flushing, chest tightness, sweating, palpitations, anxiety. Local injection-site reactions were observed in up to a half of patients treated with glatiramer acetate, thus making a blind assessment of outcomes questionable.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Glatiramer acetate did show a partial efficacy in RR MS in term of relapse -related clinical outcomes, without any significant effect on clinical progression of disease measured as sustained disability. The drug is not effective in progressive MS patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, Fondazione I.R.C.C.S. - Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Via Celoria, 11, Milano, Italy, 20133.
authors.forename: Loredana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: La Mantia
authors.forename: Luca M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Munari
authors.forename: Roberta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lovati
mesh_terms: D018450:Disease Progression; D000068717:Glatiramer Acetate; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D020528:Multiple Sclerosis, Chronic Progressive / Q000188:drug therapy*; D020529:Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010455:Peptides / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012008:Recurrence; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D010455:Peptides; D000068717:Glatiramer Acetate