title: Estrogenic and progestagenic effects of extracts of Justicia pectoralis Jacq., an herbal medicine from Costa Rica used for the treatment of menopause and PMS.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the biological activities of Justicia pectoralis Jacq. (Acanthaceae), an herbal medicine used in Costa Rica (CR) for the management of menopausal symptoms and dysmenorrhea.
  
  
  METHODS
  The aerial parts of J. pectoralis were collected, dried and extracted in methanol. To establish possible mechanisms of action of JP for the treatment of menopausal symptoms, the estrogenic and progesterone agonists, and antiinflammatory activities were investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  The methanol extract (JP-M) was tested in ER and PR binding assays, a COX-2 enzyme inhibition assay, the ERbeta-CALUX assay in U2-OS cells, as well as reporter and endogenous gene assays in MCF-7 K1 cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The JP-M extract inhibited COX-2 catalytic activity (IC(50) 4.8 microg/mL); bound to both ERalpha and ERbeta (IC(50) 50 microg/mL and 23.1 microg/mL, respectively); induced estrogen-dependent transcription in the ERbeta-CALUX; and bound to the progesterone receptor (IC(50) 22.8 microg/mL). The extract also modulated the expression of endogenous estrogen responsive genes pS2, PR, and PTGES in MCF-7 cells at a concentration of 20 microg/mL. Activation of a 2 ERE-construct in transiently transfected MCF-7 cells by the extract was inhibited by the estrogen receptor antagonist ICI 182,780, indicating that the effects were mediated through the estrogen receptor. Finally, the extract weakly enhanced the proliferation of MCF-7 cells, however this was not statistically significant as compared with DMSO controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Extracts of J. pectoralis have estrogenic, progestagenic and anti-inflammatory effects, and thus have a plausible mechanism of action, explaining its traditional use for menopause and PMS.
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
authors.forename: Tracie D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Locklear
authors.forename: Yue
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Jonna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Frasor
authors.forename: Brian J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Doyle
authors.forename: Alice
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Perez
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gomez-Laurito
authors.forename: Gail B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Mahady
mesh_terms: D027901:Acanthaceae; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D004412:Dysmenorrhea / Q000188:drug therapy; D004958:Estradiol / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D005796:Genes; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D029001:Herbal Medicine; D006801:Humans; D008593:Menopause / Q000187:drug effects*; D048789:Phytoestrogens / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008517:Phytotherapy; D035261:Plant Components, Aerial; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011293:Premenstrual Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011372:Progestins / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000378:metabolism; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D048789:Phytoestrogens; D010936:Plant Extracts; D011372:Progestins; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone; D004958:Estradiol; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2
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