title: Sustained anti-staphylococcal effect of lysostaphin in the rabbit aqueous humor.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Staphylococcus aureus is an important cause of ocular infections including endophthalmitis. The purpose of this study was to determine the ability of a relatively large molecule, such as lysostaphin, to remain in the rabbit aqueous humor for extended periods while retaining its bactericidal activity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Lysostaphin, gatifloxacin, or Tris-buffered saline (TBS) was injected into the rabbit anterior chamber. Aqueous humor was sampled at 0.5, 1, 2, 3, and 4 days after injection, and then assayed for bactericidal activity against S. aureus. The anterior chamber of treated eyes was also challenged 2 days after treatment by an infection of S. aureus. The surviving bacteria were quantified to determine bactericidal effectiveness in the anterior chamber. The aqueous humor of lysostaphin injected eyes was assayed by western blot for the presence of the molecule 2 days post-injection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The bactericidal activity of lysostaphin was confirmed by lysis of S. aureus and sensitivity to zinc. Eyes injected with lysostaphin showed no adverse reactions. Aqueous humor of gatifloxacin injected eyes demonstrated no greater effectiveness than that of TBS injected eyes in vitro at any time point assayed, whereas lysostaphin injected eyes retained potent bactericidal activity for at least 3 days. In an in vivo challenge, the anterior chamber of lysostaphin injected eyes retained significant bactericidal activity for at least 2 days after treatment, whereas gatifloxacin injected eyes demonstrated no significant difference from those injected with TBS. Western blot analysis demonstrated the presence of lysostaphin in the aqueous humor 2 days post-injection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lysostaphin demonstrated the ability to remain in the aqueous humor for days while maintaining its bactericidal activity, an indication that a high molecular weight antimicrobial can provide prolonged prophylactic protection of the anterior chamber.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA.
authors.forename: Charles L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Balzli
authors.forename: Clare C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: McCormick
authors.forename: Armando R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Caballero
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: O'Callaghan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D001082:Aqueous Humor / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D024841:Fluoroquinolones / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000077734:Gatifloxacin; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D056965:Injections, Intraocular; D008248:Lysostaphin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D011817:Rabbits; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D013210:Staphylococcus / Q000187:drug effects*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local; D024841:Fluoroquinolones; D008248:Lysostaphin; D000077734:Gatifloxacin