title: Age and expertise effects in aviation decision making and flight control in a flight simulator.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Age (due to declines in cognitive abilities necessary for navigation) and level of aviation expertise are two factors that may affect aviation performance and decision making under adverse weather conditions. We examined the roles of age, expertise, and their relationship on aviation decision making and flight control performance during a flight simulator task.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-two IFR-rated general aviators, aged 19-79 yr, made multiple approach, holding pattern entry, and landing decisions while navigating under Instrument Flight Rules weather conditions. Over three trials in which the fog level varied, subjects decided whether or not to land the aircraft. They also completed two holding pattern entries. Subjects' flight control during approaches and holding patterns was measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Older pilots (41+ yr) were more likely than younger pilots to land when visibility was inadequate (older pilots' mean false alarm rate: 0.44 vs 0.25). They also showed less precise flight control for components of the approach, performing 0.16 SD below mean approach scores. Expertise attenuated an age-related decline in flight control during holding patterns: older IFR/CFI performed 0.73 SD below mean score; younger IFR/CFI, younger CFII/ATP, older CFII/ATP: 0.32, 0.26, 0.03 SD above mean score. Additionally, pilots with faster processing speed (by median split) had a higher mean landing decision false alarm rate (0.42 vs 0.28), yet performed 0.14 SD above the mean approach control score.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results have implications regarding specialized training for older pilots and for understanding processes involved in older adults' real world decision making and performance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. quinnk@stanford.edu
authors.forename: Quinn
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Kennedy
authors.forename: Joy L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Gordon
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Reade
authors.forename: Jerome A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Yesavage
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000337:Aerospace Medicine; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D001359:Aviation; D003071:Cognition; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003657:Decision Making; D006801:Humans; D007600:Judgment; D008875:Middle Aged; D011361:Professional Competence; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D014584:User-Computer Interface; D014887:Weather
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