title: Abbey Pain Scale: development and validation of the Japanese version.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to develop and validate the Japanese version of the Abbey Pain Scale (APS-J), to assess pain of older adults who live in nursing homes in Japan.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, the data were collected from residents in two nursing homes in Japan to include: demographics, the Barthel Index, Folstein Mini-Mental Examination (MMSE), APS-J and Verbal Descriptor Scale (VDS) for pain. Two researchers independently assessed the residents' pain using the APS-J while the residents walked or were transferred from bed to wheelchair. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) for inter-rater and test-retest reliability, Chronbach's alpha-value of the APS-J, and correlation between the APS-J and other variables were examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data were obtained from 171 residents. The ICC for inter-rater and test-retest reliability were 0.824 and 0.657, respectively. Internal consistency was 0.645 for the total sample and 0.719 for those with an MMSE score of 0 (n = 58). Multiple regression analysis showed that contractures (P < 0.001), previous injuries (P < 0.001), the MMSE (P = 0.003) and paralysis (P = 0.018) were independently associated with the APS-J. The APS-J and VDS were moderately correlated (r = 0.49; P < 0.01). The APS-J total score and subscales, "change in body language" and "physical changes", were significantly different among subjects with different MMSE score groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings show some evidence for the reliability and validity of APS-J.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gerontological Nursing, Graduate School of Health Care Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan. yukagh@tmd.ac.jp
authors.forename: Yukari
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takai
authors.forename: Noriko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yamamoto-Mitani
authors.forename: Yumi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chiba
authors.forename: Yuri
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nishikawa
authors.forename: Kunihiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hayashi
authors.forename: Yuichi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sugai
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006707:Homes for the Aged; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D009735:Nursing Homes; D015588:Observer Variation; D010147:Pain Measurement