title: Microfabricated FSCV-compatible microelectrode array for real-time monitoring of heterogeneous dopamine release.
abstract: Fast scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) has been used previously to detect neurotransmitter release and reuptake in vivo. An advantage that FSCV has over other electrochemical techniques is its ability to distinguish neurotransmitters of interest (i.e. monoamines) from their metabolites using their respective characteristic cyclic voltammograms. While much has been learned with this technique, it has generally only been used in a single working electrode arrangement. Additionally, traditional electrode fabrication techniques tend to be difficult and somewhat irreproducible. Described in this report is a fabrication method for a FSCV compatible microelectrode array (FSCV-MEA) that is capable of functioning in vivo. The microfabrication techniques employed here allow for better reproducibility than traditional fabrication methods of carbon fiber microelectrodes, and enable batch fabrication of electrode arrays. The reproducibility and electrochemical qualities of the probes were assessed along with crosstalk in vitro. Heterogeneous release of electrically evoked dopamine was observed in real-time in the striatum of an anesthetized rat using the FSCV-MEA. The heterogeneous effects of pharmacology on the striatum were also observed and shown to be consistent across multiple animals.
authors.affiliation: Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Zachek
authors.forename: Jinwoo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Pavel
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Takmakov
authors.forename: R Mark
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Wightman
authors.forename: Gregory S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: McCarty
mesh_terms: D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism*; D055664:Electrochemical Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D008839:Microelectrodes; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D004298:Dopamine
references.citation: J Neurosci Methods. 2009 Oct 15;183(2):127-35
references.pmid: 19559724
references.citation: Clin Chem. 2003 Oct;49(10):1763-73
references.pmid: 14500617
references.citation: Eur J Neurosci. 2009 Nov;30(10):1889-99
references.pmid: 19912327
references.citation: Trends Neurosci. 2004 May;27(5):270-7
references.pmid: 15111009
references.citation: Neuroscience. 1992 Nov;51(1):55-64
references.pmid: 1465186
references.citation: Anal Chem. 1999 Feb 1;71(3):550-6
references.pmid: 21662713
references.citation: Anal Chem. 2010 Mar 1;82(5):2020-8
references.pmid: 20146453
references.citation: Analyst. 2003 Dec;128(12):1413-9
references.pmid: 14737224
references.citation: J Neurochem. 2003 Dec;87(5):1284-95
references.pmid: 14622108
references.citation: Anal Chem. 2000 Dec 15;72(24):5994-6002
references.pmid: 11140768
references.citation: Biosens Bioelectron. 2008 Apr 15;23(9):1382-9
references.pmid: 18243683
references.citation: J Neurochem. 2000 Apr;74(4):1563-73
references.pmid: 10737613
references.citation: Eur J Neurosci. 2009 Sep;30(6):1117-27
references.pmid: 19735286
references.citation: Eur J Neurosci. 2007 Oct;26(7):2046-54
references.pmid: 17868375
references.citation: Anal Chem. 2007 Jan 15;79(2):744-50
references.pmid: 17222045
references.citation: J Neurochem. 2009 Sep;110(5):1491-501
references.pmid: 19627437
references.citation: Eur J Neurosci. 2009 Dec 3;30(11):2121-33
references.pmid: 20128849
references.citation: Anal Bioanal Chem. 2009 May;394(1):329-36
references.pmid: 19189084
references.citation: Science. 1983 Jul 8;221(4606):169-71
references.pmid: 6857277
references.citation: Anal Chem. 2009 Nov 15;81(22):9462-71
references.pmid: 19827792
references.citation: Anal Chem. 2002 Feb 1;74(3):539-46
references.pmid: 11838672
references.citation: Talanta. 2007 Feb 28;71(3):1022-30
references.pmid: 19071408
references.citation: Biosens Bioelectron. 2010 Jan 15;25(5):1179-85
references.pmid: 19896822
references.citation: J Neurosci Methods. 1980 Dec;3(2):129-49
references.pmid: 6110810
references.citation: Anal Chem. 2003 Aug 15;75(16):4265-71
references.pmid: 14632145
references.citation: Sensors (Basel). 2008 Oct 25;8(10):6704-6726
references.pmid: 27873894
references.citation: Biomaterials. 2007 Sep;28(25):3594-607
references.pmid: 17517431
references.citation: IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 1988 Sep;35(9):719-32
references.pmid: 3169824
references.citation: Anal Chem. 1991 Jan 1;63(1):24-8
references.pmid: 1810167
references.citation: J Neurochem. 2003 Jan;84(2):373-81
references.pmid: 12558999
references.citation: Anal Chem. 2001 Mar 1;73(5):1037-42
references.pmid: 11289414
references.citation: Langmuir. 2006 Feb 28;22(5):1964-9
references.pmid: 16489775
references.citation: J Neurosci Methods. 2008 Sep 15;174(1):62-70
references.pmid: 18692090
references.citation: J Neurosci Methods. 2008 Sep 30;174(2):177-85
references.pmid: 18674561
references.citation: Brain Res. 2003 Sep 5;983(1-2):23-35
references.pmid: 12914963
references.citation: J Neurosci Methods. 2005 Aug 15;146(2):149-58
references.pmid: 15975664
references.citation: J Neurochem. 1993 Aug;61(2):637-47
references.pmid: 8336146
references.citation: J Neurochem. 2007 Aug;102(4):1115-24
references.pmid: 17663751
references.citation: Chem Rev. 2008 Jul;108(7):2646-87
references.pmid: 18557655
references.citation: Anal Chem. 2009 Aug 1;81(15):6258-65
references.pmid: 19552423
references.citation: Anal Chim Acta. 2009 Oct 19;653(1):1-22
references.pmid: 19800472
references.citation: Neuron. 2007 Oct 4;56(1):141-54
references.pmid: 17920021
references.citation: Neuroscience. 1994 Mar;59(2):417-27
references.pmid: 8008199