title: H2AX phosphorylation screen of cells from radiosensitive cancer patients reveals a novel DNA double-strand break repair cellular phenotype.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  About 1-5% of cancer patients suffer from significant normal tissue reactions as a result of radiotherapy (RT). It is not possible at this time to predict how most patients' normal tissues will respond to RT. DNA repair dysfunction is implicated in sensitivity to RT particularly in genes that mediate the repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). Phosphorylation of histone H2AX (phosphorylated molecules are known as gammaH2AX) occurs rapidly in response to DNA DSBs, and, among its other roles, contributes to repair protein recruitment to these damaged sites. Mammalian cell lines have also been crucial in facilitating the successful cloning of many DNA DSB repair genes; yet, very few mutant cell lines exist for non-syndromic clinical radiosensitivity (RS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Here, we survey DNA DSB induction and repair in whole cells from RS patients, as revealed by gammaH2AX foci assays, as potential predictive markers of clinical radiation response.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With one exception, both DNA focus induction and repair in cell lines from RS patients were comparable with controls. Using gammaH2AX foci assays, we identified a RS cancer patient cell line with a novel ionising radiation-induced DNA DSB repair defect; these data were confirmed by an independent DNA DSB repair assay.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  gammaH2AX focus measurement has limited scope as a pre-RT predictive assay in lymphoblast cell lines from RT patients; however, the assay can successfully identify novel DNA DSB repair-defective patient cell lines, thus potentially facilitating the discovery of novel constitutional contributions to clinical RS.
authors.affiliation: Division of Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia.
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Vasireddy
authors.forename: C N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Sprung
authors.forename: N L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Cempaka
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chao
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: McKay
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000235:genetics; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004247:DNA / Q000378:metabolism*; D053903:DNA Breaks, Double-Stranded / Q000528:radiation effects*; D004260:DNA Repair; D005260:Female; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D005821:Genetic Techniques; D006657:Histones / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000532:radiotherapy; D010641:Phenotype; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011836:Radiation Tolerance / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; C468783:H2AX protein, human; D006657:Histones; D004247:DNA
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