title: Effect of exercise intervention on endothelial function and incidence of cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The effects of exercise intervention and to assess its long-term efficacy in preventing subsequent cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes were little known on randomized controlled trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-eight type 2 diabetic patients (21 men and 17 women) were assigned to either the exercise group (n=21) or the control group without exercise training (n=17) by simple randomization. The exercise training group was scheduled for aerobic and resistance exercise programs for 3 months. After the 3-month, we investigated endothelial function, insulin resistance, adipocytokines and inflammatory markers. The endothelial function was evaluated by examining a flow-mediated endothelium-dependent vasodilatation (FMD). Furthermore, we followed the incidence of cardiovascular events for 24 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After 3-month, HbA1C was decreased significantly in both groups. FMD was increased from 7.3+/-4.7% to 10.9+/-6.2% only in the exercise group (p<0.05). Long-term follow-up data showed that the control group developed cardiovascular events more frequently than did the exercise group (p<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Exercise improves endothelial dysfunction independently of glycemic control and insulin sensitivity in patients with type 2 diabetes. The beneficial effects of 3-month exercise to reduce cardiovascular events persist for 24 months.
authors.affiliation: Department of Atherosclerosis and Diabetes, National Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Sadanori
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Okada
authors.forename: Aki
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hiuge
authors.forename: Hisashi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Makino
authors.forename: Ayako
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nagumo
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Takaki
authors.forename: Harumi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Konishi
authors.forename: Yoichi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Goto
authors.forename: Yasunao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yoshimasa
authors.forename: Yoshihiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Miyamoto
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy*; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000378:metabolism*; D005081:Exercise Therapy; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014664:Vasodilation / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human