title: Galectin-9/TIM-3 interaction regulates virus-specific primary and memory CD8 T cell response.
abstract: In this communication, we demonstrate that galectin (Gal)-9 acts to constrain CD8(+) T cell immunity to Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) infection. In support of this, we show that animals unable to produce Gal-9, because of gene knockout, develop acute and memory responses to HSV that are of greater magnitude and better quality than those that occur in normal infected animals. Interestingly, infusion of normal infected mice with alpha-lactose, the sugar that binds to the carbohydrate-binding domain of Gal-9 limiting its engagement of T cell immunoglobulin and mucin (TIM-3) receptors, also caused a more elevated and higher quality CD8(+) T cell response to HSV particularly in the acute phase. Such sugar treated infected mice also had expanded populations of effector as well as memory CD8(+) T cells. The increased effector T cell responses led to significantly more efficient virus control. The mechanisms responsible for the outcome of the Gal-9/TIM-3 interaction in normal infected mice involved direct inhibitory effects on TIM-3(+) CD8(+) T effector cells as well as the promotion of Foxp3(+) regulatory T cell activity. Our results indicate that manipulating galectin signals, as can be achieved using appropriate sugars, may represent a convenient and inexpensive approach to enhance acute and memory responses to a virus infection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA.
authors.forename: Sharvan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sehrawat
authors.forename: Pradeep B J
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Reddy
authors.forename: Naveen
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rajasagi
authors.forename: Amol
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Suryawanshi
authors.forename: Mitsuomi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hirashima
authors.forename: Barry T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Rouse
mesh_terms: D000210:Acute-Phase Reaction / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000276:immunology; D018414:CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology*; D005260:Female; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D037161:Galectins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000072597:Hepatitis A Virus Cellular Receptor 2; D006561:Herpes Simplex / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D007156:Immunologic Memory / Q000276:immunology*; D007785:Lactose / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D008221:Lymphoid Tissue / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D011991:Receptors, Virus / Q000378:metabolism*; D050378:T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000276:immunology; D019562:Viral Load / Q000276:immunology; D014765:Viral Vaccines
chemical_list: D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors; C498833:Foxp3 protein, mouse; D037161:Galectins; C442241:Havcr2 protein, mouse; D000072597:Hepatitis A Virus Cellular Receptor 2; D011991:Receptors, Virus; D014765:Viral Vaccines; C508186:galectin 9, mouse; D007785:Lactose
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