title: Impact of critical social empowerment on psychological empowerment and job satisfaction in nursing and midwifery settings.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test an expanded model of empowerment which specifies the relationships between structural, psychological, critical social empowerment and job satisfaction.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  There is evidence that structural empowerment predicts psychological empowerment and these two dimensions of empowerment are independent predictors of job satisfaction. This study explored a third dimension of empowerment-- critical social empowerment--and its impact on psychological empowerment and job satisfaction.
  
  
  METHODS
  A predictive, non-experimental design in a sample of 306 nurses and midwives in Ireland using the Conditions of Work Effectiveness Questionnaire, the Psychological Empowerment Questionnaire, a researcher developed tool to measure critical social empowerment and a job satisfaction questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  While both structural and critical social empowerment were significant independent predictors of psychological empowerment and job satisfaction, critical social empowerment was the stronger predictor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings support the inclusion of the critical social dimension of empowerment in the understanding of empowerment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Managers at all levels must attend to critical social empowerment as well as structural empowerment in order to increase job satisfaction, retention and engagement of highly qualified committed nurses and midwives.
authors.affiliation: HSE Mid West, Catherine Street, Limerick, Ireland. marieecasey@aol.com
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Casey
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Saunders
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: O'Hara
mesh_terms: D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D007494:Ireland; D007588:Job Satisfaction; D008880:Midwifery; D008960:Models, Psychological; D009718:Nurse Administrators; D009729:Nursing; D009745:Nursing, Supervisory; D010560:Personnel Selection; D010563:Personnel Turnover; D011209:Power, Psychological; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012931:Social Environment; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D017132:Workplace