title: The Levels of Inflammatory Markers in the Treatment of Stroke study (LIMITS): inflammatory biomarkers as risk predictors after lacunar stroke.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Inflammation is increasingly recognised as playing a central role in atherosclerosis, and peripheral blood markers of inflammation have been associated with incident and recurrent cardiac events. The relationship of these potentially modifiable risk markers to prognosis after ischaemic stroke is less clear. The Levels of Inflammatory Markers in the Treatment of Stroke (LIMITS) study will address hypotheses related to the role of inflammatory markers in secondary stroke prevention in an efficient manner using the well-established framework of the Secondary Prevention of Small Subcortical Strokes (SPS3) trial (NCT00059306).
  
  
  METHODS
  SPS3 is an ongoing Phase III multicentre secondary prevention trial focused on preventing recurrent stroke in patients with small vessel ischaemic stroke, or lacunes. In SPS3, patients are assigned in a factorial design to aspirin vs. aspirin plus clopidogrel, and to usual vs. aggressive blood pressure targets. The purpose of LIMITS is to determine whether serum levels of inflammatory markers - including high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, serum amyloid A, CD40 ligand, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 - predict recurrent stroke and other vascular events among lacunar stroke patients. The project will also determine whether these markers predict which people will respond best to dual antiplatelet therapy with clopidogrel and aspirin, as well the relationship to cognitive function.
  
  
  METHODS
  plan Multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression modeling will be used to estimate hazard ratios for the effect of marker levels on risk of recurrent stroke and other outcomes after adjusting for additional potential risk factors, including age, gender, ethnicity, treatment arm, and traditional stroke risk factors. Interactions between marker levels and treatment assignment for both arms of the SPS3 study will be assessed. Observations will be censored at the time of last follow-up visit.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LIMITS represents an efficient approach to the identification of novel inflammatory biomarkers for use in risk prediction and treatment selection in patients with small vessel disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA. mse13@columbia.edu
authors.forename: M S V
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Elkind
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Luna
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Coffey
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: McClure
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Spitalnik
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Paik
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Roldan
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hart
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Benavente
mesh_terms: D001800:Blood Specimen Collection / Q000379:methods; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D023201:CD40 Ligand / Q000097:blood; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D047888:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I / Q000097:blood; D040242:Risk Reduction Behavior; D012449:Safety; D000685:Serum Amyloid A Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D020521:Stroke / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: C111835:CCL2 protein, human; D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D015850:Interleukin-6; D047888:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I; D000685:Serum Amyloid A Protein; D023201:CD40 Ligand; D002097:C-Reactive Protein
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