title: Dose-response and relative biological effectiveness of fast neutrons: induction of apoptosis and inhibition of neurogenesis in the hippocampus of adult mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our study compared the effects of high linear energy transfer (LET) fast neutrons on the induction of apoptosis and reduction of neurogenesis in the hippocampus of adult ICR mice with those of low-LET (60)Co gamma-rays, to evaluate the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of fast neutrons in the adult hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG).
  
  
  METHODS
  The mice were exposed to 35 MeV fast neutrons or (60)Co gamma-rays. We evaluated acutely the incidence of apoptosis and expression of Ki-67 (a protein marker for cell proliferation originally defined by the monoclonal antibody Kiel-67) and doublecortin (DCX: an immature progenitor neuron marker) in the hippocampus after a single whole-body irradiation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The number of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP nick end-labelling (TUNEL)-positive apoptotic nuclei in the DG increased and both Ki-67- and DCX-positive cells declined in a dose-dependent pattern, with fast neutrons or gamma-rays. In the hippocampus, which showed an apoptosis frequency between 2 and 8 per DG, the RBE of fast neutrons was approximately 1.9. Additionally, the inhibitory effects of fast neutrons on the expression frequencies of Ki-67 (4-8) and DCX (8-32) were approximately 3.2 and 2.5 times, respectively, the effects of gamma-rays at the same dose.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased apoptotic cell death and decreased neurogenesis in the hippocampal DG were seen in a dose-dependent pattern after exposure to fast neutrons and gamma-rays. In addition, the different rate of hippocampal neurogenesis between different radiation qualities may be an index of RBE.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Buk-Gu, Gwangju, South Korea.
authors.forename: Miyoung
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Joong-Sun
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Myoung-Sub
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Jong-Choon
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Taekyun
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.forename: Seung-Sook
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Sung-Ho
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Changjong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Moon
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000528:radiation effects*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D017357:Cyclotrons; D004253:DNA Nucleotidylexotransferase / Q000378:metabolism; D003856:Deoxyuracil Nucleotides / Q000378:metabolism; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D000089622:Doublecortin Domain Proteins; D000089662:Doublecortin Protein; D005720:Gamma Rays; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000528:radiation effects; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D055495:Neurogenesis / Q000528:radiation effects*; D009479:Neuropeptides / Q000378:metabolism; D009502:Neutrons; D012062:Relative Biological Effectiveness; D014916:Whole-Body Irradiation
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; C000714847:Dcx protein, mouse; D003856:Deoxyuracil Nucleotides; D000089622:Doublecortin Domain Proteins; D000089662:Doublecortin Protein; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins; D009479:Neuropeptides; C027078:deoxyuridine triphosphate; D004253:DNA Nucleotidylexotransferase