title: Risk of colon cancer and coffee, tea, and sugar-sweetened soft drink intake: pooled analysis of prospective cohort studies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The relationships between coffee, tea, and sugar-sweetened carbonated soft drink consumption and colon cancer risk remain unresolved.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated prospectively the association between coffee, tea, and sugar-sweetened carbonated soft drink consumption and colon cancer risk in a pooled analysis of primary data from 13 cohort studies. Among 731 441 participants followed for up to 6-20 years, 5604 incident colon cancer case patients were identified. Study-specific relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models and then pooled using a random-effects model. All statistical tests were two-sided.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with nonconsumers, the pooled multivariable relative risks were 1.07 (95% CI = 0.89 to 1.30, P(trend) = .68) for coffee consumption greater than 1400 g/d (about six 8-oz cups) and 1.28 (95% CI = 1.02 to 1.61, P(trend) = .01) for tea consumption greater than 900 g/d (about four 8-oz cups). For sugar-sweetened carbonated soft drink consumption, the pooled multivariable relative risk comparing consumption greater than 550 g/d (about 18 oz) to nonconsumers was 0.94 (95% CI = 0.66 to 1.32, P(trend) = .91). No statistically significant between-studies heterogeneity was observed for the highest category of each beverage consumed (P > .20). The observed associations did not differ by sex, smoking status, alcohol consumption, body mass index, physical activity, or tumor site (P > .05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Drinking coffee or sugar-sweetened carbonated soft drinks was not associated with colon cancer risk. However, a modest positive association with higher tea consumption is possible and requires further study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, 655 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA. pooling@hsphsun2.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Xuehong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Demetrius
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Albanes
authors.forename: W Lawrence
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Beeson
authors.forename: Piet A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: van den Brandt
authors.forename: Julie E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Buring
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Flood
authors.forename: Jo L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Freudenheim
authors.forename: Edward L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Giovannucci
authors.forename: R Alexandra
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Goldbohm
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jaceldo-Siegl
authors.forename: Eric J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: Vittorio
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Krogh
authors.forename: Susanna C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Larsson
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Marshall
authors.forename: Marjorie L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: McCullough
authors.forename: Anthony B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Robien
authors.forename: Thomas E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Rohan
authors.forename: Arthur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schatzkin
authors.forename: Sabina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sieri
authors.forename: Donna
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Spiegelman
authors.forename: Jarmo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Virtamo
authors.forename: Alicja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wolk
authors.forename: Walter C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Willett
authors.forename: Shumin M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Stephanie A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Smith-Warner
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002253:Carbonated Beverages / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003069:Coffee / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D019422:Dietary Sucrose / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005060:Europe; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009656:North America; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D013549:Sweetening Agents / Q000009:adverse effects; D013662:Tea / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D003069:Coffee; D019422:Dietary Sucrose; D013549:Sweetening Agents; D013662:Tea
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