title: Four-and-a-half LIM protein 2 promotes invasive potential and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in colon cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cancer invasion and metastasis may associate with the phenotype transition called epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). We aim to evaluate the impact of four-and-a-half LIM protein 2 (FHL2) on EMT and invasion of colon cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  The functional role of FHL2 in EMT was determined by overexpression or small interfering RNA-mediated depletion of FHL2. Mechanisms of FHL2 on expression or activity of E-cadherin and beta-catenin were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  FHL2 was highly expressed in primary and metastatic colon cancer but not in normal tissues. FHL2 was critical for cancer cell adhesion to extracellular matrix, migration and invasion. FHL2 expression was stimulated by transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1. Moreover, FHL2 acted as a potent EMT inducer by stimulating vimentin and matrix metalloproteinase-9 expressions and causing a loss of E-cadherin, whereas those alterations of EMT markers were not affected by silencing of Smad molecules (typical TGF-beta signal mediators) in FHL2 stable transfectant cells. Therefore, FHL2 induced EMT in a TGF-beta-dependent and Smad-independent manner. FHL2 downregulated E-cadherin expression and inhibited the formation of membrane-associated E-cadherin-beta-catenin complex. FHL2 also stabilized nuclear beta-catenin, resulting in enforcement of beta-catenin transactivation activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  FHL2 is a potent EMT inducer and might be an important mediator for invasion and/or metastasis of colon cancer.
authors.affiliation: Guangdong Provincial key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
authors.forename: Wenjing
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Zheng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Claude
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sardet
authors.forename: Bing
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zou
authors.forename: Colin S C
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Lam
authors.forename: Jianming
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Mingliang
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Hui-Yao
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Lan
authors.forename: Roberta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pang
authors.forename: I F N
authors.initials: IF
authors.lastname: Hung
authors.forename: V P Y
authors.initials: VP
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: Jide
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Benjamin C Y
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Wong
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015820:Cadherins / Q000032:analysis; D002448:Cell Adhesion; D002465:Cell Movement; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000473:pathology*; D045325:HCT116 Cells; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D060850:LIM-Homeodomain Proteins; D008648:Mesoderm / Q000473:pathology*; D051379:Mice; D009124:Muscle Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000502:physiology*; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000032:analysis / Q000502:physiology*; D051176:beta Catenin / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015820:Cadherins; C105987:FHL2 protein, human; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D060850:LIM-Homeodomain Proteins; D009124:Muscle Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; D051176:beta Catenin