title: Neuroprotection with delayed calpain inhibition after transient forebrain ischemia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Delayed neurodegeneration after transient global brain ischemia offers a therapeutic window for inhibiting molecular injury mechanisms. One such mechanism is calpain-mediated proteolysis, which peaks 24 to 48 hrs after transient forebrain ischemia in rats. This study tests the hypothesis that delayed calpain inhibitor therapy can reduce brain calpain activity and neurodegeneration after transient forebrain ischemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective randomized placebo-controlled animal trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  University research laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult male Long-Evans rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats subjected to 10-min transient forebrain ischemia were randomized to intravenous infusion of calpain inhibitor CEP-3453 or vehicle beginning 22 hrs after injury.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In a dose-response study, a 60 mg/kg bolus followed by 30 mg/kg infusion was required to reduce postischemic brain calpain activity measured by Western blot of hippocampal homogenates at 48 hrs after injury. The same dosing protocol decreased degeneration of CA1 pyramidal neurons measured at 72 hrs after injury.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest a causal role for calpains in delayed postischemic neurodegeneration, and demonstrate a broad therapeutic window for calpain inhibition in this model.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Frederick
authors.forename: Zhaoming
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Matthew B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Bevers
authors.forename: Lori P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Ingleton
authors.forename: Marek
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Robert W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Neumar
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D056547:CA1 Region, Hippocampal / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D002154:Calpain / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D004151:Dipeptides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017966:Pyramidal Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D020318:Rats, Long-Evans; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: C549946:CEP-3453; D004151:Dipeptides; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D002154:Calpain
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