title: Sex differences in pain and misuse of prescription analgesics among persons with HIV.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Women represent the largest percentage of new HIV infections globally. Yet, no large-scale studies have examined the experience of pain and its treatment in women living with HIV.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study used structural equation modeling to examine sex differences in pain and the use and misuse of prescription analgesics in a representative sample of HIV+ persons in the United Stated within a prospective, longitudinal design.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bodily pain subscale of the Short-Form 36 and Modified Short Form of the World Health Organization's Composite International Diagnostic Interview (opioid misuse).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Women reported more pain than men over a roughly 6-month period regardless of mode of HIV transmission or prior drug use history. Men acknowledged more misuse of prescription analgesics over an approximate 1-year period compared with women, after taking into account pain, use of analgesics specifically for pain, and drug use history. Weaker associations between pain and use of analgesics specifically for pain that persisted over time were found among women compared with men. For both men and women, pain was stable over time. Problem drug use history exerted significant direct and indirect effects on pain, opioid misuse, and pain-specific analgesic use across sex.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current findings are consistent with prior evidence indicating female pain predominance as well as the undertreatment of pain among women with HIV. Efforts should be made to improve the assessment and long-term management of pain in HIV+ persons.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Pain Program, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1752, USA. jtsao@mednet.ucla.edu
authors.forename: Jennie C I
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Tsao
authors.forename: Judith A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.forename: Aram
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dobalian
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000700:Analgesics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D055553:Prescription Drugs / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012727:Sex Characteristics
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D055553:Prescription Drugs
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