title: Sox proteins in melanocyte development and melanoma.
abstract: Over 10 years have passed since the first Sox gene was implicated in melanocyte development. Since then, we have discovered that SOX5, SOX9, SOX10 and SOX18 all participate as transcription factors that affect key melanocytic genes in both regulatory and modulatory fashions. Both SOX9 and SOX10 play major roles in the establishment and normal function of the melanocyte; SOX10 has been shown to heavily influence melanocyte development and SOX9 has been implicated in melanogenesis in the adult. Despite these advances, the precise cellular and molecular details of how these SOX proteins are regulated and interact during all stages of the melanocyte life cycle remain unknown. Improper regulation of SOX9 or SOX10 is also associated with cancerous transformation, and thus understanding the normal function of SOX proteins in the melanocyte will be key to revealing how these proteins contribute to melanoma.
authors.affiliation: Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Melissa L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: Laura L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Baxter
authors.forename: Stacie K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Loftus
authors.forename: William J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Pavan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D008544:Melanocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D008545:Melanoma / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D055747:SOX Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D055747:SOX Transcription Factors
references.citation: Am J Med Genet A. 2008 Aug 15;146A(16):2162-3
references.pmid: 18627047
references.citation: Development. 1997 Jun;124(12):2377-86
references.pmid: 9199364
references.citation: Hum Genet. 2002 Aug;111(2):198-206
references.pmid: 12189494
references.citation: Ann Neurol. 2000 Oct;48(4):671-6
references.pmid: 11026454
references.citation: Mech Dev. 1998 Jan;70(1-2):155-66
references.pmid: 9510032
references.citation: J Pediatr Surg. 2007 Apr;42(4):725-31
references.pmid: 17448776
references.citation: Anat Rec. 1984 Apr;208(4):589-94
references.pmid: 6731864
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Oct 6;106(40):17025-30
references.pmid: 19805117
references.citation: Am J Med Genet A. 2009 Oct;149A(10):2296-302
references.pmid: 19764030
references.citation: Cancer Res. 1992 Oct 1;52(19):5334-41
references.pmid: 1382841
references.citation: Cell. 2009 Oct 16;139(2):366-79
references.pmid: 19837037
references.citation: Semin Cell Dev Biol. 2009 Feb;20(1):90-104
references.pmid: 18977309
references.citation: BMC Dev Biol. 2008 Oct 26;8:105
references.pmid: 18950534
references.citation: Eur J Biochem. 2000 Nov;267(21):6413-22
references.pmid: 11029584
references.citation: Hum Mol Genet. 2001 Nov 15;10(24):2783-95
references.pmid: 11734543
references.citation: Nat Genet. 1998 Jan;18(1):60-4
references.pmid: 9425902
references.citation: Development. 2001 Nov;128(21):4113-25
references.pmid: 11684650
references.citation: Hum Mol Genet. 2000 Aug 12;9(13):1907-17
references.pmid: 10942418
references.citation: Eur J Dermatol. 2008 Jul-Aug;18(4):397-9
references.pmid: 18573711
references.citation: Trends Genet. 2000 Apr;16(4):182-7
references.pmid: 10729834
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2000 Dec 1;275(48):37978-83
references.pmid: 10973953
references.citation: Mech Dev. 2006 Feb;123(2):124-34
references.pmid: 16412618
references.citation: Pediatr Surg Int. 2003 Dec;19(11):725-8
references.pmid: 14691634
references.citation: Dev Biol. 1973 Sep;34(1):39-46
references.pmid: 4595498
references.citation: Pigment Cell Res. 2004 Aug;17(4):352-62
references.pmid: 15250937
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 2002 Aug;22(16):5826-34
references.pmid: 12138193
references.citation: Nucleic Acids Res. 2006 Mar 31;34(6):1735-44
references.pmid: 16582099
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 2007 May;27(9):3521-9
references.pmid: 17325040
references.citation: EMBO Rep. 2006 Jan;7(1):52-8
references.pmid: 16311519
references.citation: Pigment Cell Res. 2006 Aug;19(4):290-302
references.pmid: 16827748
references.citation: Hum Mutat. 2000;15(1):7-12
references.pmid: 10612815
references.citation: Development. 2003 Jun;130(12):2809-18
references.pmid: 12736222
references.citation: Pigment Cell Res. 2004 Oct;17(5):488-97
references.pmid: 15357835
references.citation: J Cell Sci. 1992 Oct;103 ( Pt 2):589-97
references.pmid: 1478958
references.citation: J Invest Dermatol. 1991 Feb;96(2):172-9
references.pmid: 1671405
references.citation: Exp Dermatol. 2010 Aug;19(8):e89-94
references.pmid: 19845757
references.citation: Dev Biol. 1992 May;151(1):251-72
references.pmid: 1577191
references.citation: J Invest Dermatol. 1993 Jul;101(1 Suppl):90S-97S
references.pmid: 8326158
references.citation: Dev Dyn. 2005 Jun;233(2):430-44
references.pmid: 15768395
references.citation: PLoS Genet. 2008 Sep 05;4(9):e1000174
references.pmid: 18773071
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 2000 Dec;20(24):9331-6
references.pmid: 11094083
references.citation: Nat Genet. 2004 Apr;36(4):361-9
references.pmid: 15004559
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2009 May 15;284(20):13629-13640
references.pmid: 19304657
references.citation: Cancer Res. 2008 Feb 1;68(3):650-6
references.pmid: 18245463
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 2009 Apr;119(4):954-63
references.pmid: 19273910
references.citation: Trends Genet. 2004 Jan;20(1):4-8
references.pmid: 14698613
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Aug 28;104(35):13984-9
references.pmid: 17702866
references.citation: Nature. 2002 Apr 25;416(6883):854-60
references.pmid: 11976685
references.citation: Anat Embryol (Berl). 1989;180(5):443-55
references.pmid: 2619087
references.citation: Development. 2000 Feb;127(3):515-25
references.pmid: 10631172
references.citation: Dev Cell. 2002 Aug;3(2):167-70
references.pmid: 12194848
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 2009 Apr 6;185(1):27-34
references.pmid: 19349578
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Aug 20;99(17):11199-204
references.pmid: 12169669
references.citation: Genes Dev. 2001 Jan 1;15(1):66-78
references.pmid: 11156606
references.citation: Dev Cell. 2005 Nov;9(5):593-603
references.pmid: 16256735
references.citation: J Med Genet. 2001 Sep;38(9):E30
references.pmid: 11546831
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 2007 Nov;27(22):7802-15
references.pmid: 17875931
references.citation: Development. 1989 Aug;106(4):809-16
references.pmid: 2562671
references.citation: Pigment Cell Melanoma Res. 2009 Aug;22(4):435-44
references.pmid: 19422606
references.citation: Dev Dyn. 2007 Aug;236(8):2356-66
references.pmid: 17584862
references.citation: Am J Hum Genet. 2007 Dec;81(6):1169-85
references.pmid: 17999358
references.citation: Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2010 Mar;42(3):381-90
references.pmid: 19631281
references.citation: Am J Hum Genet. 2000 May;66(5):1496-503
references.pmid: 10762540
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2009 Jan 30;284(5):3323-3333
references.pmid: 19047045
references.citation: Nat Genet. 1996 Sep;14(1):62-8
references.pmid: 8782821
references.citation: Histopathology. 2009 Nov;55(5):626-8
references.pmid: 19912373
references.citation: Dev Biol. 2001 Sep 15;237(2):245-57
references.pmid: 11543611
references.citation: Development. 2002 Jan;129(2):421-32
references.pmid: 11807034
references.citation: Am J Dermatopathol. 2010 May;32(3):262-266
references.pmid: 20098296
references.citation: Mol Endocrinol. 2001 Mar;15(3):353-62
references.pmid: 11222737
references.citation: Dev Dyn. 2006 May;235(5):1413-32
references.pmid: 16586440
references.citation: Development. 2003 Dec;130(23):5681-93
references.pmid: 14522876
references.citation: Cell. 1997 Mar 21;88(6):733-6
references.pmid: 9118214
references.citation: Dev Dyn. 2000 Mar;217(3):293-8
references.pmid: 10741423
references.citation: Cell Mol Life Sci. 2008 Oct;65(19):3000-18
references.pmid: 18516494
references.citation: Development. 2001 Oct;128(20):3949-61
references.pmid: 11641219
references.citation: Hum Mutat. 2010 Apr;31(4):391-406
references.pmid: 20127975
references.citation: Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2006 Jan;10(1):11-7
references.pmid: 16504559
references.citation: Am J Med Genet A. 2008 Apr 15;146A(8):1032-7
references.pmid: 18348274
references.citation: Am J Med Genet A. 2009 Mar;149A(3):431-6
references.pmid: 19208381
references.citation: Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2010 Mar;42(3):391-9
references.pmid: 19747562
references.citation: Differentiation. 2009 Apr;77(4):395-411
references.pmid: 19281787
references.citation: Development. 2005 Dec;132(24):5589-99
references.pmid: 16314490
references.citation: Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Aug 15;28(16):3047-55
references.pmid: 10931919
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998 Apr 28;95(9):5161-5
references.pmid: 9560246
references.citation: Hum Genet. 2000 Jul;107(1):1-6
references.pmid: 10982026
references.citation: Dev Biol. 2006 Jul 1;295(1):232-49
references.pmid: 16650841
references.citation: J Neurosci. 1998 Jan 1;18(1):237-50
references.pmid: 9412504
references.citation: J Cutan Pathol. 2010 Mar;37(3):350-6
references.pmid: 19614725
references.citation: Genes Dev. 2006 Dec 15;20(24):3426-39
references.pmid: 17182868
references.citation: J Invest Dermatol. 2009 Apr;129(4):945-53
references.pmid: 18923447
references.citation: Dev Cell. 2005 Feb;8(2):179-92
references.pmid: 15691760
references.citation: J Invest Dermatol. 2003 Nov;121(5):1150-9
references.pmid: 14708619
references.citation: Ann Neurol. 2002 Dec;52(6):836-42
references.pmid: 12447940
references.citation: J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc. 2003 Jun;8(1):76-9
references.pmid: 12894999
references.citation: Development. 1990 Apr;108(4):605-12
references.pmid: 2387238
references.citation: Development. 1999 Sep;126(17):3757-67
references.pmid: 10433906
references.citation: Ann Neurol. 1999 Sep;46(3):313-8
references.pmid: 10482261
references.citation: J Mol Med (Berl). 2010 May;88(5):507-14
references.pmid: 20130826
references.citation: Semin Cell Dev Biol. 2005 Dec;16(6):694-703
references.pmid: 16039883
references.citation: Am J Med Genet A. 2008 Apr 15;146A(8):1038-41
references.pmid: 18348267
references.citation: Nature. 2005 Feb 24;433(7028):884-7
references.pmid: 15729346
references.citation: Dev Biol. 2006 Oct 15;298(2):644-55
references.pmid: 16934245
references.citation: Hum Genet. 1998 Aug;103(2):115-23
references.pmid: 9760192
references.citation: Exp Cell Res. 2005 Aug 1;308(1):222-35
references.pmid: 15896776
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 Aug 5;100(16):9360-5
references.pmid: 12878728
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2000 Oct 6;275(40):30757-60
references.pmid: 10938265
references.citation: Hum Mol Genet. 2003 Apr 15;12(8):937-45
references.pmid: 12668617
references.citation: Dev Biol. 2003 Jul 1;259(1):19-33
references.pmid: 12812785
references.citation: Hum Mol Genet. 2008 Jul 15;17(14):2118-31
references.pmid: 18397875
references.citation: Neuron. 2003 Apr 10;38(1):17-31
references.pmid: 12691661
references.citation: Mamm Genome. 1999 Jul;10(7):744-9
references.pmid: 10384052
references.citation: FEBS J. 2006 Apr;273(8):1805-20
references.pmid: 16623715
references.citation: Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2006 Jul 5;141B(5):477-81
references.pmid: 16741945
references.citation: Development. 2005 Mar;132(5):1069-83
references.pmid: 15689370
references.citation: Hum Mol Genet. 1999 Sep;8(9):1785-9
references.pmid: 10441344
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2001 Sep 21;276(38):35390-5
references.pmid: 11423552
references.citation: FEBS Lett. 2006 Mar 6;580(6):1635-41
references.pmid: 16494873
references.citation: Development. 2009 Jun;136(11):1849-58
references.pmid: 19403660
references.citation: Nucleic Acids Res. 1994 Apr 25;22(8):1500-1
references.pmid: 8190643
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2003 Nov 14;278(46):45224-30
references.pmid: 12944398
references.citation: Development. 2006 Dec;133(23):4619-30
references.pmid: 17065232
references.citation: Nucleic Acids Res. 2008 Oct;36(17):5427-40
references.pmid: 18703590
references.citation: Dev Biol. 2000 Nov 15;227(2):239-55
references.pmid: 11071752
references.citation: Pigment Cell Res. 2007 Jun;20(3):173-84
references.pmid: 17516925
references.citation: J Invest Dermatol. 2005 Dec;125(6):1259-67
references.pmid: 16354197
references.citation: Hum Mol Genet. 2004 Jun 15;13(12):1213-8
references.pmid: 15115764
references.citation: Biochem J. 2009 Dec 23;425(2):435-44
references.pmid: 19852756
references.citation: Development. 2007 Sep;134(18):3271-81
references.pmid: 17699610
references.citation: BMC Genomics. 2008 Sep 11;9:408
references.pmid: 18786246
references.citation: J Hered. 1984 Nov-Dec;75(6):435-9
references.pmid: 6512238
references.citation: Nat Genet. 1998 Feb;18(2):171-3
references.pmid: 9462749
references.citation: PLoS Genet. 2008 Sep 05;4(9):e1000177
references.pmid: 18773073
references.citation: Pigment Cell Melanoma Res. 2008 Dec;21(6):687-99
references.pmid: 19086131
references.citation: EMBO J. 2005 May 18;24(10):1798-809
references.pmid: 15889150
references.citation: Development. 1995 May;121(5):1547-57
references.pmid: 7540532
references.citation: Cell. 1995 Jun 2;81(5):705-14
references.pmid: 7774012
references.citation: Hum Mol Genet. 2006 Jan 15;15(2):259-71
references.pmid: 16330480
references.citation: Development. 2006 Aug;133(15):2875-86
references.pmid: 16790476
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Jun 13;103(24):9081-5
references.pmid: 16757562