title: Inhibition of GGTase-I and FTase disrupts cytoskeletal organization of human PC-3 prostate cancer cells.
abstract: The mevalonate synthesis pathway produces intermediates for isoprenylation of small GTPases, which are involved in the regulation of actin cytoskeleton and cell motility. Here, we investigated the role of the prenylation transferases in the regulation of the cytoskeletal organization and motility of PC-3 prostate cancer cells. This was done by using FTI-277, GGTI-298 or NE-10790, the specific inhibitors of FTase (farnesyltransferase), GGTase (geranylgeranyltransferase)-I and -II, respectively. Treatment of PC-3 cells with GGTI-298 and FTI-277 inhibited migration and invasion in a time- and dose-dependent manner. This was associated with disruption of F-actin organization and decreased recovery of GFP-actin. Immunoblot analysis of various cytoskeleton-associated proteins showed that the most striking change in GGTI-298- and FTI-277-treated cells was a markedly decreased level of total and phosphorylated cofilin, whereas the level of cofilin mRNA was not decreased. The treatment of PC-3 cells with GGTI-298 also affected the dynamics of GFP-paxillin and decreased the levels of total and phosphorylated paxillin. The levels of phosphorylated FAK (focal adhesion kinase) and PAK (p-21-associated kinase)-2 were also lowered by GGTI-298, but levels of paxillin or FAK mRNAs were not affected. In addition, GGTI-298 had a minor effect on the activity of MMP-9. RNAi knockdown of GGTase-Ibeta inhibited invasion, disrupted F-actin organization and decreased the level of cofilin in PC-3 cells. NE-10790 did not have any effect on PC-3 prostate cancer cell motility or on the organization of the cytoskeleton. In conclusion, our results demonstrate the involvement of GGTase-I- and FTase-catalysed prenylation reactions in the regulation of cytoskeletal integrity and motility of prostate cancer cells and suggest them as interesting drug targets for development of inhibitors of prostate cancer metastasis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FI20520 Turku, Finland. sasovi@utu.fi
authors.forename: Sanna S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Virtanen
authors.forename: Jouko
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sandholm
authors.forename: Gennady
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Yegutkin
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kalervo Väänänen
authors.forename: Pirkko L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Härkönen
mesh_terms: D008841:Actin Cytoskeleton / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D051339:Actin Depolymerizing Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000199:Actins / Q000378:metabolism; D019883:Alkyl and Aryl Transferases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000235:genetics; D001549:Benzamides / Q000494:pharmacology; D004164:Diphosphonates / Q000494:pharmacology; D051416:Focal Adhesion Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008715:Methionine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D051419:Paxillin / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D017368:Protein Prenylation / Q000187:drug effects; D011725:Pyridines / Q000494:pharmacology; D034622:RNA Interference; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D054462:p21-Activated Kinases / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C410028:2-(3-pyridinyl)-1-hydroxyethylidene-1,1-phosphonocarboxylic acid; D051339:Actin Depolymerizing Factors; D000199:Actins; D001549:Benzamides; D004164:Diphosphonates; C096856:FTI 277; C102521:GGTI 298; D051419:Paxillin; D011725:Pyridines; D008715:Methionine; D019883:Alkyl and Aryl Transferases; C083291:geranylgeranyltransferase type-I; C064911:p21(ras) farnesyl-protein transferase; D051416:Focal Adhesion Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D054462:p21-Activated Kinases