title: Pilot study of blood biomarker candidates for detection of pancreatic cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Biomarkers that detect pancreatic cancer at earlier stages could improve the outcome of this deadly disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated a dozen biomarker candidates for their potential as pancreatic cancer blood biomarkers using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among them, the macrophage migration inhibitory factor and osteopontin blood tests were nearly perfect in distinguishing pancreatic cancer cases from healthy controls (100% and 95% sensitivity, respectively, at 100% specificity). Five biomarker candidates were then tested on an expanded set of diseased controls, which included sera from patients with pancreatitis. The sensitivity dropped significantly for all 5 candidate markers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that biomarker candidates could fail in various steps of biomarker development. Earlier knowledge of candidate biomarker flaws could lead to strategies to overcome the flaw or alternatively lead to earlier termination of biomarkers that are prone to failure in the later phases of validation testing.
authors.affiliation: GI Division, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
authors.forename: Ru
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Crispin
authors.forename: Sheng
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hawley
authors.forename: Martin W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: McIntosh
authors.forename: Damon
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: May
authors.forename: Hoda
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Anton-Culver
authors.forename: Argyrios
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ziogas
authors.forename: Mary P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Bronner
authors.forename: Teresa A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Brentnall
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood*; D018395:CA-19-9 Antigen / Q000097:blood; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D006801:Humans; D053495:Osteopontin / Q000097:blood; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012372:ROC Curve
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D018395:CA-19-9 Antigen; D053495:Osteopontin
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