title: Markers of preeclampsia and the relationship to cardiovascular disease: review of the twenty-first century literature.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this article was to review the literature to identify the most promising markers of preeclampsia (PE) and the relationship to cardiovascular disease to gain a better understanding of the mechanism of PE to identify women at risk for cardiovascular disease to improve their outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty case-control studies were assessed for relationships between different serum markers to identify PE and to identify markers that may predict women who may be at greater risk for cardiovascular sequela in later life.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Angiogenic, proteomic, and tumor necrosis markers were the most promising and important in the development of PE. The interplay among various growth factors, hormones, proteins, and other molecular compounds appears to be critical in the development of PE. Specific angiogenic (sVEGF, PLGF) and antiangiogenic (sFlt-1, sENG) markers and proteomic markers (fibrinogen and a-1-antichymotrypsin, SERPINA1, albumin, 1-antichymotryps) are the most promising markers of PE. Evidence of metabolic abnormalities associated with PE and common markers with cardiovascular disease include free leptin concentration which increases in normal pregnancy and is further increased in PE.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Markers are important to help understand disease, potentially identify women at risk to improve their outcomes, design therapies to ameliorate symptoms so that pregnancy can be prolonged and neonatal outcomes improved, and provide a better understanding the link between PE and increased risk for disease later in life.
authors.affiliation: Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA. gastrimd@umdnj.edu
authors.forename: Mary Downes
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Gastrich
authors.forename: Revitale
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Faro
authors.forename: Todd
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rosen
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000097:blood; D011225:Pre-Eclampsia / Q000097:blood*; D011247:Pregnancy; D040901:Proteomics
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers