title: Investigation of microcystin congener-dependent uptake into primary murine neurons.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Contamination of natural waters by toxic cyanobacteria is a growing problem worldwide, resulting in serious water pollution and human health hazards. Microcystins (MCs) represent a group of > 80 cyclic heptapeptides, mediating cytotoxicity via specific protein phosphatase (PP) inhibition at equimolar concentrations (comparable toxicodynamics). Because of the structure and size of MCs, active uptake into cells occurs via organic anion-transporting polypeptides (OATP/Oatp), as confirmed for liver-specific human OATP1B1 and OATP1B3, mouse Oatp1b2 (mOatp1b2), skate Oatp1d1, and the more widely distributed OATP1A2 expressed, for example, at the blood-brain barrier. Tissue-specific and cell-type-specific expression of OATP/Oatp transporters and specific transport of MC congeners (toxicokinetics) therefore appear prerequisite for the reported toxic effects in humans and other species upon MC exposure. Beyond hepatotoxicity induced by the MC-LR congener, the effects of other MC congeners, especially neuronal uptake and toxicity, are unknown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In this study we examined the expression of mOatps and the uptake of congeners MC-LR, MC-LW, and MC-LF in primary murine neurons.
  
  
  METHODS
  Intracellular MC accumulation was indicated indirectly via uptake inhibition experiments and directly confirmed by Western blot analysis and a PP inhibition assay. Neuronal mOatp expression was verified at the mRNA and protein level.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MCs can cross neuronal cell membranes, with a subsequent decrease of PP activity. Of 15 mOatps, 12 were expressed at the mRNA level, but we found detectable protein levels for only two: mOatp1a5 (Slco1a5) and the known MC-LR transporter mOatp1b2 (Slco1b2).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest mOatp-mediated uptake of MC congeners into neurons, thus corroborating earlier assumptions of the neurotoxic potential of MCs.
authors.affiliation: Human and Environmental Toxicology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany. daniel.dietrich@uni-konstanz.de
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Feurstein
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kleinteich
authors.forename: Alexandra H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Heussner
authors.forename: Kerstin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Stemmer
authors.forename: Daniel R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Dietrich
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D051379:Mice; D052998:Microcystins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D009474:Neurons / Q000502:physiology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D052998:Microcystins; D012333:RNA, Messenger
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