title: Jaw symptoms and signs and the connection to cranial cervical symptoms and post-traumatic stress during the first year after a whiplash trauma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the prevalence of jaw symptoms and signs during the first year after a neck sprain in a car collision. Further, to determine their relationships to the localisation and grade of the initial neck symptoms and signs, headache, post-traumatic stress and crash characteristics.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and forty-six adult subjects and crash characteristics were prospectively investigated in an in-depth study during 1997-2001. Head, neck, and jaw symptoms and signs were recorded within 5 weeks and after 1 year. Acute post-traumatic stress was estimated with the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Jaw symptoms were initially reported by three men (5%) and three women (4%), and subsequently developed in eight women (10%) during the following year. Jaw signs were noted initially in 53 subjects (37%) and in 28 subjects (24%) after 1 year, without difference between sexes, and more often after low-speed impacts. Headache in females, cranial cervical symptoms, pronounced neck problems, post-traumatic stress and whiplash-associated disorders (WAD) grade II-III after rear-end impacts were related to jaw signs during the acute phase. After 1 year, jaw signs were related to residual neck problems, headache and post-traumatic stress.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Jaw symptoms are seldom reported during the acute phase after a whiplash trauma. Women more often than men develop jaw symptoms during the first year. Jaw symptoms and signs may develop also after low-speed impacts, especially after rear-end collisions. Jaw symptoms and signs should be observed after whiplash trauma, especially in those with headache, pronounced neck problems, cranial neck symptoms and post-traumatic stress.
authors.affiliation: Department of Stomatognathic Physiology, Institute of Odontology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden. yvonne.m.gustafsson@vgregion.se
authors.forename: Yvonne
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Severinsson
authors.forename: Olle
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Bunketorp
authors.forename: Bengt
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wenneberg
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000145:classification; D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005260:Female; D006261:Headache / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D007571:Jaw Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008409:Mastication; D008875:Middle Aged; D019547:Neck Pain / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology; D014911:Whiplash Injuries / Q000150:complications* / Q000534:rehabilitation