title: A field study on 8 pharmaceuticals and 1 pesticide in Belgium: removal rates in waste water treatment plants and occurrence in surface water.
abstract: Only recently, attention has been drawn towards the occurrence of pharmaceuticals in the environment. In recent years many reports have been made on the occurrence of the large, differentiated group of pharmaceuticals in waste water, surface water, ground water and in soil. In this study, we demonstrate the applicability of a previously developed LC-MS/MS method by evaluating in waste water and surface water samples from Belgium the occurrence of 8 pharmaceuticals and 1 pesticide (flubendazole, pipamperone, rabeprazole, domperidone, ketoconazole, itraconazole, cinnarizine, miconazole and propiconazole). Removal rates in five public waste water treatment plants were assessed. Introduction of several compounds into the aquatic environment by discharge of effluent could be demonstrated. For several compounds, the highest concentrations (up to 35.6 microg/l for pipamperone) were observed in the effluent of a WWTP receiving water from chemo-pharmaceutical and other industrial companies. The occurrence of these compounds in the aquatic environment was assessed by analyzing 16 surface water samples, taken from various locations. Four pharmaceuticals (flubendazole, pipamperone, domperidone and cinnarizine) could be detected in at least one sample at low concentrations (up to 26.4 ng/l). The pesticide propiconazole was found in comparable concentrations (up to 85.9 ng/l) as in effluent, suggesting potential introduction by direct seepage of water from rural grounds. The highest concentrations of flubendazole, pipamperone, domperidone, propiconazole and cinnarizine (up to 961.3 ng/l) were observed in a sample, taken near the discharge of a WWTP receiving water from chemo-pharmaceutical and other industries. An initial environmental risk assessment was done based on these results.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Toxicology, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Jet C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Van De Steene
authors.forename: Christophe P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Stove
authors.forename: Willy E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Lambert
mesh_terms: D001530:Belgium; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D010575:Pesticides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification*
chemical_list: D010575:Pesticides; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical