title: Optimized hybrid megavoltage-kilovoltage imaging protocol for volumetric prostate arc therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop a real-time prostate position monitoring technique for modern arc radiotherapy through novel use of cine-megavoltage (MV) imaging, together with as-needed kilovoltage (kV) imaging.
  
  
  METHODS
  We divided the task of monitoring the intrafraction prostate motion into two steps for rotational deliveries: to detect potential target motion beyond a predefined threshold using MV images from different viewing angles by taking advantage of gantry rotation during arc therapy and to verify the displacement and determine whether intervention is needed using fiducial/tumor position information acquired from combined MV-kV imaging (by turning on the kV imager). A Varian Trilogy linear accelerator with an onboard kV imager was used to examine selected typical trajectories using a four-dimensional motion phantom. The performance of the algorithm was evaluated using phantom measurements and computer simulation for 536 Calypso-measured tracks from 17 patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fiducial displacement relative to the MV beam was limited to within a range of 3 mm 99.9% of the time with <1 mm accuracy. On average, only ∼0.5 intervention per arc delivery was needed to achieve this level of accuracy. Compared with other fluoroscopy-based tracking techniques, kV use was significantly reduced to an average of <15 times per arc delivery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  By focusing the attention on detecting predefined abnormal motion (i.e., "failure" detection) and using the inherent mechanism of gantry rotation during arc radiotherapy, the current approach provides high confidence regarding the prostate position in real time without the unwanted overhead of continuous or periodic kV imaging.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, California 94305-5847, USA.
authors.forename: Wu
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Rodney D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Wiersma
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xing
mesh_terms: D002933:Cineradiography / Q000379:methods; D019583:Dose Fractionation, Radiation; D006046:Gold; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D009068:Movement; D011467:Prostate; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D050397:Radiotherapy, Intensity-Modulated / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D006046:Gold
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