title: Chronic humoral rejection of human kidney allografts associates with broad autoantibody responses.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic humoral rejection (CHR) is a major complication after kidney transplantation. The cause of CHR is currently unknown. Autoantibodies have often been reported in kidney transplant recipients alongside antidonor human leukocyte antigen antibodies. Yet, the lack of comprehensive studies has limited our understanding of this autoimmune component in the pathophysiology of CHR.
  
  
  METHODS
  By using a series of ELISA and immunocytochemistry assays, we assessed the development of autoantibodies in 25 kidney transplant recipients with CHR and 25 patients with stable graft function. We also compared the reactivity of five CHR and five non-CHR patient sera with 8027 recombinant human proteins using protein microarrays.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We observed that a majority of CHR patients, but not non-CHR control patients, had developed antibody responses to one or several autoantigens at the time of rejection. Protein microarray assays revealed a burst of autoimmunity at the time of CHR. Remarkably, microarray analysis showed minimal overlap between profiles, indicating that each CHR patient had developed autoantibodies to a unique set of antigenic targets.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The breadth of autoantibody responses, together with the absence of consensual targets, suggests that these antibody responses result from systemic B-cell deregulation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Fabrice
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Porcheray
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: DeVito
authors.forename: Beow Y
authors.initials: BY
authors.lastname: Yeap
authors.forename: Lijuan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xue
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Dargon
authors.forename: Rosemary
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Paine
authors.forename: Timothy C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Girouard
authors.forename: Susan L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Saidman
authors.forename: Robert B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Colvin
authors.forename: Waichi
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Emmanuel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zorn
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000917:Antibody Formation / Q000276:immunology; D000961:Antilymphocyte Serum / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000097:blood*; D001324:Autoantigens / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D056724:Immunity, Humoral; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014184:Transplantation, Homologous / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000961:Antilymphocyte Serum; D001323:Autoantibodies; D001324:Autoantigens; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents
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