The relationship of social function to depressive and negative symptoms in individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis.
BACKGROUND
Social dysfunction is a hallmark symptom of schizophrenia which commonly precedes the onset of psychosis. It is unclear if social symptoms in clinical high-risk patients reflect depressive symptoms or are a manifestation of negative symptoms.


METHODS
We compared social function scores on the Social Adjustment Scale-Self Report between 56 young people (aged 13-27 years) at clinical high risk for psychosis and 22 healthy controls. The cases were also assessed for depressive and 'prodromal' symptoms (subthreshold positive, negative, disorganized and general symptoms).


RESULTS
Poor social function was related to both depressive and negative symptoms, as well as to disorganized and general symptoms. The symptoms were highly intercorrelated but linear regression analysis demonstrated that poor social function was primarily explained by negative symptoms within this cohort, particularly in ethnic minority patients.


CONCLUSIONS
Although this study demonstrated a relationship between social dysfunction and depressive symptoms in clinical high-risk cases, this association was primarily explained by the relationship of each of these to negative symptoms. In individuals at heightened risk for psychosis, affective changes may be related to a progressive decrease in social interaction and loss of reinforcement of social behaviors. These findings have relevance for potential treatment strategies for social dysfunction in schizophrenia and its risk states and predict that antidepressant drugs, cognitive behavioral therapy and/or social skills training may be effective.
Corcoran
C M
CM
Centre of Prevention and Evaluation, Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute at Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA. Cc788@columbia.edu
Kimhy
D
D
Parrilla-Escobar
M A
MA
Cressman
V L
VL
Stanford
A D
AD
Thompson
J
J
David
S Ben
SB
Crumbley
A
A
Schobel
S
S
Moore
H
H
Malaspina
D
D
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003863:Depression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D012917:Social Adjustment; D014481:United States
J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2005 Jun;15(3):434-51
16092909
Schizophr Bull. 2003;29(4):703-15
14989408
Schizophr Res. 2006 Jul;85(1-3):124-31
16650735
Early Interv Psychiatry. 2007 Aug 15;1(21):183-190
19079763
J Nerv Ment Dis. 1999 Feb;187(2):102-8
10067950
Lancet. 1994 Nov 19;344(8934):1398-402
7968076
Am J Community Psychol. 2008 Sep;42(1-2):17-24
18612808
Br J Psychiatry. 2008 Jan;192(1):67-8
18174514
J Nerv Ment Dis. 1978 May;166(5):317-26
650195
BMJ. 1994 Sep 17;309(6956):699-703
7950522
Schizophr Res. 2002 Jun 1;55(3):229-37
12048146
Schizophr Bull. 2006 Oct;32 Suppl 1:S44-63
16916889
Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2000;250(3):120-32
10941986
Schizophr Bull. 2007 May;33(3):688-702
17440198
Schizophr Res. 1999 May 4;37(1):13-20
10227104
Compr Psychiatry. 2007 Mar-Apr;48(2):155-60
17292706
Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2008 Jan;65(1):28-37
18180426
Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2008 May;117(5):357-68
18241303
Schizophr Res. 2004 Apr 1;67(2-3):131-42
14984872
Lancet. 1959 Jan 10;1(7063):55-8
13621637
Schizophr Res. 2005 Jul 15;76(2-3):287-92
15949660
J Clin Psychiatry. 2007 Apr;68(4):546-57
17474810
Schizophr Res. 2008 Mar;100(1-3):237-41
18255273
Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2001 Aug;35(4):512-9
11531734
Schizophr Bull. 2007 May;33(3):682-7
16973786
Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1994 Nov;51(11):849-59; discussion 863-4
7944874
Schizophr Res. 2010 Jun;119(1-3):95-100
20060685
Schizophr Res. 1993 Dec;11(1):41-5
8297803
Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 1996 Oct;30(5):587-99
8902166
Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2008 Feb;258(1):48-58
17990052
Early Interv Psychiatry. 2007 Nov;1(4):308-15
19129931
Br J Psychiatry. 1984 May;144:547-50
6733383
Schizophr Bull. 2007 May;33(3):772-81
17420177
J Clin Psychiatry. 2001 Oct;62(10):797-803
11816869
Schizophr Res. 2004 May 1;68(1):37-48
15037338
Schizophr Res. 1994 Feb;11(3):277-84
8193064
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1960 Feb;23:56-62
14399272
Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2008 Aug;42(8):678-85
18622775
Early Interv Psychiatry. 2009 May;3(2):108-15
19777087
Schizophr Res. 2008 Feb;99(1-3):119-24
18023329
J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2000 Nov;39(11):1406-14
11068896
Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1997 Mar;95(3):254-8
9111860
Schizophr Bull. 2005 Jan;31(1):167-74
15888434
Schizophr Res. 2004 Jun 1;68(2-3):339-47
15099615
Br J Psychiatry. 1990 Jun;156:809-18
2207511
Psychiatr Q. 2003 Winter;74(4):313-32
14686457
Early Interv Psychiatry. 2008 Nov;2(4):234-41
19884956
Br J Psychiatry. 2004 Oct;185:291-7
15458988
Schizophr Bull. 2003;29(4):633-51
14989404
Am J Psychiatry. 1998 Sep;155(9):1196-201
9734542
Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1976 Sep;33(9):1111-5
962494
Schizophr Bull. 1998;24(3):413-24
9718633
Psychiatry Res. 2005 Sep 15;136(2-3):251-5
16122813
J Clin Psychol. 2009 Aug;65(8):815-30
19572278
Schizophr Bull. 2003;29(2):325-40
14552507
Psychiatry Res. 2007 May 30;151(1-2):29-35
17383739
Schizophr Bull. 2000;26(1):217-32
10755683
Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2007 Oct;116(4):290-8
17803759
Am J Psychiatry. 2005 Mar;162(3):495-506
15741466
Am J Psychiatry. 1990 Sep;147(9):1234-6
2386257
Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2006 Jun;256(4):246-55
16311896
J Gen Intern Med. 1997 Jul;12(7):431-8
9229282