title: Sibling competition and conspicuousness of nestling gapes in altricial birds: a comparative study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nestlings of altricial birds capture parents' attention through conspicuous visual displays, including exposure of their gape coloration which informs parents about their level of need, competitive ability or health; information that parents use for deciding food allocation among their offspring. Thus, because nestlings compete with nest mates for parental care, nestling conspicuousness is expected to increase with level of sibling competition along bird phylogeny.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We test this prediction by jointly using information of brood reduction, clutch size and duration of nestling period as proxies for intensity of sibling competition, and visual models that assess detectability of nestlings by adult birds. As predicted, we found a positive association between nestling conspicuousness and intensity of brood reduction, while clutch size and duration of nestling period did not enter in the best models. Level of brood reduction was positively related with the achromatic component of nestling conspicuousness and body mass was negatively related with the chromatic component.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These associations are in agreement with the hypothesis that sibling competition for parental attention has driven the evolution of visual nestling conspicuousness in a context of parent-offspring communication in altricial birds.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ecología Funcional y Evolutiva, Estación Experimental de Zonas Aridas, Almería, Spain. jsoler@eeza.csic.es
authors.forename: Juan J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Soler
authors.forename: Jesús M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Avilés
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001717:Birds / Q000502:physiology*; D049628:Body Size; D052284:Clutch Size; D003116:Color; D003163:Competitive Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D008954:Models, Biological; D009055:Mouth / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D009425:Nesting Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D010858:Pigmentation / Q000502:physiology*; D012801:Sibling Relations; D013045:Species Specificity; D013997:Time Factors
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