title: Co-invasion by Pinus and its mycorrhizal fungi.
abstract: *The absence of co-evolved mutualists of plants invading a novel habitat is the logical corollary of the more widely recognized 'enemy escape'. To avoid or overcome the loss of mutualists, plants may co-invade with nonnative mutualists, form novel associations with native mutualists or form associations with native cosmopolitan mutualists, which are native but not novel to the invading plant. *We tested these hypotheses by contrasting the ectomycorrhizal fungal communities associated with invasive Pinus contorta in New Zealand with co-occurring endemic Nothofagus solandri var. cliffortioides. *Fungal communities on Pinus were species poor (14 ectomycorrhizal species) and dominated by nonnative (93%) and cosmopolitan fungi (7%). Nothofagus had a species-rich (98 species) fungal community dominated by native Cortinarius and two cosmopolitan fungi. *These results support co-invasion by mutualists rather than novel associations as an important mechanism by which plants avoid or overcome the loss of mutualists, consistent with invasional meltdown.
authors.affiliation: Landcare Research, Box 40, Lincoln 7640, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Ian A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Dickie
authors.affiliation: Landcare Research, Box 40, Lincoln 7640, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bolstridge
authors.affiliation: Landcare Research, Box 40, Lincoln 7640, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Jerry A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.affiliation: Landcare Research, Box 40, Lincoln 7640, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Duane A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Peltzer
mesh_terms: D029962:Fagaceae / Q000382:microbiology; D018519:Meristem / Q000382:microbiology; D038821:Mycorrhizae / Q000502:physiology*; D009520:New Zealand; D028223:Pinus / Q000382:microbiology*; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D013559:Symbiosis / Q000502:physiology*
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