title: A novel mechanism for neutrophil priming in trauma: potential role of peritoneal fluid.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We sought to determine the effect of peritoneal fluid from a novel animal model of abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) on the proinflammatory status of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) and monocytes. We hypothesize that peritoneal fluid is a potential priming and/or activating agent for PMNs/monocytes.
  
  
  METHODS
  ACS was induced in female Yorkshire swine, and peritoneal fluid was collected at the time of decompressive laparotomy. Naïve PMNs/monocytes were primed and/or activated with peritoneal fluid, phosphatidylcholine (PAF) plus peritoneal fluid, peritoneal fluid plus n-formyl-met-leu-phe (fMLP), and peritoneal fluid plus phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). Activation was determined by surface marker expression of integrins (CD11b an CD18) and selectins (CD62L). Additionally, proinflammatory cytokines in peritoneal fluid were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Peritoneal fluid did not activate PMNs but increased CD11b expression on monocytes. When used as a primer for fMLP- or PMA-induced activation, peritoneal fluid significantly increased CD11b and CD18 expression on PMNs and monocytes. Peritoneal fluid collected at 6 and 12 h post decompressive laparotomy had similar effects. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) levels were increased in peritoneal fluid.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Peritoneal fluid represents a primer for PMNs/monocytes and seems to act through receptor-dependent and receptor-independent pathways. Strategies to reduce the amount of peritoneal fluid may decrease the locoregional and systemic inflammatory response by reducing priming and activation of neutrophils/monocytes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Shinil K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Jimenez
authors.forename: Peter A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: Kevin R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Aroom
authors.forename: Hasen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Xue
authors.forename: Teri D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Feeley
authors.forename: Karen S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Uray
authors.forename: Kenneth C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Norbury
authors.forename: Randolph H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.forename: Glen A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Laine
authors.forename: Charles S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Cox
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001202:Ascitic Fluid / Q000502:physiology*; D003161:Compartment Syndromes / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D016207:Cytokines / Q000502:physiology; D019299:Decompression, Surgical; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000502:physiology; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000502:physiology; D008954:Models, Biological; D009000:Monocytes / Q000502:physiology; D009240:N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine / Q000494:pharmacology; D018375:Neutrophil Activation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D012151:Resuscitation / Q000009:adverse effects; D034421:Sus scrofa; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000502:physiology; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D009240:N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine
references.citation: Ann Thorac Surg. 2000 Aug;70(2):639-43
references.pmid: 10969693
references.citation: Shock. 2002 Dec;18(6):513-7
references.pmid: 12462558
references.citation: J Am Coll Surg. 2009 Sep;209(3):320-31
references.pmid: 19717036
references.citation: Gastroenterology. 1983 Apr;84(4):846-68
references.pmid: 6337911
references.citation: Surgery. 2008 Nov;144(5):803-13
references.pmid: 19081024
references.citation: J Trauma. 2010 Mar;68(3):682-9
references.pmid: 20220423
references.citation: J Surg Res. 1999 May 15;83(2):83-8
references.pmid: 10329099
references.citation: Shock. 2006 Sep;26(3):285-9
references.pmid: 16912654
references.citation: Crit Care. 2006;10(2):R51
references.pmid: 16569255
references.citation: Eur Surg Res. 2001;33(1):33-8
references.pmid: 11340270
references.citation: Perfusion. 2003 Apr;18(2):83-6
references.pmid: 12868785
references.citation: Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2009 Apr;53(4):515-21
references.pmid: 19317866
references.citation: J Surg Res. 2003 Nov;115(1):121-6
references.pmid: 14572782
references.citation: J Trauma. 1999 Jan;46(1):42-8
references.pmid: 9932682
references.citation: Shock. 2003 Dec;20(6):483-92
references.pmid: 14625470
references.citation: Microcirculation. 2009 Jan;16(1):31-42
references.pmid: 19037827
references.citation: Surgery. 2001 Aug;130(2):198-203
references.pmid: 11490349
references.citation: Arch Surg. 2009 Jul;144(7):625-34
references.pmid: 19620542
references.citation: Int J Pancreatol. 1991 Nov-Dec;10(3-4):229-36
references.pmid: 1724008
references.citation: Burns. 2006 Aug;32(5):563-9
references.pmid: 16766124
references.citation: Ann Rheum Dis. 1999 Apr;58(4):237-45
references.pmid: 10364903
references.citation: J Trauma. 2004 Nov;57(5):950-4
references.pmid: 15580016
references.citation: Crit Care Med. 2000 Mar;28(3):788-94
references.pmid: 10752831
references.citation: Shock. 1994 Feb;1(2):141-5
references.pmid: 7749933
references.citation: Microvasc Res. 2008 Aug;76(2):80-8
references.pmid: 18616952
references.citation: Surgery. 2008 Aug;144(2):198-203
references.pmid: 18656626
references.citation: Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2009 Sep 27;17:49
references.pmid: 19781105
references.citation: J Trauma. 2001 Dec;51(6):1069-72
references.pmid: 11740254