title: The impact of removing financial incentives from clinical quality indicators: longitudinal analysis of four Kaiser Permanente indicators.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effect of financial incentives on four clinical quality indicators common to pay for performance plans in the United Kingdom and at Kaiser Permanente in California.
  
  
  METHODS
  Longitudinal analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  35 medical facilities of Kaiser Permanente Northern California, 1997-2007.
  
  
  METHODS
  2 523 659 adult members of Kaiser Permanente Northern California. Main outcomes measures Yearly assessment of patient level glycaemic control (HbA(1c) <8%), screening for diabetic retinopathy, control of hypertension (systolic blood pressure <140 mm Hg), and screening for cervical cancer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Incentives for two indicators-screening for diabetic retinopathy and for cervical cancer-were removed during the study period. During the five consecutive years when financial incentives were attached to screening for diabetic retinopathy (1999-2003), the rate rose from 84.9% to 88.1%. This was followed by four years without incentives when the rate fell year on year to 80.5%. During the two initial years when financial incentives were attached to cervical cancer screening (1999-2000), the screening rate rose slightly, from 77.4% to 78.0%. During the next five years when financial incentives were removed, screening rates fell year on year to 74.3%. Incentives were then reattached for two years (2006-7) and screening rates began to increase. Across the 35 facilities, the removal of incentives was associated with a decrease in performance of about 3% per year on average for screening for diabetic retinopathy and about 1.6% per year for cervical cancer screening.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Policy makers and clinicians should be aware that removing facility directed financial incentives from clinical indicators may mean that performance levels decline.
authors.affiliation: NIHR School for Primary Care Research, Manchester M13 9PL. Helen.lester@manchester.ac.uk
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lester
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schmittdiel
authors.forename: Joe
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Selby
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Fireman
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: Janelle
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Whippy
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Madvig
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000553:Ambulatory Care / Q000191:economics / Q000592:standards; D002140:California; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000191:economics / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000191:economics / Q000517:prevention & control; D008875:Middle Aged; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000191:economics* / Q000592:standards; D019984:Quality Indicators, Health Care / Q000191:economics*; D012052:Reimbursement, Incentive / Q000191:economics*; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000191:economics / Q000517:prevention & control; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin
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