title: Cyanotoxins are not implicated in the etiology of coral black band disease outbreaks on Pelorus Island, Great Barrier Reef.
abstract: Cyanobacterial toxins (i.e. microcystins) produced within the microbial mat of coral black band disease (BBD) have been implicated in disease pathogenicity. This study investigated the presence of toxins within BBD lesions and other cyanobacterial patch (CP) lesions, which, in some instances ( approximately 19%), facilitated the onset of BBD, from an outbreak site at Pelorus Island on the inshore, central Great Barrier Reef (GBR). Cyanobacterial species that dominated the biomass of CP and BBD lesions were cultivated and identified, based on morphology and 16S rRNA gene sequences, as Blennothrix- and Oscillatoria-affiliated species, respectively, and identical to cyanobacterial sequences retrieved from previous molecular studies from this site. The presence of the cyanotoxins microcystin, cylindrospermopsin, saxitoxin, nodularin and anatoxin and their respective gene operons in field samples of CP and BBD lesions and their respective culture isolations was tested using genetic (PCR-based screenings), chemical (HPLC-UV, FTICR-MS and LC/MS(n)) and biochemical (PP2A) methods. Cyanotoxins and cyanotoxin synthetase genes were not detected in any of the samples. Cyanobacterial species dominant within CP and BBD lesions were phylogenetically distinct from species previously shown to produce cyanotoxins and isolated from BBD lesions. The results from this study demonstrate that cyanobacterial toxins appear to play no role in the pathogenicity of CP and BBD at this site on the GBR.
authors.affiliation: Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Queensland 4810, Australia.
authors.forename: Martin S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Glas
authors.forename: Cherie A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Motti
authors.forename: Andrew P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Negri
authors.forename: Yui
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: Suzanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Froscio
authors.forename: Andrew R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Humpage
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Krock
authors.forename: Allan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cembella
authors.forename: David G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Bourne
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D037421:Anthozoa / Q000382:microbiology*; D001315:Australia; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000382:microbiology*; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D000458:Cyanobacteria / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D052998:Microcystins / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D010802:Phylogeny; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D052998:Microcystins; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S