title: Development of natural calcium- and phosphate-donating microparticles and a new iontophoretic apparatus for the topical treatment of local osteoporosis. Preliminary in vitro and in vivo studies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We wished to develop a new iontophoretic device suitable for the treatment of local bone loss such as after fractures or in osteodystrophy.
  
  
  METHODS
  The new iontophoretic apparatus consists of two parts. The first part consists of two natural-based, chemically modified particles as potential medicines, while the other part is a 3-electrode electrophoretic device based on a new principle. This device 'knocks out' Ca²(+) and PO₄ ³⁻ ions from the particles with its impulse-like positive and negative charges transmitted through its electrodes placed on the skin. The current and the voltage of the electrodes can be adjusted separately in both leads. Subsequently, these 'knocked out' ions are channelled into the porotic bones with the help of the 3rd-reference-electrode.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In our preliminary in vitro studies, we used porcine tissues to test their calcium and phosphate content after iontophoresis; with or without using molecules. This preliminary analysis revealed that both calcium and phosphate ions became incorporated into the bone. Some in vivo data are also presented. Iontophoretic treatment increased speed of sound (SOS) as determined by ultrasonography in ovariectomized rats.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that topical iontophoresis may be suitable to treat local osteoporosis or bone defects.
authors.affiliation: University of Debrecen, Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Debrecen, Hungary.
authors.forename: Lajos
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pap
authors.forename: Izabella
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Gomez
authors.forename: Lajos
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pap
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Szabó
authors.forename: Zoltán
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Szekanecz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D003720:Densitometry / Q000379:methods; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007478:Iontophoresis / Q000295:instrumentation*; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000628:therapy*; D010710:Phosphates / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D010710:Phosphates; D002118:Calcium