title: Alpha-conotoxin AuIB isomers exhibit distinct inhibitory mechanisms and differential sensitivity to stoichiometry of alpha3beta4 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.
abstract: Non-native disulfide isomers of alpha-conotoxins are generally inactive although some unexpectedly demonstrate comparable or enhanced bioactivity. The actions of "globular" and "ribbon" isomers of alpha-conotoxin AuIB have been characterized on alpha3beta4 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) heterologously expressed in Xenopus oocytes. Using two-electrode voltage clamp recording, we showed that the inhibitory efficacy of the ribbon isomer of AuIB is limited to approximately 50%. The maximal inhibition was stoichiometry-dependent because altering alpha3:beta4 RNA injection ratios either increased AuIB(ribbon) efficacy (10alpha:1beta) or completely abolished blockade (1alpha:10beta). In contrast, inhibition by AuIB(globular) was independent of injection ratios. ACh-evoked current amplitude was largest for 1:10 injected oocytes and smallest for the 10:1 ratio. ACh concentration-response curves revealed high (HS, 1:10) and low (LS, 10:1) sensitivity alpha3beta4 nAChRs with corresponding EC(50) values of 22.6 and 176.9 microM, respectively. Increasing the agonist concentration antagonized the inhibition of LS alpha3beta4 nAChRs by AuIB(ribbon), whereas inhibition of HS and LS alpha3beta4 nAChRs by AuIB(globular) was unaffected. Inhibition of LS and HS alpha3beta4 nAChRs by AuIB(globular) was insurmountable and independent of membrane potential. Molecular docking simulation suggested that AuIB(globular) is likely to bind to both alpha3beta4 nAChR stoichiometries outside of the ACh-binding pocket, whereas AuIB(ribbon) binds to the classical agonist-binding site of the LS alpha3beta4 nAChR only. In conclusion, the two isomers of AuIB differ in their inhibitory mechanisms such that AuIB(ribbon) inhibits only LS alpha3beta4 nAChRs competitively, whereas AuIB(globular) inhibits alpha3beta4 nAChRs irrespective of receptor stoichiometry, primarily by a non-competitive mechanism.
authors.affiliation: Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3083, Australia.
authors.forename: Anton A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Grishin
authors.forename: Ching-I A
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Muttenthaler
authors.forename: Paul F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Alewood
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Adams
mesh_terms: D000109:Acetylcholine / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D020916:Conotoxins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004220:Disulfides / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D015640:Ion Channel Gating / Q000187:drug effects; D007536:Isomerism; D008958:Models, Molecular; D018733:Nicotinic Antagonists / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009865:Oocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D011485:Protein Binding / Q000187:drug effects; D021122:Protein Subunits / Q000819:agonists / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D011978:Receptors, Nicotinic / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D014982:Xenopus laevis
chemical_list: D020916:Conotoxins; D004220:Disulfides; D018733:Nicotinic Antagonists; D021122:Protein Subunits; D011978:Receptors, Nicotinic; C115558:conotoxin AuIB; C403530:nicotinic receptor alpha3beta4; D000109:Acetylcholine
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