title: Effect of addition of botulinum toxin-A to standardized therapy for dynamic manual skills measured with kinematic aiming tasks in children with spastic hemiplegia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To measure the effect of intensive therapy and the lasting effect of a standardized functional training programme with vs. without the addition of chemodernervation of the muscles of the forearm and hand.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty children with spastic hemiplegia, aged 4-16 years, were matched for baseline characteristics and randomized to standardized task-oriented therapy for 6 months with or without botulinum toxin injections. Dynamic kinematic outcome measures were: speed, accuracy, end-point spread and performance. Measurements of active and passive range of motion, stretch-restricted angle of the elbow and wrist, Ashworth scores and Melbourne Assessment of Unilateral Upper Limb Function were made. All measures were performed at baseline, 2 weeks after injection of botulinum toxin and after 6 months (at the end of therapy), and 3 months after end of the therapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Clinical measures showed improvement in both groups. However, no significant differences emerged between groups on functional measures. Directly after the botulinum toxin injection all kinematic outcome measures showed a decrease, but baseline values were re-established during the therapy period. After botulinum toxin injections a temporarily significant greater increase in speed and performance was found. These results illustrate the need for further quantitative research into the effects of botulinum toxin.
authors.affiliation: Rehabilitation Foundation Limburg (SRL), Valkenburg, The Netherlands. eaa.rameckers@hetnet.nl
authors.forename: Eugene A A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Rameckers
authors.forename: Jacques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Duysens
authors.forename: Lucianne A W M
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Speth
authors.forename: Hans J S
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Vles
authors.forename: Bouwien C M
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Smits-Engelsman
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000293:Adolescent; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002547:Cerebral Palsy / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006429:Hemiplegia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D006801:Humans; D009048:Motor Skills; D009465:Neuromuscular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D034941:Upper Extremity / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D009465:Neuromuscular Agents; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A