title: Sense of Community as a Protective Factor against Long-Term Psychological Effects of Childhood Violence.
abstract: This study uses a risk and resilience framework for conceptualizing the long-term effects of childhood family violence on mental health. It examines sense of community as a protective factor against adult psychological distress associated with experiences of physical or psychological violence in childhood from parents. Regression models are estimated using data from the 1995 National Survey of Midlife Development in the U.S. and from the 1996-97 National Study of Daily Experiences. Reported experiences of frequent psychological violence, regardless of the frequency of physical violence, is found to be positively associated with adult psychological distress. Adults' sense of community is found to moderate the association between reports of both frequent psychological and frequent physical violence in childhood from parents and adult psychological distress.
authors.affiliation: Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey.
authors.forename: Emily A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Greenfield
authors.forename: Nadine F
authors.initials: NF
authors.lastname: Marks
references.citation: Child Abuse Negl. 2005 Feb;29(2):107-33
references.pmid: 15734178
references.citation: Psychol Med. 1997 Sep;27(5):1101-19
references.pmid: 9300515
references.citation: Child Abuse Negl. 2007 Mar;31(3):275-90
references.pmid: 17395261
references.citation: Dev Psychopathol. 2001 Fall;13(4):981-99
references.pmid: 11771917
references.citation: Dev Psychopathol. 1999 Winter;11(1):143-69
references.pmid: 10208360
references.citation: Psychiatry. 1993 Feb;56(1):127-36
references.pmid: 8488208
references.citation: Child Abuse Negl. 1995 Jun;19(6):715-28
references.pmid: 7552840
references.citation: Child Abuse Negl. 2005 Oct;29(10):1173-93
references.pmid: 16315358
references.citation: J Gen Intern Med. 2003 Oct;18(10):864-70
references.pmid: 14521650
references.citation: J Health Soc Behav. 2001 Jun;42(2):184-201
references.pmid: 11467252
references.citation: Am J Orthopsychiatry. 1995 Apr;65(2):177-93
references.pmid: 7611336
references.citation: Psychol Bull. 2001 Jul;127(4):472-503
references.pmid: 11439708
references.citation: J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 1998 Jul;53(4):S218-27
references.pmid: 9679523
references.citation: Child Abuse Negl. 2004 Jul;28(7):715-22
references.pmid: 15261466
references.citation: J Nerv Ment Dis. 2006 Dec;194(12):971-4
references.pmid: 17164639
references.citation: J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2007 Jul;62(4):P216-25
references.pmid: 17673531
references.citation: J Interpers Violence. 2003 Aug;18(8):924-41
references.pmid: 19768893
references.citation: Adolescence. 1994 Fall;29(115):543-61
references.pmid: 7832020
references.citation: Qual Health Res. 2008 Feb;18(2):149-66
references.pmid: 18216336
references.citation: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007 Jan;64(1):49-56
references.pmid: 17199054
references.citation: Child Abuse Negl. 1998 Aug;22(8):753-8
references.pmid: 9717612
references.citation: Br J Psychiatry. 1994 Oct;165(4):447-56
references.pmid: 7804658
references.citation: Dev Psychopathol. 2001 Fall;13(4):783-804
references.pmid: 11771908
references.citation: Am J Community Psychol. 2002 Dec;30(6):853-71
references.pmid: 12385486
references.citation: Am J Psychiatry. 2001 Nov;158(11):1878-83
references.pmid: 11691695
references.citation: Dev Psychopathol. 2001 Fall;13(4):1021-38
references.pmid: 11771905
references.citation: J Interpers Violence. 2008 Mar;23(3):389-415
references.pmid: 18245574
references.citation: Child Abuse Negl. 2007 Mar;31(3):255-74
references.pmid: 17386940
references.citation: Am Psychol. 2001 Mar;56(3):227-38
references.pmid: 11315249
references.citation: Child Abuse Negl. 1998 Apr;22(4):249-70
references.pmid: 9589178
references.citation: J Pers Soc Psychol. 1998 Nov;75(5):1333-49
references.pmid: 9866191
references.citation: Child Abuse Negl. 1995 Sep;19(9):1171-82
references.pmid: 8528822
references.citation: Am Psychol. 1980 Apr;35(4):320-35
references.pmid: 7386966
references.citation: Child Abuse Negl. 2002 Dec;26(12):1275-89
references.pmid: 12464301
references.citation: J Aging Health. 2002 Nov;14(4):467-94
references.pmid: 12392001
references.citation: Child Abuse Negl. 2002 Jun;26(6-7):715-29
references.pmid: 12201164
references.citation: J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 1998 May;53(3):S118-26
references.pmid: 9602836
references.citation: Child Abuse Negl. 2000 Jun;24(6):781-97
references.pmid: 10888018
references.citation: Child Abuse Negl. 2006 Feb;30(2):127-43
references.pmid: 16466788