title: Optical redox ratio differentiates breast cancer cell lines based on estrogen receptor status.
abstract: Autofluorescence spectroscopy is a powerful imaging technique that exploits endogenous fluorophores. The endogenous fluorophores NADH and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) are two of the principal electron donors and acceptors in cellular metabolism, respectively. The optical oxidation-reduction (redox) ratio is a measure of cellular metabolism and can be determined by the ratio of NADH/FAD. We hypothesized that there would be a significant difference in the optical redox ratio of normal mammary epithelial cells compared with breast tumor cell lines and that estrogen receptor (ER)-positive cells would have a higher redox ratio than ER-negative cells. To test our hypothesis, the optical redox ratio was determined by collecting the fluorescence emission for NADH and FAD via confocal microscopy. We observed a statistically significant increase in the optical redox ratio of cancer compared with normal cell lines (P < 0.05). Additionally, we observed a statistically significant increase in the optical redox ratio of ER(+) breast cancer cell lines. The level of ESR1 expression, determined by real-time PCR, directly correlated with the optical redox ratio (Pearson's correlation coefficient = 0.8122, P = 0.0024). Furthermore, treatment with tamoxifen and ICI 182,870 statistically decreased the optical redox ratio of only ER(+) breast cancer cell lines. The results of this study raise the important possibility that fluorescence spectroscopy can be used to identify subtypes of breast cancer based on receptor status, monitor response to therapy, or potentially predict response to therapy. This source of optical contrast could be a potentially useful tool for drug screening in preclinical models.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Duke University Medical Center and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fitzpatrick Institute for Photonics, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA. julie.ostrander@duke.edu
authors.forename: Julie Hanson
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Ostrander
authors.forename: Christine M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: McMahon
authors.forename: Siya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lem
authors.forename: Stacy R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Millon
authors.forename: J Quincy
authors.initials: JQ
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Victoria L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Seewaldt
authors.forename: Nimmi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ramanujam
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D004958:Estradiol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D020847:Estrogen Receptor Modulators / Q000494:pharmacology; D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005182:Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide / Q000378:metabolism; D000077267:Fulvestrant; D006801:Humans; D042361:Mammary Glands, Human / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal / Q000379:methods; D009243:NAD / Q000378:metabolism; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D013629:Tamoxifen / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: C506487:ESR1 protein, human; D020847:Estrogen Receptor Modulators; D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D013629:Tamoxifen; D009243:NAD; D005182:Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide; D000077267:Fulvestrant; D004958:Estradiol
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