title: Urban aerosols induce pro-inflammatory cytokine production in macrophages and cause airway inflammation in vivo.
abstract: Urban air pollution, especially in developing countries, is a crucial environmental problem. Urban aerosols may contain various kinds of substances and induce harmful effects such as allergic diseases. Therefore, it is critical to clarify the biological effects of urban aerosols on human health. In this study, we evaluated the induction of airway inflammation in vitro and in vivo due to exposure of urban aerosols. We investigated cytokine production and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation after stimulation of macrophage cells by exposure of urban aerosols. Urban aerosols were found to induce the production of interleukin (IL)-8, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and IL-1beta on macrophage cells. In addition, we showed that NF-kappaB pathway regulated the urban aerosols-induced inflammatory cytokine response. Moreover, the intranasal administration of urban aerosols resulted in increases in the total cell number in bronchoalveolar lavage and infiltration of eosinophils in lung tissue. These results indicate that urban aerosols induce respiratory inflammation and onset of inflammatory disease due to an activation of the immune system.
authors.affiliation: Department of Toxicology and Safety Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
authors.forename: Tokuyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.forename: Yasuo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yoshioka
authors.forename: Maho
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fujimura
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kayamuro
authors.forename: Kohei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamashita
authors.forename: Kazuma
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Higashisaka
authors.forename: Ryosuke
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nakanishi
authors.forename: Yuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Morishita
authors.forename: Hiromi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nabeshi
authors.forename: Takuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamashita
authors.forename: Masashi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Muroi
authors.forename: Kenichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tanamoto
authors.forename: Kazuya
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nagano
authors.forename: Yasuhiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Abe
authors.forename: Haruhiko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kamada
authors.forename: Yuichi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kawai
authors.forename: Tadanori
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mayumi
authors.forename: Norio
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Itoh
authors.forename: Tomoaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yoshikawa
authors.forename: Shinichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tsunoda
authors.forename: Yasuo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tsutsumi
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000009:adverse effects; D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000336:Aerosols / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000818:Animals; D016535:Bronchial Hyperreactivity / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000276:immunology*; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid; D002460:Cell Line; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D003906:Developing Countries; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D004804:Eosinophils / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D007249:Inflammation / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000096:biosynthesis; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D008168:Lung / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis; D014505:Urban Population
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000336:Aerosols; D000393:Air Pollutants; D016207:Cytokines; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D016209:Interleukin-8; D016328:NF-kappa B; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha