title: Tumor angiogenesis: insights and innovations.
abstract: Angiogenesis is a vital process resulting in the formation of new blood vessels. It is normally a highly regulated process that occurs during human development, reproduction, and wound repair. However, angiogenesis can also become a fundamental pathogenic process found in cancer and several other diseases. To date, the inhibition of angiogenesis has been researched at both the bench and the bedside. While several studies have found moderate improvements when treating with angiogenesis inhibitors, greater success is being seen when the inhibition of angiogenesis is combined with other traditional forms of available therapy. This review summarizes several important angiogenic factors, examines new research and ongoing clinical trials for such factors, and attempts to explain how this new knowledge may be applied in the fight against cancer and other angiogenic-related diseases.
authors.affiliation: Tulane University School of Medicine, 257 Cherokee st., Unit 2, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA.
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Nussenbaum
authors.forename: Ira M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Herman
references.citation: Cancer Res. 2008 Jun 15;68(12):4736-45
references.pmid: 18559520
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999 Aug 17;96(17):9815-20
references.pmid: 10449777
references.citation: Nat Rev Genet. 2003 Oct;4(10):763-73
references.pmid: 14526373
references.citation: Trends Cardiovasc Med. 2003 Jul;13(5):201-6
references.pmid: 12837583
references.citation: Oligonucleotides. 2007 Summer;17(2):201-12
references.pmid: 17638524
references.citation: Cell. 1997 Jan 24;88(2):277-85
references.pmid: 9008168
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2001 Oct 19;276(42):38781-6
references.pmid: 11457844
references.citation: Nat Med. 2004 Aug;10(8):858-64
references.pmid: 15235597
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997 May 13;94(10):5141-6
references.pmid: 9144204
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 2003 May;111(9):1287-95
references.pmid: 12727920
references.citation: Hum Gene Ther. 2008 May;19(5):487-95
references.pmid: 18507514
references.citation: Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2008 Oct;28(10):1703-13
references.pmid: 18658045
references.citation: Circulation. 1995 Jul 1;92(1):11-4
references.pmid: 7788904
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 2001 Jun;107(11):1395-402
references.pmid: 11390421
references.citation: Genes Dev. 2003 Aug 1;17(15):1835-40
references.pmid: 12897053
references.citation: Eur J Cell Biol. 2006 Feb;85(2):61-8
references.pmid: 16439306
references.citation: Cancer Res. 2002 May 1;62(9):2567-75
references.pmid: 11980651
references.citation: Oncogene. 1992 Aug;7(8):1471-80
references.pmid: 1630810
references.citation: J Exp Med. 1998 Sep 21;188(6):1039-46
references.pmid: 9743522
references.citation: Exp Hematol. 2003 Aug;31(8):723-32
references.pmid: 12901978
references.citation: Nat Cell Biol. 2000 Oct;2(10):737-44
references.pmid: 11025665
references.citation: J Cell Physiol. 1993 Jun;155(3):595-605
references.pmid: 7684044
references.citation: Science. 1997 Feb 14;275(5302):964-7
references.pmid: 9020076
references.citation: Br J Cancer. 2007 Jun 18;96(12):1788-95
references.pmid: 17519900
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 1989 Nov;84(5):1470-8
references.pmid: 2478587
references.citation: J Biochem Mol Biol. 2006 Jan 31;39(1):97-104
references.pmid: 16466644
references.citation: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2000 Apr;41(5):1217-28
references.pmid: 10752963
references.citation: J Clin Oncol. 2006 Aug 1;24(22):3555-61
references.pmid: 16877721
references.citation: J Orthop Sci. 2007 Nov;12(6):562-7
references.pmid: 18040639
references.citation: Semin Thromb Hemost. 2004 Feb;30(1):109-17
references.pmid: 15034802
references.citation: Cancer Res. 1998 Aug 1;58(15):3362-9
references.pmid: 9699667
references.citation: Int J Cancer. 1998 Jan 19;75(2):246-53
references.pmid: 9462715
references.citation: Cancer Lett. 2007 Oct 18;256(1):29-32
references.pmid: 17574330
references.citation: Cancer Res. 1999 Jan 1;59(1):189-97
references.pmid: 9892206
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2001 Jan 19;276(3):2292-8
references.pmid: 11056166
references.citation: Clin Cancer Res. 2003 Sep 15;9(11):4025-33
references.pmid: 14519623
references.citation: Science. 1997 Jul 4;277(5322):55-60
references.pmid: 9204896
references.citation: Ann Oncol. 2008 Aug;19(8):1470-1476
references.pmid: 18408224
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995 Jun 6;92(12):5510-4
references.pmid: 7539918
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1995 Nov 10;270(45):27348-57
references.pmid: 7592998
references.citation: Mol Cell. 2001 Apr;7(4):811-22
references.pmid: 11336704
references.citation: Science. 1992 Jul 24;257(5069):548-51
references.pmid: 1636093
references.citation: Br J Cancer. 2004 Feb 9;90(3):561-5
references.pmid: 14760364
references.citation: J Cell Sci. 1997 Sep;110 ( Pt 18):2293-302
references.pmid: 9378778
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987 Aug;84(15):5277-81
references.pmid: 2440047
references.citation: J Pediatr Surg. 2007 Jan;42(1):1-11
references.pmid: 17208533
references.citation: Ann Oncol. 2006 Jan;17(1):97-103
references.pmid: 16282244
references.citation: Cancer Res. 1995 Sep 15;55(18):3964-8
references.pmid: 7664263
references.citation: J Invest Dermatol. 2001 May;116(5):713-20
references.pmid: 11348459
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2001 Mar 8;344(10):699-709
references.pmid: 11236773
references.citation: Cell. 1996 Dec 27;87(7):1171-80
references.pmid: 8980224
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000 Dec 19;97(26):14608-13
references.pmid: 11121063
references.citation: Nature. 2002 Jul 4;418(6893):41-9
references.pmid: 12077603
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997 Dec 9;94(25):13612-7
references.pmid: 9391074
references.citation: Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1991 Nov;198(2):693-702
references.pmid: 1718005
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 1988 Sep;82(3):1075-90
references.pmid: 2458386
references.citation: J Invest Dermatol. 1992 Dec;99(6):715-22
references.pmid: 1281860
references.citation: Lancet. 2002 Mar 23;359(9311):1019-25
references.pmid: 11937181
references.citation: Cancer Res. 2000 Dec 15;60(24):6805-10
references.pmid: 11156369
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 1993 Apr;121(1):163-70
references.pmid: 7681432
references.citation: J Natl Cancer Inst. 2005 Feb 2;97(3):172-87
references.pmid: 15687360
references.citation: Exp Neurol. 1999 Oct;159(2):391-400
references.pmid: 10506510
references.citation: Br J Cancer. 1982 Jan;45(1):136-9
references.pmid: 7059456
references.citation: Annu Rev Cell Biol. 1990;6:597-641
references.pmid: 2177343
references.citation: Nature. 1996 Apr 4;380(6573):439-42
references.pmid: 8602242
references.citation: J Cell Biochem. 2007 Nov 1;102(4):840-7
references.pmid: 17891779
references.citation: Cancer Biother Radiopharm. 2001 Apr;16(2):125-32
references.pmid: 11385959
references.citation: J Exp Med. 1971 Feb 1;133(2):275-88
references.pmid: 4332371
references.citation: Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2007 Mar 30;355(1):1-5
references.pmid: 17276388
references.citation: Int J Microcirc Clin Exp. 1996 Jul-Aug;16(4):165-9
references.pmid: 8923148
references.citation: Matrix Biol. 2003 Mar;22(1):63-71
references.pmid: 12714043
references.citation: Ophthalmology. 2008 Oct;115(10):1837-46
references.pmid: 18929163
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1997 Mar 14;272(11):7151-8
references.pmid: 9054410
references.citation: Vasc Endovascular Surg. 2005 Jul-Aug;39(4):293-306
references.pmid: 16079938
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1995 Jan 20;270(3):1230-7
references.pmid: 7836384
references.citation: Cancer Res. 1987 Jun 15;47(12):3039-51
references.pmid: 3555767
references.citation: Circ Res. 2003 Nov 28;93(11):1074-81
references.pmid: 14576200
references.citation: World J Gastroenterol. 2006 Apr 21;12(15):2450-4
references.pmid: 16688843
references.citation: Nature. 1995 Jul 6;376(6535):70-4
references.pmid: 7596437
references.citation: Science. 1986 Jun 6;232(4755):1250-3
references.pmid: 2422759
references.citation: Biochim Biophys Acta. 2000 Mar 7;1477(1-2):267-83
references.pmid: 10708863
references.citation: Bioessays. 1991 Jan;13(1):31-6
references.pmid: 1722975
references.citation: Development. 1999 Jun;126(14):3047-55
references.pmid: 10375497
references.citation: Lancet. 1988 Sep 24;2(8613):741
references.pmid: 2901588
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1992 Jun 5;267(16):10931-4
references.pmid: 1375931
references.citation: J Thromb Haemost. 2008 Jul;6(7):1215-23
references.pmid: 18452581
references.citation: Dev Cell. 2004 Apr;6(4):589-96
references.pmid: 15068797
references.citation: Cancer Res. 1996 Apr 1;56(7):1615-20
references.pmid: 8603410
references.citation: Nat Rev Cancer. 2008 Aug;8(8):592-603
references.pmid: 18650835
references.citation: Cancer Res. 2004 May 15;64(10):3679-86
references.pmid: 15150128
references.citation: Lab Invest. 1992 Nov;67(5):596-607
references.pmid: 1279271
references.citation: Cancer Cell. 2004 Nov;6(5):507-16
references.pmid: 15542434
references.citation: Annu Rev Physiol. 1991;53:217-39
references.pmid: 1710435
references.citation: Cancer Res. 2005 Feb 1;65(3):957-66
references.pmid: 15705896
references.citation: Biochim Biophys Acta. 2008 Apr;1782(4):197-228
references.pmid: 18313409
references.citation: Nature. 1987 Oct 15-21;329(6140):630-2
references.pmid: 2443857
references.citation: Science. 1983 Feb 25;219(4587):983-5
references.pmid: 6823562
references.citation: Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2007 May 15;17(10):2886-9
references.pmid: 17350837
references.citation: Clin Cancer Res. 2004 Feb 15;10(4):1430-8
references.pmid: 14977846
references.citation: J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2008 Feb;44(2):219-27
references.pmid: 18206905
references.citation: Nature. 1994 Feb 10;367(6463):576-9
references.pmid: 8107827
references.citation: Am J Pathol. 1996 Jul;149(1):293-305
references.pmid: 8686754
references.citation: Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000 Nov;162(5):1957-63
references.pmid: 11069840
references.citation: Thromb Haemost. 2003 Oct;90(4):570-6
references.pmid: 14515175
references.citation: Cancer Res. 1995 May 15;55(10):2173-6
references.pmid: 7743520
references.citation: Pathobiology. 1999;67(1):12-8
references.pmid: 9873223
references.citation: Cancer. 2008 Sep 15;113(6):1404-11
references.pmid: 18615619
references.citation: Circ Res. 2001 Feb 2;88(2):167-74
references.pmid: 11157668
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Sep 30;105(39):15040-5
references.pmid: 18818312
references.citation: J Clin Oncol. 2007 Oct 10;25(29):4557-61
references.pmid: 17876013
references.citation: Cancer Res. 1997 Dec 15;57(24):5590-7
references.pmid: 9407972
references.citation: Eur J Cell Biol. 1992 Oct;59(1):56-67
references.pmid: 1468448
references.citation: J Cell Sci. 2004 Sep 15;117(Pt 20):4787-95
references.pmid: 15340012
references.citation: Science. 1997 Jul 11;277(5323):242-5
references.pmid: 9211853
references.citation: Ann Oncol. 2006 Aug;17(8):1320-7
references.pmid: 16728485
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995 May 9;92(10):4562-6
references.pmid: 7753843
references.citation: Circ Res. 2003 Sep 5;93(5):e51-62
references.pmid: 12919944
references.citation: Biochem J. 1994 Aug 1;301 ( Pt 3):765-8
references.pmid: 8053900
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2002 May 10;277(19):16464-9
references.pmid: 11815623
references.citation: J Clin Oncol. 2003 Jan 15;21(2):223-31
references.pmid: 12525513
references.citation: Chem Biol. 1999 Aug;6(8):R217-24
references.pmid: 10421764
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 Sep;87(17):6624-8
references.pmid: 1697685
references.citation: Science. 1998 Oct 16;282(5388):468-71
references.pmid: 9774272
references.citation: Arch Ophthalmol. 2008 Aug;126(8):1082-8
references.pmid: 18695103
references.citation: Growth Factors. 1993;8(1):61-75
references.pmid: 7680568
references.citation: Circ Res. 1999 Aug 6;85(3):221-8
references.pmid: 10436164
references.citation: Blood Cells Mol Dis. 2007 Sep-Oct;39(2):212-20
references.pmid: 17553709
references.citation: Int J Cancer. 2006 Feb 1;118(3):755-64
references.pmid: 16114015
references.citation: Am J Pathol. 1996 May;148(5):1407-21
references.pmid: 8623913
references.citation: Cancer Invest. 1993;11(4):473-86
references.pmid: 8324651
references.citation: EXS. 1997;79:419-28
references.pmid: 9002230
references.citation: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2001 Jun;42(7):1617-25
references.pmid: 11381069
references.citation: Cancer. 2002 Jul 15;95(2):389-96
references.pmid: 12124839
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 Feb;87(4):1323-7
references.pmid: 2406719
references.citation: Cardiovasc Res. 2003 Apr 1;58(1):20-31
references.pmid: 12667943
references.citation: Neuropathology. 2009 Feb;29(1):40-4
references.pmid: 18673444
references.citation: Nat Med. 1995 Jan;1(1):27-31
references.pmid: 7584949
references.citation: J Cell Physiol. 2002 Dec;193(3):299-318
references.pmid: 12384983
references.citation: Cancer. 1996 Mar 15;77(6):1101-6
references.pmid: 8635130
references.citation: J Cell Sci. 1998 Jul;111 ( Pt 13):1853-65
references.pmid: 9625748
references.citation: Blood. 1999 May 15;93(10):3379-90
references.pmid: 10233890
references.citation: J Clin Oncol. 2005 Aug 1;23(22):5188-97
references.pmid: 16051960
references.citation: Int J Cancer. 2004 Jan 10;108(2):251-7
references.pmid: 14639611
references.citation: Nature. 2005 Dec 15;438(7070):932-6
references.pmid: 16355210
references.citation: J Clin Oncol. 2002 Sep 15;20(18):3792-803
references.pmid: 12228199
references.citation: FASEB J. 2002 Nov;16(13):1802-4
references.pmid: 12354694
references.citation: Thromb Haemost. 2006 Apr;95(4):668-77
references.pmid: 16601838
references.citation: Clin Cancer Res. 1999 Feb;5(2):371-82
references.pmid: 10037187
references.citation: Cancer J. 2007 Nov-Dec;13(6):345-8
references.pmid: 18032969
references.citation: J Surg Res. 1999 Apr;82(2):156-62
references.pmid: 10090824
references.citation: Blood. 2001 Mar 15;97(6):1679-84
references.pmid: 11238107
references.citation: Blood. 2002 Aug 1;100(3):905-11
references.pmid: 12130501
references.citation: Nature. 2000 Sep 14;407(6801):242-8
references.pmid: 11001067
references.citation: Endocr Rev. 2004 Aug;25(4):581-611
references.pmid: 15294883
references.citation: Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2008 Jul;62(2):347-54
references.pmid: 17909807
references.citation: Cancer Cell. 2005 Oct;8(4):299-309
references.pmid: 16226705
references.citation: Eur J Cancer. 2006 Mar;42(4):467-72
references.pmid: 16406507
references.citation: Nature. 1996 Jan 4;379(6560):88-91
references.pmid: 8538748
references.citation: Biochemistry. 1985 Sep 24;24(20):5480-6
references.pmid: 4074709
references.citation: Mol Ther. 2001 Jun;3(6):882-91
references.pmid: 11407902
references.citation: J Rheumatol. 2003 Feb;30(2):260-8
references.pmid: 12563678
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 1971 Nov 18;285(21):1182-6
references.pmid: 4938153
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 1997 Aug 11;138(3):707-17
references.pmid: 9245797
references.citation: Clin Cancer Res. 2000 Aug;6(8):3056-61
references.pmid: 10955784
references.citation: Stem Cells. 1997;15(3):180-9
references.pmid: 9170209
references.citation: Science. 1994 Apr 22;264(5158):569-71
references.pmid: 7512751
references.citation: Eur J Cancer. 2003 May;39(7):917-26
references.pmid: 12706360
references.citation: Exp Cell Res. 2006 Mar 10;312(5):659-67
references.pmid: 16256984
references.citation: Nat Med. 2000 Jan;6(1):41-8
references.pmid: 10613822
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 1989 Feb;108(2):661-9
references.pmid: 2645303
references.citation: Cell. 1994 Oct 21;79(2):315-28
references.pmid: 7525077
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 2000 Mar;20(6):2260-8
references.pmid: 10688672
references.citation: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1999 Mar;40(3):752-9
references.pmid: 10067980
references.citation: FEBS Lett. 2000 Jul 21;477(3):258-62
references.pmid: 10908731
references.citation: Cell. 1996 May 31;85(5):683-93
references.pmid: 8646777
references.citation: Semin Cancer Biol. 2002 Apr;12(2):121-9
references.pmid: 12027584
references.citation: Blood. 2005 Jun 1;105(11):4337-44
references.pmid: 15701713
references.citation: Oral Oncol. 2004 Feb;40(2):228-30
references.pmid: 14693249
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 2006 Oct;116(10):2610-21
references.pmid: 17016557
references.citation: Science. 1987 Jul 17;237(4812):280-2
references.pmid: 2440105
references.citation: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003 May;996:49-60
references.pmid: 12799282
references.citation: EMBO J. 2000 Mar 15;19(6):1187-94
references.pmid: 10716919
references.citation: Int J Clin Oncol. 2007 Feb;12(1):17-24
references.pmid: 17380436
references.citation: J Cell Sci. 1995 Jul;108 ( Pt 7):2655-61
references.pmid: 7593306
references.citation: Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2005 Jul 29;333(2):292-8
references.pmid: 15979458
references.citation: J Natl Cancer Inst. 2002 Oct 16;94(20):1520-1
references.pmid: 12381701
references.citation: Cancer Res. 2002 Nov 1;62(21):6116-23
references.pmid: 12414636
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2000 Aug 4;275(31):23745-50
references.pmid: 10837460
references.citation: J Cell Biochem. 2005 Oct 1;96(2):242-61
references.pmid: 16094651
references.citation: Br J Cancer. 1999 Oct;81(4):647-53
references.pmid: 10574250
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1998 Jun 12;273(24):15099-103
references.pmid: 9614120
references.citation: Annu Rev Med. 2006;57:1-18
references.pmid: 16409133
references.citation: Am J Pathol. 1997 Oct;151(4):1105-13
references.pmid: 9327744
references.citation: Nature. 1997 Nov 27;390(6658):335-6
references.pmid: 9389468
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 2003 Oct;112(8):1134-6
references.pmid: 14561696
references.citation: Microsc Res Tech. 2003 Jan 1;60(1):107-14
references.pmid: 12500267
references.citation: Cancer Gene Ther. 2004 Jun;11(6):441-9
references.pmid: 15118757
references.citation: FASEB J. 1987 Dec;1(6):434-40
references.pmid: 3315806
references.citation: Hypertension. 2005 Mar;45(3):321-5
references.pmid: 15655116
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Mar 15;89(6):2232-6
references.pmid: 1549588
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1991 Jun 25;266(18):11947-54
references.pmid: 1711045
references.citation: Isr Med Assoc J. 2000 Jul;2 Suppl:37-45
references.pmid: 10909416
references.citation: Am J Pathol. 1988 Feb;130(2):393-400
references.pmid: 3277442
references.citation: Nature. 1992 Oct 29;359(6398):843-5
references.pmid: 1279431
references.citation: Cancer Res. 2000 Dec 15;60(24):7163-9
references.pmid: 11156426
references.citation: Cell. 1999 Jul 23;98(2):147-57
references.pmid: 10428027
references.citation: Nat Med. 2005 Sep;11(9):992-7
references.pmid: 16127434
references.citation: Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2002 May;282(5):C947-70
references.pmid: 11940508
references.citation: J Clin Oncol. 2007 May 1;25(13):1651-7
references.pmid: 17470857
references.citation: Life Sci. 2007 Nov 10;81(21-22):1509-17
references.pmid: 17950366
references.citation: Int J Oncol. 2006 Nov;29(5):1087-94
references.pmid: 17016638
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1998 Nov 13;273(46):30336-43
references.pmid: 9804796
references.citation: Blood. 2004 Apr 1;103(7):2577-84
references.pmid: 14630797
references.citation: EMBO J. 1995 Dec 1;14(23):5884-91
references.pmid: 8846781
references.citation: Blood. 1999 Jan 1;93(1):25-33
references.pmid: 9864142
references.citation: Mol Cell. 2004 Mar 12;13(5):649-63
references.pmid: 15023336
references.citation: Semin Thromb Hemost. 2004 Jun;30(3):379-85
references.pmid: 15282661
references.citation: Cancer Res. 1999 Nov 15;59(22):5773-7
references.pmid: 10582698
references.citation: Nature. 2005 Dec 15;438(7070):967-74
references.pmid: 16355214
references.citation: Microsc Res Tech. 2001 Feb 15;52(4):437-49
references.pmid: 11170303
references.citation: Mol Cancer Ther. 2006 Dec;5(12):3122-9
references.pmid: 17172415
references.citation: Br J Ophthalmol. 1998 Apr;82(4):407-9
references.pmid: 9640190
references.citation: J Vasc Res. 2000 May-Jun;37(3):209-18
references.pmid: 10859480
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 1996 Aug 15;98(4):886-93
references.pmid: 8770858
references.citation: Science. 1999 Jun 18;284(5422):1994-8
references.pmid: 10373119
references.citation: Nat Cell Biol. 2005 Sep;7(9):870-9
references.pmid: 16113679
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 1989 Jul;109(1):309-15
references.pmid: 2526131
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 2001 Mar 19;152(6):1247-54
references.pmid: 11257124
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1996 Nov 15;271(46):29461-7
references.pmid: 8910613
references.citation: Science. 1995 Dec 1;270(5241):1500-2
references.pmid: 7491498
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 1999 Jan;103(2):159-65
references.pmid: 9916127
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2002 Aug 2;277(31):27872-9
references.pmid: 12029087
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 2008 Oct;118(10):3355-66
references.pmid: 18776942
references.citation: Cancer Res. 2002 Nov 1;62(21):6021-5
references.pmid: 12414622
references.citation: Arthritis Rheum. 2006 Aug;54(8):2402-14
references.pmid: 16869003
references.citation: Cell. 1998 May 29;93(5):661-4
references.pmid: 9630209
references.citation: Oncology (Williston Park). 2005 Apr;19(4 Suppl 3):7-16
references.pmid: 15934498
references.citation: Cancer Res. 1999 Dec 15;59(24):6052-6
references.pmid: 10626789
references.citation: Int J Oncol. 2008 Jul;33(1):33-40
references.pmid: 18575748
references.citation: Clin Exp Metastasis. 2008;25(4):377-88
references.pmid: 17972146
references.citation: Nature. 1996 Sep 5;383(6595):73-5
references.pmid: 8779717
references.citation: Science. 2000 Mar 10;287(5459):1804-8
references.pmid: 10710306
references.citation: Nat Med. 2003 Jun;9(6):653-60
references.pmid: 12778163
references.citation: Mol Endocrinol. 1991 Dec;5(12):1806-14
references.pmid: 1791831
references.citation: Eur J Hum Genet. 2001 Nov;9(11):811-4
references.pmid: 11781696