title: The effect of diet and cardiovascular risk on ovarian aging in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to determine the relationships among dietary protein source, cardiovascular risk, reproductive hormones, and ovarian aging.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult female cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) were assigned randomly to one of two diets containing saturated fat and cholesterol, differing only by protein source: (1) casein-lactalbumin (n = 29) or (2) soy protein with isoflavones (n = 32). Cardiovascular risk markers and reproductive hormones were measured at baseline and after 32 months of treatment, at which time the ovaries were removed and serially sectioned and ovarian follicles were counted in every 100th section.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Casein-lactalbumin-fed monkeys had fewer primordial, primary, and secondary follicles (all P values < 0.05) than did their soy-fed counterparts. Antimüllerian hormone was significantly correlated with all follicle types (r values > or = 0.66, P < 0.001) for casein-fed monkeys and was significantly correlated with primary (rsoy = 0.47, P = 0.005) and secondary (rsoy = 0.45, P = 0.007) follicles in soy-fed monkeys. No significant associations were seen between any of the other reproductive hormones measured and follicle counts. Casein-lactalbumin-fed monkeys had a more atherogenic lipoprotein profile and increased atherosclerosis extent (P < 0.05), but despite these differences in cardiovascular risk between monkeys fed with casein-lactalbumin and monkeys fed with soy, none of the individual cardiovascular risk markers measured in this study explained the relationship between dietary protein source and follicle counts (linear regression, all P values > 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Diet influences the rate of follicular depletion in cynomolgus macaques; however, the mechanism for this effect remains undetermined.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology/Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA. sappt@wfubmc.edu
authors.forename: Susan E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Appt
authors.forename: Haiying
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Amanda K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Goode
authors.forename: Patricia B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Hoyer
authors.forename: Thomas B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Clarkson
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.forename: Mark E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Adrian A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Franke
authors.forename: Jay R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Kaplan
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology; D000735:Androstenedione / Q000097:blood; D000818:Animals; D054304:Anti-Mullerian Hormone / Q000097:blood; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000473:pathology*; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D002364:Caseins / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000097:blood; D004032:Diet; D004958:Estradiol / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D007083:Iliac Artery / Q000473:pathology; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D007529:Isoflavones / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood; D007768:Lactalbumin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood*; D008252:Macaca fascicularis; D006080:Ovarian Follicle / Q000473:pathology* / Q000502:physiology; D010052:Ovariectomy; D011897:Random Allocation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D030262:Soybean Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D013739:Testosterone / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D002364:Caseins; D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D015850:Interleukin-6; D007529:Isoflavones; D008055:Lipids; D030262:Soybean Proteins; D013739:Testosterone; D000735:Androstenedione; D004958:Estradiol; D054304:Anti-Mullerian Hormone; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D007768:Lactalbumin
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