title: Factors associated with female high-risk drinking in a rural and an urban South African site.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess and compare the extent of high-risk drinking and factors associated with high-risk drinking in the adult female population of a rural and an urban region in South Africa.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional household survey using multistage sampling methods. Setting. A rural wine farming area of the Western Cape and an urban site in Gauteng. Subjects. Women of reproductive age (18 - 44 years). Outcome measures. The extent of risky alcohol consumption measured using the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) scale which categorises current drinkers into high- and low-risk drinkers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-seven per cent (166/606) and 46% (188/412) of the women interviewed in Gauteng and the Western Cape respectively were current drinkers. In turn, 20% (33/166) of the Gauteng current drinkers and 68% (128/188) of the Western Cape current drinkers were classified as high-risk drinkers. Multivariate analysis indicated that employed people in Gauteng were less likely to be high-risk drinkers (odds ratio (OR) 0.3, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.1 - 0.8). Living in a household that never/seldom went hungry was inversely associated with risky drinking for both sites (OR 0.3, 95% CI 0.1 - 0.9 for Gauteng and OR 0.2, 95% CI 0.3 - 1.2 for the Western Cape). Current smokers (Western Cape) (OR 7.6, 95% CI 3.1 - 18.9) and respondents with an alcohol problem in one or more family members (both sites) (OR 6.0, 95% CI 2.3 - 15.7 and OR 3.1, 95% CI 1.5 - 6.4) were more likely to be high-risk drinkers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High-risk drinking by women is a major problem, especially in the Western Cape. Targeted interventions are needed for women with alcohol problems in the family setting, lower socio-economic status, and concurrent substance abuse.
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Council, Pretoria.
authors.forename: Oluwayemisi A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Ojo
authors.forename: Goedele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Louwagie
authors.forename: Neo
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Morojele
authors.forename: Kirstie
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rendall-Mkosi
authors.forename: Leslie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: London
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Olorunju
authors.forename: Adlai
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Davids
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D019973:Alcohol-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D012307:Risk Factors; D012423:Rural Health; D012737:Sex Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013019:South Africa; D014504:Urban Health; D055815:Young Adult