title: Heart rate control in an unselected consecutive population of outpatients with stable coronary artery disease: Analysis of the CARDIf Study Cohort.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite increasing pharmacological and mechanical treatment options, coronary artery disease (CAD) continues to be associated with considerable mortality and morbidity. The detrimental effects of elevated heart rate (HR) on cardiac morbidity and mortality are well established. Although β-blockers represent the mainstay of treatment of patients with CAD and heart failure (HF), according to current guidelines, these drugs are most often undertitrated for various reasons despite the lack of real contraindications. This observational, cross-sectional, multicenter survey was designed to assess which clinical variables influence HR and whether HR is adequately controlled; and the rate of administration of β-blockers in patients with chronic CAD attending outpatient clinics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Over 6 months 2226 (of 2362 screened) outpatients with stable CAD and resting HR > 60 beats/min (bpm) were enrolled. Left ventricular systolic function was not a criterion of inclusion. Each patient had a full clinical examination and the past medical history, angina, or HF-related symptoms were evaluated. In each patient, the demographics and cardiovascular risk factors were assessed; weight, height, and body mass index (BMI) was calculated; sitting blood pressure and a HR by a 12-lead electrocardiogram was obtained.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 45.4% of patients with CAD were not under β-blocker therapy. Male patients featured a significantly lower HR than females, corrected from β-blockers use. In multiple regression analysis, which also included the use/nonuse of β-blockers as independent variable, not using β-blockers, female sex (OR 2.55), New York Heart Association (NYHA) classes I and II (OR 1.62 vs classes III-IV), smoking (OR 0.89), and increased BMI (OR 0.14) were all independent determinants of resting HR, with the lack of β-blockade therapy (OR 3.35) being the main determinant of the magnitude of HR increase. Heart rate in patients under β-blocker therapy was significantly less than in untreated patients (73.6 ± 10.0 vs 77.1 ± 10.4, P < .0001), although it often did not reach target values of <70 bpm. Among patients with HF symptoms, 56.6% were under β-blocker therapy. In patients free of symptoms of HF, HR was significantly less in those receiving a β-blocker (72.3 ± 10 vs 76.7 ± 11 bpm, P < .0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This survey demonstrates that HR is poorly controlled in a broadly representative cohort of outpatients with CAD, even in those on β-blocker therapy, mainly because of undertitration of therapy-almost half of the patients with CAD and elevated resting HR are not on β-blockers. This might be related to absolute or relative controindications and to haemodynamic and chronotropic intolerance to beta-blockers.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Clinical and Basic Research, Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Roma, Italy. cristiana.vitale@sanraffaele.it
authors.forename: Cristiana
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vitale
authors.forename: Ferdinando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Iellamo
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Volterrani
authors.forename: Mariaelena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lombardi
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fini
authors.forename: Maciej
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Banach
authors.forename: Giuseppe M C
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Rosano
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000368:Aged; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D012907:Smoking
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists