title: An update on targeted therapy in metastatic renal cell carcinoma.
abstract: An improved understanding of the biological pathways deregulated in renal cell carcinoma has led to the development of various targeted agents, changing dramatically the therapeutic options for this disease. However, despite numerous opinions and guidelines, the optimal treatment still remains uncertain. In this review, we analyze the most recent published reports regarding the agents sunitinib, bevacizumab, sorafenib, temsirolimus, and everolimus. Moreover, we assess the novel targeted drugs pazopanib and axitinib. In addition, given the likely lack of cross-resistance between these targeting agents, we discuss sequential and combination targeted therapy in metastatic renal cell carcinoma, analyzing the most recent data.
authors.affiliation: Oncologia Medica 1, Istituto Oncologico Veneto-IRCCS, Padova, Italy. lombardi.giuseppe.lg@gmail.com
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lombardi
authors.forename: Fable
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zustovich
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Donach
authors.forename: Maurizia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dalla Palma
authors.forename: Ornella
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Nicoletto
authors.forename: Davide
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pastorelli
mesh_terms: D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000077784:Axitinib; D001557:Benzenesulfonates / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000068258:Bevacizumab; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000628:therapy*; D000068338:Everolimus; D006801:Humans; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007191:Indazoles / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007211:Indoles / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000628:therapy*; D008495:Medical Oncology / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends; D008954:Models, Biological; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D009536:Niacinamide / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D010671:Phenylurea Compounds; D011725:Pyridines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011743:Pyrimidines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011758:Pyrroles / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D020123:Sirolimus / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000077157:Sorafenib; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000077210:Sunitinib
chemical_list: D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D001557:Benzenesulfonates; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D007093:Imidazoles; D007191:Indazoles; D007211:Indoles; D010671:Phenylurea Compounds; D011725:Pyridines; D011743:Pyrimidines; D011758:Pyrroles; D013449:Sulfonamides; D009536:Niacinamide; D000068258:Bevacizumab; C401859:temsirolimus; C516667:pazopanib; D000068338:Everolimus; D000077157:Sorafenib; D000077784:Axitinib; D000077210:Sunitinib; D020123:Sirolimus