title: A Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi plasmid induces rapid and massive apoptosis in infected macrophages.
abstract: pR(ST98) is a chimeric plasmid isolated from Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. typhi) that mediates the functions of drug resistance and virulence. Previously, we reported that Salmonella plasmid virulence (spv) genes were present in S. typhi. In our current study, we investigated whether plasmid pR(ST98) exhibits significant cytotoxicity in macrophages. pR(ST98) was transferred into the avirulent Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. typhimurium) strain RIA to create the transconjugant pR(ST98)/RIA. The standard S. typhimurium virulent strain SR-11, which carries a 100-kb virulence plasmid, was used as a positive control. The bacterial strains were incubated with a murine macrophage-like cell line (J774A.1) in vitro. Apoptosis of J774A.1 cells was examined by electron microscopy and flow cytometry after annexin-V/propidium iodide labeling, and the survival of Salmonella strains in J774A.1 cells was determined. Results showed that macrophages infected with strain pR(ST98)/RIA displayed greater levels of apoptosis than those infected with RIA and that pR(ST98 )may increase bacterial survival in macrophages. Further studies showed that the pR(ST98)-induced death of macrophages was associated with the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and that pR(ST98 )may activate caspase-9 and then caspase-3. The research data indicate that the virulence of bacteria that contain the pR(ST98) plasmid is enhanced; the presence of this plasmid increases the survival of the bacterial pathogen and acts through the mitochondrial pathway to mediate macrophage apoptosis.
authors.affiliation: Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
authors.forename: Shuyan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Yuanyuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Qiong
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Yuanyuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.forename: Rui
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Zhenghong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Qin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D053453:Caspase 9 / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D003227:Conjugation, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects; D004587:Electrophoresis, Agar Gel; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D005110:Extracellular Space / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005798:Genes, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D008264:Macrophages / Q000201:enzymology / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D053078:Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial / Q000187:drug effects; D051379:Mice; D050296:Microbial Viability / Q000187:drug effects; D010718:Phosphatidylserines / Q000494:pharmacology; D010957:Plasmids / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012481:Salmonella Infections, Animal / Q000201:enzymology / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000473:pathology*; D012485:Salmonella typhi / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics* / Q000648:ultrastructure
chemical_list: D010718:Phosphatidylserines; D053148:Caspase 3; D053453:Caspase 9
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