title: Pitch-matching accuracy in trained singers and untrained individuals: the impact of musical interference and noise.
abstract: The effects of musical interference and noise on pitch-matching accuracy were examined. Vocal training was explored as a factor influencing pitch-matching accuracy, and the relationship between pitch matching and pitch discrimination was examined. Twenty trained singers (TS) and 20 untrained individuals (UT) vocally matched tones in six conditions (immediate, four types of chords, noise). Fundamental frequencies were calculated, compared with the frequency of the target tone, and converted to semitone difference scores. A pitch discrimination task was also completed. TS showed significantly better pitch matching than UT across all conditions. Individual performances for UT were highly variable. Therefore, untrained participants were divided into two groups: 10 untrained accurate and 10 untrained inaccurate. Comparison of TS with untrained accurate individuals revealed significant differences between groups and across conditions. Compared with immediate vocal matching of target tones, pitch-matching accuracy was significantly reduced, given musical chord and noise interference unless the target tone was presented in the musical chord. A direct relationship between pitch matching and pitch discrimination was revealed. Across pitch-matching conditions, TS were consistently more accurate than UT. Pitch-matching accuracy diminished when auditory interference consisted of chords that did not contain the target tone and noise.
authors.affiliation: Department of Speech Pathology and Audiology, College of Allied Health Professions, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA. jestis@usouthal.edu
authors.forename: Julie M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Estis
authors.forename: Ashli
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dean-Claytor
authors.forename: Robert E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Thomas L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Rowell
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D000328:Adult; D001301:Audiometry, Pure-Tone; D003463:Cues; D004192:Discrimination, Psychological; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009146:Music; D009622:Noise / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010470:Perceptual Masking; D010897:Pitch Discrimination; D010898:Pitch Perception; D021641:Recognition, Psychology; D013068:Speech Production Measurement; D014833:Voice Quality; D014834:Voice Training; D055815:Young Adult