title: Intra-cardiac echocardiography in atrial septal interventions: impact on hospitalization costs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Intra-cardiac echocardiography (ICE) is used to guide percutaneous interventions on the atrial septum. However, ICE catheters are expensive. We questioned the impact of the use of ICE catheters on hospitalization costs for patent foramen ovale (PFO) or atrial septal defect (ASD) closure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients, scheduled for atrial septal closure, were randomly selected to use the AcuNav catheter (Biosense Webster Inc, Diamond Bar, CA, US) on top of the standard procedure (three or two days of hospitalization, procedure with transoesophageal echocardiography (TEE) and general anaesthesia). The AcuNav catheter was provided for free and the total hospitalization cost for each patient was calculated by verification of the bills, sent to the patient and the national health insurance. This was compared with a fictive hospitalization cost when ICE alone would have been used (three or two days of hospitalization, procedure without TEE, and local anaesthesia). Feasibility and safety were also evaluated. Three PFOs and two ASDs were successfully closed (3F/2M, age 55 +/- 12 years). The total hospitalization cost for a standard closing procedure was EUR 9345 +/- 132 and EUR 9303 +/- 132 for three and two days of hospitalization, respectively. With a free ICE catheter and no general anaesthesia, hospitalization cost lowered to EUR 8464 +/- 131 and EUR 8422 +/-131, respectively. Cost saving would be EUR 881 +/- 3, but the price of a single-use ICE catheter varies between EUR 2000 and 2500. In all patients, adequate images were obtained and no complications related to the ICE catheter occurred.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Single-use ICE catheters remain expensive in percutaneous ASD or PFO closure. However, general anaesthesia might be avoided, which could open a discussion on cost savings.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium. werner.budts@uz.kuleuven.ac.be
authors.forename: Werner
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Budts
authors.forename: Els
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Troost
authors.forename: Jens-Uwe
authors.initials: JU
authors.lastname: Voigt
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gewillig
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015906:Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary; D001530:Belgium; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000191:economics* / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal / Q000191:economics; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D054092:Foramen Ovale, Patent / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000191:economics* / Q000628:therapy; D006344:Heart Septal Defects, Atrial / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000191:economics; D017721:Hospital Costs; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000191:economics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional / Q000191:economics*