title: Home-based deep breathing for depression in patients with coronary heart disease: a randomised controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The primary aim of this study was to examine the effect of a home-based deep-breathing training programme on depressive symptoms as compared with a control condition (i.e., weekly telephone support) in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD).
  
  
  METHODS
  This efficacy trial used a randomised controlled, parallel group design.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 62 CHD patients with a Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) >10 were randomised to receive either home-based deep-breathing training (experimental group, n=28) or weekly telephone support (control group, n=34). Both participants and data assessors were blinded to the study hypothesis. The primary outcome measure was the change in the self-reported depressive symptom severity, measured by the BDI-II. The secondary outcome was the change in the Patient Health Questionnaure-9 (PHQ-9)-assessed depressive symptom severity. Depressive symptoms were assessed at baseline and post-test in both groups. For the experimental group, depressive symptoms were also assessed at the end of the first 2 weeks of training.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The post-test BDI-II and PHQ-9 were significantly lower in the experimental group than in the control group (p<0.001 and p<0.001, respectively). The decreases in BDI-II, from baseline, at post-test were significantly greater in the experimental group as compared with the control group (95% confidence interval (CI): -12.554 to -5.408, p<0.001). Similarly, the pre-test-to-post-test change in PHQ-9 scores was significantly greater in the experimental group as compared with the control group (95% CI: -5.59 to -0.092, p=0.007). Examining the changes in BDI-II and PHQ-9 within the experimental group by the repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that both measures of depressive symptoms decreased significantly over time (both p<0.001). The percentage of participants with a BDI-II >or=17 decreased over time from 28.6% at baseline, and 17.9% during treatment, to 10.7% post-test.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Home-based deep-breathing training is effective in reducing depressive symptoms as compared with telephone support in patients with CHD.
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Li-Jung
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Pei-Shan
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: Bing-Yi
authors.initials: BY
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Kuei-Ru
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Chou
authors.forename: Wei-Hsiang
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Yuh-Kae
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Shyu
authors.forename: Mei-Yeh
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000523:psychology*; D003863:Depression / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012119:Respiration; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome