title: The association between current low-dose oral contraceptive pills and periodontal health: a matched-case-control study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study assessed the influence of current oral contraceptive pills on periodontal health in young females.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy women ranging in age from 17 to 35 years (mean 24 years) had a comprehensive periodontal examination. Their current and previous oral contraceptive pill use was assessed by a questionnaire. A periodontal assessment was performed that included recording the following: plaque index, gingival index, probing depth, and attachment level at six sites per tooth. The periodontal health of women taking birth control pills for at least two years was compared to that of women not taking an oral contraceptive. The control and test groups were matched for socioeconomic status, age, oral habits, occupation, and educational levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although there was no difference in plaque index levels between the two groups, current oral contraceptive pill users had higher levels of gingival inflammation and bleeding on probing. However, no significant differences were found regarding mean probing depths and attachment loss between the two groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As birth control policies are advocated by most countries, and because oral contraceptives are the most widely used method for birth control, a need exists to assess the effects of oral contraceptives on the periodontal health of young women. Although additional studies are needed to better understand the mechanism of OC-induced gingivitis, female patients should be informed of the oral and periodontal side effects of OCs and the need for meticulous home care and compliance with periodontal maintenance.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Dentistry at the Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences in Yazd, Iran.
authors.forename: Ahmad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Haerian-Ardakani
authors.forename: Amir
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moeintaghavi
authors.forename: Mahammadreza Reza
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Talebi-Ardakani
authors.forename: Keyvan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sohrabi
authors.forename: Shahin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bahmani
authors.forename: Maede
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dargahi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003276:Contraceptives, Oral / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003774:Dental Plaque Index; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D005884:Gingival Hemorrhage / Q000145:classification; D005891:Gingivitis / Q000145:classification; D006801:Humans; D009790:Occupations; D017622:Periodontal Attachment Loss / Q000145:classification; D010510:Periodontal Diseases / Q000145:classification / Q000209:etiology*; D010512:Periodontal Index; D010514:Periodontal Pocket / Q000145:classification; D010519:Periodontium / Q000187:drug effects*; D012923:Social Class; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D003276:Contraceptives, Oral