title: Diet and paraoxonase 1 enzymatic activity in diabetic foot patients from Romania and Belgium: favorable association of high flavonoid dietary intake with arylesterase activity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The antiatherosclerotic enzyme paraoxonase (PON1) is affected by disease and lifestyle. We investigated the impact of diet in diabetic foot patients from 2 European countries.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dietary intake and serum PON1 activity, using as substrate paraoxon (paraoxonase) or phenylacetate (arylesterase), were assessed in patients from Bucharest (n = 40) and Antwerp (n = 30) and in 34 healthy controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The diabetic patients had lower paraoxonase and arylesterase activities than the controls. Arylesterase was lowest in the Bucharest patients, 116 +/- 42 U/ml, versus 141 +/- 43 and 184 +/- 49 U/ml in the Antwerp patients and controls, respectively (p < 0.0005). The Bucharest patients had worse glycemic control, higher blood pressure, lower HDL cholesterol and a diet richer in cholesterol and poorer in monounsaturated fats and fish. In contrast, their median intake of vitamins E and C, folic acid and flavonoids was higher, 82 mg (range: 4-259 mg), versus 28 mg (range: 5-169 mg) aglycone units in Antwerp (p = 0.005). Flavonoid intake predicted arylesterase independently of HDL cholesterol, region and sex (beta = 0.27; p = 0.03), and patients with high intake achieved normal levels of arylesterase (30.1 +/- 10.0 U/micromol in the highest versus 21.0 +/- 8.2 U/micromol total cholesterol in the lowest tertile; p = 0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A flavonoid-rich diet is positively associated with PON1 arylesterase activity in diabetic foot patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila, Bucharest, Romania.
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lixandru
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mohora
authors.forename: Anca
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Coman
authors.forename: Irina
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Stoian
authors.forename: Carolien
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: van Gils
authors.forename: Petra
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Aerts
authors.forename: Begoña
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Manuel-Y-Keenoy
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D043303:Aryldialkylphosphatase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D001530:Belgium; D002265:Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases / Q000378:metabolism*; D017719:Diabetic Foot / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000201:enzymology*; D004032:Diet; D015930:Diet Records; D005260:Female; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008903:Minerals; D010261:Paraoxon / Q000378:metabolism; D010648:Phenylacetates / Q000378:metabolism; D012383:Romania; D014815:Vitamins
chemical_list: D005419:Flavonoids; D008055:Lipids; D008903:Minerals; D010648:Phenylacetates; D014815:Vitamins; D002265:Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases; C019734:arylesterase; D043303:Aryldialkylphosphatase; C025136:phenylacetic acid; D010261:Paraoxon