title: Evaluation of antihypertensive therapy among ischemic stroke survivors: impact of ischemic heart disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hypertension and ischemic heart disease (IHD) are among the most prevalent modifiable risk factors for stroke. Clinical trial evidence suggests that antihypertensive medications are recommended for prevention of recurrent ischemic stroke in hypertensive and normotensive patients.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objectives of this study were to analyze and evaluate the utilization of antihypertensive medication for acute ischemic stroke (AIS) or transient ischemic attack (TIA) survivors in relation to recent recommendations and guidelines and to compare their use among patients with or without IHD.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a retrospective cohort study of all patients with AIS/TIA attending the hospital from July 1, 2008 to December 31, 2008. Demographic data, clinical characteristics, different classes of antihypertensive medications, and different antihypertensive combinations prescribed to AIS/TIA survivors were analyzed among patients with and without IHD. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) program version 15 was used for data analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all, 383 AIS/TIA survivors were studied, of which 66 (19.5%) had a documented history of IHD. Three quarters (n = 260; 76.9%) of AIS or TIA survivors received antihypertensive medication, mostly as monotherapy, at discharge. The majority of patients (n = 201, 59.5%) were prescribed angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs). Patients with IHD were significantly prescribed more β-blockers than patients without IHD (P = .003). A history of hypertension, a history of diabetes mellitus, and age were significantly associated with prescription of antihypertensive medications at discharge (P < .001, P < .001, and P < .001, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patterns of antihypertensive therapy were commonly but not adequately consistent with international guidelines. Screening stroke survivors for blood pressure control, initiating appropriate antihypertensive medications, and decreasing the number of untreated patients might help reduce the risk of recurrent strokes and increase survival.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Pharmacy Program, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Penang, Malaysia. yahaya@usm.my
authors.forename: Yahaya
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hassan
authors.forename: Noorizan Abd
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Aziz
authors.forename: Samah W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Al-Jabi
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Looi
authors.forename: Sa'ed H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Zyoud
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000368:Aged; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000145:classification / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004363:Drug Utilization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy; D002546:Ischemic Attack, Transient / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010351:Patient Discharge; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D020521:Stroke / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D017741:Survivors
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents