title: The relationship between drug use stigma and HIV injection risk behaviors among injection drug users in Chennai, India.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between perceived drug use stigma, acquiescence response bias, and HIV injection risk behaviors among current injection drug users in Chennai, India.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample consists of 851 males in Chennai, India who reported having injected drugs in the last month and were recruited through street outreach.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results indicate a strong and consistent positive association between drug use stigma and HIV injection drug use risk behaviors. This association held across the injection behaviors of frequency of sharing needles, cookers, cotton filters, rinse water, pre-filled syringes and common drug solutions, even after controlling for acquiescence response bias, frequency of injection, and HIV/HCV serostatus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that future HIV prevention and harm reduction programs for injection drug users and service providers should address drug use stigma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 624 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. clatkin@jhsph.edu
authors.forename: Carl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Latkin
authors.forename: Aylur K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Srikrishnan
authors.forename: Cui
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Sethulakshmi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Sunil S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Solomon
authors.forename: Suresh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: David D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Celentano
authors.forename: Suniti
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Solomon
mesh_terms: D015492:AIDS Serodiagnosis; D000328:Adult; D001294:Attitude to Health; D001519:Behavior; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission; D015497:HIV-1; D019698:Hepatitis C, Chronic / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D016485:Needle Sharing; D012307:Risk Factors; D012309:Risk-Taking; D013240:Stereotyping; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology
references.citation: Am J Public Health. 2002 Mar;92(3):341-2
references.pmid: 11867303
references.citation: AIDS Care. 2005 Oct;17(7):795-801
references.pmid: 16120496
references.citation: J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2008 Nov 1;49(3):327-32
references.pmid: 18845962
references.citation: Soc Sci Med. 2003 Jul;57(1):13-24
references.pmid: 12753813
references.citation: AIDS Behav. 2008 Sep;12(5):781-8
references.pmid: 18030613
references.citation: Am J Public Health. 2002 Mar;92(3):371-7
references.pmid: 11867313
references.citation: J Psychosom Res. 2003 Mar;54(3):199-203
references.pmid: 12614829
references.citation: AIDS Care. 2007;19 Suppl 1:S35-43
references.pmid: 17364386
references.citation: AIDS. 2008 Aug;22 Suppl 2:S67-79
references.pmid: 18641472
references.citation: AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2007 Aug;21(8):584-92
references.pmid: 17711383
references.citation: AIDS Educ Prev. 2007 Aug;19(4):334-45
references.pmid: 17685846
references.citation: Indian J Med Res. 2008 May;127(5):447-52
references.pmid: 18653907
references.citation: Addiction. 2000 Jul;95(7):1101-4
references.pmid: 10962774
references.citation: Am J Public Health. 2006 Jan;96(1):47-50
references.pmid: 16317199
references.citation: AIDS Care. 2003 Apr;15(2):207-15
references.pmid: 12856342
references.citation: Indian J Med Res. 2005 Dec;122(6):471-84
references.pmid: 16517997
references.citation: Drug Alcohol Depend. 2007 May 11;88(2-3):188-96
references.pmid: 17118578
references.citation: J Gen Intern Med. 2003 Oct;18(10):835-44
references.pmid: 14521647
references.citation: Psychosom Med. 2008 Jun;70(5):531-8
references.pmid: 18541904
references.citation: Int J Drug Policy. 2009 Mar;20(2):121-30
references.pmid: 17981451
references.citation: J Health Soc Behav. 1997 Jun;38(2):177-90
references.pmid: 9212538
references.citation: Soc Sci Med. 2006 Dec;63(12):3188-98
references.pmid: 17010490
references.citation: AIDS Behav. 2008 Jan;12(1):146-57
references.pmid: 17364148
references.citation: Psychol Bull. 1971 Sep;76(3):186-204
references.pmid: 4399323
references.citation: J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs. 1996 Oct;3(5):283-8
references.pmid: 9004621
references.citation: Psychol Health Med. 2006 Aug;11(3):335-45
references.pmid: 17130069
references.citation: Sex Transm Dis. 2001 Oct;28(10):598-607
references.pmid: 11689758
references.citation: AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2009 May;23(5):377-87
references.pmid: 19327098