title: Gender differences and clustering pattern of behavioural risk factors for chronic non-communicable diseases: community-based study from a developing country.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study estimates the burden of behavioural risk factors for chronic non-communicable diseases (CNDs) to evaluate the degree of clustering and the differential of these factors by gender in adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a community-based survey, information was obtained about behavioural risk factors for CNDs among 534 adults in Karachi, Pakistan. Chi-square test and odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated to evaluate the differences of these factors by gender.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 22.5% of adults had anxiety/depression, 47.8% did not have adequate intake of fruits and vegetables, 60.1% were physically inactive while 49.8% were overweight/obese. More women had anxiety/ depression (OR = 2.1; 95% CI = 1.4-3.1), were physically inactive (OR=2.1; 95% CI = 1.5-3.1) and overweight/ obese (OR= 6.2; 95% CI = 4.3-9.1). On the contrary, greater number of men were found to have inadequate fruit and vegetable consumption (OR = 1.8; 95% CI = 1.3-2.5). Only 1.1% of study subjects had none of the studied risk factors, 16.9% had one while 82% had > or =2 factors. The clustering of these risk factors was significantly higher in women (p<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows that almost all of the adults in the study had behavioural risk factors for CNDs and clustering of these factors is very common and significantly higher in women. The tendency of clustering risk factors in individuals provides opportunities to address factors with integrated approaches to prevent/delay the onset of CNDs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan. ali.khuwaja@aku.edu
authors.forename: Ali Khan
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Khuwaja
authors.forename: Muhammad Masood
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Kadir
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002908:Chronic Disease / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003906:Developing Countries; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006304:Health Status; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010154:Pakistan / Q000453:epidemiology; D011159:Population Surveillance; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D055815:Young Adult