title: Energetics and metabolism in the failing heart: important but poorly understood.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Profound abnormalities in myocardial energy metabolism occur in heart failure and correlate with clinical symptoms and survival. Available comprehensive human metabolic data come from small studies, enrolling patients across heart failure causes, at different disease stages, and using different methodologies, and is often contradictory. Remaining fundamental gaps in knowledge include whether observed shifts in cardiac substrate utilization are adaptive or maladaptive, causal or an epiphenomenon of heart failure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Recent studies have characterized the temporal changes in myocardial substrate metabolism involved in progression of heart failure, the role of insulin resistance, and the mechanisms of mitochondrial dysfunction in heart failure. The concept of metabolic inflexibility has been proposed to explain the lack of energetic and mechanical reserve in the failing heart.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite current therapies, which provide substantial benefits to patients, heart failure remains a progressive disease, and new approaches to treatment are necessary. Developing metabolic interventions would be facilitated by systems-level integration of current knowledge on myocardial metabolic control. Although preliminary evidence suggests that metabolic modulators inducing a shift towards carbohydrate utilization seem generally beneficial in the failing heart, such interventions should be matched to the stage of metabolic deregulation in the progression of heart failure.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9047, USA. aslan.turer@utsouthwestern.edu
authors.forename: Aslan T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Turer
authors.forename: Craig R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Malloy
authors.forename: Christopher B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Newgard
authors.forename: Mihai V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Podgoreanu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000378:metabolism*; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology*; D008929:Mitochondria, Heart / Q000378:metabolism*; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D005227:Fatty Acids; D005947:Glucose
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