title: DNMT3L is a novel marker and is essential for the growth of human embryonal carcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Testicular germ cell tumors (TGCT) have a unique epigenetic profile distinct from that of other types of cancer. Elucidation of these properties has a potential to identify novel markers for TGCTs.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted comprehensive analysis of DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) gene expression in TGCTs. Based on the expression profiles of DNMT genes in TGCTs, we generated a rabbit polyclonal anti-human DNMT3L antibody. We then studied the role of DNMT3L in TGCTs by the treatment of two embryonal carcinoma (EC) cell lines with a small interfering RNA system. Finally, we evaluated the immunohistochemical detection of DNMT3L in TGCT tissues. We also compared the patterns of DNMT3L immunohistochemistry with those of CD30 and SOX2.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the DNMT genes, we found that mRNA for DNMT3L was specifically expressed in TGCTs, but neither in normal testicular tissues nor in cancer cells of somatic tissue origin. DNMT3L protein was strongly expressed in two EC cell lines, but not in the cell lines of somatic tissue origin. Transfection of small interfering RNA for DNMT3L significantly reduced DNMT3L expression and resulted in growth suppression and apoptosis in EC cells. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that DNMT3L protein was present only in EC cells, but not in the other types of TGCT components and cancer cells of somatic tissue origin. DNMT3L staining was more prominent and specific than CD30 or SOX2 staining for detecting EC cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DNMT3L is a novel marker and is essential for the growth of human embryonal carcinoma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan.
authors.forename: Kahori
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Minami
authors.forename: Tokuhiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chano
authors.forename: Takahiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kawakami
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ushida
authors.forename: Ryoji
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kushima
authors.forename: Hidetoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Okabe
authors.forename: Yusaku
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Okada
authors.forename: Keisei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Okamoto
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000235:genetics*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D018236:Carcinoma, Embryonal / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D002469:Cell Separation; D004248:DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferases / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D015870:Gene Expression; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013736:Testicular Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; C412484:DNMT3L protein, human; D004248:DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferases