title: Enhancement of ATRA-induced differentiation of neuroblastoma cells with LOX/COX inhibitors: an expression profiling study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We performed expression profiling of two neuroblastoma cell lines, SK-N-BE(2) and SH-SY5Y, after combined treatment with all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and inhibitors of lipoxygenases (LOX) and cyclooxygenases (COX). This study is a continuation of our previous work confirming the possibility of enhancing ATRA-induced cell differentiation in these cell lines by the application of LOX/COX inhibitors and brings more detailed information concerning the mechanisms of the enhancement of ATRA-induced differentiation of neuroblastoma cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Caffeic acid, as an inhibitor of 5-lipoxygenase, and celecoxib, as an inhibitor on cyclooxygenase-2, were used in this study. Expression profiling was performed using Human Cancer Oligo GEArray membranes that cover 440 cancer-related genes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cluster analyses of the changes in gene expression showed the concentration-dependent increase in genes known to be involved in the process of retinoid-induced neuronal differentiation, especially in cytoskeleton remodeling. These changes were detected in both cell lines, and they were independent of the type of specific inhibitors, suggesting a common mechanism of ATRA-induced differentiation enhancement. Furthermore, we also found overexpression of some genes in the same cell line (SK-N-BE(2) or SH-SY5Y) after combined treatment with both ATRA and CA, or ATRA and CX. Finally, we also detected that gene expression was changed after treatment with the same inhibitor (CA or CX) in combination with ATRA in both cell lines.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Obtained results confirmed our initial hypothesis of the common mechanism of enhancement in ATRA-induced cell differentiation via inhibition of arachidonic acid metabolic pathway.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Tumor Biology and Genetics, Department of Experimental Biology, School of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Petr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chlapek
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Redova
authors.forename: Karel
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zitterbart
authors.forename: Marketa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hermanova
authors.forename: Jaroslav
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sterba
authors.forename: Renata
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Veselska
mesh_terms: D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D002109:Caffeic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D000068579:Celecoxib; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D016859:Lipoxygenase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005810:Multigene Family; D009447:Neuroblastoma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000494:pharmacology; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D002109:Caffeic Acids; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D016859:Lipoxygenase Inhibitors; D011720:Pyrazoles; D013449:Sulfonamides; D014212:Tretinoin; D000068579:Celecoxib; C040048:caffeic acid
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