title: Reduction of brain beta-amyloid (Abeta) by fluvastatin, a hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitor, through increase in degradation of amyloid precursor protein C-terminal fragments (APP-CTFs) and Abeta clearance.
abstract: Epidemiological studies suggest that statins (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitors) could reduce the risk of Alzheimer disease. Although one possible explanation is through an effect on beta-amyloid (Abeta) metabolism, its effect remains to be elucidated. Here, we explored the molecular mechanisms of how statins influence Abeta metabolism. Fluvastatin at clinical doses significantly reduced Abeta and amyloid precursor protein C-terminal fragment (APP-CTF) levels among APP metabolites in the brain of C57BL/6 mice. Chronic intracerebroventricular infusion of lysosomal inhibitors blocked these effects, indicating that up-regulation of the lysosomal degradation of endogenous APP-CTFs is involved in reduced Abeta production. Biochemical analysis suggested that this was mediated by enhanced trafficking of APP-CTFs from endosomes to lysosomes, associated with marked changes of Rab proteins, which regulate endosomal function. In primary neurons, fluvastatin enhanced the degradation of APP-CTFs through an isoprenoid-dependent mechanism. Because our previous study suggests additive effects of fluvastatin on Abeta metabolism, we examined Abeta clearance rates by using the brain efflux index method and found its increased rates at high Abeta levels from brain. As LRP1 in brain microvessels was increased, up-regulation of LRP1-mediated Abeta clearance at the blood-brain barrier might be involved. In cultured brain microvessel endothelial cells, fluvastatin increased LRP1 and the uptake of Abeta, which was blocked by LRP1 antagonists, through an isoprenoid-dependent mechanism. Overall, the present study demonstrated that fluvastatin reduced Abeta level by an isoprenoid-dependent mechanism. These results have important implications for the development of disease-modifying therapy for Alzheimer disease as well as understanding of Abeta metabolism.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Gene Therapy, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
authors.forename: Mitsuru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shinohara
authors.forename: Naoyuki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: Hitomi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kurinami
authors.forename: Daisuke
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Takeuchi
authors.forename: Shuko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Takeda
authors.forename: Munehisa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shimamura
authors.forename: Toshihide
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamashita
authors.forename: Yasuo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Uchiyama
authors.forename: Hiromi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rakugi
authors.forename: Ryuichi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Morishita
mesh_terms: D016564:Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D001812:Blood-Brain Barrier / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000077340:Fluvastatin; D006801:Humans; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007211:Indoles / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D026503:Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein-1; D008247:Lysosomes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D055806:Microvessels / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D008954:Models, Biological; D020559:Monomeric GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational / Q000187:drug effects*; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D021381:Protein Transport / Q000187:drug effects; D011973:Receptors, LDL / Q000378:metabolism; D013347:Subcellular Fractions / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D014018:Tissue Distribution / Q000187:drug effects; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016564:Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; D007211:Indoles; D026503:Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein-1; C486645:Lrp1 protein, mouse; D011973:Receptors, LDL; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D000077340:Fluvastatin; D020559:Monomeric GTP-Binding Proteins
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