title: Regulation of Tenon's capsule fibroblast cell proliferation by the opioid growth factor and the opioid growth factor receptor axis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Glaucoma filtration surgery often fails because of the fibrotic reaction from Tenon's capsule fibroblasts (TCFs). This study examined whether the interaction of the opioid growth factor (OGF) [Met(5)]-enkephalin with its receptor (OGFr) is a regulator of TCF proliferation.
  
  
  METHODS
  The presence of OGF and its receptor (OGFr) was determined in rabbit TCFs (RTCFs) by immunocytochemistry. The kinetics of OGFr were established in receptor binding assays. The ability of OGF to inhibit RTCF proliferation was assessed with dose-response, receptor mediation, and reversibility studies. Dependence on OGF and OGFr was ascertained by antibody neutralization and siRNA studies, respectively. The mechanism of action of the OGF-OGFr axis on survival (apoptosis, necrosis) and DNA synthesis of RTCFs was elucidated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  OGF and OGFr were detected in RTCF cells, and specific and saturable binding to OGFr was recorded. Exogenous OGF had a dose-dependent, reversible, and receptor-mediated inhibitory effect on cell proliferation. Endogenous OGF was found to be constitutively produced and tonically active in cell replication, with neutralization of this peptide causing acceleration of cell proliferation. The silencing of OGFr by using siRNA technology stimulated cell replication, validating OGFr's integral role. The mechanism of OGF-OGFr action was not related to cell survival, but rather to DNA synthesis-specifically, the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitory pathway. Knockdown of p16 or p21 eliminated OGF's inhibitory effect on growth.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The OGF-OGFr system is a native biological regulator of cell proliferation in RTCFs and may offer a means of improving the success of glaucoma filtration surgery in a safe and nontoxic manner.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Klocek
authors.forename: Joseph W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Sassani
authors.forename: Renee N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Donahue
authors.forename: Patricia J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: McLaughlin
authors.forename: Ian S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Zagon
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D015153:Blotting, Western; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16 / Q000235:genetics; D004247:DNA / Q000096:biosynthesis; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004744:Enkephalin, Methionine / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology*; D005205:Fascia / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D019084:Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect; D020868:Gene Silencing; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D008297:Male; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D016283:Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras) / Q000235:genetics; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000494:pharmacology; D011817:Rabbits; D011957:Receptors, Opioid / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D011957:Receptors, Opioid; C033593:methionine-enkephalin receptor; D004744:Enkephalin, Methionine; D004247:DNA; D016283:Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras)
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