title: Association of generalized joint hypermobility with a history of glenohumeral joint instability.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Little is known about the relationship among sex, generalized joint hypermobility, and glenohumeral joint instability.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the relationship among sex, generalized joint hypermobility scores, and a history of glenohumeral joint instability within a young, physically active cohort and to describe the incidence of generalized joint hypermobility within this population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  United States Military Academy at West Point, New York.
  
  
  METHODS
  Of the 1311 members of the entering freshman class of 2010, 1050 (80%) agreed to participate.
  
  
  METHODS
  Generalized joint hypermobility was assessed using the Beighton Scale. A history of glenohumeral joint instability was identified via a baseline questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most participants (78%) had no signs of generalized joint hypermobility. Only 11 volunteers (1.5%) had Beighton Scale scores of 4 or greater. Logistic regression analysis revealed a relationship between generalized joint hypermobility and a history of glenohumeral joint instability (P = .023). When sex and race were controlled, those with a total Beighton Scale score of >or=2 were nearly 2.5 times as likely (odds ratio = 2.48, 95% confidence interval = 1.19, 5.20, P = .016) to have reported a history of glenohumeral joint instability. A relationship was observed between sex and nearly all individual Beighton Scale items. Although women had higher total Beighton Scale scores than men, sex (P = .658) and race (P = .410) were not related to a history of glenohumeral joint instability when other variables in the model were controlled.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In these participants, generalized joint hypermobility and a history of glenohumeral joint instability were associated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Physical Therapy, Keller Army Hospital, West Point, NY 10996, USA. kenneth.cameron@amedd.army.mil
authors.forename: Kenneth L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Cameron
authors.forename: Michele L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Duffey
authors.forename: Thomas M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: DeBerardino
authors.forename: Paul D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Stoneman
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Brett D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Owens
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008889:Military Personnel; D009518:New York / Q000453:epidemiology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011594:Psychometrics; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D000070599:Shoulder Injuries; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000473:pathology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
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