In silico analysis of sequential, structural and functional diversity of wheat cystatins and its implication in plant defense.
Phytocystatins constitute a multigene family that regulates the activity of endogenous and/or exogenous cysteine proteinases. Cereal crops like wheat are continuously threatened by a multitude of pathogens, therefore cystatins offer to play a pivotal role in deciding the plant response. In order to study the need of having diverse specificities and activities of various cystatins, we conducted comparative analysis of six wheat cystatins (WCs) with twelve rice, seven barley, one sorghum and ten corn cystatin sequences employing different bioinformatics tools. The obtained results identified highly conserved signature sequences in all the cystatins considered. Several other motifs were also identified, based on which the sequences could be categorized into groups in congruence with the phylogenetic clustering. Homology modeling of WCs revealed 3D structural topology so well shared by other cystatins. Protein-protein interaction of WCs with papain supported the notion that functional diversity is a con-sequence of existing differences in amino acid residues in highly conserved as well as relatively less conserved motifs. Thus there is a significant conservation at the sequential and structural levels; however, concomitant variations maintain the functional diversity in this protein family, which constantly modulates itself to reciprocate the diversity while counteracting the cysteine proteinases.
Dutt
Shriparna
S
Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar 263145, Uttarakhand, India.
Singh
V K
VK
Marla
Soma S
SS
Kumar
Anil
A
D020816:Amino Acid Motifs / Q000235:genetics; D001483:Base Sequence; D017124:Conserved Sequence / Q000235:genetics; D015891:Cystatins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D057056:Cysteine Proteases; D004042:Dietary Fats, Unsaturated / Q000378:metabolism; D002523:Edible Grain / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D001467:Hordeum / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005810:Multigene Family; D012275:Oryza / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010206:Papain / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000378:metabolism; D010944:Plants / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D006109:Poaceae / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary / Q000235:genetics; D011506:Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012106:Research; D014908:Triticum / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D003313:Zea mays / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
D015891:Cystatins; D004042:Dietary Fats, Unsaturated; D010938:Plant Oils; D011506:Proteins; D057056:Cysteine Proteases; D010206:Papain
J Biol Chem. 1987 Jul 15;262(20):9688-94
3496337
Proteins. 2006 May 15;63(3):662-70
16470583
Plant J. 2001 Sep;27(5):383-91
11576423
Biochem J. 1986 May 15;236(1):312
3491603
Protein Sci. 1997 Jan;6(1):5-12
9007972
FEBS Lett. 1991 Jul 22;285(2):213-9
1855589
Biochim Biophys Acta. 2005 Jul 10;1729(3):186-99
15979170
J Exp Bot. 2006;57(15):4245-55
17099080
J Mol Biol. 2000 Jul 21;300(4):1005-16
10891285
Mol Genet Genomics. 2005 Jun;273(5):423-32
15887031
Plant Mol Biol. 2002 Nov;50(4-5):687-98
12374300
Electrophoresis. 1997 Dec;18(15):2714-23
9504803
Planta. 2005 Jun;221(4):493-501
15647900
Plant Cell. 1999 Mar;11(3):431-44
10072402
Phytochemistry. 2003 Jul;63(6):643-52
12842136
Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2001 Jan;65(1):22-8
11272836
FEBS Lett. 2000 Feb 11;467(2-3):206-10
10675539
Arch Biochem Biophys. 1998 Nov 1;359(1):24-30
9799556
J Mol Biol. 2004 Jul 16;340(4):783-95
15223320
Eur J Biochem. 1992 Nov 1;209(3):933-7
1425699
Trends Biochem Sci. 1995 Sep;20(9):374
7482707
Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42
10592235
Plant J. 2006 Nov;48(3):403-13
16965553
J Exp Bot. 2002 Mar;53(368):407-13
11847238
Proc Int Conf Intell Syst Mol Biol. 1994;2:28-36
7584402
Eur J Biochem. 2003 Jun;270(12):2593-604
12787025
FEBS Lett. 1989 Jan 30;243(2):234-8
2917648
FEBS J. 2007 Apr;274(8):1908-17
17371549
Annu Rev Phytopathol. 2003;41:615-39
12730388
Plant Physiol. 1996 Nov;112(3):1201-10
8938418
Biochem J. 1990 Oct 1;271(1):281-4
2222419
J Biochem. 1991 Feb;109(2):294-8
1864841
J Biochem. 1994 Sep;116(3):488-92
7852264
BMC Evol Biol. 2008 Jul 10;8:198
18616807
J Biol Chem. 1987 Dec 15;262(35):16793-7
3500172
Plant Mol Biol. 2001 Mar;45(5):599-608
11414618
Biomed Biochim Acta. 1991;50(4-6):613-20
1801731
Arch Biochem Biophys. 2004 Nov 1;431(1):145-59
15464737
EMBO J. 1988 Aug;7(8):2593-9
3191914
Plant Physiol. 2009 Oct;151(2):515-27
19648229
J Biol Chem. 1990 Sep 15;265(26):15832-7
1697595
Nat Biotechnol. 1999 Dec;17(12):1223-6
10585723
Mol Biol Evol. 2007 Aug;24(8):1596-9
17488738
Protein Eng. 1995 Dec;8(12):1303-7
8869643
Plant Physiol. 1993 Dec;103(4):1347-1353
12232028
Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):325-7
11752327
J Exp Bot. 2005 Jul;56(417):1821-9
15897228
Biochemistry. 2000 Dec 5;39(48):14753-60
11101290
Plant Physiol Biochem. 2007 Oct-Nov;45(10-11):790-8
17870587
Biochim Biophys Acta. 2003 Sep 23;1651(1-2):146-52
14499599
EMBO J. 1990 Jun;9(6):1939-47
2347312
Nucleic Acids Res. 1994 Nov 11;22(22):4673-80
7984417
FEBS Lett. 2007 Jun 26;581(16):2914-8
17543305
Planta. 2006 May;223(6):1207-18
16320069