title: A prospective naturalistic multicentre study of intravenous medications in behavioural emergencies: haloperidol versus flunitrazepam.
abstract: A prospective naturalistic multicentre study for deep sedation was conducted in intensive care with continuous electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring. Clinical purpose was enough sedation, which made uncooperative and disrupted patients receive brain computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or fluid therapy, with minimum drug doses. A first infusion was either haloperidol (HAL group) or flunitrazepam (FNP group). If enough sedation was not achieved, a second infusion, which was the opposite drug to the first infusion, was given. The proportion requiring a second infusion was higher in the HAL group than in the FNP group (82% vs. 36%, P<0.0001). The mean reduction of the Excited Component for Positive and Negative syndrome scale at 15 min was greater for the FNP first group (FNP+HAL group) than the HAL first group (HAL+FNP group) (68% [S.D. 17] vs. 54% [S.D. 31], P=0.02). The mean dose of flunitrazepam in the HAL+FNP group was significantly lower than that in the FNP+HAL-group (1.3 mg vs. 3.5 mg, P=0.0003). Thus, in terms of monotherapy and speed of action, flunitrazepam has advantages over haloperidol as a first infusion for deep sedation. Regarding drug dosages, haloperidol has an advantage over flunitrazepam as a first infusion in safety.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Juntendo University School of Medicine, , Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan. khatta@juntendo.ac.jp
authors.forename: Kotaro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hatta
authors.forename: Mitsuru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: Kenichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hamakawa
authors.forename: Toru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wakejima
authors.forename: Takao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nishimura
authors.forename: Ko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Furuta
authors.forename: Toshitaka
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kawabata
authors.forename: Toyoaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hirata
authors.forename: Chie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Usui
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: Yutaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sawa
mesh_terms: D061605:Administration, Intravenous; D000328:Adult; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D005445:Flunitrazepam / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006220:Haloperidol / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D005445:Flunitrazepam; D006220:Haloperidol