title: Imposex levels and tributyltin pollution in Ria de Aveiro (NW Portugal) between 1997 and 2007: evaluation of legislation effectiveness.
abstract: Nucella lapillus imposex levels and organotin (OT) concentrations in water and female tissues were measured in samples collected from the Ria de Aveiro (NW Portugal) between 1997 and 2007. Vas deferens sequence index (VDSI), relative penis size index (RPSI), mean female penis length (FPL) and percentage of imposex affected females (%I) were used to determine imposex levels at each site. A significant temporal decline in imposex intensity was observed during the assessed period. Imposex decrease was evident after 2003 although improvements were most notable from 2005 to 2007, probably due to the implementation of the EU Council Regulation no.782/2003 forbidding further application of tributyltin (TBT) antifouling on vessels carrying EU flags. Despite these improvements, OT analysis in N. lapillus female tissues and water indicate there are still recent TBT inputs into the study area.
authors.affiliation: CESAM & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal. susana.oliveira@ua.pt
authors.forename: Susana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Galante-Oliveira
authors.forename: Isabel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.forename: Niels
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Jonkers
authors.forename: William J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Langston
authors.forename: Mário
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pacheco
authors.forename: Carlos M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Barroso
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D057219:Biofouling / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001822:Body Burden; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005062:European Union; D005260:Female; D049851:Gastropoda / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D005843:Geography; D008297:Male; D009792:Oceans and Seas; D010413:Penis / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D011174:Portugal; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D013997:Time Factors; D014220:Trialkyltin Compounds / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D014220:Trialkyltin Compounds; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C011559:tributyltin