title: Effects of a financial incentive on health researchers' response to an online survey: a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nonresponse to questionnaires can affect the validity of surveys and introduce bias. Offering financial incentives can increase response rates to postal questionnaires, but the effect of financial incentives on response rates to online surveys is less clear.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  As part of a survey, we aimed to test whether knowledge of a financial incentive would increase the response rate to an online questionnaire.
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomized controlled trial of 485 UK-based principal investigators of publicly funded health services and population health research. Participants were contacted by email and invited to complete an online questionnaire via an embedded URL. Participants were randomly allocated to groups with either "knowledge of" or "no knowledge of" a financial incentive ( pound10 Amazon gift voucher) to be provided on completion of the survey. At the end of the study, gift vouchers were given to all participants who completed the questionnaire regardless of initial randomization status. Four reminder emails (sent from the same email address as the initial invitation) were sent out to nonrespondents at one, two, three, and four weeks; a fifth postal reminder was also undertaken. The primary outcome measure for the trial was the response rate one week after the second reminder. Response rate was also measured at the end of weeks one, two, three, four, and five, and after a postal reminder was sent.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 243 (50%) questionnaires were returned (232 completed, 11 in which participation was declined). One week after the second reminder, the response rate in the "knowledge" group was 27% (66/244) versus 20% (49/241) in the "no knowledge" group (chi(2) (1) = 3.0, P = .08). The odds ratio for responding among those with knowledge of an incentive was 1.45 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.95 - 2.21). At the third reminder, participants in the "no knowledge" group were informed about the incentive, ending the randomized element of the study. However we continued to follow up all participants, and from reminder three onwards, no significant differences were observed in the response rates of the two groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Knowledge of a financial incentive did not significantly increase the response rate to an online questionnaire. Future surveys should consider including a randomized element to further test the utility of offering incentives of other types and amounts to participate in online questionnaires.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  ISRCTN59912797; http://www.controlled-trials.com/ISRCTN59912797 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/5iPPLbT7s).
authors.affiliation: Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York, York, United Kingdom. pmw7@york.ac.uk
authors.forename: Paul M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Petticrew
authors.forename: Mike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Calnan
authors.forename: Irwin
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Nazareth
mesh_terms: D034742:Electronic Mail; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006302:Health Services Research / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods* / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet; D009042:Motivation; D009862:Online Systems; D018579:Patient Selection; D011159:Population Surveillance / Q000379:methods*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
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