title: Pentoxifylline improves haemoglobin and interleukin-6 levels in chronic kidney disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess whether pentoxifylline improves anaemia of chronic kidney disease (CKD) via suppression of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and improved iron mobilization.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  CKD patients may have elevated IL-6 and tumour necrosis factor alpha levels. These cytokines can increase hepcidin production, which in turn reduces iron release from macrophages resulting in reduced availability of iron for erythropoiesis. In experimental models, pentoxifylline was shown to reduce IL-6 expression.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 14 patients with stages 4-5 CKD (glomerular filtration rate <30mL/min per 1.73 m(2)) due to non-inflammatory renal diseases. None of the patients had received immunosuppressive or erythropoietin-stimulating agents or parenteral iron. Patients had weekly blood tests for iron studies and cytokines during a control run-in period of 3 weeks and during 4 weeks of pentoxifylline treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ten patients (eGFR 23 + or - 6 mL/min) completed the study. At the end of the run-in period average haemoglobin was 111 + or - 5 g/L, ferritin 92 + or - 26 microg/L, transferrin saturation 15 + or - 3% and circulating IL-6 10.6 + or - 3.8 pg/mL. Tumour necrosis factor alpha values were below threshold for detection. Treatment with pentoxifylline reduced circulating IL-6 (6.6 + or - 1.6 pg/mL, P < 0.01), increased transferrin saturation (20 + or - 5%, P < 0.003) and decreased serum ferritin (81 + or - 25 microg/L, P = NS). Haemoglobin increased after the second week of pentoxifylline, reaching 123 + or - 6 g/L by week 4 (P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pentoxifylline reduces circulating IL-6 and improves haemoglobin in non-inflammatory moderate to severe CKD. These changes are associated with changes in circulating transferrin saturation and ferritin, suggesting improved iron release. It is hypothesized that pentoxifylline improves iron disposition possibly through modulation of hepcidin.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Fremantle Hospital, Alma Street, Perth, WA 6160, Australia. paolo.ferrari@health.wa.gov.au
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ferrari
authors.forename: Dominic
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mallon
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Trinder
authors.forename: John K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Olynyk
mesh_terms: D018798:Anemia, Iron-Deficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005293:Ferritins / Q000097:blood; D006397:Hematinics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood*; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010431:Pentoxifylline / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013997:Time Factors; D014168:Transferrin / Q000378:metabolism; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D006397:Hematinics; D006454:Hemoglobins; C508600:IL6 protein, human; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014168:Transferrin; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D005293:Ferritins; D010431:Pentoxifylline