title: Thymic changes after chorioamnionitis induced by intraamniotic lipopolysaccharide in fetal sheep.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Regulatory T lymphocytes mediate homeostasis of the immune system and differentiate under the control of the transcription factor FoxP3 in the fetal thymus. We asked whether fetal inflammation caused by chorioamnionitis would modulate thymus development.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fetal sheep were exposed to an intraamniotic injection of 10 mg lipopolysaccharide at 5 hours, 1 day, 2 days, or 5 days before delivery at 123 gestation days. Cord blood lymphocytes, plasma cortisol, and thymus weight were measured. Glucocorticoid receptor-, activated caspase-3-, Ki-67-, proliferating cell nuclear antigen-, nuclear factor-kappaB-, and FoxP3-positive cells were immunohistochemically evaluated in thymus.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intraamniotic lipopolysaccharide exposure decreased the number of circulating lymphocytes by 40% after 1 day. Thymus-to-body weight ratios were reduced in all lipopolysaccharide groups by a maximum of 40% at 5 days. Lipopolysaccharide exposure modestly increased plasma cortisol concentration, increased nuclear factor-kappaB immunostaining in fetal thymus and reduced the number of FoxP3-positive cells by 40% at 1 day.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intraamniotic exposure to lipopolysaccharide induced thymic changes and influenced thymic FoxP3 expression.
authors.affiliation: University Children's Hospital, Würzburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Steffen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kunzmann
authors.forename: Kerstin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Glogger
authors.forename: Jasper V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Been
authors.forename: Suhas G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Kallapur
authors.forename: Ilias
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Nitsos
authors.forename: Timothy J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Moss
authors.forename: Christian P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Speer
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Newnham
authors.forename: Alan H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Jobe
authors.forename: Boris W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Kramer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000276:immunology; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D002821:Chorioamnionitis / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D005312:Fetal Blood / Q000276:immunology; D005333:Fetus / Q000276:immunology*; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors / Q000276:immunology*; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000008:administration & dosage; D018655:Lymphocyte Count; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D009929:Organ Size; D011247:Pregnancy; D012756:Sheep; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D013950:Thymus Gland / Q000196:embryology* / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D016328:NF-kappa B; D053148:Caspase 3; D006854:Hydrocortisone
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