title: Induction and activation of adaptive immune populations during acute and chronic phases of a murine model of experimental colitis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dextran sodium sulphate (DSS) is commonly used to induce intestinal inflammation in rodents. Despite its continuing importance as a model system for examining IBD pathogenesis, the mucosal and systemic immune responses have not been comprehensively documented.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to dissect functional and phenotypic changes in both immune compartments associated with acute and chronic DSS-induced colitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  C57BL/6 mice were exposed to 3% DSS for 6 days followed by 20 days of water, and organs (spleens, MLN and colons) were harvested during both acute and chronic phases of colitis to examine innate and adaptive cell populations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As early as 1 day post DSS, significant changes in the percentage, distribution and activation status of all innate cell populations examined were noted. These striking differences continued in systemic and mucosal lymphoid tissues throughout the acute phase (days 5-12). Significantly, during the late acute and chronic phases T and B cells accumulated in the colon. In contrast, in the spleens of chronically inflamed mice T and B cells were significantly decreased whereas neutrophils, macrophages, and IL-6 and IL-17 positive cells were increased.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data provides important insights into the mucosal and systemic immune responses induced by DSS administration. Notably, we show that adaptive immune responses are induced during both acute and chronic colitis. This will facilitate a more informed and sophisticated use of this model both for investigating basic mechanisms of intestinal inflammation and for the evaluation of potential new therapeutic agents for IBD.
authors.affiliation: Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland. l.hall@ucc.ie
authors.forename: Lindsay J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: Emilie
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Faivre
authors.forename: Aoife
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Quinlan
authors.forename: Fergus
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Shanahan
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nally
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Melgar
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D056704:Adaptive Immunity / Q000276:immunology*; D000818:Animals; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003092:Colitis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology*; D003106:Colon / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D016264:Dextran Sulfate / Q000009:adverse effects; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000276:immunology; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D013154:Spleen / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D016264:Dextran Sulfate
references.citation: Gastroenterology. 1991 Jul;101(1):84-9
references.pmid: 1904381
references.citation: Blood. 1997 Nov 1;90(9):3356-63
references.pmid: 9345017
references.citation: Clin Exp Immunol. 1998 Dec;114(3):385-91
references.pmid: 9844047
references.citation: J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2009 Apr;329(1):123-9
references.pmid: 19131582
references.citation: Eur Respir J. 2003 Mar;21(3):387-93
references.pmid: 12661990
references.citation: Curr Opin Drug Discov Devel. 2006 Mar;9(2):207-17
references.pmid: 16566291
references.citation: Nature. 2007 Jul 26;448(7152):427-34
references.pmid: 17653185
references.citation: J Immunol. 2001 Jun 1;166(11):6972-81
references.pmid: 11359859
references.citation: Clin Immunol Immunopathol. 1992 Jan;62(1 Pt 2):S60-5
references.pmid: 1728989
references.citation: Expert Rev Mol Med. 2009 May 14;11:e14
references.pmid: 19439108
references.citation: Eur J Immunol. 2009 Aug;39(8):2026-30
references.pmid: 19672897
references.citation: Gastroenterology. 1994 Dec;107(6):1643-52
references.pmid: 7958674
references.citation: Immunology. 2001 Mar;102(3):331-7
references.pmid: 11298832
references.citation: Gut. 2005 Mar;54(3):364-8
references.pmid: 15710984
references.citation: Dig Dis Sci. 1985 Dec;30(12):1156-60
references.pmid: 4064866
references.citation: Nat Immunol. 2009 Jun;10(6):603-9
references.pmid: 19448631
references.citation: Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Mar;5(3):197-209
references.pmid: 16518373
references.citation: Gut. 1996 Aug;39(2):234-41
references.pmid: 8991862
references.citation: Clin Immunol. 2004 Jan;110(1):55-62
references.pmid: 14962796
references.citation: Mol Immunol. 2008 Jan;45(1):34-41
references.pmid: 17590442
references.citation: World J Gastroenterol. 2008 Sep 7;14(33):5138-48
references.pmid: 18777590
references.citation: Gastroenterology. 2007 Dec;133(6):1882-92
references.pmid: 18054560
references.citation: Immunobiology. 2002 Dec;206(5):546-57
references.pmid: 12607730
references.citation: J Immunol. 2008 Nov 1;181(9):6536-45
references.pmid: 18941244
references.citation: Nat Rev Immunol. 2008 Jun;8(6):458-66
references.pmid: 18500230
references.citation: Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2005 Jun;288(6):G1328-38
references.pmid: 15637179
references.citation: Gastroenterology. 1990 Mar;98(3):694-702
references.pmid: 1688816
references.citation: Exp Anim. 1999 Jul;48(3):137-43
references.pmid: 10480018
references.citation: J Leukoc Biol. 2003 Jun;73(6):713-21
references.pmid: 12773503
references.citation: J Immunol. 2003 May 1;170(9):4665-72
references.pmid: 12707345