title: Evaluation of medical command and control using performance indicators in a full-scale, major aircraft accident exercise.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Large, functional, disaster exercises are expensive to plan and execute, and often are difficult to evaluate objectively. Command and control in disaster medicine organizations can benefit from objective results from disaster exercises to identify areas that must be improved.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this pilot study was to examine if it is possible to use performance indicators for documentation and evaluation of medical command and control in a full-scale major incident exercise at two levels: (1) local level (scene of the incident and hospital); and (2) strategic level of command and control. Staff procedure skills also were evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Trained observers were placed in each of the three command and control locations. These observers recorded and scored the performance of command and control using templates of performance indicators. The observers scored the level of performance by awarding 2, 1, or 0 points according to the template and evaluated content and timing of decisions. Results from 11 performance indicators were recorded at each template and scores greater than 11 were considered as acceptable.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prehospital command and control had the lowest score. This also was expressed by problems at the scene of the incident. The scores in management and staff skills were at the strategic level 15 and 17, respectively; and at the hospital level, 17 and 21, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is possible to use performance indicators in a full-scale, major incident exercise for evaluation of medical command and control. The results could be used to compare similar exercises and evaluate real incidents in the future.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Science and Education, Söderjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm Prehospital Centre, Stockholm, Sweden. dan.gryth@soderjukhuset.se
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gryth
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rådestad
authors.forename: Heléne
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nilsson
authors.forename: Ola
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Nerf
authors.forename: Leif
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Svensson
authors.forename: Maaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Castrén
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rüter
mesh_terms: D000060:Accidents, Aviation; D003659:Decision Making, Organizational; D004189:Disaster Planning / Q000379:methods*; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006801:Humans; D054527:Mass Casualty Incidents; D016544:Patient Simulation; D010865:Pilot Projects; D017064:Process Assessment, Health Care / Q000379:methods*; D019984:Quality Indicators, Health Care; D013548:Sweden