title: Open heart surgery with deep hypothermia and cardiopulmonary bypass in small and toy dogs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate open heart surgery with deep surface-induced hypothermia (sHT) and low-flow cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in small and toy-breed dogs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case series.
  
  
  METHODS
  Small breed dogs (n=8) weighing <5.5 kg with naturally occurring cardiac disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Deep sHT under isoflurane anesthesia and low-flow rate CPB with a small-volume prime circuit were used. Ventricular septal defect was closed directly in 2 dogs and severe mitral regurgitation was corrected with mitral valvuloplasty (MVP) in 5 dogs and mitral valve replacement in 1 dog.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All dogs survived surgery; 1 dog died 6 days and 1 died 2 months after MVP. The other 6 dogs lived (mean follow-up, 32.8 months; range, 12-65 months). Mean body weight at surgery was 3.6 kg (range, 2-5.3 kg). Mean lowest esophageal temperature was 21.4 degrees C (range, 19.8-23.8 degrees C). Mean lowest pump flow volume was 29.2 mL/kg/min (range, 9.4-57.7 mL/kg/min) during aortic cross-clamping (mean, 53.5 minutes; range, 25-79 minutes). Mean hematocrit before CPB was 38.6% (range, 33-47%) and 20.3% (range, 13-24%) during CPB with a small circuit priming volume of 225-260 mL.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Deep sHT with low-flow rate CPB may be used for open heart surgery in small dogs weighing <5.5 kg.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Open heart surgery for selected congenital defects and acquired defects in small and toy-breed dogs may be successfully performed using deep sHT and CPB.
authors.affiliation: Chayagasaka Animal Hospital, Nagoya, Japan. kanemoto@ta2.so-net.ne.jp
authors.forename: Isamu
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kanemoto
authors.forename: Daisuke
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Taguchi
authors.forename: Satoko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yokoyama
authors.forename: Masashi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mizuno
authors.forename: Hiromi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Tougaku
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kanamoto
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001947:Breeding; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D004285:Dogs; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery / Q000662:veterinary*; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced / Q000662:veterinary*; D008297:Male; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000662:veterinary; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome