title: Cost burden of treatment resistance in patients with depression.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop a claims-based scale for treatment-resistant depression (TRD) and estimate the associated direct cost burden.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective, observational study of patients receiving antidepressant therapy between January 2000 and June 2007 (N = 78,477).
  
  
  METHODS
  The Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) clinical staging method for treatment resistance (assigning points for adequate trials of antidepressant medication, upward dose titration, extended duration, augmentation, and electroconvulsive therapy) was applied to claims data from the MarketScan Research Databases over a 24-month time period. Direct expenditures were measured over a subsequent 12-month period. Patients identified as having TRD (MGH score >or=3.5) (n = 22,593) were matched to depressed patients without TRD using propensity score methods. Regression models estimated the relationship between TRD and expenditures, controlling for sociodemographics, health plan type, and health status. Similar regression models estimated costs for an antidepressant-only version of the scale (MGH-AD).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Treatment resistance among depressed patients was associated with 40% higher medical care costs (P <.001). The MGH-AD score was associated with an increasing gradient in direct costs. Annual costs for patients with mild TRD (MGH-AD 3.5-4) were $1530 higher than those for non-TRD patients, and costs for patients with complex TRD (MGH-AD >or=6.5) were $4425 higher than those for non-TRD patients (all P <.001). A 1-point increase in the MGH-AD score was associated with a $590 increase in annual costs (P <.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early identification of TRD patients, using a claims-based algorithm, may support targeted interventions for these patients.
authors.affiliation: Thomson Reuters, Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA. teresa.gibson@thomsonreuters.com
authors.forename: Teresa B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Gibson
authors.forename: Yonghua
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jing
authors.forename: Ginger
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Smith Carls
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: J Erin
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Bagalman
authors.forename: Wayne N
authors.initials: WN
authors.lastname: Burton
authors.forename: Quynh-Van
authors.initials: QV
authors.lastname: Tran
authors.forename: Andrei
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pikalov
authors.forename: Ron Z
authors.initials: RZ
authors.lastname: Goetzel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003863:Depression / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs; D005102:Health Expenditures / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007345:Insurance Claim Review; D008297:Male; D008404:Massachusetts; D008875:Middle Aged; D019370:Observation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents