title: Biological and diurnal variation in glucocorticoid sensitivity detected with a sensitive in vitro dexamethasone suppression of cytokine production assay.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Glucocorticoid resistance due to mutations of the glucocorticoid receptor (NR3C1) are rare, but reduced glucocorticoid sensitivity may play a role in steroid-resistant asthma, inflammatory bowel disease, and septic shock. A rapid and sensitive functional assay to detect glucocorticoid resistance will be advantageous.
  
  
  METHODS
  We describe a rapid in vitro monocyte dexamethasone suppression of cytokine production (DSCP) assay with a 3-h incubation. The DSCP assay was compared with the reference stimulated lymphocyte proliferation method. We characterized the effect of delayed processing, time of sampling, and biological variation on the DSCP assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The DSCP assay clearly distinguished subjects with a known heterozygous mutation of the NR3C1 gene from control subjects, whereas the reference method failed. Decreased glucocorticoid sensitivity was demonstrated in samples collected in the afternoon. Intra-individual variation from samples collected in the morning was 13.0 and 12.7% for the IL-6 and TNF-alpha responses with the respective inter-individual variations of 9.7 and 7.9%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The DSCP assay was superior to the reference method and was sufficiently sensitive to detect diurnal variation in control subjects. The biological variation data supported the use of a population-based reference interval. The assay is suitable for screening of glucocorticoid resistance phenotypes and may provide insight into cortisol metabolism in critically ill patients, asthmatics, and patients with inflammatory bowel disease provided that the variation due to delayed processing and time of collection are considered.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Pathology, Pathology Queensland, Brisbane 4029, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cardinal
authors.forename: Carel J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Pretorius
authors.forename: Jacobus P J
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Ungerer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D003907:Dexamethasone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004351:Drug Resistance / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D011965:Receptors, Glucocorticoid / Q000235:genetics*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D005938:Glucocorticoids; D015850:Interleukin-6; C497713:NR3C1 protein, human; D011965:Receptors, Glucocorticoid; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D003907:Dexamethasone