title: Association of NPAS3 exonic variation with schizophrenia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We previously identified the neuronal PAS3 (NPAS3) gene as a candidate gene for schizophrenia. A mother and daughter, both with schizophrenia, were carriers of a translocation, t(9;14)(q34;q13), that disrupts the NPAS3 gene. The gene is located at 14q13, a region implicated in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder in various linkage studies. NPAS3 belongs to the basic helix-loop-helix Per-Arnt-Sim (bHLH-PAS) transcription factor family, involved in diverse processes including the regulation of cell differentiation and circadian rhythms, and the development and function of the nervous system.
  
  
  METHODS
  The 12 exons encoding NPAS3 were sequenced in DNA from individuals with schizophrenia. NPAS3 variants were identified in exons 6 and 12, initially in 12 patients only. These two exons were then sequenced in 83 patients and 83 controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Three common variants of NPAS3, also found in controls, showed a positive association with schizophrenia (NM_001164749: rs12434716, c.1654G>C, p=0.009; rs10141940, c.2208C>T, p=0.01; rs10142034, c.2262C>G, p=0.01). The c.1654G>C variant, results in an p.Ala552Pro change and may affect NPAS3 protein function directly. Alternatively, the three SNPs may affect the splicing of NPAS3 transcripts, as they are each located within putative exonic splicing enhancer (ESE) motifs (ESEFinder). A c.726C>T variant, identified in three patients, is located in an ESE element and is predicted to reduce the function of the motif. Other variants, identified in controls, included c.2089G>A (p.Gly697Ser) and c.2097T>C. Our identification of potentially defective NPAS3 variants supports recent studies that implicate perturbations in NPAS3 pathways in impaired neurogenesis and psychosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. gm3@ualberta.ca
authors.forename: Georgina
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Macintyre
authors.forename: Tyler
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Alford
authors.forename: Lan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xiong
authors.forename: Guy A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Rouleau
authors.forename: Philip G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Tibbo
authors.forename: Diane W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Cox
mesh_terms: D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005091:Exons / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D055106:Genome-Wide Association Study / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics*; D012326:RNA Splicing / Q000235:genetics; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000235:genetics*; D020539:Sequence Analysis, Protein; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics*; D044465:White People
chemical_list: D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; C502963:NPAS3 protein, human