title: Gender differences in cardiovascular disease: hormonal and biochemical influences.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Atherosclerosis is a complex process characterized by an increase in vascular wall thickness owing to the accumulation of cells and extracellular matrix between the endothelium and the smooth muscle cell wall. There is evidence that females are at lower risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD) as compared to males. This has led to an interest in examining the contribution of genetic background and sex hormones to the development of CVD. The objective of this review is to provide an overview of factors, including those related to gender, that influence CVD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Evidence analysis from PubMed and individual searches concerning biochemical and endocrine influences and gender differences, which affect the origin and development of CVD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although still controversial, evidence suggests that hormones including estradiol and androgens are responsible for subtle cardiovascular changes long before the development of overt atherosclerosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Exposure to sex hormones throughout an individual's lifespan modulates many endocrine factors involved in atherosclerosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zaragoza, Clínico de Zaragoza Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain.
authors.forename: Faustino R
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Pérez-López
authors.forename: Luis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Larrad-Mur
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kallen
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chedraui
authors.forename: Hugh S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Taylor
mesh_terms: D000728:Androgens / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004958:Estradiol / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012737:Sex Factors
chemical_list: D000728:Androgens; D004958:Estradiol
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