title: Coding of facial expressions of pain in the laboratory mouse.
abstract: Facial expression is widely used as a measure of pain in infants; whether nonhuman animals display such pain expressions has never been systematically assessed. We developed the mouse grimace scale (MGS), a standardized behavioral coding system with high accuracy and reliability; assays involving noxious stimuli of moderate duration are accompanied by facial expressions of pain. This measure of spontaneously emitted pain may provide insight into the subjective pain experience of mice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology and Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Dale J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Langford
authors.forename: Andrea L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Bailey
authors.forename: Mona Lisa
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Chanda
authors.forename: Sarah E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Clarke
authors.forename: Tanya E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Drummond
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Echols
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Glick
authors.forename: Joelle
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ingrao
authors.forename: Tammy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Klassen-Ross
authors.forename: Michael L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Lacroix-Fralish
authors.forename: Lynn
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Matsumiya
authors.forename: Robert E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Sorge
authors.forename: Susana G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Sotocinal
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Tabaka
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Arn M J M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: van den Maagdenberg
authors.forename: Michel D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Ferrari
authors.forename: Kenneth D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Craig
authors.forename: Jeffrey S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Mogil
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005149:Facial Expression; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D010146:Pain / Q000523:psychology; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods*
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