title: Doxorubicin can penetrate nitrile gloves and induces apoptosis in keratinocytes cell lines.
abstract: Doxorubicin (DOXO) is an anthracycline antibiotic which is used in the treatment of human malignancies such as leukemia, lymphoma and a number of solid tumors, particularly breast cancer. Anthracyclines have been reported to contaminate chemotherapy workstation surfaces as well as other workplaces surfaces. The occupational exposure to these drugs could occur in hospitals, for nurses involved in anthracyclines preparation and administration, in chemical industries during the commercial formulate syntheses, and in analytical laboratories. Numerous studies investigated cutaneous effects related to DOXO administration, on the contrary few literature data are available about effects on the skin due to the direct contact with the drug. The present study investigated the DOXO permeability of three commercially available gloves' types used to protect skin in occupational contexts, as well as the effects of DOXO on human keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT). The results suggest that the DOXO permeability of gloves depends not only on glove material but also on DOXO solutions' pH, in fact nitrile gloves can be penetrated by acid solutions, while neither natural rubbers nor nitrile gloves are permeable to neutral solutions. Moreover, DOXO solutions, even at low concentration, cause apoptosis in epithelial cells, through activation of intrinsic pathway p53-independent.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Second University of Naples, Via L. De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Mariarosaria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Boccellino
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pedata
authors.forename: Loredana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Castiglia
authors.forename: Raffaele
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: La Porta
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pieri
authors.forename: Lucio
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Quagliuolo
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Acampora
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sannolo
authors.forename: Nadia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Miraglia
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D053453:Caspase 9 / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004317:Doxorubicin / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D017575:Gloves, Protective; D006801:Humans; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D009570:Nitriles / Q000737:chemistry*; D013997:Time Factors; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; C493956:CDKN1A protein, human; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D009570:Nitriles; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D004317:Doxorubicin; D053148:Caspase 3; D053453:Caspase 9