Pork contaminated with Salmonella enterica serovar 4,[5],12:i:-, an emerging health risk for humans.
Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar 4,[5],12:i:- is a monophasic variant of S. enterica serovar Typhimurium (antigenic formula 4,[5],12:i:1,2). Worldwide, especially in several European countries and the United States, it has been reported among the 10 most frequently isolated serovars in pigs and humans. In the study reported here, 148 strains of the monophasic serovar isolated from pigs, pork, and humans in 2006 and 2007 in Germany were characterized by various phenotypic and genotypic methods. This characterization was done in order to investigate their clonality, the prevalence of identical subtypes in pigs, pork, and humans, and the genetic relatedness to other S. enterica serovar Typhimurium subtypes in respect to the pathogenic and resistance gene repertoire. Two major clonal lineages of the monophasic serovar were detected which can be differentiated by their phage types and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) profiles. Seventy percent of the strains tested belonged to definite phage type DT193, and those strains were mainly assigned to PFGE cluster B. Nineteen percent of the strains were typed to phage type DT120 and of these 86% belonged to PFGE cluster A. Sixty-five percent of the isolates of both lineages carried core multiresistance to ampicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline, and sulfamethoxazole encoded by the genes bla(TEM1-like), strA-strB, tet(B), and sul2. No correlation to the source of isolation was observed in either lineage. Microarray analysis of 61 S. enterica serovar 4,[5],12:i:- and 20 S. enterica serovar Typhimurium isolates tested determining the presence or absence of 102 representative pathogenicity genes in Salmonella revealed no differences except minor variations in single strains within and between the serovars, e.g., by presence of the virulence plasmid in four strains. Overall the study indicates that in Germany S. enterica serovar 4,[5],12:i:- strains isolated from pig, pork, and human are highly related, showing their transmission along the food chain. Since the pathogenicity gene repertoire is highly similar to that of S. enterica serovar Typhimurium, it is essential that interventions are introduced at the farm level in order to limit human infection.
Hauser
Elisabeth
E
Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, National Reference Laboratory for Salmonella, Diedersdorfer Weg 1, Berlin, Germany.
Tietze
Erhard
E
Helmuth
Reiner
R
Junker
Ernst
E
Blank
Kathrin
K
Prager
Rita
R
Rabsch
Wolfgang
W
Appel
Bernd
B
Fruth
Angelika
A
Malorny
Burkhard
B
D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D001434:Bacteriophage Typing; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D016172:DNA Fingerprinting; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; D016521:Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; D005516:Food Microbiology; D005838:Genotype; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology; D012480:Salmonella Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D012481:Salmonella Infections, Animal / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000145:classification* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D012703:Serotyping; D013552:Swine; D013553:Swine Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D037521:Virulence Factors / Q000235:genetics
D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D037521:Virulence Factors
J Clin Microbiol. 1999 Oct;37(10):3425
10488227
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2009 Feb;75(4):1011-20
19114530
J Clin Microbiol. 2001 Aug;39(8):2981-3
11474028
J Bacteriol. 2004 Sep;186(17):5883-98
15317794
Jpn J Infect Dis. 2003 Aug;56(4):151-5
14583637
J Clin Microbiol. 2002 Jun;40(6):2074-8
12037067
J Clin Microbiol. 2005 Jun;43(6):2736-40
15956391
J Bacteriol. 1981 Mar;145(3):1365-73
7009583
Foodborne Pathog Dis. 2009 May;6(4):407-15
19292687
Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo. 2004 Mar-Apr;46(2):115-7
15141285
Euro Surveill. 2009 Apr 16;14(15):
19371515
J Clin Microbiol. 2009 Nov;47(11):3546-56
19741087
J Vet Med B Infect Dis Vet Public Health. 2004 Oct-Nov;51(8-9):389-92
15525371
Euro Surveill. 2007 Jun 01;12(6):E11-2
17991400
J Clin Microbiol. 2003 Jun;41(6):2395-400
12791855
Foodborne Pathog Dis. 2009 Jul-Aug;6(6):711-7
19580448
J Microbiol Methods. 2004 Nov;59(2):163-72
15369852
J Hyg (Lond). 1977 Apr;78(2):297-300
321679
J Clin Microbiol. 1998 Oct;36(10):2835-43
9738029
J Hyg (Lond). 1959 Sep;57:346-59
13807011
Avian Dis. 2007 Dec;51(4):958-64
18251408
Foodborne Pathog Dis. 2006 Spring;3(1):59-67
16602980