title: Demographic, lifestyle, medical and familial factors associated with primary biliary cirrhosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is believed to result from the interaction of genetic and environmental factors. The controlled studies aiming to assess risk factors for PBC are still limited. Our aim was to identify risk factors and co-morbidities associated with PBC in a large monocentric cohort.
  
  
  METHODS
  We enrolled 222 patients with PBC and 509 controls matched for age, gender, and residential location. Standardized questionnaire data, including more than 200 questions regarding demographic and anthropometric features, lifestyle, individual and familial medical history, and reproductive history, were prospectively collected and examined. Risk factors with odds ratio (OR) and confidence intervals (CI) were determined using conditional logistic regression analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Family history of PBC (OR 6.8, 95% CI 2.8-16.4) or autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) (OR 7.1, 95% CI 3.5-14.5) in first-degree relatives, and individual history of active or passive smoking (OR 3.1, 95% CI 2.0-5.0), recurrent urinary tract infections (UTI) (OR 2.7; 95% CI 2.0-3.7), AITD (OR 7.7, 95% CI 4.8-12.3), Sjögren syndrome (OR 11.9, 95% CI 5.4-26.3), Raynaud syndrome (OR 7.2, 95% CI 4.3-12.1), pruritus during pregnancy (OR 3.9, 95% CI 2.8-5.3), or abortion (OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.6-2.5) were significantly associated with increased risk of PBC, while use of oral contraceptives (OR 0.6; 95% CI 0.5-0.8) was associated with decreased risk.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study confirms some of the previously reported risk factors for PBC, namely family history of disease and individual history of smoking, UTI, and autoimmune conditions, and further identifies the use of oral contraceptives as a putative protective factor.
authors.affiliation: Service d'Hépatologie, Centre de référence des Maladies Inflammatoires des Voies Biliaires, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Paris, France. christophe.corpechot@sat.aphp.fr
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Corpechot
authors.forename: Yves
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chrétien
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Chazouillères
authors.forename: Raoul
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Poupon
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000235:genetics; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D005260:Female; D005602:France; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008105:Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011247:Pregnancy; D017584:Reproductive History; D012307:Risk Factors