title: Characterization and analysis of human chordoma cell lines.
abstract: METHODS
  An experimental study to investigate the characterization of 3 chordoma cell lines.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To characterize chordoma cell lines and generate hypothesis for further chordoma studies.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Three cultured human chordoma cell lines have been successfully generated; however, their characterization is incomplete. Complete characterization of chordoma cell lines is necessary for these reagents to be a useful preclinical model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three chordoma cell lines, CH 8, U-CH1, and GP 60, were cultured in different commercially available tissue culture media. They were also cultured in different environments, which included collagen substrate, various concentrations of glucose, and various levels of hypoxic conditions. The rate of cell proliferation was assessed by either MTT or numeration assay. A 3-dimensional (3D) cell culture model of these chordoma cell lines was also studied, and the expression of vimentin and cytokeratin was measured by immunofluorescence and Western blot. Additionally, the sensitivity of the 3 chordoma cell lines to 6 chemotherapeutic drugs was analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CH 8, GP 60, and U-CH1 cells proliferate more actively in Iscove Modified Dulbecco Medium or Dulbecco modified Eagle Medium and less actively in RPMI medium. All 3 chordoma cell lines universally grow better in collagen substrate and survive in hypoxic conditions, whereas glucose concentration has no significant influence on their growth properties. Chordoma cell lines grew well in 3D culture systems and formed acini-like spheroids and retained the expression of vimentin and cytokeratin. MTT analysis indicates that all 3 chordoma cell lines are sensitive to doxorubicin, yondelis, zalypsis, and cisplatin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We characterized 3 chordoma cell lines for differential growth properties in a variety of media and response to chemotherapeutic agents.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Center for Sarcoma and Connective Tissue Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
authors.forename: Cao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Francis J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Hornicek
authors.forename: Kirkham B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.forename: Joseph H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Schwab
authors.forename: Edwin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Choy
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Iafrate
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rosenberg
authors.forename: G Petur
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.forename: Ramnik J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Xavier
authors.forename: Henry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mankin
authors.forename: Zhenfeng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Duan
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism; D015153:Blotting, Western; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques / Q000379:methods; D015687:Cell Hypoxia; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects*; D002817:Chordoma / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D002945:Cisplatin / Q000494:pharmacology; D003094:Collagen / Q000378:metabolism; D004149:Dioxoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D004317:Doxorubicin / Q000494:pharmacology; D004354:Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D005947:Glucose / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D007633:Keratins / Q000378:metabolism; D044005:Tetrahydroisoquinolines / Q000494:pharmacology; D000077606:Trabectedin; D014746:Vimentin / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D004149:Dioxoles; C500383:PM 00104; D044005:Tetrahydroisoquinolines; D014746:Vimentin; D007633:Keratins; D004317:Doxorubicin; D003094:Collagen; D000077606:Trabectedin; D005947:Glucose; D002945:Cisplatin
references.citation: J Cell Sci. 1991 Sep;100 ( Pt 1):179-85
references.pmid: 1665496
references.citation: Curr Opin Oncol. 2007 Jul;19(4):367-70
references.pmid: 17545801
references.citation: Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 2001 Nov;32(3):203-11
references.pmid: 11579460
references.citation: J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2005 Oct;87(10):2211-6
references.pmid: 16203885
references.citation: Methods. 2003 Jul;30(3):256-68
references.pmid: 12798140
references.citation: Nat Rev Cancer. 2002 Jan;2(1):38-47
references.pmid: 11902584
references.citation: Cancer. 2000 May 1;88(9):2122-34
references.pmid: 10813725
references.citation: Biomaterials. 2005 Mar;26(9):979-86
references.pmid: 15369686
references.citation: Neurosurg Clin N Am. 2008 Jan;19(1):5-15
references.pmid: 18156043
references.citation: Nat Methods. 2007 Apr;4(4):359-65
references.pmid: 17396127
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Dec 28;101(52):18024-9
references.pmid: 15601776
references.citation: Eur J Cell Biol. 1989 Feb;48(1):135-41
references.pmid: 2545446
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998 Dec 8;95(25):14821-6
references.pmid: 9843973
references.citation: Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1983 May;9(5):633-42
references.pmid: 6406404
references.citation: Cell Biol Int Rep. 1985 Mar;9(3):291-6
references.pmid: 3986924
references.citation: Neurosurgery. 2006 Aug;59(2):230-7; discussion 230-7
references.pmid: 16883163
references.citation: Nature. 1999 May 20;399(6733):271-5
references.pmid: 10353251
references.citation: EMBO J. 2000 Aug 15;19(16):4298-309
references.pmid: 10944113
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 Feb 18;100(4):1943-8
references.pmid: 12576544
references.citation: Tissue Eng. 2005 Jan-Feb;11(1-2):182-91
references.pmid: 15738673
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995 Jun 6;92(12):5510-4
references.pmid: 7539918
references.citation: J Neurosurg. 1993 May;78(5):741-7
references.pmid: 8468605
references.citation: Biol Proced Online. 2003;5:222-227
references.pmid: 14647536
references.citation: J Pathol. 2006 Jun;209(2):143-6
references.pmid: 16604512
references.citation: Genes Dev. 1998 Jan 15;12(2):149-62
references.pmid: 9436976
references.citation: J Mater Sci Mater Med. 2004 Apr;15(4):391-5
references.pmid: 15332605
references.citation: J Neurosurg. 2006 Sep;105(3):482-4
references.pmid: 16961149
references.citation: Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2006 Feb 15;31(4):493-503
references.pmid: 16481964
references.citation: Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1999 Aug 15;24(16):1639-45
references.pmid: 10472097
references.citation: Radiother Oncol. 1996 Oct;41(1):67-72
references.pmid: 8961370
references.citation: Eur J Cancer. 1994;30A(9):1400-1
references.pmid: 7999434
references.citation: Science. 1956 Aug 10;124(3215):269-70
references.pmid: 13351639
references.citation: Int J Cancer. 1995 Sep 15;62(6):777-83
references.pmid: 7558430
references.citation: J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2006 Apr;132(4):213-8
references.pmid: 16362333
references.citation: Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2007 Dec 15;32(26):2957-64
references.pmid: 18091487
references.citation: Oncologist. 2007 Nov;12(11):1344-50
references.pmid: 18055855
references.citation: Nat Rev Cancer. 2008 Sep;8(9):705-13
references.pmid: 19143055
references.citation: Clin Cancer Res. 2003 Jul;9(7):2778-85
references.pmid: 12855658