title: Saxagliptin: a new dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor for type 2 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of saxagliptin, a new dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Searches of PubMed (1966-March 2010) and International Pharmacy Abstracts (1970-March 2010) were conducted using the key words saxagliptin, Onglyza, and BMS-477118. A review of bibliographies of retrieved articles was also performed to identify additional references.
  
  
  METHODS
  All identified studies published in English and involving efficacy and safety of saxagliptin in the treatment of type 2 diabetes were reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Saxagliptin is a competitive inhibitor of DPP-4 that slows the degradation of incretin hormones, thereby stimulating insulin secretion, reducing postprandial glucagon, and decreasing glucose levels. Saxagliptin is well absorbed after oral administration and demonstrates a pharmacokinetic profile that is compatible with once-daily dosing. Clinical trials with saxagliptin monotherapy for the treatment of type 2 diabetes showed a reduction in hemoglobin A(1c) (A1C) of 0.43-0.9%. Saxagliptin has demonstrated similar reductions in A1C when used as add-on therapy with metformin, sulfonylureas, and thiazolidinediones. The combination of saxagliptin and metformin for initial therapy in treatment-naïve patients was associated with greater improvements in A1C than either agent alone. In general, saxagliptin therapy is well tolerated. The most common adverse effects occurring in clinical trials were headache, nasopharyngitis, upper respiratory tract infections, and urinary tract infections.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Saxagliptin is effective as monotherapy or add-on therapy for the management of type 2 diabetes. Because saxagliptin has a higher cost and reduces A1C and other surrogate markers of glucose control to a lesser extent than other well-validated therapies, such as metformin, saxagliptin should be reserved for patients who fail or are intolerant of conventional treatments for type 2 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33328. nborja@nova.edu
authors.forename: Nancy L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Borja-Hart
authors.forename: Karen L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Whalen
mesh_terms: D000218:Adamantane / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000818:Animals; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic / Q000379:methods; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology*; D004151:Dipeptides / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D054873:Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006261:Headache / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000201:enzymology; D006801:Humans; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000201:enzymology
chemical_list: D004151:Dipeptides; D054873:Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors; C502994:saxagliptin; D000218:Adamantane