title: 6-Mercaptopurine exerts an immunomodulatory and neuroprotective effect on permanent focal cerebral occlusion in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A bursting cascade of inflammation imposes progressive neurological deterioration after experimental stroke has been demonstrated. In our study, 6-mercaptopurine (6-mp) has been successful in alleviating cerebral infarct in a rodent permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO) model. The present study was aimed to examine the effect of 6-mp on cytokine levels in experimental stroke.
  
  
  METHODS
  The rodent pMCAO model was employed. A dose of 2 mg/kg 6-mp or vehicle (0.1 mol/L PBS) was administered intraperitoneally 30 min after the induction of pMCAO. Neurological score, serum, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cytokines such as IL-1beta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha and infarct volume were determined 48 h after pMCAO.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cerebral infarction volume was significantly decreased in animals treated with 6-mp (74.3%, p < 0.01), and the ratio of tissue edema was also decreased in 6-mp-treated groups (71%). Animals receiving 6-mp thus showed a significant decrease in IL-1 and TNF-alpha (18/43% and 48/64% in CSF/serum, respectively) when compared with the pMCAO groups (p < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates that 6-mp interposes the production of IL-1 and TNF-alpha in CSF and serum, attenuates ischemic brain injury, and thus alleviates neurological deficits in the pMCAO animals. These findings also offer first evidence that 6-mp may attenuate TNF-alpha-related neuron apoptosis and also support the notion that 6-mp and other anti-inflammatory agents could potentially have therapeutic uses in cases of cerebral infarct.
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chih-Zen
authors.initials: CZ
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Aij-Lie
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Kwan
authors.forename: Shen-Long
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Howng
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D020520:Brain Infarction / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D020244:Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D008297:Male; D015122:Mercaptopurine / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009410:Nerve Degeneration / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D007375:Interleukin-1; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D015122:Mercaptopurine