title: Impact of environmental chemicals on lung development.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Disruption of fundamental biologic processes and associated signaling events may result in clinically significant alterations in lung development.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We reviewed evidence on the impact of environmental chemicals on lung development and key signaling events in lung morphogenesis, and the relevance of potential outcomes to public health and regulatory science .
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated the peer-reviewed literature on developmental lung biology and toxicology, mechanistic studies, and supporting epidemiology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lung function in infancy predicts pulmonary function throughout life. In utero and early postnatal exposures influence both childhood and adult lung structure and function and may predispose individuals to chronic obstructive lung disease and other disorders. The nutritional and endogenous chemical environment affects development of the lung and can result in altered function in the adult. Studies now suggest that similar adverse impacts may occur in animals and humans after exposure to environmentally relevant doses of certain xenobiotics during critical windows in early life. Potential mechanisms include interference with highly conserved factors in developmental processes such as gene regulation, molecular signaling, and growth factors involved in branching morphogenesis and alveolarization.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Assessment of environmental chemical impacts on the lung requires studies that evaluate specific alterations in structure or function-end points not regularly assessed in standard toxicity tests. Identifying effects on important signaling events may inform protocols of developmental toxicology studies. Such knowledge may enable policies promoting true primary prevention of lung diseases. Evidence of relevant signaling disruption in the absence of adequate developmental toxicology data should influence the size of the uncertainty factors used in risk assessments.
authors.affiliation: Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency, Oakland, California, USA. mmiller@oehha.ca.gov
authors.forename: Mark D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Melanie A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Marty
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D047109:Fetal Development / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000187:drug effects / Q000196:embryology* / Q000473:pathology; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D051379:Mice; D009024:Morphogenesis / Q000187:drug effects; D009538:Nicotine / Q000633:toxicity; D010126:Ozone / Q000633:toxicity; D010575:Pesticides / Q000633:toxicity; D010795:Phthalic Acids / Q000633:toxicity; D051381:Rats; D015262:Xenobiotics / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D010575:Pesticides; D010795:Phthalic Acids; D015262:Xenobiotics; D010126:Ozone; D009538:Nicotine
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