title: Deficient inhibition of return in chronic but not first-episode patients with schizophrenia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Inhibition of return (IOR) has been tested in patients with schizophrenia with contradictory results. Some studies indicated that patients with schizophrenia have normal levels of IOR; however, other studies reported delayed or blunted IOR. Inconsistency in findings might be due to differences across studies in relevant aspects associated with disease, such as heterogeneity of the disorder, different medications, onset and severity of the illness. The present study was to explore different patterns of IOR in antipsychotic medication free first-episode schizophrenia and chronic schizophrenia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty two patients with first-episode schizophrenia, 44 patients with chronic schizophrenia, and 38 healthy controls were included in the study. All subjects went through a covert orienting of attention task with seven stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) intervals (400 ms, 500 ms, 600 ms, 700 ms, 800 ms, 1200 ms and 1500 ms).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with healthy controls, the magnitude and onset of IOR in first-episode patients with schizophrenia were intact. However, in patients with chronic schizophrenia, there was an attenuated cuing effect especially at SOA 700 ms; in addition, there was a robust IOR until at SOAs 800 ms or above. Moreover, the illness duration and the number of psychotic episodes were significantly correlated with the validity effect at SOAs 400 ms and 600 ms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study suggests that deficient IOR presents in chronic but not in first-episode patients with schizophrenia. IOR deficit in schizophrenia may begin during the course of illness and deteriorate over the course of illness. Our findings are consistent with the neurodegenerative model of schizophrenia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China.
authors.forename: Dengtang
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Xiaoduo
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Zhiliang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Kaiming
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zhuo
authors.forename: Zhenhua
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Chunbo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Jijun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Yifeng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology*; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D003463:Cues; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007266:Inhibition, Psychological; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000503:physiopathology*