title: Identification, characterization, and effects of Xenopus laevis PNAS-4 gene on embryonic development.
abstract: Apoptosis plays an important role in embryonic development. PNAS-4 has been demonstrated to induce apoptosis in several cancer cells. In this study, we cloned Xenopus laevis PNAS-4 (xPNAS-4), which is homologous to the human PNAS-4 gene. Bioinformatics analysis for PNAS-4 indicated that xPNAS-4 shared 87.6% identity with human PNAS-4 and 85.5% with mouse PNAS-4. The phylogenetic tree of PNAS-4 protein was also summarized. An analysis of cellular localization using an EGFP-fused protein demonstrated that xPNAS-4 was localized in the perinuclear region of the cytoplasm. RT-PCR analysis revealed that xPNAS-4, as a maternally expressed gene, was present in all stages of early embryo development. Whole-mount in situ hybridization showed that xPNAS-4 was mainly expressed in ectoderm and mesoderm. Furthermore, microinjection of xPNAS-4 mRNA in vivo caused developmental defects manifesting as a small eye phenotype in the Xenopous embryos, and as a small eye or one-eye phenotype in developing zebrafish embryos. In addition, embryos microinjected with xPNAS-4 antisense morpholino oligonucleotides (MOs) exhibited a failure of head development and shortened axis.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
authors.forename: Fei
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.forename: Xu-zhi
authors.initials: XZ
authors.lastname: Ruan
authors.forename: Han-shuo
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Shao-hua
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.forename: Xin-yu
authors.initials: XY
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Lan-tu
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Gou
authors.forename: Fan-xin
authors.initials: FX
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Zhu
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.forename: Hong-xin
authors.initials: HX
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.forename: Yu-quan
authors.initials: YQ
authors.lastname: Wei
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D019295:Computational Biology; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000196:embryology* / Q000378:metabolism; D047108:Embryonic Development / Q000235:genetics*; D005124:Eye Abnormalities / Q000473:pathology; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D006801:Humans; D008845:Microinjections; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D021381:Protein Transport; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors; D029867:Xenopus Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D014982:Xenopus laevis / Q000196:embryology* / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; C524210:DESI2 protein, Xenopus; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D029867:Xenopus Proteins
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