title: Recommended antimicrobial treatment of uncomplicated gonorrhoea in 2009 in 11 East European countries: implementation of a Neisseria gonorrhoeae antimicrobial susceptibility programme in this region is crucial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Neisseria gonorrhoeae (gonococcus) is a major problem worldwide. Quality-assured and quality-controlled AMR surveillance data on gonococci globally are crucial for public health purposes. In East European countries, knowledge regarding gonococcal AMR and its prevalence is limited.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To ascertain the recommendations for antimicrobial treatment of uncomplicated gonorrhoea in 11 East European countries, valuable information for introducing an international gonococcal AMR surveillance programme.
  
  
  METHODS
  A questionnaire was used to collect information regarding the types, doses and manufacturers of the antimicrobials recommended for gonorrhoea treatment in all countries.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ceftriaxone (250-1000 mg, intramuscularly (IM)×1) was reported as a first-line antimicrobial in all countries (n=11). Many of the second-line and alternative treatments seemed suboptimal for empirical treatment. Regionally manufactured antimicrobials were predominantly used and easily available, and some may be of suboptimal quality. This generates effective prerequisites for emergence, and rapid spread of gonococcal AMR and gonorrhoea.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ceftriaxone was first-line antimicrobial in all the 11 East European countries, which is an appropriate choice also in a global perspective. However, the adherence, especially among private physicians, to these public sector recommendations is questionable. Implementation of national and international gonococcal AMR surveillance in this region is crucial; to provide evidence-based data for regular and timely updating of treatment guidelines, to identify emerging resistance, and to assist in the prevention, control and containment of gonococcal AMR and gonorrhoea.
authors.affiliation: National Reference Laboratory for Pathogenic Neisseria, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Microbiology, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro SE-701 85, Sweden. magnus.unemo@orebroll.se
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Unemo
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Shipitsyna
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Domeika
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; D005061:Europe, Eastern / Q000453:epidemiology; D006069:Gonorrhea / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006291:Health Policy; D006801:Humans; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D009344:Neisseria gonorrhoeae; D011159:Population Surveillance; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents