title: The toxicology of homicide offenders and victims: A review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The toxicology of homicide offenders and victims, and homicide as a cause of death among psychoactive substance users.
  
  
  METHODS
  Review of the toxicology of homicide, and homicide as a cause of death among psychoactive substance users.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A half or more of offenders are intoxicated by a psychoactive substance at the time of the homicide, with alcohol the most commonly reported substance. Levels of substances among victims are comparable with those seen among perpetrators. Among both offenders and victims, levels of substances far exceed population use. Among substance users, homicide specific mortality rates of substance users far exceed population rates. Reducing rates of alcohol and other drug consumption, at national and individual levels, can be expected to substantially reduce rates of, and risk for, homicide.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Psychoactive substances are strongly associated with homicide. One of the major societal benefits that can be derived from active attempts to reduce alcohol and other drug use are reductions in homicide rates.
authors.affiliation: National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia. s.darke@unsw.edu.au
authors.forename: Shane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Darke
mesh_terms: D002423:Cause of Death; D019548:Crime Victims / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D053593:Forensic Toxicology; D006708:Homicide / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs / Q000032:analysis; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D011619:Psychotropic Drugs