title: Callus formation is associated with hyperproliferation and incomplete differentiation of keratinocytes, and increased expression of adhesion molecules.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A callus is a local thickening of skin, characterized by accelerated keratinization and a reduced rate of desquamation. However, the mechanism of callus formation is not fully understood.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the expression patterns, in callused skin, of genes that are implicated in keratinization and adhesion/desquamation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Samples of skin from the dorsum of the foot (DF), centre of the plantar arch (CP) and anterior aspect of the heel (AH) were obtained from fresh cadavers, and protein and gene expression were determined by immunohistochemistry and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The stratum corneum in the DF showed a splitting phenotype by conventional haematoxylin and eosin staining, while the stratum corneum was normal in the AH. Cells of the stratum corneum in the AH were nonsquamous. Expression of cornification-related molecules including involucrin, filaggrin, caspase 14 and calcium-sensing receptor was higher in the AH. Similarly, expression of adhesive proteins such as corneodesmosin, desmoglein 1 and desmocollin 1 was increased in the AH. However, protease-activated receptor 2 expression was reduced in the stratum granulosum in the AH. The number of proliferating cells in the stratum basale was significantly increased in the AH, compared with the DF and CP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest that calluses form as a result of hyperproliferation and incomplete differentiation of epidermal keratinocytes, and increased expression of adhesion molecules.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Research Institute for Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, 55 Munhwa-ro, Daejeon 301-747, Korea.
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: H I
authors.initials: HI
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Y J
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Y S
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: K C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Sohn
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Y H
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002102:Cadaver; D002145:Callosities / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules / Q000378:metabolism*; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000502:physiology; D000091344:Filaggrin Proteins; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D005533:Foot Dermatoses / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D010641:Phenotype; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules; C000717249:FLG protein, human; D000091344:Filaggrin Proteins