title: Effects of exercise induced oxidative stress on glutathione levels in Parkinson's disease on and off medication.
abstract: Resting plasma glutathione (GSH) levels are lower in individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD) than any other neurological condition. Medications used to treat PD have also been shown to further decrease this depletion. Acute exercise has been shown to be an effective tool to produce oxidative stress in other populations as reflected in lowering levels of GSH. The purpose of this study was to determine how PD responds to acute exercise stress and how medication affects these responses. Fourteen men with PD and 14 men without PD underwent an exercise stress test. Subjects with PD performed the test once off PD medication (PD-Off-med) for 12 h then again 1 week later on PD medication (PD-On-med). GSH and glutathione disulfide (GSSG), were collected via blood draws at rest and after peak exercise along with peak VO(2). At rest and at peak exercise GSH levels and the GSH:GSSG ratio were significantly lower in the PD-On-med and PD-Off-med as compared to controls. GSSG levels were significantly higher in both medication conditions at rest and peak exercise compared to controls. When comparing PD-On-med vs. PD-Off-med at rest and peak exercise, the PD-On-med had lower GSH levels, a lower GSH:GSSG ratio and higher GSSG levels. VO(2) correlated positively with GSH levels. Subjects with PD have lower plasma GSH levels than healthy controls at rest and at peak exercise.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Elokda
authors.forename: Joanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: DiFrancisco-Donoghue
authors.forename: Eric M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Lamberg
authors.forename: William G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Werner
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000379:methods; D015444:Exercise; D005978:Glutathione / Q000097:blood*; D019803:Glutathione Disulfide / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology*; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation
chemical_list: D005978:Glutathione; D019803:Glutathione Disulfide
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1999 Dec;277(6):R1697-704
references.pmid: 10600916
references.citation: Mov Disord. 2009 Sep 15;24(12):1773-8
references.pmid: 19562762
references.citation: Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2007 Oct;14(5):630-7
references.pmid: 17925621
references.citation: J Strength Cond Res. 2005 May;19(2):276-85
references.pmid: 15903362
references.citation: Ageing Res Rev. 2005 May;4(2):288-314
references.pmid: 15936251
references.citation: Acta Physiol Scand. 1991 Jun;142(2):275-81
references.pmid: 1877376
references.citation: J Rehabil Res Dev. 2000 Sep-Oct;37(5):529-34
references.pmid: 11322151
references.citation: Eur J Biochem. 2000 Aug;267(16):4904-11
references.pmid: 10931172
references.citation: Antioxid Redox Signal. 2005 Jul-Aug;7(7-8):900-10
references.pmid: 15998245
references.citation: Neurology. 1967 May;17(5):427-42
references.pmid: 6067254
references.citation: J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001 Nov 15;38(6):1734-40
references.pmid: 11704389
references.citation: CNS Drugs. 2003;17(10):729-62
references.pmid: 12873156
references.citation: Neurotoxicology. 2002 Oct;23(4-5):479-86
references.pmid: 12428720
references.citation: Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2008 Aug;40(8):1385-9
references.pmid: 18614956
references.citation: Ann Neurol. 2003;53 Suppl 3:S26-36; discussion S36-8
references.pmid: 12666096
references.citation: Neurobiol Dis. 2000 Aug;7(4):240-50
references.pmid: 10964596
references.citation: Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1999 Jun;31(6):761-6
references.pmid: 10378900
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 1988 Jan;64(1):115-9
references.pmid: 3356628
references.citation: Can J Appl Physiol. 2004 Jun;29(3):245-63
references.pmid: 15199226
references.citation: J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2001 Nov;71(5):607-10
references.pmid: 11606670
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 1994 Nov;77(5):2177-87
references.pmid: 7868431
references.citation: Neurology. 2007 Jan 30;68(5):384-6
references.pmid: 17082464
references.citation: J Neurol Phys Ther. 2006 Jun;30(2):68-73
references.pmid: 16796771
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 1996 Nov;81(5):2198-202
references.pmid: 8941545
references.citation: Br J Sports Med. 2004 Apr;38(2):143-7; discussion 147
references.pmid: 15039248
references.citation: Mov Disord. 2005;20 Suppl 11:S23-9
references.pmid: 15822106
references.citation: Phys Ther. 1996 Jan;76(1):34-40
references.pmid: 8545491
references.citation: J Cardiopulm Rehabil. 2005 Jul-Aug;25(4):215-9
references.pmid: 16056068
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1992 Nov;263(5 Pt 2):R992-5
references.pmid: 1443237