title: Surgery for secondary spontaneous pneumothorax.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Secondary spontaneous pneumothorax (SSP) can occur in patients who are suffering from diffuse lung disease. The main cause of SSP is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). In contrast to primary spontaneous pneumothorax, SSP is a potentially life-threatening condition because patients with SSP also have limited cardiopulmonary reserve. Prompt diagnosis and treatment of SSP are mandatory. In this review, thoracoscopy, a less invasive surgical treatment for SSP, is discussed from the viewpoint of postoperative morbidity, mortality, and recurrence of SSP.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A meta-analysis showed that postoperative recurrence of pneumothorax is more frequently observed following thoracoscopy than following open thoracotomy. Recent studies on thoracoscopic surgery for SSP have shown that the rate of postoperative morbidity is still high (15-27.7%) and thoracoscopy is sometimes replaced with open thoracotomy because of dense pleural adhesion or inability to maintain one-lung ventilation during surgery. However, many thoracic surgeons prefer to perform thoracoscopic surgery for SSP because it is less invasive than open thoracotomy. Techniques for bullectomy and pleurodesis are currently being adapted to decrease the recurrence rate of pneumothorax.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thoracoscopic surgery for the treatment of SSP should be less invasive to reduce postoperative morbidity, and it should also be more effective to reduce the recurrence of pneumothorax.
authors.affiliation: The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Japan. nakajima-tho@h.u-tokyo.ac.jp
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nakajima
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D011030:Pneumothorax / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000150:complications; D012008:Recurrence; D013906:Thoracoscopy