title: Effects and mechanism of Weinaokang on reperfusion-induced vascular injury to cerebral microvessels after global cerebral ischemia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the effects of the Weinaokang (WNK), the active compounds extracted from Ginkgo, Ginseng, and saffron, on ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-induced vascular injury to cerebral microvessels after global cerebral ischemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into 5 groups (10 animals/group): the sham group (0.5% CMC-Na, 20 mL/kg), the I/R model group (0.5% CMCNa, 20 mL/kg), the I/R+Crocin control group (20 mg/kg), the I/R+high dose WNK group (20 mg/kg), and the I/R+low dose WNK group (10 mg/kg). Bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO, 20 min) in mice, followed by 24 h reperfusion, was built. The generation of nitric oxide (NO), the activity of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 (ERK1/2), and the expression of matrix metalloproteinases-9 (MMP-9) and G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) in cortical microvascular homogenates were evaluated. The ultrastructural morphology of cortical microvascular endothelial cells (CMEC) was observed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The transient global cerebral ischemia (20 min), followed by 24 h of reperfusion, significantly promoted the generation of NO and the activity of NOS. The reperfusion led to serious edema with mitochondrial injuries in the cortical CMEC, as well as enhanced membrane GRK2 expression and reduced cytosol GRK2 expression. Furthermore, enhanced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and decreased expression of MMP-9 were detected in cortical microvessels after I/R (20 min/24 h). As well as the positive control Crocin (20 mg/kg, 21days), pre-treatment with WNK (20, 10 mg/kg, 21 days) markedly inhibited nitrative injury and modulated the ultrastructure of CMEC. Furthermore, WNK inhibited GRK2 translocation from cytosol to the membrane (at 20 mg/kg) and reduced ERK1/2 phosphorylation and MMP-9 expression in cortical microvessels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  WNK and its active compounds (Crocin) are effective to suppress I/R-induced vascular injury to cerebral microvessels after global cerebral ischemia with the target on GRK2 pathways.
authors.affiliation: Research Center, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing (100091), China.
authors.forename: Yong-qiu
authors.initials: YQ
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: Jian-xun
authors.initials: JX
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Xin-zhi
authors.initials: XZ
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000098:blood supply / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal / Q000494:pharmacology*; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D054769:G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D055806:Microvessels / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D014018:Tissue Distribution / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal; C552039:weinaokang; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; C496568:GRK2 protein, mouse; D054769:G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 2; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9
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