title: Association of environmental tobacco smoke exposure with elevated home blood pressure in Japanese women: the Ohasama study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Only a few of numerous epidemiological studies have demonstrated a positive association between environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure and blood pressure (BP), despite experimental studies showing such a positive association. The association between home blood pressure (HBP) and ETS exposure was investigated in the general population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five hundred and seventy-nine nonsmoking Japanese women were enrolled. The participants were classified into four categories according to their responses to a self-administered questionnaire: unexposed women (non-ETS), women exposed at home [ETS(home)], at the workplace/other places [ETS(work/other)] and at home and at the workplace/other places [ETS(both)]. Variables were compared using analysis of covariance adjusted for age, marital status, body mass index, diabetes mellitus, stroke, heart disease, hyperlipidemia, alcohol intake, salt intake and activity levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In participants without antihypertensive medication, systolic morning HBP in ETS(both) was 4 mmHg higher than that in non-ETS (116.8 +/- 1.01 vs. 113.1 +/- 1.08 mmHg, P = 0.02) and systolic morning HBP in ETS(home) and systolic evening HBP in ETS(both) were 3 mmHg higher than those in non-ETS (116.2 +/- 1.07 vs. 113.1 +/- 1.08 mmHg, P = 0.04; and 115.3 +/- 1.02 vs. 111.9 +/- 1.09 mmHg, P = 0.03, respectively). In participants with antihypertensive medication, ETS exposure status was not significantly associated with increased HBP levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A positive association between HBP levels and ETS exposure was confirmed. HBP measurement is recommended in population-based studies investigating the effects of ETS exposure. ETS exposure may increase BP, thereby synergistically contributing to unfavorable cardiovascular outcomes along with other deleterious effects of ETS.
authors.affiliation: Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medicine, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Sendai, Japan.
authors.forename: Mami
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Seki
authors.forename: Ryusuke
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.forename: Takayoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ohkubo
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kikuya
authors.forename: Azusa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hara
authors.forename: Hirohito
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Metoki
authors.forename: Takuo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hirose
authors.forename: Megumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tsubota-Utsugi
authors.forename: Kei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Asayama
authors.forename: Atsuhiro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kanno
authors.forename: Taku
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Obara
authors.forename: Haruhisa
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hoshi
authors.forename: Kazuhito
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Totsune
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Satoh
authors.forename: Yutaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Imai
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D044466:Asian People; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D018660:Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution