title: A systematic review of personality disorder, race and ethnicity: prevalence, aetiology and treatment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although psychoses and ethnicity are well researched, the importance of culture, race and ethnicity has been overlooked in Personality Disorders (PD) research. This study aimed to review the published literature on ethnic variations of prevalence, aetiology and treatment of PD.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic review of studies of PD and race, culture and ethnicity including a narrative synthesis of observational data and meta-analyses of prevalence data with tests for heterogeneity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were few studies with original data on personality disorder and ethnicity. Studies varied in their classification of ethnic group, and few studies defined a specific type of personality disorder. Overall, meta-analyses revealed significant differences in prevalence between black and white groups (OR 0.476, CIs 0.248 - 0.915, p = 0.026) but no differences between Asian or Hispanic groups compared with white groups. Meta-regression analyses found that heterogeneity was explained by some study characteristics: a lower prevalence of PD was reported among black compared with white patients in UK studies, studies using case-note diagnoses rather than structured diagnostic interviews, studies of borderline PD compared with the other PD, studies in secure and inpatient compared with community settings, and among subjects with co-morbid disorders compared to the rest. The evidence base on aetiology and treatment was small.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is some evidence of ethnic variations in prevalence of personality disorder but methodological characteristics are likely to account for some of the variation. The findings may indicate neglect of PD diagnosis among ethnic groups, or a true lower prevalence amongst black patients. Further studies are required using more precise cultural and ethnic groups.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Psychiatry, Barts & The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Old Anatomy Building, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: McGilloway
authors.forename: Ruth E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: Tennyson
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Kamaldeep S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Bhui
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D010554:Personality Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000628:therapy; D015995:Prevalence; D044469:Racial Groups / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
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