title: Development and use of FRAX in osteoporosis.
abstract: This paper reviews briefly the development and clinical use of FRAX in the development of assessment guidelines for osteoporosis.Fractures are the clinical consequence of osteoporosis and are a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Several treatments are available that have been shown to decrease the risk of fracture, but problems arise in identifying individuals at high fracture risk so that treatments can be effectively targeted. Case finding can be enhanced by the consideration of clinical risk factors that provide information on fracture risk over and above that provided by bone mineral density measurements. The FRAX tool integrates information on fracture risk from clinical risk factors with or without the use of BMD and can be used to improve the targeting of individuals at high fracture risk.
authors.affiliation: WHO Collaborating Centre for Metabolic Bone Diseases, University of Sheffield Medical School, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK. w.j.pontefract@shef.ac.uk
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Kanis
authors.forename: E V
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: McCloskey
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Johansson
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Oden
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ström
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Borgström
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000465:Algorithms; D050071:Bone Density Conservation Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000188:drug therapy; D058866:Osteoporotic Fractures / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014944:World Health Organization
chemical_list: D050071:Bone Density Conservation Agents
references.citation: J Bone Miner Res. 2002 Jul;17(7):1237-44
references.pmid: 12096837
references.citation: Osteoporos Int. 2005 Jul;16(7):737-42
references.pmid: 15455194
references.citation: Orthopade. 2007 Jul;36(7):683-90; quiz 691
references.pmid: 17605128
references.citation: Osteoporos Int. 2005 Mar;16(3):239-54
references.pmid: 15726235
references.citation: J Clin Densitom. 2007 Apr-Jun;10(2):120-3
references.pmid: 17485028
references.citation: Lancet. 2002 Jun 1;359(9321):1929-36
references.pmid: 12057569
references.citation: J Bone Miner Res. 2004 Jun;19(6):893-9
references.pmid: 15125788
references.citation: J Bone Miner Res. 2003 Jun;18(6):1139-41
references.pmid: 12817771
references.citation: Health Technol Assess. 2007 Mar;11(7):iii-iv, ix-xi, 1-231
references.pmid: 17311734
references.citation: Osteoporos Int. 2005 Jun;16(6):581-9
references.pmid: 15616758
references.citation: Rev Med Liege. 2009 Dec;64(12):612-9
references.pmid: 20143744
references.citation: Osteoporos Int. 2008 Oct;19(10):1395-408
references.pmid: 18751937
references.citation: Osteoporos Int. 2005 Feb;16(2):155-62
references.pmid: 15175845
references.citation: Osteoporos Int. 2008 Apr;19(4):449-58
references.pmid: 18292975
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 1988 Jun;81(6):1804-9
references.pmid: 3384952
references.citation: Bone. 2004 Nov;35(5):1029-37
references.pmid: 15542027
references.citation: Osteoporos Int. 2008 Apr;19(4):399-428
references.pmid: 18266020
references.citation: Osteoporos Int. 2005 Mar;16(3):229-38
references.pmid: 15618996
references.citation: Osteoporos Int. 2002 Jul;13(7):527-36
references.pmid: 12111012
references.citation: Osteoporos Int. 2009 Nov;20(11):1939-45
references.pmid: 19326036
references.citation: Bone. 2009 Jun;44(6):1049-54
references.pmid: 19254788
references.citation: Osteoporos Int. 2008 Apr;19(4):437-47
references.pmid: 18292976
references.citation: Osteoporos Int. 2000;11(8):669-74
references.pmid: 11095169
references.citation: Osteoporos Int. 2010 Mar;21(3):381-9
references.pmid: 19517155
references.citation: Bone. 2004 Aug;35(2):375-82
references.pmid: 15268886
references.citation: Osteoporos Int. 2008 Apr;19(4):429-35
references.pmid: 18292977
references.citation: Osteoporos Int. 2009 May;20(5):811-7
references.pmid: 19002369
references.citation: Ortop Traumatol Rehabil. 2007 Jul-Aug;9(4):337-56
references.pmid: 17882114
references.citation: Osteoporos Int. 2005 Nov;16(11):1330-8
references.pmid: 15928804
references.citation: Bone. 2008 Jan;42(1):4-15
references.pmid: 18156107
references.citation: Osteoporos Int. 2007 Aug;18(8):1033-46
references.pmid: 17323110
references.citation: Osteoporos Int. 2008 Apr;19(4):383-4
references.pmid: 18297369
references.citation: Osteoporos Int. 2001 Dec;12(12):989-95
references.pmid: 11846333