title: Ant venoms.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The review summarizes knowledge about ants that are known to sting humans and their venoms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fire ants and Chinese needle ants are showing additional spread of range. Fire ants are now important in much of Asia. Venom allergens have been characterized and studied for fire ants and jack jumper ants. The first studies of Pachycondyla venoms have been reported, and a major allergen is Pac c 3, related to Sol i 3 from fire ants. There are very limited data available for other ant groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ants share some common proteins in venoms, but each group appears to have a number of possibly unique components. Further proteomic studies should expand and clarify our knowledge of these fascinating animals.
authors.affiliation: Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina 27834, USA. hoffmand@ecu.edu
authors.forename: Donald R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Hoffman
mesh_terms: D000485:Allergens / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology; D000818:Animals; D000862:Ant Venoms / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology; D001000:Ants / Q000145:classification / Q000276:immunology*; D001208:Asia; D006801:Humans; D006967:Hypersensitivity / Q000209:etiology* / Q000276:immunology; D007299:Insect Bites and Stings / Q000276:immunology*; D019476:Insect Proteins / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology; D009656:North America
chemical_list: D000485:Allergens; D000862:Ant Venoms; D019476:Insect Proteins; C080289:Sol i II protein, Solenopsis invicta