title: Functional imaging of renal cell carcinoma.
abstract: The incidence of early and advanced-stage renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is increasing. Methods of diagnosing, staging and evaluating tumor burden that are more accurate and reliable than the currently available options are needed in order to identify RCC at a stage at which it is curable and to accurately determine the response to treatment. Functional imaging, particularly with combined PET-CT, might improve accuracy of detection and provide essential information that has been unavailable to date. This approach is against a background in which targeted therapies for metastatic RCC have entered clinical practice in the past few years, further highlighting the importance of accurate imaging for patient selection and for monitoring response to treatment. We outline the current clinical status of functional imaging in RCC using PET-CT, which allows simultaneous capture and co-registration of functional and anatomical data. New radiotracers and approaches-including radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies and imaging of tumor hypoxia-are touched on, and areas of future research discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Toronto, Princess Margaret Hospital, ON, Canada. nathan.lawrentschuk@uhn.on.ca <nathan.lawrentschuk@uhn.on.ca>
authors.forename: Nathan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lawrentschuk
authors.forename: Ian D
authors.initials: ID
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: Damien M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Bolton
authors.forename: Andrew M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Scott
mesh_terms: D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000473:pathology*; D003657:Decision Making; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000473:pathology; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D016719:Radioimmunodetection; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
chemical_list: D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18
references.citation: J Urol. 1991 Dec;146(6):1470-4
references.pmid: 1942320
references.citation: Curr Opin Oncol. 2008 Jan;20(1):104-11
references.pmid: 18043264
references.citation: Clin Radiol. 1997 Jul;52(7):510-5
references.pmid: 9240703
references.citation: BJU Int. 2005 Aug;96(3):291-5
references.pmid: 16042716
references.citation: Urologe A. 1996 Mar;35(2):146-50
references.pmid: 8650849
references.citation: Intern Med J. 2001 Jan-Feb;31(1):27-36
references.pmid: 11478353
references.citation: Semin Nucl Med. 1997 Jan;27(1):10-29
references.pmid: 9122720
references.citation: Cancer Biother Radiopharm. 2004 Apr;19(2):155-63
references.pmid: 15186595
references.citation: BJU Int. 2009 Mar;103(5):615-9
references.pmid: 19007371
references.citation: Br J Radiol. 2002 Nov;75 Spec No:S24-30
references.pmid: 12519732
references.citation: Int J Cancer. 2009 Jul 1;125(1):115-23
references.pmid: 19384924
references.citation: BJU Int. 2005 Sep;96(4):540-6
references.pmid: 16104907
references.citation: Eur J Cancer. 2009 Jan;45(2):228-47
references.pmid: 19097774
references.citation: Urol Int. 2003;71(3):306-9
references.pmid: 14512653
references.citation: Cancer Imaging. 2006 Oct 31;6:S52-62
references.pmid: 17114079
references.citation: Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2009 Mar;36(3):422-7
references.pmid: 19018529
references.citation: Nat Clin Pract Oncol. 2008 Mar;5(3):160-70
references.pmid: 18253106
references.citation: Eur Urol. 2009 Dec;56(6):959-71
references.pmid: 19748725
references.citation: J Nucl Med. 2001 Dec;42(12):1815-7
references.pmid: 11752078
references.citation: Eur Urol. 2008 Mar;53(3):497-513
references.pmid: 18191015
references.citation: Eur Urol. 2005 Jul;48(1):77-81; discussion 81-2
references.pmid: 15967255
references.citation: Clin Cancer Res. 2005 May 15;11(10):3714-21
references.pmid: 15897568
references.citation: Int J Urol. 2002 Jan;9(1):15-8
references.pmid: 11972644
references.citation: J Nucl Med. 2003 Oct;44(10):1663-70
references.pmid: 14530484
references.citation: Eur J Cancer Prev. 2007 Feb;16(1):90-4
references.pmid: 17220710
references.citation: CA Cancer J Clin. 2009 Jul-Aug;59(4):225-49
references.pmid: 19474385
references.citation: Urologe A. 1995 Mar;34(2):138-42
references.pmid: 7754585
references.citation: Curr Opin Support Palliat Care. 2009 Sep;3(3):157-65
references.pmid: 19528804
references.citation: World J Urol. 2004 Nov;22(5):307-15
references.pmid: 15290202
references.citation: J Urol. 2001 Sep;166(3):825-30
references.pmid: 11490227
references.citation: Curr Opin Oncol. 2008 May;20(3):321-6
references.pmid: 18391633
references.citation: Urology. 2000 Feb;55(2):286
references.pmid: 10754170
references.citation: Curr Opin Urol. 2001 Mar;11(2):175-9
references.pmid: 11224748
references.citation: Med J Aust. 2005 Feb 21;182(4):172-6
references.pmid: 15720173
references.citation: Curr Med Chem. 2008;15(12):1166-74
references.pmid: 18473811
references.citation: J Urol. 2002 Jan;167(1):57-60
references.pmid: 11743275
references.citation: Nucl Med Commun. 2002 Mar;23(3):229-36
references.pmid: 11891480
references.citation: Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2008 Jan 1;70(1):2-13
references.pmid: 17869020
references.citation: J Nucl Med. 2009 May;50 Suppl 1:122S-50S
references.pmid: 19403881
references.citation: BJU Int. 2006 May;97(5):916-22
references.pmid: 16643471
references.citation: Urol Oncol. 2004 May-Jun;22(3):193-6
references.pmid: 15271314
references.citation: J Urol. 1998 Feb;159(2):347-56
references.pmid: 9649238
references.citation: Cancer Biother Radiopharm. 2009 Feb;24(1):137-44
references.pmid: 19243256
references.citation: Urology. 2008 Sep;72(3):603-7
references.pmid: 18384848
references.citation: Nat Rev Urol. 2009 Jul;6(7):375-83
references.pmid: 19528960
references.citation: Urol Oncol. 2011 Jul-Aug;29(4):411-20
references.pmid: 19523858
references.citation: J Nucl Med. 2007 Aug;48(8):1313-9
references.pmid: 17631557
references.citation: Tumori. 2009 May-Jun;95(3):382-4
references.pmid: 19688982
references.citation: Nat Rev Urol. 2010 May;7(5):245-57
references.pmid: 20448658
references.citation: Lancet Oncol. 2007 Apr;8(4):304-10
references.pmid: 17395103
references.citation: Clin Nephrol. 2002 Jan;57(1):56-62
references.pmid: 11837802
references.citation: J Nucl Med. 2000 Jan;41(1):78-84
references.pmid: 10647608
references.citation: Gut. 2003 Nov;52(11):1602-6
references.pmid: 14570730
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2007 Jan 11;356(2):115-24
references.pmid: 17215529
references.citation: J Nucl Med. 1999 May;40(5):829-36
references.pmid: 10319758
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2003 Jul 31;349(5):427-34
references.pmid: 12890841
references.citation: J Urol. 2004 May;171(5):1806-9
references.pmid: 15076281
references.citation: J Clin Oncol. 2004 Feb 1;22(3):454-63
references.pmid: 14752067
references.citation: Cancer Res. 2001 Nov 1;61(21):7925-33
references.pmid: 11691814
references.citation: Oncology. 2006;70(5):339-44
references.pmid: 17164590
references.citation: Radiol Clin North Am. 2005 Jan;43(1):189-204
references.pmid: 15693656
references.citation: JAMA. 1999 May 5;281(17):1628-31
references.pmid: 10235157
references.citation: Clin Genitourin Cancer. 2009 Aug;7(2):E39-41
references.pmid: 19692322
references.citation: Clin Nucl Med. 2006 Dec;31(12):788-9
references.pmid: 17117073
references.citation: Top Magn Reson Imaging. 2007 Jun;18(3):193-202
references.pmid: 17762383
references.citation: J Clin Oncol. 2003 Nov 1;21(21):3995-4000
references.pmid: 14581422
references.citation: Nucl Med Commun. 2009 Jul;30(7):519-24
references.pmid: 19522059
references.citation: Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2003 Sep;30(9):1236-45
references.pmid: 12845486
references.citation: Urology. 2008 Jan;71(1):113-7
references.pmid: 18242377
references.citation: J Natl Cancer Inst. 2000 Feb 2;92(3):205-16
references.pmid: 10655437
references.citation: J Nucl Med. 2009 Jan;50(1):2-5
references.pmid: 19091888
references.citation: Lancet. 2008 Aug 9;372(9637):449-56
references.pmid: 18653228
references.citation: J Clin Oncol. 2005 Oct 20;23(30):7654-9
references.pmid: 16234527
references.citation: J Nucl Med. 2009 May;50 Suppl 1:106S-21S
references.pmid: 19380404
references.citation: Semin Oncol. 1995 Feb;22(1):29-33
references.pmid: 7855616
references.citation: Urology. 2008 Apr;71(4):749-54
references.pmid: 18295862
references.citation: Urology. 2008 Jun;71(6):1149-54
references.pmid: 18313111
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2007 Jan 11;356(2):125-34
references.pmid: 17215530
references.citation: Curr Oncol Rep. 2005 Mar;7(2):109-15
references.pmid: 15717944
references.citation: Urology. 2008 Nov;72(5):1090-5
references.pmid: 18799207
references.citation: Clin Nephrol. 2003 Dec;60(6):395-400
references.pmid: 14690256
references.citation: Oncologist. 2009 Jan;14(1):52-9
references.pmid: 19147692
references.citation: Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2003 Oct;(415 Suppl):S120-8
references.pmid: 14600601