title: Improving aerobic fitness in older adults: effects of a physician-based exercise counseling and prescription program.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effects of adding stages of change-based counseling to an exercise prescription for older, sedentary adults in family practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Step Test Exercise Prescription Stages of change counseling study was a 12-month cluster randomized trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty family practices in 4 regions of Canada.
  
  
  METHODS
  Healthy, community-dwelling men (48%) and women (52%) with a mean (SD) age of 64.9 (7.1) years (range 55 to 85 years). There were a total of 193 participants in the intervention group and 167 in the control group.
  
  
  METHODS
  Intervention physicians were trained to deliver a tailored exercise prescription and a transtheoretical behaviour change counseling program. Control physicians were trained to deliver the exercise prescription alone.
  
  
  METHODS
  Predicted cardiorespiratory fitness, measured by predicted maximal oxygen consumption (pVO2max), and energy expenditure, measured by 7-day physical activity recall.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean increase in pVO2max was significant for both the intervention (3.02 [95% confidence interval 2.40 to 3.65] mL/kg/min) and control (2.21 [95% confidence interval 1.27 to 3.15] mL/kg/min) groups at 12 months (P < .001); however, there was no difference between groups. Women in the intervention group improved their fitness significantly more than women in the control group did (3.20 vs 1.23 mL/kg/min). The intervention group had a 4-mm Hg reduction in systolic blood pressure, while the control group's mean reduction was 0.4 mm Hg (P < .001). The mean (SD) energy expended significantly increased and was higher in the intervention group than in the control group (69.06 [169.87] kcal/d vs -6.96 [157.06] kcal/d, P < .006). Practice setting characteristics did not significantly affect the primary outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Step Test Exercise Prescription Stages of change exercise and behavioural intervention improved fitness and activity and lowered systolic blood pressure across a range of Canadian practices, but this was not significantly different from the control group, which received only the exercise prescription. Women in the intervention group showed higher levels of fitness than women in the control group did; men in both groups showed similar improvement.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London. petrella@uwo.ca
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Petrella
authors.forename: Chastity N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Lattanzio
authors.forename: Sheree
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shapiro
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Overend
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D002170:Canada; D003376:Counseling; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D010809:Physical Fitness / Q000502:physiology*; D055656:Prescriptions; D015397:Program Evaluation; D057185:Sedentary Behavior; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
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