Viral epidemiologic shift in inflammatory heart disease: the increasing involvement of parvovirus B19 in the myocardium of pediatric cardiac transplant patients.
BACKGROUND
Detection of viral genome in rejecting cardiac transplant patients has been reported, with coxsackievirus and adenovirus causing premature graft failure. Recently, parvovirus B19 (PVB19) genome in myocardial samples has been increasingly reported, but its role in cardiac pathology and effect on transplant graft survival are unknown. The objectives of this study were to determine if changes in the viruses identified in the myocardium represent an epidemiologic shift in viral myocardial disease and whether PVB19 adversely affects transplant graft survival.


METHODS
From September 2002 to December 2005, nested polymerase chain reaction was used to evaluate endomyocardial biopsy specimens for 99 children (aged 3 weeks-18 years) with heart transplants for the presence of viral genome. Cellular rejection was assessed by histology of specimens. Transplant coronary artery disease (TCAD) was diagnosed by coronary angiography or histopathology.


RESULTS
Specimens from 700 biopsies were evaluated from 99 patients; 121 specimens had viral genome, with 100 (82.6%) positive for PVB19, 24 for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV; 7 positive for PVB19 and EBV), 3 for CMV, and 1 for adenovirus. Presence of PVB19 genome did not correlate with rejection score, nor did a higher viral copy number. Early development of advanced TCAD (p < 0.001) occurred in 20 children with persistent PVB19 infection (> 6 months).


CONCLUSIONS
PVB19 is currently the predominant virus detected in heart transplant surveillance biopsy specimens, possibly representing an epidemiologic shift. Cellular rejection does not correlate with the presence or quantity of PVB19 genome in the myocardium, but children with chronic PVB19 infection have increased risk for earlier TCAD, supporting the hypothesis that PVB19 negatively affects graft survival.
Breinholt
John P
JP
Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA. jpbreinh@iupui.edu
Moulik
Mousumi
M
Dreyer
William J
WJ
Denfield
Susan W
SW
Kim
Jeffrey J
JJ
Jefferies
John L
JL
Rossano
Joseph W
JW
Gates
Corey M
CM
Clunie
Sarah K
SK
Bowles
Karla R
KR
Kearney
Debra L
DL
Bowles
Neil E
NE
Towbin
Jeffrey A
JA
D000256:Adenoviridae; D000257:Adenoviridae Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D000293:Adolescent; D001706:Biopsy; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000453:epidemiology; D003384:Coxsackievirus Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000097:blood; D004770:Enterovirus; D006321:Heart / Q000821:virology*; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000821:virology*; D016027:Heart Transplantation / Q000639:trends*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D009206:Myocardium / Q000473:pathology; D010322:Parvoviridae Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016732:Parvovirus B19, Human / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors
D004279:DNA, Viral
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