title: Acute effect of milk on serum urate concentrations: a randomised controlled crossover trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recent observational studies have highlighted the beneficial role of dairy ingestion in gout prevention. The aims of this study were to determine the acute effects of milk ingestion on serum urate concentrations and examine the mechanisms of these effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a short-term randomised controlled crossover trial of milk in 16 healthy male volunteers. The following products were tested (each 80 g protein): soy control, early season skim milk, late season skim milk (containing high concentrations of orotic acid, a naturally occurring uricosuric agent) and ultrafiltrated MPC 85 skim milk. Each participant received a single dose of each product in random order. Serum and urine were obtained immediately before and then hourly over a 3 h period after ingestion of each study product.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ingestion of the soy control led to an increase in serum urate concentrations by approximately 10%. In contrast, ingestion of all milks led to a decrease in serum urate concentrations by approximately 10% (p<0.0001). All products (including soy) rapidly increased the fractional excretion of uric acid (FEUA). Late season milk led to a greater increase in FEUA than MPC 85 (p=0.02) and early season milk (p=0.052). There were no differences over time in serum oxypurines or purine-containing nucleosides. However, all products increased the fractional excretion of xanthine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intact milk has an acute urate-lowering effect. These data provide further rationale for long-term intervention studies to determine whether such dietary interventions have an adjunctive role in the management of individuals with hyperuricaemia and gout.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, 85 Park Rd., Grafton, Auckland, New Zealand. n.dalbeth@auckland.ac.nz
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Dalbeth
authors.forename: Sumwai
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Greg D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Gamble
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Horne
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mason
authors.forename: Bregina
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pool
authors.forename: Lynette
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fairbanks
authors.forename: Fiona M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: McQueen
authors.forename: Jillian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cornish
authors.forename: Ian R
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: Reid
authors.forename: Kate
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Palmano
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D006073:Gout / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D019271:Hypoxanthine / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008892:Milk / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry; D011684:Purine Nucleosides / Q000097:blood; D012621:Seasons; D041942:Soy Milk / Q000737:chemistry; D014508:Urea / Q000097:blood; D014527:Uric Acid / Q000097:blood*; D019820:Xanthine / Q000097:blood; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D011684:Purine Nucleosides; D019820:Xanthine; D014527:Uric Acid; D019271:Hypoxanthine; D014508:Urea