title: Imagined Timed Up & Go test: a new tool to assess higher-level gait and balance disorders in older adults?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Few studies have explored motor imagery (MI) as a way of accessing the higher-level of control of complex body movements involved in gait or balance. The objective of this study was 1) to measure and compare the time needed to complete the Timed Up & Go test (TUG), the time needed to imagine performing the same test (iTUG) and to calculate the time difference between both of these conditions (delta time) in a sample of young and older adults, and 2) to examine whether there was an association between the Timed Up & Go test results (TUG, iTUG, delta time), age and cognitive decline.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 162 subjects (38 healthy young adults, mean age 25.7+/-2.3 years, 73.7% women and 124 older inpatients, mean age 85.3+/-6.5 years, 76.6% women) were included in this cross-sectional study. The mean+/-SD of TUG, iTUG and delta time, age and the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) score were used as main outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Age was associated with an increase in time of TUG (P<0.001) and of delta time (P=0.015), and with a decrease in time of iTUG (P<0.001), whereas cognitive decline was only associated with increase in delta time (P=0.030). There was an increase in time of TUG (P<0.001) and in delta time (P<0.001) for subjects who used a walking aid. The increase in delta time depended on the MMSE score when the subjects did not use a walking aid (P for trend=0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  iTUG is clinically feasible among frail older adults and may quickly inform any clinician about higher-level changes in control of gait and balance in older adults.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Angers University Hospital, UPRES EA 2646, University of Angers, UNAM, France. olbeauchet@chu-angers.fr
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Beauchet
authors.forename: Cédric
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Annweiler
authors.forename: Frédéric
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Assal
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bridenbaugh
authors.forename: François R
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Herrmann
authors.forename: Reto W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Kressig
authors.forename: Gilles
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Allali
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D020233:Gait Disorders, Neurologic / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009460:Neurologic Examination / Q000379:methods; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D009983:Orthopedic Equipment; D004856:Postural Balance; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D013997:Time Factors; D015837:Vestibular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*