title: The relationship of social function to depressive and negative symptoms in individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Social dysfunction is a hallmark symptom of schizophrenia which commonly precedes the onset of psychosis. It is unclear if social symptoms in clinical high-risk patients reflect depressive symptoms or are a manifestation of negative symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared social function scores on the Social Adjustment Scale-Self Report between 56 young people (aged 13-27 years) at clinical high risk for psychosis and 22 healthy controls. The cases were also assessed for depressive and 'prodromal' symptoms (subthreshold positive, negative, disorganized and general symptoms).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Poor social function was related to both depressive and negative symptoms, as well as to disorganized and general symptoms. The symptoms were highly intercorrelated but linear regression analysis demonstrated that poor social function was primarily explained by negative symptoms within this cohort, particularly in ethnic minority patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although this study demonstrated a relationship between social dysfunction and depressive symptoms in clinical high-risk cases, this association was primarily explained by the relationship of each of these to negative symptoms. In individuals at heightened risk for psychosis, affective changes may be related to a progressive decrease in social interaction and loss of reinforcement of social behaviors. These findings have relevance for potential treatment strategies for social dysfunction in schizophrenia and its risk states and predict that antidepressant drugs, cognitive behavioral therapy and/or social skills training may be effective.
authors.affiliation: Centre of Prevention and Evaluation, Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute at Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA. Cc788@columbia.edu
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Corcoran
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kimhy
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Parrilla-Escobar
authors.forename: V L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Cressman
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Stanford
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: S Ben
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: David
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Crumbley
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schobel
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Malaspina
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003863:Depression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D012917:Social Adjustment; D014481:United States
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