title: Lysozyme activates Enterococcus faecium to induce necrotic cell death in macrophages.
abstract: Enterococci are commensal organisms in the alimentary tract. However, they can cause a variety of life-threatening infections, especially in nosocomial settings. We hypothesized that induction of cell death might enable these facultative pathogenic bacteria to evade the innate immune response and to cause infections of their host. We demonstrate that E. faecium when exposed to lysozyme induces cell death in macrophages in vitro and in vivo. Flow cytometric analyses of J774A.1 macrophages infected with E. faecium revealed loss of cell membrane integrity indicated by uptake of propidium iodide and decrease of the inner mitochondrial transmembrane potential DeltaPsi(m). Inhibition of caspases, treatment of macrophages with cytochalasin D, or rifampicin did not prevent cells from dying, suggesting cell death mechanisms that are independent of caspase activation, bacterial uptake, and intracellular bacterial replication. Characteristics of necrotic cell death were demonstrated by both lack of procaspase 3 activation and cell shrinkage, electron microscopy, and release of lactate dehydrogenase. Pretreatment of E. faecium with lysozyme and subsequently with broad spectrum protease considerably reduced cell death, suggesting that a bacterial surface protein is causative for cell death induction. Moreover, in a mouse peritonitis model we demonstrated that E. faecium induces cell death of peritoneal macrophages in vivo. Altogether, our results show that enterococci, under specific conditions such as exposure to lysozyme, induce necrotic cell death in macrophages, which might contribute to disseminated infections by these facultative pathogenic bacteria.
authors.affiliation: Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Str. 6, 72076 Tübingen, Germany. sabine.groebner@med.uni-tuebingen.de
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gröbner
authors.forename: Evelyn
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fritz
authors.forename: Friederike
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Schoch
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schaller
authors.forename: Alexander C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Berger
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bitzer
authors.forename: Ingo B
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: Autenrieth
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D016923:Cell Death / Q000502:physiology; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D016984:Enterococcus faecium / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D008264:Macrophages / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000473:pathology*; D017737:Macrophages, Peritoneal / Q000378:metabolism; D008564:Membrane Potentials; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism; D009113:Muramidase / Q000378:metabolism; D009336:Necrosis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D009113:Muramidase; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases
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