A draft sequence of the Neandertal genome.
Neandertals, the closest evolutionary relatives of present-day humans, lived in large parts of Europe and western Asia before disappearing 30,000 years ago. We present a draft sequence of the Neandertal genome composed of more than 4 billion nucleotides from three individuals. Comparisons of the Neandertal genome to the genomes of five present-day humans from different parts of the world identify a number of genomic regions that may have been affected by positive selection in ancestral modern humans, including genes involved in metabolism and in cognitive and skeletal development. We show that Neandertals shared more genetic variants with present-day humans in Eurasia than with present-day humans in sub-Saharan Africa, suggesting that gene flow from Neandertals into the ancestors of non-Africans occurred before the divergence of Eurasian groups from each other.
Green
Richard E
RE
Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
Krause
Johannes
J
Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
Briggs
Adrian W
AW
Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
Maricic
Tomislav
T
Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
Stenzel
Udo
U
Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
Kircher
Martin
M
Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
Patterson
Nick
N
Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
Li
Heng
H
Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
Zhai
Weiwei
W
Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
Fritz
Markus Hsi-Yang
MH
European Molecular Biology Laboratory-European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SD, UK.
Hansen
Nancy F
NF
Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
Durand
Eric Y
EY
Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
Malaspinas
Anna-Sapfo
AS
Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
Jensen
Jeffrey D
JD
Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA.
Marques-Bonet
Tomas
T
Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.|Institute of Evolutionary Biology (UPF-CSIC), Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
Alkan
Can
C
Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
Prüfer
Kay
K
Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
Meyer
Matthias
M
Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
Burbano
Hernán A
HA
Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
Good
Jeffrey M
JM
Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.|Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA.
Schultz
Rigo
R
Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
Aximu-Petri
Ayinuer
A
Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
Butthof
Anne
A
Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
Höber
Barbara
B
Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
Höffner
Barbara
B
Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
Siegemund
Madlen
M
Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
Weihmann
Antje
A
Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
Nusbaum
Chad
C
Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
Lander
Eric S
ES
Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
Russ
Carsten
C
Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
Novod
Nathaniel
N
Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
Affourtit
Jason
J
454 Life Sciences, Branford, CT 06405, USA.
Egholm
Michael
M
454 Life Sciences, Branford, CT 06405, USA.
Verna
Christine
C
Department of Human Evolution, Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
Rudan
Pavao
P
Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Zrinski trg 11, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
Brajkovic
Dejana
D
Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Institute for Quaternary Paleontology and Geology, Ante Kovacica 5, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
Kucan
Željko
Ž
Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Zrinski trg 11, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
Gušic
Ivan
I
Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Zrinski trg 11, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
Doronichev
Vladimir B
VB
ANO Laboratory of Prehistory, St. Petersburg, Russia.
Golovanova
Liubov V
LV
ANO Laboratory of Prehistory, St. Petersburg, Russia.
Lalueza-Fox
Carles
C
Institute of Evolutionary Biology (UPF-CSIC), Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
de la Rasilla
Marco
M
Área de Prehistoria Departamento de Historia Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.
Fortea
Javier
J
Área de Prehistoria Departamento de Historia Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.
Rosas
Antonio
A
Departamento de Paleobiología, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Madrid, Spain.
Schmitz
Ralf W
RW
Der Landschaftverband Rheinlund-Landesmuseum Bonn, Bachstrasse 5-9, D-53115 Bonn, Germany.|Abteilung für Vor- und Frühgeschichtliche Archäologie, Universität Bonn, Germany.
Johnson
Philip L F
PLF
Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
Eichler
Evan E
EE
Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
Falush
Daniel
D
Department of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
Birney
Ewan
E
European Molecular Biology Laboratory-European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SD, UK.
Mullikin
James C
JC
Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
Slatkin
Montgomery
M
Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
Nielsen
Rasmus
R
Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
Kelso
Janet
J
Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
Lachmann
Michael
M
Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
Reich
David
D
Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.|Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
Pääbo
Svante
S
Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
D000818:Animals; D044466:Asian People / Q000235:genetics; D001483:Base Sequence; D044383:Black People / Q000235:genetics; D001842:Bone and Bones; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D053476:Extinction, Biological; D005260:Female; D005580:Fossils; D018628:Gene Dosage; D051456:Gene Flow; D014644:Genetic Variation; D016678:Genome; D015894:Genome, Human; D006239:Haplotypes; D015186:Hominidae / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D002679:Pan troglodytes / Q000235:genetics; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D012641:Selection, Genetic; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013995:Time; D044465:White People / Q000235:genetics
D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial
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