title: In vivo low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) following tendon injury promotes repair during granulation but suppresses decorin and biglycan expression during remodeling.
abstract: METHODS
  Bench research, cross-sectional.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine if the effects of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) on matrix synthesis change at different stages of tendon healing.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  LIPUS is effective in promoting tendon healing by stimulation of matrix synthesis. The timing of initiation and duration of LIPUS treatment have been shown to affect its effectiveness to promote tendon healing, suggesting a change of tissue responses to LIPUS stimulation. Understanding how the cellular responses to LIPUS stimulation change during tendon healing is thus important.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a rat model of patellar tendon donor site injury, a single sonication of LIPUS or mock sonication was delivered to the injured knee of the rats on the fourth, 14th or 28th day postinjury. Tendon samples were harvested at 4 hours and 24 hours after sonication and the mRNA expression of COL1A1, COL3A1, decorin, biglycan, and TGF-beta 1 was analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results showed that a single sonication of LIPUS increased COL1A1 and COL3A1 mRNA in healing patellar tendons when administered on the fourth or 14th day postinjury, but not when administered on the 28th day postinjury. Both decorin and biglycan mRNA were decreased by treatment with LIPUS on the 28th day postinjury. Our results showed that LIPUS enhanced collagen synthesis in vivo only during the granulation phase. Matrix remodeling may be affected by LIPUS with the suppressed expression of decorin and biglycan.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that LIPUS should be applied during the granulation phase but not during the remodeling phase, to promote tendon healing.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China.
authors.forename: Sai-Chuen
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.forename: Leung-Kim
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Hung
authors.forename: Wai-Ting
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Shum
authors.forename: Yuk-Wa
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Lai-Shan
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Grace
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: Kai-Ming
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Chan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D024042:Collagen Type I / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000090602:Collagen Type I, alpha 1 Chain; D024061:Collagen Type III / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D017847:Patellar Ligament / Q000293:injuries* / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D013708:Tendon Injuries / Q000628:therapy; D014464:Ultrasonic Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D024042:Collagen Type I; D000090602:Collagen Type I, alpha 1 Chain; D024061:Collagen Type III; D012333:RNA, Messenger