title: Breaking patterns of environmentally influenced disease for health risk reduction: immune perspectives.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Diseases rarely, if ever, occur in isolation. Instead, most represent part of a more complex web or "pattern" of conditions that are connected via underlying biological mechanisms and processes, emerge across a lifetime, and have been identified with the aid of large medical databases.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We have described how an understanding of patterns of disease may be used to develop new strategies for reducing the prevalence and risk of major immune-based illnesses and diseases influenced by environmental stimuli.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Examples of recently defined patterns of diseases that begin in childhood include not only metabolic syndrome, with its characteristics of inflammatory dysregulation, but also allergic, autoimmune, recurrent infection, and other inflammatory patterns of disease. The recent identification of major immune-based disease patterns beginning in childhood suggests that the immune system may play an even more important role in determining health status and health care needs across a lifetime than was previously understood.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Focusing on patterns of disease, as opposed to individual conditions, offers two important venues for environmental health risk reduction. First, prevention of developmental immunotoxicity and pediatric immune dysfunction can be used to act against multiple diseases. Second, pattern-based treatment of entryway diseases can be tailored with the aim of disrupting the entire disease pattern and reducing the risk of later-life illnesses connected to underlying immune dysfunction. Disease-pattern-based evaluation, prevention, and treatment will require a change from the current approach for both immune safety testing and pediatric disease management.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA. rrd1@cornell.edu
authors.forename: Rodney R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Dietert
authors.forename: Jamie C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: DeWitt
authors.forename: Dori R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Germolec
authors.forename: Judith T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Zelikoff
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000517:prevention & control*; D019550:Environmental Medicine; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D006801:Humans; D007154:Immune System Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000150:complications* / Q000517:prevention & control; D008659:Metabolic Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology*; D018570:Risk Assessment
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants