title: Effect of salt, smoke compound, and temperature on the survival of Listeria monocytogenes in salmon during simulated smoking processes.
abstract: The objectives of this study were to examine and develop a model to describe the survival of Listeria monocytogenes in salmon as affected by salt, smoke compound (phenol), and smoking process temperature. Cooked minced salmon containing selected levels of salt (0%, 2%, 4%, and 6%) and smoke compound (0, 5, 10, and 15 ppm phenol) were inoculated with a 6-strain mixture of L. monocytogenes to an inoculum level of 6.0 log(10) CFU/g. The populations of L. monocytogenes in salmon during processing at 40, 45, 50, and 55 degrees C that simulated cold- and hot-smoking process temperatures were determined, and the effects of salt, phenol, and temperature on the survival of L. monocytogenes in salmon were analyzed and described with an exponential regression. At 40 degrees C, the populations of L. monocytogenes in salmon decreased slightly with inactivation rates of <0.01 log(10) CFU/h, and at 45, 50, and 55 degrees C, the inactivation rates were 0.01 to 0.03, 0.15 to 0.30, and 2.8 to 3.5 log(10) CFU/h, respectively. An exponential regression model was developed and was shown to closely describe the inactivation rates of L. monocytogenes as affected by the individual and combined effects of salt, phenol, and smoking process temperature. Temperature was the main effector in inactivating L. monocytogenes while salt and phenol contributed additional inactivation effects. This study demonstrated the inactivation effects of salt, smoke compound, and temperature on L. monocytogenes in salmon under a smoking process. The data and model can be used by manufacturers of smoked seafood to select concentrations of salt and smoke compound and alternative smoking process temperatures at 40 to 55 degrees C to minimize the presence of L. monocytogenes in smoked seafood.
authors.affiliation: Microbial Food Safety Research Unit, Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, 600 E. Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038, USA. Andy.Hwang@ars.usda.gov
authors.forename: Cheng-An
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.forename: Shiowshuh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sheen
authors.forename: Vijay K
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Juneja
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005516:Food Microbiology; D005519:Food Preservation / Q000379:methods; D006358:Hot Temperature; D008089:Listeria monocytogenes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development*; D050296:Microbial Viability / Q000187:drug effects; D008954:Models, Biological; D010636:Phenols / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012474:Salmon / Q000382:microbiology*; D017747:Seafood / Q000382:microbiology*; D012906:Smoke; D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D010636:Phenols; D012906:Smoke; D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary