title: An improved red blood cell additive solution maintains 2,3-diphosphoglycerate and adenosine triphosphate levels by an enhancing effect on phosphofructokinase activity during cold storage.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Current additive solutions (ASs) for red blood cells (RBCs) do not maintain constant 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels during cold storage. We have previously shown that with a new AS called phosphate-adenine-glucose-guanosine-gluconate-mannitol (PAGGGM), both 2,3-DPG and ATP could be maintained throughout storage for 35 days.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, the mechanism underlying the effect of PAGGGM on RBC storage was studied in more detail. By using double-erythrocytapheresis units (leukoreduced), a direct comparison could be made between the current AS saline-adenine-glucose-mannitol (SAGM) and the experimental solution PAGGGM. During cold storage, several in vitro characteristics were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In agreement with our previous findings with single RBCs, PAGGGM maintained 2,3-DPG and ATP levels for 35 days of cold storage. Furthermore, glucose consumption and lactate production were higher in PAGGGM units during the first 21 days of cold storage. Fructose-1,6-diphophate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate levels were also increased during the first 21 days of storage in PAGGGM units.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that it is likely that phosphofructokinase (PFK) activity is enhanced in PAGGGM units relative to SAGM units. After 21 days, PFK activity also decreases in PAGGGM units, but sufficient metabolic reserve in these units prevents depletion of 2,3-DPG and ATP.
authors.affiliation: Department of Blood Cell Research, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. p.burger@sanquin.nl
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Burger
authors.forename: Herbert
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Korsten
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: De Korte
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rombout
authors.forename: Robin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Van Bruggen
authors.forename: Arthur J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Verhoeven
mesh_terms: D019794:2,3-Diphosphoglycerate / Q000378:metabolism*; D000241:Adenosine / Q000494:pharmacology; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism*; D001793:Blood Preservation / Q000379:methods*; D015925:Cryopreservation / Q000379:methods; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D005942:Gluconates / Q000494:pharmacology; D005947:Glucose / Q000494:pharmacology; D006019:Glycolysis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D006151:Guanosine / Q000494:pharmacology; D006461:Hemolysis / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration / Q000187:drug effects; D008353:Mannitol / Q000494:pharmacology; D010710:Phosphates / Q000494:pharmacology; D025502:Phosphofructokinase-1, Type C / Q000378:metabolism*; D011188:Potassium / Q000378:metabolism; D012996:Solutions / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D005942:Gluconates; D010710:Phosphates; D012996:Solutions; D006151:Guanosine; D019794:2,3-Diphosphoglycerate; D008353:Mannitol; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D025502:Phosphofructokinase-1, Type C; D005947:Glucose; D000241:Adenosine; C030691:gluconic acid; D011188:Potassium