title: Texturized dairy proteins.
abstract: Dairy proteins are amenable to structural modifications induced by high temperature, shear, and moisture; in particular, whey proteins can change conformation to new unfolded states. The change in protein state is a basis for creating new foods. The dairy products, nonfat dried milk (NDM), whey protein concentrate (WPC), and whey protein isolate (WPI) were modified using a twin-screw extruder at melt temperatures of 50, 75, and 100 degrees C, and moistures ranging from 20 to 70 wt%. Viscoelasticity and solubility measurements showed that extrusion temperature was a more significant (P < 0.05) change factor than moisture content. The degree of texturization, or change in protein state, was characterized by solubility (R(2)= 0.98). The consistency of the extruded dairy protein ranged from rigid (2500 N) to soft (2.7 N). Extruding at or above 75 degrees C resulted in increased peak force for WPC (138 to 2500 N) and WPI (2.7 to 147.1 N). NDM was marginally texturized; the presence of lactose interfered with its texturization. WPI products extruded at 50 degrees C were not texturized; their solubility values ranged from 71.8% to 92.6%. A wide possibility exists for creating new foods with texturized dairy proteins due to the extensive range of states achievable. Dairy proteins can be used to boost the protein content in puffed snacks made from corn meal, but unmodified, they bind water and form doughy pastes with starch. To minimize the water binding property of dairy proteins, WPI, or WPC, or NDM were modified by extrusion processing. Extrusion temperature conditions were adjusted to 50, 75, or 100 degrees C, sufficient to change the structure of the dairy proteins, but not destroy them. Extrusion modified the structures of these dairy proteins for ease of use in starchy foods to boost nutrient levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dairy proteins can be used to boost the protein content in puffed snacks made from corn meal, but unmodified, they bind water and form doughy pastes with starch. To minimize the water binding property of dairy proteins, whey protein isolate, whey protein concentrate, or nonfat dried milk were modified by extrusion processing. Extrusion temperature conditions were adjusted to 50, 75, or 100 degrees C, sufficient to change the structure of the dairy proteins, but not destroy them. Extrusion modified the structures of these dairy proteins for ease of use in starchy foods to boost nutrient levels.
authors.affiliation: US Dept. of Agriculture, ARS, Eastern Regional Research Center, Dairy Processing and Products Research Unit, 600 E. Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038, USA. charles.onwulata@ars.usda.gov
authors.forename: Charles I
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Onwulata
authors.forename: John G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: Michael H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Tunick
authors.forename: Phoebi X
authors.initials: PX
authors.lastname: Qi
authors.forename: Peter H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Cooke
mesh_terms: D004548:Elasticity; D005511:Food Handling / Q000379:methods*; D005524:Food Technology / Q000379:methods*; D057141:Food, Preserved; D006358:Hot Temperature; D008894:Milk Proteins / Q000737:chemistry*; D011489:Protein Denaturation; D017510:Protein Folding; D012995:Solubility; D014783:Viscosity; D014867:Water; D000067816:Whey Proteins
chemical_list: D008894:Milk Proteins; D000067816:Whey Proteins; D014867:Water