title: Plasmodium infection alters Anopheles gambiae detoxification gene expression.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Anopheles gambiae has been shown to change its global gene expression patterns upon Plasmodium infection. While many alterations are directly related to the mosquito's innate immune response, parasite invasion is also expected to generate toxic by-products such as free radicals. The current study aimed at identifying which loci coding for detoxification enzymes are differentially expressed as a function of Plasmodium berghei infection in midgut and fat body tissues.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using a custom-made DNA microarray, transcript levels of 254 loci primarily belonging to three major detoxification enzyme families (glutathione S-transferases, cytochrome P450 monooxygenases and esterases) were compared in infected and uninfected mosquitoes both during ookinete invasion and the release of sporozoites into the hemocoel. The greatest changes in gene expression were observed in the midgut in response to ookinete invasion. Interestingly, many detoxification genes including a large number of P450s were down-regulated at this stage. In the fat body, while less dramatic, gene expression alterations were also observed and occurred during the ookinete invasion and during the release of sporozoites into the hemocoel. While most gene expression changes were tissue-related, CYP6M2, a CYP previously associated with insecticide resistance, was over-expressed both in the midgut and fat body during ookinete invasion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most toxicity-related reactions occur in the midgut shortly after the ingestion of an infected blood meal. Strong up-regulation of CYP6M2 in the midgut and the fat body as well as its previous association with insecticide resistance shows its broad role in metabolic detoxification.
authors.affiliation: Centro de Malária e Outras Doenças Tropicais, UEI Malária, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
authors.forename: Rute C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Félix
authors.forename: Pie
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: Vera
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ribeiro
authors.forename: Hilary
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ranson
authors.forename: Henrique
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Silveira
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000469:parasitology; D001711:Biotransformation; D004848:Epithelium / Q000469:parasitology; D005260:Female; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; D006458:Hemolymph / Q000378:metabolism; D008288:Malaria / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000635:transmission; D051379:Mice; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D010962:Plasmodium berghei / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D034101:Sporozoites / Q000378:metabolism