title: Characteristics of current smokers, former smokers, and second-hand exposure and evolution between 1985 and 2007.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to assess trends in the prevalence of adult smoking habits between 1985-1987 and 2005-2007 in three distinct areas of France and their contribution to coronary heart disease (CHD) death rates.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were recruited as part of the French Monitoring trends and determinants in Cardiovascular disease survey in 1985-1987 (n=3760), 1995-1997 (n=3347), and 2005-2007 (n=3573). They were randomly selected from electoral rolls after stratification for sex, 10-year age group (35-64 years), and town size. Smoking habits were analyzed by questioning the participants about earlier or current consumption, the number of cigarettes smoked per day, age at first cigarette, pipe tobacco and cigarillo consumption, quit attempts, age at quitting, and second-hand exposure. Predicted CHD death rates as a function of smoking were predicted with the SCORE risk equation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In men, a significant decrease in tobacco exposure (from 40 to 24.3%) between 1985-1987 and 2005-2007 was observed. In women, the prevalence of current smokers increased from 18.9 to 20% and that of former smokers rose from 8.7 to 25.5%. In both men and women, average daily cigarette consumption and second-hand exposure to smoke fell between 1995-1997 and 2005-2007. Predicted CHD death rates as a function of smoking trends decreased in men (range 10-15%) but increased in women (range 0.1-3.6%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study found divergent trends in the prevalence of smoking in men and women aged between 35 and 64 years over the period of 1985 to 2007. These changes may have contributed to the decline in CHD death in men but not in women.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Institut Pasteur de Lille, INSERM U744, University Nord de France, UDSL Lille, 1 rue du Pr. Calmette, Lille Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Emmanuelle
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tilloy
authors.forename: Dominique
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cottel
authors.forename: Jean-Bernard
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Ruidavets
authors.forename: Dominique
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Arveiler
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ducimetière
authors.forename: Vanina
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bongard
authors.forename: Bernadette
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Haas
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ferrières
authors.forename: Aline
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: Annie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bingham
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Amouyel
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dallongeville
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D005602:France / Q000453:epidemiology; D015438:Health Behavior; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution