title: Case-spouse control design in practice: an experience in estimating smoking and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease deaths in Chinese adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We assessed the effect of smoking on death from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in China by employing a large population-based, case-spouse control study design using data from a nationwide survey of mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  During 1989-1991, a nationwide retrospective survey of mortality was conducted in China. For approximately 1,000,000 adults dying from all causes during 1986-1988, their surviving spouses or other informants provided detailed information about their own as well as the deceased person's smoking history. For this study, 183,393 individuals who died of COPD at age > or = 40 years were taken as cases, while 272,984 sex-matched surviving spouses of subjects who died from any cause were taken as controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  COPD death rates for smokers were more than twice as high as those of non-smokers, with a dose-response risk pattern, despite the fact that COPD death rates varied widely by region and age. Tobacco accounted for 41.4% of COPD deaths in men, but only 13.5% of those in women, who had a lower rate of smoking.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A case-spouse control study, as an alternative design, is valid and feasible in utilizing information from population-based, retrospective mortality survey data for an analytical epidemiological study of disease etiology.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Jingmei
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Boqi
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Freddy
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sitas
authors.forename: Xianjia
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.forename: Junshi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Xiaonong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zou
authors.forename: Yanping
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Junyao
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D044466:Asian People; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002423:Cause of Death; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D035061:Control Groups; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011159:Population Surveillance; D015995:Prevalence; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000401:mortality*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012424:Rural Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000401:mortality*; D018454:Spouses / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data