title: PAC1 gene knockout reveals an essential role of chaperone-mediated 20S proteasome biogenesis and latent 20S proteasomes in cellular homeostasis.
abstract: The 26S proteasome, a central enzyme for ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis, is a highly complex structure comprising 33 distinct subunits. Recent studies have revealed multiple dedicated chaperones involved in proteasome assembly both in yeast and in mammals. However, none of these chaperones is essential for yeast viability. PAC1 is a mammalian proteasome assembly chaperone that plays a role in the initial assembly of the 20S proteasome, the catalytic core of the 26S proteasome, but does not cause a complete loss of the 20S proteasome when knocked down. Thus, both chaperone-dependent and -independent assembly pathways exist in cells, but the contribution of the chaperone-dependent pathway remains unclear. To elucidate its biological significance in mammals, we generated PAC1 conditional knockout mice. PAC1-null mice exhibited early embryonic lethality, demonstrating that PAC1 is essential for mammalian development, especially for explosive cell proliferation. In quiescent adult hepatocytes, PAC1 is responsible for producing the majority of the 20S proteasome. PAC1-deficient hepatocytes contained normal amounts of the 26S proteasome, but they completely lost the free latent 20S proteasome. They also accumulated ubiquitinated proteins and exhibited premature senescence. Our results demonstrate the importance of the PAC1-dependent assembly pathway and of the latent 20S proteasomes for maintaining cellular integrity.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Frontier Science, Core Technology and Research Center, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagayaku, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Katsuhiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hamazaki
authors.forename: Masato
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Koike
authors.forename: Yuko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hirano
authors.forename: Masaaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Komatsu
authors.forename: Yasuo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Uchiyama
authors.forename: Keiji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: Shigeo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Murata
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D020134:Catalytic Domain / Q000235:genetics; D055786:Gene Knockout Techniques; D006706:Homeostasis / Q000235:genetics; D008322:Mammals / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D018832:Molecular Chaperones / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D010829:Physiological Phenomena / Q000235:genetics; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D057149:Ubiquitinated Proteins
chemical_list: D018832:Molecular Chaperones; D057149:Ubiquitinated Proteins; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex; C061553:ATP dependent 26S protease