title: Regular physical activity attenuates the blood pressure  response to public speaking and delays the development  of hypertension.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of regular physical activity on the haemodynamic response to public speaking and to evaluate the long-term effect of exercise on development of hypertension.
  
  
  METHODS
  We assessed 75 sedentary and 44 active participants screened for stage 1 hypertension with consistent activity habits and 63 normotensive individuals as control.
  
  
  METHODS
  The blood pressure (BP) response to public speaking was assessed with beat-to-beat noninvasive recording. Definition of incident hypertension was based either on clinic or 24-h BP measurement.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The BP response to public speaking was greater in the hypertensive than the normotensive participants (P=0.018/0.009). Among the former, sedentary participants showed increased BP reactivity to the speech test (45.2+/-22.6/22.2+/-11.5mmHg, P<0.01/<0.001 versus controls), whereas physically active participants had a response similar to that of controls (35.4+/-18.5/18.5+/-11.5mmHg, P=not significant). During a median follow-up of 71 months, ambulatory BP did not virtually change in the active participants (-0.9+/-7.8/-0.0+/-4.7mmHg) and increased in their sedentary peers (2.8+/-9.8/3.2+/-7.4mmHg, P=0.08/0.003 versus active). Active participants were less likely to develop incident hypertension than sedentary ones. After controlling for several confounders including baseline heart rate, the hazard ratio was 0.53 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.31-0.94] for clinic hypertension and 0.60 (95% CI 0.37-0.99) for ambulatory hypertension. Inclusion of BP response to public speaking into the Cox model influenced the strength of the association only marginally [hazard ratio=0.55 (95% CI 0.30-0.97) and hazard ratio=0.59 (95% CI 0.36-0.99), respectively].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Regular physical activity attenuates the BP reaction to psychosocial stressors. However, this mechanism seems to be only partially responsible for the long-term effect of exercise on BP.
authors.affiliation: Clinica Medica 4, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Padova, Padua, Italy. palatini@unipd.it
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Palatini
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bratti
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Palomba
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Saladini
authors.forename: Nello
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zanatta
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Maraglino
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001794:Blood Pressure; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D013060:Speech