title: Deposition of albuterol aerosol generated by pneumatic nebulizer in the Sophia Anatomical Infant Nose-Throat (SAINT) model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To quantify distribution of albuterol aerosol generated by a pneumatic nebulizer within the nose and lungs of a model of a 9-month-old child (SAINT) and aerosol loss to the environment, during simulated breathing at increasing tidal volumes (TVs).
  
  
  METHODS
  (99m)technetium-labeled albuterol aerosol was generated by an IPI nebulizer with face-mask. Deposition was quantified as a percentage of emitted dose using gamma scintigraphy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lung deposition was similar for all TVs, averaging 7.17 +/- 0.01%, 9.34 +/- 0.01% and 9.41 +/- 0.02% at 50, 100 and 200 mL TV, respectively. In contrast, nose deposition increased significantly with TV, averaging 4.40 +/- 0.02%, 11.39 +/- 0.02% and 22.12 +/- 0.02% at 50 mL, 100 mL and 200 mL TV, respectively (all p < 0.0167). Aerosol loss to the environment was significantly lower at 200 mL TV (53.81 +/- 0.04%), compared to 50 mL (71.99 +/- 0.02%) (p < 0.0167).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that nasal deposition of albuterol aerosol generated by a pneumatic nebulizer in 9-month-old infants may be significantly affected by changes in TV, ranging between 50 to 200 mL, whereas total lung deposition may not be affected. These results also predict that environmental losses would be highest when administering to a child breathing at 50 mL TV. These data should be useful to companies who are working to improve aerosol delivery systems to treat infants.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. blaube@jhmi.edu
authors.forename: Beth L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Laube
authors.forename: Gail
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sharpless
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Shermer
authors.forename: Omer
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Nasir
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sullivan
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Powell
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000336:Aerosols / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000032:analysis; D000420:Albuterol / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000032:analysis*; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D009330:Nebulizers and Vaporizers / Q000592:standards*; D009929:Organ Size; D010316:Particle Size; D013990:Tidal Volume
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents; D000420:Albuterol