title: Delayed-type asthmatic response to bronchial challenge with allergen, I: clinical features.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients with allergic asthma being challenged with allergen may develop different types of asthmatic response, such as immediate asthmatic response (IAR), late asthmatic response (LAR), or dual late asthmatic response (DLAR), because of different immunologic mechanisms.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the clinical features of delayed asthmatic response (DYAR), its reproducibility, and its association with other in vivo and in vitro diagnostic parameters and to contribute to the understanding of the possible mechanism(s) underlying this unusual clinical phenomenon.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 51 asthma patients developing 51 DYARs, the bronchial challenges with the same allergens were repeated and supplemented with additional diagnostic parameters. Control groups consisted of asthma patients developing IAR (n = 56), LAR (n = 43), and DLAR (n = 31) and healthy individuals (n = 48).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The DYAR began at 26 to 32 hours, reached a maximum at 32 to 48 hours, and resolved within 56 hours after the challenge. DYAR was statistically highly significant (P < .001) compared with phosphate-buffered saline controls.The differences between the initial and repeated DYAR were not significant (P = .14). The DYAR was associated with dyspnea, wheezing, tiredness, increased peripheral blood leukocyte count, lymphocytosis, neutrophilia but not eosinophilia, significant changes in the T(H)1/T(H)2 ratio in peripheral blood in favor of T(H)1 cells, and significant increase in the intracellular concentration of interferon gamma but not interleukin 4 or 5.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In addition to the previously established IAR, LAR, and DLAR, existence of another, the so-called DYAR to allergen challenge, has been demonstrated. In this type, the T(H)1 cells, together with neutrophils, may well play the predominant causal role.
authors.affiliation: Allergy Research Foundation, Breda, the Netherlands. zpelikan@casema.nl
authors.forename: Zdenek
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Pelikan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000485:Allergens / Q000276:immunology*; D001249:Asthma / Q000276:immunology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001985:Bronchial Provocation Tests; D004417:Dyspnea / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006968:Hypersensitivity, Delayed / Q000276:immunology*; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000096:biosynthesis; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D007964:Leukocytosis / Q000276:immunology; D008218:Lymphocytosis / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000276:immunology; D012135:Respiratory Sounds / Q000503:physiopathology; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000485:Allergens; D007371:Interferon-gamma