title: [Ultrasound guided T2 intercostal nerve block: a comparison with stellate ganglion block under the blind technique and ultrasound guided technique].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study is to compare the efficacy of stellate ganglion block, performed by ultrasound guided technique and blind technique, and ultrasound guided T2 intercostal nerve block.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the present study, we evaluated the changes in upper arm skin temperature, and the development of Horner syndrome after stellate ganglion block (blind technique and ultrasound guided technique) and ultrasound guided T2 intercostal nerve block in 12, 11 and 10 patients scheduled for each block. Stellate ganglion blocks (blind technique) were performed via an anterior paratracheal approach at C6 using 1% mepivacaine 5 ml. Ultrasound guided stellate ganglion blocks were performed using 8-5 MHz, curved array transducer, and 1% mepivacaine 5 ml is injected to the longus colli muscle at C6 by the out of plane technique. Ultrasound guided intercostal nerve blocks were performed using 13-6 MHz, linear array transducer, and 0.75% ropivacaine 5 ml at T2. Patients were examined before and after the procedure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no significant differences in the increase of skin temperature and the development of Horner syndrome between the groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compared to stellate ganglion block (blind technique), ultrasound guided stellate ganglion block and T2 ultrasound-guided intercostal nerve block provided a similar efficacy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pain Clinic, Kanto Medical Center NTT EC, Tokyo 141-8625.
authors.forename: Misato
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nakagawa
authors.forename: Maya
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hayashi
authors.forename: Saiko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Houki
authors.forename: Kana
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Matsubara
authors.forename: Kenya
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kamijima
authors.forename: Shino
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nakanishi
authors.forename: Yoichiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Abe
authors.forename: Kiyoshige
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ohseto
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006732:Horner Syndrome / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D007367:Intercostal Nerves; D008875:Middle Aged; D009407:Nerve Block / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D012881:Skin Temperature; D013233:Stellate Ganglion; D014465:Ultrasonics