Genetic etiology of Parkinson disease associated with mutations in the SNCA, PARK2, PINK1, PARK7, and LRRK2 genes: a mutation update.
To date, molecular genetic analyses have identified over 500 distinct DNA variants in five disease genes associated with familial Parkinson disease; alpha-synuclein (SNCA), parkin (PARK2), PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1), DJ-1 (PARK7), and Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2). These genetic variants include approximately 82% simple mutations and approximately 18% copy number variations. Some mutation subtypes are likely underestimated because only few studies reported extensive mutation analyses of all five genes, by both exonic sequencing and dosage analyses. Here we present an update of all mutations published to date in the literature, systematically organized in a novel mutation database (http://www.molgen.ua.ac.be/PDmutDB). In addition, we address the biological relevance of putative pathogenic mutations. This review emphasizes the need for comprehensive genetic screening of Parkinson patients followed by an insightful study of the functional relevance of observed genetic variants. Moreover, while capturing existing data from the literature it became apparent that several of the five Parkinson genes were also contributing to the genetic etiology of other Lewy Body Diseases and Parkinson-plus syndromes, indicating that mutation screening is recommendable in these patient groups.
Nuytemans
Karen
K
Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerpen, Belgium.
Theuns
Jessie
J
Cruts
Marc
M
Van Broeckhoven
Christine
C
D030541:Databases, Genetic; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005820:Genetic Testing; D006801:Humans; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D000071158:Leucine-Rich Repeat Serine-Threonine Protein Kinase-2; D009154:Mutation; D015513:Oncogene Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics*; D000071617:Protein Deglycase DJ-1; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000235:genetics*; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000235:genetics*; D051844:alpha-Synuclein / Q000235:genetics*; D000099202:PTEN-Induced Putative Kinase
D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D000071158:Leucine-Rich Repeat Serine-Threonine Protein Kinase-2; D015513:Oncogene Proteins; D000071617:Protein Deglycase DJ-1; D011494:Protein Kinases; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D051844:alpha-Synuclein; D000099202:PTEN-Induced Putative Kinase; C497604:SNCA protein, human; C495280:LRRK2 protein, human; C105131:PARK7 protein, human