title: Prostate cancer managed with active surveillance: role of anatomic MR imaging and MR spectroscopic imaging.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the role that magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and MR spectroscopic imaging findings obtained at the time of diagnosis play in the progression of disease in patients whose prostate cancer is being managed with active surveillance and to compare the role of these findings with the role of transrectal ultrasonography (US) findings.
  
  
  METHODS
  The institutional review board approved this HIPAA-compliant retrospective study, and informed consent was obtained from all patients whose records were to be entered into the research database. All patients who had prostate cancer managed with active surveillance and who had undergone both MR imaging and MR spectroscopic imaging of the prostate and transrectal US at time of diagnosis were identified. Two urologists blinded to the clinical outcome in these patients independently reviewed and dichotomized the MR imaging report and the MR spectroscopic imaging report as normal or suggestive of malignancy. One experienced urologist performed all US examinations that were then dichotomized similarly. Uni- and multivariate (with use of standard clinical variables) Cox models were fitted to assess time to cancer progression, defined as Gleason score upgrading, prostate-specific antigen velocity of more than 0.75 (microg x L(-1))/y, or initiation of treatment more than 6 months after diagnosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The final cohort included 114 patients with a median follow-up of 59 months. Patients with a lesion that was suggestive of cancer at MR imaging had a greater risk of the Gleason score being upgraded at subsequent biopsy (hazard ratio, 4.0; 95% confidence interval: 1.1, 14.9) than did patients without such a lesion. Neither MR spectroscopic imaging nor transrectal US could be used to predict cancer progression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Abnormal prostate MR imaging results suggestive of cancer may confer an increased risk of Gleason score upgrade at subsequent biopsy. Although expensive, prostate MR imaging may help in counseling potential candidates about active surveillance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif, USA. vfradet@gmail.com
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Fradet
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kurhanewicz
authors.forename: Janet E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Cowan
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Karl
authors.forename: Fergus V
authors.initials: FV
authors.lastname: Coakley
authors.forename: Katsuto
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shinohara
authors.forename: Peter R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Carroll
mesh_terms: D001706:Biopsy; D018450:Disease Progression; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D011159:Population Surveillance; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D012007:Rectum; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012306:Risk; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen