Behavior therapy for children with Tourette disorder: a randomized controlled trial.
BACKGROUND
Tourette disorder is a chronic and typically impairing childhood-onset neurologic condition. Antipsychotic medications, the first-line treatments for moderate to severe tics, are often associated with adverse effects. Behavioral interventions, although promising, have not been evaluated in large-scale controlled trials.


OBJECTIVE
To determine the efficacy of a comprehensive behavioral intervention for reducing tic severity in children and adolescents.


METHODS
Randomized, observer-blind, controlled trial of 126 children recruited from December 2004 through May 2007 and aged 9 through 17 years, with impairing Tourette or chronic tic disorder as a primary diagnosis, randomly assigned to 8 sessions during 10 weeks of behavior therapy (n = 61) or a control treatment consisting of supportive therapy and education (n = 65). Responders received 3 monthly booster treatment sessions and were reassessed at 3 and 6 months following treatment.


METHODS
Comprehensive behavioral intervention.


METHODS
Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (range 0-50, score >15 indicating clinically significant tics) and Clinical Global Impressions-Improvement Scale (range 1 [very much improved] to 8 [very much worse]).


RESULTS
Behavioral intervention led to a significantly greater decrease on the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (24.7 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 23.1-26.3] to 17.1 [95% CI, 15.1-19.1]) from baseline to end point compared with the control treatment (24.6 [95% CI, 23.2-26.0] to 21.1 [95% CI, 19.2-23.0]) (P < .001; difference between groups, 4.1; 95% CI, 2.0-6.2) (effect size = 0.68). Significantly more children receiving behavioral intervention compared with those in the control group were rated as being very much improved or much improved on the Clinical Global Impressions-Improvement scale (52.5% vs 18.5%, respectively; P < .001; number needed to treat = 3). Attrition was low (12/126, or 9.5%); tic worsening was reported by 4% of children (5/126). Treatment gains were durable, with 87% of available responders to behavior therapy exhibiting continued benefit 6 months following treatment.


CONCLUSIONS
A comprehensive behavioral intervention, compared with supportive therapy and education, resulted in greater improvement in symptom severity among children with Tourette and chronic tic disorder.


BACKGROUND
clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00218777.
Piacentini
John
J
UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, 760 Westwood Plaza, Room 68-251, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA. jpiacentini@mednet.ucla.edu
Woods
Douglas W
DW
Scahill
Lawrence
L
Wilhelm
Sabine
S
Peterson
Alan L
AL
Chang
Susanna
S
Ginsburg
Golda S
GS
Deckersbach
Thilo
T
Dziura
James
J
Levi-Pearl
Sue
S
Walkup
John T
JT
D000293:Adolescent; D001521:Behavior Therapy; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D005879:Tourette Syndrome / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome