title: Prediction of ammonia emission from dairy cattle manure based on milk urea nitrogen: relation of milk urea nitrogen to ammonia emissions.
abstract: The main objectives of this study were to assess the relationship between ammonia emissions from dairy cattle manure and milk urea N (MUN; mg/dL) and to test whether the relationship was affected by stage of lactation and the dietary crude protein (CP) concentration. Twelve lactating multiparous Holstein cows were randomly selected and blocked into 3 groups of 4 cows intended to represent early [123+/-26 d in milk (DIM)], mid (175+/-3 DIM), and late (221+/-12 DIM) lactation stages. Cows within each stage of lactation were randomly assigned to a treatment sequence within a split-plot Latin square design balanced for carryover effects. Stage of lactation formed the main plots (squares) and dietary CP levels (15, 17, 19, and 21% of diet dry matter) formed the subplots. The experimental periods lasted 7 d, with d 1 to 6 used for adjustment to diets and d 7 used for total collection of feces and urine as well as milk sample collection. The feces and urine from each cow were mixed in the proportions in which they were excreted to make slurry that was used to measure ammonia emissions at 22.5 degrees C over 24 h using flux chambers. Samples of manure slurry were taken before and after ammonia emission measurements. The amount of slurry increased by 22% as dietary CP concentration increased from 15 to 21%, largely because of a greater urine volume (25.3 to 37.1 kg/d). Initial urea N concentration increased linearly with dietary CP from 153.5 to 465.2 mg/dL in manure slurries from cows fed 15 to 21% CP diets. Despite the large initial differences, the final concentration of urea N in manure slurries was less than 10.86 mg/dL for all dietary treatments. The final total ammoniacal N concentration in manure slurries increased linearly from 228.2 to 508.7 mg/dL as dietary CP content increased from 15 to 21%. Ammonia emissions from manure slurries ranged between 57 and 149 g of N/d per cow and increased linearly with dietary CP content, but were unaffected by stage of lactation. Ammonia emission expressed as a proportion of N intake increased with percentage CP in the diet from about 12 to 20%, whereas ammonia emission as a proportion of urinary urea N excretion decreased from 67 to 47%. There was a strong relationship between ammonia emission and MUN [ammonia emission (g/d per cow)=25.0 (+/-6.72)+5.03 (+/-0.373) x MUN (mg/dL); R(2)=0.85], which was not different among lactation stages. Milk urea N concentration is one of several factors that allows prediction of ammonia emissions from dairy cattle manure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis 95616, USA.
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Burgos
authors.forename: N M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Embertson
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: F M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Mitloehner
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: DePeters
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Fadel
mesh_terms: D000641:Ammonia / Q000032:analysis*; D000821:Animal Feed; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D007774:Lactation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D008372:Manure / Q000032:analysis*; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry*; D013997:Time Factors; D014508:Urea / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D004044:Dietary Proteins; D008372:Manure; D000641:Ammonia; D014508:Urea