title: Gender-related endocrinological dysfunction and mental disorders.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The association between endocrine and neuropsychiatric disorders was established long ago, with solid evidence. According to a multidimensional model of mental disorders, one can conceptualize sex and gender-related endocrinological dysfunctions as a cluster of risk factors included in the biological determinants of those disorders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Gender and sexual dimorphism in brain functions and pathways may have a main impact and synergistic effects on health differences in both men and women. To explain these differences, hormonal reactivity to stress, sex hormones and gene-environment interactions are among the most researched mechanisms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this paper, we review updated data on sex and gender differences in stress reactivity, concerning the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, endocrinological dysfunction and vulnerability to major psychiatric disorders, in a stress-diathesis approach. Mainly schizophrenia and affective disorders are discussed, according to recent investigation, in terms of early determinants of stress reactivity, the interplay of genetic expression and gender role, their responsibility in biological modulation and their hypothetical contribution to explain gender differences in prevalence and clinical aspects of mental disorders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Hospital Santa Maria, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal. ml.figueira@hsm.min-saude.pt
authors.forename: Maria Luisa
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Figueira
authors.forename: Sílvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ouakinin
mesh_terms: D004700:Endocrine System Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007030:Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D010913:Pituitary-Adrenal System / Q000503:physiopathology; D012727:Sex Characteristics