title: Sonic hedgehog expressing and responding cells generate neuronal diversity in the medial amygdala.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The mammalian amygdala is composed of two primary functional subdivisions, classified according to whether the major output projection of each nucleus is excitatory or inhibitory. The posterior dorsal and ventral subdivisions of the medial amygdala, which primarily contain inhibitory output neurons, modulate specific aspects of innate socio-sexual and aggressive behaviors. However, the development of the neuronal diversity of this complex and important structure remains to be fully elucidated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using a combination of genetic fate-mapping and loss-of-function analyses, we examined the contribution and function of Sonic hedgehog (Shh)-expressing and Shh-responsive (Nkx2-1+ and Gli1+) neurons in the medial amygdala. Specifically, we found that Shh- and Nkx2-1-lineage cells contribute differentially to the dorsal and ventral subdivisions of the postnatal medial amygdala. These Shh- and Nkx2-1-lineage neurons express overlapping and non-overlapping inhibitory neuronal markers, such as Calbindin, FoxP2, nNOS and Somatostatin, revealing diverse fate contributions in discrete medial amygdala nuclear subdivisions. Electrophysiological analysis of the Shh-derived neurons additionally reveals an important functional diversity within this lineage in the medial amygdala. Moreover, inducible Gli1CreER(T2) temporal fate mapping shows that early-generated progenitors that respond to Shh signaling also contribute to medial amygdala neuronal diversity. Lastly, analysis of Nkx2-1 mutant mice demonstrates a genetic requirement for Nkx2-1 in inhibitory neuronal specification in the medial amygdala distinct from the requirement for Nkx2-1 in cerebral cortical development.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Taken together, these data reveal a differential contribution of Shh-expressing and Shh-responding cells to medial amygdala neuronal diversity as well as the function of Nkx2-1 in the development of this important limbic system structure.
authors.affiliation: Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA.
authors.forename: Rosalind S E
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Carney
authors.forename: Jean-Marie
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Mangin
authors.forename: Lindsay
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hayes
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mansfield
authors.forename: Vitor H
authors.initials: VH
authors.lastname: Sousa
authors.forename: Gord
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fishell
authors.forename: Robert P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Machold
authors.forename: Sohyun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ahn
authors.forename: Vittorio
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gallo
authors.forename: Joshua G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Corbin
mesh_terms: D000679:Amygdala / Q000166:cytology / Q000196:embryology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000235:genetics; D019070:Cell Lineage / Q000235:genetics; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental / Q000235:genetics; D053823:Hedgehog Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D051741:Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009433:Neural Inhibition / Q000235:genetics; D055495:Neurogenesis / Q000235:genetics*; D009474:Neurons / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D000074482:Thyroid Nuclear Factor 1; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000071676:Zinc Finger Protein GLI1
chemical_list: C498520:Gli1 protein, mouse; D053823:Hedgehog Proteins; D051741:Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; C000614414:Nkx2-1 protein, mouse; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; C465570:Shh protein, mouse; D000074482:Thyroid Nuclear Factor 1; D014157:Transcription Factors; D000071676:Zinc Finger Protein GLI1