title: Release of fluoride from fresh and old NaF-impregnated chewing sticks (Miswaks) in vitro and oral retention in vivo.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objectives of the present investigation were to study fluoride (F) release from NaF-impregnated chewing sticks (Miswaks) in vitro and to study the F clearance in saliva and the F oral retention in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  Both fresh and old Miswaks were collected from 10 stores in Saudi Arabia and fluoridated in 0.01%, 0.1%, 0.5%, 1% and 3% NaF. The F release was studied in vitro up to 60 min. In vivo, 10 subjects used Miswaks fluoridated in 0.01%, 0.1%, 0.5%, 1% and 3% NaF for 2 min (Series I). The subjects were asked to spit out all saliva in a beaker during a 12-min period without swallowing. The F present in the obtained saliva was considered to represent the 'F retention'. In Series II, the same type of Miswaks were used as in Series I. Repeated whole saliva unstimulated samples were collected before and up to 30 min after. These two series were carried out in another 10 subjects (Series III and IV), but with Miswaks fluoridated in a more narrow range of concentration (0.05% to 0.5% NaF). Brushing with 1 g of F-containing dentifrice (0.32% NaF) was used as a control.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were only small differences between fresh and old Miswaks, but great variations were observed between Miswaks that were purchased from different stores. Miswaks fluoridated in 0.1% to 0.5% NaF could be considered as an 'optimum level' with respect to both the F concentration in saliva and the F retention.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is recommended to use fresh Miswaks impregnated in 0.1% NaF or a maximum of 0.5% NaF for a day, as they are interesting and safe products for the prevention of caries and could be widely used in countries such as Saudi Arabia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cariology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Hosam
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Baeshen
authors.forename: Dowen
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Birkhed
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002327:Cariostatic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D003742:Dental Devices, Home Care; D005260:Female; D005459:Fluorides / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D017736:Ion-Selective Electrodes; D008297:Male; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry*; D032121:Salvadoraceae; D012969:Sodium Fluoride / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D013997:Time Factors; D014099:Toothbrushing / Q000295:instrumentation*
chemical_list: D002327:Cariostatic Agents; D012969:Sodium Fluoride; D005459:Fluorides