title: Association between 25-hydroxyvitamin D, somatic muscle weakness and falls risk in end-stage renal failure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Suboptimal levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) are common in haemodialysis patients (Chronic Kidney disease-5D: CKD-5D) and may be associated with reduced muscle strength and increased falls risk. We tested the hypothesis that 25OHD levels may be independently associated with falls risk in CKD-5D.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Supplementation with calcium and cholecalciferol reduces hip and other nonvertebral fractures in elderly individuals, and this effect may in part be attributable to reduction in falls frequency. The relationship between 25OHD and falls risk has not been investigated in CKD-5D.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a cross-sectional study of 25 CKD-5D patients with predialysis 25OHD, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)(2)D) and intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) measurement. Falls risk was assessed by quadriceps muscle strength, FallsScreen((c)) test (FST), Berg Balance Scale (BBS), timed 'up and go' (TUG) test, Modified Barthel Index (MBI) and Falls Efficacy Scale (FES).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean age was 69.8 +/- 12.1 years, and median time on dialysis was 3.1 years. Median 25OHD level was 55.3 nmol/l (range 20.8-125.8 nmol/l). Muscle strength was significantly positively correlated with 25OHD (P = 0.024) but not with 1,25(OH)(2)D (P = 0.477) or PTH (P = 0.461). Statistically significant correlation between 25OHD levels and FST (P = 0.028) plus MBI (P = 0.0046) was noted. No significant correlation was detected between falls risk and 1,25(OH)(2)D or PTH.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Suboptimal levels of 25OHD in CKD-5D are associated with reduced quadriceps muscle strength and increased falls risk. 25OHD may be more important than the active renal metabolite 1,25(OH)(2)D for muscle strength with implications for vitamin D choice and goals of supplementation. Further investigation is required to examine effectiveness of calciferol supplementation on the incidence of falls in CKD-5D.
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Boudville
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Inderjeeth
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Elder
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Glendenning
mesh_terms: D000058:Accidental Falls; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000628:therapy; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018908:Muscle Weakness / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone / Q000097:blood; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D010281:Parathyroid Hormone; D014807:Vitamin D; C097949:1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D