title: Preparation of protein-loaded sustained-release microspheres via 'solid-in-oil-in-hydrophilic oil-in-ethanol (S/O/hO/E)' emulsification.
abstract: While formulating proteins into solid particles prior to microsphere preparation is regarded as an effective way to stabilize such macromolecules, the protein particles may still contact the aqueous continuous phase and be re-dissolved. Dissolved proteins may not only leak into the aqueous continuous phase (resulting in reduced loading efficiency), but also contact water-oil (the hydrophobic polymer solution) interfaces, factors known to denature proteins. To avoid dissolution of solidified protein particles, we developed a microencapsulation procedure involving a hydrophilic "oil" (hO) continuous phase to which the hydrophobic solution of the controlled-release polymer was dispersed. The hydrophilic "oil" phase was a glycerol-based liquid mixed with ethylene glycol and polyvinyl alcohol solution to adjust viscosity and surface tension. This non-water hydrophilic continuous phase is immiscible with the hydrophobic polymer solution yet unable to dissolve pre-formulated protein particles. After the embryonic microspheres loaded with the protein particles were formed in this hydrophilic "oil" phase, the formulation was transferred into a cold ethanol bath where the microspheres were immediately hardened due to extracting the organic solution by ethanol. This method was examined by microencapsulating bovine serum albumin (BSA) and beta-galactosidase (beta-gal) into polylactide-co-glycolide (PLGA) microspheres for encapsulation efficiency, release kinetics and bioactivity preservation. As measured using size exclusion chromatography (SEC-HPLC), up to 90% added BSA was encapsulated in microspheres, and the release kinetics of the protein was adjusted by selecting surfactants used in microencapsulation emulsification. The assay of enzymatic activity of beta-galactosidase in hydrolysis of o-nitrophenyl-beta-d-galactopyranoside (ONPG) indicated that over 90% of the protein recovered from the microspheres was active.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
authors.forename: Weien
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.forename: Yulong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Fei
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Yunpeng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.forename: Yuankuei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Mingjia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Tuo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002850:Chromatography, Gel; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations / Q000138:chemical synthesis*; D045703:Emulsifying Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D000431:Ethanol / Q000737:chemistry*; D006736:Horses; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D008863:Microspheres; D009211:Myoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D009821:Oils / Q000737:chemistry*; D010316:Particle Size; D011100:Polyglycolic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D000077182:Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer; D020836:Protein Structure, Quaternary; D011506:Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D012710:Serum Albumin, Bovine / Q000378:metabolism; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001616:beta-Galactosidase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D045703:Emulsifying Agents; D009211:Myoglobin; D009821:Oils; D011506:Proteins; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; D000077182:Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer; D011100:Polyglycolic Acid; D012710:Serum Albumin, Bovine; D019344:Lactic Acid; D000431:Ethanol; D001616:beta-Galactosidase