title: CXCR2 promotes ovarian cancer growth through dysregulated cell cycle, diminished apoptosis, and enhanced angiogenesis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Chemokine receptor CXCR2 is associated with malignancy in several cancer models; however, the mechanisms involved in CXCR2-mediated tumor growth remain elusive. Here, we investigated the role of CXCR2 in human ovarian cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  CXCR2 expression was silenced by stable small hairpin RNA in ovarian cancer cell lines T29Gro-1, T29H, and SKOV3. Western blotting, immunofluorescence, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, flow cytometry, electrophoretic mobility shift assay, and mouse assay were used to detect CXCR2, interleukin-8, Gro-1, cell cycle, apoptosis, DNA binding of NF-kappaB, and tumor growth. Immunohistochemical staining of CXCR2 was done in 240 high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma samples.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Knockdown of CXCR2 expression by small hairpin RNA reduced tumorigenesis of ovarian cancer cells in nude mice. CXCR2 promoted cell cycle progression by modulating cell cycle regulatory proteins, including p21 (waf1/cip1), cyclin D1, CDK6, CDK4, cyclin A, and cyclin B1. CXCR2 inhibited cellular apoptosis by suppressing phosphorylated p53, Puma, and Bcl-xS; suppressing poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage; and activating Bcl-xL and Bcl-2. CXCR2 stimulated angiogenesis by increasing levels of vascular endothelial growth factor and decreasing levels of thrombospondin-1, a process likely involving mitogen-activated protein kinase, and NF-kappaB. Overexpression of CXCR2 in high-grade serous ovarian carcinomas was an independent prognostic factor of poor overall survival (P < 0.001) and of early relapse (P = 0.003) in the univariate analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data provide strong evidence that CXCR2 regulates the cell cycle, apoptosis, and angiogenesis through multiple signaling pathways, including mitogen-activated protein kinase and NF-kappaB, in ovarian cancer. CXCR2 thus has potential as a therapeutic target and for use in ovarian cancer diagnosis and prognosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Gong
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Daniel G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Rosen
authors.forename: Guangzhi
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Fan
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Xiaoqing
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Xue
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.forename: Fengxia
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Xue
authors.forename: Imelda
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Mercado-Uribe
authors.forename: Jiaoti
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Sue-Hwa
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Gordon B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Mills
authors.forename: Jinsong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000235:genetics*; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000235:genetics*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002469:Cell Separation; D018284:Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D024202:Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D011379:Prognosis; D023063:Receptors, Interleukin-8B / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D023063:Receptors, Interleukin-8B