title: The changing paradigm of stress echocardiography: risk stratification, prognosis, and future directions.
abstract: The use of stress echocardiography has undergone considerable evolution in the past 3 decades. Although stress echocardiography was first introduced as a noninvasive diagnostic tool for determining the presence or absence of coronary artery disease (CAD), it later served a prognostic role as well. The importance of stress echocardiography in risk stratification and prognosis is substantially undervalued by clinicians. The identification of patients at risk for future cardiac events has become a primary objective in noninvasive evaluation of patients with suspected or known CAD. In particular, the ability of stress echocardiography to identify patients at low (< 1%), intermediate (1%-5%), or high (> 5%) risk for future cardiac events is essential to decision making in patient management. Moreover, previous studies have conclusively demonstrated the incremental prognostic value of stress echocardiography over clinical and treadmill exercise data in predicting future cardiac events. This article presents a primarily single-center experience of retrospective and observational studies that address the current role of stress echocardiography and summarize its use for risk stratification, prognosis, and determining clinical outcomes, as well as cost-effective integration of such information in patient management decision making.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10025, USA.
authors.forename: Siu-Sun
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Weinberg
authors.forename: Sripal
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bangalore
authors.forename: Farooq A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Chaudhry
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D016279:Atrial Function, Left / Q000502:physiology; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000639:trends*; D005080:Exercise Test; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D019370:Observation; D005082:Physical Exertion / Q000502:physiology*; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D018497:Ventricular Dysfunction, Right / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging