title: Peripartum nevirapine exposure and subsequent clinical outcomes among HIV-infected women receiving antiretroviral therapy for at least 12 months.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Prior exposure to intrapartum/neonatal nevirapine (NVP) is associated with compromised virologic treatment outcomes once non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)-based antiretroviral therapy (ART) is initiated. We examined the longer-term clinical outcomes in a programmatic setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared post-12 month mortality and clinical treatment failure (defined by WHO clinical and immunologic criteria) among women with and without prior NVP exposure in Lusaka, Zambia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Between April 2004 and July 2006, 6740 women initiated an NNRTI-containing regimen. At 12 months, 5172 (78%) remained active and were included in this analysis. Of these, 596 (12%) reported prior NVP exposure, whose time from exposure to ART initiation was: <6 months for 11%, 6-12 months for 13%, >12 months for 37%, unknown for 39%. Overall, women with prior NVP exposure trended towards increased survival (adjusted hazard ratio [AHR]: 0.53; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.27-1.06, P = 0.07) and towards increased hazard of clinical treatment failure (AHR: 1.18; 95% CI: 0.95-1.47, P = 0.14), particularly those with exposure for <6 months (AHR: 1.52; 95% CI: 0.94-2.45, P = 0.09).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prior NVP exposure appeared to increase risk for clinical treatment failure after 12 months of follow-up, but this finding did not reach statistical significance. With growing evidence linking recent NVP exposure to virologic failure, optimized monitoring algorithms should be considered for women with starting NNRTI-based ART. The association between prior NVP exposure and improved survival has not been previously shown and may be a result of residual confounding around health-seeking behaviours.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia.
authors.forename: Namwinga
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chintu
authors.forename: Mark J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Giganti
authors.forename: Nande B
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Putta
authors.forename: Moses
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sinkala
authors.forename: Ebedy
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sadoki
authors.forename: Elizabeth M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Stringer
authors.forename: Jeffrey S A
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Stringer
authors.forename: Benjamin H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Chi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active / Q000379:methods; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000635:transmission; D006801:Humans; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical / Q000517:prevention & control; D019829:Nevirapine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000188:drug therapy*; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017211:Treatment Failure; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; D019829:Nevirapine