title: Pharmacotherapy of myelodysplastic syndromes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite the remarkable progress in the treatment of patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) in the past decade, response to the hypomethylating agents azacitidine and decitabine in non-del(5q) MDS patients remains at approximately 50%, leaving half of patients needing treatment with essentially no options. As biologic insight into the molecular pathways that account for disease evolution and clinical heterogeneity is expanded, the arsenal of potential drugs that may elicit significant response is also increasing. One of the greatest challenges for the treating physician is to decide when to initiate therapy and which therapy (approved drug or newer agents still in clinical trial) is likely to be the most beneficial. While there is no single answer to these issues, there are several approaches that may be considered, and these are addressed in this review.
  
  
  METHODS
  This review examines the clinical outcomes of the FDA-approved drugs as well as of the promising new therapies that are in current clinical trials.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The clinician now has multiple treatment options for patients with MDS. It is important to consider multiple factors before initiating therapy with disease-modifying drugs. This review presents some of the decision-making approaches that are in practice at present.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For the first time, various treatment options are available for patients with MDS. In light of the intense efforts now in progress, the next decade promises to be one of hope and excitement for both MDS patients and treating clinicians.
authors.affiliation: St. Vincent's Comprehensive Cancer Center, 325 West 15th Street, New York 10011, USA.
authors.forename: Naomi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Galili
authors.forename: Azra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Raza
mesh_terms: D001374:Azacitidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019175:DNA Methylation; D000077209:Decitabine; D017277:Drug Approval / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D004921:Erythropoietin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007502:Iron Chelating Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000077269:Lenalidomide; D009190:Myelodysplastic Syndromes / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D013792:Thalidomide / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014481:United States; D014486:United States Food and Drug Administration
chemical_list: D007502:Iron Chelating Agents; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D004921:Erythropoietin; D013792:Thalidomide; D000077209:Decitabine; D000077269:Lenalidomide; D001374:Azacitidine