title: Effects of multiple intrathecal administration of L-arginine with different doses on formalin-induced nociceptive behavioral responses in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effects of nitric oxide (NO) with different doses on modulation of inflammatory pain, and its possible mechanisms.
  
  
  METHODS
  NO precursor L-arginine (L-Arg) was intrathecally administered in rats at a dose of 10 microg per day (low dose group) or 250 microg per day (high dose group) for a succession of 4 d. Normal saline was applied as a control. Then the rats were subcutaneously injected with formalin (100 microL, 2%) into the right hind paw, and the nociceptive behavioral responses within 1 h were observed. At 4 h after formalin injection, neuronal NO synthase (nNOS) and c-Fos expression in spinal dorsal horn was examined with immunocytochemistry method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The subcutaneous injection of formalin evoked biphasic behaviors of licking or biting the injected paw. There was no difference in acute phase of formalin test among the 3 groups, while in tonic phase, the licking and biting time, and the protein levels of nNOS and c-Fos in spinal dorsal horn were significantly decreased in low dose group and increased in high dose group, compared with those in control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that multiple administration of NO with different doses may produce different effects. On one hand, the low dose of NO can induce antinociception. On the other hand, the high dose of NO can induce pronociception.
authors.affiliation: Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China.
authors.forename: Kuan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Wen-Xiu
authors.initials: WX
authors.lastname: Qi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001120:Arginine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002452:Cell Count; D002491:Central Nervous System Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005557:Formaldehyde; D006614:Hindlimb / Q000187:drug effects; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007278:Injections, Spinal; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000378:metabolism; D052248:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I; D010146:Pain / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D010784:Photomicrography; D020671:Posterior Horn Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D002491:Central Nervous System Agents; D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos; D005557:Formaldehyde; D001120:Arginine; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052248:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I; C496322:Nos1 protein, rat