title: Measuring the experience and perception of suffering.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  assess psychometric properties of scales developed to assess experience and perception of physical, psychological, and existential suffering in older individuals.
  
  
  METHODS
  scales were administered to 3 populations of older persons and/or their family caregivers: individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and their family caregivers (N = 105 dyads), married couples in whom 1 partner had osteoarthritis (N = 53 dyads), and African American and Hispanic caregivers of care recipients with AD (N = 121). Care recipients rated their own suffering, whereas caregivers provided ratings of perceived suffering of their respective care recipients. In addition, quality of life, health, and functional status data were collected from all respondents via structured in-person interviews.
  
  
  RESULTS
  three scales showed high levels of internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and convergent and discriminant validity. The scales were able to discriminate differences in suffering as a function of type of disease, demonstrated high intra-person correlations and moderately high inter-person correlations and exhibited predicted patterns of association between each type of suffering and indicators of quality of life, health status, and caregiver outcomes of depression and burden.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  suffering is an important but understudied domain. This article provides valuable tools for assessing the experience and perception of suffering in humans.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and UCSUR, University of Pittsburgh, 121 University Place, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA. schulz@pitt.edu
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schulz
authors.forename: Joan K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Monin
authors.forename: Sara J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Czaja
authors.forename: Jennifer H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lingler
authors.forename: Scott R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Beach
authors.forename: Lynn M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Martire
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dodds
authors.forename: Randy S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Hebert
authors.forename: Bozena
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zdaniuk
authors.forename: Thomas B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Cook
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000523:psychology*; D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology*; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000523:psychology*; D010465:Perception; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000592:standards; D011788:Quality of Life; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*; D014481:United States