title: Implementing a superimposition and measurement model for 3D sagittal analysis of therapy-induced changes in facial soft tissue: a pilot study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  3D digital surface photogrammetry is an objective means of documenting the quantitative evaluation of facial morphology. However, there are no standardized superimposition and measurement systems for surveying soft tissue changes. The aim of this study was to present a superimposition and measurement model for three-dimensional analysis of therapy-induced sagittal changes in facial soft tissue and to ascertain its applicability based on the reproducibility of 3D landmark positions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-nine children were examined (eight with cleft lip and palate, six with cleft palate, eight with Class III malocclusion and seven healthy controls, between 4.1 and 6.4 years). The mean time between examinations was 8.2 months for the patients and 8 months for the control group. Data was acquired with the DSP 400((c))imaging system. A mathematical model with seven superimposition points was developed. Two 3D images, one at the beginning and the other at the end of the examination, were generated. Both images were superimposed ten times. Ten landmarks for evaluating the soft tissue changes were geometrically defined on the superimposition image, put in place ten times, and measured. The landmarks' reproducibility was calculated via statistical intraoperator analysis. Measurement error was identified using the root mean square error (RMSE).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The superimposition points were easy to locate and the landmarks well definable. All midface landmarks proved to be highly reproducible with an RMSE under 0.50 mm. The lower face landmarks demonstrated good reproducibility with an RMSE under 1 mm. The midface landmarks' precision fell below the range of accuracy, while the lower face landmarks' precision fell within the optoelectronic scanner device's range of accuracy (0.50-1 mm).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As an accurate, non-invasive, millisecond-fast, non-ionizing and ad infinitum repeatable procedure, 3D digital surface photogrammetry is very well suited for clinical and scientific application in orthodontics. We developed a reliable superimposition and measurement model with 3D digital surface photogrammetry. This new capturing and measurement system provides a simple means of determining 3D changes in facial soft tissue. Our landmarks proved to be highly reproducible for the midface while revealing good reproducibility for the lower face.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Eberhard Karl University, Osianderstrasse 2-8, Tübingen, Germany. clausade@web.de
authors.forename: Claudia Sade
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Hoefert
authors.forename: Margit
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bacher
authors.forename: Tina
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Herberts
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Krimmel
authors.forename: Siegmar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Reinert
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hoefert
authors.forename: Gernot
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Göz
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D002508:Cephalometry / Q000379:methods; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003238:Connective Tissue / Q000473:pathology*; D005145:Face / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods; D007569:Jaw Abnormalities / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008313:Malocclusion, Angle Class III / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D010780:Photogrammetry / Q000379:methods*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013382:Subtraction Technique; D016896:Treatment Outcome