title: The costs of meeting the environmental objectives for the Baltic Sea: a review of the literature.
abstract: The environmental targets of the recently agreed Baltic Sea Action Plan (BSAP) targets are likely associated with a considerable cost, which motivates a search for low-cost policies. The following review shows there is a substantial literature on cost-efficient nutrient reduction strategies, including suggestions regarding low-cost abatement, but actual policies at international and national scale tend to be considerably more expensive due to lack of instruments that ensure a cost-efficient allocation of abatement across countries and sectors. Economic research on the costs of reducing hazardous substances and oil spill damages in the Baltic Sea is not available, but lessons from the international literature suggest that resources could be used more efficiently if appropriate analysis is undertaken. Common to these pollution problems is the need to ensure that all countries in the region are provided with positive incentives to implement international agreements.
authors.affiliation: Department of Economics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7013, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden. katarina.elofsson@ekon.slu.se
authors.forename: Katarina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Elofsson
mesh_terms: D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D017753:Ecosystem; D052918:Environmental Restoration and Remediation / Q000191:economics*; D005068:Eutrophication; D057097:Harmful Algal Bloom; D015386:Hazardous Substances / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000191:economics; D006801:Humans; D009792:Oceans and Seas; D010578:Petroleum / Q000633:toxicity; D011640:Public Policy; D014877:Water Pollution, Chemical / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics*
chemical_list: D015386:Hazardous Substances; D010578:Petroleum