title: Inhibition of IFN-gamma-dependent antiviral airway epithelial defense by cigarette smoke.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although individuals exposed to cigarette smoke are more susceptible to respiratory infection, the effects of cigarette smoke on lung defense are incompletely understood. Because airway epithelial cell responses to type II interferon (IFN) are critical in regulation of defense against many respiratory viral infections, we hypothesized that cigarette smoke has inhibitory effects on IFN-gamma-dependent antiviral mechanisms in epithelial cells in the airway.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary human tracheobronchial epithelial cells were first treated with cigarette smoke extract (CSE) followed by exposure to both CSE and IFN-gamma. Epithelial cell cytotoxicity and IFN-gamma-induced signaling, gene expression, and antiviral effects against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) were tested without and with CSE exposure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CSE inhibited IFN-gamma-dependent gene expression in airway epithelial cells, and these effects were not due to cell loss or cytotoxicity. CSE markedly inhibited IFN-gamma-induced Stat1 phosphorylation, indicating that CSE altered type II interferon signal transduction and providing a mechanism for CSE effects. A period of CSE exposure combined with an interval of epithelial cell exposure to both CSE and IFN-gamma was required to inhibit IFN-gamma-induced cell signaling. CSE also decreased the inhibitory effect of IFN-gamma on RSV mRNA and protein expression, confirming effects on viral infection. CSE effects on IFN-gamma-induced Stat1 activation, antiviral protein expression, and inhibition of RSV infection were decreased by glutathione augmentation of epithelial cells using N-acetylcysteine or glutathione monoethyl ester, providing one strategy to alter cigarette smoke effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate that CSE inhibits the antiviral effects of IFN-gamma, thereby presenting one explanation for increased susceptibility to respiratory viral infection in individuals exposed to cigarette smoke.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1081, USA.
authors.forename: Modestos A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Modestou
authors.forename: Lori J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Manzel
authors.forename: Sherif
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: El-Mahdy
authors.forename: Dwight C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Look
mesh_terms: D000111:Acetylcysteine / Q000494:pharmacology; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D005978:Glutathione / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000378:metabolism*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D020545:Respiratory Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology; D018357:Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D018113:Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D050794:STAT1 Transcription Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D012906:Smoke; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D050794:STAT1 Transcription Factor; C494079:STAT1 protein, human; D012906:Smoke; C042431:S-ethyl glutathione; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D005978:Glutathione; D000111:Acetylcysteine