title: Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and vitronectin expression level and stoichiometry regulate vascular smooth muscle cell migration through physiological collagen matrices.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) migration is a critical process in arterial remodeling. Purified plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is reported to both promote and inhibit VSMC migration on two-dimensional (D) surfaces.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effects of PAI-1 and vitronectin (VN) expressed by VSMC themselves on migration through physiological collagen matrices.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied migration of wild-type (WT), PAI-1-deficient, VN-deficient, PAI-1/VN doubly-deficient (DKO) and PAI-1-transgenic (Tg) VSMC through three-D collagen gels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  WT VSMC migrated significantly slower than PAI-1- and VN-deficient VSMC, but significantly faster than DKO VSMC. Experiments with recombinant PAI-1 suggested that basal VSMC PAI-1 expression inhibits migration by binding VN, which is secreted by VSMC and binds collagen. However, PAI-1-over-expressing Tg VSMC migrated faster than WT VSMC. Reconstitution experiments with recombinant PAI-1 mutants suggested that the pro-migratory effect of PAI-1 over-expression required its anti-plasminogen activator (PA) and LDL receptor-related protein (LRP) binding functions, but not VN binding. While promoting VSMC migration in the absence of PAI-1, VN inhibited the pro-migratory effect of active PAI-1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In isolation, VN and PAI-1 are each pro-migratory. However, via formation of a high-affinity, non-motogenic complex, PAI-1 and VN each buffers the other's pro-migratory effect. The level of PAI-1 expression by VSMC and the concentration of VN in extracellular matrix are critical determinants of whether PAI-1 and VN promote or inhibit migration. These findings help to rectify previously conflicting reports and suggest that PAI-1/VN stoichiometry plays an important role in VSMC migration and vascular remodeling.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Missouri School of Medicine and Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Affairs Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Garg
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Goyal
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Strawn
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Mann
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Lawrence
authors.forename: W P
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Fay
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001011:Aorta / Q000166:cytology; D002465:Cell Movement; D003094:Collagen / Q000737:chemistry*; D005782:Gels / Q000737:chemistry; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D026503:Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000166:cytology*; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000166:cytology*; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D019096:Vitronectin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D005782:Gels; D026503:Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein-1; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1; D019096:Vitronectin; D003094:Collagen