title: Targeted screening of adult first-degree relatives for chronic kidney disease and its risk factors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  First-degree relatives (FDRs) of chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients have a high prevalence of CKD and its risk factors. We evaluated adult FDRs of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients for the prevalence of CKD and its risk factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult FDRs of ESRD patients were screened. Patients <18 years of age with CKD due to polycystic kidney disease, diabetic nephropathy and urological disease were excluded. Age, sex, hypertension, weight, blood pressure, urine analysis, fasting blood glucose, serum creatinine and cholesterol were done.
  
  
  RESULTS
  606 FDRs of 145 index patients were screened; mean age was 39.8 years and 53.3% were male, 26 obese and 122 overweight. 29.7% had hypertension and 3.6% diabetes mellitus. Screening identified new cases of hypertension (21.5%), diabetes mellitus (2.0%), impaired fasting glucose (22.4%) and hypercholesterolemia (18.8%). 5.9% had proteinuria (≥1+). 61.2% of FDRs had eGFR in stage 1, 34.7% in stage 2, 3.6% in stage 3, and 0.5% in stage 4-5. 8.6% had CKD (88.5% were unaware). On multivariate analysis, older age, female sex, proteinuria and uncontrolled blood pressure had a significant association with eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m(2).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In India, CKD and its risk factors show a familial clustering, and screening of FDRs of ESRD patients will be a viable option for a CKD preventive program.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Soumita
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bagchi
authors.forename: Sanjay Kumar
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Agarwal
authors.forename: Sanjay
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gupta
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods; D008875:Middle Aged; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D012307:Risk Factors; D055815:Young Adult