title: Peripheral nerve blocks and trigger point injections in headache management - a systematic review and suggestions for future research.
abstract: Interventional procedures such as peripheral nerve blocks (PNBs) and trigger point injections (TPIs) have long been used in the treatment of various headache disorders. There are, however, little data on their efficacy for the treatment of specific headache syndromes. Moreover, there is no widely accepted agreement among headache specialists as to the optimal technique of injection, type, and doses of the local anesthetics used, and injection regimens. The role of corticosteroids in this setting is also debated. We performed a PubMed search of the literature to find studies on PNBs and TPIs for headache treatment. We classified the abstracted studies based on the procedure performed and the treated condition. We found few controlled studies on the efficacy of PNBs for headaches, and virtually none on the use of TPIs for this indication. The most widely examined procedure in this setting was greater occipital nerve block, with the majority of studies being small and non-controlled. The techniques, as well as the type and doses of local anesthetics used for nerve blockade, varied greatly among studies. The specific conditions treated also varied, and included both primary (eg, migraine, cluster headache) and secondary (eg, cervicogenic, posttraumatic) headache disorders. Trigeminal (eg, supraorbital) nerve blocks were used in few studies. Results were generally positive, but should be taken with reservation given the methodological limitations of the available studies. The procedures were generally well tolerated. Evidently, there is a need to perform more rigorous clinical trials to clarify the role of PNBs and TPIs in the management of various headache disorders, and to aim at standardizing the techniques used for the various procedures in this setting.
authors.affiliation: Neurologic Group of Bucks/Montgomery County, Doylestown, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Avi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ashkenazi
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Blumenfeld
authors.forename: Uri
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Napchan
authors.forename: Samer
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Narouze
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Grosberg
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nett
authors.forename: Traci
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: DePalma
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rosenthal
authors.forename: Stewart
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tepper
authors.forename: Richard B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Lipton
mesh_terms: D006261:Headache / Q000628:therapy*; D020773:Headache Disorders / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007267:Injections; D009407:Nerve Block