title: Oxidative stress with an activation of the renin-angiotensin  system in human vascular endothelial cells as a novel  mechanism of uric acid-induced endothelial dysfunction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Oxidative stress is known to be a major mechanism of endothelial dysfunction, which plays a key role in the development of cardiovascular disease. Although uric acid is one of the most important antioxidants, recent studies have suggested that uric acid may have a causal role in endothelial dysfunction. In order to understand the paradoxical association of uric acid with oxidative stress and vascular disease, we investigated whether uric acid induced oxidative stress in human vascular endothelial cells. We also examined whether uric acid-induced changes in redox status were related to aging and death of endothelial cells or an activation of local renin-angiotensin system, another mediator of endothelial dysfunction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Endothelial senescence and apoptosis were evaluated by senescence-associated beta-galactosidase staining and annexin V-propidium iodide staining in primary isolated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Production of reactive oxygen species was assessed by dichlorofluorescein diacetate staining. mRNA expression of angiotensinogen, angiotensin-converting enzyme and the receptors of angiotensin II was evaluated by real-time PCR, and angiotensin II levels were measured in uric acid-stimulated HUVECs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Uric acid-induced senescence and apoptosis in HUVECs at concentrations more than 6 and 9 mg/dl, respectively. Uric acid-induced alterations in cell proliferation, senescence and apoptosis were blocked by probenecid, enalaprilat or telmisartan. Uric acid significantly increased production of reactive oxygen species beginning at 5 min, and uric acid-induced senescence and apoptosis of HUVECs were ameliorated by N-acetylcysteine or tempol. Uric acid also upregulated the expression of angiotensinogen, angiotensin-converting enzyme and angiotensin II receptors and increased angiotensin II levels, which was ameliorated with tempol.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Uric acid-induced aging and death of human endothelial cells are medicated by local activation of oxidative stress and the renin-angiotensin system, which provides a novel mechanism of uric acid-induced endothelial dysfunction. Therapies targeting uric acid maybe beneficial in cardiovascular disease.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Ewha Medical Research Center, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Min-A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Laura G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Lozada
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Duk-Hee
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Kang
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016922:Cellular Senescence; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D012084:Renin-Angiotensin System; D014527:Uric Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D014527:Uric Acid