title: Plasma levels and distribution of flavonoids in rat brain after single and repeated doses of standardized Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761®.
abstract: It is undisputed that terpene lactones and flavonoid glycosides of Ginkgo biloba are responsible for most of the extracts (e.g., EGb 761®) pharmacological actions. This investigation focused on the pharmacokinetic and the ability of the flavonoid constituents to cross the blood-brain barrier in rats, after single (600 mg/kg) or repeated (8 days, 100, or 600 mg/kg) oral administration of EGb 761®, and their distribution in different areas of the brain. For this purpose, we developed an HPLC-fluorescence method for the determination of the Ginkgo flavonoid metabolites (quercetin, kaempferol, and isorhamnetin derivatives) in the brain and plasma. A single dose of 600 mg/kg EGb 761® resulted in maximum plasma concentrations of 176, 341, and 183 ng/mL for quercetin, kaempferol, and isorhamnetin/tamarixetin, respectively and in maximum brain concentrations of 291 ng/g protein for kaempferol and 161 ng/g protein for isorhamnetin/tamarixetin. In comparison, the repeated administration of the same dose for 8 days led to an approximate 4.5-fold increase in the plasma concentration for quercetin, 11.5-fold increase for kaempferol, and 10-fold increase for isorhamnetin/tamarixetin. In the brain, an approximate 2-fold increase was observed for kaempferol and isorhamnetin/tamarixetin. About 90% of the determined flavonoids were distributed in the hippocampus, frontal cortex, striatum, and cerebellum, which together represent only 38% of the whole brain.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry/ZAFES, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rangel-Ordóñez
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nöldner
authors.forename: Manfred
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schubert-Zsilavecz
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wurglics
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001812:Blood-Brain Barrier / Q000378:metabolism*; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000097:blood / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D044948:Flavonols / Q000097:blood / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D020441:Ginkgo biloba; D044949:Kaempferols / Q000097:blood / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D008297:Male; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D011794:Quercetin / Q000097:blood / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D000096983:Ginkgo Extract
chemical_list: D005419:Flavonoids; D044948:Flavonols; D044949:Kaempferols; D010936:Plant Extracts; D011794:Quercetin; C047368:3-methylquercetin; C063170:Ginkgo biloba extract; D000096983:Ginkgo Extract; C006552:kaempferol