title: Spawning seasons of Rasbora tawarensis (Pisces: Cyprinidae) in Lake Laut Tawar, Aceh province, Indonesia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Rasbora tawarensis is an endemic freshwater fish in Lake Laut Tawar, Aceh Province, Indonesia. Unfortunately, its status is regarded as critical endangered with populations decreasing in recent years. To date no information on the spawning activities of the fish are available. Therefore, this study provides a contribution to the knowledge on reproductive biology of R. tawarensis especially on spawning seasons as well as basic information for conservation of the species.
  
  
  METHODS
  Monthly sampling was conducted from April 2008 to March 2009 by using selective gillnets. The gonadosomatic index, size composition and sex ratio were assessed. The gonadal development was evaluated based on macroscopic and microscopic examinations of the gonads.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The gonadosomatic index (GSI) varied between 6.65 to 18.16 in female and 4.94 to 8.56 for male. GSI of the female R. tawarensis was higher in March, September and December indicating the onset of reproductive seasons, the GSI and oocyte size being directly correlated with gonadal development stages. Although, a greater proportion of mature male than female was detected during the study, the sex ratio showed that the overall number of female was higher than male. The ovaries had multiple oocyte size classes at every stage of gonadal development, thus R. tawarensis can be classified as a group synchronous spawner or a fractional multiple spawner.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The spawning seasons of R. tawarensis were three times a year and September being the peak of the reproductive season and the female was the predominant sex. This species is classified as a group synchronous spawner.
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Z A
authors.initials: ZA
authors.lastname: Muchlisin
authors.forename: Musri
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Musman
authors.forename: M N Siti
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Azizah
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D049628:Body Size; D003530:Cyprinidae / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005618:Fresh Water; D006066:Gonads / Q000502:physiology; D007214:Indonesia; D008297:Male; D010060:Ovulation / Q000502:physiology*; D012098:Reproduction / Q000502:physiology; D012621:Seasons; D012744:Sex Ratio; D012741:Sexual Maturation / Q000502:physiology