title: Complications of renal cryoablation: a single center experience.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We describe perioperative complications associated with renal cryoablation and identify potential risk factors for certain complications.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively analyzed the medical records of patients with unifocal renal masses treated with cryosurgery at a single center between 1997 and 2007. All complications associated with these procedures were documented and classified into grades 1 to 5 by the Clavien surgical complication classification. In-depth analysis was done to identify potential risk factors for the most common complications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We evaluated 101 percutaneous, 52 laparoscopic and 9 open procedures. Complications were noted in 38 procedures (23.5%), including grades 1 to 4 in 19 (11.7%), 8 (4.9%), 5 (3.1%) and 6 (3.7%), respectively, as the severest complication. The most common complication was flank pain (11 procedures), followed by perinephric hematoma and cardiovascular complications (10 each). Mass size (p = 0.001), number of cryoablation probes (p <0.001) and chronic anticoagulation (p <0.05) were associated with an increased incidence of significant hematoma. Cardiovascular complications were more common when upper pole lesions were treated, and when an open approach was used (each p <0.05). Respiratory complications occurred in 7 procedures and were associated with patient age (p <0.05) and mass size (p <0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cryoablation is a relatively safe procedure with a low complications rate in properly selected patients. We identified potential risk factors that may help identify patients most at risk for certain complications and consequently assist in preprocedural planning and counseling.
authors.affiliation: The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute and Department of Radiology (CSG), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Abhinav
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sidana
authors.forename: Piyush
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Aggarwal
authors.forename: Zhaoyong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.forename: Christos S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Georgiades
authors.forename: Bruce J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Trock
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rodriguez
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003452:Cryosurgery / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D010535:Laparoscopy; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012372:ROC Curve; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D016896:Treatment Outcome