title: Cloudy apple juice protects against chemical-induced oxidative stress in rat.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Apples abundant in phenolic compounds show a variety of biological activities that may contribute to beneficial effects against some chronic diseases.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of our study was to assess the protective effect of cloudy apple juice against chemical-induced oxidative stress in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male Wistar rats were treated with apple juice per os, 10 mL/kg/day for 28 days and with a single dose of N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA), 150 mg/kg or carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4)), 2 mL/kg, 24 h before killing. Two groups of rats not pretreated with juice were administered each of the xenobiotics alone.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Microsomal lipid peroxidation in the liver was decreased in rats pretreated with juice by 52-87% when compared to animals given NDEA or CCl(4) alone. Pretreatment with juice protected antioxidant enzymes: catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase but not superoxide dismutase. Their activity was recovered by 49-173% when compared to that in rats given either toxicant alone. The plasma activity of paraoxonase 1 was reduced by both toxicants and was increased by 23% in the apple/CCl(4) group. A rise in plasma protein carbonyls caused by the xenobiotics was reduced by 20% only in apple/NDEA-treated rats. Also, in this group of animals, a 9% decrease in DNA damage in blood leukocytes was observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Phytochemicals in commonly consumed apple juice may protect some macromolecules against oxidative insult induced by xenobiotics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Toxicology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, 30 Dojazd Str, 60-631 Poznań, Poland.
authors.forename: Małgorzata
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kujawska
authors.forename: Ewa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ignatowicz
authors.forename: Małgorzata
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ewertowska
authors.forename: Jarosław
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Markowski
authors.forename: Jadwiga
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jodynis-Liebert
mesh_terms: D000477:Alkylating Agents / Q000633:toxicity; D000818:Animals; D043303:Aryldialkylphosphatase / Q000097:blood; D001628:Beverages / Q000032:analysis; D002251:Carbon Tetrachloride / Q000633:toxicity; D020552:Comet Assay; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000187:drug effects; D004052:Diethylnitrosamine / Q000633:toxicity; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry*; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D027845:Malus / Q000737:chemistry*; D016877:Oxidants / Q000633:toxicity*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D010088:Oxidoreductases / Q000378:metabolism; D010636:Phenols / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis; D059808:Polyphenols; D050050:Protein Carbonylation / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D000477:Alkylating Agents; D005419:Flavonoids; D016877:Oxidants; D010636:Phenols; D059808:Polyphenols; D004052:Diethylnitrosamine; D002251:Carbon Tetrachloride; D010088:Oxidoreductases; D043303:Aryldialkylphosphatase