title: Tooth discoloration of immature permanent incisor associated with triple antibiotic therapy: a case report.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A triple antibiotic mixture of ciprofloxacin, metronidazole, and minocycline was used as an intracanal medicament in an attempt to disinfect the root canal system for revascularization of a tooth with a necrotic pulp. However, discoloration developed after applying the triple antibiotic mixture.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six weeks after a triple antibiotic paste had been applied to the root canal of tooth #8 of a 7-year-old girl, the tooth showed a dark discoloration. An in vitro experiment with human extracted teeth was performed to determine which of the 3 antibiotics caused the tooth discoloration. Another experiment was then carried out to examine whether a currently used dentin bonding agent would prevent or reduce such discoloration. The degree of discoloration was assessed by using a colorimeter.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the components of the triple antibiotic paste, only minocycline caused the tooth discoloration. Moreover, the dentin bonding agent reduced the intensity of the discoloration but did not prevent it.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The possible esthetic problems with the tooth color should be considered when using minocycline as a canal medication.
authors.affiliation: Department of Conservative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Jong-Hyun
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Yuran
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Su-Jung
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.forename: Jeong-Won
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Il-Young
authors.initials: IY
authors.lastname: Jung
mesh_terms: D000180:Acrylic Resins / Q000737:chemistry; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002939:Ciprofloxacin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003124:Colorimetry; D019551:Dental Disinfectants / Q000009:adverse effects; D003790:Dental Pulp Necrosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000628:therapy; D017220:Dentin-Bonding Agents / Q000737:chemistry; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007180:Incisor / Q000187:drug effects*; D008795:Metronidazole / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008911:Minocycline / Q000009:adverse effects; D010485:Periapical Periodontitis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000628:therapy; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014073:Tooth Bleaching / Q000379:methods; D019228:Tooth Crown / Q000187:drug effects; D014075:Tooth Discoloration / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D000180:Acrylic Resins; C489662:AdheSE cement; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D019551:Dental Disinfectants; D017220:Dentin-Bonding Agents; D004338:Drug Combinations; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants; D008795:Metronidazole; D002939:Ciprofloxacin; D008911:Minocycline