title: The distal radius, the most frequent fracture localization in humans: a histomorphometric analysis of the microarchitecture of 60 human distal radii and its changes in aging.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The distal radius is the most frequent fracture localization in humans. Although younger patients receive a distal radius fracture after an adequate trauma, elderly patients suffer fractures through low-energy mechanisms. Low-energy fractures are hallmarks of osteoporosis. Osteoporotic changes of the distal radius are well described by DXA and peripheral quantitative computed tomography measurements. However, to date, the effects of aging on the microarchitecture of the distal radius have not been investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  To investigate whether the microarchitecture of the human distal radius shows osteoporotic changes in bone mass and structure during aging, we dissected out 60 complete human distal radii from 30 age- and gender-matched patients at autopsy. Each of the three different age groups (group I: 20-40 years, group II: 41-60 years, group III: 61-80 years) was represented by 10 autopsy cases and 20 specimens (double-sided extraction), respectively. The specimens were analyzed by peripheral quantitative computed tomography, contact-radiography, and histomorphometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We observed a significant age-related decrease in bone mass, bone mineral density and an increase in typical osteoporotic changes of the bone microarchitecture in female distal radius specimens. Comparable observations of age-related changes have not been made in male specimens.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The distal radius is a location of osteoporosis-specific bone changes. Our data provide evidence for the occurrence of typical osteoporotic changes, especially postmenopausal osteoporotic changes, in the distal radius during aging.
authors.affiliation: Department of Trauma-, Hand-, and Reconstructive Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Frank Timo
authors.initials: FT
authors.lastname: Beil
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Barvencik
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gebauer
authors.forename: Marcus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mumme
authors.forename: Britta
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Beil
authors.forename: Pia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pogoda
authors.forename: Johannes Maria
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Rueger
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Püschel
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Amling
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D011884:Radius / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000293:injuries* / Q000502:physiology; D012737:Sex Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D055815:Young Adult