title: Power increases hypocrisy: moralizing in reasoning, immorality in behavior.
abstract: In five studies, we explored whether power increases moral hypocrisy (i.e., imposing strict moral standards on other people but practicing less strict moral behavior oneself). In Experiment 1, compared with the powerless, the powerful condemned other people's cheating more, but also cheated more themselves. In Experiments 2 through 4, the powerful were more strict in judging other people's moral transgressions than in judging their own transgressions. A final study found that the effect of power on moral hypocrisy depends on the legitimacy of the power: When power was illegitimate, the moral-hypocrisy effect was reversed, with the illegitimately powerful becoming stricter in judging their own behavior than in judging other people's behavior. This pattern, which might be dubbed hypercrisy, was also found among low-power participants in Experiments 3 and 4. We discuss how patterns of hypocrisy and hypercrisy among the powerful and powerless can help perpetuate social inequality.
authors.affiliation: Tilburg Institute for Behavioral Economics Research (TIBER), Department of Social Psychology, Tilburg University, Warandelaan 2, 5037 AB Tilburg, The Netherlands. j.lammers@uvt.nl
authors.forename: Joris
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lammers
authors.forename: Diederik A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Stapel
authors.forename: Adam D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Galinsky
mesh_terms: D008192:Deception; D005260:Female; D006608:Hierarchy, Social; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D009014:Morals; D011209:Power, Psychological; D035481:Retrospective Moral Judgment; D012649:Self Concept; D012919:Social Behavior; D012945:Social Values; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D055815:Young Adult