title: Bog bilberry (Vaccinium uliginosum L.) extract reduces cultured Hep-G2, Caco-2, and 3T3-L1 cell viability, affects cell cycle progression, and has variable effects on membrane permeability.
abstract: Bog bilberry (Vaccinium uliginosum L.) is a blue-pigmented edible berry related to bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) and the common blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum). The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of a bog bilberry anthocyanin extract (BBAE) on cell growth, membrane permeability, and cell cycle of 2 malignant cancer cell lines, Caco-2 and Hep-G2, and a nonmalignant murine 3T3-L1 cell line. BBAE contained 3 identified anthocyanins. The most abundant anthocyanin was cyanidin-3-glucoside (140.9 +/- 2.6 microg/mg of dry weight), followed by malvidin-3-glucoside (10.3 +/- 0.3 microg/mg) and malvidin-3-galactoside (8.1 +/- 0.4 microg/mg). Hep-G2 LC50 was calculated to be 0.563 +/- 0.04 mg/mL, Caco-2 LC50 was 0.390 +/- 0.30 mg/mL and 0.214 +/- 0.02 mg/mL for 3T3-L1 cells. LDH release, a marker of membrane permeability, was significantly increased in Hep-G2 cells and Caco-2 cells after 48 and 72 h compared to 24 h. The increase was 21% at 48 h and 57% at 72 h in Caco-2 cells and 66% and 139% in Hep-G2 cells compared to 24 h. However, 3T3-L1 cells showed an unexpected significant lower LDH activity (P < or = 0.05) after 72 h of exposure corresponding to a 21% reduction in LDH release. BBAE treatment increased sub-G1 in all 3 cell lines without influencing cells in the G2/M phase. BBAE treatment reduced the growth and increased the accumulation of sub-G1 cells in 2 malignant and 1 nonmalignant cell line; however, the effect on membrane permeability differs considerably between the malignant and nonmalignant cells and may in part be due to differences in cellular membrane composition.
authors.affiliation: College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural Univ., Nr 17 Qinghua East Rd., Beijing, China, 100083.
authors.forename: Jia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Hao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jing
authors.forename: David G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Popovich
mesh_terms: D041721:3T3-L1 Cells; D000818:Animals; D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects*; D002463:Cell Membrane Permeability / Q000187:drug effects*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry*; D005960:Glucosides / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology; D056945:Hep G2 Cells; D006801:Humans; D020128:Inhibitory Concentration 50; D051379:Mice; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016192:Resting Phase, Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D013997:Time Factors; D029796:Vaccinium / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000872:Anthocyanins; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D005960:Glucosides; D010936:Plant Extracts; C462279:cyanidin-3-O-beta-glucopyranoside; C458419:malvidin-3-glucoside; C458399:malvidin 3-galactoside