title: Gestational age differences in health and development among young Swedish men born at term.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although increased morbidity and mortality associated with pre-term birth and restricted fetal growth have been extensively studied, relatively little is known about variations in health outcomes among term births, because they are often assumed to be homogeneous.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined variations in height, body mass index (BMI), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP), and intellectual performance by gestational age and fetal 'growth' (birth weight for gestational age) among young Swedish men born at term (37-41 weeks of gestation). We also compared the magnitude of associations among 314,642 men from different families and among 72,212 full brothers from 35,215 families to assess whether the associations are explained by familial factors shared by siblings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Gestational age in completed weeks was positively associated with height [0.11 cm, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.09-0.13] and intellectual performance (0.01, 95% CI: 0.00-0.02) and negatively associated with SBP (-0.28 mmHg, 95% CI: -0.33 to -0.24), after controlling for birth weight, maternal age at the men's birth, parity, family socio-economic position and family structure. The associations with height and SBP were observed also among brothers within families, suggesting that they are not explained by shared family characteristics. However, the positive association between gestational age and intellectual performance was no longer present within families. Birth weight for gestational age (z-score) was positively associated with height, BMI and intellectual performance and negatively associated with SBP. These associations were robust within families.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among young men born at term, fetal growth and even gestational age are independently associated with adult size, BP and cognitive ability. The extent to which shared family characteristics explain the associations varies across outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada. seungmi.yang@mcgill.ca
authors.forename: Seungmi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Niklas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bergvall
authors.forename: Sven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cnattingius
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Kramer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001724:Birth Weight; D001794:Blood Pressure; D001827:Body Height; D015992:Body Mass Index; D005190:Family; D005865:Gestational Age; D006304:Health Status; D006803:Human Development; D006801:Humans; D007360:Intelligence; D008297:Male; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology