title: Prevalence of HIV/HCV/HBV infections and drug-related risk behaviours amongst IDUs recruited through peer-driven sampling in Iran.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The control of blood-borne infections including HIV and hepatitis C (HCV) amongst injecting drug users (IDUs) is a challenge for health authorities in Iran. Hence, more reliable estimates of the levels of blood-borne infections and their associated factors are critically needed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Active IDUs were recruited using peer-driven sampling in a bio-behavioural survey in 2008. Over 8 weeks, data were collected from adults living in a city in Isfahan Province who had injected drugs in the past month. Participants provided a whole blood sample and answered questions on sexual and drug-related risk characteristics. Participants were provided post-test counselling and a non-monetary incentive for their participation. Excluding two inactive cases, the initial recruits resulted in 2-8 waves of recruitment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 118 IDUs including three females participated. The estimated population proportions of HIV, hepatitis B, and HCV infections were 0.7% (95% CI, 0.6-2.3), 0.7% (95% CI, 0.1-2.1), and 59.4% (95% CI, 47.4-68.7), respectively. Responses indicated that 31% (95% CI, 20-44.5) of the IDUs ever shared a needle/syringe for drug injection, and 77% (95% CI, 65-84) had ever injected an addictive solution marketed widely as Temgesic. Multivariate analyses revealed that the high prevalence of HCV infection amongst IDUs is associated with the lifetime duration of drug injection (AOR, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.01-1.34) and with having injected Temgesic (AOR, 4.73; 95% CI, 1.52-14.69).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our experience in Iran indicates that IDUs can be recruited effectively in a bio-behavioural survey through peer-driven sampling and using only a single primary incentive. The high prevalence of HCV associated with injecting Temgesic is important evidence for harm-reduction policies in Iran.
authors.affiliation: Department of Global Health and Socio-epidemiology, Kyoto University School of Public Health, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan. szamani@sph.mbox.media.kyoto-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Saman
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zamani
authors.forename: Ramin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Radfar
authors.forename: Pardis
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nematollahi
authors.forename: Reza
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fadaie
authors.forename: Marjan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Meshkati
authors.forename: Shahrzad
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mortazavi
authors.forename: Abbas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sedaghat
authors.forename: Masako
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ono-Kihara
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kihara
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002047:Buprenorphine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003625:Data Collection; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission; D040261:Harm Reduction; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission; D006801:Humans; D007492:Iran / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016485:Needle Sharing / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015995:Prevalence; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012725:Sexual Behavior / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D002047:Buprenorphine