title: Two independent epidemics of HIV in Maryland.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  HIV-1 subtype B virus is the predominant subtype in HIV-infected individuals in the United States. However, increasing evidence suggests that prevalence of non-B subtypes may be on the rise in the West, and this may have implications for HIV-1 disease surveillance and treatment. The state of Maryland currently has the fourth highest AIDS case report rate in the United States. The goal of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of HIV-1 non-B subtypes in Maryland. The study population included individuals diagnosed with HIV in 2007 through the voluntary counseling and testing sites at the Maryland Department of Health and Mental Hygiene and HIV-infected patients who had genotyping performed at the University of Maryland Medical Center.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At the Department of Health and Mental Hygiene sites, 47 unique non-B subtype strains were identified representing a non-B prevalence of 12.9%. These non-B subtypes included CRF02_AG (n = 20), C (n = 11), A (n = 7), G (n = 5), D (n = 1), and unique recombinant forms (n = 3). The non-B patients were predominantly non-Hispanic black (95.7%) with 63.8% female. Although the majority of the HIV subtype B cases (65.3%) were identified from the Baltimore metropolitan area, most (80.9%) of the non-B cases were from the Maryland suburbs of Washington, DC. Among University of Maryland Medical Center patients, there were 30 non-B subtypes, representing a non-B prevalence of 1.9%. The non-B subtypes detected were CRF02_AG (n = 14), C (n = 6), A (n = 6), G (n = 2), D (n = 1), and unique recombinant forms (n = 1). Phylogenetic analysis of the non-B subtypes revealed that viral sequences from both sources were intermixed, confirming that both sampling frames were drawing from the same overall population.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Multiple HIV-1 subtypes exist in the Baltimore-Washington metropolitan area with a significant non-B-infected population in the Maryland suburbs of Washington, DC, suggesting 2 independent epidemics of HIV in Maryland. Population-based surveillance inclusive of groups at higher risk of non-B strains is essential to monitor the prevalence and variations of HIV subtypes in Maryland and the United States.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Jean K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Carr
authors.forename: Anu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Osinusi
authors.forename: Colin P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Flynn
authors.forename: Bruce L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Gilliam
authors.forename: Varun
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Maheshwari
authors.forename: Richard Y
authors.initials: RY
authors.lastname: Zhao
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008396:Maryland / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology; D010802:Phylogeny; D015995:Prevalence; D055815:Young Adult