title: Spectral Doppler signature waveforms in ultrasonography: a review of normal and abnormal waveforms.
abstract: Doppler ultrasound is routinely used in the clinical setting to evaluate blood flow in many major vessels of the body. Spectral Doppler is used to display the normal and abnormal signature waveforms that are unique to each vessel. It is important for the sonographer and the radiologist to recognize both what is normal and what is abnormal in a spectral Doppler display. In this review, we briefly explain the physics behind Doppler ultrasound and some of the most common mathematical equations applied in a routine clinical examination. We also describe and demonstrate normal versus abnormal spectral Doppler signature waveforms of vessels in the neck, abdomen, pelvis, and fetus.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Megan M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.forename: Lorene E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Romine
authors.forename: Yauk K
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Katherine M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Richman
authors.forename: Mary K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: O'Boyle
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Paz
authors.forename: Pauline K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.forename: Dolores H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Pretorius
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen / Q000098:blood supply / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D001012:Aorta, Abdominal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000502:physiology; D001808:Blood Vessels / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000098:blood supply / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008297:Male; D017538:Mesenteric Artery, Superior / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D010388:Pelvis / Q000098:blood supply / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000502:physiology; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D018615:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color / Q000379:methods*; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional / Q000379:methods*; D014599:Uterus / Q000098:blood supply / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging