title: Automated analysis of protein subcellular location in time series images.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Image analysis, machine learning and statistical modeling have become well established for the automatic recognition and comparison of the subcellular locations of proteins in microscope images. By using a comprehensive set of features describing static images, major subcellular patterns can be distinguished with near perfect accuracy. We now extend this work to time series images, which contain both spatial and temporal information. The goal is to use temporal features to improve recognition of protein patterns that are not fully distinguishable by their static features alone.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We have adopted and designed five sets of features for capturing temporal behavior in 2D time series images, based on object tracking, temporal texture, normal flow, Fourier transforms and autoregression. Classification accuracy on an image collection for 12 fluorescently tagged proteins was increased when temporal features were used in addition to static features. Temporal texture, normal flow and Fourier transform features were most effective at increasing classification accuracy. We therefore extended these three feature sets to 3D time series images, but observed no significant improvement over results for 2D images. The methods for 2D and 3D temporal pattern analysis do not require segmentation of images into single cell regions, and are suitable for automated high-throughput microscopy applications.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Images, source code and results will be available upon publication at http://murphylab.web.cmu.edu/software
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  murphy@cmu.edu.
authors.affiliation: Center for Bioimage Informatics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
authors.forename: Yanhua
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Elvira
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Osuna-Highley
authors.forename: Juchang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hua
authors.forename: Theodore Scott
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Nowicki
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Stolz
authors.forename: Camille
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: McKayle
authors.forename: Robert F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Murphy
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000737:chemistry*; D005583:Fourier Analysis; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D051379:Mice; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D041681:NIH 3T3 Cells; D011506:Proteins / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D011506:Proteins