title: Right ventricular absolute myocardial blood flow in complex congenital heart disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A consequence in patients with d-transposition of the great arteries (d-TGA) and tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) is right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH) and right ventricular failure. Myocardial contrast echocardiography (MCE) permits the determination of the myocardial microvascular density reflected by the relative myocardial blood volume (rBV; ml/ml). This study was conducted to elucidate the relationship between RVH and myocardial microvascular changes by quantitative MCE in patients with d-TGA and TOF.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three groups of individuals were included in the study: 22 patients with d-TGA, 18 patients with TOF and 22 healthy individuals (controls). MCE was performed at rest and during adenosine-induced hyperaemia. rBV and myocardial blood flow (MBF; ml/min per gram) were derived from steady state and refill sequences of ultrasound contrast agent.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hyperaemic septal rBV differed significantly between the groups and was highest in controls: d-TGA 0.141+/-0.060 ml/ml, TOF 0.134+/-0.080 ml/ml, controls 0.189+/-0.074 ml/ml, p=0.005. Myocardial blood flow reserve (MBFR), that is the ratio of hyperaemic to baseline MBF, differed significantly between the groups and was lowest in d-TGA (2.68+/-1.13) versus TOF (3.37+/-1.57) and controls (4.22+/-1.17, p=0.001). Hyperaemic septal rBV, MBF and MBFR showed a significant correlation with right ventricular systolic function as determined by tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Right ventricular myocardial microvascular density of the septal wall in d-TGA and TOF patients with RVH due to pressure and/or volume overload is reduced. This appears to be related to a reduced myocardial perfusion reserve and impaired right ventricular systolic function.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rutz
authors.forename: Stefano F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: de Marchi
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schwerzmann
authors.forename: Rolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vogel
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Seiler
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003326:Coronary Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006345:Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D006940:Hyperemia / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D017380:Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008833:Microcirculation / Q000502:physiology; D013599:Systole / Q000502:physiology; D013771:Tetralogy of Fallot / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014188:Transposition of Great Vessels / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014463:Ultrasonography; D055815:Young Adult