title: Ablation of whirlin long isoform disrupts the USH2 protein complex and causes vision and hearing loss.
abstract: Mutations in whirlin cause either Usher syndrome type II (USH2), a deafness-blindness disorder, or nonsyndromic deafness. The molecular basis for the variable disease expression is unknown. We show here that only the whirlin long isoform, distinct from a short isoform by virtue of having two N-terminal PDZ domains, is expressed in the retina. Both long and short isoforms are expressed in the inner ear. The N-terminal PDZ domains of the long whirlin isoform mediates the formation of a multi-protein complex that includes usherin and VLGR1, both of which are also implicated in USH2. We localized this USH2 protein complex to the periciliary membrane complex (PMC) in mouse photoreceptors that appears analogous to the frog periciliary ridge complex. The latter is proposed to play a role in photoreceptor protein trafficking through the connecting cilium. Mice carrying a targeted disruption near the N-terminus of whirlin manifest retinal and inner ear defects, reproducing the clinical features of human USH2 disease. This is in contrast to mice with mutations affecting the C-terminal portion of whirlin in which the phenotype is restricted to the inner ear. In mice lacking any one of the USH2 proteins, the normal localization of all USH2 proteins is disrupted, and there is evidence of protein destabilization. Taken together, our findings provide new insights into the pathogenic mechanism of Usher syndrome. First, the three USH2 proteins exist as an obligatory functional complex in vivo, and loss of one USH2 protein is functionally close to loss of all three. Second, defects in the three USH2 proteins share a common pathogenic process, i.e., disruption of the PMC. Third, whirlin mutations that ablate the N-terminal PDZ domains lead to Usher syndrome, but non-syndromic hearing loss will result if they are spared.
authors.affiliation: The Berman-Gund Laboratory for the Study of Retinal Degenerations, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Xiaoqing
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Yun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Adamian
authors.forename: Basil
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pawlyk
authors.forename: Xun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: D Randy
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: McMillan
authors.forename: M Charles
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Liberman
authors.forename: Tiansen
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D034381:Hearing Loss / Q000235:genetics*; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D020033:Protein Isoforms / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D020033:Protein Isoforms; C112735:USH2A protein, human; C477218:Whrn protein, mouse