title: Deposition and aggregation kinetics of rotavirus in divalent cation solutions.
abstract: Aggregation kinetics of rotavirus in aqueous solutions and its deposition kinetics on silica surface in the presence of divalent (Ca(2+), Mg(2+)) cations were studied using complementary techniques of time-resolved dynamic light scattering (TR-DLS) and quartz crystal microbalance (QCM). Within a reasonable temporal window of 4 h, aggregation could be observed at levels as low as 10 mM of Ca(2+) and 20 mM of Mg(2+). Attachment efficiencies were always greater in Ca(2+) solutions of the same concentration, and the critical coagulation concentration (CCC) for rotavirus in Ca(2+) solutions was slightly smaller than that in Mg(2+) solutions. No aggregation was detected in Na(+) solution within the temporal window of 4 h. Deposition experiments showed higher attachment coefficients in solutions containing Ca(2+) compared to those obtained in Mg(2+) solution. The classic Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) theory failed to predict both the aggregation behavior of rotavirus and its deposition on silica surface. Besides electrostatic interactions, steric repulsions and specific interactions with divalent cations were important mechanisms in controlling rotavirus deposition and aggregation. Experimental results presented here suggest that rotavirus is not expected to aggregate in groundwater with typical hardness (up to 6 mM Ca(2+)) and rotavirus deposition on silica soil would be more favorable in the presence of Ca(2+) than Mg(2+).
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Center of Advanced Materials for the Purification of Water with Systems, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, USA.
authors.forename: Leonardo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gutierrez
authors.forename: Steven E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Mylon
authors.forename: Bridget
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Nash
authors.forename: Thanh H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Nguyen
mesh_terms: D002413:Cations, Divalent / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002414:Cations, Monovalent / Q000494:pharmacology; D004586:Electrophoresis; D004777:Environment; D007700:Kinetics; D012401:Rotavirus / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D012822:Silicon Dioxide / Q000737:chemistry; D012996:Solutions; D013499:Surface Properties / Q000187:drug effects; D053585:Virus Attachment / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D002413:Cations, Divalent; D002414:Cations, Monovalent; D012996:Solutions; D012822:Silicon Dioxide