title: Epigenetically reprogramming metastatic tumor cells with an embryonic microenvironment.
abstract: We have previously shown that the microenvironment of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) is able to change and reprogram aggressive cancer cells to a less aggressive state. Some mechanisms implicated in the phenotypic changes observed after this exposure are mainly associated with the Nodal signaling pathway, which plays a key role in tumor cell plasticity. However, several other molecular mechanisms might be related directly and/or indirectly to these changes, including microRNA (miRNA) regulation and DNA methylation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To further explore the epigenetic mechanisms potentially underlying the phenotypic changes that occur after exposing metastatic melanoma cells to a hESC microenvironment.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 365 miRNAs were screened using the TaqMan® Low Density Arrays. We also evaluated whether DNA methylation could be one of the factors regulating the expression of the inhibitor of Nodal, Lefty, in hESCs (where it is highly expressed) vs melanoma cells (where it is not expressed).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using these experimental approaches, we identified miRNAs that are up- and down-regulated in melanoma cells exposed to a hESC microenvironment, such as miR-302a and miR-27b, respectively. We also demonstrate that Notch4 is one of the targets of miR-302a, which is upstream of Nodal. Additionally, one of the mechanisms that might explain the absence of the inhibitor of Nodal, Lefty, in cancer cells is silencing by DNA methylation, which provides new insights into the unregulated expression of Nodal in melanoma.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that epigenetic changes such as DNA methylation and regulation by microRNAs might play a significant role in tumor cell plasticity and the metastatic phenotype.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Biology and Epigenomics Program, Children’s Memorial Research Center and Northwestern University’s Feinberg School of Medicine, 2300 Children’s Plaza, Chicago, IL 60614, USA. mjchendrix@childrensmemorial.org
authors.forename: Fabricio F
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.forename: Elisabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Seftor
authors.forename: Jared M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Bischof
authors.forename: Dawn A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Kirschmann
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Strizzi
authors.forename: Kelly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Arndt
authors.forename: Maria de Fatima
authors.initials: Mde F
authors.lastname: Bonaldo
authors.forename: Marcelo B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Soares
authors.forename: Mary J C
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Hendrix
mesh_terms: D015153:Blotting, Western; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D019295:Computational Biology; D018899:CpG Islands / Q000235:genetics; D019175:DNA Methylation / Q000502:physiology*; D053595:Embryonic Stem Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D055458:Left-Right Determination Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D008156:Luciferases; D008545:Melanoma / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology*; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000378:metabolism; D008954:Models, Biological; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology*; D055457:Nodal Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: C526161:LEFTY1 protein, human; D055458:Left-Right Determination Factors; C531388:MIRN27 microRNA, human; C532169:MIRN302A microRNA, human; D035683:MicroRNAs; C526007:NODAL protein, human; D055457:Nodal Protein; D008156:Luciferases