title: Injection of buprenorphine and buprenorphine/naloxone tablets in Malaysia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Buprenorphine maintenance is efficacious for treating opioid dependence, but problems with diversion and misuse of buprenorphine (BUP) may limit its acceptability and dissemination. The buprenorphine/naloxone combination tablet (BNX) was developed to reduce potential problems with diversion and abuse. This paper provides data regarding the characteristics of BUP injection drug users in Malaysia and preliminary data regarding the impact of withdrawing BUP and introducing BNX. BUP was introduced in 2002 and subsequently withdrawn from the Malaysian market in 2006. BNX was introduced in 2007.
  
  
  METHODS
  A two wave survey of BUP IDUs was conducted shortly prior to BUP withdrawal from the Malaysian market (n=276) and six months after BNX was introduced (n=204). Six focus groups with BUP and/or BNX IDUs were also conducted shortly before the second wave.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In addition to current BUP or BNX IDU, 96% of first wave participants and 97% second wave participants reported lifetime heroin IDU preceding the onset of their BUP/BNX IDU. Additionally, 58% of first and 64% of second wave survey participants reported current heroin IDU. Benzodiazepine abuse, often injected with BUP, was reported in both the surveys. Focus group participants reported that BNX was not as desirable as BUP, nonetheless, the results of the second wave survey suggest a continuing widespread BNX IDU, at least in Kuala Lumpur.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In Malaysia, BUP and BNX IDU occur among heroin IDUs. The introduction of BNX and withdrawal of BUP may have helped to reduce, but did not eliminate the problems with diversion and abuse.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia. vicknab@hotmail.com
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Vicknasingam
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mazlan
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Schottenfeld
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Chawarski
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002047:Buprenorphine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006306:Health Surveys; D003932:Heroin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008296:Malaysia / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009270:Naloxone / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage; D016485:Needle Sharing / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D018579:Patient Selection; D015995:Prevalence; D012308:Risk Management; D012309:Risk-Taking; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D009270:Naloxone; D002047:Buprenorphine; D003932:Heroin