title: Comorbidity of ADHD and Substance Use Disorder (SUD): a neuroimaging perspective.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  ADHD has a high comorbidity with substance use disorders (SUD). Both diseases have profound social, psychological, and economic consequences and are therefore highly relevant for health systems. The high comorbidity indicates some shared underlying neurobiological substrates. Knowing these substrates may increase the understanding of the disease and help identify therapeutic processes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Neuroimaging studies of ADHD were reviewed and similarities with SUD identified. For this a PubMed research was conducted with the search terms ADHD, SUD, MRI or positron emission tomography (PET) or spectroscopy or imaging.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Similarities were found, in both PET and fMRI studies, between patients with ADHD and those with addiction-related craving. Results from structural MRI and MR spectroscopy do not support a common pathophysiological background, probably because of the lack of studies on craving.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ADHD and SUD-related craving share some neurobiological similarities. One reason may be that patients with addiction show more craving when they also suffer from ADHD. The present review thus supports the conclusion from an earlier meta-analysis of clinical studies which found that adequate treatment of ADHD reduces craving and relapse into substance use.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland. frodlt@tcd.ie
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Frodl
mesh_terms: D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology*; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D017831:Diagnosis, Dual (Psychiatry); D003952:Diagnostic Imaging; D006801:Humans; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology*