title: Controlling light oxidation flavor in milk by blocking riboflavin excitation wavelengths by interference.
abstract: Milk packaged in glass bottles overwrapped with iridescent films (treatments blocked either a single visible riboflavin [Rb] excitation wavelength or all visible Rb excitation wavelengths; all treatments blocked UV Rb excitation wavelengths) was exposed to fluorescent lighting at 4 degrees C for up to 21 d and evaluated for light-oxidized flavor. Controls consisted of bottles with no overwrap (light-exposed treatment; represents the light barrier properties of the glass packaging) and bottles overwrapped with aluminum foil (light-protected treatment). A balanced incomplete block multi-sample difference test, using a ranking system and a trained panel, was used for evaluation of light oxidation flavor intensity. Volatiles were evaluated by gas chromatography and Rb degradation was evaluated by fluorescence spectroscopy. Packaging overwraps limited production of light oxidation flavor over time but not to the same degree as the complete light block. Blocking all visible and UV Rb excitation wavelengths reduced light oxidation flavor better than blocking only a single visible excitation wavelength plus all UV excitation wavelengths. Rb degraded over time in all treatments except the light-protected control treatment and only minor differences in the amount of degradation among treatments was observed. Hexanal production was significantly higher in the light-exposed control treatment compared to the light-protected control treatment from day 7; it was only sporadically significantly higher in the 570 nm and 400 nm block treatments. Pentanal, heptanal, and an unidentified volatile compound also increased in concentration over time, but there were no significant differences in concentration among the packaging overwrap treatments for these compounds.
authors.affiliation: Proposal Development Team, 2020 Kraft Drive, Ste. 3008, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Webster
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Duncan
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Marcy
authors.forename: S F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: O'Keefe
mesh_terms: D000447:Aldehydes / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D000818:Animals; D005511:Food Handling; D018857:Food Packaging / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D005519:Food Preservation / Q000379:methods*; D005524:Food Technology; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006801:Humans; D008027:Light / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry / Q000528:radiation effects*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D012034:Refrigeration; D012256:Riboflavin / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000528:radiation effects; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence; D013053:Spectrophotometry; D013649:Taste; D013997:Time Factors; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000447:Aldehydes; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds; C010463:n-hexanal; C046012:pentanal; D012256:Riboflavin