title: A validated analytical method for the determination of perfluorinated compounds in surface-, sea- and sewagewater using liquid chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry.
abstract: Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), which are extensively used in a wide variety of applications because of their specific surfactant properties, have recently appeared as an important new class of global environmental pollutants. Quantitative analysis of PFCs in aqueous matrices remains, however, a challenging task. During this study, a new analytical method for the determination of 14 PFCs in surface-, sewage- and seawater was developed and validated. The target analytes were extracted using solid-phase extraction followed by liquid chromatography coupled to a time-of-flight mass spectrometer (LC-ToF-MS). The use of very narrow mass tolerance windows (< 10 ppm) resulted in a highly selective MS-technique for the detection of PFCs in complex aqueous matrices. Validation of this analytical method in surface-, sewage- and seawater resulted in limits of quantification (LOQs) varying from 2 to 200 ng L⁻¹, satisfying recoveries (92-134%), and good linearity (R²=0.99 for most analytes). Analysis of samples of the North Sea, the Scheldt estuary, and three harbours of the Belgian coastal region led to the detection of four different PFCs. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) was found to be the most abundant PFC in levels up to 38.9 ng L⁻¹.
authors.affiliation: Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research group of Veterinary Public Health and Zoonoses, Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wille
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vanden Bussche
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Noppe
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: De Wulf
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Van Caeter
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Janssen
authors.forename: H F
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: De Brabander
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vanhaecke
mesh_terms: D001530:Belgium; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D005466:Fluorocarbons / Q000737:chemistry*; D016014:Linear Models; D009659:North Sea; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012623:Seawater / Q000737:chemistry*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012722:Sewage / Q000737:chemistry*; D019032:Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D005466:Fluorocarbons; D012722:Sewage