title: Pack wounds of donkeys and mules in the Northern High Atlas and lowlands of Morocco.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Wounds are one of the primary welfare concerns of working equids and are often related to harness or load-bearing packs.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To identify and quantify factors associated with the presence of pack wounds in donkeys and mules working in the wood trade in the Midelt (Northern High Atlas) region of Morocco, and to compare wounds of these donkeys and mules to those working in other trades.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study population comprised equids working in the Midelt region involved in the wood trade. Comparison populations were comprised of equids working in other trades, in the same region and in Khemmiset region (lowlands of Central Morocco). Wounds were numbered and scored according to their severity. Questionnaires were used to gather data from owners, and objective data regarding the animal, berdaa (back-pack) and load were collected. Data were analysed using multilevel uniand multivariable regression models to allow for clustering of wound sites within an equid.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Analysis showed an overall pack wound prevalence of 54% (n=80/147). The most common site was the withers. Equids working in the wood trade were at increased risk of suffering pack wounds. Equids in the lowland study population were at increased risk of developing pack wounds, and donkeys were at increased risk of suffering pack wounds compared to mules both overall and within the wood trade. Other factors affecting the prevalence of wounds included the cleanliness of the berdaa and the frequency and distances of work imposed on the equid.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pack wounds in donkeys and mules are common in the 2 study regions of Morocco and appear to be associated with work factors including the trade the equids work in, the frequency and distances of work imposed and cleanliness of the pack. Donkeys are more susceptible than mules to developing pack wounds.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results allow recommendations to be made to owners of equids that may decrease the prevalence of wounds and, therefore, improve welfare and working capability of these equids. Research is required to identify reasons for regional difference in prevalence of pack wounds in equids not working in the wood trade.
authors.affiliation: Rossdales Equine Hospital, Cotton End Road, Exning, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7NN, UK.
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Sells
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pinchbeck
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mezzane
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ibourki
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Crane
mesh_terms: D000827:Animal Welfare; D000818:Animals; D018397:Equidae; D009018:Morocco; D014937:Work; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*