title: Nitric oxide, ammonia, and CRP levels in cirrhotic patients with hepatic encephalopathy: is there a connection?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Comparison of nitric oxide (NO) levels in cirrhotic patients with and without hepatic encephalopathy (HE), evaluation of possible correlation between HE and other clinical or laboratory characteristics, and estimation of utilization of NO levels in clinical practice.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  HE is a neuropsychiatric complication of cirrhosis. The exact pathogenetic mechanisms underlying the presence of HE are not known. However, dysfunction of the NO pathway and ammonia detoxification are thought to play a major role.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-seven cirrhotic patients, 36 (53.7%) without HE, and 31 (46.3%) with HE were included in the study. Eighteen healthy individuals were used as control group. Clinical and laboratory data, including ammonia and stable end products of NO using Griess reaction, were collected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  NOx levels were statistically significantly higher in cirrhotic patients (225.5 μmol/L) than in control group [(67.94 μmol/L) (P=0.000)]. NOx levels were, also, statistically significantly higher in patients with HE compared with patients without HE (324.67 μmol/L vs. 141.96 μmol/L, P=0.000). Significant correlation between the presence of HE and NOx, ammonia, C-reactive protein, albumin, Model for End-Stage Liver Disease score, and Child-Pugh classification revealed. NOx levels also correlated with severity of HE. NOx and ammonia are independent factors predicting HE according to regression analysis. Diagnostic accuracy for the diagnosis of HE using a combination of NOx and ammonia was superior compared with standalone NOx or ammonia utilization.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NOx levels are correlated with the presence and severity of HE. NOx levels determination, in addition to ammonia levels, could contribute in diagnosis of HE.
authors.affiliation: 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, General Army Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece. npnck7@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Nikolaos
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Papadopoulos
authors.forename: Aspasia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Soultati
authors.forename: Constantin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Goritsas
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lazaropoulou
authors.forename: Apostolos
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Achimastos
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Adamopoulos
authors.forename: Spyridon P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Dourakis
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000641:Ammonia / Q000097:blood*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D006115:Greece; D006501:Hepatic Encephalopathy / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000097:blood*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D000641:Ammonia; D002097:C-Reactive Protein