title: An Environment-Wide Association Study (EWAS) on type 2 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) and other chronic diseases are caused by a complex combination of many genetic and environmental factors. Few methods are available to comprehensively associate specific physical environmental factors with disease. We conducted a pilot Environmental-Wide Association Study (EWAS), in which epidemiological data are comprehensively and systematically interpreted in a manner analogous to a Genome Wide Association Study (GWAS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We performed multiple cross-sectional analyses associating 266 unique environmental factors with clinical status for T2D defined by fasting blood sugar (FBG) concentration > or =126 mg/dL. We utilized available Centers for Disease Control (CDC) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) cohorts from years 1999 to 2006. Within cohort sample numbers ranged from 503 to 3,318. Logistic regression models were adjusted for age, sex, body mass index (BMI), ethnicity, and an estimate of socioeconomic status (SES). As in GWAS, multiple comparisons were controlled and significant findings were validated with other cohorts. We discovered significant associations for the pesticide-derivative heptachlor epoxide (adjusted OR in three combined cohorts of 1.7 for a 1 SD change in exposure amount; p<0.001), and the vitamin gamma-tocopherol (adjusted OR 1.5; p<0.001). Higher concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) such as PCB170 (adjusted OR 2.2; p<0.001) were also found. Protective factors associated with T2D included beta-carotenes (adjusted OR 0.6; p<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite difficulty in ascertaining causality, the potential for novel factors of large effect associated with T2D justify the use of EWAS to create hypotheses regarding the broad contribution of the environment to disease. Even in this study based on prior collected epidemiological measures, environmental factors can be found with effect sizes comparable to the best loci yet found by GWAS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.
authors.forename: Chirag J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Jayanta
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bhattacharya
authors.forename: Atul J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Butte
mesh_terms: D002338:Carotenoids / Q000097:blood; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood*; D004777:Environment; D005828:Genetics, Population; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D010575:Pesticides / Q000097:blood; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls / Q000097:blood; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D024504:gamma-Tocopherol / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D010575:Pesticides; D002338:Carotenoids; D024504:gamma-Tocopherol; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls