title: Disproportionate impact of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza on Indigenous people in the Top End of Australia's Northern Territory.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the impact of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza (nH1N1) on Indigenous people in the Top End of the Northern Territory at community, hospital and intensive care unit (ICU) levels.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analysed influenza notifications for the Top End from 1 June to 31 August 2009, as well as data on patients admitted through Top End emergency departments with an influenza-like illness. In addition, data on patients with nH1N1 who were admitted to Royal Darwin Hospital (RDH) and the RDH ICU were prospectively collected and analysed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Age-adjusted notification rates for nH1N1 cases, Top End hospital admission rates for patients with nH1N1 and RDH ICU admission rates for patients with nH1N1, stratified by Indigenous status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 918 nH1N1 notifications during the study period. The age-adjusted hospital admission rate for nH1N1 was 82 per 100 000 (95% CI, 68-95) estimated resident population (ERP) overall, with a markedly higher rate in the Indigenous population compared with the non-Indigenous population (269 per 100 000 versus 29 per 100 000 ERP; adjusted incidence rate ratio, 12 [95% CI, 7.8-18]). Independent predictors of ICU admission compared with hospitalisation were hypoxia (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 4.5; CI, 1.5-13.1) and chest x-ray infiltrates (aOR, 4.3; CI, 1.5-12.6) on hospital admission.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza had a disproportionate impact on Indigenous Australians in the Top End, with hospitalisation rates higher than those reported elsewhere in Australia and overseas. These findings have implications for planning hospital and ICU capacity during an influenza pandemic in regions with large Indigenous populations. They also confirm the need to improve health and living circumstances and to prioritise vaccination in this population.
authors.affiliation: Northern Territory Centre for Disease Control, Darwin, NT, Australia.
authors.forename: Shaun M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Flint
authors.forename: Joshua S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: Jiunn-Yih
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Su
authors.forename: Erin P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Oliver-Landry
authors.forename: Benjamin A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Rogers
authors.forename: Aaron
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Goldstein
authors.forename: Jane H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Uma
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Parameswaran
authors.forename: Colin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bigham
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Freeman
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Goldrick
authors.forename: Steven Y C
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Tong
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018563:Disease Notification; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D005260:Female; D006285:Health Planning; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015876:Northern Territory / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors