title: A randomized controlled trial of analgesia during vaccination in adults.
abstract: Although immunization injections are the most common painful medical procedures, pain-relieving interventions are not routinely used. In this randomized controlled trial, we compared the effectiveness of topical anesthesia using liposomal lidocaine to: (1) vapocoolant spray using a proprietary blend of 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane and 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane; (2) nurse-administered tactile stimulation; or (3) self-directed distraction by means of reading a magazine. Liposomal lidocaine was more effective (p<or=0.05) than distraction, as assessed by self-reported pain using the visual analog scale and global report, but did not differ from either vapocoolant spray or tactile stimulation. This information can be incorporated in immunization programs.
authors.affiliation: Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. anna.taddio@utoronto.ca
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Taddio
authors.forename: Allison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lord
authors.forename: Mary-Ellen
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Hogan
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kikuta
authors.forename: Ashley
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yiu
authors.forename: Erwin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Darra
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bruinse
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Keogh
authors.forename: Derek
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Stephens
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000328:Adult; D000698:Analgesia / Q000379:methods*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006845:Hydrocarbons, Fluorinated / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014611:Vaccination / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004980:Ethane / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D005466:Fluorocarbons
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D006845:Hydrocarbons, Fluorinated; D008012:Lidocaine; C063006:norflurane; D004980:Ethane; D005466:Fluorocarbons; C403631:1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane