title: Targeting the Transforming Growth Factor-beta pathway inhibits human basal-like breast cancer metastasis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Transforming Growth Factor beta (TGF-beta) plays an important role in tumor invasion and metastasis. We set out to investigate the possible clinical utility of TGF-beta antagonists in a human metastatic basal-like breast cancer model. We examined the effects of two types of the TGF-beta pathway antagonists (1D11, a mouse monoclonal pan-TGF-beta neutralizing antibody and LY2109761, a chemical inhibitor of TGF-beta type I and II receptor kinases) on sublines of basal cell-like MDA-MB-231 human breast carcinoma cells that preferentially metastasize to lungs (4175TR, 4173) or bones (SCP2TR, SCP25TR, 2860TR, 3847TR).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both 1D11 and LY2109761 effectively blocked TGF-beta-induced phosphorylation of receptor-associated Smads in all MDA-MB-231 subclones in vitro. Moreover, both antagonists inhibited TGF-beta stimulated in vitro migration and invasiveness of MDA-MB-231 subclones, indicating that these processes are partly driven by TGF-beta. In addition, both antagonists significantly reduced the metastatic burden to either lungs or bones in vivo, seemingly independently of intrinsic differences between the individual tumor cell clones. Besides inhibiting metastasis in a tumor cell autonomous manner, the TGF-beta antagonists inhibited angiogenesis associated with lung metastases and osteoclast number and activity associated with lytic bone metastases. In aggregate, these studies support the notion that TGF-beta plays an important role in both bone-and lung metastases of basal-like breast cancer, and that inhibiting TGF-beta signaling results in a therapeutic effect independently of the tissue-tropism of the metastatic cells. Targeting the TGF-beta pathway holds promise as a novel therapeutic approach for metastatic basal-like breast cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In aggregate, these studies support the notion that TGF-beta plays an important role in both bone-and lung metastases of basal-like breast cancer, and that inhibiting TGF-beta signaling results in a therapeutic effect independently of the tissue-tropism of the metastatic cells. Targeting the TGF-beta pathway holds promise as a novel therapeutic approach for metastatic basal-like breast cancer.
authors.affiliation: Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, UMDNJRobert Wood Johnson Medical School and The Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Vidya
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ganapathy
authors.forename: Rongrong
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ge
authors.forename: Alison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Grazioli
authors.forename: Wen
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: Whitney
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Banach-Petrosky
authors.forename: Yibin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lonning
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McPherson
authors.forename: Jonathan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Yingling
authors.forename: Swati
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Biswas
authors.forename: Gregory R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Mundy
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Reiss
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis / Q000188:drug therapy; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011758:Pyrroles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; C530108:LY2109761; D011720:Pyrazoles; D011758:Pyrroles; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta