title: The effects of music on physiological responses and sedation scores in sedated, mechanically ventilated patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A pilot study designed as future randomised controlled trial was carried out to determine the effects of music on physiological responses and sedation scores in sedated, mechanically ventilated patients.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Mechanically ventilated ICU patients, even when receiving intravenous sedatives, may experience stress and anxiety. One possible intervention to reduce stress and anxiety is listening to music.
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomised controlled trial design with repeated measures was used.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected over a six-month period in 2006. Twenty subjects were randomly assigned to either the experimental or control group. Subjects in the experimental group listened to music three times for 30 minutes over two days; subjects in the control group undertook three 30 minute rest periods. Physiological effects of music on systolic, diastolic and mean arterial blood pressure and heart and respiratory rate were assessed. Sedation scores were also measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Physiological parameters did not show a significant difference between the groups. Patients in the experimental group showed significantly higher Ramsay (sedation) scores than patients in the control group after the first session. The higher scores indicate that patients were less responsive to external stimuli.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that listening to music leads to higher sedation scores in sedated, mechanically ventilated ICU patients. No significant decreases in physiological parameters were observed. Listening to music showed no negative changes in the condition of these patients. Future research should focus on the use of other measures, such as stress hormones, to assess stress in sedated, mechanically ventilated ICU patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For the sedated, mechanically ventilated ICU patient, the benefit of music may lie in the associated (deeper) level of sedation that is achieved, which in turn may make the patient less susceptible to stress and anxiety.
authors.affiliation: Department of Critical Care, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. bm.dijkstra@ic.umcn.nl
authors.forename: Boukje M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Dijkstra
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gamel
authors.forename: Jaap J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: van der Bijl
authors.forename: Michiel L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Bots
authors.forename: Jozef
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kesecioglu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001794:Blood Pressure; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009147:Music Therapy; D009426:Netherlands; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000523:psychology*; D056152:Respiratory Rate; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives