title: Effectiveness of intermittent training in hypoxia combined with live high/train low.
abstract: Elite athletes often undertake altitude training to improve sea-level athletic performance, yet the optimal methodology has not been established. A combined approach of live high/train low plus train high (LH/TL+TH) may provide an additional training stimulus to enhance performance gains. Seventeen male and female middle-distance runners with maximal aerobic power (VO2max) of 65.5 +/- 7.3 mL kg(-1) min(-1) (mean +/- SD) trained on a treadmill in normobaric hypoxia for 3 weeks (2,200 m, 4 week(-1)). During this period, the train high (TH) group (n = 9) resided near sea-level (approximately 600 m) while the LH/TL+TH group (n = 8) stayed in normobaric hypoxia (3,000 m) for 14 hours day(-1). Changes in 3-km time trial performance and physiological measures including VO2max, running economy and haemoglobin mass (Hb(mass)) were assessed. The LH/TL+TH group substantially improved VO2max (4.8%; +/-2.8%, mean; +/-90% CL), Hb(mass) (3.6%; +/-2.4%) and 3-km time trial performance (-1.1%; +/-1.0%) immediately post-altitude. There was no substantial improvement in time trial performance 2 weeks later. The TH group substantially improved VO2max (2.2%; +/-1.8%), but had only trivial changes in Hb(mass) and 3-km time-trial performance. Compared with TH, combined LH/TL+TH substantially improved VO2max (2.6%; +/-3.2%), Hb(mass) (4.3%; +/-3.2%), and time trial performance (-0.9%; +/-1.4%) immediately post-altitude. LH/TL+TH elicited greater enhancements in physiological capacities compared with TH, however, the transfer of benefits to time-trial performance was more variable.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia. eileen.robertson@sa.gov.au
authors.forename: Eileen Y
authors.initials: EY
authors.lastname: Robertson
authors.forename: Philo U
authors.initials: PU
authors.lastname: Saunders
authors.forename: David B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Pyne
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Gore
authors.forename: Judith M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Anson
mesh_terms: D000064:Acclimatization; D000531:Altitude; D005260:Female; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D053580:Muscle Strength; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D010807:Physical Endurance; D012420:Running; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins