title: Association of matrix metalloproteinase gene polymorphisms with refractive error in Amish and Ashkenazi families.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) are involved in scleral extracellular matrix remodeling and have shown differential expression in experimental myopia. The genetic association of refractive error and polymorphisms in MMP and TIMP genes in Old Order Amish (AMISH) and Ashkenazi Jewish (ASHK) families was investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Individuals from 55 AMISH and 63 ASHK families participated in the study. Ascertainment was designed to enrich the families for myopia; the mean spherical equivalent (MSE) refractive error (SD) was -1.61 (2.72) D in the AMISH, and -3.56 (3.32) D in the ASHK. One hundred forty-six common haplotype tagging SNPs covering 14 MMP and 4 TIMP genes were genotyped in 358 AMISH and 535 ASHK participants. Association analyses of MSE and the spherical component of refraction (SPH) were performed separately for the AMISH and the ASHK. Bonferroni-corrected significance thresholds and local false discovery rates were used to account for multiple testing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After they were filtered for quality-control, 127 SNPs were included in the analyses. No polymorphisms showed statistically significant association to refraction in the ASHK (minimum P = 0.0132). In AMISH, two SNPs showed evidence of association with refractive phenotypes: rs1939008 (P = 0.00016 for SPH); and rs9928731 (P = 0.00026 for SPH). These markers were each estimated to explain <5% of the variance of SPH in the AMISH sample.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Statistically significant genetic associations of ocular refraction to polymorphisms near MMP1 and within MMP2 were identified in the AMISH but not among the ASHK families. The results suggest that the MMP1 and MMP2 genes are involved in refractive variation in the AMISH. Genetic and/or environmental heterogeneity most likely contribute to differences in association results between ethnic groups.
authors.affiliation: Inherited Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA. robwoj@mail.nih.gov
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wojciechowski
authors.forename: Joan E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Bailey-Wilson
authors.forename: Dwight
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Stambolian
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D008040:Genetic Linkage; D005819:Genetic Markers; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007585:Jews / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D020781:Matrix Metalloproteinase 1 / Q000235:genetics*; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000235:genetics*; D009216:Myopia / Q000235:genetics*; D010641:Phenotype; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
chemical_list: D005819:Genetic Markers; C522361:MMP2 protein, human; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; C522360:MMP1 protein, human; D020781:Matrix Metalloproteinase 1