title: micro-Opioid receptor stimulation in the medial subnucleus of the tractus solitarius inhibits gastric tone and motility by reducing local GABA activity.
abstract: We examined the effects of altering mu-opioid receptor (MOR) activity in the medial subnucleus of the tractus solitarius (mNTS) on several gastric end points including intragastric pressure (IGP), fundus tone, and the receptive relaxation reflex (RRR). Microinjection of the MOR agonist [d-Ala(2),MePhe(4),Gly(ol)(5)]enkephalin (DAMGO; 1-10 fmol) into the mNTS produced dose-dependent decreases in IGP. Microinjection of the endogenous MOR agonists endomorphin-1 and endomorphin-2 (20 fmol) into the mNTS mimicked the effects of 10 fmol DAMGO. Microinjection of 1 and 100 pmol DAMGO into the mNTS produced a triphasic response consisting of an initial decrease, a transient increase, and a persistent decrease in IGP. The increase in IGP appeared to be due to diffusion to the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus. The effects of 10 fmol DAMGO in the mNTS were blocked by vagotomy and by blockade of MORs, GABA(A) receptors, and ionotropic glutamate receptors in the mNTS. The RRR response was abolished by bilateral microinjection of the opioid receptor antagonist naltrexone into the mNTS and reduced by intravenous administration of naltrexone. Our data demonstrate that 1) activation of MORs in the mNTS with femtomole doses of agonist inhibits gastric motility, 2) the mechanism of MOR effects in the mNTS is through suppression of local GABA activity, and 3) blockade of MORs in the mNTS prevents the RRR response. These data suggest that opioids play an important role in mediating a vagovagal reflex through release of an endogenous opioid in the mNTS, which, in turn, inhibits ongoing local GABA activity and allows vagal sensory input to excite second-order mNTS neurons.
authors.affiliation: Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA.
authors.forename: Melissa A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Herman
authors.forename: Alisa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alayan
authors.forename: Niaz
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sahibzada
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bayer
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Verbalis
authors.forename: Kenneth L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Dretchen
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Gillis
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015536:Down-Regulation; D004525:Efferent Pathways / Q000502:physiology; D020875:Enkephalin, Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Gly(5)- / Q000008:administration & dosage; D018756:GABA Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage; D058787:GABA-A Receptor Antagonists; D005748:Gastric Fundus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D005769:Gastrointestinal Motility / Q000502:physiology* / Q000528:radiation effects; D008297:Male; D008845:Microinjections; D009129:Muscle Tonus / Q000187:drug effects; D009271:Naltrexone / Q000008:administration & dosage; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D009842:Oligopeptides / Q000008:administration & dosage; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D011963:Receptors, GABA-A / Q000378:metabolism; D011957:Receptors, Opioid / Q000378:metabolism*; D017552:Solitary Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism*; D013270:Stomach / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D014630:Vagus Nerve / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D018756:GABA Antagonists; D058787:GABA-A Receptor Antagonists; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents; D009842:Oligopeptides; D011963:Receptors, GABA-A; D011957:Receptors, Opioid; C105293:endomorphin 1; D020875:Enkephalin, Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Gly(5)-; C105294:endomorphin 2; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; D009271:Naltrexone