title: Magnetic resonance imaging of the equine temporomandibular joint anatomy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In human medicine, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is considered the 'gold standard' imaging procedure to assess the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). However, there is no information regarding MRI evaluation of equine TMJ.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe the normal sectional MRI anatomy of equine TMJ by using frozen and plastinated anatomical sections as reference; and determine the best imaging planes and sequences to visualise TMJ components.
  
  
  METHODS
  TMJs from 6 Spanish Purebred horse cadavers (4 immature and 2 mature) underwent MRI examination. Spin-echo T1-weighting (SE T1W), T2*W, fat-suppressed (FS) proton density-weighting (PDW) and fast spin-echo T2-weighting (FSE T2W) sequences were obtained in oblique sagittal, transverse and dorsal planes. Anatomical sections were procured on the same planes for a thorough interpretation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The oblique sagittal and transverse planes were the most informative anatomical planes. SE T1W images showed excellent spatial resolution and resulted in superior anatomic detail when comparing to other sequences. FSE T2W sequence provided an acceptable anatomical depiction but T2*W and fat-suppressed PDW demonstrated higher contrast in visualisation of the disc, synovial fluid, synovial pouches and articular cartilage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The SE T1W sequence in oblique sagittal and transverse plane should be the baseline to identify anatomy. The T2*W and fat-suppressed PDW sequences enhance the study of the articular cartilage and synovial pouches better than FSE T2W.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The information provided in this paper should aid clinicians in the interpretation of MRI images of equine TMJ and assist in the early diagnosis of those problems that could not be diagnosed by other means.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, University of Murcia, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Rodríguez
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Agut
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Soler
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: López-Albors
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Arredondo
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Querol
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Latorre
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006736:Horses / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000662:veterinary*; D013704:Temporomandibular Joint / Q000033:anatomy & histology*