title: Neural competition for conscious representation across time: an fMRI study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The information processing capacity of the human mind is limited, as is evidenced by the attentional blink (AB)--a deficit in identifying the second of two temporally-close targets (T1 and T2) embedded in a rapid stream of distracters. Theories of the AB generally agree that it results from competition between stimuli for conscious representation. However, they disagree in the specific mechanisms, in particular about how attentional processing of T1 determines the AB to T2.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The present study used the high spatial resolution of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine the neural mechanisms underlying the AB. Our research approach was to design T1 and T2 stimuli that activate distinguishable brain areas involved in visual categorization and representation. ROI and functional connectivity analyses were then used to examine how attentional processing of T1, as indexed by activity in the T1 representation area, affected T2 processing. Our main finding was that attentional processing of T1 at the level of the visual cortex predicted T2 detection rates Those individuals who activated the T1 encoding area more strongly in blink versus no-blink trials generally detected T2 on a lower percentage of trials. The coupling of activity between T1 and T2 representation areas did not vary as a function of conscious T2 perception.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data are consistent with the notion that the AB is related to attentional demands of T1 for selection, and indicate that these demands are reflected at the level of visual cortex. They also highlight the importance of individual differences in attentional settings in explaining AB task performance.
authors.affiliation: Cognitive Neuroscience Group, Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. h.a.slagter@uva.nl
authors.forename: Heleen A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Slagter
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Johnstone
authors.forename: Iseult A M
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Beets
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Davidson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D054518:Attentional Blink / Q000502:physiology; D001519:Behavior; D003243:Consciousness / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009424:Nervous System Physiological Phenomena; D010865:Pilot Projects; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000502:physiology; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D013997:Time Factors; D014796:Visual Perception / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult