title: Substrate fate in activated macrophages: a comparison between innate, classic, and alternative activation.
abstract: Macrophages play a relevant role in innate and adaptive immunity depending on the balance of the stimuli received. From an analytical and functional point of view, macrophage stimulation can be segregated into three main modes, as follows: innate, classic, and alternative pathways. These differential activations result in the expression of specific sets of genes involved in the release of pro- or anti-inflammatory stimuli. In the present work, we have analyzed whether specific metabolic patterns depend on the signaling pathway activated. A [1,2-(13)C(2)]glucose tracer-based metabolomics approach has been used to characterize the metabolic flux distributions in macrophages stimulated through the classic, innate, and alternative pathways. Using this methodology combined with mass isotopomer distribution analysis of the new formed metabolites, the data show that activated macrophages are essentially glycolytic cells, and a clear cutoff between the classic/innate activation and the alternative pathway exists. Interestingly, macrophage activation through LPS/IFN-gamma or TLR-2, -3, -4, and -9 results in similar flux distribution patterns regardless of the pathway activated. However, stimulation through the alternative pathway has minor metabolic effects. The molecular basis of the differences between these two types of behavior involves a switch in the expression of 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase (PFK2) from the liver type-PFK2 to the more active ubiquitous PFK2 isoenzyme, which responds to Hif-1alpha activation and increases fructose-2,6-bisphosphate concentration and the glycolytic flux. However, using macrophages targeted for Hif-1alpha, the switch of PFK2 isoenzymes still occurs in LPS/IFN-gamma-activated macrophages, suggesting that this pathway regulates ubiquitous PFK2 expression through Hif-1alpha-independent mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Juan-Carlos
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Prados
authors.forename: Paqui G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Través
authors.forename: Jimena
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cuenca
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rico
authors.forename: Julián
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Aragonés
authors.forename: Paloma
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Martín-Sanz
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cascante
authors.forename: Lisardo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Boscá
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006019:Glycolysis / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000235:genetics; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D008262:Macrophage Activation / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D017737:Macrophages, Peritoneal / Q000201:enzymology / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D025481:Phosphofructokinase-2 / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D013379:Substrate Specificity / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: C497443:Hif1a protein, mouse; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D007527:Isoenzymes; D025481:Phosphofructokinase-2