title: A review of the implications of computational fluid dynamic studies on nasal airflow and physiology.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Computational fluid dynamics has been adapted to studying nasal aerodynamics.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To review current literature on CFD studies, with an emphasis on normal nasal airflow, the impact of sinonasal pathology on airflow, and implications on nasal physiology. The objective is to provide the rhinologists with a greater understanding of nasal airflow and how symptomatology of sinonasal disease may be explained via CFD simulations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The nasal valve region redirects inspiratory airstreams over the inferior turbinate in a high turbulent kinetic energy, which is important in heat and moisture exchange. The bulk of airflow occurs in the common meatus with small streams traversing the olfactory groove, increasing during sniffing. Septal deviation and enlarged inferior turbinate causes redistribution of airflow, changes in intranasal pressure and increased turbulence. High velocity airflow and wall shear stress at the septal perforation causes desiccation and mucosal damage. The airflow within an atrophic nasal cavity is predominantly laminar with minimal contact with nasal mucosa. The inferior turbinate is an important organ for air conditioning and preservation during surgery is highlighted.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite some limitations of CFD simulations, this technology has improved understanding of the complex nasal anatomy and the implications of disease and surgery on physiology.
authors.affiliation: Common Cold Centre and Healthcare Clinical Trials, Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, UK.
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Leong
authors.forename: X B
authors.initials: XB
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: H P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: D Y
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D019295:Computational Biology; D006801:Humans; D009296:Nasal Cavity / Q000502:physiology*; D015508:Nasal Obstruction / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009300:Nasal Septum / Q000503:physiopathology; D009668:Nose Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012123:Pulmonary Ventilation / Q000502:physiology; D012212:Rheology; D014420:Turbinates / Q000503:physiopathology