Resuscitation after prolonged cardiac arrest: role of cardiopulmonary bypass and systemic hyperkalemia.
BACKGROUND
The purpose of this study was to determine (1) the role of emergency cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) after prolonged cardiac arrest and failed cardiopulmonary resuscitation, and (2) the use of systemic hyperkalemia during CPB to convert intractable ventricular fibrillation (VF).


METHODS
Thirty-one pigs (34 +/- 2 kg) underwent 15 minutes of cardiac arrest after induced VF, followed by 10 minutes of cardiopulmonary resuscitation-advanced life support. Peripheral CPB was used if cardiopulmonary resuscitation failed to restore stable circulation. Damage was assessed by evaluating hemodynamics, biochemical variables (creatine kinase-MB, neuron-specific enolase), neurologic deficit score, and brain magnetic resonance imaging.


RESULTS
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation alone was successful in only 19% (6 of 31 pigs). Cardiopulmonary bypass was initiated in 81% of animals (25 of 31 pigs) either for hypotension (5 of 25 pigs) or intractable VF (20 of 25 pigs). Defibrillation was successful in 7 of 20 animals during the first 10 minutes after initiating CPB. Ventricular fibrillation persisted more than 10 minutes in 13 of 20 pigs, and animals were treated either with repeated defibrillation (6 of 13 pigs) or with a potassium bolus (7 of 13 pigs) to induce transient cardiac arrest. Overall survival at 24 hours was 84% with cardiopulmonary resuscitation (100% of pigs with hypotension; 71% in CPB-VF < 10 minutes). Despite CPB, fatal myocardial failure occurred after VF duration of more than 10 minutes in all pigs treated with electrical defibrillation, whereas hyperkalemia allowed 100% cardioversion and 86% survival. Biochemical variables remained elevated in all groups. Similarly, severe brain injury was present in all animals as confirmed by neurologic deficit score (197 +/- 10) and magnetic resonance imaging.


CONCLUSIONS
Emergency CPB after prolonged cardiac arrest improves survival and allows systemic hyperkalemia to convert intractable VF, but fails to reduce neurologic damage.
Liakopoulos
Oliver J
OJ
Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Allen
Bradley S
BS
Buckberg
Gerald D
GD
Hristov
Nikola
N
Tan
Zhongtuo
Z
Villablanca
J Pablo
JP
Trummer
Georg
G
D000818:Animals; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D006323:Heart Arrest / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D006947:Hyperkalemia; D011188:Potassium / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D012151:Resuscitation; D013552:Swine; D013997:Time Factors; D014693:Ventricular Fibrillation / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology
D011188:Potassium