title: Plant stanols dose-dependently decrease LDL-cholesterol concentrations, but not cholesterol-standardized fat-soluble antioxidant concentrations, at intakes up to 9 g/d.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is unclear whether plant stanols lower serum LDL-cholesterol concentrations and cholesterol-standardized fat-soluble antioxidant concentrations dose-dependently when consumption exceeds the recommended daily intakes of 2.0-3.0 g.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective was to study the relation between plant stanols provided as plant stanol esters on changes in serum concentrations of LDL cholesterol and fat-soluble antioxidants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Healthy subjects (n = 93) with slightly elevated serum total cholesterol concentrations (5.0-8.0 mmol/L) received, after a 3-wk run-in period, control products (n = 22) or products (margarine and soy-based yogurt) providing 3 g (n = 24), 6 g (n = 22), or 9 g (n = 25) plant stanols provided as fatty acid esters for 4 wk.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Serum LDL cholesterol decreased dose-dependently. Compared with control, decreases in the 3-g group were 0.32 mmol/L (7.4%; P = 0.005 after adjustment for multiple comparisons). An intake of 6 g plant stanols caused an additional decrease of 0.18 mmol/L (4.5%; P = 0.100 compared with the 3-g group). In the 9-g group, a further decrease of 0.22 mmol/L (5.4%) was observed (P = 0.048 compared with the 6-g group). Serum LDL-cholesterol concentrations were lowered by 17.4% in the 9-g group compared with the control group. No effects on cholesterol-standardized beta-carotene concentrations were observed. Even the change of -0.01 mumol/mmol cholesterol (or -9.2%; P = 0.341) in the 3-g group compared with the control group was not statistically significant because of the large variation in response. Serum HDL-cholesterol and triacylglycerol concentrations, cholesterol-standardized alpha-tocopherol and lutein concentrations, and plasma markers reflecting liver and renal function were not affected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Daily consumption of plant stanols up to 9 g reduces serum LDL-cholesterol concentrations linearly up to 17.4%. For cholesterol-standardized fat-soluble antioxidant concentrations, such a relation could not be ascertained.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands. r.mensink@hb.unimaas.nl
authors.forename: Ronald P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Mensink
authors.forename: Arienne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: de Jong
authors.forename: Dieter
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lütjohann
authors.forename: Guido Rmm
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Haenen
authors.forename: Jogchum
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Plat
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood* / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000097:blood; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008074:Lipoproteins / Q000097:blood* / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D008383:Margarine; D008875:Middle Aged; D012016:Reference Values; D012855:Sitosterols / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D015014:Yogurt
chemical_list: D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D008055:Lipids; D008074:Lipoproteins; D012855:Sitosterols; D014280:Triglycerides; D008383:Margarine; D002784:Cholesterol