title: Resistance training increases muscle mitochondrial biogenesis in patients with chronic kidney disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Muscle wasting, a common complication in chronic kidney disease (CKD), contributes to poor outcomes. Mitochondrial biogenesis is critical for the maintenance of skeletal muscle function and structural integrity. The present study--a secondary analysis from a published randomized controlled trial--examined the effect of resistance exercise training on skeletal muscle mitochondrial (mt)DNA copy number and determined its association with skeletal muscle phenotype (muscle mass and strength).
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-three patients with moderate-to-severe CKD were randomized to resistance training (n = 13) or an attention-control (n = 10) group for 12 weeks. After a run-in period of a low-protein diet that continued during the intervention, mtDNA copy number in the vastus lateralis muscle was estimated by quantitative real-time PCR at baseline and 12 weeks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants mean age was 64 +/- 10 (SD) years and median (interquartile range, IQR) GFR 27.5 (37.0) ml/min. There were no differences between groups at baseline. Median (IQR) mtDNA copy number was 13,713 (10,618). There was a significant increase in muscle mtDNA with exercise compared with controls (1306 [13306] versus -3747 [15467], P = 0.01). The change in muscle mtDNA copy number was positively correlated with previously reported changes in types I and II muscle fiber cross-sectional area.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this pilot study, resistance training was highly effective in enhancing mitochondrial content in patients with moderate-to-severe CKD. This finding suggests that the mitochondrial dysfunction observed with chronic disease could potentially be restored with this exercise modality and should be investigated further.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Vaidyanatha S
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Balakrishnan
authors.forename: Madhumathi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.forename: Vandana
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Menon
authors.forename: Patricia L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Gordon
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pilichowska
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Castaneda
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Castaneda-Sceppa
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001706:Biopsy; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D018753:Diet, Protein-Restricted; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008931:Mitochondria, Muscle / Q000378:metabolism*; D053580:Muscle Strength; D009133:Muscular Atrophy / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D009929:Organ Size; D010865:Pilot Projects; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D052097:Quadriceps Muscle / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D055070:Resistance Training; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial