title: Dietary intake of antioxidant vitamins and risk of Parkinson's disease: a case-control study in Japan.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  antioxidant vitamins are expected to protect cells from oxidative damage by neutralizing the effects of reactive oxygen species. However, epidemiological evidence regarding the associations between antioxidant vitamin intake and Parkinson's disease (PD) is limited and inconsistent. We investigated the relationship between dietary intake of selected antioxidant vitamins, vegetables and fruit and the risk of PD in Japan using data from a multicenter hospital-based case-control study.
  
  
  METHODS
  included were 249 patients within 6 years of onset of PD. Controls were 368 inpatients and outpatients without a neurodegenerative disease. Information on dietary factors was collected using a validated self-administered diet history questionnaire. Adjustment was made for sex, age, region of residence, pack-years of smoking, years of education, body mass index, dietary intake of cholesterol, alcohol, total dairy products, and coffee and the dietary glycemic index.
  
  
  RESULTS
  higher consumption of vitamin E and β-carotene was significantly associated with a reduced risk of PD after adjustment for confounders under study: the adjusted odds ratio in the highest quartile was 0.45 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.25-0.79, P for trend = 0.009) for vitamin E and 0.56 (95% CI: 0.33-0.97, P for trend = 0.03) for β-carotene. Stratified by sex, such inverse associations were significant only in women. No material relationships were shown between intake of vitamin C, α-carotene, cryptoxanthin, green and yellow vegetables, other vegetables, or fruit and the risk of PD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  higher intake of vitamin E and β-carotene may be associated with a decreased risk of PD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka Department of Public Health, Osaka, Japan. miyake-y@fukuoka-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Miyake
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Fukushima
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kiyohara
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tsuboi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Oeda
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Miki
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kawamura
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sakae
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fukuyama
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hirota
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nagai
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004032:Diet; D004034:Diet Surveys; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000209:etiology*; D012306:Risk; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014675:Vegetables; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D019207:beta Carotene / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D019207:beta Carotene; D014810:Vitamin E