title: Psychiatric and neuropsychological changes in growth hormone-deficient patients after traumatic brain injury in response to growth hormone therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Traumatic brain injury (TBI) has been recently recognized as a risk factor for cognitive impairment and hypopituitarism, presented most frequently with GH deficiency (GHD). GHD is associated not only with changes in body composition, but also with impaired quality of life, cognitive dysfunctions and some psychiatric sequelae, usually classified as "depression" or "atypical depression". The impact of GH therapy on mental status in TBI patients is still unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  Psychiatric and cognitive functions were tested in 6 GHD patients at baseline (minimum 3 yr after TBI), reassessed after 6 months of GH therapy as well as 12 months after discontinuation of GH therapy. Psychiatric and cognitive examinations included semi-structured interviews and 3 instruments: Symptom-checklist (SCL-90-R), Zung Depression Inventory, and standard composite neuropsychological battery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six months of GH therapy in GHD TBI patients improved cognitive abilities (particularly verbal and non-verbal memory) and significantly improved psychiatric functioning. Severity of depression decreased, as well as intensity of interpersonal sensitivity, hostility, paranoid ideation, anxiety, and psychoticism. Somatization, obsessive-compulsive symptoms and phobic anxiety decreased in all except in one patient. In 3 GHD patients who stopped GH therapy for 12 months we registered worsening of the verbal and non-verbal memory, as well symptoms in 3 SCL dimensions: inter-personal sensitivity, anxiety, and paranoid ideation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  GH-deficient TBI patients are depressed and have cognitive impairment. GH therapy induced reduction of depression, social dysfunction, and certain cognitive domains. Our preliminary data support the necessity of conducting randomized placebo-controlled trials on the effects of GH therapy on neuropsychological and psychiatric status in GHD TBI patients.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychiatry, University Clinical Center Belgrade, Pasterova 2, Belgrade, Serbia. nadjamaric@yahoo.com
authors.forename: N P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Maric
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Doknic
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pavlovic
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pekic
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stojanovic
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jasovic-Gasic
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Popovic
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000188:drug therapy; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy; D003863:Depression / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D020249:Hormone Replacement Therapy; D019382:Human Growth Hormone / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007018:Hypopituitarism / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011788:Quality of Life; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000523:psychology
chemical_list: D019382:Human Growth Hormone