title: The suppression of immune activation during enfuvirtide-based salvage therapy is associated with reduced CCR5 expression and decreased concentrations of circulating interleukin-12 and IP-10 during 48 weeks of longitudinal follow-up.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It has been suggested that patients who initiate highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) late in their course of infection may have suboptimal CD4 T-cell gains, persistent alterations in T-cell subsets and residual inflammation. To address this issue, we carried out a comprehensive 48-week immunological study in HIV-infected patients who had experienced failures of prior therapies, had low CD4 cell counts, and were receiving enfuvirtide-based salvage therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Immunological monitoring of peripheral lymphocytes from enfuvirtide-responder patients was performed over a 48-week period. A detailed assessment of immune cell subsets, their activation state [CD38 and human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-DR expression] and homeostasis [activation-induced cell death (AICD) and Ki67 expression], and the expression of co-receptors was performed by flow cytometry. Cytokine and chemokine signatures were assessed using multianalyte profiling technology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Enfuvirtide-based salvage therapy induced a progressive restoration of naïve and central memory CD4 T cells, associated with a decrease in their activation state, suppression of premature priming for AICD and increased expression of Ki67. In addition, a significant decrease in C-C chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) expression was detected on CD4 T cells, which was strongly correlated with the suppression of immune activation. Changes in circulating proinflammatory molecules occurred; i.e. there were decreases in the concentrations of interleukin (IL)-12, macrophage inflammatory protein MIP-1α, MIP-1β, monokine induced by IFNγ (MIG) and interferon-γ-inducible protein-10 (IP-10). The decline in circulating IL-12 and IP-10 was correlated with both the reduction in the viral load and CD4 T-cell restoration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows that suppression of HIV-1 replication with enfuvirtide-based salvage therapy in patients with low CD4 cell counts may result in an immunological benefit, characterized by the restoration of CD4 T-cell subsets associated with decreased immune activation and suppression of inflammation.
authors.affiliation: Infectiology Unit, University Nice Sophia-Antipolis, Nice, France.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Carsenti-Dellamonica
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Saïdi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ticchioni
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Guillouet de Salvador
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dufayard Cottalorda
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Garraffo
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dellamonica
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Durant
authors.forename: M-L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Gougeon
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active / Q000009:adverse effects; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*; D054357:Chemokine CXCL10 / Q000097:blood*; D000077560:Enfuvirtide; D015700:HIV Envelope Protein gp41 / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D023581:HIV Fusion Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D018664:Interleukin-12 / Q000097:blood*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019713:Receptors, CCR5 / Q000378:metabolism*; D016879:Salvage Therapy; D019562:Viral Load; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000187:drug effects; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D054357:Chemokine CXCL10; D015700:HIV Envelope Protein gp41; D023581:HIV Fusion Inhibitors; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D019713:Receptors, CCR5; D018664:Interleukin-12; D000077560:Enfuvirtide