title: Association of autistic-like and internalizing traits during childhood: a longitudinal twin study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Children with autism spectrum disorders often experience severe anxiety and depression, yet the explanation for this association remains unclear. The authors examined the longitudinal relationship between autistic-like and internalizing traits across middle to late childhood in a population-representative twin sample.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were approximately 6,000 twin pairs born in England and Wales from 1994 to 1996. Parental reports of autistic-like and internalizing traits were analyzed at ages 7 and 8 (timepoint 1) and again at age 12 (timepoint 2). The direction and etiology of the associations between these traits were examined within a cross-lagged design.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Findings revealed an asymmetric bidirectional association between autistic-like and internalizing traits over time. Autistic-like traits at age 7 made a modest but significant contribution to the presence of internalizing traits at age 12. Earlier internalizing traits also influenced the development of later autistic-like traits, although this association was approximately one-half the magnitude. While both traits were moderately to highly heritable, they were largely independent with regard to their genetic influences. Stronger associations were found between the modest shared environmental influences on each trait. Of note, it was autistic-like communication difficulties, rather than social deficits, that made a significant contribution to later internalizing traits.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The association between autistic-like and internalizing traits was attributable to reciprocal processes occurring across childhood, suggesting that these traits may serve to exacerbate each other over time. Autistic-like communication difficulties had the most notable impact. This association must now be explored within samples of children with diagnosed autism spectrum disorders and internalizing disorders, since this may help to inform the best timing and targeting of clinical intervention.
authors.affiliation: Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK. victoria.hallett@iop.kcl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Victoria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Hallett
authors.forename: Angelica
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ronald
authors.forename: Fruhling
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rijsdijk
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Happé
mesh_terms: D001007:Anxiety / Q000523:psychology; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior / Q000523:psychology; D002659:Child Development Disorders, Pervasive / Q000523:psychology*; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology; D004200:Diseases in Twins / Q000235:genetics; D004739:England; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D015233:Models, Statistical; D010551:Personality / Q000235:genetics; D010641:Phenotype; D012917:Social Adjustment; D014429:Twins, Dizygotic / Q000523:psychology; D014430:Twins, Monozygotic / Q000523:psychology; D014852:Wales