title: Exploring the relationship between acculturation and smoking behavior within four Southeast Asian communities of Minnesota.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study sought to measure the prevalence of smoking among the Hmong, Vietnamese, Lao, and Cambodian communities of Minnesota and explore the relationship between smoking and acculturation within these communities.
  
  
  METHODS
  A community-based participatory research framework was used through all phases of this study. Standard as well as community-developed measures of acculturation were used. Data were obtained by face-to-face and telephone interviews with 1,628 respondents from July 2006 to March 2007.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Vietnamese and Cambodian men smoke at higher rates than men in the U.S. general population (35% and 58% compared with 20%, respectively). Most men across the Vietnamese, Cambodian, and Lao populations started smoking prior to immigration to the United States, although most former smokers quit smoking after immigration to the United States. Most male Hmong respondents started smoking after immigration. Education was predictive of smoking status across genders, with less education associated with greater odds of being a smoker. Logistic regression found some acculturation measures to be predictive of smoking status across both genders: Less acculturated male respondents and more acculturated female respondents are more likely to be smokers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results of this study suggest that the role of acculturation in tobacco use may not be straightforward as has been presented previously. Other factors, such as social norms and cultural or linguistic isolation, may also be playing a role in tobacco use patterns and may play different roles for different subgroups. Further research is needed within each population and subgroups within those populations to understand these relationships and how they affect smoking behavior.
authors.affiliation: Division of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, C312 Mayo Memorial Building, 420 Delaware Street, SE, MMC 729, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA. cons0026@umn.edu
authors.forename: Melissa L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Constantine
authors.forename: Todd H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Rockwood
authors.forename: Barbara A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Schillo
authors.forename: Nina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Alesci
authors.forename: Steven S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Foldes
authors.forename: Tam
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Phan
authors.forename: Yanat
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chhith
authors.forename: Jessie E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Saul
mesh_terms: D000069:Acculturation; D000328:Adult; D001294:Attitude to Health / Q000208:ethnology*; D002160:Cambodia / Q000208:ethnology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003466:Cultural Characteristics; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior / Q000208:ethnology*; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008910:Minnesota / Q000453:epidemiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000208:ethnology*; D012931:Social Environment; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000208:ethnology*; D014744:Vietnam / Q000208:ethnology; D055815:Young Adult