title: Gastroesophageal reflux disease and eosinophilic esophagitis in infants and children. A study of esophageal pH, multiple intraluminal impedance and endoscopic ultrasound.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Eosinophilic esophagitis (EE) and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in childhood share aspects of symptomatology. In order to characterize EE and GERD in infants and children with symptoms of GERD we performed a prospective investigation including prolonged esophageal pH measurement, multiple intraluminal impedance (MII) and esophageal wall estimation by endoscopic ultrasound (EUS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Infants and children (0-15 years) with typical symptoms of GERD persisting after a 14-days proton pump inhibitor trial were included in a prospective study protocol. Upper endoscopy and EUS of the esophageal wall were performed followed by combined esophageal MII and pH measurement for 24 h.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 78 infants and children were investigated: EE patients (n = 6), GERD patients (n = 28) and a group of infants and children with normal investigations (n = 44). The GERD group did not show a significantly higher number of non-acid reflux episodes (p = 0.9) than the patients with normal investigations. In all patients gastroesophageal reflux regularly extended into the proximal esophagus. EUS in four EE patients suggested an increased thickness of the mucosal layers both in the distal and in the proximal part of the esophagus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Esophageal MII indicated that neutral non-acid reflux episodes do not occur frequently in pediatric GERD or in EE. MII and pH-metry indicated that the majority of reflux episodes both in patients and controls pass into the proximal esophagus. EUS measurements suggested in EE patients a thickened mucosa both in the proximal and the distal part of the esophagus as compared to children with GERD and disease controls.
authors.affiliation: Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.
authors.forename: Kasper
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dalby
authors.forename: Rasmus Gaardskaer
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.forename: Søren
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kruse-Andersen
authors.forename: Claus
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fenger
authors.forename: Jesper
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Durup
authors.forename: Steffen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Husby
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D017097:Electric Impedance; D019160:Endosonography; D057765:Eosinophilic Esophagitis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005260:Female; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male