title: Modifiable risk factors and survival in women diagnosed with primary breast cancer: results from a prospective cohort study.
abstract: This study examines the impact of smoking, body mass index, alcohol consumption, hormone replacement therapy, and physical activity on all-cause mortality among 528 Danish women diagnosed with primary breast cancer. Participants were women enrolled in the Copenhagen City Heart Study. Prospective self-reported exposure information was collected from four points of follow-up in 1976-1978, 1981-1983, 1991-1994, and 2001-2003. Kaplan-Meier survival curves and multivariate Cox regression analyses were performed adjusting for age, disease stage, adjuvant treatment, menopausal status, parity, alcohol intake, smoking, physical activity, body mass index, and hormone replacement therapy. The study shows that smoking for total mortality [hazard ratio, 1.16; 95% confidence interval, 1.05-1.29] and obesity for both total mortality (1.61; 1.12-2.33) and breast cancer-specific mortality (1.82; 1.11-2.99) were significantly associated with decreased survival after breast cancer diagnosis. A moderate alcohol intake of 1-6 units/week (0.85; 0.64-1.12), 7-14 units/week (0.77; 0.56-1.08), and treatment with hormone replacement therapy (0.79; 0.59-1.05) were less than 1, but not statistically significantly associated with prolonged survival. A moderate physical activity of 2-4 h/week (1.07; 0.77-1.49) and a high physical activity of more than 4 h/week (1.00; 0.69-1.45) showed no association with survival after breast cancer diagnosis.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Alcohol Research, National Institute of Public Health, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Sophie Sell
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Hellmann
authors.forename: Lau Caspar
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Thygesen
authors.forename: Janne Schurmann
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Tolstrup
authors.forename: Morten
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grønbaek
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000401:mortality; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality*; D002423:Cause of Death; D003718:Denmark / Q000453:epidemiology; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D020249:Hormone Replacement Therapy; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000401:mortality; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000401:mortality