title: Postoperative pain control in the parturient: new challenges in the new millennium.
abstract: In the new millennium, the horizons of modern anesthesia practice continue to expand beyond the provision of surgical anesthesia to encompass areas outside of the operating room, including preoperative evaluation, labor analgesia, postanesthesia care, critical care and acute and chronic pain management. Adequate postoperative analgesia following caesarean delivery hastens ambulation, decreases maternal morbidity, improves patient outcome, and facilitates care of the newborn. There is currently no "gold standard" for post-cesarean pain management. The number of options is large and the choice of the method of pain control is determined by drug availability, institutional protocols, individual preferences, available resources, and financial considerations. This article provides an overview of the currently available methods of post-cesarean analgesia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center of El Paso, El Paso, Texas, USA. kmkuczkowski@gmail.com
authors.forename: Krzysztof M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Kuczkowski
mesh_terms: D000698:Analgesia / Q000379:methods; D016362:Analgesia, Obstetrical / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends*; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001942:Breast Feeding; D002585:Cesarean Section / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods / Q000523:psychology; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D036801:Parturition / Q000502:physiology; D019990:Perioperative Care / Q000379:methods; D011247:Pregnancy
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid