title: Chronic ethanol disrupts circadian photic entrainment and daily locomotor activity in the mouse.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic ethanol abuse is associated with disrupted circadian rhythms and sleep. Ethanol administration impairs circadian clock phase-resetting, suggesting a mode for the disruptive effect of alcohol abuse on circadian timing. Here, we extend previous studies to explore the effects of chronic forced ethanol on photic phase-resetting, photic entrainment, and daily locomotor activity patterns in C57BL/6J mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  First, microdialysis was used to characterize the circadian patterns of ethanol uptake in the suprachiasmatic (SCN) circadian clock and correlate this with systemic ethanol levels and episodic drinking of 10 or 15% ethanol. Second, the effects of chronic forced ethanol drinking and withdrawal on photic phase-delays of the circadian activity rhythm were assessed. Third, the effects of chronic ethanol drinking on entrainment to a weak photic zeitgeber (1 minute of 25 lux intensity light per day) were assessed. This method was used to minimize any masking actions of light that could mask ethanol effects on clock entrainment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Peak ethanol levels in the SCN and periphery occurred during the dark phase and coincided with the time when light normally induces phase-delays in mice. These delays were dose-dependently inhibited by chronic ethanol and its withdrawal. Chronic ethanol did not impede re-entrainment to a shifted light cycle but affected entrainment under the weak photic zeitgeber and disrupted the daily pattern of locomotor activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results confirm that chronic ethanol consumption and withdrawal markedly impair circadian clock photic phase-resetting. Ethanol also disturbs the temporal structure of nighttime locomotor activity and photic entrainment. Collectively, these results suggest a direct action of ethanol on the SCN clock.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Allison J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Brager
authors.forename: Christina L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Ruby
authors.forename: Rebecca A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Prosser
authors.forename: J David
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Glass
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000503:physiopathology*; D000818:Animals; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D000431:Ethanol / Q000633:toxicity*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D017440:Photoperiod; D013493:Suprachiasmatic Nucleus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000431:Ethanol