title: Serum fatty acids and risk of advanced beta-cell autoimmunity: a nested case-control study among children with HLA-conferred susceptibility to type I diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  N-3 (omega-3) fatty acids have been reported to decrease the risk for development of beta-cell autoimmunity and clinical type I diabetes. We set out to examine whether different serum fatty acids are associated with the development of advanced beta-cell autoimmunity in children carrying human leukocyte antigen DQ beta-1 (HLA-DQB1)-conferred susceptibility to type I diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Within a cohort, serum total fatty acid composition of 108 children with advanced beta-cell autoimmunity and of 216 matched persistently autoantibody-negative controls was analyzed using gas chromatography. Non-fasting serum samples were obtained annually at the ages of 1-6 years. Conditional logistic regression was applied to analyze the associations between advanced beta-cell autoimmunity and serum fatty acids.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The serum fatty acid profile of myristic acid (odds ratio (OR) 1.48, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.09-2.00, P=0.011), pentadecanoic acid (OR 1.65, 95% CI 1.19-2.28, P=0.003), palmitoleic acid isomers 16:1 n-7 (omega-7) (OR 1.41, 95% CI 1.03-1.92, P=0.030) and 16:1 n-9 (omega-9) (OR 1.45, 95% CI 1.05-2.01, P=0.026) and conjugated linoleic acid (OR 1.67, 95% CI 1.16-2.41, P=0.006) closest to the time of the appearance of multiple autoantibodies were positively associated with the risk of advanced beta-cell autoimmunity after adjustment for potential confounding factors. Serum linoleic acid showed inverse, marginal association with the end point.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Serum biomarkers of milk and ruminant meat fat consumption are directly associated and linoleic acid is inversely associated with advanced beta-cell autoimmunity in children with HLA-conferred susceptibility to type I diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Nutrition Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland. suvi.virtanen@thl.fi
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Virtanen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Niinistö
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nevalainen
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Salminen
authors.forename: H-M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Takkinen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kääriä
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Uusitalo
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Alfthan
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Kenward
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Veijola
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Simell
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ilonen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Knip
mesh_terms: D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000097:blood; D015551:Autoimmunity; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology*; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004198:Disease Susceptibility; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000097:blood* / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D006683:HLA-DQ Antigens; D059866:HLA-DQ beta-Chains; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D050417:Insulin-Secreting Cells / Q000276:immunology*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; D015415:Biomarkers; D004041:Dietary Fats; D005227:Fatty Acids; D006683:HLA-DQ Antigens; D059866:HLA-DQ beta-Chains; C069051:HLA-DQB1 antigen