title: Evaluation of the Chinese versions of the Minnesota nicotine withdrawal scale and the questionnaire on smoking urges-brief.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the reliability and validity of the Chinese versions of Minnesota Nicotine Withdrawal Scale and Questionnaire on Smoking Urges-Brief (MNWS-C and QSU-Brief-C) in Chinese smokers.
  
  
  METHODS
  MNWS and QSU-Brief were translated into Chinese version through 10 steps. The reliability and validity of Chinese versions of the two scales were evaluated based on the data collected from 354 subjects. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was calculated to assess the reliability. Construct validity were evaluated with confirmatory factor analysis. Criteria validity was examined with correlation analysis between scale scores and patient-evaluated scores of craving and tobacco withdrawal symptoms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cronbach's alpha coefficient of QSU-Brief-C was .96. Confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated that the fit indexes (adjusted goodness-of-fit index [AGFI], comparative fit index [CFI], normed fit index [NFI], and non-normed fit index [NNFI]) exceeded or approached 0.9. The correlation between QSU-Brief-C scores and patient-evaluated craving scores were statistically significant(r = .75, p < .0001). Cronbach's alpha coefficient of MNWS-C was .90. Confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated that the fit indexes (AGFI, CFI, NFI, and NNFI) exceeded 0.9. The correlation between MNWS-C scores and patient-evaluated discomfort scores were statistically significant(r = .68, p < .0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both QSU-Brief-C and MNWS-C have satisfactory validity and reliability and retain the two dimensions identified in their corresponding original English versions, which suggest that QSU-Brief-C and MNWS-C can be used in further research and clinical evaluation in Chinese smoking population with acceptable validity and reliability.
authors.affiliation: Psychiatric department, Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.forename: Bing
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Ya
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Guangfa
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Chunxue
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bai
authors.forename: Jue
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.forename: Huanying
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wan
authors.forename: Qingyun
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Ruomin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Changhui
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Rongchang
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Hongying
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mo
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Jiang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Du
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Chen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002681:China; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008910:Minnesota; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000379:methods*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000523:psychology*; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000523:psychology; D055815:Young Adult