title: Pain assessment and management practices in children following surgery of the lower limb.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine paediatric nurses' pain assessment and management practices in relation to postoperative care for children following surgery of a fractured lower limb and to compare these practices with evidence-based guidelines.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Managing pain is one of the most challenging issues in current paediatric practice. The incidence of lower limb fractures is high in children, which often leads to pain and related complications in the postoperative period.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective clinical audit study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective audit of all medical records (n = 106) was undertaken over two years of children aged 5-15 years who were admitted for surgical procedure for a fractured lower limb. An audit tool was developed to collect data related to children's postoperative pain assessment and management on the day of operation to the third postoperative day. The study was undertaken in a tertiary paediatric hospital in Australia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The retrospective audit revealed that assessment and management of children's postoperative pain was inadequate. On average, 75% of children experienced some degree of pain; 50% had moderate to severe pain. Nurses assessed pain less frequently compared to the number of times they were expected to assess pain postoperatively. Most analgesics were prescribed on an 'as needed' basis and patients received significantly lower amounts of analgesics than prescribed amounts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The clinical audit revealed that addressing children's postoperative analgesic needs was not consistent with evidence-based guidelines.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While this study was undertaken in only one hospital, the results are likely to be applicable to other children's hospital settings. Nurses need to be proactive in promoting effective assessment and management of pain in children. The results of this study provide a useful guide for planning and implementing future strategies to improve postoperative pain management in children.
authors.affiliation: Auckland University of Technology, School of Health Care Practices, New Zealand. jagamaya.shrestha@aut.ac.nz
authors.forename: Jaga Maya
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Shrestha-Ranjit
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Manias
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001315:Australia; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D055318:Evidence-Based Nursing; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D035002:Lower Extremity / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008485:Medical Audit; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000451:nursing; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods*; D010371:Pediatric Nursing; D011182:Postoperative Care / Q000451:nursing*; D012189:Retrospective Studies