title: The effect of statins on carotid plaque morphology: a LDL-associated action or one more pleiotropic effect of statins?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The early identification of the unstable carotid plaque together with the best medical treatment, are two missing parts of the stroke-prevention puzzle. This review summarizes the available evidence on the effects of statins on carotid plaque morphology.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic review of the PubMed, Scopus and Cochrane Library databases was performed. Studies evaluating the effect of statins on plaque imaging features other than intima media thickness as well as on the serum inflammatory profile were eligible for inclusion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventeen studies were eligible for inclusion. The majority of the studies used MRI and ultrasound imaging. Plaque composition (fibrous cap and lipid core size), and size (plaque area and volume) were mainly used to evaluate the changes in plaque morphology. All studies showed slower progression, remodelling or even regression of the plaque even after only 1 month of statin administration, although the type, dosage and duration of treatment varied significantly between them. Intensive statin treatment was suggested to have a more pronounced effect on plaque morphology, however, that was mainly associated with maintaining LDL-levels <100 mg/mL and not with the intensity of the dosage. Seven studies measured CRP, four of which found significantly decreased levels with statin use.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This review suggests that statins may have a beneficial effect on plaque morphology and the inflammatory response. Further validation of whether this is an LDL-associated effect or a separate pleiotropic phenomenon of statins is needed. There are significant inherent limitations to the safe extraction of solid conclusions from the studies due to data heterogeneity and publication bias.
authors.affiliation: Imperial College of Science and Technology, London, UK. g.makris09@imperial.ac.uk
authors.forename: Gregory C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Makris
authors.forename: Anthi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lavida
authors.forename: Andrew N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Nicolaides
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Geroulakos
mesh_terms: D002309:Cardiology / Q000379:methods; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007249:Inflammation; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000378:metabolism*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL