title: Unequal treatment: the possibilities of and need for indigenous parrhesiastes in Australian medical education.
abstract: This paper investigates the relationship between the unacceptably poor levels of Indigenous health in Australia, the very low levels of representation (As at 2009, approximately 140 Indigenous medical graduates Australia wide) of Indigenous people within the medical field, and the potential for parrhesia (translated as "fearless speech") to challenge the medical hegemony, and as a tool of self-care for Indigenous medical students. This paper outlines the elements that make up parrhesia, the current state of Australian Indigenous (ill) health and Indigenous participation in the Australian health workforce, with some international comparison. Using Huckaby's (Educ Phil Theor 40: 770-788, 2008) conceptualization of specific parrhesiastic scholars, the paper introduces the idea of an Indigenous parrhesiastes. The paper then discusses, and endeavors to briefly address three questions that Foucault articulated in his series of lectures on parrhesia in 1983: "How can we recognize someone as a parrhesiastes? What is the importance of having a parrhesiastes in the city? What is the training of a good parrhesiastes?" (Foucault, http://foucault.info/documents/parrhesia/, 1985). In conclusion, this paper shows that Indigenous parrhesiastes could make a strong and positive contribution to medicine and medical education.
authors.affiliation: Onemda VicHealth Koori Health Unit, Centre for Health and Society, Melbourne School of Population Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia. Shaun.ewen@unimelb.edu.au
authors.forename: Shaun C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Ewen
mesh_terms: D004504:Education, Medical, Undergraduate; D054625:Healthcare Disparities; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D000095283:Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples