title: Rhinovirus-infected nasal polyp epithelial cells: effect on the activation and migration of eosinophils by airborne fungi.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Rhinovirus and fungi are common environmental factors able to induce airway inflammation. They are associated with the production of chemical mediators by direct activation of epithelial cells.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effect of fungal stimulation of rhinovirus-infected nasal polyp epithelial cells (NPECs) on the activation and migration of eosinophils.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rhinovirus-infected NPECs were stimulated with Alternaria and Aspergillus for 48 hours. Then, epithelial cells were co-cultured with freshly isolated eosinophils. An eosinophil migration study was performed with epithelial cell-conditioned media. Interleukin 6, interleukin 8, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and tumor necrosis factor levels were measured to determine the activation of cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Airborne fungi enhanced the production of cytokines from rhinovirus 16-infected NPECs compared with fungi stimulation or rhinovirus 16 infection alone. Rhinovirus 16-infected NPECs were co-cultured with eosinophils, and cytokine production was not significantly increased except tumor necrosis factor-alpha production by Aspergillus. Epithelial cell-conditioned media, which were stimulated with fungi, enhanced the migration of eosinophils.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was some synergism between rhinovirus 16 infection and airborne fungal exposure, enhancing the inflammatory response of airway epithelial cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yong Ju
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Jang
authors.forename: Young-Ho
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Seung-Heon
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Shin
mesh_terms: D001230:Aspergillus / Q000276:immunology*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002465:Cell Movement; D002908:Chronic Disease; D018920:Coculture Techniques; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis; D004804:Eosinophils / Q000276:immunology*; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D009298:Nasal Polyps / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology; D010850:Picornaviridae Infections / Q000276:immunology*; D012220:Rhinitis / Q000276:immunology; D012229:Rhinovirus / Q000276:immunology*; D012852:Sinusitis / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines