title: Leukemia stem cells in drug resistance and metastasis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the central role of leukemia stem cells (LSCs) in drug resistance and metastasis, aiming to provide key insights into leukemogenic pathology and developing novel therapeutic strategies against the relapse of leukemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  The data used in this review were obtained mainly from the studies reported in PubMed using the key terms "tumor-initiating cells", "leukemia stem cells", "drug resistance" and "metastasis".
  
  
  METHODS
  Relevant articles on studies of leukemia stem cells were selected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Increasing numbers of studies have suggested the importance of cancer stem cells (CSCs) in the initiation and maintenance of cancer, especially in leukemia. This review has summarized the origin, characteristics, isolation and identification of LSCs. It highlights the crucial role of LSCs in drug resistance and metastasis of leukemia by illustrating possible mechanisms and aims to provide novel therapeutic strategies for LSCs-targeted treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LSCs play a crucial role in drug resistance and metastasis of leukemia and new promising LSCs-targeted therapies warrant investigation in both experimental models and clinical practice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China.
authors.forename: Chao-Hua
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.forename: Qiu-Ping
authors.initials: QP
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007938:Leukemia / Q000473:pathology*; D008954:Models, Biological; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014411:Neoplastic Stem Cells / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology*