title: Exceptional parental longevity associated with lower risk of Alzheimer's disease and memory decline.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether offspring of parents with exceptional longevity (OPEL) have a lower rate of dementia than offspring of parents with usual survival (OPUS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Community-based prospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bronx, New York.
  
  
  METHODS
  A volunteer sample of 424 community-residing older adults without dementia aged 75 to 85 recruited from Bronx County starting in 1980 and followed for up to 23 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Epidemiological, clinical, and neuropsychological assessments were completed every 12 to 18 months. OPEL were defined as having at least one parent who reached the age of at least 85. OPUS were those for whom neither parent reached the age of 85. Dementia was diagnosed according to case conference consensus based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third Edition, Revised, criteria without access to information on parental longevity. Alzheimer's disease was diagnosed using established criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 424 subjects, 149 (35%) were OPEL, and 275 (65%) were OPUS. Mean age at entry for both groups was 79. The OPEL group had a lower incidence of Alzheimer's disease (hazard ratio=0.57, 95% confidence interval=0.35-0.93). After adjusting for sex, education, race, hypertension, myocardial infarction, diabetes mellitus, and stroke, results were essentially unchanged. OPEL also had a significantly lower rate of memory decline on the Selective Reminding Test (SRT) than OPUS (P=.03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  OPEL develop dementia and Alzheimer's disease at a significantly lower rate than OPUS. Demographic and medical confounders do not explain this result. Factors associated with longevity may protect against dementia and Alzheimer's disease.
authors.affiliation: Einstein Aging Study, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA.
authors.forename: Richard B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Lipton
authors.forename: Jamie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hirsch
authors.forename: Mindy J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Katz
authors.forename: Cuiling
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Amy E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Sanders
authors.forename: Joe
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Verghese
authors.forename: Nir
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Barzilai
authors.forename: Carol A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Derby
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000235:genetics; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics; D003704:Dementia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D016014:Linear Models; D008136:Longevity; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D009519:New York City / Q000453:epidemiology; D010290:Parents; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors