title: Dietary consistency and the midline sutures in growing pigs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of reduced masticatory function on midline suture growth and morphology in growing pigs.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample was 20 pigs separated into two dietary groups and raised at the Department of Anthropology, Harvard University. Midline suture specimens were analyzed at the Department of Orthodontics, University of Washington.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten farm pigs and 10 minipigs, all male, were randomly assigned to hard (n = 9) and soft-diet (n = 11) groups. Fluorochromic mineral labels were administered to document bone apposition, and the animals were killed after 12 weeks. Undecalcified sections of the interfrontal, interparietal, internasal, and intermaxillary sutures were evaluated for bone quantity and sutural thickness, interdigitation ratio and growth rate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Soft-diet pigs were characterized by a slower rate of weight gain and less bone than their hard-diet counterparts. Even after correction for weight gain, soft-diet pigs had reduced suture growth rate and thickness. However, no difference in interdigitation ratio was detected between dietary groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Restriction to a soft diet reduces midline suture growth and bone apposition in the growing pig.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. pugetsoundorthodontics@gmail.com
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Burn
authors.forename: S W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Herring
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hubbard
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zink
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rafferty
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Lieberman
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed; D000818:Animals; D015519:Bone Density; D003393:Cranial Sutures / Q000254:growth & development*; D004032:Diet; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008409:Mastication / Q000502:physiology*; D023421:Models, Animal; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000502:physiology; D011897:Random Allocation; D034421:Sus scrofa; D013552:Swine; D013556:Swine, Miniature