title: Bladder management after spinal cord injury in the United States 1972 to 2005.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Studies have shown that bladder management with an indwelling catheter for patients with spinal cord injury is associated with more urological complications such as stones, urinary infection, urethral strictures and bladder cancer. However, little is known about actual bladder management for these patients in clinical practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using the National Spinal Cord Injury Database the bladder management method was determined at discharge from rehabilitation and at each 5-year followup period for 30 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At discharge from rehabilitation (24,762 patients) the selection of bladder management with a condom catheter decreased steadily from a peak of 34.6% in 1972 to a low of 1.50% in 2001. The use of clean intermittent catheterization increased from 12.6% in 1972 to a peak of 56.2% in 1991. Indwelling catheter use initially decreased from 33.1% in 1972 to 16.5% in 1991 but increased to 23.1% in 2001. Of 12,984 individuals with followup data those originally using an indwelling catheter for bladder management were unlikely to switch to another method, with 71.1% continuing to use an indwelling catheter at 30 years. Individuals using clean intermittent catheterization and condom catheterization at discharge home did not continue to use these methods with only 20% and 34.6% remaining on the same management, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With time bladder management with clean intermittent catheterization has increased in popularity. However, only 20% of patients initially on clean intermittent catheterization remained on this form of bladder management. More research on the safety of each of these methods needs to be performed to provide better guidance to aid with this decision.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. annepell@med.umich.edu
authors.forename: Anne P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Cameron
authors.forename: Lauren P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Wallner
authors.forename: Denise G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Tate
authors.forename: Aruna V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Sarma
authors.forename: Gianna M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Rodriguez
authors.forename: J Quentin
authors.initials: JQ
authors.lastname: Clemens
mesh_terms: D002408:Catheters, Indwelling / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D010351:Patient Discharge; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D001750:Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy*; D014546:Urinary Catheterization / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data