title: Simplified aqueductal stenting for isolated fourth ventricle using a small-caliber flexible endoscope in a patient with neurococcidiomycosis: technical case report.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Endoscopic aqueductoplasty and stenting are a preferred treatment for isolated fourth ventricle syndrome related to membranous aqueductal obstruction. We describe a technique using a small-caliber flexible endoscope that may address some limitations of current strategies.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 39-year-old woman with hydrocephalus caused by neurococcidiomycosis and a functional right frontal ventriculoperitoneal shunt presented with vomiting and an isolated fourth ventricle. Magnetic resonance imaging showed an enlarged fourth ventricle and exuberant basilar arachnoiditis obstructing the outlet foramina of the fourth ventricle. Ventriculography indicated aqueductal obstruction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Aqueductoplasty was planned to allow spinal fluid to flow from the fourth ventricle to the ventriculoperitoneal shunt. A stent-endoscope construct was prepared by feeding a flexible endoscope through a ventricular catheter cut 4 cm from the tip. The flexible endoscope was contoured to fit the anatomy of the aqueduct. Uncomplicated aqueductoplasty was performed through a single left frontal burr hole using the stent-endoscope construct to perforate a membranous veil and inspect the fourth ventricle. The stent was deployed over the endoscope using the proximal end of the catheter to deliver and secure the stent as the endoscope was withdrawn.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Aqueductoplasty and stenting using a small-caliber flexible endoscope is feasible. The endoscope can be contoured to suit the anatomy of the aqueduct and improves visualization of the leading edge of the stent during deployment. Furthermore, when the endoscope is used to create the perforation, the target is not obscured by the shaft of the device used to make the perforation.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurological Surgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, USA.
authors.forename: Andrew S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Little
authors.forename: Joseph M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Zabramski
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nakaji
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001100:Arachnoiditis / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D001933:Brain Stem / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D020314:Central Nervous System Fungal Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery*; D002535:Cerebral Aqueduct / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D003047:Coccidioidomycosis / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery*; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D020546:Fourth Ventricle / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D006849:Hydrocephalus / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D015607:Stents / Q000592:standards*; D014696:Ventriculostomy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*