title: Restriction site extension PCR: a novel method for high-throughput characterization of tagged DNA fragments and genome walking.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Insertion mutant isolation and characterization are extremely valuable for linking genes to physiological function. Once an insertion mutant phenotype is identified, the challenge is to isolate the responsible gene. Multiple strategies have been employed to isolate unknown genomic DNA that flanks mutagenic insertions, however, all these methods suffer from limitations due to inefficient ligation steps, inclusion of restriction sites within the target DNA, and non-specific product generation. These limitations become close to insurmountable when the goal is to identify insertion sites in a high throughput manner.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We designed a novel strategy called Restriction Site Extension PCR (RSE-PCR) to efficiently conduct large-scale isolation of unknown genomic DNA fragments linked to DNA insertions. The strategy is a modified adaptor-mediated PCR without ligation. An adapter, with complementarity to the 3' overhang of the endonuclease (KpnI, NsiI, PstI, or SacI) restricted DNA fragments, extends the 3' end of the DNA fragments in the first cycle of the primary RSE-PCR. During subsequent PCR cycles and a second semi-nested PCR (secondary RSE-PCR), touchdown and two-step PCR are combined to increase the amplification specificity of target fragments. The efficiency and specificity was demonstrated in our characterization of 37 tex mutants of Arabidopsis. All the steps of RSE-PCR can be executed in a 96 well PCR plate. Finally, RSE-PCR serves as a successful alternative to Genome Walker as demonstrated by gene isolation from maize, a plant with a more complex genome than Arabidopsis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  RSE-PCR has high potential application in identifying tagged (T-DNA or transposon) sequence or walking from known DNA toward unknown regions in large-genome plants, with likely application in other organisms as well.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America. ji6@purdue.edu
authors.forename: Jiabing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ji
authors.forename: Janet
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Braam
mesh_terms: D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000235:genetics; D001483:Base Sequence; D016386:Chromosome Walking / Q000379:methods*; D004262:DNA Restriction Enzymes / Q000378:metabolism*; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D021901:DNA, Intergenic / Q000235:genetics; D018744:DNA, Plant / Q000235:genetics*; D017343:Genes, Plant / Q000235:genetics; D005822:Genetic Vectors / Q000235:genetics; D018745:Genome, Plant / Q000235:genetics*; D057166:High-Throughput Screening Assays / Q000379:methods*; D016254:Mutagenesis, Insertional / Q000235:genetics; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods*; D013045:Species Specificity; D014170:Transformation, Genetic; D003313:Zea mays / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D021901:DNA, Intergenic; D018744:DNA, Plant; C036483:T-DNA; D004262:DNA Restriction Enzymes