title: Plasma cytokines and future risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL): a case-control study nested in the Italian European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recently, biological markers related to the immune system such as cytokines have been studied to further understand the etiology of non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL). However, to date, there are no studies that have studied cytokine levels prospectively in relation to NHL risk in the general population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using bead-based immunoassays, plasma levels of 11 cytokines, 4 chemokines, and 1 adhesion molecules were measured in prediagnostic blood samples of 86 NHL cases and 86 matched controls (average time between blood collection and diagnosis, 4.5 y). Conditional logistic regression adjusted for body mass index and alcohol consumption was used to analyze the association between individual plasma cytokine levels and the risk of developing NHL.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In multivariate models, excluding cases diagnosed within 2 years after inclusion, we observed a significant association for interleukin 2 (IL2; P trend = 0.004), interferon (IFN)-gamma (P trend = 0.05), and intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM) (P trend = 0.04). Subanalyses of B-cell NHL patients showed a significant association with IL2 (P trend = 0.003), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha; P trend = 0.03), and ICAM (P trend = 0.04) and a borderline association with IL5 (P trend = 0.07) and IFN-gamma (P trend = 0.08).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study suggest, in a prospective setting, a possible association between plasma levels of IL2, ICAM, IFN-gamma, and TNF-alpha with NHL risk and provide some evidence that risk of NHL might be related to a downregulation of T helper 1 cytokines.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Identification of subtle changes in immune response regulation quantified by plasma cytokine levels possibly provides new insights in the etiology of NHL.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Fatemeh
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Saberi Hosnijeh
authors.forename: Esmeralda J M
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Krop
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Scoccianti
authors.forename: Vittorio
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Krogh
authors.forename: Domenico
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Palli
authors.forename: Salvatore
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Panico
authors.forename: Rosario
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tumino
authors.forename: Carlotta
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sacredote
authors.forename: Niga
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nawroly
authors.forename: Lützen
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Portengen
authors.forename: Jakob
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Linseisen
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vineis
authors.forename: Roel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vermeulen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D015536:Down-Regulation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D008228:Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D016207:Cytokines