title: Roles of AP-2 in clathrin-mediated endocytosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The notion that AP-2 clathrin adaptor is an essential component of an endocytic clathrin coat appears to conflict with recent observations that substantial AP-2 depletion, using RNA interference with synthesis of AP-2 subunits, fails to block uptake of certain ligands known to internalize through a clathrin-based pathway.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We report here the use of in vivo imaging data obtained by spinning-disk confocal microscopy to study the formation of clathrin-coated structures at the plasma membranes of BSC1 and HeLa cells depleted by RNAi of the clathrin adaptor, AP-2. Very few clathrin coats continue to assemble after AP-2 knockdown. Moreover, there is a total absence of clathrin-containing structures completely lacking AP-2 while all the remaining coats still contain a small amount of AP-2. These observations suggest that AP-2 is essential for endocytic coated-pit and coated-vesicle formation. We also find that AP-2 knockdown strongly inhibits light-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor-mediated endocytosis, as long as cells are maintained in complete serum and at 37 degrees C. If cells are first incubated with LDL at 4 degrees C, followed by warming, there is little or no decrease in LDL uptake with respect to control cells. LDL uptake at 37 degrees C is also not affected in AP-2 depleted cells first deprived of LDL by incubation with either serum-starved or LDL-starved cells for 24 hr. The LDL-deprived cells display a significant increase in endocytic structures enriched on deeply invaginated tubes that contain LDL and we suggest that under this condition of stress, LDL might enter through this alternative pathway.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that AP-2 is essential for endocytic clathrin coated-pit and coated-vesicle formation. They also indicate that under normal conditions, functional endocytic clathrin coated pits are required for LDL internalization. We also show that under certain conditions of stress, cells can upregulate alternative endocytic structures with the potential to provide compensatory trafficking pathways.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School and Immune Disease Institute at Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
authors.forename: Emmanuel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Boucrot
authors.forename: Saveez
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saffarian
authors.forename: Rongying
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Tomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kirchhausen
mesh_terms: D033962:Adaptor Protein Complex 2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D002966:Clathrin / Q000378:metabolism*; D003034:Coated Pits, Cell-Membrane / Q000378:metabolism; D004705:Endocytosis; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000378:metabolism; D034622:RNA Interference; D013499:Surface Properties; D013696:Temperature; D014168:Transferrin / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D033962:Adaptor Protein Complex 2; D002966:Clathrin; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL; D014168:Transferrin