title: HIF-1 inhibition decreases systemic vascular remodelling diseases by promoting apoptosis through a hexokinase 2-dependent mechanism.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Vascular remodelling diseases are characterized by the presence of proliferative and apoptosis-resistant vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). There is evidence that pro-proliferative and anti-apoptotic states are characterized by metabolic remodelling (a glycolytic phenotype with hyperpolarized mitochondria) involving Akt pathway activation by circulating growth factors. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) is involved in different vascular diseases. Since this transcription factor is implicated in metabolic responses, we hypothesized that HIF-1 activity could be involved in vascular remodelling in response to arterial injury.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our findings indicate that growth factors, such as platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), activate the Akt pathway (measured by immunoblot) in human carotid artery VSMC. Activation of this pathway increased HIF-1 activation (measured by immunoblot), leading to increased glycolysis in VSMC. Expression and mitochondrial activity of hexokinase 2 (HXK2), a primary initiator of glycolysis, are increased during HIF-1 activation. The mitochondrial activity of HXK2 in VSMC led to the hyperpolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential (measured by tetramethylrhodamine methyl-ester perchlorate) and the suppression of apoptosis (measured by TUNEL assay and 3 activity), effects that are blocked by HIF-1 inhibition. Additionally, HIF-1 inhibition also decreased VSMC proliferation (proliferating cell nuclear antigen and Ki-67 assays). In vivo, we demonstrate that localized HIF-1 inhibition, using a dominant-negative HIF-1α adenoviral construct, prevented carotid artery post-injury remodelling in rats.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We propose that HIF-1 is centrally involved in carotid artery remodelling in response to arterial injury and that localized inhibition of HIF-1 may be a novel therapeutic strategy to prevent carotid stenosis.
authors.affiliation: Centre de recherche du CHUQ, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.
authors.forename: Caroline M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Lambert
authors.forename: Mélanie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Roy
authors.forename: Geneviève A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Robitaille
authors.forename: Darren E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Richard
authors.forename: Sébastien
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bonnet
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D015536:Down-Regulation; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D000071679:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta; D006019:Glycolysis; D006593:Hexokinase / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D053078:Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial; D008931:Mitochondria, Muscle / Q000201:enzymology; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology; D032389:Myocytes, Smooth Muscle / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D010982:Platelet-Derived Growth Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism; D034622:RNA Interference; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: C497442:HIF1A protein, human; C497444:Hif1a protein, rat; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D010982:Platelet-Derived Growth Factor; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D006593:Hexokinase; D000071679:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3