title: Traffic-related air pollution and incident type 2 diabetes: results from the SALIA cohort study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cross-sectional and ecological studies indicate that air pollution may be a risk factor for type 2 diabetes, but prospective data are lacking.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We examined the association between traffic-related air pollution and incident type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1985 and 1994, cross-sectional surveys were performed in the highly industrialized Ruhr district (West Germany); a follow-up investigation was conducted in 2006 using data from the Study on the Influence of Air Pollution on Lung, Inflammation and Aging (SALIA) cohort.
  
  
  METHODS
  1,775 nondiabetic women who were 54-55 years old at baseline participated in both baseline and follow-up investigations and had complete information available.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using questionnaires, we assessed 16-year incidence (1990-2006) of type 2 diabetes and information about covariates. Complement factor C3c as marker for subclinical inflammation was measured at baseline. Individual exposure to traffic-related particulate matter (PM) and nitrogen dioxide was determined at different spatial scales.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Between 1990 and 2006, 87 (10.5%) new cases of diabetes were reported among the SALIA cohort members. The hazards for diabetes were increased by 15-42% per interquartile range of PM or traffic-related exposure. The associations persisted when different spatial scales were used to assess exposure and remained robust after adjusting for age, body mass index, socioeconomic status, and exposure to several non-traffic-related sources of air pollution. C3c was associated with PM pollution at baseline and was a strong independent predictor of incident diabetes. Exploratory analyses indicated that women with high C3c blood levels were more susceptible for PM-related excess risk of diabetes than were women with low C3c levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Traffic-related air pollution is associated with incident type 2 diabetes among elderly women. Subclinical inflammation may be a mechanism linking air pollution with type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study identifies traffic-related air pollution as a novel and potentially modifiable risk factor of type 2 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Umweltmedizinische Forschung (IUF), Leibniz Center at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: Ursula
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Krämer
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Herder
authors.forename: Dorothea
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sugiri
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Strassburger
authors.forename: Tamara
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Schikowski
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Ranft
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Rathmann
mesh_terms: D000397:Air Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis*; D001335:Vehicle Emissions / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D052638:Particulate Matter; D001335:Vehicle Emissions