Eye gaze as relational evaluation: averted eye gaze leads to feelings of ostracism and relational devaluation.
Eye gaze is often a signal of interest and, when noticed by others, leads to mutual and directional gaze. However, averting one's eye gaze toward an individual has the potential to convey a strong interpersonal evaluation. The averting of eye gaze is the most frequently used nonverbal cue to indicate the silent treatment, a form of ostracism. The authors argue that eye gaze can signal the relational value felt toward another person. In three studies, participants visualized interacting with an individual displaying averted or direct eye gaze. Compared to receiving direct eye contact, participants receiving averted eye gaze felt ostracized, signaled by thwarted basic need satisfaction, reduced explicit and implicit self-esteem, lowered relational value, and increased temptations to act aggressively toward the interaction partner.
Wirth
James H
JH
Purdue University, Psychological Sciences,703 Third Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA. jwirth@psych.purdue.edu
Sacco
Donald F
DF
Hugenberg
Kurt
K
Williams
Kipling D
KD
D000293:Adolescent; D003463:Cues; D004644:Emotions; D005145:Face; D005260:Female; D005403:Fixation, Ocular; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D009633:Nonverbal Communication / Q000523:psychology; D012059:Rejection, Psychology; D012934:Social Isolation / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult