title: Calorie control increased vaspin levels of serum and periepididymal adipose tissue in diet-induced obese rats in association with serum free fatty acid and tumor necrosis factor alpha.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vaspin was recently identified as a novel adipokine that is predominantly secreted from adipose tissue and exerts insulin-sensitizing effects. This study was undertaken to elucidate the regulative effects of calorie control on the expression of vaspin and its potential mechanism.
  
  
  METHODS
  Diet-induced obese Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were adopted as experimental models and accepted interventions of various ingestions and pioglitazone. Various differentiated stages of cultured 3T3-L1 cells were dealt with pioglitazone or TNFalpha in vitro for 48 hours to further verify findings in animal experiments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The rats were successfully induced into an obese experimental model with hyperinsulinemia, hyperlipidemia, and increased serum free fatty acid and TNFalpha by 12-week high-fat diet. It was found that depending on whether the rats were fed by a high-fat diet or a basal diet, there was extremely higher vaspin in the periepididymal fat pad than in subcutaneous adipose tissues by 16 weeks. Vaspin in sera and the periepididymal fat pad was much lower in rats with a high-fat diet than those with a basal diet (all P < 0.05), but vaspin in subcutaneous fat tissues was prone to increase in rats with a high-fat diet. A 4-week calorie restriction or pioglitazone on the obese rats resulted in a partial recovery of vaspin levels in sera and periepididymal adipose tissues, especially the latter revealed a more obvious superiority and increased vaspin levels of subcutaneous adipose. Surprisingly, the treatment of 4-week high-fat diet on non-obese rats did not significantly depress vaspin of sera and periepididymal adipose tissues. However, it is unknown if re-feeding generated the effect on vaspin levels of obese and non-obese rats on sera or adipose tissues. The correlation analysis showed that vaspin levels of serum and periepididymal fat tissues were negatively correlated with serum FFA, TNFalpha and insulin; meanwhile, there was a positive correlation between serum vaspin and vaspin of periepididymal fat tissues. Pioglitazone enhanced vaspin levels in cultured 3T3-L1 cells and supernatant in various differentiated stages, and this effect became more and more obvious along with the change of preadipocytes into mature fat cells. Administration of TNFalpha caused suppression on vaspin expression in differentiated stages of 3T3-L1 cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present data indicated that a long-term high-fat diet could induce obesity metabolic syndrome in SD rats and finally lead to lower vaspin of sera and periepididymal fat, while pioglitazone and chronic calorie-control ingestion could enhance the production of vaspin. It was undoubtedly demonstrated that vaspin expression was strongly associated with insulin sensitivity, serum FFA, and TNFalpha.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Anhui Medical University; Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China. youminwang@21cn.com
authors.forename: You-Min
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Wen-Ping
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Li-Ping
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Qi-Huan
authors.initials: QH
authors.lastname: Lü
authors.forename: Xiao-Hui
authors.initials: XH
authors.lastname: Zhou
mesh_terms: D041721:3T3-L1 Cells; D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D001835:Body Weight; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000009:adverse effects; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000378:metabolism; D000077205:Pioglitazone; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015843:Serpins / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism*; D045162:Thiazolidinediones / Q000494:pharmacology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D007328:Insulin; C506516:Serpina12 protein, rat; D015843:Serpins; D045162:Thiazolidinediones; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D000077205:Pioglitazone