title: Seizure tests distinguish intermittent fasting from the ketogenic diet.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Calorie restriction can be anticonvulsant in animal models. The ketogenic diet was designed to mimic calorie restriction and has been assumed to work by the same mechanisms. We challenged this assumption by profiling the effects of these dietary regimens in mice subjected to a battery of acute seizure tests.
  
  
  METHODS
  Juvenile male NIH Swiss mice received ketogenic diet or a normal diet fed in restricted quantities (continuously or intermittently) for ∼12 days, starting at 3-4 weeks of age. Seizures were induced by the 6 Hz test, kainic acid, maximal electroshock, or pentylenetetrazol.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ketogenic and calorie-restricted diets often had opposite effects depending on the seizure test. The ketogenic diet protected from 6 Hz-induced seizures, whereas calorie restriction (daily and intermittent) increased seizure activity. Conversely, calorie restriction protected juvenile mice against seizures induced by kainic acid, whereas the ketogenic diet failed to protect. Intermittent caloric restriction worsened seizures induced by maximal electroshock but had no effect on those induced by pentylenetetrazol.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In contrast to a longstanding hypothesis, calorie restriction and the ketogenic diet differ in their acute seizure test profiles, suggesting that they have different underlying anticonvulsant mechanisms. These findings highlight the importance of the 6 Hz test and its ability to reflect the benefits of ketosis and fat consumption.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA. hardwick@jhu.edu
authors.forename: Adam L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Hartman
authors.forename: Xiangrong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: Emily
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bergbower
authors.forename: Michiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kennedy
authors.forename: J Marie
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hardwick
mesh_terms: D020155:3-Hydroxybutyric Acid / Q000097:blood; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D031204:Caloric Restriction / Q000379:methods; D055423:Diet, Ketogenic / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004597:Electroshock / Q000009:adverse effects; D005215:Fasting / Q000502:physiology*; D007608:Kainic Acid / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D010433:Pentylenetetrazole / Q000009:adverse effects; D012640:Seizures / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D001786:Blood Glucose; D007608:Kainic Acid; D020155:3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; D010433:Pentylenetetrazole