title: Biomarkers of oxidative stress and smoking in cancer patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Increased oxidative stress is a significant part of pathogenesis of smoking-related cancer.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The study aims to investigate changes in antioxidant status induced by chronic cigarette smoking in cancer patients and healthy subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined the venous blood samples of 54 healthy subjects, both smokers (25) and non-smokers and of 50 patients with smoking-related cancer, both smokers (34) and non-smokers.
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured the activities of five antioxidant (AO) enzymes: glutathione peroxidase, glutathione transferase (GST), glutathione reductase, superoxide dismutase and catalase in the blood of 50 cancer patients and 54 healthy persons. Damage to cellular structures (level of malonic dialdehyde, micro viscosity of erythrocyte membranes, number of leukocyte DNA breaks) was determined. Statistical analysis of results obtained was performed using conventional and multi-factorial statistical methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Statistically significant increase in GST activity and DNA breaks, but decrease of membranes micro viscosity in cancer patients, compared with healthy subjects were obtained. In the cancer patients, no influence of smoking on studied parameters was found. Correlations of parameters within cancer patients and healthy subjects group did not coincide with each other.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Changes of AO status parameters and oxidative damages in cell structures are related to tumor processes indicating the augmentation of oxidative stress in human blood. This study demonstrated potential applicability of a statistical model based on the evaluated biomarkers of oxidative stress to determine a smoking-induced harm of cancer incidence in healthy subjects.
authors.affiliation: Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation.
authors.forename: Elena B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Burlakova
authors.forename: Galina P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Zhizhina
authors.forename: Svetlana M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Gurevich
authors.forename: Lyudmila D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Fatkullina
authors.forename: Antonina I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Kozachenko
authors.forename: Lena G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Nagler
authors.forename: Tatiana M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Zavarykina
authors.forename: Viktor V
authors.initials: VV
authors.lastname: Kashcheev
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000032:analysis*; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics; D002374:Catalase / Q000097:blood; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000473:pathology; D053960:DNA Breaks; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000473:pathology; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000097:blood; D005980:Glutathione Reductase / Q000097:blood; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology*; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D002374:Catalase; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D005980:Glutathione Reductase; D005982:Glutathione Transferase