title: Onset and exacerbation of obsessive-compulsive disorder in pregnancy and the postpartum period.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The primary goal of this study was to examine the impact of pregnancy, childbirth, and menstruation on the onset of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and/or exacerbation of OCD symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred twenty-six women aged between 18 and 69 years attending a university-based OCD clinic who met DSM-IV criteria for OCD according to the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Disorders were interviewed retrospectively to assess OCD onset and symptom exacerbation in relationship to reproductive events. Women were placed into 2 groups: those who had ever been pregnant (ever pregnant group) and those who had never been pregnant. The ever pregnant group was further subdivided into those who reported onset of OCD in the perinatal period (perinatal-related group) and those who denied onset related to pregnancy (nonperinatal-related group). Between-group comparisons were done using a Student t test for continuous measures, and categorical variables were assessed using the χ² test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 78 women in the ever pregnant group, 32.1% (n = 24) had OCD onset in the perinatal period (perinatal-related group), 15.4% in pregnancy, 14.1% at postpartum, and 1.3% after miscarriage. Of 132 total pregnancies, 34.1% involved an exacerbation of symptoms, 22.0% involved an improvement in OCD symptoms, and 43.9% did not change symptom severity in women with preexisting illness. Women in the perinatal-related group and women with perinatal worsening of preexisting OCD were more likely to have premenstrual worsening of OCD symptoms compared to women in the nonperinatal-related group (66% vs 39%, P = .047).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings from this study provide additional evidence that pregnancy and childbirth are frequently associated with the onset of OCD or worsening of symptoms in those with preexisting disorder. In addition, there appears to be continuity between OCD onset and/or exacerbation across the reproductive life cycle, at least with menstruation and pregnancy.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA. ariadna.forray@yale.edu
authors.forename: Ariadna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Forray
authors.forename: Mariel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Focseneanu
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pittman
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: McDougle
authors.forename: C Neill
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Epperson
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D000368:Aged; D015897:Comorbidity; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008572:Menarche / Q000502:physiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009771:Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D036801:Parturition / Q000502:physiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D011293:Premenstrual Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011644:Puerperal Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D017584:Reproductive History; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index