title: Heart rate in ischemic heart disease. The innovation of ivabradine: more than pure heart rate reduction.
abstract: A wealth of data suggests that heart rate (HR) is an independent predictor of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in men and women of all ages with and without cardiovascular disease. Data gathered from clinical trials suggest that HR reduction is an important mechanism of benefit of HR-lowering drugs. A high HR has direct detrimental effects not only on myocardial ischemia but also on the progression of atherosclerosis, ventricular arrhythmias, and on left ventricular function. The risk increases with HR >60 b.p.m. Ivabradine, a drug that slows HR though an effect on the If channels, has been approved for the control of myocardial ischemia in patients with coronary artery disease intolerant to beta-blockers. More recently, the indication of ivabradine has been extended for use in association with beta-blockers in patients with coronary artery disease. The effects of ivabradine on myocardial ischemia are greater than those predicted by pure HR reduction with beta-blockers, suggesting additional mechanisms of action.
authors.affiliation: IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy. giuseppe.rosano@sanraffaele.it
authors.forename: Giuseppe M C
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Rosano
authors.forename: Cristiana
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vitale
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Volterrani
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001552:Benzazepines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002317:Cardiovascular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D000077550:Ivabradine; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D001552:Benzazepines; D002317:Cardiovascular Agents; D000077550:Ivabradine