title: Hopelessness, depression, and early markers of endothelial dysfunction in U.S. adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine whether the psychological traits of hopelessness and depressive symptoms are related to endothelial dysfunction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data are derived from a subsample of 434 respondents in the 2001 to 2003 Chicago Community Adult Health Study, a population-based survey designed to study the impact of psychological attributes, neighborhood environment, and socioeconomic circumstances on adults aged ≥18 years. Circulating biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction, including e-selectin, p-selectin, and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (s-ICAM1) were obtained from serum samples. Hopelessness was measured by responses to two questions, and depressive symptoms were measured by an 11-item version of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale. Multivariate regression models tested whether continuous levels of the biomarkers (natural log transformed) were associated with levels of hopelessness and depressive symptoms separately and concurrently.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In age- and sex-adjusted models, hopelessness showed significant positive linear associations with s-ICAM1. In contrast, there was no significant linear association between hopelessness and e-selectin and p-selectin. Adjustment for clinical risk factors, including systolic pressure, chronic health conditions, smoking, and body mass index, did not substantively alter these associations. Results from similar models for depressive symptoms did not reveal any association with the three biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction. The associations between hopelessness and e-selectin and s-ICAM1 were robust to the inclusion of adjustments for depressive symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Negative psychosocial traits may influence cardiovascular outcomes partially through their impact on the early stages of atherosclerosis, and specific psychosocial traits, such as hopelessness, may play a more direct role in this process than overall depressive symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Services Policy and Management, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA. dphuongdo@sc.edu
authors.forename: D Phuong
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Do
authors.forename: Jennifer Beam
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Dowd
authors.forename: Nalini
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ranjit
authors.forename: James S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: House
authors.forename: George A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Kaplan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D002641:Chicago / Q000453:epidemiology; D003863:Depression / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D019040:E-Selectin / Q000097:blood / Q000502:physiology; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000097:blood / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019007:P-Selectin / Q000097:blood / Q000502:physiology; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D019040:E-Selectin; D019007:P-Selectin; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1