title: Short Assessment of Health Literacy-Spanish and English: a comparable test of health literacy for Spanish and English speakers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The intent of the study was to develop and validate a comparable health literacy test for Spanish-speaking and English-speaking populations.
  
  
  METHODS
  The design of the instrument, named the Short Assessment of Health Literacy-Spanish and English (SAHL-S&E), combined a word recognition test, as appearing in the Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Medicine (REALM), and a comprehension test using multiple-choice questions designed by an expert panel. We used the item response theory (IRT) in developing and validating the instrument.
  
  
  METHODS
  Validation of SAHL-S&E involved testing and comparing the instrument with other health literacy instruments in a sample of 201 Spanish-speaking and 202 English-speaking subjects recruited from the Ambulatory Care Center at the University of North Carolina Healthcare System.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Based on IRT analysis, 18 items were retained in the comparable test. The Spanish version of the test, SAHL-S, was highly correlated with other Spanish health literacy instruments, Short Assessment of Health Literacy for Spanish-Speaking Adults (r=0.88, p<.05) and the Spanish Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults (TOFHLA) (r=0.62, p<.05). The English version, SAHL-E, had high correlations with REALM (r=0.94, p<.05) and the English TOFHLA (r=0.68, p<.05). Significant correlations were found between SAHL-S&E and years of schooling in both Spanish- and English-speaking samples (r=0.15 and 0.39, respectively). SAHL-S&E displayed satisfactory reliability of 0.80 and 0.89 in the Spanish- and English-speaking samples, respectively. IRT analysis indicated that the SAHL-S&E score was highly reliable for individuals with a low level of health literacy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The new instrument, SAHL-S&E, has good reliability and validity. It is particularly useful for identifying individuals with low health literacy and could be used to screen for low health literacy among Spanish and English speakers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Policy and Management, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, 1101 McGavran-Greenberg Hall, CB# 7411, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7411, USA. sylee@email.unc.edu
authors.forename: Shoou-Yih Daniel
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Brian D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Stucky
authors.forename: Jessica Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: R Gary
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Rozier
authors.forename: Deborah E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Bender
mesh_terms: D003142:Communication; D032882:Comprehension; D057220:Health Literacy; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D009657:North Carolina; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results