title: Co-expression module analysis reveals biological processes, genomic gain, and regulatory mechanisms associated with breast cancer progression.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Gene expression signatures are typically identified by correlating gene expression patterns to a disease phenotype of interest. However, individual gene-based signatures usually suffer from low reproducibility and interpretability.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We have developed a novel algorithm Iterative Clique Enumeration (ICE) for identifying relatively independent maximal cliques as co-expression modules and a module-based approach to the analysis of gene expression data. Applying this approach on a public breast cancer dataset identified 19 modules whose expression levels were significantly correlated with tumor grade. The correlations were reproducible for 17 modules in an independent breast cancer dataset, and the reproducibility was considerably higher than that based on individual genes or modules identified by other algorithms. Sixteen out of the 17 modules showed significant enrichment in certain Gene Ontology (GO) categories. Specifically, modules related to cell proliferation and immune response were up-regulated in high-grade tumors while those related to cell adhesion was down-regulated. Further analyses showed that transcription factors NYFB, E2F1/E2F3, NRF1, and ELK1 were responsible for the up-regulation of the cell proliferation modules. IRF family and ETS family proteins were responsible for the up-regulation of the immune response modules. Moreover, inhibition of the PPARA signaling pathway may also play an important role in tumor progression. The module without GO enrichment was found to be associated with a potential genomic gain in 8q21-23 in high-grade tumors. The 17-module signature of breast tumor progression clustered patients into subgroups with significantly different relapse-free survival times. Namely, patients with lower cell proliferation and higher cell adhesion levels had significantly lower risk of recurrence, both for all patients (p = 0.004) and for those with grade 2 tumors (p = 0.017).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ICE algorithm is effective in identifying relatively independent co-expression modules from gene co-expression networks and the module-based approach illustrated in this study provides a robust, interpretable, and mechanistic characterization of transcriptional changes.
authors.affiliation: Advanced Computing Center for Research & Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA.
authors.forename: Zhiao
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: Catherine K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Derow
authors.forename: Bing
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000502:physiology; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D053263:Gene Regulatory Networks / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D047493:PPAR alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D012307:Risk Factors; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D047493:PPAR alpha; D014157:Transcription Factors