title: Impact of exogenous hyperglucagonemia on postprandial concentrations of gastric inhibitory polypeptide and glucagon-like peptide-1 in humans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Postprandial secretion of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) has been found diminished in some patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and high glucagon concentrations. We examined the effects of exogenous glucagon on the release of incretin hormones.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten patients with T2DM and 10 healthy controls were examined with a meal test during the iv administration of glucagon 0.65 ng/kg.min and placebo.
  
  
  RESULTS
  GLP-1 plasma concentration increased after meal ingestion in both groups (P<0.0001), but postprandial GLP-1 plasma levels were not affected by glucagon administration. However, immediately after cessation of the glucagon infusion, GLP-1 levels increased by about 2-fold to levels of 51.8+/-14.6 pmol/liter in the T2DM patients and 58.9+/-20.0 pmol/liter in controls (P<0.05). The time courses of glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide and GLP-1 concentrations were not different between T2DM patients and controls during the placebo experiments (P=0.33 and P=0.13, respectively). Glucose concentrations were increased by glucagon administration in controls (P<0.05, respectively), but insulin and C-peptide levels were not affected. Gastric emptying was slightly delayed by glucagon administration in controls (P<0.05) but not in T2DM patients (P=0.77).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Exogenous glucagon does not directly inhibit incretin secretion. However, a decline in circulating glucagon levels may exert a permissive effect on GLP-1 release. This might contribute to the reduction in GLP-1 concentrations found in some patients with T2DM.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine I, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Gudrunstrasse 56, 44791 Bochum, Germany. juris.meier@rub.de
authors.forename: Juris J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Meier
authors.forename: Peter R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Ritter
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jacob
authors.forename: Bjoern A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Menge
authors.forename: Carolyn F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Deacon
authors.forename: Wolfgang E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Nauck
authors.forename: Jens J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Holst
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001786:Blood Glucose; D002096:C-Peptide / Q000097:blood; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D005749:Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide / Q000097:blood*; D005934:Glucagon / Q000494:pharmacology*; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D054795:Incretins / Q000097:blood; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019518:Postprandial Period / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D002096:C-Peptide; D054795:Incretins; D007328:Insulin; D005749:Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; D005934:Glucagon