title: Periodontal disease progression and glycaemic control among Gullah African Americans with type-2 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate associations between glycaemic control and periodontitis progression among Gullah African Americans with type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
  
  
  METHODS
  From an ongoing clinical trial among T2DM Gullah, we extracted a cohort previously in a cross-sectional study (N=88). Time from baseline (previous study) to follow-up (trial enrollment, before treatment interventions) ranged 1.93-4.08 years [mean=2.99, standard deviation (SD)=0.36]. We evaluated tooth site-level periodontitis progression [clinical attachment loss (CAL) worsening of > or =2 mm, periodontal probing depth (PPD) increases of > or =2 mm and bleeding on probing (BOP) from none to present] by glycaemic control status (well-controlled=HbA(1c)<7%, poorly-controlled=HbA(1c)> or =7%) using multivariable generalized estimating equations logistic regression, nesting tooth sites/person.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Poorly-controlled T2DM (68.18%) was more prevalent than well-controlled T2DM (31.82%). Proportions of tooth sites/person with CAL progression between baseline and follow-up ranged 0.00-0.59 (mean=0.12, SD=0.12), while PPD and BOP progression ranged 0.00-0.44 (mean=0.09, SD=0.11) and 0.00-0.96 (mean=0.24, SD=0.18), respectively. Site-level PPD at baseline was a significant effect modifier of associations between poorly-controlled T2DM and site-level CAL and PPD progression [adjusted odds ratios (OR) according to poorly-controlled T2DM among PPD at baseline=3, 5 and 7 mm, respectively: CAL progression=1.93, 2.64, and 3.62, PPD progression=1.98, 2.76, and 3.84; p<0.05 for all]. Odds of site-level BOP progression were increased (OR=1.24) for poorly-controlled T2DM, yet the results were not significant (p=0.32).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings from a distinct, homogenous population further support the clinical relevance of identifying patients with poor glycaemic control and periodontitis, particularly among those with disparities for both diseases.
authors.affiliation: Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Medical University of South Carolina,Charleston, SC, USA.
authors.forename: Dipankar
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bandyopadhyay
authors.forename: Nicole M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Marlow
authors.forename: Jyotika K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Fernandes
authors.forename: Renata S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Leite
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American; D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000208:ethnology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005884:Gingival Hemorrhage / Q000208:ethnology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017622:Periodontal Attachment Loss / Q000208:ethnology / Q000503:physiopathology; D010514:Periodontal Pocket / Q000208:ethnology / Q000503:physiopathology; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000208:ethnology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012907:Smoking; D013022:South Carolina
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents