title: Trajectories and deposition sites of spherical particles moving inside rhythmically expanding alveoli under gravity-free conditions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Do fine particles (0.5-2 μm in diameter) deposit inside lung alveoli? This question is of particular interest in space flights where almost gravity-free conditions exist. Under such conditions, inhaled particles smaller than 0.5 μm in diameter or larger than 2 μm may deposit inside the alveoli due to Brownian motion or particle inertia, respectively. However, fine particles hardly affected by Brownian motion and of small mass can (wrongly) be perceived harmless, following closely fluid pathlines.
  
  
  METHODS
  The interplay between alveoli rhythmical expansion and the largely, previously disregarded geometrical interception mechanism was explored vis-à-vis predictions based on nonexpanding alveoli models. To this end, we employed a three-dimensional flow model that accounts for the rhythmical expansion of alveoli, and the trajectories of fine particles embedded in this flow were numerically calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Stochastic trajectories and deposition sites that are substantially different than those obtained for reversible Poiseuille-like flow models were widely used in the past. Indeed, small, inertialess, non-Brownian particles can hardly enter rigid alveoli in microgravity circumstances because the flow field consists of isolated closed streamlines that separate the cavities from the airways. However, for expanding alveoli, the streamline map is significantly altered, allowing diversion of particles from the airways toward the alveoli walls. As a result, collision with the alveoli wall due to geometrical interception may occur, revealing an additional mechanism that may control particle deposition inside alveoli.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fine particles 0.5-2 μm in diameter under zero gravity conditions may enter expanding alveoli and deposit due to the stochastic nature of the flow and the mechanism of geometrical interception. Their fate is very sensitive to their initial position. The majority of the particles tend to deposit inside alveoli located up the acinar tree, at the distal area of the alveoli and near its rim.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technion, Haifa, Israel. mersh01@tx.techion.ac.il
authors.forename: Shimon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Haber
authors.forename: Dror
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yitzhak
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tsuda
mesh_terms: D000336:Aerosols; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D003198:Computer Simulation; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D009038:Motion; D010316:Particle Size; D010507:Periodicity; D011650:Pulmonary Alveoli; D012119:Respiration; D013269:Stochastic Processes; D018474:Weightlessness Simulation
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols