title: Application of pulsed spark discharge for calcium carbonate precipitation in hard water.
abstract: The effect of underwater pulsed spark discharge on the precipitation of dissolved calcium ions was investigated in the present study. Water samples with different calcium hardness were prepared by continuous evaporation of tap water using a laboratory cooling tower. It was shown that the concentration of calcium ions dropped by 20-26% after 10-min plasma treatment, comparing with no drop for untreated cases. A laser particle counting method demonstrated that the total number of solid particles suspended in water increased by over 100% after the plasma treatment. The morphology and the crystal form of the particles were identified by both scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Calcite with rhombohedron morphology was observed for plasma treated cases, comparing with the round structure observed for no-treatment cases. It was hypothesized that the main mechanisms for the plasma-assisted calcium carbonate precipitation might include electrolysis, local heating in the vicinity of plasma channel and a high electric field at the tip of plasma streamers, inducing structural changes in the electric double layer of hydrated ions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Hyoungsup
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Andrey
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Starikovskiy
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fridman
authors.forename: Young I
authors.initials: YI
authors.lastname: Cho
mesh_terms: D001639:Bicarbonates; D002118:Calcium; D002119:Calcium Carbonate / Q000737:chemistry*; D011232:Chemical Precipitation; D003460:Crystallization; D004563:Electrochemistry / Q000379:methods*; D004602:Elements; D006244:Hardness; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007753:Laboratories; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D010316:Particle Size; D013057:Spectrum Analysis; D013696:Temperature; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry*; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D001639:Bicarbonates; D004602:Elements; D014867:Water; D002119:Calcium Carbonate; D002118:Calcium