title: Molecular characterization of numr-1 and numr-2: genes that increase both resistance to metal-induced stress and lifespan in Caenorhabditis elegans.
abstract: To define the mechanisms involved in the molecular response to the carcinogenic metal cadmium, two novel metal-inducible genes from C. elegans were characterized: numr-1 and numr-2 (nuclear localized metal responsive). numr-1 and numr-2 sequences and cellular patterns of expression are identical, indicating that these are functionally equivalent genes. Constitutive transcription of numr-1 and numr-2 is developmentally regulated and occurs in the intestine, in head and tail neurons, and vulva muscles. Exposure to metals induces numr-1 and numr-2 transcription in pharyngeal and intestinal cells. Other environmental stressors do not affect transcription, indicating that these are metal-specific, stress-responsive genes. NUMR-1 and NUMR-2 target to nuclei and colocalize with HSF-1, suggesting that they may be components of nuclear stress granules. Nematodes overexpressing NUMR-1 and NUMR-2 are resistant to stress and live longer than control animals; likewise reducing expression increases sensitivity to metals and decreases neuromuscular functions. Upstream regulatory regions of both genes contain potential binding sites for DAF-16 and SKN-1, which are components of the insulin-IGF-like signaling pathway. This pathway regulates longevity and stress responses in C. elegans. NUMR-1 and NUMR-2 may function to promote resistance to environmental stressors and longevity, which is mediated by the insulin-IGF-like signaling pathway.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27009, USA.
authors.forename: Brooke E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Tvermoes
authors.forename: Windy A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Boyd
authors.forename: Jonathan H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Freedman
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D002104:Cadmium / Q000633:toxicity*; D017173:Caenorhabditis elegans / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D029742:Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D008136:Longevity; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D013312:Stress, Physiological
chemical_list: D029742:Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; C551733:Numr-1 protein, C elegans; C551734:Numr-2 protein, C elegans; D002104:Cadmium