title: Impact of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) treatment on smoking cessation intervention in ADHD smokers: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  High smoking rates in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and nicotine's amelioration of ADHD suggest that effective ADHD treatment might facilitate abstinence in smokers with ADHD. The present study evaluated if using osmotic-release oral system methylphenidate (OROS-MPH) to treat ADHD enhances response to smoking cessation treatment in smokers with ADHD.
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 11-week trial with a 1-month follow-up was conducted at 6 clinical sites between December 2005 and January 2008. Adults (aged 18-55 years) meeting DSM-IV criteria for ADHD and interested in quitting smoking were randomly assigned to OROS-MPH titrated to 72 mg/d (n = 127) or placebo (n = 128). All participants received brief weekly individual smoking cessation counseling for 11 weeks and 21 mg/d nicotine patches starting on the smoking quit day (day 27) through study week 11. Outcome measures included prolonged smoking abstinence and DSM-IV ADHD Rating Scale (ADHD-RS) score.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 255 randomly assigned participants, 204 (80%) completed the trial. Prolonged abstinence rates, 43.3% and 42.2%, for the OROS-MPH and placebo groups, respectively, did not differ significantly (OR = 1.1; 95% CI, 0.63-1.79; P = .81). Relative to placebo, OROS-MPH evidenced a greater reduction in DSM-IV ADHD-RS score (P < .0001) and in cigarettes per day during the post-quit phase (P = .016). Relative to placebo, OROS-MPH increased blood pressure and heart rate to a statistically, but not clinically, significant degree (P < .05); medication discontinuation did not differ significantly between treatments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Treatment for ADHD did not improve smoking cessation success; OROS-MPH, relative to placebo, effectively treated ADHD and was safe and generally well tolerated in this healthy sample of adult ADHD smokers.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  clinical trials.gov Identifier: NCT00253747.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA. winhusen@carc.uc.edu
authors.forename: Theresa M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Winhusen
authors.forename: Eugene C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Somoza
authors.forename: Gregory S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Brigham
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Carla A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: Lirio S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Covey
authors.forename: Ivana T
authors.initials: IT
authors.lastname: Croghan
authors.forename: Lenard A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Adler
authors.forename: Roger D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Weiss
authors.forename: Jeffrey D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Leimberger
authors.forename: Daniel F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: Emily M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Dorer
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003376:Counseling / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008774:Methylphenidate / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009538:Nicotine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012907:Smoking / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D008774:Methylphenidate; D009538:Nicotine