title: Systematic analysis of micromixers to minimize biofouling on reverse osmosis membranes.
abstract: Micromixers, UV-curable epoxy traces printed on the surface of a reverse osmosis membrane, were tested on a cross-flow system to determine their success at reducing biofouling. Biofouling was quantified by measuring the rate of permeate flux decline and the median bacteria concentration on the surface of the membrane (as determined by fluorescence intensity counts due to nucleic acid stains as measured by hyperspectral imaging). The micromixers do not appear to significantly increase the pressure needed to maintain the same initial permeate flux and salt rejection. Chevrons helped prevent biofouling of the membranes in comparison with blank membranes. The chevron design controlled where the bacteria adhered to the membrane surface. However, blank membranes with spacers had a lower rate of permeate flux decline than the membranes with chevrons despite having greater bacteria concentrations on their surfaces. With better optimization of the micromixer design, the micromixers could be used to control where the bacteria will adhere to the surface and create a more biofouling resistant membrane that will help to drive down the cost of water treatment.
authors.affiliation: Sandia National Laboratories, Geochemistry Department, P.O. Box 5800, MS-0754, Albuquerque, NM 87185-0754, USA. sjaltma@sandia.gov
authors.forename: Susan J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Altman
authors.forename: Lucas K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: McGrath
authors.forename: Howland D T
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Andres
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sanchez
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Noek
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Clem
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: Clifford K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Ho
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects; D057219:Biofouling / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005453:Fluorescence; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D009995:Osmosis / Q000187:drug effects; D011312:Pressure; D012492:Salts / Q000494:pharmacology; D013499:Surface Properties / Q000187:drug effects; D018508:Water Purification / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D012492:Salts