title: Overexpression of CDC25B, CDC25C and phospho-CDC25C (Ser216) in vulvar squamous cell carcinomas are associated with malignant features and aggressive cancer phenotypes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  CDC25 phosphatases are important regulators of the cell cycle. Their abnormal expression detected in a number of tumors implies that their dysregulation is involved in malignant transformation. However, the role of CDC25s in vulvar cancer is still unknown. To shed light on their roles in the pathogenesis and to clarify their prognostic values, expression of CDC25A, CDC25B and CDC25C in a large series of vulvar squamous cell carcinomas were examined.
  
  
  METHODS
  Expression of CDC25A, CDC25B, CDC25C and phosphorylated (phospho)-CDC25C (Ser216) were examined in 300 vulvar carcinomas using immunohistochemistry. Western blot analysis was utilized to demonstrate CDC25s expression in vulvar cancer cell lines. Kinase and phosphatase assays were performed to exclude cross reactivity among CDC25s isoform antibodies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  High nuclear CDC25A and CDC25B expression were observed in 51% and 16% of the vulvar carcinomas, respectively, whereas high cytoplasmic CDC25C expression was seen in 63% of the cases. In cytoplasm, nucleus and cytoplasm/nucleus high phospho-CDC25C (Ser216) expression was identified in 50%, 70% and 77% of the carcinomas, respectively. High expression of CDC25s correlated significantly with malignant features, including poor differentiation and infiltration of vessel for CDC25B, high FIGO stage, presence of lymph node metastases, large tumor diameter, poor differentiation for CDC25C and high FIGO stage, large tumor diameter, deep invasion and poor differentiation for phospho-CDC25C (Ser216). In univariate analysis, high expression of phospho-CDC25C (Ser216) was correlated with poor disease-specific survival (p = 0.04). However, such an association was annulled in multivariate analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that CDC25C and phospho-CDC25C (Ser216) play a crucial role and CDC25B a minor role in the pathogenesis and/or progression of vulvar carcinomas. CDC25B, CDC25C and phospho-CDC25C (Ser216) were associated with malignant features and aggressive cancer phenotypes. However, the CDC25s isoforms were not independently correlated to prognosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Zhihui
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Claes G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Trope
authors.forename: Vivi Ann
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Flørenes
authors.forename: Zhenhe
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Suo
authors.forename: Jahn M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Nesland
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Holm
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000918:Antibody Specificity; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000556:secondary; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000201:enzymology; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000201:enzymology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D010641:Phenotype; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012694:Serine; D013997:Time Factors; D015854:Up-Regulation; D014846:Vulvar Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D020687:cdc25 Phosphatases / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D012694:Serine; C517004:CDC25A protein, human; C517008:CDC25B protein, human; C517009:CDC25C protein, human; D020687:cdc25 Phosphatases