title: Timing and risk factors for functional changes associated with medical hospitalization in older patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Older medical patients often experience a decline in function associated with hospitalization. Some of this decline is already established at hospital admission, whereas some occurs during hospitalization. Objectives of this study were to separately describe pre-hospital and in-hospital functional changes in older Australian medical patients and to identify risk factors associated with these functional changes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Secondary analysis of data from a prospective controlled trial conducted in general medical units of an Australian tertiary teaching hospital. Participants were 615 consecutive patients aged 65 years or older admitted under a general medical unit for more than 2 days, discharged alive, and not fully dependent at pre-admission baseline. Activities of daily living measured 2 weeks before admission, at admission, and at discharge were used to calculate rates of pre-hospital and in-hospital decline and of in-hospital recovery to pre-admission function. Potential predictors including age, sex, diagnosis, illness severity, pre-admission function, pre-admission supports, and documented "geriatric syndromes" (dementia, falls, malnutrition) were investigated for each functional change outcome using multiple logistic regression models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty-four percent of participants had pre-hospital functional decline; only 42% of these had recovered to pre-admission function by hospital discharge. Only 7% had in-hospital decline. The different functional change variables had distinct patterns of predictors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most decline occurred prior to hospitalization and was associated with common indicators of poor outcomes in hospitalized elders. In-hospital decline was uncommon, suggesting that in-hospital recovery may be a more appropriate intervention target.
authors.affiliation: University of Queensland School of Medicine, Brisbane, Australia. alison_mudge@health.qld.gov.au
authors.forename: Alison M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Mudge
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: O'Rourke
authors.forename: Charles P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Denaro
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors