title: Effect of dehydration on raspberries: polyphenol and anthocyanin retention, antioxidant capacity, and antiadipogenic activity.
abstract: Fresh and dried raspberries prepared by freeze drying (FD), microwave-vacuum (MIVAC), hot-air drying (HAD), and a combination of hot-air drying and microwave-vacuum (HAD/MIVAC) drying methods were evaluated for polyphenol retention, total polyphenol and anthocyanin contents, total antioxidant capacity, and antiadipogenic activity (the inhibition of fat cell development). Ellagic acid and quercetin were present in the largest concentrations in fresh and dehydrated raspberries. Dehydration led to a loss of polyphenols and anthocyanins and antioxidant capacity. Polyphenols (aglycone form) were retained in the greatest amount: 20% (freeze dried) to 30% (HAD/MIVAC) (fresh = 100%). A total of 30% of polyphenols (glycoside form) were retained in raspberries dried by the HAD/MIVAC methods with 5% of retention observed for raspberries dried by FD, HAD, or MIVAC. FD and MIVAC resulted in higher retention of anthocyanins (aglycone form) than other drying methods. It was also observed that antioxidant activity was reduced by dehydration. Adipogenesis was inhibited by polyphenolic glycosides (30%) and aglycones (30% to 40%) in fresh and HAD/MIVAC raspberries. Extracts from dried raspberries by HAD/MIVAC methods were relatively more effective at inhibiting adipogenesis compared to HAD and FD dried raspberries.
authors.affiliation: SunOpta Fruit Group Inc., Omak, WA 98841, USA.
authors.forename: E I
authors.initials: EI
authors.lastname: Mejia-Meza
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Yáñez
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Remsberg
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Takemoto
authors.forename: N M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rasco
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Clary
mesh_terms: D000388:Air; D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000032:analysis*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000032:analysis*; D003681:Dehydration; D004610:Ellagic Acid / Q000032:analysis; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000032:analysis*; D005511:Food Handling / Q000379:methods; D005612:Freeze Drying; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry*; D006027:Glycosides / Q000032:analysis; D006868:Hydrolysis; D008872:Microwaves; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis*; D059808:Polyphenols; D011794:Quercetin / Q000032:analysis; D012996:Solutions
chemical_list: D000872:Anthocyanins; D000975:Antioxidants; D005419:Flavonoids; D006027:Glycosides; D010636:Phenols; D059808:Polyphenols; D012996:Solutions; D004610:Ellagic Acid; D011794:Quercetin