title: Use of D(acid)-, D(bile)-, z(acid)-, and z(bile)-values in evaluating Bifidobacteria with regard to stomach pH and bile salt sensitivity.
abstract: The survival of bifidobacteria in simulated conditions of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract was studied based on the D- and z-value concept. Some Bifidobacterium spp. are probiotics that improve microbial balance in the human GI tract. Because they are sensitive to low pH and bile salt concentrations, their viability in the GI tract is limited. The D- and z-value approach was therefore adopted as a result of observing constant log-cell reduction (90%) when Bifidobacterium spp. were exposed to these 2 different stressing factors. Survivals of one strain each or 4 species of Bifidobacterium was studied at pH between 3.0 and 4.5 and in ox-bile between 0.15% and 0.60% for times up to 41 h. From the D(acid)- and D(bile)-values, the order of resistance to acid and bile was B. bifidum > B. infantis > B. longum > B. adolescentis. While the former 3 strains retained high cell viability at pH 3.5 (>5.5 log CFU/mL after 5 h) and at elevated bile salt concentration of 0.6% (>4.5 log CFU/mL after 3 h), B. adolescentis was less resistant (<3.4 log CFU/mL). The z(acid)- and z(bile)-values calculated from the D(acid)- and D(bile)-values ranged from 1.11 to 1.55 pH units and 0.40% to 0.49%, respectively. The results suggest that the D(acid)-, D(bile)-, z(acid)-, and z(bile)-value approach could be more appropriate than the screening and selection method in evaluating survival of probiotic bacteria, and in measuring their tolerance or resistance to gastric acidity and the associated bile salt concentration in the small intestine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The evaluation of the tolerance of bifidobacteria to bile salts and low pH has been made possible by use of D- and z-value concept. The calculated z(acid)- and z(bile)-values were all fairly similar for the strains used and suggest the effect of increasing the bile salt concentration or decreasing the pH on the D(acid)- and D(bile)-values. This approach would be useful for predicting the suitability of bifidobacteria and other lactic acid bacteria (LAB) as probiotics for use in real-life situations.
authors.affiliation: Industrial Laboratory of Meatco Corp. of Namibia Ltd., Windhoek, Namibia.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jia
authors.forename: Nditange
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shigwedha
authors.forename: Osmund D
authors.initials: OD
authors.lastname: Mwandemele
mesh_terms: D001644:Bifidobacterium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology*; D001646:Bile / Q000502:physiology; D001647:Bile Acids and Salts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000187:drug effects / Q000382:microbiology*; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D019936:Probiotics / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013270:Stomach / Q000187:drug effects / Q000382:microbiology / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D001647:Bile Acids and Salts