title: The (un)importance of cerebral microemboli.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The use of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is associated with cerebral microemboli. Cognitive decline after cardiac surgery has therefore always been attributed to the use of CPB. However, randomized studies comparing coronary bypass surgery with and without CPB failed to establish a clear cognitive benefit of avoiding CPB. The aim of this analysis was to systematically review the studies that directly assessed the association between cerebral microemboli and cognitive decline after cardiac surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  The electronic database of PubMed of the National Library of Medicine from 1980 until 2009 was searched to identify relevant literature. Search terms related to "cardiac surgery," "microemboli," and "cognitive decline" were used. Studies were reviewed independently by 2 reviewers and relevant articles were included completely if they matched the selection criteria. This review included studies in adult cardiac surgical patients reporting both a measure of cerebral embolic load and cognitive outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The literature search yielded 423 different titles, of which 22 met the selection criteria. All 22 studies used neuropsychological tests to determine cognitive outcome. Seven studies used postoperative (diffusion-weighted) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to detect cerebral emboli and 15 studies used intraoperative transcranial Doppler imaging. In 1 MRI study and 5 Doppler studies, an association was found between the number of cerebral emboli and the risk of postoperative cognitive decline. In 15 studies, such an association could not be established. One study did not assess the direct relation between microemboli and cognitive decline.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This systematic review could neither confirm nor rule out a causal link between emboli from CPB and postoperative cognitive decline.
authors.affiliation: University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Rosalie W J
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Kruis
authors.forename: Florine A E
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Vlasveld
authors.forename: Diederik
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Van Dijk
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D020766:Intracranial Embolism / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D017585:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial / Q000379:methods