title: The role of nervus intermedius in side specific nasal responses.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nervus intermedius (NI) dysfunction is common in patients who have had vestibular schwannoma (VS) surgery. Such patients have a unilateral parasympathetic-denervated nasal cavity. A number of side-specific nasal reflexes have been demonstrated in normal individuals, including hand cold-water immersion. It is not understood whether these reflexes have parasympathetic or sympathic efferent pathways. We aimed to evaluate the side specific nasal reflex to cold-water immersion in post-operative VS patients with NI dysfunction, in order to determine the nature of the efferent pathway of these reflexes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Side specific responses to cold-water immersion were tested by acoustic rhinometry in 10 normal individuals and 18 patients with NI dysfunction (proven by Schirmer s test) after VS surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A consistent pattern of ipsilateral congestion and contralateral decongestion after the cold-water immersion was seen in normal individuals (p smaller than 0.001). We found no consistent response in VS patients both ipsilateral and contralateral to the side of NI dysfunction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We confirm the consistent side-specific nasal reflexes to cold-water hand immersion in normal individuals. This is disturbed in patients with NI dysfunction. We have also shown unexpectantly that the contralateral side-specific reflex is disturbed in these patients. These data suggest that the reflex is parasympathetic and crosses the midline.
authors.affiliation: University Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Oxford Rd, Manchester, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Nichani
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Malik
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Woolford
authors.forename: R T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Ramsden
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Homer
mesh_terms: D003080:Cold Temperature; D006801:Humans; D007101:Immersion; D009464:Neuroma, Acoustic / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D009666:Nose / Q000294:innervation*; D010275:Parasympathetic Nervous System / Q000503:physiopathology; D012223:Rhinitis, Vasomotor / Q000503:physiopathology*; D023842:Rhinometry, Acoustic