title: Influence of water hardness on acute toxicity of copper and zinc on fish.
abstract: The aim of this study was to utilize static test for examining the acute toxicity of two essential elements, Cu and Zn, to a native fish, Capoeta fusca, by static bioassay. The acute toxicity of two heavy metals to C. fusca was determined in the soft, hard and very hard water (40, 150 and 380 mg/L as CaCO(3)). Results showed that toxicity of Cu and Zn decreased with increasing water hardness, so that water hardness had a significant effect on Cu and Zn toxicity on fish. Copper and Zn were more toxic in the soft water than in the hard water. The 96-hour lethal concentration for 50% (LC(50)) values for C. fusca were lower in the soft water compared with the hard and very hard water. The 96-hour LC(50) for Cu at the soft, hard and very hard water was found to be 1.1, 5.4 and 7.5 mg/L, respectively, while the 96-hour LC(50) for Zn at the soft, hard and very hard water was found to be 13.7, 74.4 and 102.9 mg/L, respectively.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran. mhkasman@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ebrahimpour
authors.forename: Hosain
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Alipour
authors.forename: Solaiman
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rakhshah
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003300:Copper / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005399:Fishes; D007492:Iran; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity; D014881:Water Supply / Q000032:analysis; D017967:Zinc Compounds / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D017967:Zinc Compounds; D003300:Copper