title: Soft tissue management of children's open tibial fractures--a review of seventy children over twenty years.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The management of open tibial fractures in children represents a unique reconstructive challenge. The aim of the study was to evaluate the management of paediatric open tibial fractures with particular regard to soft tissue management.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective case-note analysis was performed for all children presenting with an open tibial fracture at a single institution over a 20-year period for 1985 to 2005.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy children were reviewed of whom 41 were males and 29 females. Overall, 91% (n = 64) of children suffered their injury as a result of a vehicle-related injury. The severity of the fracture with respect to the Gustilo classification was: Grade I, 42% (n = 29); Grade II, 24% (n = 17); Grade III, 34% (n = 24; 7 Grade 3a, 16 Grade 3b, 1 Grade 3c). The majority of children were treated with external fixation and conservative measures, with a mean hospital in-patient stay of 13.3 days. Soft tissue cover was provided by plastic surgeons in 31% of all cases. Four cases of superficial wound infection occurred (6%), one case of osteomyelitis and one case of flap failure. The limb salvage was greater than 98%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this series, complications were associated with delayed involvement of plastic surgeons. Retrospective analysis has shown a decreased incidence of open tibial fractures which is reported in similar studies. Gustilo grade was found to correlate with length of hospital admission and plastic surgery intervention. We advocate, when feasible, the use of local fasciocutaneous flaps (such as distally based fasciocutaneous and adipofascial flaps), which showed a low complication rate in children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh, UK. p.gundabolu@sms.ed.ac.uk.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.forename: M V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Schaverien
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Stewart
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005592:Fracture Fixation / Q000379:methods; D005597:Fractures, Open / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D018889:Ilizarov Technique; D008297:Male; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D017695:Soft Tissue Injuries / Q000601:surgery*; D013524:Surgical Flaps; D013530:Surgical Wound Infection / Q000209:etiology; D013978:Tibial Fractures / Q000601:surgery*; D015599:Trauma Severity Indices