title: Antibiotic management of Staphylococcus aureus infections in US children's hospitals, 1999-2008.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to describe trends in antibiotic management for Staphylococcus aureus infections among hospitalized children from 1999 to 2008.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective study was conducted by using the Pediatric Health Information Systems database to describe antibiotic treatment of inpatients with S aureus infection at 25 children's hospitals in the United States. Patients who were admitted from 1999 to 2008 with International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes for S aureus infection were included. Trends in the use of vancomycin, clindamycin, linezolid, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, cefazolin, and oxacillin/nafcillin were examined for percentage use and days of therapy per 1000 patient-days.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 64813 patients had a discharge diagnosis for S aureus infection. The incidence of methicillin-resistant S aureus (MRSA) infections during this period increased 10-fold, from 2 to 21 cases per 1000 admissions, whereas the methicillin-susceptible S aureus infection rate remained stable. Among patients with S aureus infections, antibiotics that treat MRSA increased from 52% to 79% of cases, whereas those that treat only methicillin-susceptible S aureus declined from 66% to <30% of cases. Clindamycin showed the greatest increase, from 21% in 1999 to 63% in 2008. Similar trends were observed by using days of therapy per 1000 patient-days.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Antibiotic prescribing patterns for the treatment of S aureus infections have changed significantly during the past decade, reflecting the emergence of community-associated MRSA. Clindamycin is now the most commonly prescribed antibiotic for S aureus infections among hospitalized children. The substantial use of clindamycin emphasizes the importance of continuous monitoring of local S aureus susceptibility patterns.
authors.affiliation: Children's Mercy Hospital and Clinics, Section of Infectious Diseases, 2401 Gillham Rd, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA.
authors.forename: Joshua C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Herigon
authors.forename: Adam L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Hersh
authors.forename: Jeffrey S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Gerber
authors.forename: Theoklis E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Zaoutis
authors.forename: Jason G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Newland
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002981:Clindamycin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D023801:Directly Observed Therapy / Q000639:trends; D005260:Female; D006776:Hospitals, Pediatric; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D055624:Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D002981:Clindamycin