title: Analysis of daphnane orthoesters in poisonous Australian pimelea species by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.
abstract: Cattle grazing in arid rangelands of Australia suffer periodic extensive and serious poisoning by the plant species Pimelea trichostachya, P. simplex, and P. elongata. Pimelea poisoning (also known as St. George disease and Marree disease) has been attributed to the presence of the diterpenoid orthoester simplexin in these species. However, literature relating to previous studies is complicated by taxonomic revisions, and the presence of simplexin has not previously been verified in all currently recognized taxa capable of inducing pimelea poisoning syndrome, with no previous chemical studies of P. trichostachya (as currently classified) or P. simplex subsp. continua. We report here the isolation of simplexin from P. trichostachya and the development of a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method to measure simplexin concentrations in pimelea plant material. Simplexin was quantified by positive-ion atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) LC-MS/MS with selected reaction monitoring (SRM) of the m/z 533.3 > 253.3 transition. LC-MS/MS analysis of the four poisonous taxa P. trichostachya, P. elongata, P. simplex subsp. continua, and P. simplex subsp. simplex showed similar profiles with simplexin as the major diterpenoid ester component in all four taxa accompanied by varying amounts of related orthoesters. Similar analyses of P. decora, P. haematostachya, and P. microcephala also demonstrated the presence of simplexin in these species but at far lower concentrations, consistent with the limited reports of stock poisoning associated with these species. The less common, shrubby species P. penicillaris contained simplexin at up to 55 mg/kg dry weight and would be expected to cause poisoning if animals consumed sufficient plant material.
authors.affiliation: Queensland Primary Industries and Fisheries, Animal Research Institute, Moorooka QLD, Australia.
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chow
authors.forename: Mary T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Fletcher
authors.forename: Ross A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: McKenzie
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001315:Australia; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D004224:Diterpenes / Q000032:analysis* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000633:toxicity; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000032:analysis* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000633:toxicity; D010939:Plant Poisoning / Q000209:etiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D013729:Terpenes / Q000032:analysis* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000633:toxicity; D029645:Thymelaeaceae / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D004224:Diterpenes; D010936:Plant Extracts; D013729:Terpenes; C011110:simplexin; C011309:mezerein