title: A real-time PCR method to quantify spores carrying the Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis cry4Aa and cry4Ba genes in soil.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop a rapid real-time PCR method for the specific detection and quantification of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti) spores present in the environment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seven soil samples as well as one sediment sample obtained from various regions of Switzerland and characterized by different granulometry, pH values, organic matter and carbonate content were artificially inoculated with known amounts of Bti spores. After DNA extraction, DNA templates were amplified using TaqMan real-time PCR targeting the cry4Aa and cry4Ba plasmid genes encoding two insecticidal toxins (δ-endotoxins), and quantitative standard curves were created for each sample. Physicochemical characteristics of the samples tested did not influence DNA extraction efficiency. Real-time PCR inhibition because of the presence of co-extracted humic substances from the soil was observed only for undiluted DNA extracts from samples with very high organic matter content (68%). The developed real-time PCR system proved to be sensitive, detecting down to 1 × 10(3) Bti spores per g soil. One-way analysis of variance confirmed the accuracy of the method.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Direct extraction of DNA from environmental samples without culturing, followed by a specific real-time PCR allowed for a fast and reliable identification and quantification of Bti spores in soil and sediment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The developed real-time PCR system can be used as a tool for ecological surveys of areas where treatments with Bti are carried out.
authors.affiliation: Plant Biology Department, University of Geneva, Genève, Switzerland.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Guidi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: De Respinis
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Benagli
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lüthy
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tonolla
mesh_terms: D001413:Bacillus thuringiensis / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D000083722:Bacillus thuringiensis Toxins; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000235:genetics*; D006460:Hemolysin Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods*; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D013171:Spores, Bacterial / Q000302:isolation & purification
chemical_list: D000083722:Bacillus thuringiensis Toxins; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D004731:Endotoxins; D006460:Hemolysin Proteins; C030956:insecticidal crystal protein, Bacillus Thuringiensis