title: Commonly adopted caloric restriction protocols often involve malnutrition.
abstract: Undernutrition without malnutrition is an intervention that enhances laboratory animal life span, and is widely studied to uncover factors limiting longevity. In a search of the literature over a course of four years, we found that most protocols currently adopted as caloric restriction do not meet micronutrient standards set by the National Research Council for laboratory rats and mice. We provide evidence that the most commonly adopted caloric restriction protocol, a 40% restriction of the AIN-93 diet without vitamin or mineral supplementation, leads to malnutrition in both mice and rats. Furthermore, others and we find that every other day feeding, another dietary intervention often referred to as caloric restriction, does not limit the total amount of calories consumed. Altogether, we propose that the term "caloric restriction" should be used specifically to describe diets that decrease calorie intake but not micronutrient availability, and that protocols adopted should be described in detail in order to allow for comparisons and better understanding of the effects of these diets.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. fmeneses@iq.usp.br
authors.forename: Fernanda M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Cerqueira
authors.forename: Alicia J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Kowaltowski
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed / Q000009:adverse effects; D000818:Animals; D031204:Caloric Restriction / Q000009:adverse effects; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000592:standards; D008136:Longevity / Q000502:physiology; D044342:Malnutrition / Q000209:etiology; D051379:Mice; D018977:Micronutrients / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000172:deficiency; D023421:Models, Animal; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012107:Research Design
chemical_list: D018977:Micronutrients