title: Significantly reduced CCR5-tropic HIV-1 replication in vitro in cells from subjects previously immunized with Vaccinia Virus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  At present, the relatively sudden appearance and explosive spread of HIV throughout Africa and around the world beginning in the 1950s has never been adequately explained. Theorizing that this phenomenon may be somehow related to the eradication of smallpox followed by the cessation of vaccinia immunization, we undertook a comparison of HIV-1 susceptibility in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells from subjects immunized with the vaccinia virus to those from vaccinia naive donors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Vaccinia immunization in the preceding 3-6 months resulted in an up to 5-fold reduction in CCR5-tropic but not in CXCR4-tropic HIV-1 replication in the cells from vaccinated subjects. The addition of autologous serum to the cell cultures resulted in enhanced R5 HIV-1 replication in the cells from unvaccinated, but not vaccinated subjects. There were no significant differences in the concentrations of MIP-1alpha, MIP-1beta and RANTES between the cell cultures derived from vaccinated and unvaccinated subjects when measured in culture medium on days 2 and 5 following R5 HIV-1 challenge.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Since primary HIV-1 infections are caused almost exclusively by the CCR5-tropic HIV-1 strains, our results suggest that prior immunization with vaccinia virus might provide an individual with some degree of protection to subsequent HIV infection and/or progression. The duration of such protection remains to be determined. A differential elaboration of MIP-1alpha, MIP-1beta and RANTES between vaccinated and unvaccinated subjects, following infection, does not appear to be a mechanism in the noted protection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public and International Affairs, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA. rweinste@gmu.edu
authors.forename: Raymond S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Weinstein
authors.forename: Michael M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Weinstein
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Alibek
authors.forename: Michael I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Bukrinsky
authors.forename: Beda
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Brichacek
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D054405:Chemokine CCL3 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000276:immunology; D054407:Chemokine CCL4 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000276:immunology; D018946:Chemokine CCL5 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000276:immunology; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D019713:Receptors, CCR5 / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D019718:Receptors, CXCR4 / Q000276:immunology; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014616:Vaccinia virus / Q000276:immunology*; D014765:Viral Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000276:immunology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: C066507:CCL4 protein, human; D054405:Chemokine CCL3; D054407:Chemokine CCL4; D018946:Chemokine CCL5; D019713:Receptors, CCR5; D019718:Receptors, CXCR4; D014765:Viral Vaccines