title: Label-free imaging of lipophilic bioactive molecules during lipid digestion by multiplex coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microspectroscopy.
abstract: The digestion and absorption of lipophilic, bioactive molecules such as lipids, physiologically active nutrients (nutraceuticals), and drugs play a crucial role in human development and health. These molecules are often delivered in lipid droplets. Currently, the kinetics of digestion of these lipid droplets is followed by in vitro models that simulate gastrointestinal conditions, while phase changes within the lipid droplets are observed by light or electron microscopy. However real-time, spatially resolved information about the local chemical composition and phase behavior inside the oil droplet is not accessible from these approaches. This information is essential as the surface and phase behavior determine the local distribution of molecules in the oil droplets and thus may influence the rate of uptake, for example, by impairing the effective transfer of bioactive molecules to intestinal cells. We demonstrate the capability of multiplex coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microspectroscopy to image the digestion process non-invasively, with submicrometer resolution, millimolar sensitivity, and without the need for labeling. The lipolysis of glyceryl trioleate emulsion droplets by porcine pancreatic lipase is imaged, and the undigested oil and the crystalline lipolytic products are distinguished by their different vibrational signatures. The digestion of droplets containing the phytosterol analogue ergosterol is also probed, and the crystals are observed to dissolve into the lipolytic products. The lipophilic drug progesterone and Vitamin D(3) are dissolved in glyceryl trioctanoate emulsion droplets, and the local concentration is mapped with millimolar sensitivity. The bioactive molecules are observed to concentrate within the droplets as the oil is hydrolyzed. This observation is ascribed to the low solubility of these molecules in the lipolytic products for this system. Neither the type of bioactive molecule nor the initial radius of the emulsion droplet had a large effect upon the rate of digestion under these conditions; lipolysis of the triglyceride by pancreatic lipase appears insensitive to the type of bioactive molecule in solution. These findings shed important new light on lipid digestion and open new possibilities for the chemical visualization of lipid digestion and phase changes in lipid droplets containing bioactive molecules, which in combination with other existing techniques will provide a full picture of this complex physicochemical process.
authors.affiliation: FOM Institute for Atomic and Molecular Physics (AMOLF), Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: James P R
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Day
authors.forename: Gianluca
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rago
authors.forename: Katrin F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Domke
authors.forename: Krassimir P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Velikov
authors.forename: Mischa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bonn
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002762:Cholecalciferol / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D004875:Ergosterol / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D008066:Lipolysis; D057054:Molecular Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D019301:Oleic Acid / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D011374:Progesterone / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D002762:Cholecalciferol; D019301:Oleic Acid; D011374:Progesterone; D004875:Ergosterol