title: Protein phosphorylation and kinome profiling reveal altered regulation of multiple signaling pathways in B lymphocytes from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The cause of B lymphocyte hyperactivity and autoantibody production in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) remains unclear. Previously, we identified abnormalities in the level and translocation of signaling molecules in B cells in SLE patients. The present study was undertaken to examine the extent of signaling abnormalities that relate to altered B cell responses in SLE.
  
  
  METHODS
  B lymphocytes from 88 SLE patients and 72 healthy controls were isolated from blood by negative selection. Protein tyrosine phosphorylation and cellular kinase levels were analyzed by Western blotting, flow cytometry, and a kinome array protocol. Changes in protein phosphorylation were determined in ex vivo B cells and following B cell receptor engagement.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Differences in tyrosine phosphorylation in B cells from patients with SLE, compared with matched controls, were demonstrated. Further, the kinome array analysis identified changes in the activation of key kinases, i.e., the activity of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, which regulates survival and differentiation, was up-regulated and the activity of Rac and Rho kinases, which regulate the cytoskeleton and migration, was increased. In contrast, the activity of ATR, which regulates the cell cycle, was down-regulated in SLE patients compared with controls. Differences in signaling pathways were seen in all SLE B lymphocyte subsets that manifested phenotypic features of immature, mature, and memory cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study revealed dysregulation in multiple signaling pathways that control key responses in B cells of SLE patients. Data generated in this study provide a molecular basis for further analysis of the altered B lymphocyte responses in SLE.
authors.affiliation: Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Taher E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Taher
authors.forename: Kaushal
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Parikh
authors.forename: Fabian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Flores-Borja
authors.forename: Salvinia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mletzko
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Isenberg
authors.forename: Maikel P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Peppelenbosch
authors.forename: Rizgar A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Mageed
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000502:physiology*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies