title: Disparities of care for African-Americans and Caucasians with community-acquired pneumonia: a retrospective cohort study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  African-Americans admitted to U.S. hospitals with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) are more likely than Caucasians to experience prolonged hospital length of stay (LOS), possibly due to either differential treatment decisions or patient characteristics.
  
  
  METHODS
  We assessed associations between race and outcomes (Intensive Care Unit [ICU] variables, LOS, 30-day mortality) for African-American or Caucasian patients over 65 years hospitalized in the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) with CAP (2002-2007). Patients admitted to the ICU were analyzed separately from those not admitted to the ICU. VHA patients who died within 30 days of discharge were excluded from all LOS analyses. We used chi-square and Fisher's exact statistics to compare dichotomous variables, the Wilcoxon Rank Sum test to compare age by race, and Cox Proportional Hazards Regression to analyze hospital LOS. We used separate generalized linear mixed-effect models, with admitting hospital as a random effect, to examine associations between patient race and the receipt of guideline-concordant antibiotics, ICU admission, use of mechanical ventilation, use of vasopressors, LOS, and 30-day mortality. We defined statistical significance as a two-tailed p <or= 0.0001.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 40,878 patients, African-Americans (n = 4,936) were less likely to be married and more likely to have a substance use disorder, neoplastic disease, renal disease, or diabetes compared to Caucasians. African-Americans and Caucasians were equally likely to receive guideline-concordant antibiotics (92% versus 93%, adjusted OR = 0.99; 95% CI = 0.81 to 1.20) and experienced similar 30-day mortality when treated in medical wards (adjusted OR = 0.98; 95% CI = 0.87 to 1.10). African-Americans had a shorter adjusted hospital LOS (adjusted HR = 0.95; 95% CI = 0.92 to 0.98). When admitted to the ICU, African Americans were as likely as Caucasians to receive guideline-concordant antibiotics (76% versus 78%, adjusted OR = 0.99; 95% CI = 0.81 to 1.20), but experienced lower 30-day mortality (adjusted OR = 0.82; 95% CI = 0.68 to 0.99) and shorter hospital LOS (adjusted HR = 0.84; 95% CI = 0.76 to 0.93).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Elderly African-American CAP patients experienced a survival advantage (i.e., lower 30-day mortality) in the ICU compared to Caucasians and shorter hospital LOS in both medical wards and ICUs, after adjusting for numerous baseline differences in patient characteristics. There were no racial differences in receipt of guideline-concordant antibiotic therapies.
authors.affiliation: The University of Texas at Austin College of Pharmacy, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
authors.forename: Christopher R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Frei
authors.forename: Eric M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Mortensen
authors.forename: Laurel A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Copeland
authors.forename: Russell T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Attridge
authors.forename: Mary Jo V
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Pugh
authors.forename: Marcos I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Restrepo
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Anzueto
authors.forename: Brandy
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Nakashima
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Fine
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D044383:Black People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D017714:Community-Acquired Infections / Q000208:ethnology / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D054625:Healthcare Disparities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006787:Hospitals, Veterans; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001741:Black or African American
chemical_list: D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents