title: Chemical modification of M13 bacteriophage and its application in cancer cell imaging.
abstract: The M13 bacteriophage has been demonstrated to be a robust scaffold for bionanomaterial development. In this paper, we report on the chemical modifications of three kinds of reactive groups, i.e., the amino groups of lysine residues or N-terminal, the carboxylic acid groups of aspartic acid or glutamic acid residues, and the phenol group of tyrosine residues, on M13 surface. The reactivity of each group was identified through conjugation with small fluorescent molecules. Furthermore, the regioselectivity of each reaction was investigated by HPLC-MS-MS. By optimizing the reaction condition, hundreds of fluorescent moieties could be attached to create a highly fluorescent M13 bacteriophage. In addition, cancer cell targeting motifs such as folic acid could also be conjugated onto the M13 surface. Therefore, dual-modified M13 particles with folic acid and fluorescent molecules were synthesized via the selective modification of two kinds of reactive groups. Such dual-modified M13 particles showed very good binding affinity to human KB cancer cells, which demonstrated the potential applications of M13 bacteriophage in bioimaging and drug delivery.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology (DUT), Dalian, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Kai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Siqi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Huong Giang
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: Zhongwei
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Niu
authors.forename: Shaojin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: You
authors.forename: Charlene M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Mello
authors.forename: Xiaobing
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Qian
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D017104:Bacteriophage M13 / Q000737:chemistry*; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry*; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D057054:Molecular Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D015394:Molecular Structure; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D010316:Particle Size; D013237:Stereoisomerism; D013499:Surface Properties; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D005492:Folic Acid