title: Evaluation of non-inferiority of intradermal versus adjuvanted seasonal influenza vaccine using two serological techniques: a randomised comparative study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although seasonal influenza vaccine is effective in the elderly, immune responses to vaccination are lower in the elderly than in younger adults. Strategies to optimise responses to vaccination in the elderly include using an adjuvanted vaccine or using an intradermal vaccination route. The immunogenicity of an intradermal seasonal influenza vaccine was compared with that of an adjuvanted vaccine in the elderly.
  
  
  METHODS
  Elderly volunteers (age > or = 65 years) were randomised to receive a single dose of trivalent seasonal influenza vaccine: either a split-virion vaccine containing 15 microg haemagglutinin [HA]/strain/0.1-ml dose administered intradermally, or a subunit vaccine (15 microg HA/strain/0.5-ml dose) adjuvanted with MF59C.1 and administered intramuscularly. Blood samples were taken before and 21 +/- 3 days post-vaccination. Anti-HA antibody titres were assessed using haemagglutination inhibition (HI) and single radial haemolysis (SRH) methods. We aimed to show that the intradermal vaccine was non-inferior to the adjuvanted vaccine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 795 participants were enrolled (intradermal vaccine n = 398; adjuvanted vaccine n = 397). Non-inferiority of the intradermal vaccine was demonstrated for the A/H1N1 and B strains, but not for the A/H3N2 strain (upper bound of the 95% CI = 1.53) using the HI method, and for all three strains by the SRH method. A post-hoc analysis of covariance to adjust for baseline antibody titres demonstrated the non-inferiority of the intradermal vaccine by HI and SRH methods for all three strains. Both vaccines were, in general, well tolerated; the incidence of injection-site reactions was higher for the intradermal (70.1%) than the adjuvanted vaccine (33.8%) but these reactions were mild and of short duration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The immunogenicity and safety of the intradermal seasonal influenza vaccine in the elderly was comparable with that of the adjuvanted vaccine. Intradermal vaccination to target the immune properties of the skin appears to be an appropriate strategy to address the challenge of declining immune responses in the elderly.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00554333.
authors.affiliation: University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium. pierre.vandamme@ua.ac.be
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Van Damme
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Arnou
authors.forename: Froukje
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kafeja
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fiquet
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Richard
authors.forename: Stéphane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Gilles
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Meghlaoui
authors.forename: Sandrine Isabelle
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Samson
authors.forename: Emilio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ledesma
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006385:Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests; D006805:Human Experimentation; D006801:Humans; D005779:Immunodiffusion; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype / Q000276:immunology; D053121:Influenza A Virus, H2N2 Subtype / Q000276:immunology; D009981:Influenza B virus / Q000276:immunology; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology*; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007271:Injections, Intradermal; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D008297:Male; D011136:Polysorbates / Q000008:administration & dosage; D013185:Squalene / Q000008:administration & dosage; D022223:Vaccines, Subunit / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D007252:Influenza Vaccines; C089950:MF59 oil emulsion; D011136:Polysorbates; D022223:Vaccines, Subunit; D013185:Squalene