title: Stabilizing smoked salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) tissue after extraction of oil.
abstract: Alaska salmon oils are rich in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and are highly valued by the food and pharmaceutical industries. However, the tissue that remains after oil extraction does not have an established market. Discarded pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) tissues were preserved using a combination of smoke-processing and acidification with lactic acid bacteria (LAB). All samples were analyzed for moisture, protein, ash, and lipid contents. Bacterial cell counts, pH, and lactic acid concentrations were recorded as a measure of LAB viability. Neither raw nor smoked salmon were free from spoilage during 60 d of storage. Only fermented samples successfully stabilized below pH 4.7, while retaining lactic acid concentrations over 15 g/L during storage. When smoked, fermented salmon head tissues were dried, the pH of the resulting high-protein "cracker" was significantly lower than when crackers were prepared only from the smoked (but not fermented) salmon material. Both cracker varieties retained valuable polyunsaturated fatty acids. This research suggests that salmon-head tissues discarded after oil extraction represent a good source of protein and high-value fatty acids in a shelf-stable form.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Alaska salmon oils are rich in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and are highly valued by the food and pharmaceutical industries. However, the tissue that remains after oil extraction does not have an established market. Material produced from salmon tissue discarded after oil extraction may represent a valuable resource for preparing high-protein crackers and other fish-based food products. In addition to providing a unique smoke-flavoring, the smoked, fermented fish material may also impart antioxidant factors thereby extending the shelf life of the product.
authors.affiliation: USDA Agricultural Research Service, Subarctic Agricultural Research Unit, PO Box 757200, Fairbanks, AK 99775-7200, USA. Cindy.Bower@ars.usda.gov
authors.forename: Cindy
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bower
authors.forename: Katie
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hietala
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000032:analysis; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000032:analysis; D005285:Fermentation; D005395:Fish Oils; D005396:Fish Products / Q000032:analysis* / Q000382:microbiology*; D005516:Food Microbiology; D005519:Food Preservation / Q000379:methods*; D006257:Head; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007220:Industrial Waste / Q000032:analysis*; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000032:analysis; D007777:Lactobacillaceae / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D013294:Lactococcus lactis / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D050296:Microbial Viability; D012474:Salmon / Q000382:microbiology; D012906:Smoke; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances / Q000032:analysis; D014867:Water / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D005227:Fatty Acids; D005395:Fish Oils; D007220:Industrial Waste; D012906:Smoke; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances; D014867:Water; D019344:Lactic Acid