title: First echelon hospital care before trauma center transfer in a rural trauma system: does it affect outcome?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Rural trauma has been associated with higher mortality because of a number of geographic and demographic factors. Many victims, of necessity, are first cared for in nearby hospitals, many of which are not designated trauma centers (TCs), and then transferred to identified TCs. This first echelon care might adversely affect eventual outcome. We have sought to examine the fate of trauma patients transferred after first echelon hospital evaluation and treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  All trauma patients transferred (referred group) to a Pennsylvania Level I TC located in a geographically isolated and rural setting during a 68-month period were retrospectively compared with patients transported directly to the TC (direct group). Outcome measures included mortality, complications, physiologic parameters on arrival at the TC, operations within 6 hours of arrival at the TC, discharge disposition from the TC, and functional outcome. Patients with an injury severity score <9 and those discharged from the TC within 24 hours were excluded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the study period, 2,388 patients were transported directly and 529 were transferred. Mortality between groups was not different: 6% (referred) versus 9% (direct), p = 0.074. Occurrence of complications was not different between the two groups. Physiologic parameters (systolic blood pressure, heart rate, and Glasgow Coma Scale score) at admission to the Level I TC differed statistically between the two groups but seemed near equivalent clinically. Sixteen percent of patients required an operative procedure within 6 hours in the direct group compared with 10% in the referral group (p = 0.001). Hospital and intensive care unit length of stay were less in the referred group, although this was not statistically significant. Performance scores on discharge were equivalent in all categories except transfer ability. Time from injury to definitive care (TC) was 1.6 hours ± 3.0 hours in the direct group and 5.3 hours ± 3.8 hours in the referred group (p < 0.0001). The most common procedure performed at first echelon hospitals was airway control (55% of referred patients).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this rural setting, care at first echelon hospitals, most (95%) of which were not designated TCs, seemed to augment, rather than detract from, favorable outcomes realized after definitive care at the TC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Conemaugh Memorial Medical Center, Johnstown, Pennsylvania, USA. thelling@surgery.umsmed.edu
authors.forename: Thomas S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Helling
authors.forename: Flavia
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Davit
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Edwards
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D005260:Female; D006780:Hospitals, Rural / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006801:Humans; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010360:Patient Transfer; D010414:Pennsylvania / Q000453:epidemiology; D012017:Referral and Consultation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012042:Registries; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012424:Rural Population; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013997:Time Factors; D014193:Trauma Centers; D015599:Trauma Severity Indices; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy*