title: Effects of recovery method after exercise on performance, immune changes, and psychological outcomes.
abstract: METHODS
  Randomized controlled trial using a repeated-measures design.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the effects of commonly used recovery interventions on time trial performance, immune changes, and psychological outcomes.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The use of cryotherapy is popular among athletes, but few studies have simultaneously examined physiological and psychological responses to different recovery strategies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine active men performed 3 trials, consisting of three 50-kJ "all out" cycling bouts, with 20 minutes of recovery after each bout. In a randomized order, different recovery interventions were applied after each ride for a given visit: rest, active recovery (cycling at 50 W), or cryotherapy (cold tub with water at 10°C). Blood samples obtained during each session were analyzed for lactate, IL-6, total leukocyte, neutrophil, and lymphocyte cell counts. Self-assessments of pain, perceived exertion, and lower extremity sensations were also completed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Time trial performance averaged 118 ± 10 seconds (mean ± SEM) for bout 1 and was 8% and 14% slower during bouts 2 (128 ± 11 seconds) and 3 (134 ± 11 seconds), respectively, with no difference between interventions (time effect, P≤.05). Recovery intervention did not influence lactate or IL-6, although greater mobilization of total leukocytes and neutrophils was observed with cryotherapy. Lymphopenia during recovery was greater with cryotherapy. Participants reported that their lower extremities felt better after cryotherapy (mean ± SEM, 6.0 ± 0.7 out of 10) versus active recovery (4.8 ± 0.9) or rest (2.8 ± 0.6) (trial effect, P≤.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Common recovery interventions did not influence performance, although cryotherapy created greater immune cell perturbation and the perception that the participants' lower extremities felt better.
authors.affiliation: Fowler Kennedy Sports Medicine Clinic, London, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Douglas L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Stacey
authors.forename: Martin J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Gibala
authors.forename: Kathleen A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Martin Ginis
authors.forename: Brian W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Timmons
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001772:Blood Cell Count; D017679:Cryotherapy; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D005082:Physical Exertion / Q000502:physiology*; D012146:Rest / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: C508600:IL6 protein, human; D015850:Interleukin-6; D019344:Lactic Acid