title: ppGpp analogues inhibit synthetase activity of Rel proteins from Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria.
abstract: A prominent feature of the stringent response is the accumulation of two unusual phosphorylated derivatives of GTP and GDP (pppGpp: 5'-triphosphate-3'-diphosphate, and ppGpp: 5'-3'-bis-diphosphate), collectively called (p)ppGpp, within a few seconds after the onset of amino-acid starvation. The synthesis of these 'alarmone' compounds is catalyzed by RelA homologues. Other features of the stringent response include inhibition of stable RNA synthesis and modulation of transcription, replication, and translation. (p)ppGpp accumulation is important for virulence induction, differentiation and antibiotic resistance. We have synthesized a group of (p)ppGpp analogues and tested them as competitive inhibitors of Rel proteins in vitro. 2'-Deoxyguanosine-3'-5'-di(methylene bisphosphonate) [compound (10)] was found as an inhibitor that reduces ppGpp formation in both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. In silico docking together with competitive inhibition analysis suggests that compound (10) inhibits activity of Rel proteins by competing with GTP/GDP for its binding site. As Rel proteins are completely absent in mammalians, this appears to be a very attractive approach for the development of novel antibacterial agents.
authors.affiliation: The Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.
authors.forename: Ezequiel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wexselblatt
authors.forename: Jehoshua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Katzhendler
authors.forename: Raspudin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Saleem-Batcha
authors.forename: Guido
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.forename: Rolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hilgenfeld
authors.forename: Gad
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Glaser
authors.forename: Roee R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Vidavski
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D001665:Binding Sites; D003198:Computer Simulation; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D006090:Gram-Negative Bacteria / Q000201:enzymology*; D006094:Gram-Positive Bacteria / Q000201:enzymology*; D006159:Guanosine Tetraphosphate / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000494:pharmacology; D008025:Ligases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D008968:Molecular Conformation
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D006159:Guanosine Tetraphosphate; D008025:Ligases; C028812:guanosine 3',5'-polyphosphate synthetases