title: Optimization of sampling procedures for DNA-based diagnosis of wood decay fungi in standing trees.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop fast and reliable sampling procedures for DNA-based diagnosis of wood decay fungi in standing trees.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 250 trees were tested for the presence of a suite of wood decay fungi by collecting wood frass obtained by drilling each tree once with a 4-mm-diameter, 43-cm-long bit. We identified at least one of 11 target wood decay fungi in 56 trees through multiplex PCR assays. The presence of target wood decay taxa was further investigated in these 56 trees, by analysing independently wood from each of six drillings. Results were then compared with those obtained using sampling schemes differing in terms of number and position of drillings. Samples of 1-4 drillings were either analysed separately, and the results were combined, or pooled together before analysis was performed. In comparison with taxa identified by the analysis of six drillings, diagnostic efficiency ranged from 56.6% for the scheme based on a single drill to 96.8% for the scheme based on four drillings analysed separately. Both schemes significantly differ (P < 0.05) from those based on two and three drillings, whose efficiency was 72.6% and 83.9%, respectively. Diagnostic efficiency of pooled samples was comparable to that of samples analysed separately.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Highest diagnostic efficiency was obtained by analysing wood from four drillings. It is advisable to pool samples deriving from different drillings to reduce laboratory costs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fast and reliable sampling procedures make DNA-based diagnosis more suitable for tree inspection procedures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Exploitation and Protection of the Agricultural and Forestry Resources (Di.Va.P.R.A.), Plant Pathology, University of Torino, Grugliasco, Italy.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Guglielmo
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gonthier
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Garbelotto
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nicolotti
mesh_terms: D044822:Biodiversity; D004271:DNA, Fungal / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005658:Fungi / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D056186:Metagenomics / Q000379:methods*; D009172:Mycology / Q000379:methods*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods*; D014197:Trees / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D004271:DNA, Fungal