title: Identification of Helicobacter spp. in bile and gallbladder tissue of patients with symptomatic gallbladder disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This experimental study was designed to determine if Helicobacter spp. contribute to benign gallbladder disease using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with benign gallbladder disease scheduled for elective cholecystectomy at New York University Langone Medical Center were recruited from February to May 2008. Bile, gallbladder tissue and gallstones were collected. DNA was isolated from these specimens and amplified via PCR using C97F and C98R primers specific for Helicobacter spp. Appropriate positive and negative controls were used. Products were analysed with agarose gel electrophoresis, sequenced and results aligned using sequencher. Plasma was collected for detection of anti-Helicobacter pylori antibodies via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 36 patients, 12 patients' bile and/or tissue were positive for Helicobacter spp. by PCR. Species were most homologous with H. pylori, although other Helicobacter spp. were suggested. Six of 12 patients demonstrated anti-Helicobacter antibodies in plasma, suggesting that the remaining six might have demonstrated other species besides H. pylori. Four of six plasma samples with anti-Helicobacter antibodies were anti-CagA (cytotoxin associated gene) negative.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Helicobacter spp. can be detected in bile and gallbladder tissue of patients with benign gallbladder disease. The contribution of these bacteria to the pathophysiology of gallbladder disease and gallstone formation requires further study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: M Shirin
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Sabbaghian
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ranaudo
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.forename: Alexandra P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Alongi
authors.forename: Guillermo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Perez-Perez
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Shamamian
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial / Q000097:blood; D000942:Antigens, Bacterial / Q000276:immunology; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000276:immunology; D001646:Bile / Q000382:microbiology*; D002763:Cholecystectomy; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000302:isolation & purification; D017558:Elective Surgical Procedures; D004587:Electrophoresis, Agar Gel; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D005704:Gallbladder / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000601:surgery; D042882:Gallstones / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000601:surgery; D016998:Helicobacter / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000601:surgery; D016480:Helicobacter pylori / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009519:New York City; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial; D000942:Antigens, Bacterial; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; C080866:cagA protein, Helicobacter pylori