title: Effects of a high-intensity functional exercise programme on depressive symptoms and psychological well-being among older people living in residential care facilities: A cluster-randomized controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effects of a high-intensity functional exercise programme on depressive symptoms and psychological well-being among older people dependent in activities of daily living (ADL) and living in residential care facilities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cluster-randomized controlled study. Participants were 191 older people, aged 65-100, dependent in ADL and with Mini Mental State Examination scores between 10 and 30. One-hundred (52%) of the participants had a diagnosed dementia disorder. A high-intensity functional weight-bearing exercise programme and a control activity were performed in groups. Sessions were held five times over each two week period for three months, a total of 29 times. The outcome measures, Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15) and Philadelphia Geriatric Center Morale Scale (PGCMS) were blindly assessed at baseline, three and six months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline, mean +/- SD (range) for GDS was 4.4 +/- 3.2 (0-14), and for PGCMS 11.0 +/- 3.5 (2-17). There were no significant differences in GDS or PGCMS between the exercise and the control group at the three and six month follow-ups in the total sample. Among people with dementia, there was a between-group difference at three months in PGCMS scores in favour of the exercise group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A high-intensity functional exercise programme seems generally not to influence depressive symptoms or psychological well-being among older people dependent in ADL and living in residential care facilities. An individualized and multifactorial intervention may be needed in this group. However, an exercise programme as a single intervention may have a short-term effect on well-being among people with dementia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Geriatric Medicine, Umeå University, Sweden. mia.conradsson@germed.umu.se <mia.conradsson@germed.umu.se>
authors.forename: Mia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Conradsson
authors.forename: Håkan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Littbrand
authors.forename: Nina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lindelof
authors.forename: Yngve
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gustafson
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rosendahl
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003858:Dependency, Psychological; D003863:Depression / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D005081:Exercise Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010549:Personal Satisfaction; D011788:Quality of Life; D012112:Residential Facilities; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013548:Sweden; D016896:Treatment Outcome