title: Phase variation controls expression of Salmonella lipopolysaccharide modification genes by a DNA methylation-dependent mechanism.
abstract: The O-antigen of Salmonella lipopolysaccharide is a major antigenic determinant and its chemical composition forms the basis for Salmonella serotyping. Modifications of the O-antigen that can affect the serotype include those carried out by the products of glycosyltransferase operons (gtr), which are present on specific Salmonella and phage genomes. Here we show that expression of the gtr genes encoded by phage P22 that confers the O1 serotype is under the control of phase variation. This phase variation occurs by a novel epigenetic mechanism requiring OxyR in conjunction with the DNA methyltransferase Dam. OxyR is an activator or a repressor of the system depending on which of its two binding sites in the gtr regulatory region is occupied. Binding is decreased by methylation at Dam target sequences in either site, and this confers heritability of the expression state to the system. Most Salmonella gtr operons share the key regulatory elements that are identified here as essential for this epigenetic phase variation.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Immunology and Infection, Hull York Medical School and the Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK.
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Broadbent
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: van der Woude
mesh_terms: D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D017100:Bacteriophage P22; D001483:Base Sequence; D019175:DNA Methylation; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000378:metabolism; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic; D015964:Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; D016695:Glycosyltransferases / Q000235:genetics; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D005810:Multigene Family; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D019081:O Antigens / Q000378:metabolism; D009876:Operon; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D015265:Site-Specific DNA-Methyltransferase (Adenine-Specific) / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D019081:O Antigens; D012097:Repressor Proteins; C058693:Dam methyltransferase; D015265:Site-Specific DNA-Methyltransferase (Adenine-Specific); D016695:Glycosyltransferases