title: PGM2 overexpression improves anaerobic galactose fermentation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In Saccharomyces cerevisiae galactose is initially metabolized through the Leloir pathway after which glucose 6-phosphate enters glycolysis. Galactose is controlled both by glucose repression and by galactose induction. The gene PGM2 encodes the last enzyme of the Leloir pathway, phosphoglucomutase 2 (Pgm2p), which catalyses the reversible conversion of glucose 1-phosphate to glucose 6-phosphate. Overexpression of PGM2 has previously been shown to enhance aerobic growth of S. cerevisiae in galactose medium.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the present study we show that overexpression of PGM2 under control of the HXT7'promoter from an integrative plasmid increased the PGM activity 5 to 6 times, which significantly reduced the lag phase of glucose-pregrown cells in an anaerobic galactose culture. PGM2 overexpression also increased the anaerobic specific growth rate whereas ethanol production was less influenced. When PGM2 was overexpressed from a multicopy plasmid instead, the PGM activity increased almost 32 times. However, this increase of PGM activity did not further improve aerobic galactose fermentation as compared to the strain carrying PGM2 on the integrative plasmid.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PGM2 overexpression in S. cerevisiae from an integrative plasmid is sufficient to reduce the lag phase and to enhance the growth rate in anaerobic galactose fermentation, which results in an overall decrease in fermentation duration. This observation is of particular importance for the future development of stable industrial strains with enhanced PGM activity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Microbiology, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: Rosa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Garcia Sanchez
authors.forename: Bärbel
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hahn-Hägerdal
authors.forename: Marie F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Gorwa-Grauslund
mesh_terms: D000693:Anaerobiosis; D005285:Fermentation; D005690:Galactose / Q000378:metabolism*; D009004:Monosaccharide Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D010733:Phosphoglucomutase / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D010957:Plasmids / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000254:growth & development; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C095258:HXT7 protein, S cerevisiae; D009004:Monosaccharide Transport Proteins; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; D010733:Phosphoglucomutase; D005690:Galactose