title: A randomized controlled trial of acupuncture for osteoarthritis of the knee: effects of patient-provider communication.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There is conflicting evidence on the efficacy of traditional Chinese acupuncture (TCA), and the role of placebo effects elicited by acupuncturists' behavior has not been elucidated. We conducted a 3-month randomized clinical trial in patients with knee osteoarthritis to compare the efficacy of TCA with sham acupuncture and to examine the effects of acupuncturists' communication styles.
  
  
  METHODS
  Acupuncturists were trained to interact in 1 of 2 communication styles: high or neutral expectations. Patients were randomized to 1 of 3 style groups, waiting list, high, or neutral, and nested within style, TCA or sham acupuncture twice a week over 6 weeks. Sham acupuncture was performed in nonmeridian points with shallow needles and minimal stimulation. Primary outcome measures were Joint-Specific Multidimensional Assessment of Pain (J-MAP), Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC), and satisfaction scores.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients (n = 455) received treatment (TCA or sham) and 72 controls were included. No statistically significant differences were observed between TCA or sham acupuncture, but both groups had significant reductions in J-MAP (-1.1, -1.0, and -0.1, respectively; P < 0.001) and WOMAC pain (-13.7, -14, and -1.7, respectively; P < 0.001) compared with the waiting group. Statistically significant differences were observed in J-MAP pain reduction and satisfaction, favoring the high expectations group. In the TCA and sham groups, 52% and 43%, respectively, thought they had received TCA (κ = 0.05), suggesting successful blinding.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TCA was not superior to sham acupuncture. However, acupuncturists' styles had significant effects on pain reduction and satisfaction, suggesting that the analgesic benefits of acupuncture can be partially mediated through placebo effects related to the acupuncturist's behavior.
authors.affiliation: University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA. MSAlmazor@mdanderson.org
authors.forename: Maria E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Suarez-Almazor
authors.forename: Carol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Looney
authors.forename: Yanfang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Vanessa
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Cox
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pietz
authors.forename: Donald M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Marcus
authors.forename: Richard L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Street
mesh_terms: D026881:Acupuncture; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D003142:Communication; D015671:Electroacupuncture / Q000379:methods / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020370:Osteoarthritis, Knee / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care / Q000523:psychology*; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D015990:Placebo Effect; D011369:Professional-Patient Relations; D012718:Set, Psychology; D016896:Treatment Outcome