title: Effects of bepridil versus E-4031 on transmural ventricular repolarization and inducibility of ventricular tachyarrhythmias in the dog.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bepridil (a multiple channel blocker) may markedly prolong the QT interval and induce polymorphic ventricular tachyarrhythmias (VTA). We compared the transmural ventricular repolarization characteristics and inducibility of polymorphic VTA after administration of bepridil versus the pure I(Kr) blocker, E-4031, each administered to five open-chest dogs.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used plunge needle electrode to record transmural left ventricular (LV) repolarization and activation-recovery interval (ARI) to estimate local repolarization. The correlation between paced cycle length and ARI was separately examined in the LV endocardium, mid-myocardium (Mid), and epicardium. Attempts to induce VTA were made during bradycardia and sympathetic stimulation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bepridil and E-4031 prolonged QT interval and ARI in all LV layers, though the magnitude of prolongation was greatest in Mid, increasing the transmural ARI dispersion, particularly during bradycardia. Compared with E-4031, bepridil caused mild, reverse use-dependent changes in ventricular repolarization, and less ARI dispersion than E-4031 during slow ventricular pacing. Both drugs increased ARI(max) and cycle length at 50% of ARI(max), though the changes were smaller after bepridil than after E-4031 administration. Bradycardia after the administration of each drug induced no VTA; however, sympathetic stimulation induced sustained polymorphic VTA in two of five dogs treated with E-4031 versus no dog treated with bepridil.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Unlike the pure I(kr) blocker, E-4031, bepridil exhibited weak properties of reverse use-dependency and protected against sympathetic stimulation-induced VTA. It may be an effective supplemental treatment for recipients of implantable cardioverter defibrillator.
authors.affiliation: First Department of Internal Medicine, Niigata University School of Medicine, Niigata, Japan.
authors.forename: Daisuke
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Izumi
authors.forename: Masaomi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chinushi
authors.forename: Kenichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Iijima
authors.forename: Shizue
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ahara
authors.forename: Satoru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Komura
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Furushima
authors.forename: Yukio
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hosaka
authors.forename: Akiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sanada
authors.forename: Nobue
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yagihara
authors.forename: Yoshifusa
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Aizawa
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015764:Bepridil / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002548:Cerebral Revascularization; D004285:Dogs; D022062:Electrophysiologic Techniques, Cardiac; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D010880:Piperidines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011725:Pyridines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017180:Tachycardia, Ventricular / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D010880:Piperidines; D011725:Pyridines; C063968:E 4031; D015764:Bepridil