title: Low cortisol levels in blood from dairy cows with ketosis: a field study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An elevated plasma glucose concentration has been considered to be a potential risk factor in the pathogenesis of left-displaced abomasums (DA). Therefore the present study was performed to investigate if spontaneous disease (parturient paresis, metritis, ketosis etc) in dairy cows results in elevated concentrations of glucose and cortisol in blood as cortisol is the major regulator of glucose in ruminants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cortisol, insulin, beta-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA), non esterified fatty acids (NEFA), and serum calcium were analyzed in blood serum and glucose, in whole blood, from 57 spontaneously diseased cows collected at different farms. The cows were grouped according to the disease; parturient paresis, recumbent for other reasons, mastitis, metritis, ketosis, inappetance and others.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No elevated concentrations of cortisol or glucose were found in cows with metritis and mastitis but both cortisol and glucose were elevated in cows stressed by recumbency. Cows with ketonemia (BHBA > 1.5 mmol/l) did not have low concentration of glucose in blood but significantly low levels of cortisol. Some of these cows even had cortisol concentrations below the detection limit of the analysing method (< 14 nmol/l).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study gives patho-physiological support to the treatment strategies of ketosis, recommending glucocorticoids, insulin etc. However further studies of this problem are needed to understand why cows with ketosis have low levels of cortisol and normal levels of glucose. To what extent elevated cortisol and glucose levels in hypocalcemic and recumbent cows are involved in the ethiology and /or the pathogenesis of DA also will need further research.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Box 7054, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, SLU, S-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden. kristina.forslund@kv.slu.se
authors.forename: Kristina B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Forslund
authors.forename: Orjan A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Ljungvall
authors.forename: Bernt V
authors.initials: BV
authors.lastname: Jones
mesh_terms: D020155:3-Hydroxybutyric Acid / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D002118:Calcium / Q000097:blood; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007662:Ketosis / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism / Q000662:veterinary*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012044:Regression Analysis
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D007328:Insulin; D002118:Calcium; D020155:3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; D006854:Hydrocortisone