title: It's others, not the police: smoking, reprimand, and fines among adults of Korean descent in California.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study assesses the association of immediate social and legal reprimand and current smoking status among Californians of Korean descent.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were drawn from a population-based probability sample using a telephone survey conducted by bilingual, professional interviewers (N = 2085). About 85.0% of eligible respondents completed interviews and 86.3% of participants preferred to be interviewed in Korean.
  
  
  METHODS
  Smoking status was measured using Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria, ever smoked 100 cigarettes and currently smoke every day or some days.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reports of immediate criticism by others in several settings was associated with nonsmoking, but likelihood of immediate legal penalties was unrelated. Participants were far less likely to expect legal than social sanction. Results were replicated after controlling for reinforcers of smoking and ecologically relevant variables including models of smoking, primary group social support for smoking, acculturation, sex, acculturation by sex (male) interaction, age, and education. It may be efficacious to target public health interventions encouraging appropriate social sanctions of smoking in public among persons of Korean descent, and to encourage strict enforcement of legal penalties for smoking in public places.
authors.affiliation: Center for Behavioral Epidemiology and Community Health, Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, 9245 Sky Park Court, San Diego, CA 92123, USA. rhofstet@mail.sdsu.edu
authors.forename: C Richard
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Hofstetter
authors.forename: Melbourne F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Hovell
authors.forename: Veronica L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Irvin
authors.forename: John W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Ayers
authors.forename: Suzanne C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.forename: Sunny
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kang
mesh_terms: D000069:Acculturation; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001213:Asian / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002140:California / Q000453:epidemiology; D003466:Cultural Characteristics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016495:Police; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D012931:Social Environment; D012944:Social Support; D055815:Young Adult