title: Phase I dose-escalation study of brostallicin, a minor groove binder, in combination with cisplatin in patients with advanced solid tumors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Brostallicin is a DNA minor groove binder which shows enhanced antitumor activity in cells which are resistant to several anticancer agents due to their high glutathione S-transferase (GST)/glutathione content. Phase I and II clinical trials of single-agent brostallicin have shown that myelotoxicity is the dose-limiting toxicity (DLT), while hints of antitumor activity were mainly observed in soft tissue sarcoma. Preclinical studies showing a more than additive antitumor effect of the cisplatin-brostallicin combination paved the way to clinical combination studies. In particular, we set up the first clinical combination study of brostallicin and cisplatin in patients with advanced solid tumors. This study was to be followed by a phase II study in patients with recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN).
  
  
  METHODS
  Escalating doses of brostallicin were administered in combination with a fixed dose of cisplatin (75 mg/m(2)) in patients with recurrent or metastatic advanced solid tumors who had previously received a cumulative dose of cisplatin not higher than 475 mg/m(2). The recommended dose of brostallicin was expanded in order to have a better estimate of antitumor activity and to better define the safety profile of the combination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-one patients were treated. Two DLTs (grade 3 fatigue and febrile neutropenia) were observed at dose level 3 (brostallicin 9 mg/m(2)). Dose level 2 (brostallicin 7 mg/m(2) and cisplatin 75 mg/m(2)) was recommended for future phase II studies. Main toxicity was hematologic; in fact, only 1 patient out of 21 did not develop neutropenia and only 2 patients did not have thrombocytopenia. Grade 3-4 neutropenia was observed in 90.5% of patients, grade 3-4 thrombocytopenia in 38.1%, grade 3-4 anemia in 23.8%. The cycle 1 nadir (ANC < 500 x 10(9)/L) for neutrophils was Day 14 (median; range 11-17) with recovery to an ANC of >1,500 3.5 days after nadir (median; range 2-4) at dose level 3. The cycle 1 nadir (median of 51,000 x 10(9)/L) for platelets occurred on Day 13 (median; range 10-15) with recovery to a platelet count of >100,000 4 days after nadir (median; range 2-8). No objective responses were observed, but seven patients had a long lasting (>18 weeks) stable disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Further studies of the combination of brostallicin and cisplatin are warranted.
authors.affiliation: National Tumor Institute, Naples, Italy. caponigrof@libero.it
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Caponigro
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lorusso
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fornari
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Barone
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Merlano
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Airoldi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schena
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: MacArthur
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Weitman
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Jannuzzo
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Crippa
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fiorentini
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Petroccione
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Comis
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002945:Cisplatin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006146:Guanidines / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011758:Pyrroles / Q000008:administration & dosage; D012727:Sex Characteristics
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D006146:Guanidines; D011758:Pyrroles; D002945:Cisplatin; C455279:brostallicin