title: Outcomes of early pubertal timing in young women: a prospective population-based study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Early pubertal timing in girls is associated with psychosocial problems throughout adolescence, but it is unclear whether these problems persist into young adulthood. The authors analyzed outcomes in adolescence and young adulthood in girls in a longitudinal study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The data for this study were from the prospective population-based Great Smoky Mountains Study (N=1,420), which initially recruited children at ages 9, 11, and 13 and followed them into young adulthood. Pubertal timing was defined on the basis of self-reported Tanner stage and age at menarche. Outcome measures included functioning related to crime, substance use, school/peer problems, family relationships, sexual behavior, and mental health in adolescence (ages 13 to 16) as well as crime, substance use, education/socioeconomic status, sexual behavior, and mental health in young adulthood (ages 19 and 21).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In adolescence, early-maturing girls displayed higher levels of self-reported criminality, substance use problems, social isolation, early sexual behavior, and psychiatric problems. By young adulthood, most of these differences had attenuated. Functioning for early maturers improved in some areas; in others, on-time and late maturers had caught up with their early-maturing peers. Nevertheless, early-maturing girls, particularly those with a history of adolescent conduct disorder, were more likely to be depressed in young adulthood compared to their counterparts. Early maturers were also more likely to have had many sexual partners.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The effects of early pubertal timing on adolescent psychosocial problems were wide ranging but diminished by young adulthood for all but a small group.
authors.affiliation: Duke University Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Box 3454, Durham, NC 27710, USA. william.copeland@duke.edu
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Copeland
authors.forename: Lilly
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Shanahan
authors.forename: Shari
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: E Jane
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Costello
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Angold
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Maughan
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D019955:Conduct Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008572:Menarche / Q000523:psychology; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D010379:Peer Group; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011629:Puberty, Precocious / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D012725:Sexual Behavior / Q000502:physiology / Q000523:psychology; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult