title: Prenatal origins of hospitalization for personality disorders: the Helsinki birth cohort study.
abstract: Although a suboptimal prenatal environment has been linked with schizophrenia and depression, possible associations with personality disorders remain unclear. The aim of this study was to examine the associations of body size at birth and length of gestation with hospitalization for personality disorders in a cohort study of 6506 men and 5857 women born in Helsinki, Finland, between 1934 and 1944. International Classification of Diseases (-8, -9, -10) diagnoses of personality disorders were extracted from the national Finnish Hospital Discharge Register since 1969. 102 men and 80 women had been hospitalized due to any personality disorder. 41 men and 30 women had dramatic personality disorders. Among men, head circumference showed an inverse J-shaped, nonlinear association with hospitalization for personality disorders. Men with a small head circumference were at increased risk. Also in men, a smaller head-to-length ratio linearly predicted personality disorders. Among women, a smaller placental area predicted increased risk of hospitalization for dramatic personality disorders. Vulnerability to personality disorders may be programmed during fetal life.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. marius.lahti@helsinki.fi
authors.forename: Marius
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lahti
authors.forename: Katri
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Räikkönen
authors.forename: Kristian
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wahlbeck
authors.forename: Kati
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Heinonen
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Forsén
authors.forename: Eero
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kajantie
authors.forename: Anu-Katriina
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Pesonen
authors.forename: Clive
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Osmond
authors.forename: David J P
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Barker
authors.forename: Johan G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Eriksson
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001724:Birth Weight; D049628:Body Size; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D038801:International Classification of Diseases; D008297:Male; D010554:Personality Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D010555:Personality Inventory; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D012737:Sex Factors; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric