title: Plasmodium yoelii: influence of immune modulators on the development of the liver stage.
abstract: Plasmodium sporozoites suppress the respiratory burst and antigen presentation of Kupffer cells, which are regarded as the portal of invasion into hepatocytes. It is not known whether immune modulation of Kupffer cells can affect the liver stage. In the present study, we found that sporozoites inoculated into Wistar rats could be detected in the liver, spleen, and lung; however, most sporozoites were arrested in the liver. Sporozoites were captured by Kupffer cells lined with endothelial cells in the liver sinusoid before hepatocyte invasion. Pretreatment with TLR3 agonist poly(I:C) and TLR2 agonist BCG primarily activated Kupffer cells, inhibiting the sporozoite development into the exoerythrocytic form, whereas Kupffer cell antagonists dexamethasone and cyclophosphamide promoted development of the liver stage. Our data suggests that sporozoite development into its exoerythrocytic form may be associated with Kupffer cell functional status. Immune modulation of Kupffer cells could be a promising strategy to prevent malaria parasite infection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathogenic Biology, Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Zhengjie, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, PR China. xuwenyue@gmail.com
authors.forename: Xu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wen-yue
authors.forename: Wang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Xing-xiang
authors.forename: Qi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Jie
authors.forename: Duan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jian-hua
authors.forename: Huang
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fu-sheng
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles; D001500:BCG Vaccine / Q000494:pharmacology; D020285:Cryoelectron Microscopy; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000494:pharmacology; D003907:Dexamethasone / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000494:pharmacology; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D007369:Interferon Inducers / Q000494:pharmacology; D007728:Kupffer Cells / Q000469:parasitology; D008099:Liver / Q000469:parasitology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008168:Lung / Q000469:parasitology; D008297:Male; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D010967:Plasmodium yoelii / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000276:immunology; D011070:Poly I-C / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013154:Spleen / Q000469:parasitology
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D001500:BCG Vaccine; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D007155:Immunologic Factors; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D007369:Interferon Inducers; D003907:Dexamethasone; D003520:Cyclophosphamide; D011070:Poly I-C