title: Red blood cell generation from human induced pluripotent stem cells: perspectives for transfusion medicine.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ex vivo manufacture of red blood cells from stem cells is a potential means to ensure an adequate and safe supply of blood cell products. Advances in somatic cell reprogramming of human induced pluripotent stem cells have opened the door to generating specific cells for cell therapy. Human induced pluripotent stem cells represent a potentially unlimited source of stem cells for erythroid generation for transfusion medicine.
  
  
  METHODS
  We characterized the erythroid differentiation and maturation of human induced pluripotent stem cell lines obtained from human fetal (IMR90) and adult fibroblasts (FD-136) compared to those of a human embryonic stem cell line (H1). Our protocol comprises two steps: (i) differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells by formation of embryoid bodies with indispensable conditioning in the presence of cytokines and human plasma to obtain early erythroid commitment, and (ii) differentiation/maturation to the stage of cultured red blood cells in the presence of cytokines. The protocol dispenses with major constraints such as an obligatory passage through a hematopoietic progenitor, co-culture on a cellular stroma and use of proteins of animal origin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We report for the first time the complete differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells into definitive erythrocytes capable of maturation up to enucleated red blood cells containing fetal hemoglobin in a functional tetrameric form.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Red blood cells generated from human induced pluripotent stem cells pave the way for future development of allogeneic transfusion products. This could be done by banking a very limited number of red cell phenotype combinations enabling the safe transfusion of a great number of immunized patients.
authors.affiliation: INSERM, UMR_S938, Faculté de médecine Pierre et Marie Curie, 27 rue de Chaligny, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Hélène
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lapillonne
authors.forename: Ladan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kobari
authors.forename: Christelle
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mazurier
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tropel
authors.forename: Marie-Catherine
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Giarratana
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Zanella-Cleon
authors.forename: Laurent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kiger
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wattenhofer-Donzé
authors.forename: Hélène
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Puccio
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hebert
authors.forename: Alain
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Francina
authors.forename: Georges
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Andreu
authors.forename: Stéphane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Viville
authors.forename: Luc
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Douay
mesh_terms: D018929:Cell Culture Techniques / Q000379:methods; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002460:Cell Line; D016207:Cytokines / Q000494:pharmacology; D017707:Erythrocyte Transfusion; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000166:cytology*; D006801:Humans; D057026:Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines