title: Biomechanical analysis of proximal humeral fixation using locking plate fixation with an intramedullary fibular allograft.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Loss of locking plate fixation has been reported in proximal humeral fractures, particularly in older patients with poor bone density. In such fractures, the medial support between the humeral head and shaft is occasionally missing, resulting in varus collapse of the construct. A biomechanical study was performed to understand the behaviour of the interface of these fractures fixed with a locking plate fixation with and without augmentation. The augmentation consisted of an intramedullary fibular allograft (bone peg) that has been reported for use in these fractures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six embalmed pairs of specimens were utilized; each pair of specimens had one humerus repaired with the locking plate fixation, and the other humerus repaired with the plate fixation and bone peg. The constructs were tested in bending to determine the relative movement between the humeral head and the shaft under bending loads, and the failure loads of both constructs. Digital Imaging Correlation was used to determine the relative movement.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The bone peg increased the failure load of the constructs by 1.72 (SD 0.54) times (P=0.02). The relative movement was measured by comparing the initial stiffness of both constructs. Initial stiffness of the construct was increased 3.84 (SD 1.92) times (P=0.005) with the use of the bone peg.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The intramedullary bone peg significantly decreases the relative movement at the interface. Further studies are needed to accurately determine the effect this reduction has on the healing process, and overall clinical result.
authors.affiliation: Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. mathison@ualberta.ca
authors.forename: Craig
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mathison
authors.forename: Rey
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chaudhary
authors.forename: Lauren
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Beaupre
authors.forename: Mathew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Reynolds
authors.forename: Samer
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Adeeb
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bouliane
mesh_terms: D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001860:Bone Plates; D002102:Cadaver; D019245:Compressive Strength; D055119:Elastic Modulus; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D005260:Female; D005360:Fibula / Q000637:transplantation*; D005593:Fracture Fixation, Internal / Q000295:instrumentation*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012784:Shoulder Fractures / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D013718:Tensile Strength