title: Effect of hormonal contraceptive use on HIV progression in female HIV seroconverters in Rakai, Uganda.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the association between hormonal contraceptive use and HIV progression.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective analysis of 625 female HIV seroconverters from a Ugandan cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Multivariate Cox regression analyses incorporating time-varying hormonal contraceptive exposure were used to estimate the adjusted hazard ratios of death, and a composite outcome of AIDS or death, associated with hormonal contraceptive use. Sensitivity analyses included lagging hormonal contraceptive exposure, varying comparison groups, and separately assessing effects of oral and injectable contraceptives.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 27.5% of women reported ever using hormonal contraception. Of 625 women, 104 (16.6%) died and 291 (46.6%) progressed to AIDS or death during observation. Time-varying hormonal contraceptive use was not associated with an increased hazard of death as compared with nonuse of hormonal contraception (adjusted hazard ratio 0.76, 95% confidence interval 0.41-1.39, P = 0.37), and was associated with a significantly reduced hazard of progression to AIDS or death (adjusted hazard ratio 0.70, 95% confidence interval 0.50-0.97, P = 0.03). None of the sensitivity analyses suggested an adverse effect of hormonal contraception on HIV progression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hormonal contraceptive use was not associated with faster progression to death, and was associated with a reduced hazard of progression to the composite outcome of AIDS or death.
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. cpolis@jhsph.edu
authors.forename: Chelsea B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Polis
authors.forename: Maria J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Wawer
authors.forename: Noah
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kiwanuka
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Laeyendecker
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kagaayi
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lutalo
authors.forename: Fred
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Nalugoda
authors.forename: Godfrey
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kigozi
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Serwadda
authors.forename: Ronald H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Gray
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003278:Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006679:HIV Seropositivity / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality*; D015497:HIV-1; D006801:Humans; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014454:Uganda; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D003278:Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal