title: Functional characterization of the vertebrate primary ureter: structure and ion transport mechanisms of the pronephric duct in axolotl larvae (Amphibia).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Three kidney systems appear during vertebrate development: the pronephroi, mesonephroi and metanephroi. The pronephric duct is the first or primary ureter of these kidney systems. Its role as a key player in the induction of nephrogenic mesenchyme is well established. Here we investigate whether the duct is involved in urine modification using larvae of the freshwater amphibian Ambystoma mexicanum (axolotl) as model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We investigated structural as well as physiological properties of the pronephric duct. The key elements of our methodology were: using histology, light and transmission electron microscopy as well as confocal laser scanning microscopy on fixed tissue and applying the microperfusion technique on isolated pronephric ducts in combination with single cell microelectrode impalements. Our data show that the fully differentiated pronephric duct is composed of a single layered epithelium consisting of one cell type comparable to the principal cell of the renal collecting duct system. The cells are characterized by a prominent basolateral labyrinth and a relatively smooth apical surface with one central cilium. Cellular impalements demonstrate the presence of apical Na+ and K+ conductances, as well as a large K+ conductance in the basolateral cell membrane. Immunolabeling experiments indicate heavy expression of Na+/K+-ATPase in the basolateral labyrinth.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We propose that the pronephric duct is important for the subsequent modification of urine produced by the pronephros. Our results indicate that it reabsorbs sodium and secretes potassium via channels present in the apical cell membrane with the driving force for ion movement provided by the Na+/K+ pump. This is to our knowledge the first characterization of the pronephric duct, the precursor of the collecting duct system, which provides a model of cell structure and basic mechanisms for ion transport. Such information may be important in understanding the evolution of vertebrate kidney systems and human diseases associated with congenital malformations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Birgitte M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Haugan
authors.forename: Kenneth A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Halberg
authors.forename: Ase
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jespersen
authors.forename: Lea R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Prehn
authors.forename: Nadja
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Møbjerg
mesh_terms: D000558:Ambystoma mexicanum / Q000196:embryology*; D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D017136:Ion Transport; D014513:Ureter / Q000166:cytology / Q000196:embryology*