title: Alternative splicing regulates mouse embryonic stem cell pluripotency and differentiation.
abstract: Two major goals of regenerative medicine are to reproducibly transform adult somatic cells into a pluripotent state and to control their differentiation into specific cell fates. Progress toward these goals would be greatly helped by obtaining a complete picture of the RNA isoforms produced by these cells due to alternative splicing (AS) and alternative promoter selection (APS). To investigate the roles of AS and APS, reciprocal exon-exon junctions were interrogated on a genome-wide scale in differentiating mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells with a prototype Affymetrix microarray. Using a recently released open-source software package named AltAnalyze, we identified 144 genes for 170 putative isoform variants, the majority (67%) of which were predicted to alter protein sequence and domain composition. Verified alternative exons were largely associated with pathways of Wnt signaling and cell-cycle control, and most were conserved between mouse and human. To examine the functional impact of AS, we characterized isoforms for two genes. As predicted by AltAnalyze, we found that alternative isoforms of the gene Serca2 were targeted by distinct microRNAs (miRNA-200b, miRNA-214), suggesting a critical role for AS in cardiac development. Analysis of the Wnt transcription factor Tcf3, using selective knockdown of an ES cell-enriched and characterized isoform, revealed several distinct targets for transcriptional repression (Stmn2, Ccnd2, Atf3, Klf4, Nodal, and Jun) as well as distinct differentiation outcomes in ES cells. The findings herein illustrate a critical role for AS in the specification of ES cells with differentiation, and highlight the utility of global functional analyses of AS.
authors.affiliation: Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
authors.forename: Nathan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Salomonis
authors.forename: Christopher R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Schlieve
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wahlquist
authors.forename: Alexandre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Colas
authors.forename: Alexander C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Zambon
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Vranizan
authors.forename: Matthew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Spindler
authors.forename: Alexander R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Pico
authors.forename: Melissa S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Cline
authors.forename: Tyson A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: John E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Blume
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Samal
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mercola
authors.forename: Bradley J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Merrill
authors.forename: Bruce R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Conklin
mesh_terms: D017398:Alternative Splicing; D000818:Animals; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D053595:Embryonic Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D005091:Exons; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D000090062:Kruppel-Like Factor 4; D051379:Mice; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000235:genetics; D039904:Pluripotent Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D012641:Selection, Genetic; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D051153:Wnt Proteins / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C000715467:KLF4 protein, human; C000715468:Klf4 protein, mouse; D000090062:Kruppel-Like Factor 4; D035683:MicroRNAs; D051153:Wnt Proteins