title: Comparing bond strengths of brackets on primary teeth with 3 different primers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purposes of this study were to: (1) examine the shear bond strengths (SBSs) of orthodontic brackets bonded to primary teeth with conventional, self-etching, and moisture-insensitive primers; and (2) evaluate the mode of bracket failure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-eight human primary teeth were divided equally into 6 groups: (1) the enamel surface was etched, and a conventional primer was applied under dry conditions; (2) the enamel surface was dried, and a self-etching primer was applied; (3) the enamel surface was etched, and a moisture-insensitive primer was applied under dry conditions; (4-6) the same adhesives were used as those in groups 1 to 3, but before priming, each tooth was moistened. Metal brackets were bonded with adhesive. SBSs were measured using a universal testing machine, and the bracket/adhesive failure modes were evaluated with the adhesive remnant index.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A notable drop in bond strength and a high incidence of bond failure at the enamel-adhesive interface were found in group 4. There was no significant difference in mean SBSs among the other groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These adhesive systems under specific conditions enable us to use a primary tooth in the sectional bracket appliance as the anchor tooth, thus helping improve the outcome of early treatment for malocclusion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontic Dentistry, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry, Niigata, Japan. lieko@ngt.ndu.ac.jp
authors.forename: Rieko
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ozoe-Ishida
authors.forename: Toshiya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Endo
authors.forename: Shohachi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shimooka
mesh_terms: D000134:Acid Etching, Dental / Q000379:methods; D055117:Curing Lights, Dental; D003722:Dental Alloys / Q000737:chemistry; D001840:Dental Bonding / Q000379:methods*; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000648:ultrastructure; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis / Q000295:instrumentation; D000431:Ethanol / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D008689:Methacrylates / Q000737:chemistry; D016910:Orthodontic Brackets; D010756:Phosphoric Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D019279:Resin Cements / Q000737:chemistry*; D033081:Shear Strength; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013499:Surface Properties; D014094:Tooth, Deciduous / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D003722:Dental Alloys; D008689:Methacrylates; D010756:Phosphoric Acids; D019279:Resin Cements; C429625:Transbond Plus Self-Etching Primer; C477790:Transbond XT; C458821:Transbond moisture-insensitive primer; D014867:Water; D000431:Ethanol; C030242:phosphoric acid