title: Extreme intraneural ganglion cysts.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The mechanism responsible for exceptional examples of intraneural ganglia with extensive longitudinal involvement has not been understood. Such cases of intraneural cysts, seemingly remote from a joint, have been thought not to have articular connections. Decompression and attempted resection of the cyst has led to intraneural recurrence and poor neurological recovery. The purpose of this report is not only to clarify the pathogenesis of these cysts, but also to discuss their treatment based on modern concepts of intraneural ganglia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two examples of extreme longitudinal propagation of intraneural ganglia are presented.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A patient with a moderate tibial neuropathy was found to have a tibial intraneural ganglion. Prospective interpretation of the MR imaging study demonstrated the cyst's origin from the posterior portion of the superior tibiofibular joint (STFJ), with proximal extension within the sciatic nerve to the lower buttock region. Communication between the STFJ and the cyst was confirmed with direct knee MR arthrography. The tibial intraneural cyst was treated successfully by a relatively limited exposure in the distal popliteal fossa: the cyst was decompressed, the articular branch disconnected, and the STFJ resected. Postoperatively, the patient improved neurologically and there was no evidence of recurrent cyst on postoperative MR imaging. A second patient, previously reported by another group, was reexamined 22 years after surgery. This patient had an extensive peroneal intraneural ganglion that extended into the sciatic nerve from the knee to the buttock; no joint connection or recurrent cyst had initially been described. In this patient, the authors hypothesized and established with MR imaging the presence of both: a joint connection to the anterior portion of the STFJ from the peroneal articular branch as well as recurrent cyst within the peroneal and tibial nerves.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This paper demonstrates that extreme intraneural cysts are not clinical outliers but represent extreme examples of other more typical intraneural cysts. They logically obey the same principles, previously described in the unified articular (synovial) theory. The degree of longitudinal extension is probably due to high intraarticular pressures within the degenerative joint of origin. The generalizability of the mechanistic principles is highlighted by the fact that these 2 cases, involving the tibial and the peroneal nerve respectively, both extended well distant (that is, to the buttock) from the STFJ via their respective articular branch of origin. These extensive intraneural cysts can be treated successfully by disconnecting the affected articular branch and by resection of the joint of origin, rather than by a more aggressive operation resecting the cyst and cyst wall.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA. spinner.robert@mayo.edu
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Spinner
authors.forename: Marie-Noëlle
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Hébert-Blouin
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Rock
authors.forename: Kimberly K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Amrami
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D019299:Decompression, Surgical / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D045888:Ganglion Cysts / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010543:Peroneal Nerve / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D012086:Reoperation / Q000379:methods; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013979:Tibial Nerve / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome