title: Dimethylfumarate inhibits microglial and astrocytic inflammation by suppressing the synthesis of nitric oxide, IL-1beta, TNF-alpha and IL-6 in an in-vitro model of brain inflammation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Brain inflammation plays a central role in multiple sclerosis (MS). Dimethylfumarate (DMF), the main ingredient of an oral formulation of fumaric acid esters with proven therapeutic efficacy in psoriasis, has recently been found to ameliorate the course of relapsing-remitting MS. Glial cells are the effector cells of neuroinflammation; however, little is known of the effect of DMF on microglia and astrocytes. The purpose of this study was to use an established in vitro model of brain inflammation to determine if DMF modulates the release of neurotoxic molecules from microglia and astrocytes, thus inhibiting glial inflammation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary microglial and astrocytic cell cultures were prepared from cerebral cortices of neonatal rats. The control cells were treated with LPS, an accepted inducer of pro-inflammatory properties in glial cells, and the experimental groups with LPS and DMF in different concentrations. After stimulation/incubation, the generation of nitric oxide (NO) in the cell culture supernatants was determined by measuring nitrite accumulation in the medium using Griess reagent. After 6 hours of treatment RT-PCR was used to determine transcription levels of iNOS, IL-1beta, IL-6 and TNF-alpha mRNA in microglial and astrocytic cell cultures initially treated with DMF, followed after 30 min by LPS treatment. Moreover, we investigated possible involvement of the ERK and Nrf-2 transduction pathway in microglia using western blot analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pretreatment with DMF decreased synthesis of the proinflammatory mediators iNOS, TNF-alpha, IL-1beta and IL-6 at the RNA level in activated microglia and astrocytes in vitro, associated with a decrease in ERK phosphorylation in microglia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Collectively, these results suggest that the neuroprotective effects of DMF may be in part functionally attributable to the compound's ability to inhibit expression of multiple neuroinflammatory mediators in brain of MS patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany. henrik.wilms@med.uni-heidelberg.de
authors.forename: Henrik
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wilms
authors.forename: Jobst
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sievers
authors.forename: Uta
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Rickert
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rostami-Yazdi
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Mrowietz
authors.forename: Ralph
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lucius
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D051381:Rats; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000494:pharmacology; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D015153:Blotting, Western; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology; D000069462:Dimethyl Fumarate; D004681:Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D005650:Fumarates / Q000494:pharmacology; D007249:Inflammation / Q000517:prevention & control; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D017628:Microglia / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D009573:Nitrites / Q000378:metabolism; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D051267:NF-E2-Related Factor 2 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D000093242:Interleukin-6 Inhibitors
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D000069462:Dimethyl Fumarate; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases; D005650:Fumarates; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D009573:Nitrites; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D051267:NF-E2-Related Factor 2; D000093242:Interleukin-6 Inhibitors