title: Differential effects of dopaminergic manipulations on risky choice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Evaluation of risks and rewards associated with different options is facilitated by components of the mesocorticolimbic dopamine (DA) system. Augmenting or reducing DA activity increases or decreases preference for larger, uncertain rewards when reward probabilities decrease within a session. However, manipulations of DA activity may differentially alter risky choice when shifts in the relative value of probabilistic rewards are greater or lesser than those experienced previously.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We investigated the effects of amphetamine and the DA antagonist flupenthixol on risk discounting, whereby we altered the manner in which reward probabilities changed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats chose between a "Small/Certain" (one pellet) and a "Large/Risky" lever that delivered four pellets in a probabilistic manner that changed during a session. Separate groups of rats were trained with a descending (100%, 50%, 25%, 12.5%), ascending (12.5-100%) or mixed (100%, 12.5%, 25%, 50%) order of probabilities associated with the large/risky option.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Flupenthixol consistently decreased preference for the large/risky option. In contrast, amphetamine increased preference for the large/risky lever when the probabilities decreased over a session, but reduced preference in the ascending condition.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reductions in normal DA tone consistently biases choice away larger, probabilistic rewards. In contrast, increases in DA release may disrupt adjustments in behavior in response to changes in the relative value of certain versus uncertain rewards. These findings further clarify the role of DA in mediating risk/reward judgments and how perturbations in DA signaling may interfere with the ability to adjust decision making in response to changes in reward contingencies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology and Brain Research Center, University of British Columbia, 2136 West Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
authors.forename: Jennifer R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: St Onge
authors.forename: Yu Chi
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Chiu
authors.forename: Stan B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Floresco
mesh_terms: D000661:Amphetamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D002755:Choice Behavior / Q000187:drug effects; D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism*; D015259:Dopamine Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D018492:Dopamine Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D005475:Flupenthixol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D020318:Rats, Long-Evans; D012201:Reward; D012309:Risk-Taking
chemical_list: D015259:Dopamine Agents; D018492:Dopamine Antagonists; D000661:Amphetamine; D005475:Flupenthixol; D004298:Dopamine