title: Tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha) and C-reactive protein (CRP) are positively associated with the risk of chronic kidney disease in patients with type 2 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Chronic low-grade inflammation may induce chronic kidney disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. This study investigated the relation between inflammatory biomarkers and chronic kidney disease in patients with type 2 diabetes, which has not yet been reported in Asian populations.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study was performed in 543 patients recruited from diabetic clinics for an ongoing, prospective study. Multivariate logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between inflammatory biomarkers and the presence of chronic kidney disease (estimated glomerular filtration rate < 60 mL/min per 1.73 m(2) by the simplified Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equation using plasma creatinine).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The risk of chronic kidney disease increased in the highest quartiles of C-reactive protein (CRP) [multivariate odds ratio (OR) = 3.73; 95% CI = 1.19-1.70] and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (multivariate OR = 4.45; 95% CI = 1.63-12.11) compared to the lowest quartiles after adjustments for age, sex, zinc intake, and other putative risk factors for chronic kidney disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that CRP and tumor necrosis factor-alpha may be independent risk factors for chronic kidney disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. A causal mechanism of this association should be evaluated in a followup study of Korean patients with type 2 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Eun-Sil
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Yeo
authors.forename: Ji-Yun
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.forename: Ji Eun
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Young Ju
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Kap Bum
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Huh
authors.forename: Wha Young
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications*; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human