title: Conscious sedation and emergency department length of stay: a comparison of propofol, ketamine, and fentanyl/versed.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Three of the most commonly used agents for conscious sedation in the Emergency Department (ED) are ketamine, fentanyl/versed, and propofol. In this study, we measured and compared the total times spent in the ED with each of these agents. Our objective was to determine whether the use of propofol for conscious sedation was associated with a shorter length of ED stay as compared to the other two agents.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a consecutive case series. All patients who required procedural conscious sedation who presented to the ED at University of California, Irvine Medical Center from January 2003 through April 2004 were included in the study. The attending ED physician evaluated the patient and determined which medication(s) would be administered. All patients underwent procedural sedation according to the ED's standardized sedation protocol. The times and dosages of administered medications and the sedation/consciousness level (SCL) scores were recorded by ED nurses at 3-5 minute intervals. Data was abstracted prospectively. The time to sedation (first dose of agent to SCL score of 2 or less) and time to recovery (last dose of agent to SCL score of 4) of the different regimens were then analyzed and compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-eight patients received propofol, 38 received ketamine, and 14 received fentanyl/versed. The mean times to sedation (minutes) were: propofol 4.5 (95% CI: 3.3-5.7), ketamine 10.6 (95% CI: 5.8-15.4), fentanyl/versed 11.5 (95% CI: 3.5-19.4). The mean times to recovery were: propofol 21.6 (95% CI: 16.1-27.1), ketamine 55.4 (95% CI: 46.2-64.5), fentanyl/versed 59.9 (95% CI: 20.3-99.5). Propofol had a statistically significant shorter time to sedation than both ketamine (p<.001) and fentanyl/versed (p=.022). Propofol also produced shorter recovery times than both ketamine (p<.001) and fentanyl/versed (p=.002).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this study, sedation and recovery times were shorter with propofol than with ketamine or fentanyl/versed. The use of propofol for conscious sedation in this non-randomized study was associated with a shorter ED length of stay.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, Irvine Medical Center Orange, California.
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gorchynski
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Craig
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Jara
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Montano