title: A grading system to evaluate objectively the strength of pre-clinical data of acute neuroprotective therapies for clinical translation in spinal cord injury.
abstract: The past three decades have seen an explosion of research interest in spinal cord injury (SCI) and the development of hundreds of potential therapies that have demonstrated some promise in pre-clinical experimental animal models. A growing number of these treatments are seeking to be translated into human clinical trials. Conducting such a clinical trial, however, is extremely costly, not only for the time and money required to execute it, but also for the limited resources that will then no longer be available to evaluate other promising therapies. The decision about what therapies have sufficient pre-clinical evidence of efficacy to justify testing in humans is therefore of utmost importance. Here, we have developed a scoring system for objectively grading the body of pre-clinical literature on neuroprotective treatments for acute SCI. The components of the system include an evaluation of a number of factors that are thought to be important in considering the "robustness" of a therapy's efficacy, including the animal species and injury models that have been used to test it, the time window of efficacy, the types of functional improvements effected by it, and whether efficacy has been independently replicated. The selection of these factors was based on the results of a questionnaire that was performed within the SCI research community. A modified Delphi consensus-building exercise was then conducted with experts in pre-clinical SCI research to refine the criteria and decide upon how to score them. Finally, the grading system was applied to a series of potential neuroprotective treatments for acute SCI. This represents a systematic approach to developing an objective method of evaluating the extent to which the pre-clinical literature supports the translation of a particular experimental treatment into human trials.
authors.affiliation: Combined Neurosurgical and Orthopaedic Spine Program, Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. brian.kwon@vch.ca
authors.forename: Brian K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.forename: Elena B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Okon
authors.forename: Eve
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Beattie
authors.forename: Jacqueline C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Bresnahan
authors.forename: David K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Magnuson
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Reier
authors.forename: Dana M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: McTigue
authors.forename: Phillip G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Popovich
authors.forename: Andrew R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Blight
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oudega
authors.forename: James D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Guest
authors.forename: Lynne C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Weaver
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Fehlings
authors.forename: Wolfram
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Tetzlaff
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006801:Humans; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D018696:Neuroprotective Agents