title: Determination of therapeutic equivalence of generic products of gentamicin in the neutropenic mouse thigh infection model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Drug regulatory agencies (DRA) support prescription of generic products of intravenous antibiotics assuming therapeutic equivalence from pharmaceutical equivalence. Recent reports of deaths associated with generic heparin and metoprolol have raised concerns about the efficacy and safety of DRA-approved drugs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  To challenge the assumption that pharmaceutical equivalence predicts therapeutic equivalence, we determined in vitro and in vivo the efficacy of the innovator product and 20 pharmaceutically equivalent generics of gentamicin. The data showed that, while only 1 generic product failed in vitro (MIC = 45.3 vs. 0.7 mg/L, P<0.05), 10 products (including gentamicin reference powder) failed in vivo against E. coli due to significantly inferior efficacy (E(max) = 4.81 to 5.32 vs. 5.99 log(10) CFU/g, P<or =0.043). Although the design lacked power to detect differences in survival after thigh infection with P. aeruginosa, dissemination to vital organs was significantly higher in animals treated with generic gentamicin despite 4 days of maximally effective treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pharmaceutical equivalence does not predict therapeutic equivalence of generic gentamicin. Stricter criteria based on solid experimental evidence should be required before approval for human use.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Antioquia Medical School, Medellín, Colombia.
authors.forename: Andres F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Zuluaga
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Agudelo
authors.forename: John J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Cardeño
authors.forename: Carlos A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Rodriguez
authors.forename: Omar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Vesga
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000150:complications*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D016568:Drugs, Generic / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005839:Gentamicins / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D051379:Mice; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D009503:Neutropenia / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology; D009928:Organ Specificity / Q000187:drug effects; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013810:Therapeutic Equivalency; D013848:Thigh / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D016568:Drugs, Generic; D005839:Gentamicins