title: Wound trauma mediated inflammatory signaling attenuates a tissue regenerative response in MRL/MpJ mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Severe trauma can induce pathophysiological responses that have marked inflammatory components. The development of systemic inflammation following severe thermal injury has been implicated in immune dysfunction, delayed wound healing, multi-system organ failure and increased mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, we examined the impact of thermal injury-induced systemic inflammation on the healing response of a secondary wound in the MRL/MpJ mouse model, which was anatomically remote from the primary site of trauma, a wound that typically undergoes scarless healing in this specific strain. Ear-hole wounds in MRL/MpJ mice have previously displayed accelerated healing and tissue regeneration in the absence of a secondary insult.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Severe thermal injury in addition to distal ear-hole wounds induced marked local and systemic inflammatory responses in the lungs and significantly augmented the expression of inflammatory mediators in the ear tissue. By day 14, 61% of the ear-hole wounds from thermally injured mice demonstrated extensive inflammation with marked inflammatory cell infiltration, extensive ulceration, and various level of necrosis to the point where a large percentage (38%) had to be euthanized early during the study due to extensive necrosis, inflammation and ear deformation. By day 35, ear-hole wounds in mice not subjected to thermal injury were completely closed, while the ear-hole wounds in thermally injured mice exhibited less inflammation and necrosis and only closed partially (62%). Thermal injury resulted in marked increases in serum levels of IL-6, TNFalpha, KC (CXCL1), and MIP-2alpha (CXCL2). Interestingly, attenuated early ear wound healing in the thermally injured mouse resulted in incomplete tissue regeneration in addition to a marked inflammatory response, as evidenced by the histological appearance of the wound and increased transcription of potent inflammatory mediators.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that the observed systemic inflammatory response of a severe thermal injury undoubtedly has an adverse effect on wound healing and tissue regeneration.
authors.affiliation: Regenerative Medicine Department, Operational and Undersea Medicine Directorate at the Naval Medical Research Center Silver Spring, MD 20910-7500, USA. thomas.davis1@med.navy.mil.
authors.forename: Stephen R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Zins
authors.forename: Mihret F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Amare
authors.forename: Khairul
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Anam
authors.forename: Eric A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Elster
authors.forename: Thomas A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Davis