title: Does self-monitoring reduce blood pressure? Meta-analysis with meta-regression of randomized controlled trials.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Self-monitoring of blood pressure (BP) is an increasingly common part of hypertension management. The objectives of this systematic review were to evaluate the systolic and diastolic BP reduction, and achievement of target BP, associated with self-monitoring.
  
  
  METHODS
  MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane database of systematic reviews, database of abstracts of clinical effectiveness, the health technology assessment database, the NHS economic evaluation database, and the TRIP database were searched for studies where the intervention included self-monitoring of BP and the outcome was change in office/ambulatory BP or proportion with controlled BP. Two reviewers independently extracted data. Meta-analysis using a random effects model was combined with meta-regression to investigate heterogeneity in effect sizes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 25 eligible randomized controlled trials (RCTs) (27 comparisons) were identified. Office systolic BP (20 RCTs, 21 comparisons, 5,898 patients) and diastolic BP (23 RCTs, 25 comparisons, 6,038 patients) were significantly reduced in those who self-monitored compared to usual care (weighted mean difference (WMD) systolic -3.82 mmHg (95% confidence interval -5.61 to -2.03), diastolic -1.45 mmHg (-1.95 to -0.94)). Self-monitoring increased the chance of meeting office BP targets (12 RCTs, 13 comparisons, 2,260 patients, relative risk = 1.09 (1.02 to 1.16)). There was significant heterogeneity between studies for all three comparisons, which could be partially accounted for by the use of additional co-interventions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Self-monitoring reduces blood pressure by a small but significant amount. Meta-regression could only account for part of the observed heterogeneity.
authors.affiliation: Primary Care Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
authors.forename: Emma P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Bray
authors.forename: Roger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Holder
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mant
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: McManus
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects*; D001795:Blood Pressure Determination / Q000379:methods; D018660:Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory / Q000379:methods; D016208:Databases, Factual; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015233:Models, Statistical; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012648:Self Care
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents