title: [Machina Machinarum. The clock as a concept and metaphor between 1450 and 1750].
abstract: The changing use of the clock metaphor serves as a helpful contrast medium to highlight the different concepts of the body-soul-system between 1450 and 1750. This article first relates to the social, political and philosophical functions of the horologium. Then it outlines the different fields of discourse, in which the clock metaphor was mainly invoked. Finally, it examines the writings of a number of significant authors (Cusanus, Ficino, Descartes, Leibniz, Wolff, La Mettrie) with an eye to the evolution of the clock metaphor in various theological, metaphysical and physiological contexts. Surprisingly enough, the clock (or watch) initially represented the life-giving soul and human consciousness, before turning into the well-known symbol for the body-machine, and in particular for its neurophysiological operations.
authors.affiliation: Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Interdisciplinary Centre for European Enlightenment Studies, Franckeplatz 1, Haus 54, 06099 Halle (Saale), Germany. hanns-peter.neumann@izea.uni-halle.de
authors.forename: Hanns-Peter
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Neumann
mesh_terms: D003243:Consciousness; D049668:History, 15th Century; D049669:History, 16th Century; D049670:History, 17th Century; D049671:History, 18th Century; D006801:Humans; D019365:Metaphor; D008678:Metaphysics / Q000266:history*; D009482:Neurophysiology / Q000266:history*; D010827:Physiology / Q000266:history*; D012067:Religion / Q000266:history; D029181:Spirituality