title: Long-term follow-up of the surgical management of neuropathic arthropathy of the spine.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  No studies have discussed the long-term surgical management and outcomes of Charcot arthropathy of the spine. This case series presents nine patients treated over 30 years. The study hypothesis was that surgery would reduce instability, pain, recurrence, and the need for revision surgery in the long-term, given previous study findings of successful fusion of Charcot spine in the short-term.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the long-term outcomes of surgery for Charcot spine.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective case series. Cases took place at Stanford University Medical Center and Santa Clara Valley Medical Center.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients had either complete paraplegia or dense paraparesis with both major motor and sensory deficits. Seven patients developed Charcot spine after spinal instrumentation for trauma, one after scoliosis repair for meningomyelocele, and one after spinal instrumentation for neuromuscular scoliosis caused by birth injury resulting in C6-C7 quadraplegia. Average time between initial instrumentation and development of Charcot spine was 7.6 years. Two patients underwent posterior fusion alone, six had anterior-posterior fusion, and one was managed with thoracolumbar orthosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Average follow-up was 14.3 years. Revisions were necessary in 75% (6 of 8) of patients for complications including nonunion, new Charcot joints, recurrent hardware failure, and osteomyelitis. Achieving fusion often required multiple operations, and there were no deaths or neurologic complications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Long-term follow-up showed a high rate of revision surgery. Solid fusions often resulted in late breakdown or new junctional Charcot arthropathies. Patients initially fused to the lumbar spine instead of the sacrum or pelvis had a higher rate of developing another Charcot joint. Fusion was often difficult with persistent nonunions and functional deficits because of decreased mobility. We recommend that Charcot spine well tolerated without skin, seating problems, or dysreflexia should be cautiously observed with conservative management. For surgical care, we recommend three-column stabilization with either combined anterior-posterior or all posterior approaches with anterior support to obtain and secure greater long-term stability.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Children's Hospital Boston, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA. brihaus@gmail.com
authors.forename: Brian M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Haus
authors.forename: Andrew R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: Eugene S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Yim
authors.forename: Jeffrey J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Meter
authors.forename: Lawrence A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Rinsky
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001177:Arthropathy, Neurogenic / Q000601:surgery*; D004868:Equipment Failure; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D020127:Recovery of Function; D012086:Reoperation; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D055815:Young Adult