title: Adenoidectomy and nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae in young children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The effect of adenoidectomy on nasopharyngeal colonisation of pathogens has not previously been evaluated. The authors studied the effect of adenoidectomy on nasopharyngeal colonisation by bacteria causing otitis media and the effect of adenoidectomy on the development of pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide antibodies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised controlled study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tertiary care centre.
  
  
  METHODS
  217 children aged 12-48 months who had recurrent or persistent otitis media were randomised. 166 children were followed up for 3 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Random allocation to undergo adenoidectomy or not to undergo adenoidectomy. All the children underwent insertion of tympanostomy tubes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nasopharyngeal colonisation by pneumococci, Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis 1, 2 and 3 years after randomisation. Serum IgG antibodies against pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide serotypes 6B, 14, 19F and 23F 3 years after randomisation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After the first year of randomisation adenoidectomy increased nasopharyngeal carriage of pneumococci (RR, 1.47; 95% CI 1.04 to 2.07) but it did not influence the carriage of H influenzae or M catarrhalis. Among carriers of serotype 6B pneumococci, adenoidectomy resulted in lower concentrations of pneumococcal serotype 6B polysaccharide antibodies (ratio of geometric means of antibody concentrations, 0.37; 95% CI 0.16 to 0.85). Concentrations of serotype 14, 19F and 23F antibodies seemed not to be influenced by adenoidectomy. Despite this, adenoidectomy resulted in a significant increase in nasopharyngeal carriage of serotype 19F pneumococci.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adenoidectomy increases the risk of nasopharyngeal carriage of pneumococci in children younger than 4 years of age. This may be independent of the development of serum IgG capsular polysaccharide antibodies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland. petri.mattila@hus.fi
authors.forename: Petri S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Mattila
authors.forename: Sari
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hammarén-Malmi
authors.forename: Harri
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Saxen
authors.forename: Tarja
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kaijalainen
authors.forename: Helena
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Käyhty
authors.forename: Jussi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tarkkanen
mesh_terms: D000233:Adenoidectomy; D017677:Age Distribution; D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial / Q000097:blood; D002353:Carrier State / Q000382:microbiology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006193:Haemophilus influenzae / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008876:Middle Ear Ventilation; D001936:Moraxella catarrhalis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D009305:Nasopharynx / Q000382:microbiology*; D010033:Otitis Media / Q000601:surgery; D011008:Pneumococcal Infections / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology; D011135:Polysaccharides, Bacterial / Q000276:immunology; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000382:microbiology; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification*
chemical_list: D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D011135:Polysaccharides, Bacterial