title: Antibiotic susceptibility of coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from very low birth weight babies: comprehensive comparisons of bacteria at different stages of biofilm formation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Coagulase-negative staphylococci are major causes of bloodstream infections in very low birth weight babies cared for in Neonatal Intensive Care Units. The virulence of these bacteria is mainly due to their ability to form biofilms on indwelling medical devices. Biofilm-related infections often fail to respond to antibiotic chemotherapy guided by conventional antibiotic susceptibility tests.
  
  
  METHODS
  Coagulase-negative staphylococcal blood culture isolates were grown in different phases relevant to biofilm formation: planktonic cells at mid-log phase, planktonic cells at stationary phase, adherent monolayers and mature biofilms and their susceptibilities to conventional antibiotics were assessed. The effects of oxacillin, gentamicin, and vancomycin on preformed biofilms, at the highest achievable serum concentrations were examined. Epifluorescence microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy in combination with bacterial viability staining and polysaccharide staining were used to confirm the stimulatory effects of antibiotics on biofilms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most coagulase-negative staphylococcal clinical isolates were resistant to penicillin G (100%), gentamicin (83.3%) and oxacillin (91.7%) and susceptible to vancomycin (100%), ciprofloxacin (100%), and rifampicin (79.2%). Bacteria grown as adherent monolayers showed similar susceptibilities to their planktonic counterparts at mid-log phase. Isolates in a biofilm growth mode were more resistant to antibiotics than both planktonic cultures at mid-log phase and adherent monolayers; however they were equally resistant or less resistant than planktonic cells at stationary phase. Moreover, for some cell-wall active antibiotics, concentrations higher than conventional MICs were required to prevent the establishment of planktonic cultures from biofilms. Finally, the biofilm-growth of two S. capitis isolates could be enhanced by oxacillin at the highest achievable serum concentration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that the resistance of coagulase-negative staphylococci to multiple antibiotics initially remain similar when the bacteria shift from a planktonic growth mode into an early attached mode, then increase significantly as the adherent mode further develops. Furthermore, preformed biofilms of some CoNS are enhanced by oxacillin in a dose-dependent manner.
authors.affiliation: School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, Australia.
authors.forename: Yue
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Qu
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Daley
authors.forename: Taghrid S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Istivan
authors.forename: Suzanne M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Garland
authors.forename: Margaret A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Deighton
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016470:Bacteremia / Q000382:microbiology*; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D006131:Growth Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D019102:Infant, Very Low Birth Weight; D007363:Intensive Care Units, Neonatal; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D050296:Microbial Viability / Q000187:drug effects; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence / Q000379:methods; D011135:Polysaccharides, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis; D013194:Staining and Labeling / Q000379:methods; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000382:microbiology*; D013210:Staphylococcus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D006131:Growth Inhibitors; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D011135:Polysaccharides, Bacterial