title: Lipoatrophy induced by subcutaneous insulin infusion: ultrastructural analysis and gene expression profiling.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) lipoatrophy (LA) is a rare complication of insulin therapy. We aimed to analyze the ultrastructural and molecular aspects of LA lesions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Macroscopic and microscopic morphology of SAT beneath the LA areas from patients with type 1 diabetes treated with Lispro insulin by continuous sc insulin infusion was studied using magnetic resonance imaging, immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy, and quantitative PCR for adipose tissue-specific genes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SAT was present in LA lesions characterized by: 1) smaller, unilocular perilipin-positive adipocytes, with lipofuscin granules; 2) some "slimmed cells" losing lipid droplets as those we observed during starvation; and 3) numerous perivascular preadipocytes. We did not identify inflammatory cells. SAT in LA areas displayed a strong leptin down-regulation and an increase of AEBP1, a preadipocyte marker.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results clearly indicate that the remarkable reduction in fat cell lipid droplets and adipocyte size justifies the decrease of SAT without a reduction in adipocyte number because of necrosis or apoptosis. Thus, immune cells and any other toxic damaging fat cells were not involved in the generation of LA. We speculate that adipocytes chronically exposed to high local insulin concentrations could become severely insulin resistant, dramatically increasing lipolysis and giving rise to "slimmed cells." Clinical LA regression could be explained by the active recruitment of preadipocytes, even if they were unable to differentiate and regenerate adipose tissue unless the insulin injection was removed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Padua, Via Ospedale, 105, 35128 Padua, Italy. gabriella.milan@unipd.it
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Milan
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Murano
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pianta
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tiengo
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zulato
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Centobene
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bruttomesso
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cinti
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vettor
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001284:Atrophy; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D055104:Infusions, Subcutaneous / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007328:Insulin / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin