title: Family caregivers: gender differences in adjustment to stroke survivors' mental changes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This prospective longitudinal study investigated gender differences in caregiving spouses' adjustment to the challenges of a poststroke life situation based on the caregiving stress model of Yee and Schulz (2000), which we modified.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample consisted of 97 stroke-survivor and spouse dyads who were questioned 3 months after stroke and again 1 year later. The Beck Anxiety Inventory (Beck & Steer, 1997), the Beck Depression Inventory (Beck, Steer, & Garbin, 1988), and the Giessen Complaints List (Brähler & Scheer, 1995) were used to capture mental health and physical complaints in stroke survivors' spouses. Covariance analytical methods (analysis of covariance; ANCOVA) were conducted on data from both measuring times to test gender-related interaction effects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Generally, women caregivers reported more anxiety and depressive symptoms than did their men counterparts. However, 15 months after stroke onset, in cases where individuals with stroke had substantial cognitive and mental impairments, the opposite appeared to be true. The results supported the modified caregiving stress model. Women spousal caregivers seem to adjust better to cognitive and emotional changes in their partners than did caregiving husbands.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The rehabilitation of stroke survivors may be more successful if gender differences in caregivers' adaptation to their partners' mental changes are taken into consideration in intervention programs for families of stroke survivors. Men spousal caregivers may need counseling aimed at supporting their adjustment to stroke-related cognitive and emotional changes in their wives.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Psychology, Freiburg University.
authors.forename: Tatjana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Alexander
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wilz
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology*; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012737:Sex Factors; D012944:Social Support; D020521:Stroke / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D017741:Survivors / Q000523:psychology*