title: Economic burden and healthcare utilization associated with castration-resistant prostate cancer in a commercial and Medicare Advantage US patient population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Prostate cancer is a leading cause of cancer death in men in the US. Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is an advanced form of the disease and has a poor prognosis and limited treatment options. The objective of this study was to identify patients with CRPC from a medical claims database, and determine the prostate cancer-related economic burden and healthcare utilization of these patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a retrospective study using claims and enrollment information from a large US database linkable to laboratory data. Male patients aged 40 or older who were diagnosed with prostate cancer and received surgical or medical castration between July 1, 2001 and December 1, 2007 were considered for study inclusion. Patients with CRPC were initially identified based on at least two increases in prostrate-specific antigen (PSA) values. Due to the small number of patients with available PSA results data, logistic regression modeling using characteristics of patients with known CRPC was used to identify a larger set of patients with likely CRPC. Per-patient per-month healthcare utilization and costs were determined using medical and pharmacy claims data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The final sample of patients with likely CRPC as determined by regression modeling included 349 patients with known CRPC identified from the database on the basis of PSA results and an additional 2391 with likely CRPC. Within this final sample of 2740 CRPC patients, there was a per-patient per-month average of 1.43 prostate cancer-related ambulatory visits, 0.04 prostate cancer-related inpatient stays, and 0.01 prostate cancer-related ER visits. Average per-patient per-month prostate cancer-related costs were $1152 (SD = $2073) for ambulatory visits, $559 (SD = $2383) for inpatient stays, $72 (SD = $229) for pharmacy costs, and $1 (SD = $14) for ER visits. Total per-patient per-month prostate cancer-related costs were on average $1799 (SD = $3505), and these costs comprised about half of the all-cause healthcare costs for these patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CRPC is a costly disease, with ambulatory visits and inpatient care accounting for a substantial proportion of the economic burden. Limitations related to the use of retrospective claims data should be considered when interpreting these results.
authors.affiliation: Health Economics & Outcomes Research, AstraZeneca, 1800 Concord Pike,Wilmington, DE 19850, USA. Berhanu.Alemayehu@astrazeneca.com
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Alemayehu
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Buysman
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Parry
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Nathan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D006296:Health Services / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007345:Insurance Claim Review / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D020398:Medicare Part C / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008875:Middle Aged; D018803:Models, Economic; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000191:economics*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014481:United States