title: Cutaneous manifestations and serological findings in 260 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.
abstract: The prevalence and prognostic value of cutaneous manifestations in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is not clear due to a lack of distinct criteria. Our aim was to investigate the prevalence of cutaneous manifestations in SLE patients according to strict dermatological classification, compare the results with other studies and to assess differences in serological markers between patients with and without cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE). Secondary aims were to investigate the validity of the criteria 'malar rash' and 'photosensitivity' for SLE diagnosis. We included 260 consecutive SLE patients, and 164 with skin complaints were examined by a dermatologist. CLE was found in 23% of the 260 SLE patients. There was agreement on the presence of malar rash in only 60% of patients seen by both rheumatologists and dermatologists. A history of polymorphous light eruption (PLE) was found in 42% of patients. Raynaud's phenomenon was significantly more common in patients with CLE. In addition, four malignant melanomas were found. Based on our findings, we suggest that the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria for SLE diagnosis include histopathologically confirmed CLE as one criterion, and that the criteria photosensitivity and malar rash should be re-defined. Regular examination by a dermatologist is called for in SLE patients.
authors.affiliation: Karolinska Institutet, Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Division of Dermatology, Danderyd, Sweden. carina.gronhagen@ds.se
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Grönhagen
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Gunnarsson
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Svenungsson
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Nyberg
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008178:Lupus Erythematosus, Cutaneous / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008179:Lupus Erythematosus, Discoid / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008545:Melanoma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D010787:Photosensitivity Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D015995:Prevalence; D011379:Prognosis; D011928:Raynaud Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D012867:Skin / Q000473:pathology; D055815:Young Adult