title: Tuberculosis and malignancy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tuberculosis (TB) and malignancy represent global threats claiming millions of lives and inflicting formidable suffering worldwide. Surprisingly, the pathophysiological and practical implications of their co-existence have received little attention.
  
  
  METHODS
  Therefore, we sought to review the available literature on the field and identify data regarding the association between TB and malignancy in order to highlight the neglected aspects of this association and probably derive clinically useful information. We searched PubMed up to June 2008 for case reports, case series, non-comparative and comparative studies that were written in English and reported data on the occurrence of both TB infection and a neoplastic disorder in the same patient(s). The development of mycobacterial infections in patients with immunocompromized conditions is well known and was considered outside the scope of this review.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The synthesis of the available evidence enabled us to establish three different types of association between malignancy and TB: (i) the development of cancer on the background of a previous tuberculous infection; (ii) the concurrent existence of TB and malignancy in the same patient(s) or clinical specimen(s); and (iii) the diagnostic challenges arising from the multi-faceted presentations of these two disorders.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that clinicians need to be aware of the protean manifestations of TB and cancer and maintain a high index of suspicion for simultaneous and/or misleading presentations. In addition, further research is required to determine if a tuberculous infection, being similar to other chronic infections and inflammatory conditions, may facilitate carcinogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Alfa Institute of Biomedical Sciences, 9 Neapoleos Street, 151 23 Marousi, Greece. m.falagas@aibs.gr
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Falagas
authors.forename: V D
authors.initials: VD
authors.lastname: Kouranos
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Athanassa
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kopterides
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis