title: Opioid use in young veterans.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Data suggest an increase in prescription opioid abuse in recent years. Young veterans represent a group with major risk factors for prescription opioid abuse. The objectives of this study are: (A) to determine the prevalence of chronic opioid use in young veterans over time; (B) to describe the prescribing patterns and monitoring of chronic opioid therapy in young veterans; and (C) to assess opioid management within Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System (VAPAHCS) with an emphasis on effectiveness and safety.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a Veterans Affairs Research and Development (R&D) Committee and IRB-approved retrospective, single-center study of young veterans aged 18-30 years on chronic opioid therapy during the study years January 1, 2003, to October 1, 2008. A subset of the study population who were receiving long-acting opioids for a minimum of 6 months was included in the effectiveness and safety analyses. Data were obtained from the Veterans Integrated Service Network (VISN 21) data warehouse, outpatient prescription records, and from electronic chart review.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of chronic opioid use in young veterans has increased from 3 percent in 2003 to 4.5 percent in 2007. Patients on average were exposed to two different opioids and had three different opioid prescribers. Nearly 80 percent of the opioid prescriptions during the study were prescribed by primary care providers and less than 1 percent was from pain specialists. Only 31 percent of patients on chronic opioids had undergone urine drug testing and only 5 percent had signed opioid treatment agreements. No difference in median pain score was observed following initiation of long-acting opioid therapy, and 22 percent of patients (4 of 18) met the prespecified definition of being a responder to long-acting opioid therapy. Five patients (28 percent) on long-acting opioids experienced adverse drug reactions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of chronic opioid use in young veterans has been on the rise in recent years. Young veterans receiving care at VAPAHCS have often had multiple opioid prescribers and have trialed multiple opioid analgesics. Many improvements in appropriate monitoring and management of these patients can be made, which may include providing more training to current staff the development of an opioid refill clinic, and greater utilization of the pain management specialists. Further larger study is warranted to identify successful strategies for improving prescribing and monitoring of opioids as well as potential predictors of response to chronic long-acting opioid therapy.
authors.affiliation: VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA.
authors.forename: Phipson C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Courtney
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lang
authors.forename: Noelle K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Hasson
authors.forename: Steven H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Linder
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Clark
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D055826:Afghan Campaign 2001-; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D016903:Drug Monitoring; D011307:Drug Prescriptions / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004363:Drug Utilization / Q000639:trends; D006787:Hospitals, Veterans / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D054542:Iraq War, 2003-2011; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014481:United States; D014728:Veterans; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid