title: The CLEAR study: a 5-day, 3-g loading dose of mycophenolate mofetil versus standard 2-g dosing in renal transplantation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Adequate early mycophenolic acid (MPA) exposure is associated with lower rates of acute rejection in renal transplantation. The aim of this randomized controlled trial was to determine if higher initial mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) doses increased the proportion of patients reaching therapeutic MPA levels (30 to 60 mg.h/L) by day 5.
  
  
  METHODS
  De novo renal transplant patients were randomized to receive intensified dosing of MMF (1.5 g twice daily on days 1 to 5, then 1.0 g twice daily) or standard dosing (1.0 g twice daily). All recipients received tacrolimus and prednisone. Full MPA areas under the curve (AUCs) were completed on days 3 and 5, whereas a limited sampling strategy was utilized at four subsequent time points.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At day 5, 47.5% of the MMF 3-g arm achieved the MPA therapeutic window versus 54.4% of the MMF 2-g arm. However, MPA AUC levels were significantly higher in the 3-g arm at day 3 and 5. This resulted in a trend for fewer treated acute rejections at 6 months. Significantly more acute rejections (treated, biopsy-proven including and excluding borderline) occurred in patients with MPA AUC levels<30 mg.h/L compared with those >or=30 mg.h/L at day 5. No significant differences were seen in common adverse events.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A limited intensified dose of MMF increased early MPA exposure and was well tolerated. Further studies are required to determine whether limited intensified MMF dosing can reduce acute rejection.
authors.affiliation: University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Sita
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gourishankar
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Houde
authors.forename: Paul A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Keown
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Landsberg
authors.forename: Carl J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Cardella
authors.forename: Azemi A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Barama
authors.forename: Raymond
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dandavino
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shoker
authors.forename: Lidia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pirc
authors.forename: Michelle M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Wrobel
authors.forename: Bryce A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Kiberd
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001706:Biopsy; D002170:Canada; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D016903:Drug Monitoring; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006085:Graft Survival / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009173:Mycophenolic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011241:Prednisone / Q000008:administration & dosage; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D016559:Tacrolimus / Q000008:administration & dosage; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D009173:Mycophenolic Acid; D011241:Prednisone; D016559:Tacrolimus