title: LINE-1 methylation is inherited in familial testicular cancer kindreds.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Testicular germ cell tumors (TGCT) are the most frequent cancers among young men. There is a clear familial component to TGCT etiology, but no high-penetrance susceptibility gene has been identified. Epigenetic aberrations of the genome represent an alternative mechanism for cancer susceptibility; and, studies suggest that epigenetic changes that influence cancer risk can be inherited through the germline. Global DNA hypomethylation has been associated with the risk of cancers of the bladder and head/neck.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a pilot study of global methylation at long interspersed nuclear elements-1 (LINE-1) in peripheral blood DNA isolated from 466 family members of 101 multiple-case testicular cancer families.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Investigating the correlation of LINE-1 methylation levels among parent-child pairs independent of affection status (n = 355) revealed a strong positive association only between mother-daughter (r = 0.48, P = <0.001) and father-daughter pairs (r = 0.31, P = 0.02), suggesting gender-specific inheritance of methylation. Incorporating cancer status, we observed a strong correlation in LINE-1 methylation levels only among affected father-affected son pairs (r = 0.49, P = 0.03). There was a marginally significant inverse association between lower LINE-1 methylation levels and increased TGCT risk, compared with healthy male relatives (P = 0.049).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest that heritability of LINE-1 methylation may be gender-specific. Further, the strong correlation between LINE-1 methylation levels among affected father-affected son pairs suggests that transgenerational inheritance of an epigenetic event may be associated with disease risk. Larger studies are needed to clarify these preliminary observations.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Genetics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mirabello
authors.forename: Sharon A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Savage
authors.forename: Larissa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Korde
authors.forename: Shahinaz M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Gadalla
authors.forename: Mark H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Greene
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001483:Base Sequence; D004247:DNA / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D019175:DNA Methylation / Q000235:genetics*; D017931:DNA Primers; D005190:Family; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D020347:Lithiasis / Q000235:genetics; D020084:Long Interspersed Nucleotide Elements / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D008745:Methylation; D008875:Middle Aged; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013736:Testicular Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D004247:DNA