title: Subclinical neurocognitive dysfunction after carotid endarterectomy-the impact of shunting.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Subclinical neurocognitive deficit after carotid endarterectomy (CEA) has been reported in 25% of patients. The influence of the type of anesthesia and shunting on early postoperative neurocognitive function remains unclear. Therefore, we analyzed the cognitive function after CEA using a battery of psychometric tests before surgery and on the first postoperative day.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty nine patients under regional and 28 under general anesthesia were included in the study. Regional anesthesia was administered inducing a superficial cervical block, and the general anesthesia was induced using a standardized manner. Then cognitive function was tested using a battery of psychometric tests before and 24 hours after surgery. S 100 beta was determined at the same time points.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A statistical difference was found between the results of the testing before and after CEA: decline in digit symbol test (9%), perceptual speed (6%), and spatial working memory (44%) and improvement in verbal fluency (6%) and attention (5%). The only intraoperative factor that correlated with the cognitive dysfunction was shunt insertion; patients with a shunt had a lower perceptual speed (P=0.005) and worse spatial working memory (P=0.004). No correlation was found between the type of anesthesia or S 100 beta level and any psychometric test, but these results might be influenced by the small sample size in our study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Shunt insertion was the only parameter correlated with cognitive decline on the first day after CEA. Regional anesthesia might offer indirect benefit because of a reduced need of shunting in wakeful patients. Larger studies are required to clarify the role of shunting and type of anesthesia in early neurocognitive deficit after CEA and its impact on the quality of life.
authors.affiliation: University Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care General Hospital Sveti Duh, Croatia. bmsunko@gmail.com
authors.forename: Branka
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mazul-Sunko
authors.forename: Ivana
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hromatko
authors.forename: Meri
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tadinac
authors.forename: Ante
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sekulić
authors.forename: Zeljko
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ivanec
authors.forename: Aleksandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gvozdenović
authors.forename: Boris
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tomasević
authors.forename: Zeljka
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Gavranović
authors.forename: Inga
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Mladić-Batinica
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cima
authors.forename: Nada
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Vrkić
authors.forename: Ivo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Lovricević
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000765:Anesthesia, Conduction / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000768:Anesthesia, General / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000769:Anesthesia, Inhalation / Q000009:adverse effects; D000771:Anesthesia, Intravenous / Q000009:adverse effects; D001166:Arteriovenous Shunt, Surgical / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000601:surgery; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D003250:Constriction; D016894:Endarterectomy, Carotid / Q000009:adverse effects*; D056344:Executive Function / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008570:Memory, Short-Term / Q000187:drug effects; D008875:Middle Aged; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000473:pathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011594:Psychometrics; D064568:S100 Calcium Binding Protein beta Subunit; D009418:S100 Proteins / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D009414:Nerve Growth Factors; D064568:S100 Calcium Binding Protein beta Subunit; D009418:S100 Proteins