title: Potentiation of clopidogrel active metabolite formation by rifampicin leads to greater P2Y12 receptor blockade and inhibition of platelet aggregation after clopidogrel.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The thienopyridine P2Y(12) receptor antagonist clopidogrel reduces the risk of arterial thrombosis and individual pharmacodynamic responses to clopidogrel are believed to reflect the levels of active metabolite (AM) generated. Rifampicin increases the inhibitory effect of clopidogrel on platelet aggregation (PA). We studied the response to clopidogrel before and during administration of rifampicin in order to study the relationship between individual AM levels and P2Y(12) blockade.
  
  
  METHODS
  Healthy volunteers received a 600-mg loading dose of clopidogrel followed by 75 mg daily for 7 days and, after a washout period and treatment with rifampicin [300 mg twice a day (b.i.d.)], received the same regimen of clopidogrel. Clopidogrel AM levels were determined over 4 h after the clopidogrel loading dose and unblocked P2Y(12) receptor number was assessed using a (33) P-2MeSADP binding assay. PA was measured by optical aggregometry with ADP and TRAP.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Rifampicin enhanced clopidogrel AM production [area-under-the-curve (AUC): clopidogrel 89±22 ng h mL(-1) , clopidogrel+rifampicin 335±86 ng h mL(-1) , P<0.0001], and P2Y(12) blockade (unblocked receptors: clopidogrel 48±24, clopidogrel+rifampicin 4±2, P<0.0001) and reduced PA (5 μmol L(-1) ADP: clopidogrel 20±4, clopidogrel+rifampicin 5±2, P<0.01). Increasing numbers of unblocked receptors were required for an aggregation response with a decreasing concentration of ADP. PA induced by ADP 2 μmol L(-1) was particularly sensitive to low levels of receptor blockade.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Potentiation of clopidogrel AM production by rifampicin leads to greater P2Y(12) blockade and consequently greater inhibition of PA. PA responses to low concentrations of ADP are more sensitive to P2Y(12) blockade.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Judge
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Patil
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Buckland
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Jakubowski
authors.forename: R F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Storey
mesh_terms: D000244:Adenosine Diphosphate / Q000737:chemistry; D000328:Adult; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001792:Blood Platelets / Q000187:drug effects; D000077144:Clopidogrel; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000188:drug therapy; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004357:Drug Synergism; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010974:Platelet Aggregation; D058921:Purinergic P2Y Receptor Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D058925:Receptors, Purinergic P2Y12 / Q000737:chemistry*; D012293:Rifampin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D013988:Ticlopidine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*
chemical_list: D058921:Purinergic P2Y Receptor Antagonists; D058925:Receptors, Purinergic P2Y12; D000244:Adenosine Diphosphate; D000077144:Clopidogrel; D013988:Ticlopidine; D012293:Rifampin