title: Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of the methanol extract of Kalanchoe gracilis (L.) DC stem in mice.
abstract: In this study, we evaluated the analgesic effect of the methanol extract of Kalanchoe gracilis (MKGS) stem in animal models by inducing writhing response with acetic acid and conducting formalin test. The anti-inflammatory effect of MKGS was also estimated on mice with lambda-carrageenan induced paw edema model. In order to investigate the anti-inflammatory mechanism of MKGS, we analyzed the activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione reductase (GRx) in the liver, and the levels of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha), malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) in the edema paw tissue. In the analgesic tests, MKGS (0.5 and 1.0 g/kg) decreased both the acetic acid-induced writhing response and the licking time in the late phase of the formalin test. In the anti-inflammatory test, MKGS (0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 g/kg) decreased paw edema at the third, fourth, fifth and sixth hours after lambda-carrageenan had been administrated. Furthermore, MKGS increased the activities of SOD and GRx in liver tissues and decreased MDA level in the edema paws three hours after lambda-carrageenan was injected. MKGS also affected the levels of IL-1beta, TNF-alpha and NO induced by lambda-carrageenan. All these results suggested that MKGS possessed analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. The anti-inflammatory mechanism of MKGS might be related to the lowering of MDA level in the edema paw via increasing the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and GRx in the liver, as well as the decreases in the levels of TNF-alpha and NO, and the production of IL-1beta in inflamed tissues.
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Medical University Taichung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Zhen-Rung
authors.initials: ZR
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.forename: Wen-Huang
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.forename: Yu-Ling
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: Shun-Chieh
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Tai-Hung
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Shang-Chih
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.forename: Yoe-Ray
authors.initials: YR
authors.lastname: Ku
authors.forename: Jen-Chieh
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: Ching-Ying
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Yuan-Shiun
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Chang
mesh_terms: D019342:Acetic Acid; D000700:Analgesics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002351:Carrageenan; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004487:Edema / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D005980:Glutathione Reductase / Q000378:metabolism; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000378:metabolism; D031962:Kalanchoe / Q000737:chemistry*; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D000432:Methanol / Q000737:chemistry; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D017942:Nitric Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D010146:Pain / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control; D010147:Pain Measurement; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018547:Plant Stems / Q000737:chemistry*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D010936:Plant Extracts; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D017942:Nitric Acid; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D002351:Carrageenan; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D005980:Glutathione Reductase; D019342:Acetic Acid; D000432:Methanol