title: Mild traumatic brain injury and executive functions in school-aged children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study sought to examine the effects of mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) on executive functions in school-aged children.
  
  
  METHODS
  The prospective, longitudinal study involved 8-15 year old children, 186 with mild TBI and 99 with mild orthopaedic injuries (OI). They were administered the Stockings of Cambridge and Spatial Working Memory sub-tests from the Cambridge Neuropsychological Testing Automated Battery (CANTAB) approximately 10 days, 3 months and 12 months post-injury. Parents completed the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Functions (BRIEF) on each occasion, with ratings at the initial assessment intended to assess pre-morbid functioning retrospectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On the CANTAB, the groups did not differ on the Stockings of Cambridge and the mild TBI group unexpectedly performed better than the OI group on Spatial Working Memory. On the BRIEF, children with mild TBI showed a marginally significant trend toward more problems than the OI group on the Metacognition Index composite. The only BRIEF sub-scale on which they demonstrated significantly more problems was Organization of Materials. The presence of intracranial abnormalities on MRI was associated with more problems on the BRIEF Organization of Materials sub-scale at 3 months, but other findings were not consistent with hypothesized effects of TBI severity. The CANTAB sub-tests were significant predictors of later ratings on the BRIEF, but accounted for modest variance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Children with mild TBI show limited evidence of deficits in executive functions, either cognitively or behaviourally, irrespective of injury characteristics. Cognitive tests of executive functions are modest predictors of ratings of executive functions in everyday life, for children both with and without mild TBI.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Maillard-Wermelinger
authors.forename: Keith Owen
authors.initials: KO
authors.lastname: Yeates
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gerry Taylor
authors.forename: Jerome
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rusin
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bangert
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dietrich
authors.forename: Kathryn
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nuss
authors.forename: Martha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wright
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D056344:Executive Function / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D008297:Male; D008570:Memory, Short-Term / Q000502:physiology; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D018579:Patient Selection; D011340:Problem Solving / Q000502:physiology; D011446:Prospective Studies