title: Neurofeedback training in children with ADHD: 6-month follow-up of a randomised controlled trial.
abstract: Neurofeedback (NF) could help to improve attentional and self-management capabilities in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In a randomised controlled trial, NF training was found to be superior to a computerised attention skills training (AST) (Gevensleben et al. in J Child Psychol Psychiatry 50(7):780-789, 2009). In the present paper, treatment effects at 6-month follow-up were studied. 94 children with ADHD, aged 8-12 years, completed either 36 sessions of NF training (n = 59) or a computerised AST (n = 35). Pre-training, post-training and follow-up assessment encompassed several behaviour rating scales (e.g., the German ADHD rating scale, FBB-HKS) completed by parents. Follow-up information was analysed in 61 children (ca. 65%) on a per-protocol basis. 17 children (of 33 dropouts) had started a medication after the end of the training or early in the follow-up period. Improvements in the NF group (n = 38) at follow-up were superior to those of the control group (n = 23) and comparable to the effects at the end of the training. For the FBB-HKS total score (primary outcome measure), a medium effect size of 0.71 was obtained at follow-up. A reduction of at least 25% in the primary outcome measure (responder criterion) was observed in 50% of the children in the NF group. In conclusion, behavioural improvements induced by NF training in children with ADHD were maintained at a 6-month follow-up. Though treatment effects appear to be limited, the results confirm the notion that NF is a clinically efficacious module in the treatment of children with ADHD.
authors.affiliation: Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Göttingen, v.Siebold-Str. 5, Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Holger
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gevensleben
authors.forename: Birgit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Holl
authors.forename: Björn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Albrecht
authors.forename: Dieter
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schlamp
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Kratz
authors.forename: Petra
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Studer
authors.forename: Aribert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rothenberger
authors.forename: Gunther H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Moll
authors.forename: Hartmut
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Heinrich
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000628:therapy*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D058765:Neurofeedback; D012648:Self Care; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome