title: Evaluation of biological debris on endodontic instruments after cleaning and sterilization procedures.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the presence of biological debris and the level of contamination on reusable endodontic instruments those were subjected to different cleaning methods prior to sterilization.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and eighty endodontic instruments from eighteen dental practices were analysed. These practices used different decontamination protocols for reusable instruments. The presence of organic debris was detected by the use of Van Gieson's stain. Forty-eight new stainless steel hand instruments were used as controls. The samples were examined by light microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Residual biological debris was observed in 96% of the samples. The mean value of maximum biological contamination was 34% in the group in which the instruments were brushed manually and immersed in alcohol, 25% in the group in which commercially available disinfectants were used and 5% in the group in which the instruments were cleaned ultrasonically. There was a statistically significant difference in the mean values with respect to the cleaning protocol applied (P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The methods used to clean endodontic instruments appear to be generally ineffective for the removal of biological debris. The best method was the one that included mechanical, chemical and ultrasonic cleaning of instruments.
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics, Clinic of Dentistry, Medical Faculty, University of Nis, Nis, Serbia. jelenadp@gmail.com
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Popovic
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gasic
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zivkovic
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Petrovic
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Radicevic
mesh_terms: D003666:Decontamination / Q000379:methods; D003722:Dental Alloys; D019551:Dental Disinfectants; D003762:Dental Instruments / Q000382:microbiology; D004866:Equipment Contamination; D017743:Equipment Reuse; D019552:Infection Control, Dental / Q000379:methods; D018915:Root Canal Preparation / Q000295:instrumentation*; D016369:Smear Layer; D013193:Stainless Steel; D013242:Sterilization; D014465:Ultrasonics
chemical_list: D003722:Dental Alloys; D019551:Dental Disinfectants; D013193:Stainless Steel