title: Genotyping of Cryptococcus neoformans isolated from captive birds in Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
abstract: To evaluate Cryptococcus spp. molecular types isolated from captive birds' droppings, an epidemiological survey was carried out in Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil, from December 2006 to September 2008. A total of 253 samples of bird excreta (120 fresh and 133 dry) were collected from pet shop cages and houses in different neighbourhoods. Cryptococcus neoformans was isolated in 19 (14.28%) dry samples and one fresh sample (0.84%). Cryptococcus laurentii was recovered from seven (5.26%) dry samples, but not in the fresh samples. The canavanine-glycine-bromothymol blue test was positive in all but one of the C. laurentii isolates. Cryptococcus neoformans molecular typing was performed using URA5-RFLP and the mating type locus using mating type specific PCR. Nineteen (95.0%) presented genotype VNI and one VNII (5.0%). In addition, all isolates presented mating type α. Thus, the genotype of the environmental C. neoformans isolates observed in this study is in accordance with others already reported around the world and adds information about its distribution in Brazil. Cryptococcus laurentii strains were typed using URA5-RFLP and M13 fingerprinting, which showed similar profiles among them. Thus, despite the low number of C. laurentii isolates analysed, their molecular profile is different from another already reported.
authors.affiliation: Disciplina de Doenças Infecciosas Parasitárias, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors.forename: Kennio
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ferreira-Paim
authors.forename: Leonardo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Andrade-Silva
authors.forename: Delio Jose
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Mora
authors.forename: André Luiz
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Pedrosa
authors.forename: Virmondes
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
authors.forename: Mario León
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Silva-Vergara
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001715:Bird Diseases / Q000382:microbiology*; D001717:Birds / Q000382:microbiology*; D001938:Brazil; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D003453:Cryptococcosis / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D003455:Cryptococcus neoformans / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004271:DNA, Fungal / Q000235:genetics; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D049770:Genes, Mating Type, Fungal; D005838:Genotype; D058889:Molecular Typing; D016533:Mycological Typing Techniques; D009172:Mycology / Q000379:methods; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length
chemical_list: D004271:DNA, Fungal