title: Quality of care for patients with type 2 diabetes in general practice according to patients' ethnic background: a cross-sectional study from Oslo, Norway.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In recent decades immigration to Norway from Asia, Africa and Eastern Europe has increased rapidly. The aim of this study was to assess the quality of care for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients from these ethnic minority groups compared with the care received by Norwegians.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 2006, electronic medical record data were screened at 11 practices (49 GPs; 58857 patients). 1653 T2DM patients cared for in general practice were identified. Ethnicity was defined as self-reported country of birth. Chi-squared tests, one-way ANOVAs, multiple regression, linear mixed effect models and generalized linear mixed models were used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Diabetes was diagnosed at a younger age in patients from the ethnic minority groups (South Asians (SA): mean age 44.9 years, Middle East/North Africa (MENA): 47.2 years, East Asians (EA): 52.0 years, others: 49.0 years) compared with Norwegians (59.7 years, p < 0.001). HbA1c, systolic blood pressure (SBP) and s-cholesterol were measured in >85% of patients in all groups with minor differences between minority groups and Norwegians. A greater proportion of the minority groups were prescribed hypoglycaemic medications compared with Norwegians (>or=79% vs. 72%, p < 0.001). After adjusting for age, gender, diabetes duration, practice and physician unit, HbA1c (geometric mean) for Norwegians was 6.9% compared to 7.3-7.5% in the minority groups (p < 0.05). The proportion with poor glycaemic control (HbA1c > 9%) was higher in minority groups (SA: 19.6%, MENA: 18.9% vs. Norwegians: 5.6%, p < 0.001. No significant ethnic differences were found in the proportions reaching the combined target: HbA1c <or= 7.5%, SBP <or= 140 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure (DBP) <or= 85 mmHg and total s-cholesterol <or=5.0 mmol/L (Norwegians: 25.5%, SA: 24.9%, MENA: 26.9%, EA: 26.1%, others:17.5%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mean age at the time of diagnosis of T2DM was 8-15 years younger in minority groups compared with Norwegians. Recording of important processes of care measures is high in all groups. Only one in four of most patient groups achieved all four treatment targets and prescribing habits may be sub-optimal. Patients from minority groups have worse glycaemic control than Norwegians which implies that it might be necessary to improve the guidelines to meet the needs of specific ethnic groups.
authors.affiliation: Section of General Practice, Institute of Health and Community, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. a.t.tran@medisin.uio.no
authors.forename: Anh T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Tran
authors.forename: Lien M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Diep
authors.forename: John G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: Tor
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Claudi
authors.forename: Jørund
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Straand
authors.forename: Kåre
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Birkeland
authors.forename: Wibeche
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ingskog
authors.forename: Anne K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Jenum
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001208:Asia / Q000208:ethnology; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000628:therapy; D057286:Electronic Health Records; D005194:Family Practice / Q000592:standards*; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008913:Minority Groups / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D009664:Norway; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications / Q000208:ethnology; D017064:Process Assessment, Health Care; D011787:Quality of Health Care
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human