title: Osteoblast response to magnesium ion-incorporated nanoporous titanium oxide surfaces.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study investigated the surface characteristics and in vitro osteoconductivity of a titanium (Ti) surface incorporated with the magnesium ions (Mg) produced by hydrothermal treatment for future application as an endosseous implant surface.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mg-incorporated Ti oxide surfaces were produced by hydrothermal treatment using Mg-containing solution on two different microstructured surfaces--abraded minimally rough (Ma) or grit-blasted moderately rough (RBM) samples. The surface characteristics were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy, thin-film X-ray diffractometry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, optical profilometry, and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblast cell attachment, proliferation, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, and quantitative analysis of osteoblastic gene expression on Ma, RBM, Mg-incorporated Ma (Mg), and Mg-incorporated grit-blasted (RBM/Mg) Ti surfaces were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hydrothermal treatment produced an Mg-incorporated Ti oxide layer with nanoporous surface structures. Mg-incorporated surfaces showed surface morphologies and surface roughness values almost identical to those of untreated smooth or micro-rough surfaces at the micron scale. ICP-AES analysis showed Mg ions released from treated surfaces into the solution. Mg incorporation significantly increased cellular attachment (P=0 at 0.5 h, P=0.01 at 1 h) on smooth surfaces, but no differences were found on micro-rough surfaces. Mg incorporation further increased ALP activity in cells grown on both smooth and micro-rough surfaces at 7 and 14 days of culture (P=0). Real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis showed higher mRNA expressions of the osteoblast transcription factor gene (Dlx5), various integrins, and the osteoblast phenotype genes (ALP, bone sialoprotein and osteocalcin) in cells grown on micro-rough (RBM) and Mg-incorporated (Mg and RBM/Mg) surfaces than those on Ma surfaces. Mg incorporation further increased the mRNA expressions of key osteoblast genes and integrins (α1, α2, α5, and β1) in cells grown on both the smooth and the micro-rough surfaces.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that an Mg-incorporated nanoporous Ti oxide surface produced by hydrothermal treatment may improve implant bone healing by enhancing the attachment and differentiation of osteoblastic cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea. jinwoo@knu.ac.kr
authors.forename: Jin-Woo
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Youn-Jeong
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Je-Hee
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Jang
authors.forename: Hwangjun
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Song
mesh_terms: D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000378:metabolism; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D015870:Gene Expression; D008274:Magnesium / Q000737:chemistry*; D051379:Mice; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D036103:Nanotechnology; D055620:Optical Phenomena; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000378:metabolism*; D056951:Photoelectron Spectroscopy; D016062:Porosity; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013054:Spectrophotometry, Atomic; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000187:drug effects; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: C009495:titanium dioxide; D014025:Titanium; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase; D008274:Magnesium