title: A novel SALL4/OCT4 transcriptional feedback network for pluripotency of embryonic stem cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  SALL4 is a member of the SALL gene family that encodes a group of putative developmental transcription factors. Murine Sall4 plays a critical role in maintaining embryonic stem cell (ES cell) pluripotency and self-renewal. We have shown that Sall4 activates Oct4 and is a master regulator in murine ES cells. Other SALL gene members, especially Sall1 and Sall3 are expressed in both murine and human ES cells, and deletions of these two genes in mice lead to perinatal death due to developmental defects. To date, little is known about the molecular mechanisms controlling the regulation of expressions of SALL4 or other SALL gene family members.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This report describes a novel SALL4/OCT4 regulator feedback loop in ES cells in balancing the proper expression dosage of SALL4 and OCT4 for the maintenance of ESC stem cell properties. While we have observed that a positive feedback relationship is present between SALL4 and OCT4, the strong self-repression of SALL4 seems to be the "break" for this loop. In addition, we have shown that SALL4 can repress the promoters of other SALL family members, such as SALL1 and SALL3, which competes with the activation of these two genes by OCT4.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings, when taken together, indicate that SALL4 is a master regulator that controls its own expression and the expression of OCT4. SALL4 and OCT4 work antagonistically to balance the expressions of other SALL gene family members. This novel SALL4/OCT4 transcription regulation feedback loop should provide more insight into the mechanism of governing the "stemness" of ES cells.
authors.affiliation: Division of Laboratory Medicine, Nevada Cancer Institute, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA.
authors.forename: Jianchang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Chong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chai
authors.forename: Yupo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ma
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001665:Binding Sites; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000235:genetics; D002460:Cell Line; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D053595:Embryonic Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D025461:Feedback, Physiological; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008957:Models, Genetic; D005810:Multigene Family / Q000235:genetics; D050814:Octamer Transcription Factor-3 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D039904:Pluripotent Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D050814:Octamer Transcription Factor-3; C494173:POU5F1 protein, human; C472575:SALL4 protein, human; C509167:Sall4 protein, mouse; D014157:Transcription Factors