title: Hospital readmissions and survival after nonneonatal pediatric ECMO.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The late effects of treatment with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in nonneonatal pediatric patients remain unclear. The aims of our study were to better characterize the long-term survival and hospital readmission rates for pediatric patients after ECMO treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 1999 to 2006, data on children aged 1 month to 18 years who underwent ECMO were extracted from the California Patient Discharge Database. Data from patients with diagnoses of congenital cardiac disease were excluded. We analyzed patient data on initial hospital course, subsequent readmissions, development of long-term morbidities, and long-term survival.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study cohort consisted of 188 children from 13 California hospitals. The median age was 3 years, and 46% of the patients survived to hospital discharge. ECMO indications included acquired heart disease in 81 patients, pneumonia in 56, other respiratory failure in 22, sepsis in 8, trauma in 8, and other indications in 12. Of the 87 survivors, 56 were tracked for a median period of 3.7 years. The readmission rate was 62%, and the mean time to first readmission was 1.2 years. Readmissions for respiratory infections were observed in 34% of the patients and for reactive airway disease in 7%. Neurologically debilitating conditions (epilepsy [7%] and developmental delay [9%]) occurred in 16%. Late deaths occurred in 5% of the children. Readmitted survivors had a cumulative length of readmission hospitalization of 8 days and hospital charge of $43 000. Cox proportional hazard regression demonstrated a positive relationship between treatment-center case volume and long-term survival outcomes (hazard ratio: 0.98 per case; P < .01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pediatric ECMO survivors suffered from significant long-term morbidities after initial hospital discharge. More than 60% of these children required subsequent readmissions, and late deaths were observed in 5%. Furthermore, hospitals with high case volumes were associated with improved long-term survival.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Surgery, Mattel Children's Hospital, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Ave, CHS Building, MC 957098, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7098, USA.
authors.forename: Howard C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Jen
authors.forename: Stephen B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Shew
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002140:California / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016208:Databases, Factual; D015199:Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation / Q000401:mortality*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D010359:Patient Readmission / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012131:Respiratory Insufficiency / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D016019:Survival Analysis