title: Ex vivo assessment of irrigant penetration and renewal during the final irrigation regimen.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess irrigant penetration in curved canals after shaping procedures ex vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty extracted mandibular molars with moderate to severe root canal curvature were included. A special aiming device was used to guarantee that each successive radiograph was taken with the same positioning. The mesiolingual canal of each tooth was instrumented with ProTaper rotary files. Apical third preparation was completed with an F1 instrument before additional step-back enlargement using F2 then F3 instruments. For each apical taper, the teeth were submitted successively to active irrigation (AI) then to passive irrigation (PI). AI consisted of a 0.5 mL flush of sodium diatrizoate (Hypaque 50%) immediately followed by manual mechanical activation with a gutta-percha point. PI consisted in flushing the canals with sodium hypochlorite passively delivered with a syringe. A digital radiograph was taken after each modality. The influence of needle tip design, needle tip insertion level, irrigant volume, root canal taper and solution activation was assessed by using digital subtraction radiography and measures of the depths of irrigant penetration. Comparisons were performed within an analysis of variance framework in a repeated-measures approach.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For PI, all the four explanatory variables 'apical taper', 'volume of irrigant used', 'corono-apical level of needle tip placement', 'needle tip design' had a significant (P < 0.005) influence on outcome of irrigation penetration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Only active irrigation allowed complete penetration and exchange of irrigating solution. For syringe irrigation alone, the level of needle tip placement in the canal was the most dominating factor.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endodontics and Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Paris 7-Denis Diderot University, Paris, France. bronnec.endo@gmail.com
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bronnec
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bouillaguet
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Machtou
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003786:Dental Pulp Cavity / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D003806:Dentin Permeability; D003973:Diatrizoate / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D008963:Molar; D009339:Needles; D019252:Radiography, Dental, Digital; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D018915:Root Canal Preparation / Q000295:instrumentation*; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite / Q000008:administration & dosage; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013382:Subtraction Technique; D007507:Therapeutic Irrigation / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D012388:Root Canal Irrigants; D003973:Diatrizoate; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite