title: Sequence heterogeneity in the equi merozoite antigen gene (ema-1) of Theileria equi and development of an ema-1-specific TaqMan MGB assay for the detection of T. equi.
abstract: Although a quantitative real-time PCR assay (qPCR) assay for the detection of Theileria equi has been developed and evaluated, it is possible that additional, as yet undetected 18S rRNA gene sequence variants may exist. A qPCR assay targeting a different gene, used in conjunction with the T. equi 18S rRNA qPCR assay, could assist in the detection of all T. equi genotypes in field samples. A T. equi ema-1-specific qPCR (Ueti et al., 2003) was tested on 107 South African field samples, 90 of which tested positive for T. equi antibody using the immuno-fluorescent antibody test (IFAT). The qPCR assay performed poorly, as T. equi was detected in only 67 of the 90 IFAT-positive field samples at quantification cycle (C(q)) values ranging from 27 to 39.95. Furthermore, a high C(q) value of 36.18 was obtained from DNA extracted from a South African in vitro-cultured T. equi WL isolate [1.38% parasitized erythrocytes (PE)] when a low C(q) value (indicative of a high T. equi DNA concentration) was expected. Approximately 600 bp of the ema-1 gene from 38 South African samples were sequenced and BLASTN analysis confirmed all sequences to be merozoite surface protein genes, with an identity of 87.1-100% to previously published T. equi ema-1 gene sequences. Alignment of the sequences revealed extensive sequence variations in the target regions of the primers and probes (Ueti et al., 2003), explaining the poor performance of the qPCR assay. Based on these observations, we developed a new TaqMan minor-groove binder (MGB) probe-based qPCR assay, targeting a more conserved region of the ema-1 gene. This assay was shown to be efficient and specific, and the detection limit, defined as the concentration at which 95% of T. equi-positive samples are detected, was determined to be 1.4 x 10(-4)% PE. The two ema-1 assays were compared by testing 41 South African field samples in parallel. The results suggested that the new assay was more sensitive than the original assay, as T. equi was detected in more samples and at lower C(q) values when the new assay was used. Phylogenetic analyses of the 18S rRNA gene sequences and ema-1 amino acid sequences from the same samples showed inconsistencies between the clades, indicating that the T. equi 18S rRNA genetic groups previously identified in South Africa may not represent distinct T. equi lineages. It is possible that the different T. equi ema-1 genotypes could be related to antigenic variability and pathogenicity and may be associated with clinical differences in equine piroplasmosis cases, but this remains to be elucidated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa. raksha.bhoora@up.ac.za
authors.forename: Raksha
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bhoora
authors.forename: Melvyn
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Quan
authors.forename: Paul T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Matjila
authors.forename: Erich
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zweygarth
authors.forename: Alan J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Guthrie
authors.forename: Nicola E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Collins
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016054:DNA, Protozoan / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D014644:Genetic Variation / Q000502:physiology*; D006734:Horse Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000469:parasitology*; D006736:Horses; D020066:Merozoite Surface Protein 1 / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics*; D010802:Phylogeny; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary; D012337:RNA, Ribosomal, 18S / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D013019:South Africa; D016794:Theileria / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D013801:Theileriasis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000469:parasitology*
chemical_list: D016054:DNA, Protozoan; D020066:Merozoite Surface Protein 1; D012337:RNA, Ribosomal, 18S