title: Reverse alignment "mirror image" visualization as a laparoscopic training tool improves task performance.
abstract: Reverse alignment (mirror image) visualization is a disconcerting situation occasionally faced during laparoscopic operations. This occurs when the camera faces back at the surgeon in the opposite direction from which the surgeon's body and instruments are facing. Most surgeons will attempt to optimize trocar and camera placement to avoid this situation. The authors' objective was to determine whether the intentional use of reverse alignment visualization during laparoscopic training would improve performance. A standard box trainer was configured for reverse alignment, and 34 medical students and junior surgical residents were randomized to train with either forward alignment (DIRECT) or reverse alignment (MIRROR) visualization. Enrollees were tested on both modalities before and after a 4-week structured training program specific to their modality. Student's t test was used to determine differences in task performance between the 2 groups. Twenty-one participants completed the study (10 DIRECT, 11 MIRROR). There were no significant differences in performance time between DIRECT or MIRROR participants during forward or reverse alignment initial testing. At final testing, DIRECT participants had improved times only in forward alignment performance; they demonstrated no significant improvement in reverse alignment performance. MIRROR participants had significant time improvement in both forward and reverse alignment performance at final testing. Reverse alignment imaging for laparoscopic training improves task performance for both reverse alignment and forward alignment tasks. This may be translated into improved performance in the operating room when faced with reverse alignment situations. Minimal lab training can account for drastic adaptation to this environment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA. Dunnicw@mail.amc.edu
authors.forename: Ward J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Dunnican
authors.forename: T Paul
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Ashar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ata
authors.forename: Emma E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Bendana
authors.forename: Thomas D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Conlee
authors.forename: Charles J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Dolce
authors.forename: Rakesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ramakrishnan
mesh_terms: D002983:Clinical Competence; D004501:Education, Medical; D004521:Educational Measurement; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D013337:Students, Medical; D013514:Surgical Procedures, Operative / Q000193:education*