Local thermal control of the human cutaneous circulation.
The level of skin blood flow is subject to both reflex thermoregulatory control and influences from the direct effects of warming and cooling the skin. The effects of local changes in temperature are capable of maximally vasoconstricting or vasodilating the skin. They are brought about by a combination of mechanisms involving endothelial, adrenergic, and sensory systems. Local warming initiates a transient vasodilation through an axon reflex, succeeded by a plateau phase due largely to nitric oxide. Both phases are supported by sympathetic transmitters. The plateau phase is followed by the die-away phenomenon, a slow reversal of the vasodilation that is dependent on intact sympathetic vasoconstrictor nerves. The vasoconstriction with local skin cooling is brought about, in part, by a postsynaptic upregulation of α(2c)-adrenoceptors and, in part, by inhibition of the nitric oxide system at at least two points. There is also an early vasodilator response to local cooling, dependent on the rate of cooling. The mechanism for that transient vasodilation is not known, but it is inhibited by intact sympathetic vasoconstrictor nerve function and by intact sensory nerve function.
Johnson
John M
JM
Dept. of Physiology, Univ. of Texas Health Science Center, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr., San Antonio TX 78231, USA. Johnson@uthscsa.edu
Kellogg
Dean L
DL
D000320:Adrenergic Fibers / Q000502:physiology; D001808:Blood Vessels / Q000294:innervation*; D001833:Body Temperature Regulation; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000378:metabolism; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006706:Homeostasis; D006801:Humans; D026602:Nitrergic Neurons / Q000502:physiology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D012018:Reflex; D011984:Sensory Receptor Cells / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D012867:Skin / Q000098:blood supply*; D012881:Skin Temperature; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D014661:Vasoconstriction; D014664:Vasodilation
D009569:Nitric Oxide; D004837:Epinephrine