Salivary measures of stress and immunity in police officers engaged in simulated critical incident scenarios.
OBJECTIVE
This research investigated the effects of a critical incident lethal force scenario on a panel of salivary biomarkers, measured at baseline and then at 10 and 30 minutes postscenario, in 141 law enforcement volunteer officers.


METHODS
Officers were randomly assigned to two virtual reality scenarios. One scenario was brief and involved a police officer chasing a suspect on a motorcycle, confronting the suspect who draws a gun and shoots the police officer. The other scenario involved a lengthy chase by the police officer through a workplace of an armed perpetrator ultimately engaging in gunfire with the police officer. Saliva was analyzed for cortisol, secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA), interleukin-6, and alpha-amylase concentrations.


RESULTS
The "workplace" scenario produced the largest responses in biomarkers, with significant rises in cortisol, interleukin-6, alpha-amylase, and secretory immunoglobulin A. These data suggest that virtual reality can produce stress and immune effects.


CONCLUSIONS
This research suggests that virtual reality scenarios produce physiologic stress responses, mimicking occupational stress.
College of Nursing, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA. mgroer@health.usf.edu
Maureen
M
Groer
Randall
R
Murphy
William
W
Bunnell
Kristin
K
Salomon
Jeanne
J
Van Eepoel
Blake
B
Rankin
Kristi
K
White
Cathy
C
Bykowski
D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D005389:Firearms; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000032:analysis; D007071:Immunoglobulin A, Secretory / Q000032:analysis; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D016495:Police; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000276:immunology; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000276:immunology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014584:User-Computer Interface; D055815:Young Adult; D000516:alpha-Amylases / Q000032:analysis
D007071:Immunoglobulin A, Secretory; D015850:Interleukin-6; D000516:alpha-Amylases; D006854:Hydrocortisone