Extratumoral vascular invasion is a significant prognostic indicator and a predicting factor of distant metastasis in non-small cell lung cancer.
BACKGROUND
Vascular invasion is thought to be a fundamental step in hematogenous metastasis. The aim of this study was to assess whether the qualitative evaluation of vascular invasion according to its location (intratumoral or extratumoral) could provide an appropriate means of predicting the prognostic outcome and potential patterns of recurrence in non-small cell lung cancer.


METHODS
We reviewed the cases of 1000 consecutive patients in whom complete resection of non-small cell lung cancer had been performed. Sections stained by the Victoria blue van Gieson method were examined for the presence of vascular invasion and the evaluation of its location (v0: absence, n = 540; v1: intratumoral, n = 428; v2: extratumoral, n = 32). Survival was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. To determine independent prognostic factors, univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted.


RESULTS
The study cohort included 605 men and 395 women, with a mean age of 66 years (range, 20-90 years). The 5-year overall survival rate of the vascular invasion-negative group and the vascular invasion-positive group was 82.5% and 55.1%, respectively (p < 0.001), and the 5-year overall survival rates of the v1 group and v2 groups were 55.9% and 44.0%, respectively (p = 0.010). Multivariate analysis showed that location of the vascular invasion (v0-1 versus v2) (p = 0.049), age (p = 0.030), tumor size (p = 0.004), lymph node metastasis (p < 0.001), and pleural invasion (p < 0.001) were significant prognostic factors. The proportion of patients who developed distant metastasis was significantly higher in the v2 group than in the v1 group (p = 0.026).


CONCLUSIONS
Evaluation of vascular invasion location was a statistically significant predictor of prognosis and potential recurrence patterns.
Shimada
Yoshihisa
Y
Division of Thoracic Surgery, Research Center for Innovative Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan.
Ishii
Genichiro
G
Hishida
Tomoyuki
T
Yoshida
Junji
J
Nishimura
Mitsuyo
M
Nagai
Kanji
K
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001808:Blood Vessels / Q000473:pathology*; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000556:secondary; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000473:pathology; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000175:diagnosis; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000175:diagnosis*; D015996:Survival Rate; D055815:Young Adult