[Do children with cochlear implants read or write differently?: literacy acquisition after cochlear implantation].
BACKGROUND
Despite the fact that literacy acquisition in hearing impaired children is frequently hampered, reading and writing competences continue not to be regularly evaluated and documented in children fitted with cochlear implants (CI). In this 2-year longitudinal study literacy acquisition in children fitted with CI was investigated.


METHODS
In total, 18 pre- and primary school children fitted with CI who had suffered prelingual deafness were examined. Subjects' ages at CI fitting ranged from 0.9 to 5.9 years; they were raised orally and monolingual German and showed normal intellectual achievement. Familial risk of developing dyslexia was ruled out. To assess subjects' literacy acquisition precursor and partial abilities in reading and writing according to dual route and developmental models were examined three times within 2 years. Precursor abilities included development of vocabulary and phonological awareness. Partial abilities were mastery in sublexical and lexical word processing in reading and writing as well as auditory and visual working memory.


RESULTS
Subjects showed a broad range in performance regarding vocabulary development as well as literacy. Discrepant results in terms of age equivalent visual and underachievement in auditory working memory as well as good achievement in implicit phonological awareness and weakness in explicit demands on phoneme analysis and manipulation of phonemes can be described. Indications were that subjects tended towards lip reading the instructor's item presentation. Performance in the administered writing test reveals a preference for lexical word processing, whereas sublexical word processing seems to make relatively higher demands on subjects.


CONCLUSIONS
Easier processing of visual information in partial and precursor abilities are consistent with a tendency to prefer a visual-lexical processing strategy. The presented study stresses the importance of generally assessing reading and writing skills when evaluating language development in children supplied with cochlear implants. Partial and precursor abilities should be included in order to identify any delay in development promptly. Thus, individual qualitative characteristics can be addressed in therapeutic intervention.
Fiori
A
A
Klinik und Poliklinik für Phoniatrie und Pädaudiologie, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Kardinal-von-Galen-Ring 10, 48129 Münster. afiori@gmx.de
Reichmuth
K
K
Matulat
P
P
Schmidt
C-M
CM
Am Zehnhoff-Dinnesen
A
A
D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003054:Cochlear Implants; D003638:Deafness / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007858:Learning; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D011932:Reading; D014956:Writing