Vitamin D: metabolism.
The biologically active metabolite of vitamin D, 1,25(OH)(2)D(3), affects mineral homeostasis and has numerous other diverse physiologic functions including effects on growth of cancer cells and protection against certain immune disorders. This article reviews the role of vitamin D hydroxylases in providing a tightly regulated supply of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3). The role of extrarenal 1alpha(OH)ase in placenta and macrophages is also discussed, as well as regulation of vitamin D hydroxylases in aging and chronic kidney disease. Understanding specific factors involved in regulating the hydroxylases may lead to the design of drugs that can selectively modulate the hydroxylases. The ability to alter levels of these enzymes would have therapeutic potential for the treatment of various diseases, including bone loss disorders and certain immune diseases.
Christakos
Sylvia
S
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New Jersey Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103, USA. christak@umdnj.edu
Ajibade
Dare V
DV
Dhawan
Puneet
P
Fechner
Adam J
AJ
Mady
Leila J
LJ
D000818:Animals; D002762:Cholecalciferol / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000378:metabolism*; D053493:Cholestanetriol 26-Monooxygenase / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D000072467:Cytochrome P450 Family 2; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000201:enzymology; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000201:enzymology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D010920:Placenta / Q000378:metabolism; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000378:metabolism; D013250:Steroid Hydroxylases / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000378:metabolism*; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000378:metabolism*; D014809:Vitamin D-Binding Protein / Q000378:metabolism*
D014809:Vitamin D-Binding Protein; D014807:Vitamin D; D002762:Cholecalciferol; D013250:Steroid Hydroxylases; D000072467:Cytochrome P450 Family 2; C506833:CYP2R1 protein, human; D053493:Cholestanetriol 26-Monooxygenase