The location of femoral and tibial tunnels in anatomic double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction analyzed by three-dimensional computed tomography models.
BACKGROUND
Characterization of the insertion site anatomy in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction has recently received increased attention in the literature, coinciding with a growing interest in anatomic reconstruction. The purpose of this study was to visualize and quantify the position of anatomic anteromedial and posterolateral bone tunnels in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with use of novel methods applied to three-dimensional computed tomographic reconstruction images.


METHODS
Careful arthroscopic dissection and anatomic double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament tunnel drilling were performed with use of topographical landmarks in eight cadaver knees. Computed tomography scans were performed on each knee, and three-dimensional models were created and aligned into an anatomic coordinate system. Tibial tunnel aperture centers were measured in the anterior-to-posterior and medial-to-lateral directions on the tibial plateau. The femoral tunnel aperture centers were measured in anatomic posterior-to-anterior and proximal-to-distal directions and with the quadrant method (relative to the femoral notch).


RESULTS
The centers of the tunnel apertures for the anteromedial and posterolateral tunnels were located at a mean (and standard deviation) of 25% +/- 2.8% and 46.4% +/- 3.7%, respectively, of the anterior-to-posterior tibial plateau depth and at a mean of 50.5% +/- 4.2% and 52.4% +/- 2.5% of the medial-to-lateral tibial plateau width. On the medial wall of the lateral femoral condyle in the anatomic posterior-to-anterior direction, the anteromedial and posterolateral tunnels were located at 23.1% +/- 6.1% and 15.3% +/- 4.8%, respectively. The proximal-to-distal locations were at 28.2% +/- 5.4% and 58.1 +/- 7.1%, respectively. With the quadrant method, anteromedial and posterolateral tunnels were measured at 21.7% +/- 2.5% and 35.1% +/- 3.5%, respectively, from the proximal condylar surface (parallel to the Blumensaat line), and at 33.2% +/- 5.6% and 55.3% +/- 5.3% from the notch roof (perpendicular to the Blumensaat line). Intraobserver and interobserver reliability was high, with small standard errors of measurement.


CONCLUSIONS
This cadaver study provides reference data against which tunnel position in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction can be compared in future clinical trials.
Forsythe
Brian
B
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
Kopf
Sebastian
S
Wong
Andrew K
AK
Martins
Cesar A Q
CA
Anderst
William
W
Tashman
Scott
S
Fu
Freddie H
FH
D000368:Aged; D016118:Anterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000601:surgery*; D001182:Arthroscopy; D002102:Cadaver; D005260:Female; D005269:Femur / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted; D013977:Tibia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*