Smoke-free air laws and secondhand smoke exposure among nonsmoking youth.
OBJECTIVE
We investigated the association between smoke-free law coverage and cotinine among nonsmoking youth (3-19 years) with and without home secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure.


METHODS
We used data from the 1999-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, a cross-sectional survey designed to monitor the health and nutritional status of the US population. Serum cotinine levels were available for 11 486 nonsmoking youth from 117 survey locations. Each location was categorized into 1 of 3 groups indicating extensive, limited, and no coverage by a smoke-free law. Cotinine was analyzed both as a dichotomous (> or =0.05 ng/mL) and as a continuous outcome.


RESULTS
Among youth without home SHS exposure, those who were living in a county with extensive coverage of a smoke-free air law had an adjusted 0.61 times (95% confidence interval: 0.48-0.78) the prevalence of detectable cotinine and 0.57 (95% confidence interval: 0.41-0.79) times lower geometric mean compared with youth without a smoke-free air law. Among youth with home SHS exposure, youth with extensive coverage of a smoke-free air law had lower geometric mean cotinine compared with youth who were living in a county without a smoke-free air law, but these differences were no longer observed after adjustment for covariates.


CONCLUSIONS
These results suggest that smoke-free laws are an effective strategy for reducing cotinine in youth without home SHS exposure; however, among youth with home SHS exposure, no benefit was detected.
Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02215, USA. mpickett@hsph.harvard.edu
Melanie S
MS
Dove
Douglas W
DW
Dockery
Gregory N
GN
Connolly
D000293:Adolescent; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003367:Cotinine / Q000097:blood*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000517:prevention & control; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D062665:Epidemiological Monitoring; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D011336:Probability; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D019460:Tobacco Industry / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence* / Q000517:prevention & control; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult
D015415:Biomarkers; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution; D003367:Cotinine