How to do research fairly in an unjust world.
International research, sponsored by for-profit companies, is regularly criticised as unethical on the grounds that it exploits research subjects in developing countries. Many commentators agree that exploitation occurs when the benefits of cooperative activity are unfairly distributed between the parties. To determine whether international research is exploitative we therefore need an account of fair distribution. Procedural accounts of fair bargaining have been popular solutions to this problem, but I argue that they are insufficient to protect against exploitation. I argue instead that a maximin principle of fair distribution provides a more compelling normative account of fairness in relationships characterised by extreme vulnerability and inequality of bargaining potential between the parties. A global tax on international research would provide a mechanism for implementing the maximin account of fair benefits. This model has the capacity to ensure fair benefits and thereby prevent exploitation in international research.
Yale University, Donaghue Initiative in Biomedical and Behavioral Research Ethics, Interdisciplinary Center for Bioethics, ISPS, 77 Prospect Street, PO Box 208209, New Haven, CT 06520, USA. a.j.ballantyne@gmail.com
Angela J
AJ
Ballantyne
D026688:Bioethical Issues; D035843:Biomedical Research / Q000191:economics / Q000941:ethics; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic / Q000191:economics* / Q000941:ethics*; D003132:Commerce; D016265:Conflict of Interest / Q000191:economics*; D003906:Developing Countries / Q000191:economics*; D004345:Drug Industry / Q000191:economics / Q000941:ethics; D026689:Ethical Analysis; D032984:Ethics, Research; D019981:Health Care Sector / Q000191:economics / Q000941:ethics; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000191:economics / Q000941:ethics; D006805:Human Experimentation / Q000941:ethics*; D006801:Humans; D007391:International Cooperation; D017149:Private Sector / Q000191:economics / Q000941:ethics*; D035842:Research Subjects; D012109:Research Support as Topic / Q000941:ethics*; D012935:Social Justice; D013660:Taxes / Q000191:economics / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000639:trends; D014454:Uganda; D014481:United States; D035862:Vulnerable Populations