Vaginal microbiome of reproductive-age women.
The means by which vaginal microbiomes help prevent urogenital diseases in women and maintain health are poorly understood. To gain insight into this, the vaginal bacterial communities of 396 asymptomatic North American women who represented four ethnic groups (white, black, Hispanic, and Asian) were sampled and the species composition characterized by pyrosequencing of barcoded 16S rRNA genes. The communities clustered into five groups: four were dominated by Lactobacillus iners, L. crispatus, L. gasseri, or L. jensenii, whereas the fifth had lower proportions of lactic acid bacteria and higher proportions of strictly anaerobic organisms, indicating that a potential key ecological function, the production of lactic acid, seems to be conserved in all communities. The proportions of each community group varied among the four ethnic groups, and these differences were statistically significant [χ(2)(10) = 36.8, P < 0.0001]. Moreover, the vaginal pH of women in different ethnic groups also differed and was higher in Hispanic (pH 5.0 ± 0.59) and black (pH 4.7 ± 1.04) women as compared with Asian (pH 4.4 ± 0.59) and white (pH 4.2 ± 0.3) women. Phylotypes with correlated relative abundances were found in all communities, and these patterns were associated with either high or low Nugent scores, which are used as a factor for the diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis. The inherent differences within and between women in different ethnic groups strongly argues for a more refined definition of the kinds of bacterial communities normally found in healthy women and the need to appreciate differences between individuals so they can be taken into account in risk assessment and disease diagnosis.
Ravel
Jacques
J
Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA. jravel@som.umaryland.edu
Gajer
Pawel
P
Abdo
Zaid
Z
Schneider
G Maria
GM
Koenig
Sara S K
SS
McCulle
Stacey L
SL
Karlebach
Shara
S
Gorle
Reshma
R
Russell
Jennifer
J
Tacket
Carol O
CO
Brotman
Rebecca M
RM
Davis
Catherine C
CC
Ault
Kevin
K
Peralta
Ligia
L
Forney
Larry J
LJ
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American; D001213:Asian; D001483:Base Sequence; D058893:DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008396:Maryland; D054892:Metagenome / Q000235:genetics*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013045:Species Specificity; D014621:Vagina / Q000382:microbiology*; D044465:White People
D017931:DNA Primers; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S