Vitamin D status and impact of vitamin D3 and/or calcium supplementation in a randomized pilot study in the Southeastern United States.
OBJECTIVE
Vitamin D supplementation may be required for certain subgroups in the United States in whom status and intake are inadequate, but the impact of various doses, and whether calcium administration jointly or independently influences vitamin D metabolite levels, is unclear.


METHODS
In a pilot chemoprevention trial of biomarkers of risk for colorectal adenoma, we measured the impact of vitamin D supplementation and/or calcium supplementation on plasma vitamin D metabolite concentrations. Ninety-two adult men and women living in the southeastern United States were randomized to 800 IU vitamin D(3), 2000 mg elemental calcium, both, or placebo daily for 6 months. We examined vitamin D status at baseline and postintervention and compared the change in plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) and 1,25(OH)(2)D levels by intervention group using general linear models.


RESULTS
Eighty-two percent of the study population had insufficient plasma 25(OH)D concentrations (<75 nmol/L) at baseline, with the lowest levels observed among African American participants. Vitamin D supplements, with or without calcium supplementation, raised plasma 25(OH)D concentrations, on average, by 25 to 26 nmol/L. Half of the study participants were classified as having sufficient 25(OH)D status after 6 months of 800 IU of vitamin D(3) daily. Calcium alone did not influence 25(OH)D concentrations.


CONCLUSIONS
In this southeastern U.S. population, half of the study participants receiving 800 IU vitamin D(3) daily had blood 25(OH)D concentrations of <or=75 nmol/L after a 6-month intervention period, supporting higher vitamin D dose requirements estimated by some groups. More research is needed to identify the optimal vitamin D dose to improve 25(OH)D status in various at-risk populations.
McCullough
Marjorie L
ML
Epidemiology Research Program, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, Georgia 30303-1002, USA. marji.mccullough@cancer.org
Bostick
Roberd M
RM
Daniel
Carrie R
CR
Flanders
W Dana
WD
Shaukat
Aasma
A
Davison
Jill
J
Rangaswamy
Udaya
U
Hollis
Bruce W
BW
D000368:Aged; D000483:Alleles; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002118:Calcium / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002762:Cholecalciferol / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D005845:Georgia; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D055118:Medication Adherence; D008875:Middle Aged; D010865:Pilot Projects; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D018167:Receptors, Calcitriol / Q000235:genetics; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood
D018167:Receptors, Calcitriol; D014807:Vitamin D; D002762:Cholecalciferol; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D; D002118:Calcium