Urine 1,6-hexamethylene diamine (HDA) levels among workers exposed to 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI).
Urinary 1,6-hexamethylene diamine (HDA) may serve as a biomarker for systemic exposure to 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) in occupationally exposed populations. However, the quantitative relationships between dermal and inhalation exposure to HDI and urine HDA levels have not been established. We measured acid-hydrolyzed urine HDA levels along with dermal and breathing-zone levels of HDI in 48 automotive spray painters. These measurements were conducted over the course of an entire workday for up to three separate workdays that were spaced approximately 1 month apart. One urine sample was collected before the start of work with HDI-containing paints and subsequent samples were collected during the workday. HDA levels varied throughout the day and ranged from nondetectable to 65.9 microg l(-1) with a geometric mean and geometric standard deviation of 0.10 microg l(-1) +/- 6.68. Dermal exposure and inhalation exposure levels, adjusted for the type of respirator worn, were both significant predictors of urine HDA levels in the linear mixed models. Creatinine was a significant covariate when used as an independent variable along with dermal and respirator-adjusted inhalation exposure. Consequently, exposure assessment models must account for the water content of a urine sample. These findings indicate that HDA exhibits a biphasic elimination pattern, with a half-life of 2.9 h for the fast elimination phase. Our results also indicate that urine HDA level is significantly associated with systemic HDI exposure through both the skin and the lungs. We conclude that urinary HDA may be used as a biomarker of exposure to HDI, but biological monitoring should be tailored to reliably capture the intermittent exposure pattern typical in this industry.
Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 27599, USA.
Linda G T
LG
Gaines
Kenneth W
KW
Fent
Sheila L
SL
Flack
Jennifer M
JM
Thomasen
Louise M
LM
Ball
David B
DB
Richardson
Kai
K
Ding
Stephen G
SG
Whittaker
Leena A
LA
Nylander-French
D000328:Adult; D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational / Q000032:analysis / Q000652:urine*; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000032:analysis / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001336:Automobiles; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D003485:Cyanates / Q000032:analysis / Q000652:urine*; D003959:Diamines / Q000032:analysis / Q000652:urine*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D006207:Half-Life; D006801:Humans; D006868:Hydrolysis; D019570:Inhalation Exposure / Q000032:analysis / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017953:Isocyanates; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000032:analysis / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010150:Paint; D011481:Protective Clothing / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012134:Respiratory Protective Devices; D012869:Skin Absorption; D017132:Workplace; D055815:Young Adult
D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational; D015415:Biomarkers; D003485:Cyanates; D003959:Diamines; D017953:Isocyanates; C015262:1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate; D003404:Creatinine; C007297:1,6-diaminohexane