Long-term acute care hospital utilization after critical illness.
BACKGROUND
Long-term acute care hospitals have emerged as a novel approach for the care of patients recovering from severe acute illness, but the extent and increases in their activity at the national level are unknown.


OBJECTIVE
To examine temporal trends in long-term acute care hospital utilization after an episode of critical illness among fee-for-service Medicare beneficiaries aged 65 years or older.


METHODS
Retrospective cohort study using the Medicare Provider Analysis and Review files from 1997 to 2006. We included all Medicare hospitalizations involving admission to an intensive care unit of an acute care, nonfederal hospital within the continental United States.


METHODS
Overall long-term acute care utilization, associated costs, and survival following transfer.


RESULTS
The number of long-term acute care hospitals in the United States increased at a mean rate of 8.8% per year, from 192 in 1997 to 408 in 2006. During that time, the annual number of long-term acute care admissions after critical illness increased from 13,732 to 40,353, with annual costs increasing from $484 million to $1.325 billion. The age-standardized population incidence of long-term acute care utilization after critical illness increased from 38.1 per 100,000 in 1997 to 99.7 per 100,000 in 2006, with greater use among male individuals and black individuals in all periods. Over time, transferred patients had higher numbers of comorbidities (5.0 in 1997-2000 vs 5.8 in 2004-2006, P < .001) and were more likely to receive mechanical ventilation at the long-term acute care hospital (16.4% in 1997-2000 vs 29.8% in 2004-2006, P < .001). One-year mortality after long-term acute care hospital admission was high throughout the study period: 50.7% in 1997-2000 and 52.2% in 2004-2006.


CONCLUSIONS
Long-term acute care hospital utilization after critical illness is common and increasing. Survival among Medicare beneficiaries transferred to long-term acute care after critical illness is poor.
Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Blockley Hall 723, 423 Guardian Dr, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. jmkahn@mail.med.upenn.edu
Jeremy M
JM
Kahn
Nicole M
NM
Benson
Dina
D
Appleby
Shannon S
SS
Carson
Theodore J
TJ
Iwashyna
D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D016638:Critical Illness / Q000191:economics / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D018588:Fee-for-Service Plans / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017721:Hospital Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006761:Hospitals / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D007902:Length of Stay; D006278:Medicare / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010360:Patient Transfer / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology