The analgesic and antihyperalgesic effects of transcranial electrostimulation with combined direct and alternating current in healthy volunteers.
BACKGROUND
Transcranial electrostimulation (TES) has been reported to produce clinically significant analgesia, but randomized and double-blind studies are lacking. We investigated the analgesic and antihyperalgesic effects of TES in validated human experimental pain models.


METHODS
In 20 healthy male subjects we evaluated the analgesic and antihyperalgesic effects of TES(60Hz) and TES(100Hz) to heat and mechanical pain in experimentally induced ultraviolet B skin sunburns and in normal skin. Previous animal studies in our laboratory predicted that TES(60Hz) would provide significant analgesia, and TES(100Hz) was a suitable active control. The study was conducted in a double-blind, randomized, 2-way cross-over fashion. TES was administered for 35 minutes. Quantitative sensory testing evaluating heat and mechanical pain thresholds was conducted before TES, during TES, and 45 minutes after TES.


RESULTS
TES (TES(60Hz) > TES(100Hz)) evoked rapidly developing, significant thermal and mechanical antihyperalgesic effects in the ultraviolet B lesion, and attenuated thermal pain in unimpaired skin. No long-lasting analgesic and antihyperalgesic effects of a single TES treatment were demonstrated in this study.


CONCLUSIONS
TES produces significant, frequency-dependent antihyperalgesic and analgesic effects in humans. The characteristics of the TES effects indicate a high likelihood of its ability to modulate both peripheral sensitization of nociceptors and central hyperexcitability.
Nekhendzy
V
V
Stanford University, Department of Anesthesia, Stanford, CA, USA. nek@stanford.edu
Lemmens
H J
HJ
Tingle
M
M
Nekhendzy
M
M
Angst
M S
MS
D000328:Adult; D000698:Analgesia / Q000379:methods*; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002140:California; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D006930:Hyperalgesia / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000503:physiopathology; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D017288:Pain Threshold; D011312:Pressure; D013471:Sunburn / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology; D004561:Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation; D055815:Young Adult