Hair nicotine levels in non-smoking pregnant women whose spouses smoke outside of the home.
OBJECTIVE
To determine whether spouses who only smoke cigarettes outside the home can reduce the secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure of non-smoking pregnant women to the levels of those with non-smoking spouses.


METHODS
In this cross-sectional survey performed between 1 October 2006 and 31 July 2007, 896 non-smoking pregnant women in their 35th gestational week were included. Hair nicotine levels and the smoking behaviour of their spouses at home were assessed.


RESULTS
The geometric means of the hair nicotine levels of the participants with non-smoking spouses (group A), the participants with spouses who only smoked outside the home (group B), and the participants with spouses who smoked inside the home (group C) were 0.33 ng/mg (95% CI 0.30 to 0.35), 0.51 ng/mg (95% CI, 0.45 to 0.57) and 0.58 ng/mg (95% CI, 0.51 to 0.65), respectively. The mean log hair nicotine level of group A was significantly different from the other groups (p<0.001, Scheffe's post hoc test). Multiple linear regression analysis of the log-transformed hair nicotine levels of the participants after adjusting for confounding showed that the mean differences (SE of the mean difference) of groups B and C compared to the reference group A were 0.43 (0.07; p<0.001) and 0.44 (0.10; p<0.001), respectively.


CONCLUSIONS
Spouses who only smoked outside the home did not reduce the level of SHS exposure of pregnant women to the level of pregnant women with non-smoking spouses. A strategy based on the separation of pregnant women and the smoking activity of their spouses might be inadequate to protect pregnant women from SHS at home.
Yoo
Sang-Ho
SH
Department of Family Medicine and Health Promotion Center, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Dongan-ku, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
Paek
Yu-Jin
YJ
Kim
Seong-Soo
SS
Lee
Do-Hoon
DH
Seo
Dong-Ki
DK
Seong
Moon-Woo
MW
Chang
Hye-Mi
HM
Choi
Seok-Tae
ST
Im
Hyoung-June
HJ
D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006197:Hair / Q000737:chemistry*; D006798:Housing; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009538:Nicotine / Q000032:analysis*; D011247:Pregnancy; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology*; D018454:Spouses / Q000523:psychology*; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000032:analysis* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution; D009538:Nicotine