An analysis of prospective risk factors for aortic stiffness in men: 20-year follow-up from the Caerphilly prospective study.
Arterial stiffness is an important determinant of cardiovascular risk. The precise risk factors for arterial stiffening remain unclear. We aimed to identify potential risk factors using prospective exposure data from the Caerphilly Prospective Study. Aortic pulse wave velocity and augmentation index were measured in 825 men and related to current (2004) and baseline (1979-1988) anthropometric, hemodynamic, and biochemical factors. The mean age of the men was 74 years, with an average follow-up of 20 years. The only independent baseline predictors of current velocity were pulse pressure (standardized beta-coefficient: 0.58), C-reactive protein (0.35), glucose (0.25), and waist circumference (0.23). The sole baseline predictor of current augmentation index was fibrinogen (0.78). After additional adjustment for the corresponding current risk factor, pulse wave velocity was best related to cumulative exposure to C-reactive protein, whereas augmentation index was most strongly related to current levels. Velocity was also more strongly correlated with baseline levels of triglycerides and smoking but with current waist circumference. The pulse pressure heart rate product assessed over the whole of 20 years was independently correlated with aortic pulse wave velocity but not augmentation index. Other than blood pressure, established cardiovascular risk factors have only a modest effect on aortic stiffness and wave reflection. Inflammation and the level of repetitive cyclic stress are important predictors of aortic stiffness, whereas wave reflection is predicted by acute inflammation only. Adequate control of pulse pressure and heart rate, as well as reducing inflammation, may, in the long-term, retard aortic stiffening, although this remains to be tested directly.
Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Box 110, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK. cmm41@cam.ac.uk
Carmel M
CM
McEniery
Michael
M
Spratt
Margaret
M
Munnery
John
J
Yarnell
Gordon D
GD
Lowe
Ann
A
Rumley
John
J
Gallacher
Yoav
Y
Ben-Shlomo
John R
JR
Cockcroft
Ian B
IB
Wilkinson
D000368:Aged; D001011:Aorta / Q000502:physiology*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011673:Pulsatile Flow / Q000502:physiology*; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D012307:Risk Factors; D019722:Sphygmomanometers; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology; D014655:Vascular Resistance / Q000502:physiology*