Metronomic gemcitabine suppresses tumour growth, improves perfusion, and reduces hypoxia in human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.
BACKGROUND
The current standard of care for pancreatic cancer is weekly gemcitabine administered for 3 of 4 weeks with a 1-week break between treatment cycles. Maximum tolerated dose (MTD)-driven regimens as such are often associated with toxicities. Recent studies demonstrated that frequent dosing of chemotherapeutic drugs at relatively lower doses in metronomic regimens also confers anti-tumour activity but with fewer side effects.


METHODS
Herein, we evaluated the anti-tumour efficacy of metronomic vs MTD gemcitabine, and investigated their effects on the tumour microenvironment in two human pancreatic cancer xenografts established from two different patients.


RESULTS
Metronomic and MTD gemcitabine significantly reduced tumour volume in both xenografts. However, K(trans) values were higher in metronomic gemcitabine-treated tumours than in their MTD-treated counterparts, suggesting better tissue perfusion in the former. These data were further supported by tumour-mapping studies showing prominent decreases in hypoxia after metronomic gemcitabine treatment. Metronomic gemcitabine also significantly increased apoptosis in cancer-associated fibroblasts and induced greater reductions in the tumour levels of multiple pro-angiogenic factors, including EGF, IL-1alpha, IL-8, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1.


CONCLUSIONS
Metronomic dosing of gemcitabine is active in pancreatic cancer and is accompanied by pronounced changes in the tumour microenvironment.
Cham
K K Y
KK
Department of Advanced Therapeutics, British Columbia Cancer Agency, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V5Z 1L3.
Baker
J H E
JH
Takhar
K S
KS
Flexman
J A
JA
Wong
M Q
MQ
Owen
D A
DA
Yung
A
A
Kozlowski
P
P
Reinsberg
S A
SA
Chu
E M
EM
Chang
C-W A
CW
Buczkowski
A K
AK
Chung
S W
SW
Scudamore
C H
CH
Minchinton
A I
AI
Yapp
D T T
DT
Ng
S S W
SS
D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000098:blood supply / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D000818:Animals; D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D021441:Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal / Q000098:blood supply / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D015687:Cell Hypoxia; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D003841:Deoxycytidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays; D000093542:Gemcitabine
D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; D003841:Deoxycytidine; D000093542:Gemcitabine