Isothiocyanates induce oxidative stress and suppress the metastasis potential of human non-small cell lung cancer cells.
BACKGROUND
Isothiocyanates are natural compounds found in consumable cruciferous vegetables. They have been shown to inhibit chemical carcinogenesis by a wide variety of chemical carcinogens in animal models. Recent studies have also shown that isothiocyanates have antitumor activity, inhibiting the growth of several types of cultured human cancer cells. Our previous study showed that PEITC inhibited human leukemia cells growth by inducing apoptosis. However, the effect of isothiocyanates on lung cancer cell metastasis has not been studied. In the present study, we investigated the inhibitory effects of BITC and PEITC on metastatic potential of highly metastatic human lung cancer L9981 cells.


METHODS
Cell migration and invasion were measured by wound healing assay and transwell chemotaxis assay. Expression of metastasis-related genes was assessed by quantitative RT-PCR and Western blotting. The mechanisms of action were evaluated by flow cytometry, reporter assay and Western blotting.


RESULTS
Our data showed that both BITC and PEITC inhibited L9981 cell growth in a dose-dependent manner, the IC50 values were 5.0 and 9.7 microM, respectively. Cell migrations were reduced to 8.1% and 16.5% of control, respectively; and cell invasions were reduced to 2.7% and 7.3% of control, respectively. Metastasis-related genes MMP-2, Twist and beta-catenin were also modulated. BITC and PEITC inhibited cell survival signaling molecules Akt and NFkappaB activation. Moreover, BITC and PEITC increased ROS generation and caused GSH depletion. Pretreatment with NAC blocked BITC and PEITC induced ROS elevation and NFkappaB inhibition.


CONCLUSIONS
Our results indicated that BITC and PEITC suppress lung cancer cell metastasis potential by modulation of metastasis-related gene expression, inhibition of Akt/NFkappaB pathway. Induction of oxidative stress may play an important role.
Wu
Xiang
X
Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenviroment, Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China.
Zhu
Yu
Y
Yan
Huiqin
H
Liu
Boning
B
Li
Ying
Y
Zhou
Qinghua
Q
Xu
Ke
K
D000111:Acetylcysteine / Q000494:pharmacology; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000556:secondary*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects*; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D020128:Inhibitory Concentration 50; D017879:Isothiocyanates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013997:Time Factors; D014162:Transfection; D051879:Twist-Related Protein 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D051176:beta Catenin / Q000378:metabolism
D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D000975:Antioxidants; C495270:CTNNB1 protein, human; D017879:Isothiocyanates; D016328:NF-kappa B; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; C103173:TWIST1 protein, human; D051879:Twist-Related Protein 1; D051176:beta Catenin; C058305:phenethyl isothiocyanate; C031403:benzyl isothiocyanate; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; C522361:MMP2 protein, human; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; D005978:Glutathione; D000111:Acetylcysteine