Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of choline in a mouse model of postoperative pain.
BACKGROUND
Choline is a dietary supplement that activates alpha7 nicotinic receptors. alpha7 nicotinic activation reduces cytokine production by macrophages and has antinociceptive activity in inflammatory pain models. We hypothesized that systemic administration of choline would reduce the inflammatory response from macrophages and have antinociceptive efficacy in a murine model of postoperative pain.


METHODS
We studied the response of wild-type and alpha7 nicotinic knockout mice to heat and punctate pressure after a model surgical procedure. We investigated the effect of genotype and choline treatment on alpha-bungarotoxin binding to, and their production of tumour necrosis factor (TNF) from, macrophages.


RESULTS
Choline provided moderate antinociception. The ED(50) for choline inhibition of heat-induced allodynia was 1.7 mg kg(-1) h(-1). The ED(50) for punctate pressure threshold was 4.7 mg kg(-1) h(-1) choline. alpha7 nicotinic knockout mice had no change in hypersensitivity to heat or pressure and were significantly different from littermate controls when treated with choline 5 mg kg(-1) h(-1) (P<0.05, 0.01). Choline 100 mM reduced binding of alpha-bungarotoxin to macrophages by 72% and decreased their release of TNF by up to 51 (sd 11)%. There was no difference by genotype in the inhibition of TNF release by choline.


CONCLUSIONS
Systemic choline is a moderately effective analgesic via activation of alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. The antinocicepive effect may not be mediated by a reduction of TNF pathway cytokine release from macrophages. Although choline at millimolar concentrations clearly inhibits the release of TNF, this effect is not alpha7 subunit-dependent and occurs at concentrations likely higher than reached systemically in vivo.
Department of Anesthesiology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
T J
TJ
Rowley
A
A
McKinstry
E
E
Greenidge
W
W
Smith
P
P
Flood
D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002794:Choline / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D005260:Female; D006358:Hot Temperature; D017737:Macrophages, Peritoneal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D023421:Models, Animal; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010812:Physical Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D011978:Receptors, Nicotinic / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis; D064569:alpha7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor
D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; C579166:Chrna7 protein, mouse; D011978:Receptors, Nicotinic; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D064569:alpha7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor; D002794:Choline