Perforin expression directly ex vivo by HIV-specific CD8 T-cells is a correlate of HIV elite control.
Many immune correlates of CD8(+) T-cell-mediated control of HIV replication, including polyfunctionality, proliferative ability, and inhibitory receptor expression, have been discovered. However, no functional correlates using ex vivo cells have been identified with the known ability to cause the direct elimination of HIV-infected cells. We have recently discovered the ability of human CD8(+) T-cells to rapidly upregulate perforin--an essential molecule for cell-mediated cytotoxicity--following antigen-specific stimulation. Here, we examined perforin expression capability in a large cross-sectional cohort of chronically HIV-infected individuals with varying levels of viral load: elite controllers (n = 35), viremic controllers (n = 29), chronic progressors (n = 27), and viremic nonprogressors (n = 6). Using polychromatic flow cytometry and standard intracellular cytokine staining assays, we measured perforin upregulation, cytokine production, and degranulation following stimulation with overlapping peptide pools encompassing all proteins of HIV. We observed that HIV-specific CD8(+) T-cells from elite controllers consistently display an enhanced ability to express perforin directly ex vivo compared to all other groups. This ability is not restricted to protective HLA-B haplotypes, does not require proliferation or the addition of exogenous factors, is not restored by HAART, and primarily originates from effector CD8(+) T-cells with otherwise limited functional capability. Notably, we found an inverse relationship between HIV-specific perforin expression and viral load. Thus, the capability of HIV-specific CD8(+) T-cells to rapidly express perforin defines a novel correlate of control in HIV infection.
Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America.
Adam R
AR
Hersperger
Florencia
F
Pereyra
Martha
M
Nason
Korey
K
Demers
Prameet
P
Sheth
Lucy Y
LY
Shin
Colin M
CM
Kovacs
Benigno
B
Rodriguez
Scott F
SF
Sieg
Leia
L
Teixeira-Johnson
Debbie
D
Gudonis
Paul A
PA
Goepfert
Michael M
MM
Lederman
Ian
I
Frank
George
G
Makedonas
Rupert
R
Kaul
Bruce D
BD
Walker
Michael R
MR
Betts
D016915:AIDS Vaccines / Q000276:immunology; D056704:Adaptive Immunity / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D000483:Alleles; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D018414:CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D018450:Disease Progression; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D015235:HLA-B Antigens / Q000235:genetics; D006239:Haplotypes; D006801:Humans; D054353:Perforin; D052899:Pore Forming Cytotoxic Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D013602:T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology; D019562:Viral Load / Q000276:immunology; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000276:immunology
D016915:AIDS Vaccines; D016207:Cytokines; D015235:HLA-B Antigens; C510468:PRF1 protein, human; D052899:Pore Forming Cytotoxic Proteins; D054353:Perforin