Physical activity and bone health in children and adolescents.
Bone gain is the greatest during the pubertal years. However, physical activity declines precipitously with age among adolescents (1,2). Therefore, promotion of physical activity in children and adolescents is very important. It is imperative to maximize peak bone mass, so bones remain strong even after losing their density during later life (3). While a number of environmental factors determine the peak bone mass, such as calcium intake and physical activities (4), the latter is more influential as a contributor to the peak bone mass (4). Physical activity is the modifiable factor that can enhance bone accretion if the individual performs regularly. Weight-bearing activity has been shown to increase bone accretion more than non-weight bearing activity. In this article, we review all the physical activities and the exercise regimens that have been documented to be efficient in promoting bone gain in children and adolescents. We also suggest recommended physical activity regimens for children and adolescents in order to maintain and improve bone accretion. In addition, we emphasize participating in regular physical activity and maintaining a healthy lifestyle across the lifespan to maintain optimal bone health.
Pitukcheewanont
Pisit
P
Center of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90027, USA. dpisit@chla.usc.edu
Punyasavatsut
Natavut
N
Feuille
Margaret
M
D000293:Adolescent; D041923:Adolescent Development / Q000502:physiology*; D001846:Bone Development / Q000502:physiology*; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000502:physiology*; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development / Q000502:physiology*; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology*