Global estimates of ambient fine particulate matter concentrations from satellite-based aerosol optical depth: development and application.
BACKGROUND
Epidemiologic and health impact studies of fine particulate matter with diameter < 2.5 microm (PM2.5) are limited by the lack of monitoring data, especially in developing countries. Satellite observations offer valuable global information about PM2.5 concentrations.


OBJECTIVE
In this study, we developed a technique for estimating surface PM2.5 concentrations from satellite observations.


METHODS
We mapped global ground-level PM2.5 concentrations using total column aerosol optical depth (AOD) from the MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) and MISR (Multiangle Imaging Spectroradiometer) satellite instruments and coincident aerosol vertical profiles from the GEOS-Chem global chemical transport model.


RESULTS
We determined that global estimates of long-term average (1 January 2001 to 31 December 2006) PM2.5 concentrations at approximately 10 km x 10 km resolution indicate a global population-weighted geometric mean PM2.5 concentration of 20 microg/m3. The World Health Organization Air Quality PM2.5 Interim Target-1 (35 microg/m3 annual average) is exceeded over central and eastern Asia for 38% and for 50% of the population, respectively. Annual mean PM2.5 concentrations exceed 80 microg/m3 over eastern China. Our evaluation of the satellite-derived estimate with ground-based in situ measurements indicates significant spatial agreement with North American measurements (r = 0.77; slope = 1.07; n = 1057) and with noncoincident measurements elsewhere (r = 0.83; slope = 0.86; n = 244). The 1 SD of uncertainty in the satellite-derived PM2.5 is 25%, which is inferred from the AOD retrieval and from aerosol vertical profile errors and sampling. The global population-weighted mean uncertainty is 6.7 microg/m3.


CONCLUSIONS
Satellite-derived total-column AOD, when combined with a chemical transport model, provides estimates of global long-term average PM2.5 concentrations.
van Donkelaar
Aaron
A
Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. Aaron.van.Donkelaar@dal.ca
Martin
Randall V
RV
Brauer
Michael
M
Kahn
Ralph
R
Levy
Robert
R
Verduzco
Carolyn
C
Villeneuve
Paul J
PJ
D000336:Aerosols / Q000032:analysis*; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008956:Models, Chemical; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis*; D018531:Spacecraft
D000336:Aerosols; D052638:Particulate Matter