Adipose tissue remodeling in pathophysiology of obesity.
OBJECTIVE
Recent studies demonstrate that adipose tissue undergoes a continuous process of remodeling that is pathologically accelerated in the obese state. Contrary to earlier dogma, adipocytes die and are replaced by newly differentiated ones. This review will summarize recent advances of our knowledge of the mechanisms that regulate adipose tissue remodeling and highlight the influences of obesity, depot, and sex, as well as the relevance of rodent models to humans.


RESULTS
A substantial literature now points to the importance of dynamic changes in adipocyte and immune cell turnover, angiogenesis, and extracellular matrix remodeling in regulating the expandability and functional integrity of this tissue. In obesity, the macrophages are recruited, surrounding dead adipocytes and polarized toward an inflammatory phenotype. The number of dead adipocytes is closely associated with the pathophysiological consequences of obesity, including insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis. Further, there are substantial depot, sex and species differences in the extent of remodeling.


CONCLUSIONS
Adipose tissue undergoes a continuous remodeling process that normally maintains tissue health, but may spin out of control and lead to adipocyte death in association with the recruitment and activation of macrophages, and systemic insulin resistance.
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Boston University, School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA.
Mi-Jeong
MJ
Lee
Yuanyuan
Y
Wu
Susan K
SK
Fried
D017667:Adipocytes / Q000502:physiology*; D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000098:blood supply / Q000503:physiopathology*; D000818:Animals; D016923:Cell Death; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000473:pathology; D005234:Fatty Liver / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008264:Macrophages / Q000378:metabolism*; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic; D009765:Obesity / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012737:Sex Factors