Hyperprolactinemia associated with psychotropics--a review.
BACKGROUND
Different classes of psychotropics can cause hyperprolactinemia to varying degrees. Among antipsychotics, typical agents and risperidone are the most frequent and significant offenders. In this review we discuss the pathophysiology, offending medications, assessment and management of hyperprolactinemia.


METHODS
We did a literature review between 1976 and 2008 using PubMed, MEDLINE, PsychINFO and Cochrane database. Search terms used were prolactin, hyperprolactinemia, psychotropics, antipsychotics, typical antipsychotics, atypical antipsychotics, antidepressants and SSRIs.


RESULTS
Prolactin elevation is more common with antipsychotics than with other classes of drugs. Typical antipsychotics are more prone to cause hyperprolactinemia than atypical agents. Management options include discontinuation of offending medication, switching to another psychotropic, supplementing concurrent hormonal deficiencies and adding a dopamine agonist or aripiprazole.


CONCLUSIONS
Clinicians need to be alert about the potential for hyperprolactinemia and its manifestations with these medications. Prolactin levels need to be monitored and other causes of hyperprolactinemia ruled out in suspected cases.
Madhusoodanan
Subramoniam
S
St. John's Episcopal Hospital, Rockaway, New York 11691, USA. sdanan@ehs.org
Parida
Suprit
S
Jimenez
Carolina
C
D000818:Animals; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006966:Hyperprolactinemia / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy; D011388:Prolactin / Q000097:blood / Q000502:physiology; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use
D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs; D011388:Prolactin