Innovative management of lupus erythematosus.
This article focuses on the management of discoid lupus erythematosus, subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus, and systemic lupus erythematosus when the usual therapeutic arsenal such as oral antimalarial drugs and topical/oral steroids fail or provide insufficient treatment efficacy. Many of the treatments listed are the same or similar to each other because of similarities in the pathogenesis of various subtypes of cutaneous lupus. The clinical challenge is to determine the indications for topical versus systemic therapy, and to also identify the scenarios when combined therapy is necessary.
Department of Dermatology, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, A-61, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
Haydee M
HM
Knott
José Darío
JD
Martínez
D000287:Administration, Topical; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001379:Azathioprine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D065095:Calcineurin Inhibitors; D002118:Calcium / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008178:Lupus Erythematosus, Cutaneous / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008179:Lupus Erythematosus, Discoid / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D008727:Methotrexate / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012176:Retinoids / Q000627:therapeutic use; D035703:Therapies, Investigational; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000627:therapeutic use; D055815:Young Adult
D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000962:Antimalarials; D065095:Calcineurin Inhibitors; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D012176:Retinoids; D014807:Vitamin D; D003520:Cyclophosphamide; D001379:Azathioprine; D002118:Calcium; D008727:Methotrexate