[Serotoninergic antidepressants and opiate analgesics: a sometimes-painful association. A case report].
METHODS
We report a case of serotonin syndrome caused by interaction between nasal fentanyl, oxycodone and escitalopram. Due to chronic painful episodes with paroxistic level of pain, a 66-year-old patient, treated for prostate adenocarcinoma and bone metastases received an association of major opiate analgesics (oxycodone 120 mg/day for 6 months, and fentanyl nasal spray four puff of 200 microg/puff). After the addition, for mood disorders, of a small dose of escitalopram (5 mg/day), he developed severe serotoninergic features including diaphoresis, night sweating, tremor, diarrhea, visual disorders with mydriasis and weight loss of 8.8 lbs (4 kg). Discontinuation of escitalopram resulted in complete resolution of his symptoms within 48 h except for persistent blurred vision.


CONCLUSIONS
The clinical manifestations of this case meet Sternbach's criteria of serotonin syndrome. Its possible etiologic factors include adverse drug reaction and pharmacodynamic interaction between selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressant and opioid analgesics. The Naranjo probability scale suggested a probable causality of escitalopram, oxycodone and fentanyl treatment on the serotonin syndrome. Serotonin syndrome occurrence is estimated around 0.04% in the literature with incidence rates between 14 to 16% in voluntary overdose with serotoninergic agents. It is an infrequent syndrome with, most of the time, a mild to moderate clinical expression. Nevertheless, lethal evolution might occur resulting from either monotherapy with serotoninergic agents (eg: SSRI antidepressants) or the combination of several medications that will increase serotoninergic transmission and therefore intra cerebral serotonin levels. Its physiopathology is related to a hyperstimulation of 5-HT(1A) receptors. Its clinical manifestations involve mental status impairment and cognitive disorders, neuromuscular disorders and neurovegetative impairment. The prescription of SSRI antidepressants among patients depressed, and in pain, exhibiting somatic diseases, and who require regimens of major opiate or related analgesics, is not without risk.


CONCLUSIONS
Clinicians and especially psychiatrists should be aware of possible interaction and the risk of serotonin syndrome when a patient receives a combination of different opioid analgesics and serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants. Improved information and collaboration with somatic and pain specialists and the general practitioners could help reduce the occurrence of this syndrome which can have dreadful consequences. Patients must be informed of such complications, which means that patients should be asked for a history of such events and monitored for serotoninergic adverse events, in order to avoid delays in this diagnosis.
Equipe de psycho-oncologie, centre Oscar-Lambret, 3 rue Frédéric-Combemale, Lille, France. m-reich@o-lambret.fr
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D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology / Q000556:secondary; D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000368:Aged; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018687:Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001859:Bone Neoplasms / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology / Q000556:secondary; D015283:Citalopram / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004347:Drug Interactions; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010098:Oxycodone / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010148:Intractable Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D020230:Serotonin Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use
D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D018687:Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation; D015283:Citalopram; D005283:Fentanyl; D010098:Oxycodone; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors