Use of chemosensitization to overcome fludioxonil resistance in Penicillium expansum.
OBJECTIVE
To overcome fludioxonil resistance of Penicillium expansum, a mycotoxigenic fungal pathogen causing postharvest decay in apple, by using natural phenolic chemosensitizing agents.


RESULTS
Fludioxonil-resistant mutants of P. expansum were co-treated with different oxidising and natural phenolic agents. Resistance was overcome by natural phenolic chemosensitizing agents targeting the oxidative stress-response pathway. These agents also augmented effectiveness of the fungicide, kresoxim-methyl. Results indicated that alkyl gallates target mitochondrial respiration and/or its antioxidation system. Fungal mitochondrial superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD) plays a protective role against alkyl gallates.


CONCLUSIONS
Natural chemosensitizing agents targeting the oxidative stress-response system, such as Mn-SOD, can synergize commercial fungicides.


CONCLUSIONS
Redox-active compounds can serve as potent chemosensitizing agents to overcome resistance and lower effective dosages of fungicides. This can reduce costs with coincidental lowering of environmental and health risks.
Kim
J H
JH
Plant Mycotoxin Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, USDA-ARS, Albany, CA, USA.
Campbell
B C
BC
Mahoney
N
N
Chan
K L
KL
Molyneux
R J
RJ
Xiao
C L
CL
D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004149:Dioxoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004347:Drug Interactions; D025141:Drug Resistance, Fungal / Q000187:drug effects*; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D027845:Malus / Q000382:microbiology; D053858:Metabolic Networks and Pathways / Q000187:drug effects; D008689:Methacrylates / Q000494:pharmacology; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects; D024101:Mitochondrial Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D016877:Oxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D010407:Penicillium / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D010636:Phenols / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010648:Phenylacetates / Q000494:pharmacology; D011758:Pyrroles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000073739:Strobilurins; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism
D000935:Antifungal Agents; D004149:Dioxoles; D005656:Fungal Proteins; D008689:Methacrylates; D024101:Mitochondrial Proteins; D016877:Oxidants; D010636:Phenols; D010648:Phenylacetates; D011758:Pyrroles; D000073739:Strobilurins; C469328:kresoxim-methyl; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; C108339:fludioxonil