Risk management systems for health care and safety development on transplantation: a review and a proposal.
Starting from the report on medical errors published in 1999 by the US Institute of Medicine, a number of different approaches to risk management have been developed for maximum risk reduction in health care activities. The health care authorities in many countries have focused attention on patient safety, employing action research programs that are based on quite different principles.


METHODS
We performed a systematic Medline research of the literature since 1999. The following key words were used, also combining boolean operators and medical subheading terms: "adverse event," "risk management," "error," and "governance." Studies published in the last 5 years were particularly classified in various groups: risk management in health care systems; safety in specific hospital activities; and health care institutions' official documents. Methods of action researches have been analysed and their characteristics compared. Their suitability for safety development in donation, retrieval, and transplantation processes were discussed in the reality of the Italian transplant network.


CONCLUSIONS
Some action researches and studies were dedicated to entire national healthcare systems, whereas others focused on specific risks. Many research programs have undergone critical review in the literature. Retrospective analysis has centered on so-called sentinel events to particularly analyze only a minor portion of the organizational phenomena, which can be the origin of an adverse event, an incident, or an error. Sentinel events give useful information if they are studied in highly engineered and standardized organizations like laboratories or tissue establishments, but they show several limits in the analysis of organ donation, retrieval, and transplantation processes, which are characterized by prevailing human factors, with high intrinsic risk and variability. Thus, they are poorly effective to deliver sure elements to base safety management improvement programs, especially regarding multidisciplinary systems with high complexity.


CONCLUSIONS
In organ transplantation, the possibility to increase safety seems greater using proactive research, mainly centred on organizational processes together with retrospective analyses but not limited to sentinel event reports.
Surgical Sciences Department P Stefanini, University La Sapienza, Policlinico Umberto I Hospital, Rome, Italy.
R
R
Pretagostini
F
F
Gabbrielli
P
P
Fiaschetti
A
A
Oliveti
S
S
Cenci
D
D
Peritore
D
D
Stabile
D003695:Delivery of Health Care / Q000592:standards; D006282:Health Personnel / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D012308:Risk Management / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000592:standards; D017751:Safety Management / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000592:standards; D014180:Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000592:standards*