CF2 represses Actin 88F gene expression and maintains filament balance during indirect flight muscle development in Drosophila.
The zinc finger protein CF2 is a characterized activator of muscle structural genes in the body wall muscles of the Drosophila larva. To investigate the function of CF2 in the indirect flight muscle (IFM), we examined the phenotypes of flies bearing five homozygous viable mutations. The gross structure of the IFM was not affected, but the stronger hypomorphic alleles caused an increase of up to 1.5X in the diameter of the myofibrils. This size increase did not cause any disruption of the hexameric arrangement of thick and thin filaments. RT-PCR analysis revealed an increase in the transcription of several structural genes. Ectopic overexpression of CF2 in the developing IFM disrupts muscle formation. While our results indicate a role for CF2 as a direct negative regulator of the thin filament protein gene Actin 88F (Act88F), effects on levels of transcripts of myosin heavy chain (mhc) appear to be indirect. This role is in direct contrast to that described in the larval muscles, where CF2 activates structural gene expression. The variation in myofibril phenotypes of CF2 mutants suggest the CF2 may have separate functions in fine-tuning expression of structural genes to insure proper filament stoichiometry, and monitoring and/or controlling the final myofibril size.
Department of Systems Biology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA. kmgajews@mdanderson.org
Kathleen M
KM
Gajewski
Robert A
RA
Schulz
D008841:Actin Cytoskeleton / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D000199:Actins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D002467:Cell Nucleus; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D029721:Drosophila Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D004331:Drosophila melanogaster / Q000235:genetics* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004742:Enhancer Elements, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D005426:Flight, Animal; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D024510:Muscle Development / Q000235:genetics*; D009124:Muscle Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009132:Muscles / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D009154:Mutation; D009210:Myofibrils / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D018995:Myosin Heavy Chains / Q000235:genetics; D010641:Phenotype; D020033:Protein Isoforms / Q000378:metabolism; D021381:Protein Transport; D011679:Pupa / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
D000199:Actins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D009124:Muscle Proteins; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; C076904:Cf2 protein, Drosophila; C076399:flight muscle protein, Act88F; D018995:Myosin Heavy Chains