American Society of Clinical Oncology Clinical Practice Guideline on uses of serum tumor markers in adult males with germ cell tumors.
OBJECTIVE
To provide recommendations on appropriate uses for serum markers of germ cell tumors (GCTs).


METHODS
Searches of MEDLINE and EMBASE identified relevant studies published in English. Primary outcomes included marker accuracy to predict the impact of decisions on outcomes. Secondary outcomes included proportions of patients with elevated markers and statistical tests of elevations as prognostic factors. An expert panel developed consensus guidelines based on data from 82 reports.


RESULTS
No studies directly compared outcomes of decisions with versus without marker assays. The search identified few prospective studies and no randomized controlled trials; most were retrospective series. Lacking data on primary outcomes, most Panel recommendations are based on secondary outcomes (relapse rates and time to relapse).


CONCLUSIONS
The Panel recommended against using markers to screen for GCTs, to decide whether orchiectomy is indicated, or to select treatment for patients with cancer of unknown primary. To stage patients with testicular nonseminomas, the Panel recommended measuring three markers (alpha-fetoprotein [AFP], human chorionic gonadotropin [hCG], and lactate dehydrogenase [LDH]) before and after orchiectomy and before chemotherapy for those with extragonadal nonseminomas. They also recommended measuring AFP and hCG shortly before retroperitoneal lymph node dissection and at the start of each chemotherapy cycle for nonseminoma, and periodically to monitor for relapse. The Panel recommended measuring postorchiectomy hCG and LDH for patients with seminoma and preorchiectomy elevations. They recommended against using markers to guide or monitor treatment for seminoma or to detect relapse in those treated for stage I. However, they recommended measuring hCG and AFP to monitor for relapse in patients treated for advanced seminoma.
Taussig Cancer Institute and the Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
Timothy D
TD
Gilligan
Jerome
J
Seidenfeld
Ethan M
EM
Basch
Lawrence H
LH
Einhorn
Timothy
T
Fancher
David C
DC
Smith
Andrew J
AJ
Stephenson
David J
DJ
Vaughn
Roxanne
R
Cosby
Daniel F
DF
Hayes
D000328:Adult; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood*; D003657:Decision Making; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008479:Mediastinal Neoplasms / Q000097:blood; D009373:Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal / Q000097:blood*; D009382:Neoplasms, Unknown Primary / Q000097:blood; D009919:Orchiectomy; D012186:Retroperitoneal Neoplasms / Q000097:blood; D018239:Seminoma / Q000097:blood; D013736:Testicular Neoplasms / Q000097:blood
D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor