Maternal Hb during pregnancy and offspring's educational achievement: a prospective cohort study over 30 years.
The aim of the present study was to examine the association between maternal Hb levels during pregnancy and educational achievement of the offspring in later life. We analysed data obtained from the Northern Finnish Birth Cohort Study conducted in 1966, in which, data on mothers and offspring from pregnancy through to the age of 31 years were collected. The cohort comprised 11 656 individuals born from singleton births (51 % males and 49 % females). Maternal Hb levels were available from the third, seventh and ninth gestational months. Educational achievement was measured as school scores (range 4-10) taken at the ages of 14 (self-reported questionnaires) and 16 (school reports) years as well as the highest level of education at the age of 31 years. The present results showed a direct positive association between Hb levels and educational achievement in later life. After adjustment for sex, birth weight, birth month and a wide range of maternal factors (parity, smoking, mental status, whether pregnancy was wanted or not, education, social class and marital status), only maternal Hb levels that were measured at the ninth month were significantly associated with the offspring's school performance. If the levels were ≥ 110 g/l at all the three measurement points, offspring not only had better school scores at the ages of 14 and 16 years (β = 0·048, P = 0·04 and β = 0·68, P = 0·007, respectively), but also had an increased odds of having a higher level of education at the age of 31 years (OR = 1·14, P = 0·04). The present study suggests that low maternal Hb levels at the final stages of pregnancy are linked to the poorer educational achievement of the offspring. If our observation is confirmed, it would suggest that Fe prophylaxis even at fairly late stages of pregnancy may be beneficial for the subsequent health of the offspring. However, more studies are needed to fully establish the potential pathways and the clinical importance of the present findings.
Fararouei
Mohammad
M
Faculty of Health, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran.
Robertson
Claire
C
Whittaker
John
J
Sovio
Ulla
U
Ruokonen
Aimo
A
Pouta
Anneli
A
Hartikainen
Anna-Liisa
AL
Jarvelin
Marjo-Riitta
MR
Hyppönen
Elina
E
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D018798:Anemia, Iron-Deficiency / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000097:blood*; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000097:blood*; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D011446:Prospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult
D006454:Hemoglobins