Chlorine inactivation of human norovirus, murine norovirus and poliovirus in drinking water.
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the reduction of human norovirus (HuNoV) by chlorine disinfection under typical drinking water treatment conditions.


RESULTS
HuNoV, murine norovirus (MNV) and poliovirus type 1 (PV1) were inoculated into treated water before chlorination, collected from a drinking water treatment plant, and bench-scale free chlorine disinfection experiments were performed for two initial free chlorine concentrations, 0.1 and 0.5 mg l(-1). Inactivation of MNV reached more than 4 log(10) after 120 and 0.5 min contact time to chlorine at the initial free chlorine concentrations of 0.1 and 0.5 mg l(-1), respectively.


CONCLUSIONS
MNV was inactivated faster than PV1, and there was no significant difference in the viral RNA reduction rate between HuNoV and MNV. The results suggest that appropriate water treatment process with chlorination can manage the risk of HuNoV infection via drinking water supply systems.


CONCLUSIONS
The data obtained in this study would be useful for assessing or managing the risk of HuNoV infections from drinking water exposure.
Kitajima
M
M
Department of Urban Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
Tohya
Y
Y
Matsubara
K
K
Haramoto
E
E
Utagawa
E
E
Katayama
H
H
D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D002713:Chlorine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004203:Disinfection / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D029322:Norovirus / Q000187:drug effects*; D017955:Poliovirus / Q000187:drug effects*; D013997:Time Factors; D019562:Viral Load; D010948:Viral Plaque Assay; D038301:Virus Inactivation; D014871:Water Microbiology; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*
D004202:Disinfectants; D002713:Chlorine