Adaptive spatial calibration of a 3D ultrasound system.
OBJECTIVE
The authors present a method devised to calibrate the spatial relationship between a 3D ultrasound scanhead and its tracker completely automatically and reliably. The user interaction is limited to collecting ultrasound data on which the calibration is based.


METHODS
The method of calibration is based on images of a fixed plane of unknown location with respect to the 3D tracking system. This approach has, for advantage, to eliminate the measurement of the plane location as a source of error. The devised method is sufficiently general and adaptable to calibrate scanheads for 2D images and 3D volume sets using the same approach. The basic algorithm for both types of scanheads is the same and can be run unattended fully automatically once the data are collected. The approach was devised by seeking the simplest and most robust solutions for each of the steps required. These are the identification of the plane intersection within the images or volumes and the optimization method used to compute a calibration transformation matrix. The authors use adaptive algorithms in these two steps to eliminate data that would otherwise prevent the convergence of the procedure, which contributes to the robustness of the method.


RESULTS
The authors have run tests amounting to 57 runs of the calibration on two a scanhead that produce 3D imaging volumes, at all the available scales. The authors evaluated the system on two criteria: Robustness and accuracy. The program converged to useful values unattended for every one of the tests (100%). Its accuracy, based on the measured location of a reference plane, was estimated to be 0.7 +/- 0.6 mm for all tests combined.


CONCLUSIONS
The system presented is robust and allows unattended computations of the calibration parameters required for freehand tracked ultrasound based on either 2D or 3D imaging systems.
Hartov
Alex
A
Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03766, USA. alex.hartov@dartmouth.edu
Paulsen
Keith
K
Ji
Songbai
S
Fontaine
Kathryn
K
Furon
Marie-Laure
ML
Borsic
Andrea
A
Roberts
David
D
D002138:Calibration; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014465:Ultrasonics