Coordinating progressive levels of simulation fidelity to maximize educational benefit.
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the effectiveness of a novel, simulation-based educational model rooted in scaffolding theory that capitalizes on a systematic progressive sequence of simulators that increase in realism (i.e., fidelity) and information content.


METHODS
Forty-five medical students were randomly assigned to practice intravenous catheterization using high-fidelity training, low-fidelity training, or progressive training from low to mid to high fidelity. One week later, participants completed a transfer test on a standardized patient simulation. Blinded expert raters assessed participants' global clinical performance, communication, procedure documentation, and technical skills on the transfer test. Participants' management of the resources available during practice was also recorded. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance. The study was conducted in fall 2008 at the University of Toronto.


RESULTS
The high-fidelity group scored higher (P < .05) than the low-fidelity group on all measures except procedure documentation. The progressive group scored higher (P < .05) than other groups for documentation and global clinical performance and was equivalent to the high-fidelity group for communication and technical skills. Total practice time was greatest for the progressive group; however, this group required little practice time on the resource-intensive high-fidelity simulator.


CONCLUSIONS
Allowing students to progress in their practice on simulators of increasing fidelity led to superior transfer of a broad range of clinical skills. Further, this progressive group was resource-efficient, as participants concentrated on lower fidelity and lower resource-intensive simulators. It is suggested that clinical training curricula incorporate exposure to multiple simulators to maximize educational benefit and potentially save educator time.
Centre for Health Education Scholarship, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
Ryan
R
Brydges
Heather
H
Carnahan
Don
D
Rose
Louise
L
Rose
Adam
A
Dubrowski
D002170:Canada; D002404:Catheterization; D002983:Clinical Competence; D003194:Computer-Assisted Instruction; D004282:Documentation; D004504:Education, Medical, Undergraduate / Q000379:methods*; D004521:Educational Measurement; D005246:Feedback; D006801:Humans; D008348:Manikins; D013337:Students, Medical; D013997:Time Factors