High urinary sodium is associated with increased carotid intima-media thickness in normotensive overweight and obese adults.
BACKGROUND
Increased dietary sodium has been reported to increase cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, perhaps through blood pressure (BP)-independent vascular remodeling. Carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) is an accepted measure of structural vascular remodeling and a strong predictor of CVD. This study aimed to determine whether urinary sodium is positively associated with carotid IMT in normotensive overweight and obese adults.


METHODS
We evaluated baseline data from 258 participants in the Slow Adverse Vascular Effects (SAVE) clinical trial. Urinary sodium was measured from one 24-h urine collection from each individual. Carotid IMT was measured using high-resolution B-mode ultrasonography. Participants were categorized into quartiles of urinary sodium.


RESULTS
There was a significant positive trend with greater IMT associated with increasing urinary sodium quartile in univariate linear regression (P = 0.047). This trend was significant when adjusting for age, sex, race, and systolic BP (SBP) (P = 0.03) as well as in a fully adjusted model (P = 0.04). In pairwise comparisons, the highest urinary sodium quartile had a significantly greater mean IMT (0.62 mm) than the lowest urinary sodium quartile (0.59 mm) after adjustment for age, sex, race, and SBP (P = 0.04). This comparison lost significance after the addition of BMI.


CONCLUSIONS
In our community-based sample of normotensive overweight and obese adults, we observed a significant positive trend in carotid IMT with increasing quartile of urinary sodium. If the ongoing clinical trial confirms this relationship between sodium and carotid IMT, it would lend support to efforts to decrease sodium intake in overweight and obese individuals.
Njoroge
Jennifer N
JN
Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
El Khoudary
Samar R
SR
Fried
Linda F
LF
Barinas-Mitchell
Emma
E
Sutton-Tyrrell
Kim
K
D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000473:pathology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000473:pathology* / Q000652:urine; D050177:Overweight / Q000473:pathology* / Q000652:urine; D012964:Sodium / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine*; D012982:Sodium, Dietary / Q000009:adverse effects; D017539:Tunica Intima / Q000473:pathology*; D017540:Tunica Media / Q000473:pathology*
D012982:Sodium, Dietary; D012964:Sodium