[Evaluation of work-related biomechanical overload: techniques for the acquisition and analysis of surface EMG signal].
OBJECTIVE
The aim of this research was to obtain information concerning muscle fatigue and muscle activation levels by measuring quantitative parameters through the surface electromyographic signal, and use such information to integrate the OCRA (Occupational Repetitive Actions) method for risk assessment of upper limb biomechanical overload Along with the main risk factors associated with the development of work-related upper limb musculoskeletal disorders (UL WMSDs) like posture, movement, frequency of action and organizational factors, this method also takes into account the muscular effort. Unlike the other risk factors that can be directly measured during inspections on farms, muscular effort is currently estimated only via a subjective assessment scale (Borg CR-10 scale).


METHODS
A new apparatus and new procedures were implemented for synchronized EMG and video acquisition, which guarantee a high degree of inter- and intra-subject repeatability, and an ad hoc software for data elaboration was developed They have been specifically designed for "on the field" applications. The methodology was first tested in the laboratory on a group of 12 healthy subjects, studying a repetitive task, running in two different ways, (high/low OCRA index) and interspersed with isometric tests for an indirect measurement of dynamic fatigue. The methodology was then tested in a working environment to compare the muscular effort required during the use of different types of tools for pruning.


RESULTS
Results of the laboratory protocol showed onset of fatigue for Anterior Deltoid, Middle Deltoid and Brachial Triceps muscles only for the high-risk index mode, as demonstrated by the significance of the Bonferroni tests (p < 0.05) on MDF (Median Frequency) calculated from isometric tests. They also showed significant differences in terms of higher level of muscle activation, and thus required force, in the case of high OCRA index work task compared to the one at low risk (Wilcoxon, p < 0.05) for all analysed muscle groups with regard to 10th, 50th and 90th percentile of the APDF (Amplitude Probability Distribution Function). These results clearly defined the differences of subjectively perceived effort. The results of field" application showed that the tested protocol was also easily exportable to a real working environment and that the numerical parameters extracted from the EMG signal can be a useful tool for evaluating effort levels of different muscles of the upper limb and for comparing different work tools, through effort indexes referred to single muscles.


CONCLUSIONS
It can therefore be concluded that by integrating the information about the 'FORCE' factor in the OCRA method, the calculated parameters may provide objective information useful in analyzing and designing ergonomic tools and workplaces.
Pigini
Lucia
L
Polo tecnologico, Fondazione Don Gnocchi-Onlus, Milano, Italia. lpigini@dongnocchi.it
Colombini
Daniela
D
Rabuffetti
M
M
Ferrarin
M
M
D000328:Adult; D001132:Arm / Q000502:physiology*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D012090:Cumulative Trauma Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004576:Electromyography / Q000379:methods*; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009119:Muscle Contraction; D018763:Muscle Fatigue; D009787:Occupational Medicine / Q000295:instrumentation; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D016474:Weight-Bearing / Q000502:physiology*; D014938:Work Capacity Evaluation; D055815:Young Adult