Incorrect and incomplete coding and classification of diabetes: a systematic review.
OBJECTIVE
To conduct a systematic review to identify types and implications of incorrect or incomplete coding or classification within diabetes or between diabetes and other conditions; also to determine the availability of evidence regarding frequency of occurrence.


METHODS
Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) and free-text terms were used to search relevant electronic databases for papers published to the end of August 2008. Two researchers independently reviewed titles and abstracts and, subsequently, the full text of potential papers. Reference lists of selected papers were also reviewed and authors consulted. Three reviewers independently extracted data.


RESULTS
Seventeen eligible studies were identified, including five concerned with distinguishing between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. Evidence was also identified regarding: the distinction between diabetes and no-diabetes, failure to specify type of diabetes, and diagnostic errors or difficulties involving maturity-onset diabetes of the young, latent autoimmune diabetes in adults, pancreatic diabetes, persistence of foetal haemoglobin and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). The sample was too heterogeneous to derive accurate information about frequency, but our findings suggested that misclassification occurs most commonly in young people. Implications relating to treatment options and risk management were highlighted, in addition to psychological and financial implications and the potential impact on the validity of quality of care evaluations and research.


CONCLUSIONS
This review draws attention to the occurrence and implications of incorrect or incomplete coding or classification of diabetes, particularly in young people. A pragmatic and clinically relevant approach to classification is needed to assist those involved in making decisions about types of diabetes.
Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
M A
MA
Stone
J
J
Camosso-Stefinovic
J
J
Wilkinson
S
S
de Lusignan
A T
AT
Hattersley
K
K
Khunti
D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000145:classification* / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000145:classification* / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003951:Diagnostic Errors; D006801:Humans