Radiation therapy and stereotactic radiosurgery for the treatment of Cushing's disease: an evidence-based review.
OBJECTIVE
The indications, efficacy, and safety of radiation therapy and stereotactic radiosurgery for Cushing's disease are evaluated.We queried PubMed using the terms, 'Cushing's disease', 'radiotherapy', and 'radiosurgery', then evaluated each study for the number of patients, method of radiation delivery, type of radiation therapy or radiosurgical device used, treatment parameters (e.g. maximal dose, tumor margin dose), length of follow-up, tumor-control rate, complications, rate of hormone normalization, newly onset loss of pituitary function, and method used to assess endocrine remission.


RESULTS
A total of 39 peer-reviewed studies with 731 patients were included. The reported rates of tumor-volume control following radiotherapy and radiosurgery vary considerably from 66-100%. Additionally, the reported rates of endocrine remission vary substantially from 17-100%. The incidence of serious complications following radiosurgery is quite low. Although post-treatment hypopituitarism and disease recurrence were uncommon, they did occur, and this underscores the necessity for long-term follow-up in these patients.


CONCLUSIONS
Radiosurgery and, in the modern era, less commonly, radiation therapy, offer both well tolerated and reasonably effective treatment for recurrent or residual Cushing's adenomas.
Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA.
Robert M
RM
Starke
Brian J
BJ
Williams
Mary Lee
ML
Vance
Jason P
JP
Sheehan
D049913:ACTH-Secreting Pituitary Adenoma / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery; D000236:Adenoma / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery; D055317:Evidence-Based Practice / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D047748:Pituitary ACTH Hypersecretion / Q000209:etiology / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery*; D011300:Preoperative Care / Q000379:methods; D016634:Radiosurgery / Q000379:methods*; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D016896:Treatment Outcome