Is informed consent related to success in exercise and diet intervention as evaluated at 12 months? DR's EXTRA study.
BACKGROUND
There is a permanent need to evaluate and develop the ethical quality of scientific research and to widen knowledge about the effects of ethical issues. Therefore we evaluated whether informed consent is related to implementation and success in a lifestyle intervention study with older research participants. There is little empirical research into this topic.


METHODS
The subjects (n = 597) are a subgroup of a random population sample of 1410 men and women aged 57-78 years who are participating in a 4-year randomized controlled intervention trial on the effects of physical exercise and diet on atherosclerosis, endothelial function and cognition. Data were collected in two steps: A questionnaire about informed consent was given to all willing participants (n = 1324) three months after the randomization. Data on implementation and success in the exercise and diet interventions were evaluated at 12 months by intervention-group personnel. The main purpose of the analysis procedure performed in this study was to identify and examine potential correlates for the chosen dependent variables and to generate future hypotheses for testing and confirming the independent determinants for implementation and success. The nature of the analysis protocol is exploratory at this stage.


RESULTS
About half of the participants (54%) had achieved good results in the intervention. Nearly half of the participants (47%) had added to or improved their own activity in some sector of exercise or diet. Significant associations were found between performance in the interventions and participants' knowledge of the purpose of the study (p < 0.001), and between success in interventions and working status (p = 0.02), and the participants' knowledge of the purpose of the study (p = 0.04).


CONCLUSIONS
The main finding of this study was that those participants who were most aware or had understood the purpose of the study at an early stage had also attained better results at their 12-month intervention evaluation. Therefore, implementation and success in intervention is related to whether subjects receive a sufficient amount and are able to comprehend the information provided i.e. the core principles of informed consent.


BACKGROUND
(ISRCTN 45977199).
Department of Nursing Science, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, 70211 Kuopio, Finland. helena.lansimies-antikainen@uef.fi
Helena
H
Länsimies-Antikainen
Anna-Maija
AM
Pietilä
Tomi
T
Laitinen
Vesa
V
Kiviniemi
Rainer
R
Rauramaa
D000368:Aged; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000628:therapy; D003071:Cognition; D032882:Comprehension; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000503:physiopathology; D032984:Ethics, Research; D015444:Exercise; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland; D006040:Goals; D006801:Humans; D007258:Informed Consent / Q000941:ethics; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010353:Patient Education as Topic / Q000941:ethics; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D036302:Therapeutic Human Experimentation / Q000941:ethics*; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome