Genetics of caffeine consumption and responses to caffeine.
BACKGROUND
Caffeine is widely consumed in foods and beverages and is also used for a variety of medical purposes. Despite its widespread use, relatively little is understood regarding how genetics affects consumption, acute response, or the long-term effects of caffeine.


OBJECTIVE
This paper reviews the literature on the genetics of caffeine from the following: (1) twin studies comparing heritability of consumption and of caffeine-related traits, including withdrawal symptoms, caffeine-induced insomnia, and anxiety, (2) association studies linking genetic polymorphisms of metabolic enzymes and target receptors to variations in caffeine response, and (3) case-control and prospective studies examining relationship between polymorphisms associated with variations in caffeine response to risks of Parkinson's and cardiovascular diseases in habitual caffeine consumers.


RESULTS
Twin studies find the heritability of caffeine-related traits to range between 0.36 and 0.58. Analysis of polysubstance use shows that predisposition to caffeine use is highly specific to caffeine itself and shares little common disposition to use of other substances. Genome association studies link variations in adenosine and dopamine receptors to caffeine-induced anxiety and sleep disturbances. Polymorphism in the metabolic enzyme cytochrome P-450 is associated with risk of myocardial infarction in caffeine users.


CONCLUSIONS
Modeling based on twin studies reveals that genetics plays a role in individual variability in caffeine consumption and in the direct effects of caffeine. Both pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic polymorphisms have been linked to variation in response to caffeine. These studies may help guide future research in the role of genetics in modulating the acute and chronic effects of caffeine.
Yang
Amy
A
Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave, MC 3077, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
Palmer
Abraham A
AA
de Wit
Harriet
H
D000818:Animals; D002110:Caffeine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced; D019388:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2 / Q000235:genetics*; D004327:Drinking Behavior / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000209:etiology; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011954:Receptors, Dopamine / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D018047:Receptors, Purinergic P1 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D018433:Twin Studies as Topic
D011954:Receptors, Dopamine; D018047:Receptors, Purinergic P1; D002110:Caffeine; D019388:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2