The relationship between ADHD and key cognitive phenotypes is not mediated by shared familial effects with IQ.
BACKGROUND
Twin and sibling studies have identified specific cognitive phenotypes that may mediate the association between genes and the clinical symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). ADHD is also associated with lower IQ scores. We aimed to investigate whether the familial association between measures of cognitive performance and the clinical diagnosis of ADHD is mediated through shared familial influences with IQ.


METHODS
Multivariate familial models were run on data from 1265 individuals aged 6-18 years, comprising 920 participants from ADHD sibling pairs and 345 control participants. Cognitive assessments included a four-choice reaction time (RT) task, a go/no-go task, a choice-delay task and an IQ assessment. The analyses focused on the cognitive variables of mean RT (MRT), RT variability (RTV), commission errors (CE), omission errors (OE) and choice impulsivity (CI).


RESULTS
Significant familial association (rF) was confirmed between cognitive performance and both ADHD (rF=0.41-0.71) and IQ (rF=-0.25 to -0.49). The association between ADHD and cognitive performance was largely independent (80-87%) of any contribution from etiological factors shared with IQ. The exception was for CI, where 49% of the overlap could be accounted for by the familial variance underlying IQ.


CONCLUSIONS
The aetiological factors underlying lower IQ in ADHD seem to be distinct from those between ADHD and RT/error measures. This suggests that lower IQ does not account for the key cognitive impairments observed in ADHD. The results have implications for molecular genetic studies designed to identify genes involved in ADHD.
Wood
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AC
MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, UK. lekki.wood@googlemail.com
Rijsdijk
F
F
Johnson
K A
KA
Andreou
P
P
Albrecht
B
B
Arias-Vasquez
A
A
Buitelaar
J K
JK
McLoughlin
G
G
Rommelse
N N J
NN
Sergeant
J A
JA
Sonuga-Barke
E J S
EJ
Uebel
H
H
van der Meere
J J
JJ
Banaschewski
T
T
Gill
M
M
Manor
I
I
Miranda
A
A
Mulas
F
F
Oades
R D
RD
Roeyers
H
H
Rothenberger
A
A
Steinhausen
H C
HC
Faraone
S V
SV
Asherson
P
P
Kuntsi
J
J
D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D002755:Choice Behavior; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology*; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007266:Inhibition, Psychological; D007360:Intelligence / Q000235:genetics*; D007389:Internal-External Control; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010552:Personality Assessment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010641:Phenotype; D011594:Psychometrics; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000235:genetics; D012201:Reward