title: Epidemic yellow fever in Borno State of Nigeria: characterisation of hospitalised patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In 1990, an outbreak of a febrile illness with high mortality was reported in border villages, later spreading to other areas of Borno State of Nigeria.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To present a report of the investigation of that outbreak, with emphasis on the characterisation of hospitalised patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Selected centres reporting cases of acute febrile illness during the months of August to December, 1990 were visited, to establish surveillance. Case investigation forms were used to obtain clinical and demographic data; and blood samples were obtained from patients for analyses. Only hospitalised patients with adequate clinical information from three centres were included in the analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The outbreak, which involved five of the six health zones in the state, and spread into adjoining Gongola state and the Cameroun Republic, was caused by the yellow fever virus. Fever, central nervous system (CNS) involvement, jaundice and haemorrhage were the most common clinical manifestations of 102 hospitalised patients. Eighty -three (81%) of hospitalised patients died and most within two days of admission. CNS manifestations were more common in dying patients than in survivors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The reasons for this rare outbreak of yellow fever in the dry Savannah belt of Borno State remain unclear. Improved surveillance and more effective prevention strategies are needed to avert the recurrence of such outbreaks.
authors.affiliation: University of Maiduguri, Teaching Hospital, Maiduguri, Nigeria. okekennaid@cableone.net
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ekenna
authors.forename: J O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Chikwem
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Mohammed
authors.forename: S O
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Durojaiye
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000330:Aedes / Q000821:virology; D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D002423:Cause of Death; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D009549:Nigeria / Q000453:epidemiology; D011159:Population Surveillance; D015995:Prevalence; D017678:Sex Distribution; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D015004:Yellow Fever / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality* / Q000821:virology; D015005:Yellow fever virus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D055815:Young Adult