title: Bone mineral density and respiratory muscle strength in male individuals with mental retardation (with and without Down Syndrome).
abstract: The purpose of this study was to assess the respiratory muscle strength (RMS) in individuals with mental retardation (MR), with or without Down Syndrome (DS), and its association with bone mineral density (BMD). Forty-five male individuals (15 with DS, 15 with mental retardation (MR) and 15 apparently healthy controls), aged 20-35, participated in this study. Subject assessment included pulmonary function tests, RMS (maximal inspiratory pressure, MIP, and maximal expiratory pressure, MEP) and BMD of the second and fourth lumbar vertebrae. ANOVA was used to test differences amongst groups. Tukey post hoc test was utilized when significant differences were detected with ANOVA. Bivariate correlation for BMD and respiratory muscle strength was calculated with Pearson's coefficient of correlation. Individuals with MR, both with and without DS, have lower FEV1, FVC, MIP and MEP (p<0.001) compared to controls. Individuals with DS also had lower BMD, which was associated with lower MIP and MEP. Hypotonia, sedentary lifestyle and obesity are factors that may explain lower MIP and MEP in DS. Strategies to increase RMS could decrease the risk of osteoporosis in the DS population.
authors.affiliation: Physical Education Faculty, University of Brasilia, UnB, Brazil. viniciusmaldaner@gmail.com
authors.forename: Vinicius Zacarias Maldaner
authors.initials: VZ
authors.lastname: da Silva
authors.forename: Jônatas
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: de França Barros
authors.forename: Monique
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: de Azevedo
authors.forename: José Roberto Pimenta
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: de Godoy
authors.forename: Ross
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Arena
authors.forename: Gerson
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cipriano
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015519:Bone Density; D004314:Down Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008607:Intellectual Disability / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D009123:Muscle Hypotonia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D053580:Muscle Strength / Q000502:physiology*; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D012132:Respiratory Muscles / Q000502:physiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D055815:Young Adult