title: Trends in PSA, age and prostate cancer detection among black and white men from 1990-2006 at a tertiary care center.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prostate cancer is the most frequently diagnosed malignancy in men in the United States, with even higher prevalence and death rates among black men. The authors sought to compare trends in prostate-specific antigen (PSA), age, and prostate-cancer detection among black and white men in our region during a 16-year period.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a retrospective study of patient archives between 1990 through 2006. Data collection was accomplished by examining patients' charts and electronic medical records. Data from 5570 patients, of whom 911 were black, were analyzed statistically by testing and comparing parameters over time.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During this 16-year period, mean age at the time of initial diagnostic prostate biopsy did not change in either group, despite what we had believed about the effects of patient education and screening campaigns. However, prostate-cancer detection rates did decrease during the time period studied. Over time, the authors also observed significant decreases in the sensitivity and specificity of PSA as a screening tool. Indeed, analysis of more recent cases demonstrated a positive predictive value comparable to a coin toss. While Gleason scores remained relatively stable over time, reporting of prostate intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) and inflammation increased.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using lower PSA thresholds, promoting younger screening age, and increasing efforts to educate the public have not seemed to influence age at time of diagnostic testing, which may reflect other factors such as usefulness of screening, physician referral patterns, patient compliance, and other sociodemographic issues. The usefulness of PSA as a screening tool appears to be diminishing.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Lakeside Hospital/University Hospitals of Cleveland, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA. Jean8val@msn.com
authors.forename: Jeannette M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Potts
authors.forename: Megan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lutz
authors.forename: Esteban
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Modlin
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Klein
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D055088:Early Detection of Cancer; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000378:metabolism*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000208:ethnology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D044465:White People
chemical_list: D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen