title: Polymorphisms in ERCC2, MSH2, and OGG1 DNA repair genes and gallbladder cancer risk in a population of Northern India.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Genetic variants of DNA repair enzymes may lead to genetic instability and contribute to gallbladder (GB) carcinogenesis.
  
  
  METHODS
  A case-control study (230 GB carcinogenesis patients and 230 controls) was undertaken to evaluate whether genetic variations in 3 DNA repair genes ERCC2 (Asp312Asn [rs1799793] and Lys751Gln [rs13181]), MSH2 (-118T > C [rs2303425] and IVS1 + 9G>C [rs2303426]), and OGG1 (Ser326Cys [rs1052133] and 748-15C > G [rs2072668]) are associated with GB carcinogenesis risk in a North Indian population.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The authors found that the ERCC2 Asp312Asn AA, MSH2 IVS1 + 9G > C CC, OGG1 Ser326Cys GG and CG + GG, and OGG1 748-15C > G GG and CG + GG genotypes were significantly associated with an increased risk of GB carcinogenesis (odds ratio [OR], 2.1, 1.8, 2.5, 1.8, 2.0, and 1.6, respectively). In contrast, ERCC2 Lys751Gln, and MSH2 -118T > C markers showed no significant associations with GB carcinogenesis risk, although because of the small sample size their effects cannot be ruled out. Female GB carcinogenesis patients with the OGG1 748-15C > G GG, OGG1 Ser326Cys GG, and ERCC2 Asp312Asn genotypes had a greater risk for developing the disease (OR, 3.6, 7.7, and 2.7, respectively). There was a significant interaction between MSH2 IVS1 + 9G > C and OGG1 748-15C > G polymorphisms (P = .001). Furthermore, individuals with > 6 variant alleles of the studied polymorphisms were at 4-fold increased risk for developing GB carcinogenesis. Classification and Regression Tree analysis revealed potential higher-order gene-gene interactions and categorized a few higher-risk subgroups for GB carcinogenesis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that genetic variants in the DNA repair pathways may be involved in GB carcinogenesis etiology.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India.
authors.forename: Kshitij
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Srivastava
authors.forename: Anvesha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Srivastava
authors.forename: Balraj
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mittal
mesh_terms: D000622:Aminolevulinic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D045647:DNA Glycosylases / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005706:Gallbladder Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics*; D042882:Gallstones / Q000150:complications; D005787:Gene Frequency; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006239:Haplotypes; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D051718:MutS Homolog 2 Protein / Q000235:genetics*; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D012306:Risk; D051759:Xeroderma Pigmentosum Group D Protein / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: C058222:2-amino-5-hydroxy-4-oxopentanoic acid; D000622:Aminolevulinic Acid; D045647:DNA Glycosylases; C479058:oxoguanine glycosylase 1, human; C497172:MSH2 protein, human; D051718:MutS Homolog 2 Protein; D051759:Xeroderma Pigmentosum Group D Protein; C497292:ERCC2 protein, human