title: Cancer pain: part 1: Pathophysiology; oncological, pharmacological, and psychological treatments: a perspective from the British Pain Society endorsed by the UK Association of Palliative Medicine and the Royal College of General Practitioners.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This discussion document about the management of cancer pain is written from the pain specialists' perspective in order to provoke thought and interest in a multimodal approach to the management of cancer pain, not just towards the end of life, but pain at diagnosis, as a consequence of cancer therapies, and in cancer survivors. It relates the science of pain to the clinical setting and explains the role of psychological, physical, interventional and complementary therapies in cancer pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  This document has been produced by a consensus group of relevant health care professionals in the United Kingdom and patients' representatives making reference to the current body of evidence relating to cancer pain. In the first of two parts, pathophysiology, oncological, pharmacological, and psychological treatment are considered.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is recognized that the World Health Organization (WHO) analgesic ladder, while providing relief of cancer pain towards the end of life for many sufferers worldwide, may have limitations in the context of longer survival and increasing disease complexity. To complement this, it is suggested that a more comprehensive model of managing cancer pain is needed that is mechanism-based and multimodal, using combination therapies including interventions where appropriate, tailored to the needs of an individual, with the aim to optimize pain relief with minimization of adverse effects.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK. jon.raphael@bcu.ac.uk
authors.forename: Jon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Raphael
authors.forename: Sam
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ahmedzai
authors.forename: Joan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hester
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Urch
authors.forename: Janette
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Barrie
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Farquhar-Smith
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fallon
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hoskin
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Robb
authors.forename: Michael I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Bennett
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Haines
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Arun
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bhaskar
authors.forename: Sam
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chong
authors.forename: Rui
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Duarte
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sparkes
mesh_terms: D000700:Analgesics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D000529:Complementary Therapies; D006801:Humans; D006930:Hyperalgesia / Q000503:physiopathology; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D009474:Neurons / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D059408:Pain Management; D010166:Palliative Care; D010821:Physicians, Family; D051381:Rats; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D006113:United Kingdom; D014944:World Health Organization
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics