title: Impacts of mixtures of herbicides on molecular and physiological responses of the European flounder Platichthys flesus.
abstract: The widespread use of pesticides results in a growing contamination of the aquatic environment. The effects of (1) a simple mixture of a glyphosate-based formulation and AMPA (Aminomethylphosphonic acid--a primary metabolite of glyphosate) and of (2) a more complex mixture of herbicides (glyphosate/AMPA/mecoprop/acetochlor/2,4D) were explored on the molecular and physiological responses of the European flounder Platichthys flesus, considering a long-term and environmentally realistic contamination. Molecular responses were identified using suppression subtractive hybridization on liver samples: the level of gene transcription was significantly different between contaminated fishes vs control ones for 532 sequences, after a 62-day contamination. Among them, 222 sequences were identified by homology with data-based sequences; they encoded several metabolic pathways including: methionine and lipid metabolism, immunity, protein regulation, coagulation and energetic metabolism. Expression pattern of nine transcripts in the liver was confirmed by real-time PCR. The molecular study underlined that potential markers of liver injury were expressed for both mixtures, in particular betaine homocysteine methyl transferase and chemotaxin. Physiological responses were analysed considering blood parameters and condition factor; after the two months contamination period; no significant physiological difference was detected between contaminated and control fish.
authors.affiliation: Université Européenne de Bretagne, France. esterine.evrard@univ-brest.fr
authors.forename: Estérine
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Evrard
authors.forename: Justine
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Marchand
authors.forename: Michaël
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Theron
authors.forename: Karine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pichavant-Rafini
authors.forename: Gaël
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Durand
authors.forename: Louis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Quiniou
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Laroche
mesh_terms: D015084:2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid / Q000633:toxicity; D008456:2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000633:toxicity; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D045424:Complex Mixtures; D005432:Flounder / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D005998:Glycine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000633:toxicity; D006540:Herbicides / Q000633:toxicity*; D006706:Homeostasis / Q000187:drug effects; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D014052:Toluidines / Q000633:toxicity; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*; D018350:alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid / Q000633:toxicity; D000097797:Glyphosate
chemical_list: D015084:2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid; D008456:2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic Acid; D015415:Biomarkers; D045424:Complex Mixtures; D005998:Glycine; D006540:Herbicides; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014052:Toluidines; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D018350:alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid; D000097797:Glyphosate; C008340:mecoprop; C043377:acetochlor