title: Impact of age and overt proteinuria on outcomes of stage 3 to 5 chronic kidney disease in a referred cohort.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Population-based studies have reported outcomes and risk factors for patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), defined primarily by decreased estimated GFR (eGFR). They are characterized by old age, low proteinuria level, and stage 3 CKD. However, many patients referred to nephrologists are younger and have overt proteinuria and advanced CKD. This study evaluated the association between outcomes and those factors among referred CKD patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed 461 referred patients with stage 3 to 5 CKD from January 2003 to December 2007. Key outcomes were death and ESRD. Patients were followed from the time of first serum creatinine measurement to December 2009.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median age of subjects was 67.0 years, and median follow-up was 3.2 years. Overt proteinuria was present in 57.0% of subjects. For stage 3, 4, and 5 CKD, cumulative mortality and probability of ESRD at 3 years was 9.5 and 6.5%, 11.2 and 27.8%, and 16.5 and 79.1%, respectively. Using proportional-hazards regression models, age was a determinant for death, whereas overt proteinuria was strongly associated with ESRD. Among stage 3 CKD patients older than 65 years without overt proteinuria, the incidence of death before renal replacement therapy (RRT) was 2.8/100 patient-years and none had ESRD. In patients with advanced CKD and overt proteinuria, the incidence of ESRD was substantially higher than that of death before RRT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Stratification by age, proteinuria level, and CKD stage could predict the competing outcomes of death before RRT and ESRD among CKD patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Rinku General Medical Center, Izumisano 598-8577, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshitsugu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Obi
authors.forename: Tomonori
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kimura
authors.forename: Yasuyuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nagasawa
authors.forename: Ryohei
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: Keiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yasuda
authors.forename: Koichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.forename: Harumi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kitamura
authors.forename: Enyu
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Imai
authors.forename: Hiromi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rakugi
authors.forename: Yoshitaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Isaka
authors.forename: Terumasa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hayashi
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011507:Proteinuria / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D012017:Referral and Consultation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017582:Renal Replacement Therapy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D003404:Creatinine