title: Arteriovenous loops in microsurgical free tissue transfer in reconstruction of central sternal defects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In some patients with chest wall defects, free tissue transfer is indicated. Complications arise if multiple operations have left the trunk devoid of recipient vessels. In such patients, an arteriovenous loop between the cephalic vein and the thoracoacromial artery can be used.
  
  
  METHODS
  A review of all our patients who underwent chest wall reconstruction with a cephalic vein-thoracoacromial artery loop between 2000 and 2009 was performed (n = 29, 19 women and 10 men). The mean age was 64.9 years. Underlying causes were sternal osteomyelitis (n = 20), tumor (n = 4), and osteoradionecrosis (n = 5). All patients were in American Society of Anesthesiologists classes III and IV. Flap selection, intraoperative and postoperative complications, operative time, time of ventilatory support, mean hospital stay, and midterm survival were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-five patients received a tensor fascia lata flap, 2 a vertical rectus myocutaneuos flap, and 2 a deep inferior epigastric perforator flap. Mean duration of surgery was 6.8 hours (4.7-10.5 hours). Two transplanted tissue flaps died and/or had to be removed and 4 were revised successfully. Seven patients had wound complications such as infection or prolonged wound healing. Mean time for ventilator support was 93.6 hours (4-463 hours). The median intensive care unit time was 11 days and the overall hospital stay 27.4 days (11-102 days). One-year survival in the whole group was 69.8%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The concept of arteriovenous loops allows creation of neovessels at the recipient site and has proven to be a superb tool to facilitate free tissue transfer or to provide an exit strategy in situations with unexpected vascular problems at the recipient site.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hand, Plastic, and Reconstructive Surgery, Burn Center, BG Trauma Center Ludwigshafen, Plastic and Hand Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Ludwigshafen, Germany.
authors.forename: Matthias A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Reichenberger
authors.forename: Patrick S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Harenberg
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pelzer
authors.forename: Emre
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gazyakan
authors.forename: Henning
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ryssel
authors.forename: Günter
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Germann
authors.forename: Holger
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Engel
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008866:Microsurgery; D008875:Middle Aged; D010019:Osteomyelitis / Q000601:surgery*; D010025:Osteoradionecrosis / Q000601:surgery*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013249:Sternum / Q000098:blood supply / Q000601:surgery*; D013524:Surgical Flaps / Q000098:blood supply*; D015996:Survival Rate; D035441:Thoracic Wall / Q000098:blood supply / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome