title: Linking Italy and the Balkans. A Y-chromosome perspective from the Arbereshe of Calabria.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Arbereshe are an Albanian-speaking ethno-linguistic minority who settled in Calabria (southern Italy) about five centuries ago.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study aims to clarify the genetic relationships between Italy and the Balkans through analysis of Y-chromosome variability in a peculiar case study, the Arbereshe.
  
  
  METHODS
  Founder surnames were used as a means to identify a sample of individuals that might trace back to the Albanians at the time of their establishment in Italy. These results were compared with data of more than 1000 individuals from Italy and the Balkans.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The distributions of haplogroups (defined using 31 UEPs) and haplotypes (12 STRs) show that the Italian and Balkan populations are clearly divergent from each other. Within this genetic landscape, the Arbereshe are characterized by two peculiarities: (a) they are a clear outlier in the Italian genetic background, showing a strong genetic affinity with southern Balkans populations; and (b) they retain a high degree of genetic diversity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results support the hypothesis that the surname-chosen Arbereshe are representative of the Y-chromosome genetic variability of the Albanian founder population. Accordingly, the Arbereshe genetic structure can contribute to the interpretation of the recent biological history of the southern Balkans. Intra-haplogroup analyses suggest that this area may have experienced important changes in the last five centuries, resulting in a marked increase in the frequency of haplogroups I2a and J2.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Biologia E.S., Area di Antropologia, Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 3, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Alessio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Boattini
authors.forename: Donata
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Luiselli
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sazzini
authors.forename: Antonella
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Useli
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tagarelli
authors.forename: Davide
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pettener
mesh_terms: D000415:Albania / Q000208:ethnology; D041322:Chromosomes, Human, Y / Q000235:genetics*; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000235:genetics*; D005787:Gene Frequency; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005838:Genotype; D005843:Geography; D006239:Haplotypes; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy; D009275:Names; D010375:Pedigree