title: Models of cardiac tissue electrophysiology: progress, challenges and open questions.
abstract: Models of cardiac tissue electrophysiology are an important component of the Cardiac Physiome Project, which is an international effort to build biophysically based multi-scale mathematical models of the heart. Models of tissue electrophysiology can provide a bridge between electrophysiological cell models at smaller scales, and tissue mechanics, metabolism and blood flow at larger scales. This paper is a critical review of cardiac tissue electrophysiology models, focussing on the micro-structure of cardiac tissue, generic behaviours of action potential propagation, different models of cardiac tissue electrophysiology, the choice of parameter values and tissue geometry, emergent properties in tissue models, numerical techniques and computational issues. We propose a tentative list of information that could be included in published descriptions of tissue electrophysiology models, and used to support interpretation and evaluation of simulation results. We conclude with a discussion of challenges and open questions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Computer Science, University of Sheffield, Regent Court, 211 Portobello Street, Sheffield S1 4DP, UK. r.h.clayton@sheffield.ac.uk
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Clayton
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Bernus
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Cherry
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dierckx
authors.forename: F H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Fenton
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mirabella
authors.forename: A V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Panfilov
authors.forename: F B
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Sachse
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Seemann
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D054849:Cardiac Electrophysiology / Q000379:methods*; D002468:Cell Physiological Phenomena; D005544:Forecasting; D006321:Heart / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D009206:Myocardium / Q000166:cytology; D011817:Rabbits