title: A rapid situation assessment (RSA) study of alcohol and drug use in Lebanon.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Research on substance use and misuse in Lebanon is scarce and, when available, focuses on a specific substance or a limited segment of the population. The objective of this Rapid Situation Assessment (RAS) study was to survey the use of multiple substances in diverse segments of the Lebanese population.
  
  
  METHODS
  A multi-method and multi-sample survey was conducted to collect quantitative and qualitative data from the academic sector (high school and university students), substance users in treatment or under arrest (prison, detention), and non-institutionalized "street" users.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Age of first use of substances started as early as 9 years in the youth sample. Moreover, 12% of the high school students reported smoking one or more packs of cigarettes per day and 9% of the university students met criteria for DSM-IV alcohol abuse. Cannabis represented the most commonly used illicit drug in both high school and university students, and tranquilizers were the most frequently misused medicinal substance. Heroin was responsible for 50% of the treatment admissions, followed by cocaine (20%), and alcohol (20%); heroin was also the most common substance of arrest. Recidivism was almost the rule for heroin users across all treatment settings. Unperceived need for treatment was the most common reason for not seeking treatment in non-institutionalized drug users (47.6%). Injecting drug use was a common behavior noted within substance using populations, in treatment and non-institutionalized (about 50% of them), with a high rate of needle sharing practices. About half of all patients in treatment had a history of police arrests, and about one-third of those in prison ever received prior treatment for substance use.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study points towards a growing trend for substance use problems in early adolescence that warrants close monitoring. Further investigation of these patterns is needed since the Lebanese population might have specific pathways of abuse. There is a need to bring together various health, legislative, and academic stakeholders for a continuous appraisal of data from substance abuse studies as evidenced by the recent, although slow, progress in the fields of legislation and treatment that follow such concerted efforts.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, School of Medicine, Balamand University, Lebanon. egkaram@idraac.org
authors.forename: Elie G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Karam
authors.forename: Lilian A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Ghandour
authors.forename: Wadih E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Maalouf
authors.forename: Karim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamout
authors.forename: Mariana M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Salamoun
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007326:Institutionalization; D007861:Lebanon / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D011329:Prisoners / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012494:Sampling Studies; D013334:Students / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D055815:Young Adult