title: Sludge palm oil as a renewable raw material for biodiesel production by two-step processes.
abstract: In this study, biodiesel was produced from sludge palm oil (SPO) using tolune-4-sulfonic monohydrate acid (PTSA) as an acid catalyst in different dosages in the presence of methanol to convert free fatty acid (FFA) to fatty acid methyl ester (FAME), followed by a transesterification process using an alkaline catalyst. In the first step, acid catalyzed esterification reduced the high FFA content of SPO to less than 2% with the different dosages of PTSA. The optimum conditions for pretreatment process by esterification were 0.75% (w/w) dosage of PTSA to SPO, 10:1 M ratio, 60 °C temperature, 60 min reaction time and 400 rpm stirrer speed. The highest yield of biodiesel after transesterification and purification processes was 76.62% with 0.07% FFA and 96% ester content. The biodiesel produced was favorable as compared to EN 14214 and ASTM 6751 standard. This study shows a potential exploitation of SPO as a new feedstock for the production of biodiesel.
authors.affiliation: Bioenvironmental Engineering Research Unit-BERU, Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia, P.O. Box 10, Kuala Lumpur 50728, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Adeeb
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hayyan
authors.forename: Md Zahangir
authors.initials: MZ
authors.lastname: Alam
authors.forename: Mohamed E S
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Mirghani
authors.forename: Nassereldeen A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Kabbashi
authors.forename: Noor Irma Nazashida Mohd
authors.initials: NI
authors.lastname: Hakimi
authors.forename: Yosri Mohd
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Siran
authors.forename: Shawaluddin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tahiruddin
mesh_terms: D056804:Biofuels; D002384:Catalysis; D004951:Esterification; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D007700:Kinetics; D000073878:Palm Oil; D010938:Plant Oils; D012722:Sewage
chemical_list: D056804:Biofuels; D005227:Fatty Acids; D010938:Plant Oils; D012722:Sewage; D000073878:Palm Oil