title: Involvement of imidazoline and opioid receptors in the enhancement of clonidine-induced analgesia by sulfisoxazole.
abstract: Clonidine, an alpha2-adrenergic agonist, has been demonstrated to produce significant analgesia and potentiate morphine analgesia. Endothelin (ETA) receptor antagonists have also been found to potentiate the antinociceptive response to morphine. Clonidine and ET have been reported to have cardiovascular interactions involving the sympathetic nervous system, but it is not known whether ETA receptor antagonist affects clonidine analgesia. This study examined the influence of sulfisoxazole (ETA receptor antagonist) on clonidine analgesia. Male Swiss Webster mice were used to determine antinociceptive response of drugs by measuring tail-flick latency. The effect of clonidine (0.3, 1.0, and 3.0 mg/kg, i.p.) alone or in combination with sulfisoxazole (25, 75, and 225 mg/kg, p.o.) on analgesia and body temperature was determined. Clonidine produced a dose-dependent analgesia and hypothermia. Sulfisoxazole (25, 75, and 225 mg/kg), when administered with clonidine (0.3 mg/kg), significantly potentiated (31% increase in area under the curve (AUC)) the analgesic effect of clonidine. Yohimbine (alpha2-adrenergic receptor antagonist) did not affect analgesic effect of clonidine plus sulfisoxazole. Idazoxan (I1-imidazoline and alpha2-adrenergic receptor antagonist) reduced (47% decrease in AUC) the analgesic effect of clonidine plus sulfisoxazole. Treatment with naloxone reduced (46% decrease in AUC) the analgesic effect of clonidine plus sulfisoxazole. The effect of another ETA receptor antagonist, BMS-182874 (2, 10, and 50 microg, i.c.v.) was studied, and it was found that the dose of 10 microg significantly potentiated (26% increase in AUC) the analgesic effect of clonidine. These results indicate that sulfisoxazole, an ETA receptor antagonist, potentiates the analgesic effect of clonidine, which could be mediated through I1-imidazoline receptors and opioid receptors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Midwestern University Chicago College of Pharmacy, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA.
authors.forename: Mustufa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Boxwalla
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Matwyshyn
authors.forename: Bhagya L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Puppala
authors.forename: Shridhar V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Andurkar
authors.forename: Anil
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gulati
mesh_terms: D058669:Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Antagonists; D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D001831:Body Temperature / Q000187:drug effects; D003000:Clonidine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004357:Drug Synergism; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D065130:Endothelin A Receptor Antagonists; D054755:Imidazoline Receptors / Q000378:metabolism; D048288:Imidazolines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D011957:Receptors, Opioid / Q000378:metabolism*; D013444:Sulfisoxazole / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D058669:Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Antagonists; D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; D065130:Endothelin A Receptor Antagonists; D054755:Imidazoline Receptors; D048288:Imidazolines; D011957:Receptors, Opioid; C410887:imidazoline I1 receptors; D013444:Sulfisoxazole; D003000:Clonidine