title: Knockdown of zebrafish lumican gene (zlum) causes scleral thinning and increased size of scleral coats.
abstract: The lumican gene (lum), which encodes one of the major keratan sulfate proteoglycans (KSPGs) in the vertebrate cornea and sclera, has been linked to axial myopia in humans. In this study, we chose zebrafish (Danio rerio) as an animal model to elucidate the role of lumican in the development of axial myopia. The zebrafish lumican gene (zlum) spans approximately 4.6 kb of the zebrafish genome. Like human (hLUM) and mouse (mlum), zlum consists of three exons, two introns, and a TATA box-less promoter at the 5'-flanking region of the transcription initiation site. Sequence analysis of the cDNA predicts that zLum encodes 344 amino acids. zLum shares 51% amino acid sequence identity with human lumican. Similar to hLUM and mlum, zlum mRNA is expressed in the eye and many other tissues, such as brain, muscle, and liver as well. Transgenic zebrafish harboring an enhanced GFP reporter gene construct downstream of a 1.7-kb zlum 5'-flanking region displayed enhanced GFP expression in the cornea and sclera, as well as throughout the body. Down-regulation of zlum expression by antisense zlum morpholinos manifested ocular enlargement resembling axial myopia due to disruption of the collagen fibril arrangement in the sclera and resulted in scleral thinning. Administration of muscarinic receptor antagonists, e.g. atropine and pirenzepine, effectively subdued the ocular enlargement caused by morpholinos in in vivo zebrafish larvae assays. The observation suggests that zebrafish can be used as an in vivo model for screening compounds in treating myopia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Lung-Kun
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Yeh
authors.forename: Chia-Yang
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Winston W-Y
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Kao
authors.forename: Chang-Jen
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Fung-Rong
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Chung-Liang
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Chien
authors.forename: I-Jong
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D030801:Animals, Genetically Modified; D002417:Cattle; D011508:Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans / Q000737:chemistry / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D003094:Collagen / Q000378:metabolism; D017124:Conserved Sequence; D003319:Corneal Stroma / Q000378:metabolism; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D055785:Gene Knockdown Techniques; D006801:Humans; D007632:Keratan Sulfate / Q000737:chemistry / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D007814:Larva / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000187:drug effects; D000071234:Lumican; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D009216:Myopia / Q000188:drug therapy; D009929:Organ Size / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D010802:Phylogeny; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D012590:Sclera / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000196:embryology / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D011508:Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans; C000604306:LUM protein, human; C000604307:Lum protein, mouse; C000604308:Lum protein, rat; D000071234:Lumican; D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D003094:Collagen; D007632:Keratan Sulfate