title: Polymerization of human hemoglobin using the crosslinker 1,11-bis(maleimido)triethylene glycol for use as an oxygen carrier.
abstract: Vasoconstriction and systemic hypertension are the main side effects associated with transfusion of current commercial polymerized hemoglobins (PolyHbs). It is hypothesized that the presence of free tetrameric hemoglobin (Hb) in the PolyHb solution is the root cause of these side effects. Therefore, increasing the size of PolyHbs and reducing the amount of free Hb in solution should dually reduce the extent of vasoconstriction and systemic hypertension. However, all current commercial PolyHb preparations have a small fraction of free Hb in solution. Hence, there is an urgent need to develop novel chemical strategies to synthesize large PolyHb molecules with a higher degree of polymerization without free Hb in solution. In this study, a Hb-based oxygen carrier was synthesized by polymerizing human Hb using a dimaleimide poly(ethylene glycol) derivative (1,11-bis(maleimido)triethylene glycol). The resultant PolyHb has a weight-averaged molecular weight of 1.49 ± 0.62 MDa, O₂ affinity (P₅₀) of 2.75 ± 0.55 mm Hg, and Hill coefficient (n) of 0.97 ± 0.07. Light scattering analysis of the PolyHb dispersion confirmed the absence of free Hb monomers, dimers, and tetramers in solution. This work is significant, as it should enable future engineering of nonvasoactive PolyHbs with potential applications in transfusion medicine.
authors.affiliation: William G. Lowrie Dept. of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
authors.forename: Ning
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Andre F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Palmer
mesh_terms: D001802:Blood Substitutes / Q000737:chemistry; D002942:Circular Dichroism; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents / Q000737:chemistry*; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D010100:Oxygen / Q000737:chemistry*; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry*; D055503:Protein Multimerization
chemical_list: D001802:Blood Substitutes; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents; D006454:Hemoglobins; C028914:triethylene glycol; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D010100:Oxygen