title: White fingers, cold environment, and vibration--exposure among Swedish construction workers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to examine the association between white fingers, cold environment, and exposure to hand-arm vibration (HAV). The hypothesis was that working in cold climate increases the risk of white fingers.
  
  
  METHODS
  The occurrence of white fingers was investigated as a cross-sectional study in a cohort of Swedish male construction workers (N=134 757). Exposure to HAV was based on a job-exposure matrix. Living in the north or south of Sweden was, in a subgroup of the cohort, used as an indicator of the exposure to cold environment (ie, living in the north meant a higher exposure to cold climate). The analyses were adjusted for age and use of nicotine products (smoking and snuff).
  
  
  RESULTS
  HAV-exposed workers living in a colder climate had a higher risk for white fingers than those living in a warmer climate [odds ratio (OR) 1.71, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.42-2.06]. As expected, we found that HAV-exposed workers had an increased risk compared to controls (OR 2.02, 95% CI 1.75-2.34). The risk for white fingers increased with increased level of exposure to HAV and also age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cold environment increases the risk for white fingers in workers occupationally exposed to HAV. The results underscore the need to keep exposure to HAV at workplaces as low as possible especially in cold climate.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health & Clinical Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Umeå University,Umeå, Sweden. lage.burstrom@envmed.umu.se
authors.forename: Lage
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Burström
authors.forename: Bengt
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Järvholm
authors.forename: Tohr
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nilsson
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wahlström
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003080:Cold Temperature; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005160:Facility Design and Construction; D005385:Fingers / Q000098:blood supply / Q000503:physiopathology*; D053421:Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009790:Occupations; D011928:Raynaud Disease / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology; D014732:Vibration