title: History of manic and hypomanic episodes and risk of incident cardiovascular disease: 11.5 year follow-up from the Baltimore Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  While several studies have suggested that bipolar disorder may elevate risk of cardiovascular disease, few studies have examined the relationship between mania or hypomania and cardiovascular disease. The purpose of this study is to examine history of manic and hypomanic episodes as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) during an 11.5 year follow-up of the Baltimore Epidemiologic Catchment Area Follow-up Study.
  
  
  METHODS
  All participants were psychiatrically assessed face-to-face based on Diagnostic Interview Schedule in 1981 and 1982 and were categorized as having either history of manic or hypomanic episode (MHE; n=58), major depressive episode only (MDE; n=71) or no mood episode (NME; n=1339). Incident cardiovascular disease (CVD; n=67) was determined by self-report of either myocardial infarction (MI) or congestive heart failure (CHF) in 1993-6.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with NME subjects, the odds ratio for incident CVD among MHE subjects was 2.97 (95% confidence interval: 1.40, 6.34) after adjusting for putative risk factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that a history of MHE increase the risk of incident CVD among community residents. Recognition of manic symptoms and addressing related CVD risk factors could have long term preventative implications in the development of cardiovascular disease in the community.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States. Cramsey7@jhmi.edu
authors.forename: Christine M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Ramsey
authors.forename: Jeannie-Marie
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Leoutsakos
authors.forename: Lawrence S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Mayer
authors.forename: William W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Eaton
authors.forename: Hochang B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018692:Antimanic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015142:Baltimore; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D015897:Comorbidity; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007406:Interview, Psychological; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D018692:Antimanic Agents