title: Determination of adequate entry angle of lumbar sympathetic ganglion block in korean.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The target of lumbar sympathetic ganglion block is the anterolateral surface of the L2, 3 and 4 vertebral bodies, where the lumbar sympathetic ganglion usually lies. In most cases, a block-needle is inserted approximately 5-8 cm lateral to spinous process on the skin and directed to the anterolateral surface of vertebral body obliquely. The purpose of this study is to determine the safe entry angle and entry point in Korean by using the abdominal CT scan images.
  
  
  METHODS
  The abdominal CT images of eighty five patients were recruited to this study. The minimal angle aimed at the lumbar sympathetic ganglion that can pass through the lateral aspect of body and maximal angle that avoids puncturing the kidney, ureter or retroperitoneal space were measured. The distance from midline to skin entry point was also measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no significant difference in entry angle among L2, 3, and 4 level. The entry angle was similar in the right and left side, and in males and females. The entry angle of old age group was significantly smaller than that of young age group. The calculated safe entry angle was 30.5 +/- 0.4 degrees and entry point was 7.7 +/- 0.2 cm and 6.7 +/- 0.1 cm lateral from midline in males and females respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These measurements can be used as a reference for lumbar sympathetic ganglion block and radiofrequency lesioning. Prior to performing the lumbar sympathetic ganglion block for cancer patients, the abdominal CT scan should be reviewed to prevent complications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Won Ho
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Sang Kwon
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Chul Joong
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Tae Hyeong
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Woo Seok
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Sim