title: Detection of TiO2 nanoparticles in cells by flow cytometry.
abstract: Evaluation of the potential hazard of man-made nanomaterials has been hampered by a limited ability to observe and measure nanoparticles in cells. In this study, different concentrations of TiO(2) nanoparticles were suspended in cell culture medium. The suspension was then sonicated and characterized by dynamic light scattering and microscopy. Cultured human-derived retinal pigment epithelial cells (ARPE-19) were incubated with TiO(2) nanoparticles at 0, 0.1, 0.3, 1, 3, 10, and 30 microg/ml for 24 hours. Cellular reactions to nanoparticles were evaluated using flow cytometry and dark field microscopy. A FACSCalibur flow cytometer was used to measure changes in light scatter after nanoparticle incubation. Both the side scatter and forward scatter changed substantially in response to the TiO(2). From 0.1 to 30 microg/ml TiO(2), the side scatter increased sequentially while the forward scatter decreased, presumably due to substantial light reflection by the TiO(2) particles. Based on the parameters of morphology and the calcein-AM/propidium iodide viability assay, TiO(2) concentrations below 30 microg/ml TiO(2) caused minimal cytotoxicity. Microscopic analysis was done on the same cells using an E-800 Nikon microscope containing a xenon light source and special dark field objectives. At the lowest concentrations of TiO(2) (0.1-0.3 microg/ml), the flow cytometer could detect as few as 5-10 nanoparticles per cell due to intense light scattering by TiO(2). Rings of concentrated nanoparticles were observed around the nuclei in the vicinity of the endoplasmic reticulum at higher concentrations. These data suggest that the uptake of nanoparticles within cells can be monitored with flow cytometry and confirmed by dark field microscopy. This approach may help fulfill a critical need for the scientific community to assess the relationship between nanoparticle dose and cellular toxicity Such experiments could potentially be performed more quickly and easily using the flow cytometer to measure both nanoparticle uptake and cellular health.
authors.affiliation: Toxicology Assessment Division (MD-67), National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA.
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Zucker
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Massaro
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Sanders
authors.forename: L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Degn
authors.forename: W K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Boyes
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D005434:Flow Cytometry / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D008853:Microscopy / Q000379:methods; D010316:Particle Size; D055213:Retinal Pigment Epithelium / Q000166:cytology; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: C009495:titanium dioxide; D014025:Titanium