Beta-alanine as a small molecule neurotransmitter.
This review discusses the role of beta-alanine as a neurotransmitter. Beta-alanine is structurally intermediate between alpha-amino acid (glycine, glutamate) and gamma-amino acid (GABA) neurotransmitters. In general, beta-alanine satisfies a number of the prerequisite classical criteria for being a neurotransmitter: beta-alanine occurs naturally in the CNS, is released by electrical stimulation through a Ca(2+) dependent process, has binding sites, and inhibits neuronal excitability. beta-Alanine has 5 recognized receptor sites: glycine co-agonist site on the NMDA complex (strychnine-insensitive); glycine receptor site (strychnine sensitive); GABA-A receptor; GABA-C receptor; and blockade of GAT protein-mediated glial GABA uptake. Although beta-alanine binding has been identified throughout the hippocampus, limbic structures, and neocortex, unique beta-alaninergic neurons with no GABAergic properties remain unidentified, and it is impossible to discriminate between beta-alaninergic and GABAergic properties in the CNS. Nevertheless, a variety of data suggest that beta-alanine should be considered as a small molecule neurotransmitter and should join the ranks of the other amino acid neurotransmitters. These realizations open the door for a more comprehensive evaluation of beta-alanine's neurochemistry and for its exploitation as a platform for drug design.
Tiedje
K E
KE
Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, B3H 4J3 Halifax, Canada.
Stevens
K
K
Barnes
S
S
Weaver
D F
DF
D000818:Animals; D001692:Biological Transport; D001923:Brain Chemistry / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000502:physiology*; D017981:Receptors, Neurotransmitter / Q000378:metabolism; D015091:beta-Alanine / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000502:physiology*
D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents; D017981:Receptors, Neurotransmitter; D015091:beta-Alanine