title: A population study of the frequency of high-dose acetaminophen prescribing and dispensing.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recurrent intake of 4 g/day or more of acetaminophen has been associated with elevation of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels in 30-40% of the exposed population and may result in hepatotoxicity.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe the frequency that patients are prescribed acetaminophen doses that exceed 4 g/day across a large population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using California's Medicaid (Medi-Cal) fee-for-service population, pharmacy claims including over-the-counter (OTC) medications were examined for prescriptions that could result in acetaminophen doses of 4 g/day or more. The period studied, October 2004 through September 2005, was before the Part D pharmacy benefit was available to dually eligible Medicare patients when all prescriptions were covered by the Medi-Cal claims process.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the pre-Part D evaluation period, approximately 3.27 million beneficiaries were enrolled in the fee-for-service Medi-Cal program. A total of 192,716 (5.9%) were potentially exposed to at least 1 day of 4 g/day or more of acetaminophen. Of those, 769 patients were potentially exposed to at least 1 day of 16 g/day or more. A total of 2664 beneficiaries were dispensed prescriptions and OTC products that, if taken as directed, would have resulted in more than 100 days of acetaminophen doses of 4 g/day or more during the study year.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite electronic systems designed to warn dispensing pharmacists of duplications of drug class and cumulative excessive doses, potentially toxic amounts of acetaminophen are commonly prescribed and dispensed to this population. Better systems, increased awareness, and education of patients, prescribers, and pharmacists are needed to reduce this potential toxic exposure.
authors.affiliation: Emergency Medicine, Anesthesiology, and Pharmacology/Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Veterans Affairs Northern California Health System, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA. tealbertson@ucdavis.edu
authors.forename: Timothy E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Albertson
authors.forename: Victor M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: Marilyn R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Stebbins
authors.forename: Elisa W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Ashton
authors.forename: Kelly P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Owen
authors.forename: Mark E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Sutter
mesh_terms: D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000097:blood; D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D002140:California; D056486:Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury / Q000209:etiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D018588:Fee-for-Service Plans; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008484:Medicaid; D008875:Middle Aged; D004366:Nonprescription Drugs / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D010593:Pharmaceutical Services / Q000458:organization & administration; D010595:Pharmacists / Q000458:organization & administration; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017010:Reminder Systems; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; D004366:Nonprescription Drugs; D000082:Acetaminophen; D000410:Alanine Transaminase