title: Drug targeting to macrophages using paromomycin-loaded albumin microspheres for treatment of visceral leishmaniasis: an in vitro evaluation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Leishmania parasite is an obligate intracellular parasite of the mammalian host and lives inside resident macrophages of liver and spleen. A high dose of paromomycin (PM) is required for the treatment.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Preparation and in vitro evaluation of PM loaded albumin microspheres (MS) (of size ≤ 5 µm) to target macrophages for treatment of visceral leishmaniasis.
  
  
  METHODS
  PM loaded MS were prepared by spray-drying method using albumin as a polymer matrix and stabilized using heat treatment. These MS were evaluated for product yield, encapsulation efficiency, particle size, size distribution, contact angle, drug-polymer interactions, and for in vitro drug release. Fluorescent labeling and in vitro uptake of these MS was assessed in RAW 264.7 cell line.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PM loaded albumin MS were prepared with a mean particle size ≈3 µm. Free albumin content and contact angle study confirmed the stabilization of these MS. Release studies showed biphasic release pattern. Interaction studies ruled out any possibility of drug-polymer interaction. Uptake study in macrophage confirmed the suitability of prepared MS for macrophage targeting.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The proposed drug-delivery system was found suitable for targeting macrophages in vitro and may serve as an optimum carrier to target macrophages where Leishmania parasite resides.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER), Punjab, India.
authors.forename: Wahid
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Neeraj
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kumar
mesh_terms: D000418:Albumins / Q000737:chemistry*; D000818:Animals; D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D002460:Cell Line; D004337:Drug Carriers; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods; D007893:Leishmania donovani / Q000187:drug effects*; D007898:Leishmaniasis, Visceral / Q000188:drug therapy*; D051379:Mice; D008863:Microspheres; D010303:Paromomycin / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000418:Albumins; D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents; D004337:Drug Carriers; D010303:Paromomycin