title: Review of the management of sudden cardiac arrest on the football field.
abstract: Football is the most popular sport on earth. When a young, fit popular player suddenly collapses and dies during play, the tragic event is frequently screened and publicised worldwide. The reported incidence of sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) varies from 1:65,000 to 1:200,000 athletes. A broad spectrum of cardiac and non-cardiac causes have been implicated, and regular precompetition medical assessments are recommended as a preventive measure. Immediate cardiopulmonary resuscitation and early defibrillation is the treatment for SCA. High success rates can be achieved if this is initiated promptly, preferably within seconds of the arrest. Trained medical responders must be allowed to respond, ideally with a defibrillator (manual or automated) in hand, to a player who suddenly and unexpectedly collapses and remains unresponsive on the field. Immediate defibrillation of a pulseless ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation, within 1 to 2 min of onset, has a successful cardioversion rate exceeding 90%. Medical responders should be well trained and rehearsed in the recognition of SCA, including distractors such as seizures, myoclonic jerks and agonal (gasping) breathing. Prompt initiation of chest compressions on the field, together with early defibrillation, will result in many athletes' lives being saved by immediate implementation of these simple recommendations.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health Sciences, Office 10M12, Division of Emergency Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, 2123, South Africa. efraim.kramer@wits.ac.za
authors.forename: Efraim
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kramer
authors.forename: Jiri
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dvorak
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kloeck
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation / Q000379:methods; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D004635:Emergency Medicine / Q000193:education; D006323:Heart Arrest / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D010347:Patient Care Planning; D012916:Soccer; D013178:Sports Medicine / Q000193:education; D055815:Young Adult