Current concepts in the management of the aging forehead in facial plastic surgery.
OBJECTIVE
This article reviews the significant recent literature on the constantly evolving approach to surgical rejuvenation of the forehead and brow.


RESULTS
Recent literature describes a variety of modifications to traditional endoscopic approaches, particularly regarding new permanent and temporary fixation techniques. There is continued effort to deepen our understanding of upper facial anatomy and its relationship to the aging process. As interest and research in this area continue to grow, improved quantification of surgical results becomes important.


CONCLUSIONS
There has been significant development and refinement of endoscopic approaches to foreheadplasty. Nonetheless, debate regarding the durability, quality of results, and complications of endoscopic versus open approaches continues. Ultimately, optimal results may be achieved through a variety of surgical techniques, but require a thorough understanding of the anatomic basis of aging, attention to detail, and adequate brow fixation.
Romo
Thomas
T
Division of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology - Lenox Hill Hospital, New York, New York, USA. docromo@aol.com
Zoumalan
Richard A
RA
Rafii
Benjamin Y
BY
D003358:Cosmetics; D004724:Endoscopy; D004954:Esthetics; D005138:Eyebrows / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D005546:Forehead / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D015361:Rhytidoplasty / Q000379:methods*; D015595:Skin Aging / Q000502:physiology*
D003358:Cosmetics