title: Evaluation of 11C-GSK189254 as a novel radioligand for the H3 receptor in humans using PET.
abstract: The histamine H(3) receptor is implicated in the pathophysiology of several central nervous system disorders. N-methyl-6-(3-cyclobutyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-benzo[d]azepin-7-yloxy)-nicotamide (GSK189254) is a highly potent, selective, and brain-penetrant H(3) receptor antagonist. Previous studies in the pig using PET have shown that (11)C-GSK189254 uptake in H(3)-rich regions of the brain can be blocked by the selective H(3) antagonist ciproxifan. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate (11)C-GSK189254 as a PET radioligand for human studies and to determine the dose-receptor occupancy relationship of GSK189254 in the human brain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dynamic PET scans were obtained in healthy subjects over 90 min after intravenous administration of approximately 370 MBq of (11)C-GSK189254. Blood samples were taken throughout the scans to derive the arterial plasma parent input function. Each subject was scanned twice, either with tracer alone (test-retest) or before and after a single oral dose of GSK189254 (10-100 microg). Data were analyzed by compartmental analysis, and regional receptor-occupancy estimates were obtained by graphical analysis of changes in the total volumes of distribution (V(T)) of the radioligand.
  
  
  RESULTS
  (11)C-GSK189254 readily entered the brain; its regional brain distribution reflected the known distribution of H(3) receptors, with high binding in the caudate and putamen, intermediate binding in cortical regions, and low binding in the cerebellum. GSK189254 displayed a high receptor affinity, and a marked reduction in V(T) was apparent at all the doses tested. The oral dose equaling 50% occupancy of the available receptor sites (ED(50)) was estimated as 4.33 microg. Additional data on plasma pharmacokinetics after oral dosing and the plasma free fraction gave a corresponding estimate of the free concentration of GSK189254 required to occupy 50% of the available receptor sites (EC(50)) (0.011 nM). The test-retest data showed reductions in regional V(T) on the second scan in all subjects. A nonlinear compartmental analysis of this effect demonstrated that this reduction was consistent with carryover of a tracer mass dose effect with an estimated in vivo apparent dissociation constant of 0.010 nM, close to the independent estimate of the plasma EC(50).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  (11)C-GSK189254 can be used to quantify H(3) receptor availability in humans in vivo using PET but requires high specific activity; the possibility of tracer mass dose effects should be carefully analyzed.
authors.affiliation: GlaxoSmithKline Clinical Imaging Centre, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom. Sharon.Ashworth-1@gsk.com
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ashworth
authors.forename: Eugenii A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Rabiner
authors.forename: Roger N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Gunn
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Plisson
authors.forename: Alan A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Comley
authors.forename: Robert Y K
authors.initials: RY
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.forename: Antony D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Gee
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Laruelle
authors.forename: Vincent J
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: Cunningham
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000465:Algorithms; D001552:Benzazepines / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D001711:Biotransformation; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism; D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009536:Niacinamide / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D018100:Receptors, Histamine H3 / Q000187:drug effects*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
chemical_list: D001552:Benzazepines; D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D018100:Receptors, Histamine H3; D009536:Niacinamide; C521312:6-((3-cyclobutyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepin-7-yl)oxy)-N-methyl-3-pyridinecarboxamide