title: Fecal MicroRNAs as novel biomarkers for colon cancer screening.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths, but currently available noninvasive screening programs have achieved only a modest decrease in mortality. MicroRNAs (miRNA) play an important role in a wide array of biological processes and are commonly dysregulated in neoplasia. We aimed to evaluate the feasibility of fecal miRNAs as biomarkers for colorectal neoplasia screening.
  
  
  METHODS
  Total RNA was extracted from freshly collected stool samples from 8 healthy volunteers and 29 samples collected via fecal occult blood testing from subjects with normal colonoscopies, colon adenomas, and CRCs. miRNA expression analyses were done with TaqMan quantitative reverse transcription-PCR for a subset of miRNAs. Illumina miRNA microarray profiling was done to evaluate the differences in expression patterns between normal colonic mucosa tissues and stool samples from healthy subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We efficiently extracted miRNAs from stool specimens using our developed protocol. Data from independent experiments showed high reproducibility for miRNA extraction and expression. miRNA expression patterns were similar in stool specimens among healthy volunteers, and reproducible in stool samples that were collected serially in time from the same individuals. miRNA expression profiles from 29 patients showed higher expression of miR-21 and miR-106a in patients with adenomas and CRCs compared with individuals free of colorectal neoplasia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data indicate that miRNAs could be extracted from stool easily and reproducibly. The stools of patients with colorectal neoplasms have unique and identifiable patterns of miRNA expression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fecal miRNAs may be an excellent candidate for the development of a noninvasive screening test for colorectal neoplasms.
authors.affiliation: Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Laboratory, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75246, USA.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Link
authors.forename: Francesc
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Balaguer
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nagasaka
authors.forename: Juan José
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Lozano
authors.forename: C Richard
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Boland
authors.forename: Ajay
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Goel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D055088:Early Detection of Cancer / Q000379:methods; D005243:Feces / Q000737:chemistry*; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000032:analysis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008875:Middle Aged; D040081:Protein Array Analysis; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D035683:MicroRNAs