title: The language phenotype of children and adolescents with Noonan syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study presents an analysis of language skills in individuals with Noonan syndrome (NS), an autosomal dominant genetic disorder. We investigated whether the language impairments affecting some individuals arise from deficits specifically within the linguistic system or whether they are associated with cognitive, perceptual, and motor factors. Comparisons of language abilities among the different NS genotypes were also conducted.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-six children and adolescents with NS were evaluated using standardized speech, language, and literacy assessments. Additional cognitive, perceptual, and motor tasks were administered to examine the relation of these factors to language development. Genotype was noted for those who underwent genetic testing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Language impairments were more frequent in NS than in the general population and were associated with higher risk for reading and spelling difficulties. Language was significantly correlated with nonverbal cognition, hearing ability, articulation, motor dexterity, and phonological memory. Genotype analyses suggest that the higher performance of SOS1-positive than PTPN11-positive individuals on language tasks was largely mediated by differences in cognitive ability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that variation in language skill in NS is closely related to cognitive, perceptual, and motor factors. It does not appear that specific aspects of language are selectively affected in this syndrome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1202 West Johnson Street, Madison, WI 53706, USA. eipierpont@wisc.edu
authors.forename: Elizabeth I
authors.initials: EI
authors.lastname: Pierpont
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ellis Weismer
authors.forename: Amy E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: Erica
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tworog-Dube
authors.forename: Mary Ella
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Pierpont
authors.forename: Nancy J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Mendelsohn
authors.forename: Mark S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Seidenberg
mesh_terms: D001184:Articulation Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003071:Cognition; D004411:Dyslexia, Acquired / Q000209:etiology; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006309:Hearing; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007360:Intelligence; D007802:Language; D007806:Language Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory; D009048:Motor Skills; D009634:Noonan Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D010641:Phenotype; D054592:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 11 / Q000378:metabolism; D011932:Reading; D020837:SOS1 Protein / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D020837:SOS1 Protein; C516724:PTPN11 protein, human; D054592:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 11