title: Loss of PDEF, a prostate-derived Ets factor is associated with aggressive phenotype of prostate cancer: regulation of MMP 9 by PDEF.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prostate-derived Ets factor (PDEF) is expressed in tissues of high epithelial content including prostate, although its precise function has not been fully established. Conventional therapies produce a high rate of cure for patients with localized prostate cancer, but there is, at present, no effective treatment for intervention in metastatic prostate cancer. These facts underline the need to develop new approaches for early diagnosis of aggressive prostate cancer patients, and mechanism based anti-metastasis therapies that will improve the outlook for hormone-refractory prostate cancer. In this study we evaluated role of prostate-derived Ets factor (PDEF) in prostate cancer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We observed decreased PDEF expression in prostate cancer cell lines correlated with increased aggressive phenotype, and complete loss of PDEF protein in metastatic prostate cancer cell lines. Loss of PDEF expression was confirmed in high Gleason Grade prostate cancer samples by immuno-histochemical methods. Reintroduction of PDEF profoundly affected cell behavior leading to less invasive phenotypes in three dimensional cultures. In addition, PDEF expressing cells had altered cell morphology, decreased FAK phosphorylation and decreased colony formation, cell migration, and cellular invasiveness. In contrast PDEF knockdown resulted in increased migration and invasion as well as clonogenic activity. Our results also demonstrated that PDEF downregulated MMP9 promoter activity, suppressed MMP9 mRNA expression, and resulted in loss of MMP9 activity in prostate cancer cells. These results suggested that loss of PDEF might be associated with increased MMP9 expression and activity in aggressive prostate cancer. To confirm results we investigated MMP9 expression in clinical samples of prostate cancer. Results of these studies show increased MMP9 expression correlated with advanced Gleason grade. Taken together our results demonstrate decreased PDEF expression and increased MMP9 expression during the transition to aggressive prostate cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These studies demonstrate for the first time negative regulation of MMP9 expression by PDEF, and that PDEF expression was lost in aggressive prostate cancer and was inversely associated with MMP9 expression in clinical samples of prostate cancer. Based on these exciting results, we propose that loss of PDEF along with increased MMP9 expression should serve as novel markers for early detection of aggressive prostate cancer.
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Denver Veterans Administrative Medical Center, and University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Sweaty
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Koul
authors.forename: Binod
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Lakshmipathi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Khandrika
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Venezia
authors.forename: Paul D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Maroni
authors.forename: Randall B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Meacham
authors.forename: Hari K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Koul
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D015153:Blotting, Western; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D017931:DNA Primers; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000378:metabolism*; D010641:Phenotype; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D050783:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ets / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D050783:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ets; C403974:SPDEF protein, human; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9