In search of a better crystal ball: recent advances in prognostic markers for clear-cell renal cell carcinoma.
Advances in imaging have led to a steady increase in the incidence of kidney cancer over the last two decades. There has been no corresponding improvement in our ability to predict the behavior of renal cell carcinoma. Patients with low-risk renal cell carcinoma have good long-term survival with only localized therapy but patients with aggressive disease do poorly, even with optimal multimodal treatment. Biomarkers to differentiate between these two very divergent populations have traditionally been of only limited utility. We review the recent advances in the development of molecular and immunologic markers aimed at improving prognostication of renal cell carcinoma.
Shah
Jay B
JB
Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9110, USA.
Margulis
Vitaly
V
D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism*; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000628:therapy; D011379:Prognosis
D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor