title: Endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ signaling and mitochondrial Cyt c release in astrocytes following oxygen and glucose deprivation.
abstract: In the present study, we investigated changes of cytosolic Ca2+([Ca2+](cyt)), endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+([Ca2+](ER)) and mitochondrial Ca2+(Ca2+(m)) in astrocytes following oxygen/glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD/REOX). Two hours OGD did not cause changes in [Ca2+](cyt), but led to a significant increase in [Ca2+](ER). The elevation in [Ca2+](ER) continued and reached a peak level (130 +/- 2 microM) by 90 min REOX. An abrupt release of Ca2+(ER) occurred during 1.5-2.5 h REOX, which was accompanied with a delayed and sustained rise in [Ca2+](cyt). Moreover, Ca2+(m) content was increased significantly within 15 min REOX followed by a secondary rise (approximately 4.5-fold) and a release of mitochondrial cytochrome c (Cyt c). Astrocytes exhibited translocation of Cyt c from mitochondria to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and up regulation of ER stress protein p-eIF2alpha. Blocking Na+-K+-Cl(-) cotransporter isoform 1 activity, either by its potent inhibitor bumetanide or genetic ablation, abolished release of ER Ca2+, delayed rise in [Ca2+](cyt) and Ca2+(m). Inhibition of the reverse mode operation of the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger significantly attenuated OGD/REOX-mediated Cyt c release. In summary, this study illustrates that OGD/REOX triggers a time-dependent loss of Ca2+ homeostasis in cytosol and organelles (ER and mitochondria) in astrocytes. Collective stimulation of Na+-K+-Cl(-) cotransporter isoform 1 and reverse mode function of Na+/Ca2+ exchanger contributes to these changes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Douglas B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Kintner
authors.forename: Gulnaz
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Begum
authors.forename: Jehad
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Algharabli
authors.forename: Pelin
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cengiz
authors.forename: Gary E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Shull
authors.forename: Xiang-Jun
authors.initials: XJ
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Dandan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sun
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D020013:Calcium Signaling / Q000502:physiology*; D015687:Cell Hypoxia / Q000502:physiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D045304:Cytochromes c / Q000378:metabolism*; D004721:Endoplasmic Reticulum / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D005947:Glucose / Q000172:deficiency*; D051379:Mice; D008817:Mice, Mutant Strains; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism*; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D045304:Cytochromes c; D005947:Glucose; D010100:Oxygen