title: Long-term outcome of renal transplant recipients with chronic hepatitis B infection-impact of antiviral treatments.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Antiviral treatment has improved the short-term outcome of kidney transplant recipients with chronic hepatitis B infection, but its long-term impact, especially in patients who have developed drug resistance, remains uncertain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-three hepatitis B surface antigen positive (HBsAg+) and 63 HBsAg- patients who have undergone kidney transplantation from 1985 to 2008 were retrospectively reviewed and their clinical outcomes were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With lamivudine as initial treatment, 62% of patients developed drug resistance after 4 years. Lamivudine resistance was associated with a higher incidence of chronic hepatitis but had no significant impact on liver stiffness score or patient survival during follow-up. Salvage treatment with adefovir or entecavir was well tolerated, and resulted in a three-log decrease in hepatitis B deoxynucleic acid after 6 months and normalization of alanine aminotransferase in 75% of patients. The survival rate of HBsAg+ patients transplanted in the recent era of antiviral treatment was 81% at 10 years. Treatment of hepatitis B with nucleoside/nucleotide analogues resulted in significantly improved patient survival (83% vs. 34% at 20 years, P=0.006). Although antiviral treatment was associated with reduced mortality because of liver complications (P=0.036), liver-related deaths still accounted for 40% of mortalities in HBsAg+ patients in the era of antiviral therapies and 22.2% of all deaths that occurred in patients who had received antiviral treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Treatment of HBsAg+ renal transplant recipients with nucleoside/nucleotide analogues confers long-term survival benefit, and that rescue therapy with adefovir or entecavir is effective and well tolerated in patients who had developed resistance to lamivudine.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
authors.forename: Desmond Y H
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Yap
authors.forename: Colin S O
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yung
authors.forename: Bo Ying
authors.initials: BY
authors.lastname: Choy
authors.forename: Man Fung
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Yuen
authors.forename: Tak Mao
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Chan
mesh_terms: D000225:Adenine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000328:Adult; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000097:blood; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral; D005260:Female; D006147:Guanine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006514:Hepatitis B Surface Antigens / Q000097:blood; D006515:Hepatitis B virus / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D019694:Hepatitis B, Chronic / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery*; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000401:mortality; D019259:Lamivudine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D063065:Organophosphonates / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D019562:Viral Load
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D015415:Biomarkers; D004279:DNA, Viral; D006514:Hepatitis B Surface Antigens; D063065:Organophosphonates; D019259:Lamivudine; C413685:entecavir; D006147:Guanine; C053001:adefovir; D000225:Adenine