title: Self-protection against gliotoxin--a component of the gliotoxin biosynthetic cluster, GliT, completely protects Aspergillus fumigatus against exogenous gliotoxin.
abstract: Gliotoxin, and other related molecules, are encoded by multi-gene clusters and biosynthesized by fungi using non-ribosomal biosynthetic mechanisms. Almost universally described in terms of its toxicity towards mammalian cells, gliotoxin has come to be considered as a component of the virulence arsenal of Aspergillus fumigatus. Here we show that deletion of a single gene, gliT, in the gliotoxin biosynthetic cluster of two A. fumigatus strains, rendered the organism highly sensitive to exogenous gliotoxin and completely disrupted gliotoxin secretion. Addition of glutathione to both A. fumigatus Delta gliT strains relieved gliotoxin inhibition. Moreover, expression of gliT appears to be independently regulated compared to all other cluster components and is up-regulated by exogenous gliotoxin presence, at both the transcript and protein level. Upon gliotoxin exposure, gliT is also expressed in A. fumigatus Delta gliZ, which cannot express any other genes in the gliotoxin biosynthetic cluster, indicating that gliT is primarily responsible for protecting this strain against exogenous gliotoxin. GliT exhibits a gliotoxin reductase activity up to 9 microM gliotoxin and appears to prevent irreversible depletion of intracellular glutathione stores by reduction of the oxidized form of gliotoxin. Cross-species resistance to exogenous gliotoxin is acquired by A. nidulans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, respectively, when transformed with gliT. We hypothesise that the primary role of gliotoxin may be as an antioxidant and that in addition to GliT functionality, gliotoxin secretion may be a component of an auto-protective mechanism, deployed by A. fumigatus to protect itself against this potent biomolecule.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, National University of Ireland Maynooth, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland.
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schrettl
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Carberry
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kavanagh
authors.forename: Hubertus
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Haas
authors.forename: Gary W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: O'Brien
authors.forename: Aine
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nolan
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stephens
authors.forename: Orla
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Fenelon
authors.forename: Sean
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Doyle
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001228:Aspergillosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D001232:Aspergillus fumigatus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D001233:Aspergillus nidulans / Q000235:genetics; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D017353:Gene Deletion; D005816:Genetic Complementation Test; D005912:Gliotoxin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D005810:Multigene Family; D010088:Oxidoreductases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D040901:Proteomics; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000235:genetics; D014774:Virulence
chemical_list: D005656:Fungal Proteins; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D005912:Gliotoxin; C552832:GliT protein, Aspergillus fumigatus; D010088:Oxidoreductases