title: Assembly of the outer retina in the absence of GABA synthesis in horizontal cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA) not only modulates excitability in the mature nervous system but also regulates neuronal differentiation and circuit development. Horizontal cells, a subset of interneurons in the outer retina, are transiently GABAergic during the period of cone photoreceptor synaptogenesis. In rodents, both horizontal cells and cone axonal terminals express GABAA receptors. To explore the possibility that transient GABA expression in mouse neonatal horizontal cells influences the structural development of synaptic connectivity in the outer retina, we examined a mutant in which expression of GAD67, the major synthesizing enzyme for GABA, is selectively knocked out in the retina.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Immunocytochemistry and electron microscopy revealed that the assembly of triad synapses involving cone axonal pedicles and the dendrites of horizontal and bipolar cells is unaffected in the mutant retina. Moreover, loss of GABA synthesis in the outer retina did not perturb the spatial distributions and cell densities of cones and horizontal cells. However, there were some structural alterations at the cellular level: the average size of horizontal cell dendritic clusters was larger in the mutant, and there was also a small but significant increase in cone photoreceptor pedicle area. Moreover, metabotropic glutamate receptor 6 (mGluR6) receptors on the dendrites of ON bipolar cells occupied a slightly larger proportion of the cone pedicle in the mutant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Together, our analysis shows that transient GABA synthesis in horizontal cells is not critical for synapse assembly and axonal and dendritic lamination in the outer retina. However, pre- and postsynaptic structures are somewhat enlarged in the absence of GABA in the developing outer retina, providing for a modest increase in potential contact area between cone photoreceptors and their targets. These findings differ from previous results in which pharmacological blockade of GABAA receptors in the neonatal rabbit retina caused a reduction in cone numbers and led to a grossly disorganized outer retina.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, School of Medicine, 1959 NE Pacific St, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
authors.forename: Timm
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Schubert
authors.forename: Rachel M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Huckfeldt
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Parker
authors.forename: John E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: Rachel O L
authors.initials: RO
authors.lastname: Wong
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000502:physiology*; D003712:Dendrites / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005968:Glutamate Decarboxylase / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000166:cytology / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D012160:Retina / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000166:cytology* / Q000254:growth & development*; D051245:Retinal Bipolar Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D051248:Retinal Horizontal Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D013569:Synapses / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D009435:Synaptic Transmission / Q000502:physiology; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid / Q000096:biosynthesis*
chemical_list: D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; D005968:Glutamate Decarboxylase