title: Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) impurities in pesticides: a neglected source of contemporary relevance.
abstract: Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) may be formed during the manufacture of chlorinated pesticides, and can remain in the products as impurities. However, the contemporary release of PCDD/Fs to the environment from pesticide use is poorly understood. For this study, 27 pesticide formulations were analyzed for PCDD/Fs (n = 23 registered for use in Australia). PCDD/F impurities were present in all samples, ranging from 0.020 to 2100 ng SigmaPCDD/F g(-1) active ingredient (AI). Among current use pesticides, pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB) contained the highest impurity levels (up to 2000 ng SigmaPCDD/F g(-1) AI and 5.6 ng TEQ g(-1) AI). The quantity of pesticide used in Australia and associated release of PCDD/Fs was estimated for PCNB and phenoxy herbicides (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxybutyric acid (2,4-DB)) using a probabilistic approach. Input parameters to model pesticide use contributed the highest proportions to the variability of the estimated PCDD/F release, and were considered to have the highest uncertainty. Preliminary estimates of PCDD/F release suggest that contaminated pesticides represent an important ongoing PCDD/F source to the Australian environment (10th-90th percentiles for PCNB = 14-42 and 2,4-D/2,4-DB = 0.35-1.6 g TEQ annum(-1)). These results may have global relevance given that many of the pesticides analyzed were imported into Australia, and are used in high volumes in other countries.
authors.affiliation: The University of Queensland, National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (EnTox), Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia. e.holt@uq.edu.au
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Holt
authors.forename: Roland
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.forename: Gavin
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Stevenson
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gaus
mesh_terms: D001572:Benzofurans / Q000737:chemistry*; D000072338:Dibenzofurans, Polychlorinated; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000737:chemistry*; D010575:Pesticides / Q000737:chemistry*; D000072317:Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D001572:Benzofurans; D000072338:Dibenzofurans, Polychlorinated; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D010575:Pesticides; D000072317:Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins