title: Unhealthy travelers present challenges to sustainable primate ecotourism.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ecotourism can function as a powerful tool for species conservation. However, a significant proportion of travelers at wildlife sanctuaries may be ill and potentially infectious, creating unnecessary risk of pathogen transmission to wildlife.
  
  
  METHODS
  A questionnaire was distributed to adult visitors at the Sepilok Orangutan Rehabilitation Centre, Sabah, Malaysia. The questionnaire recorded age, occupation, region of origin, history of recent travel, recent contact with livestock, domestic and wild animals, and diagnoses/symptoms of various infections.
  
  
  RESULTS
  15% of the 633 tourists self-reported at least one of the following current symptoms: cough, sore throat, congestion, fever, diarrhea and vomiting. Participants who reported recent animal contact were significantly more likely to report current respiratory symptoms compared to other participants. Likewise, participants with a medical-related occupation were more likely to report current respiratory symptoms while at Sepilok compared to other participants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite being ill and potentially infectious, these tourists were visiting a wildlife sanctuary to view endangered species. Many of these visitors had animal contact immediately prior to arriving, and many had at least some basic knowledge about infection transmission. While participants in nature-based tourism are generally concerned about environmental protection, present analyses suggest that a significant proportion of ecotourists are uninformed of the risks they may pose to non-human animal health.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anthropology, Indiana University, 701 E. Kirkwood Ave., Student Building 130, Bloomington, IN 47405-7000, USA. mpm1@indiana.edu
authors.forename: Michael P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Muehlenbein
authors.forename: Leigh Ann
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Martinez
authors.forename: Andrea A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Lemke
authors.forename: Laurentius
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ambu
authors.forename: Senthilvel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nathan
authors.forename: Sylvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Alsisto
authors.forename: Rosman
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sakong
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D000835:Animals, Wild; D018562:Disease Transmission, Infectious / Q000662:veterinary*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D057079:Pongo; D018570:Risk Assessment; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014195:Travel; D015047:Zoonoses / Q000635:transmission*