title: Association between adiposity in midlife and older age and risk of diabetes in older adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Adiposity is a well-recognized risk factor for type 2 diabetes among young and middle-aged adults, but the relationship between body composition and type 2 diabetes is not well described among older adults.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the relationship between adiposity, changes in adiposity, and risk of incident type 2 diabetes in adults 65 years of age and older.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort study (1989-2007) of 4193 men and women 65 years of age and older in the Cardiovascular Health Study. Measures of adiposity were derived from anthropometry and bioelectrical impedance data at baseline and anthropometry repeated 3 years later.
  
  
  METHODS
  Incident diabetes was ascertained based on use of antidiabetic medication or a fasting glucose level of 126 mg/dL or greater.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over median follow-up of 12.4 years (range, 0.9-17.8 years), 339 cases of incident diabetes were ascertained (7.1/1000 person-years). The adjusted hazard ratio (HR) (95% confidence interval [CI]) of type 2 diabetes for participants in the highest quintile of baseline measures compared with those in the lowest was 4.3 (95% CI, 2.9-6.5) for body mass index (BMI [calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared]), 3.0 (95% CI, 2.0-4.3) for BMI at 50 years of age, 4.2 (95% CI, 2.8-6.4) for weight, 4.0 (95% CI, 2.6-6.0) for fat mass, 4.2 (95% CI, 2.8-6.2) for waist circumference, 2.4 (95% CI, 1.6-3.5) for waist-hip ratio, and 3.8 (95% CI, 2.6-5.5) for waist-height ratio. However, when stratified by age, participants 75 years of age and older had HRs approximately half as large as those 65 to 74 years of age. Compared with weight-stable participants (+/-2 kg), those who gained the most weight from 50 years of age to baseline (> or = 9 kg), and from baseline to the third follow-up visit (> or = 6 kg), had HRs for type 2 diabetes of 2.8 (95% CI, 1.9-4.3) and 2.0 (95% CI, 1.1-3.7), respectively. Participants with a greater than 10-cm increase in waist size from baseline to the third follow-up visit had an HR of type 2 diabetes of 1.7 (95% CI, 1.1-2.8) compared with those who gained or lost 2 cm or less.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among older adults, overall and central adiposity, and weight gain during middle age and after the age of 65 years are associated with risk of diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. mlbiggs@u.washington.edu
authors.forename: Mary L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Biggs
authors.forename: Kenneth J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Mukamal
authors.forename: Jose A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Luchsinger
authors.forename: Joachim H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Ix
authors.forename: Mercedes R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Carnethon
authors.forename: Anne B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Newman
authors.forename: Ian H
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: de Boer
authors.forename: Elsa S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Strotmeyer
authors.forename: Dariush
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mozaffarian
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Siscovick
mesh_terms: D050154:Adiposity; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D015430:Weight Gain