title: Genetic alterations in the RAS/RAF/mitogen-activated protein kinase and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt signaling pathways in the follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (FVPTC) is the second most common histotype among papillary thyroid cancers (PTCs). Although the prognosis of FVPTC is similar to the conventional phenotype, differential diagnostic difficulties may not be uncommon with other follicular thyroid neoplasms, and little is known about their genetic alterations. Defining these alterations may lead to the identification of diagnostic and biologic markers.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, the authors evaluated genetic alterations and downstream-activated signals of the Ras/Raf-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene (Akt) (PI3K/Akt) signaling pathways in 30 FVPTC tissue specimens. Tumors and matched normal thyroid samples were tested for RAS, for the v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene (BRAF) substitution of valine (V) for glutamate (E) at codon 600 (the V600E mutation), for phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), for catalytic PI3k p110 subunit alpha (PIK3CA), for AKT, and for the presence of rearranged during transfection (ret) proto-oncogene/PTC (RET-PTC) and paired box-8 (PAX8)/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) fusion protein (PAX8-PPARgamma) rearrangements by direct sequencing and reverse transcriptase-polymerases chain reaction analyses, respectively. Western blot analysis was used to assess the effects of these gene abnormalities on the activation of the 2 pathways.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Genetic alterations were identified in 70% of FVPTCs. Activation of the MAPK and PI3K pathways was observed in 74% and 22% of tumors, respectively. The alterations that were identified in the genes of the 2 pathways were mutually exclusive. Chromosomal RET-PTC and PAX8-PPARgamma rearrangements were observed in 20% and 17% of tumors, respectively. It was noteworthy that some FVPTCs with RET-PTC had the coactivation of both pathways.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  RET-PTC and PAX8-PPARgamma rearrangements and mutations of the neuroblastoma RAS viral oncogene homolog N-RAS at codon 61 were the most common genetic alterations in FVPTCs. Activation of the MAPK pathway was a frequent event in FVPTCs, and the PI3K signaling pathway could be coactivated in RET-PTC tumors. These findings may have important therapeutic implication in patients with FVPTC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Libero
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Santarpia
authors.forename: Jeffrey N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Myers
authors.forename: Steven I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Sherman
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Trimarchi
authors.forename: Gary L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Clayman
authors.forename: Adel K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: El-Naggar
mesh_terms: D018265:Carcinoma, Papillary, Follicular / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000235:genetics*; D009154:Mutation; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000235:genetics*; D000090063:Proto-Oncogene Mas; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000235:genetics*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000235:genetics*; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics*; D014178:Translocation, Genetic; D048490:raf Kinases / Q000235:genetics; D018631:ras Proteins / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D000090063:Proto-Oncogene Mas; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D048490:raf Kinases; D018631:ras Proteins; C000715470:MAS1 protein, human