title: Treatment-related and patient-related expectations of patients with musculoskeletal disorders: a systematic review of published measurement tools.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Many of the various types of treatments that are used in the rehabilitation of patients with musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) require active involvement of the patient. Patient expectations, for instance with regard to treatment, such as physical therapy, could be important prognostic factors. Behavioral interventions to modify those expectations might improve treatment outcome and prevent chronicity. To facilitate this field of research, valid and reliable measurement instruments to assess patient expectations are needed. The aim of this systematic overview was to identify all the relevant published measurement instruments and to describe their clinimetric properties.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic search of the relevant databases was performed, and all relevant articles were included. Two independent reviewers included the relevant articles and assessed the clinimetric properties.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 24 measurement instruments were eligible for inclusion in the review. For most types of MSD, there was only one instrument available. Construct validity, assessed with factor analysis, was tested in two-thirds of the instruments. Other forms of construct validity (eg, convergent validity and divergent validity) were only tested in 10 of the 24 instruments. Reproducibility was only tested in 5 instruments, but the test methods were seldom satisfactory, hampering the interpretation of these results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In summary, many instruments have been developed for the treatment of many types of MSD, but the data regarding the validity or reliability of many of the instruments included in this review are scarce. Therefore, in the first place, we strongly recommend that further research is to be carried out to assess the validity and reliability of these instruments. Secondly, it is necessary to assess the instrument's ability to detect change to be able to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions that focus on self-efficacy and outcome expectations.
authors.affiliation: Amsterdam School for Allied Health Professions, HvA-ASHP, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. f.vanhartingsveld@vumc.nl
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: van Hartingsveld
authors.forename: Raymond W J G
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Ostelo
authors.forename: Pim
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cuijpers
authors.forename: Rien
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: de Vos
authors.forename: Ingrid I
authors.initials: II
authors.lastname: Riphagen
authors.forename: Henrica C W
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: de Vet
mesh_terms: D016206:Databases, Bibliographic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D009140:Musculoskeletal Diseases / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013673:Technology Assessment, Biomedical