title: Neonatal, postneonatal, childhood, and under-5 mortality for 187 countries, 1970-2010: a systematic analysis of progress towards Millennium Development Goal 4.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous assessments have highlighted that less than a quarter of countries are on track to achieve Millennium Development Goal 4 (MDG 4), which calls for a two-thirds reduction in mortality in children younger than 5 years between 1990 and 2015. In view of policy initiatives and investments made since 2000, it is important to see if there is acceleration towards the MDG 4 target. We assessed levels and trends in child mortality for 187 countries from 1970 to 2010.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compiled a database of 16 174 measurements of mortality in children younger than 5 years for 187 countries from 1970 to 2009, by use of data from all available sources, including vital registration systems, summary birth histories in censuses and surveys, and complete birth histories. We used Gaussian process regression to generate estimates of the probability of death between birth and age 5 years. This is the first study that uses Gaussian process regression to estimate child mortality, and this technique has better out-of-sample predictive validity than do previous methods and captures uncertainty caused by sampling and non-sampling error across data types. Neonatal, postneonatal, and childhood mortality was estimated from mortality in children younger than 5 years by use of the 1760 measurements from vital registration systems and complete birth histories that contained specific information about neonatal and postneonatal mortality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Worldwide mortality in children younger than 5 years has dropped from 11.9 million deaths in 1990 to 7.7 million deaths in 2010, consisting of 3.1 million neonatal deaths, 2.3 million postneonatal deaths, and 2.3 million childhood deaths (deaths in children aged 1-4 years). 33.0% of deaths in children younger than 5 years occur in south Asia and 49.6% occur in sub-Saharan Africa, with less than 1% of deaths occurring in high-income countries. Across 21 regions of the world, rates of neonatal, postneonatal, and childhood mortality are declining. The global decline from 1990 to 2010 is 2.1% per year for neonatal mortality, 2.3% for postneonatal mortality, and 2.2% for childhood mortality. In 13 regions of the world, including all regions in sub-Saharan Africa, there is evidence of accelerating declines from 2000 to 2010 compared with 1990 to 2000. Within sub-Saharan Africa, rates of decline have increased by more than 1% in Angola, Botswana, Cameroon, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Swaziland, and The Gambia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Robust measurement of mortality in children younger than 5 years shows that accelerating declines are occurring in several low-income countries. These positive developments deserve attention and might need enhanced policy attention and resources.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98121, USA.
authors.forename: Julie Knoll
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Rajaratnam
authors.forename: Jake R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Marcus
authors.forename: Abraham D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Flaxman
authors.forename: Haidong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Alison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Levin-Rector
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dwyer
authors.forename: Megan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.forename: Alan D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Lopez
authors.forename: Christopher J L
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Murray
mesh_terms: D046688:Child Mortality / Q000639:trends*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D003625:Data Collection / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003906:Developing Countries; D005260:Female; D005544:Forecasting; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007226:Infant Mortality / Q000639:trends*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009937:Organizational Objectives; D011247:Pregnancy; D011336:Probability; D012737:Sex Factors; D012939:Social Planning; D013223:Statistics as Topic / Q000592:standards; D014480:United Nations