title: Cognitive-behavioral therapy for psychogenic nonepileptic seizures: a pilot RCT.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and standard medical care (SMC) as treatments for psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES).
  
  
  METHODS
  Our randomized controlled trial (RCT) compared CBT with SMC in an outpatient neuropsychiatric setting. Sixty-six PNES patients were randomized to either CBT (plus SMC) or SMC alone, scheduled to occur over 4 months. PNES diagnosis was established by video-EEG telemetry for most patients. Exclusion criteria included comorbid history of epilepsy, <2 PNES/month, and IQ <70. The primary outcome was seizure frequency at end of treatment and at 6-month follow-up. Secondary outcomes included 3 months of seizure freedom at 6-month follow-up, measures of psychosocial functioning, health service use, and employment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In an intention-to-treat analysis, seizure reduction following CBT was superior at treatment end (group x time interaction p < 0.0001; large to medium effect sizes). At follow-up, the CBT group tended to be more likely to have experienced 3 months of seizure freedom (odds ratio 3.125, p = 0.086). Both groups improved in some health service use measures and on the Work and Social Adjustment Scale. Mood and employment status showed no change.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that cognitive-behavioral therapy is more effective than standard medical care alone in reducing seizure frequency in PNES patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study provides Class III evidence that CBT in addition to SMC, as compared to SMC alone, significantly reduces seizure frequency in patients with PNES (change in median monthly seizure frequency: baseline to 6 months follow-up, CBT group, 12 to 1.5; SMC alone group, 8 to 5).
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK. laura.goldstein@kcl.ac.uk
authors.forename: L H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Goldstein
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chalder
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chigwedere
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Khondoker
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Moriarty
authors.forename: B K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Toone
authors.forename: J D C
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Mellers
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / Q000379:methods; D004827:Epilepsy; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012640:Seizures / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult