title: Hodgkin lymphoma involving extranodal and nodal head and neck sites: characteristics and outcomes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Most Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) patients present with disease in nodal regions. However, in a small subset, disease develops in unique anatomic sites such as the head and neck area. This study aims to identify the characteristics and outcomes of patients who develop HL involving extranodal and nodal head and neck sites.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors searched The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center's database for HL patients treated between 1967 and 2007 and included those with HL at head and neck sites. They reviewed the records for site of involvement, pathology, treatment, and survival.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The authors identified 39 patients with extranodal and nodal HL of the head and neck. Five patients with lymphocyte predominant HL were excluded. Specifically, 10 of 34 patients had disease in the tonsils, 9 in the nasopharynx, 8 in the thyroid, 3 in the parotid, 2 in the adenoids, and 1 each in Waldeyer's ring and nasal antrum. Median age at diagnosis was 31.5 years, average age at diagnosis was 38 years, and 22 of 34 were male; 23 had stage I or II disease. Pathologically, 14 of 34 had the nodular sclerosis subtype, whereas 15 had mixed cellularity. Twenty-nine of 34 had nodal neck disease at presentation. Five of 34 received chemotherapy alone, 5 received radiation alone, and 24 received combination therapy. Twenty-one of 34 received 39.6 gray of external beam radiation. The most commonly used chemotherapy regimens were ABVD (doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine) and MOPP (mechlorethamine, vincristine, procarbazine, and prednisone). At last follow-up, 85% were disease-free.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HL of the head and neck is primarily diagnosed as early stage disease of men and of young to middle-aged individuals. Chemotherapy and primary/adjuvant radiotherapy offer excellent local and systemic control. The extent to which nodal disease is present in the neck does not alter outcomes when combined modality therapy is offered. Despite the unique anatomic location of these lesions, standard HL protocols work effectively to promote disease-free survival.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Puneeth
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Iyengar
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mazloom
authors.forename: Ferial
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Shihadeh
authors.forename: Ghina
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Berjawi
authors.forename: Bouthaina
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dabaja
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D005260:Female; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D006689:Hodgkin Disease / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome