title: Searching for wheat plants with low toxicity in celiac disease: Between direct toxicity and immunologic activation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Natural or induced variations in the noxiousness of gluten proteins for celiac disease (CD) patients are currently being investigated for their potential in breeding wheat crops with reduced toxicity.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We evaluated the bread wheat line C173 for its effects on the in vitro-grown duodenal mucosa of CD patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  In vitro-grown duodenal mucosa biopsies of 19 CD patients on a gluten-free diet were exposed to peptic/tryptic-digested prolamins from bread wheat line C173 lacking gliadin-glutenin subunits, analyzed for morphology, cytokine and anti-tTG antibody production, and compared with mucosa biopsies exposed to prolamins from wild-type cv. San Pastore.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Duodenal mucosa biopsies exposed to prolamins from C173 and San Pastore released higher amounts of IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-10 and anti-tTG antibodies in the culture medium than untreated controls. The line C173 differed from cv. San Pastore as it did not produce negative effects on enterocyte height, suggesting that manipulating prolamin composition can affect innate immune responses of CD mucosa to wheat gluten.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data demonstrated that this gliadin-deficient wheat has a lower direct toxicity but activates an immunologic reaction of the duodenal mucosa like that of the common wheat species.
authors.affiliation: Ospedali Civili Riuniti di Sciacca, Università di Palermo, Italy. acarroccio@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Carroccio
authors.forename: Lidia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Di Prima
authors.forename: Davide
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Noto
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fayer
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ambrosiano
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Villanacci
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lammers
authors.forename: Domenico
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lafiandra
authors.forename: Enzo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: De Ambrogio
authors.forename: Gaetana
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Di Fede
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Iacono
authors.forename: Norberto
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pogna
mesh_terms: D000906:Antibodies / Q000378:metabolism; D002446:Celiac Disease / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D017353:Gene Deletion; D006801:Humans; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000378:metabolism; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000378:metabolism; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D055315:Prolamins / Q000276:immunology / Q000633:toxicity*; D046509:Tissue Culture Techniques; D014908:Triticum / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D007376:Interleukin-2; D055315:Prolamins; D016753:Interleukin-10; D007371:Interferon-gamma