title: Carboxymethyl cellulose and Pluronic F68 protect the dinoflagellate Protoceratium reticulatum against shear-associated damage.
abstract: The red-tide dinoflagellate Protoceratium reticulatum is shown to be protected against turbulence-associated damage by the use of the additives Pluronic F68 (PF68) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) in the culture medium. Relative to agitated controls, these additives had a dose-dependent protective effect at concentrations of up to 0.4 and 0.5 g L(-1) for CMC and F68, respectively. In static cultures, these additives inhibited growth directly or indirectly at a concentration of >0.5 g L(-1). Compared to CMC, PF68 was a better protectant overall. Cell-specific production of yessotoxins was enhanced under elevated shear stress regimens so long as the turbulence intensity was insufficient to damage the cells outright. Shear-induced production of reactive oxygen species and direct effects of turbulence on the cell cycle contributed to the observed shear effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain.
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Gallardo Rodríguez
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sánchez Mirón
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: García Camacho
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Cerón García
authors.forename: E H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Belarbi
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chisti
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Molina Grima
mesh_terms: D002266:Carboxymethylcellulose Sodium / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects*; D003470:Culture Media; D004141:Dinoflagellida / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism; D008954:Models, Biological; D008978:Mollusk Venoms; D035964:Oxocins / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D020442:Poloxamer / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D033081:Shear Strength / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D003470:Culture Media; D008978:Mollusk Venoms; D035964:Oxocins; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D020442:Poloxamer; D002266:Carboxymethylcellulose Sodium; C066632:yessotoxin