title: Indispensable but insufficient role of renal D-amino acid oxidase in chiral inversion of NG-nitro-D-arginine.
abstract: Unidirectionally chiral inversion of N(G)-nitro-D-arginine (D-NNA) to its L-enantiomer (L-NNA) occurred in rats, and it was blocked markedly (ca. 80%) by renal vascular ligation, and entirely (100%) by the D-amino acid oxidase (DAO) inhibitor sodium benzoate, suggesting that renal DAO is essential for the inversion. However, the doses of sodium benzoate administrated were extremely high (e.g., 400 mg/kg) due to its low potency. It is thus possible that sodium benzoate-mediated blockade of D-NNA inversion might be due to its nonspecific (or non-DAO-related) effects. In addition, after D-NNA was incubated with the pure enzyme of DAO in vitro without tissue homogenates, L-NNA was not produced, even though D-NNA was disposed. We propose that this occurred because D-NNA was first converted to its corresponding alpha-keto acid by DAO and then to L-NNA by transaminase(s); however, there was no direct evidence for this process. The goal of this study is to further elucidate the process of D-NNA chiral inversion both in vivo and in in vitro tissue homogenates by comparing mutant ddY/DAO(-/-) mice that lack DAO activity entirely compared to normal ddY/DAO(+/+) mice and Swiss mice. Furthermore, the ability to produce L-NNA from D-NNA-corresponding alpha-keto acids (N(G)-nitroguanidino-2-oxopentanoic acid) produced by porcine kidney-derived DAO (pkDAO) was also studied in the DAO inhibitor-pretreated rats. We found that D-NNA chiral inversion occurred in Swiss mice and ddY/DAO(+/+) mice both in vivo and in in vitro kidney homogenates, but not in ddY/DAO(-/-) mice, correlated to their DAO activities. The alpha-keto acid (N(G)-nitro-guanidino-2-oxopentanoic acid) from D-NNA was able to produce L-NNA, and subsequent vasoconstriction and pressor responses. These results indicate that the role of renal DAO is indispensible but insufficient for chiral inversion of D-NNA and other neutral and polar D-amino acids, and unidentified aminotransferase(s) are involved in a subsequent mechanism for the process of chiral inversion.
authors.affiliation: King's Lab, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 6 Biomedicine Building (Suite 106), 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, PR China.
authors.forename: Yan-Fei
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Xin
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hao
authors.forename: Nian
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gong
authors.forename: Wen-Qiang
authors.initials: WQ
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Ryuichi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Konno
authors.forename: Yong-Xiang
authors.initials: YX
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003605:D-Amino-Acid Oxidase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D007651:Keto Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D007668:Kidney / Q000201:enzymology; D008099:Liver / Q000201:enzymology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D019335:Nitroarginine / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D020160:Sodium Benzoate / Q000494:pharmacology; D013237:Stereoisomerism; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D007651:Keto Acids; D019335:Nitroarginine; D003605:D-Amino-Acid Oxidase; D020160:Sodium Benzoate