title: Influence of smoking status on treatment outcomes after post-operative radiation therapy for non-small-cell lung cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The role of post-operative radiotherapy in patients with resected non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is unclear. Modifiable factors, like smoking, may help guide therapy. We retrospectively evaluated the impact of smoking on control in patients undergoing post-operative radiation therapy (PORT) for NSCLC.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1995 and 2007, 152 patients who underwent surgery for NSCLC were analyzed (median follow-up 26 months). Non-smokers were defined as patients who never smoked or who had stopped smoking at the time of initial consultation. Sixty seven percent were non-smokers; 5% never smoked, 40% of the non-smokers had ceased smoking for a year or less, while 55% had stopped for more than a year.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On univariate analysis, smokers had worse 5-year local control than non-smokers (70% versus 90%, p=0.001) and locoregional control (52% versus 77%, p=0.002). The 5-year survival rate was 21% for smokers and 31% for non-smokers (p=0.2). On multivariate analysis, smokers maintained a detrimental effect on locoregional control (HR 3.6, p=0.0006).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Smokers at initial consultation have poorer local and locoregional control after PORT than non-smokers. In patients being considered for PORT for NSCLC, quitting smoking before treatment confers additional treatment advantage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Canada. kim-anh-sonia.nguyen.1@ulaval.ca
authors.forename: Sonia K A
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: Laurence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Masson-Côté
authors.forename: André
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fortin
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dagnault
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D016208:Databases, Factual; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011013:Pneumonectomy / Q000379:methods; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D018714:Radiotherapy, Adjuvant; D012016:Reference Values; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000453:epidemiology; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome