title: Iodine status of adolescent girls in a population changing from high to lower fish consumption.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  During the last decades, fish and milk consumption has decreased considerably in Iceland, especially among adolescents. As these food items are important dietary iodine (I) sources, the aim of the study was to assess the iodine status and dietary pattern of adolescent girls in a population changing from a high to lower consumption of milk and fish.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were randomly selected adolescent girls (16-20 years old, n=112). A validated Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) was used to evaluate food consumption and compare it with food-based dietary guidelines for milk and dairy products (2-3 portions/day) and fish (> or =2 times/week). Urine samples were collected for measuring urinary iodine (U-I) and creatinine (Cr) and blood samples for measuring serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Milk and dairy products provided 43% and fish provided 24% of the total dietary I. More than 65% of the girls consumed fish less than twice a week, and 40% consumed less than two portions of milk and dairy products per day. The median U-I concentration was 200 microg/l and the U-I/Cr ratio 138 microg I/g Cr. High intake of milk was associated with higher urinary iodine concentration, but fish intake was not found to be directly associated with urinary iodine concentration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Iodine status of Icelandic adolescent girls is within the optimal range defined by the World Health Organization. It is important to monitor both iodine status and the iodine concentration of important sources of iodine, as both dietary habits and composition of food might change with time.
authors.affiliation: Unit for Nutrition Research, University of Iceland & Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland. ingigun@landspitali.is
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Gunnarsdottir
authors.forename: B E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Gunnarsdottir
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Steingrimsdottir
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Maage
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Johannesson
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Thorsdottir
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D003404:Creatinine / Q000652:urine*; D003611:Dairy Products; D004032:Diet / Q000639:trends; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007055:Iceland; D007455:Iodine / Q000652:urine*; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D009752:Nutritional Status; D017747:Seafood; D013972:Thyrotropin / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D013972:Thyrotropin; D007455:Iodine; D003404:Creatinine