title: Regulation of the Rho family small GTPase Wrch-1/RhoU by C-terminal tyrosine phosphorylation requires Src.
abstract: Wrch-1 is an atypical Rho family small GTPase with roles in migration, epithelial cell morphogenesis, osteoclastogenesis, and oncogenic transformation. Here, we observed rapid relocalization of Wrch-1 from the plasma membrane upon serum stimulation. Studies revealed a requirement for serum-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of Wrch-1 at residue Y254 within its C-terminal membrane targeting domain, mediated by the nonreceptor tyrosine kinase Src. Genetic or pharmacological loss of Src kinase activity blocked both phosphorylation and relocalization of Wrch-1. Functionally, Y254 was required for proper Wrch-1 modulation of cystogenesis in three-dimensional culture, and the phospho-deficient mutant, Y254F, was enhanced in Wrch-1-mediated anchorage-independent growth. Mechanistically, C-terminal tyrosine phosphorylation and subsequent relocalization of Wrch-1 downregulated its ability to interact with and activate its effectors by decreasing active Wrch-1-GTP, perhaps by altering proximity to a GEF or GAP. Phospho-deficient Wrch-1(Y254F) remained at the plasma membrane and GTP bound and continued to recruit and activate its effector PAK, even upon serum stimulation. In contrast, a phospho-mimetic mutant, Y254E, was constitutively endosomally localized and GDP bound and failed to recruit PAK unless mutated to be constitutively active/GAP insensitive. C-terminal tyrosine phosphorylation thus represents a new paradigm in posttranslational control of small GTPase localization, activation, and biological function.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
authors.forename: Jamie K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Alan
authors.forename: Anastacia C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Berzat
authors.forename: Brian J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Dewar
authors.forename: Lee M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Graves
authors.forename: Adrienne D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Cox
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D006160:Guanosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D010766:Phosphorylation; D021381:Protein Transport; D044967:Serum / Q000378:metabolism; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000378:metabolism*; D054462:p21-Activated Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D020741:rho GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D019061:src-Family Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D014443:Tyrosine; D006160:Guanosine Triphosphate; D019061:src-Family Kinases; D054462:p21-Activated Kinases; C432668:RHOU protein, human; D020741:rho GTP-Binding Proteins