title: Preferential expression of IGF-1Ec (MGF) transcript in cancerous tissues of human prostate: evidence for a novel and autonomous growth factor activity of MGF E peptide in human prostate cancer cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  By alternative splicing the IGF-1 gene produces several different transcripts, including IGF-1Ec (MGF). The latter has been mainly associated with muscle regeneration processes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used immunohistochemistry, RT-PCR, and Western analysis to show the expression status of MGF in prostate tissue and human prostate cell lines (HPrEC, PC-3, and LNCaP) and we studied the exogenous administration of the MGF peptide E on cellular proliferation using trypan blue and MTT assays, before and after the silencing of the IGF-1 receptor and insulin receptor (siRNA methods). The MGF-induced intracellular activation was examined by Western analysis of the active forms of ERK1/2 and Akt.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We documented that MGF is overexpressed in human prostate cancer (PCa) tissues and in human PC-3 and LNCaP cells. Notably, MGF expression was remarkably higher in PCa and prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) than normal prostate tissues, while the normal prostate epithelial cells (HPrEC) did not express MGF. Exogenous administration of a synthetic MGF E peptide stimulated the PCa cell growth and activated ERK1/2 phosphorylation without affecting Akt phosphorylation. IGF-1R or insulin receptor (IR) silencing did not affect the mitogenic activity and intracellular signaling of the MGF E peptide in these PCa cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest the possible implication of MGF E peptide in cancer biology, implying a preferential MGF expression in PCa tissues and cells. This preferential IGF-1 mRNA expression generates the MGF E peptide that possesses mitogenic activity through mechanisms independent of IGF-1R, IR, and hybrid IGF-1R/IR.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Physiology, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Goudi-Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Athanasios
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Armakolas
authors.forename: Anastassios
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Philippou
authors.forename: Zacharoula
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Panteleakou
authors.forename: Adrianos
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nezos
authors.forename: Antigone
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sourla
authors.forename: Constantina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Petraki
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Koutsilieris
mesh_terms: D017398:Alternative Splicing; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000502:physiology; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D020868:Gene Silencing; D006801:Humans; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System; D008297:Male; D019048:Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000235:genetics; D017526:Receptor, IGF Type 1 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D020033:Protein Isoforms; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; C523997:mechano-growth factor E, human; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; D017526:Receptor, IGF Type 1; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases