title: Incidence of and risks associated with Giardia infections in herds on dairy farms in the New York City Watershed.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The primary aims of this study were to determine the incidence of Giardia infections in dairy herds on farms in the New York City Watershed region and to evaluate risk factors associated with infections. Because co-infections of Giardia and Cryptosporidium spp. are common in this population, we also evaluated the effect of herd infection status on Giardia infections.
  
  
  METHODS
  Farms were grouped into three cohorts based on their prior infection status with Giardia and/or Cryptosporidium spp. The sampling plan included collecting fecal samples from all calves below 30 days of age and proportional sampling of calves, young stock, and adults. A total of 10,672 fecal samples were collected and analyzed for the presence of Giardia cysts using zinc sulfate flotation. Herds enrolled in the study were sampled seasonally for a study period of two years. The probability of shedding cysts past a certain age and the factors that influenced the likelihood of shedding were evaluated using survival analysis. Linear regression was used to evaluate factors that were associated with the intensity of shedding.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The majority of Giardia infections occurred in calves within their first 180 days of age, with the most number of calves shedding Giardia cysts between 11 and 20 days of age. The incidence of shedding of Giardia cysts ranged from 0.0004 per animal day for cattle in the low risk cohort to 0.0011 per animal day for cattle in the high risk cohort. The likelihood of shedding was influenced by the prior infection status of the herd and the season of collection. Infected animals shed on average 9,658 cysts/gram and the intensity of shedding Giardia cysts varied significantly with the age (p<0.0001) and the season of collection (p=0.0151 for Spring).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Giardia infections are common in dairy herds in the New York City watershed, particularly in calves less than 6 months of age. Seasonality may be an important factor in the perpetuation of infections based on changes in management practices corresponding to weather patterns of a particular season. A dairy herd's prior infection status with Cryptosporidium influences the likelihood of infection with Giardia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
authors.forename: Miguella P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Mark-Carew
authors.forename: Yasin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Susan E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Wade
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schaaf
authors.forename: Hussni O
authors.initials: HO
authors.lastname: Mohammed
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003612:Dairying; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology / Q000662:veterinary*; D005243:Feces / Q000469:parasitology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005872:Giardia / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005873:Giardiasis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology / Q000662:veterinary*; D015994:Incidence; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D009518:New York / Q000453:epidemiology; D010270:Parasite Egg Count / Q000662:veterinary; D012307:Risk Factors