title: Injections of adipose tissue-derived stem cells and stem cell lysate improve recovery of erectile function in a rat model of cavernous nerve injury.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Erectile dysfunction (ED) remains a major complication after radical prostatectomy. The use of adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ADSCs) has shown promising results for the treatment of ED. However, the mechanisms of action for stem cell therapy remain controversial, with increasing evidence pointing to paracrine pathways.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effects and to identify the mechanism of action of ADSC and ADSC-derived lysate in a rat model of cavernous nerve (CN) crush injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-two male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four equal groups: one group underwent sham operation, while three groups underwent bilateral CN crush. Crush-injury groups were treated at the time of injury with intracavernous injection of ADSC, lysate, or vehicle only (injured controls). Erectile function was assessed by CN electrostimulation at 4 weeks. Penile tissue was collected for histology.
  
  
  METHODS
  Intracavernous pressure increase upon CN stimulation; neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) content in the dorsal penile nerve; smooth muscle content, collagen content, and number of apoptotic cells in the corpus cavernosum.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both ADSC and lysate treatments resulted in significant recovery of erectile function, as compared with vehicle treatment. nNOS content was preserved in both the ADSC and lysate group, with significantly higher expression compared with vehicle-treated animals. There was significantly less fibrosis and a significant preservation of smooth muscle content in the ADSC and lysate groups compared with injured controls. The observed functional improvement after lysate injection supports the hypothesis that ADSCs act through release of intracellular preformed substances or by active secretion of certain biomolecules. The underlying mechanism of recovery appears to involve neuron preservation and cytoprotection by inhibition of apoptosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Penile injection of both ADSC and ADSC-derived lysate can improve recovery of erectile function in a rat model of neurogenic ED.
authors.affiliation: Knuppe Molecular Urology Laboratory, Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0738, USA.
authors.forename: Maarten
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Albersen
authors.forename: Thomas M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Fandel
authors.forename: Guiting
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Guifang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Lia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Banie
authors.forename: Ching-Shwun
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Tom F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Lue
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000637:transplantation*; D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D007172:Erectile Dysfunction / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D010410:Penile Erection; D010413:Penis / Q000293:injuries / Q000294:innervation*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D033581:Stem Cell Transplantation