title: Modality-specific attention and multisensory integration of emotions in schizophrenia: reduced regulatory effects.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Deficits in emotion perception are a well-established phenomenon in schizophrenic patients and studies have typically used unimodal emotion tasks, presenting either emotional faces or emotional vocalizations. We introduced bimodal emotion conditions in two previous studies in order to study the process of multisensory integration of visible and audible emotion cues. We now build on our earlier work and address the regulatory effects of selective attention mechanisms on the ability to integrate emotion cues stemming from multisensory channels.
  
  
  METHODS
  We added a neutral secondary distractor condition to the original bimodal paradigm in order to investigate modality-specific selective attention mechanisms. We compared schizophrenic patients (n=50) to non-schizophrenic psychotic patients (n=46), as well as to healthy controls (n=50). A trained psychiatrist used the Schedules of Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry (SCAN 2.1) to diagnose the patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As expected, in healthy controls, and to a lesser extent in non-schizophrenic psychotic patients, modality-specific attention attenuated multisensory integration of emotional faces and vocalizations. Conversely, in schizophrenic patients, auditory and visual distractor conditions yielded unaffected and even exaggerated multisensory integration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that schizophrenics, as compared to healthy controls and non-schizophrenic psychotic patients, have modality-specific attention deficits when attempting to integrate information regarding emotions that stem from multichannel sources. Various explanations for our findings, as well as their possible consequences, are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Tilburg University, P.O. Box 90153, 5000 LE, Tilburg, The Netherlands. s.dejong@ggzbreburggroep.nl
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: de Jong
authors.forename: P P G
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Hodiamont
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: de Gelder
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D001307:Auditory Perception / Q000502:physiology; D004192:Discrimination, Psychological; D004644:Emotions; D005145:Face; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010364:Pattern Recognition, Visual / Q000502:physiology; D010468:Perceptual Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000150:complications*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology