title: Probiotics in pregnant women to prevent allergic disease: a randomized, double-blind trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous reports have suggested that certain probiotics given to mothers and children at risk of atopy halves the incidence of atopic dermatitis (AD) at 2 years of age.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine if probiotics given to pregnant women in a nonselected population could prevent atopic sensitization or allergic diseases during the child's first 2 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a randomized, double-blind trial of children from a nonselected maternal population (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00159523), women received probiotic milk or placebo from 36 weeks of gestation to 3 months postnatally during breastfeeding. The probiotic milk contained Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, L. acidophilus La-5 and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis Bb-12. Children with an itchy rash for more than 4 weeks were assessed for AD. At 2 years of age, all children were assessed for atopic sensitization, AD, asthma and allergic rhinoconjunctivitis. The intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis was enabled by multiple imputations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four hundred and fifteen pregnant women were computer randomized. At 2 years, 138 and 140 children in the probiotic and the placebo groups, respectively, were assessed. In the ITT analysis, the odds ratio (OR) for the cumulative incidence of AD was 0·51 in the probiotic group compared with the placebo [95% confidence interval (CI) 0·30-0·87; P=0·013]. There were no significant effects on asthma (OR 0·68, 95% CI 0·26-1·80; P=0·437) or atopic sensitization (OR 1·52, 95% CI 0·74-3·14; P=0·254).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Probiotics given to nonselected mothers reduced the cumulative incidence of AD, but had no effect on atopic sensitization.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and General Practice, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7489 Trondheim, Norway. dotterud@stud.ntnu.no
authors.forename: C K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Dotterud
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Storrø
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Johnsen
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Oien
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001249:Asthma / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D001644:Bifidobacterium; D003233:Conjunctivitis, Allergic / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D003876:Dermatitis, Atopic / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004485:Eczema / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006967:Hypersensitivity / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006969:Hypersensitivity, Immediate / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D057194:Intention to Treat Analysis; D007779:Lactobacillus acidophilus; D052201:Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus; D011247:Pregnancy; D019936:Probiotics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires