title: Effects of semen storage and separation techniques on sperm DNA fragmentation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effect of semen storage and separation techniques on sperm DNA fragmentation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Controlled clinical study.
  
  
  METHODS
  An assisted reproductive technology laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty normoozospermic semen samples obtained from patients undergoing infertility evaluation.
  
  
  METHODS
  One aliquot from each sample was immediately prepared (control) for the sperm chromatin dispersion assay (SCD). Aliquots used to assess storage techniques were treated in the following ways: snap frozen by liquid nitrogen immersion, slow frozen with Tris-yolk buffer and glycerol, kept on ice for 24 hours or maintained at room temperature for 4 and 24 hours. Aliquots used to assess separation techniques were processed by the following methods: washed and centrifuged in media, swim-up from washed sperm pellet, density gradient separation, density gradient followed by swim-up. DNA integrity was then measured by SCD.
  
  
  METHODS
  DNA fragmentation as measured by SCD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no significant difference in fragmentation among the snap frozen, slow frozen, and wet-ice groups. Compared to other storage methods short-term storage at room temperature did not impact DNA fragmentation yet 24 hours storage significantly increased fragmentation. Swim-up, density gradient and density gradient/swim-up had significantly reduced DNA fragmentation levels compared with washed semen. Postincubation, density gradient/swim-up showed the lowest fragmentation levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The effect of sperm processing methods on DNA fragmentation should be considered when selecting storage or separation techniques for clinical use.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
authors.forename: Robert E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: Charles L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Bormann
authors.forename: Pericles A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Hassun
authors.forename: André M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Rocha
authors.forename: Eduardo L A
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Motta
authors.forename: Paulo C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Serafini
authors.forename: Gary D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D002469:Cell Separation / Q000379:methods; D020732:Cytogenetic Analysis; D004247:DNA / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D053938:DNA Fragmentation; D006801:Humans; D007248:Infertility, Male / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D027724:Reproductive Techniques, Assisted; D055101:Semen Analysis; D012662:Semen Preservation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D053625:Sperm Retrieval / Q000009:adverse effects; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D004247:DNA