title: Trigeminal antihyperalgesic effect of intranasal carbon dioxide.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Clinical studies demonstrate attenuation of trigeminal-related pain states such as migraine by intranasal CO(2) application. This study investigated the underlying mechanisms of this observation and its potential use to reverse trigeminal pain and hypersensitivity.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used a behavioral rat model of capsaicin-induced trigeminal thermal hyperalgesia, intranasal CO2 application and several pharmacologic agents such as carbonic anhydrase, acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs), and TRPV1 blocker as well as acidic buffer solutions to investigate and mimic the underlying mechanism.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intranasal CO(2) application produced a robust dose-dependent antihyperalgesic effect in rats that lasted at least one hour. Blockade of nasal carbonic anhydrase with a dorzolamide solution (Trusopt ophthalmic solution) showed only a non-significant decrease of the antihyperalgesic effect of intranasal CO(2) application. Pharmacologic blockade of ASICs or TRPV(1) receptor significantly attenuated the antihyperalgesic effect of CO(2) application. The effect of intranasal CO(2) application could be mimicked by application of pH 4, but not pH 5, buffer solution to the nasal mucosa. As with CO(2) application, the antihyperalgesic effect of intranasal pH 4 buffer was blocked by nasal application of antagonists to ASICs and TRPV(1) receptors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that intranasal CO(2) application results in a subsequent attenuation of trigeminal nociception, mediated by protonic activation of TRPV(1) and ASIC channels. A potential central mechanism for this attenuation is discussed. The antihyperalgesic effects of intranasal CO(2) application might be useful for the treatment of trigeminal pain states.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5117, USA. tzabazis@web.de
authors.forename: Alexander Z
authors.initials: AZ
authors.lastname: Tzabazis
authors.forename: Sharon H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Niv
authors.forename: Neil A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Manering
authors.forename: Mikhail
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Klyukinov
authors.forename: Jason M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Cuellar
authors.forename: Anish
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bhatnagar
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Yeomans
mesh_terms: D062565:Acid Sensing Ion Channels; D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D002211:Capsaicin; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D006930:Hyperalgesia / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D009297:Nasal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D010147:Pain Measurement; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015222:Sodium Channels / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D050916:TRPV Cation Channels / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D014276:Trigeminal Nerve
chemical_list: D062565:Acid Sensing Ion Channels; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D015222:Sodium Channels; D050916:TRPV Cation Channels; C494484:TRPV1 receptor; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D002211:Capsaicin