title: Atorvastatin or transgenic expression of TFPI inhibits coagulation initiated by anti-nonGal IgG binding to porcine aortic endothelial cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intravascular thrombosis remains a barrier to successful xenotransplantation. Tissue factor (TF) expression on porcine aortic endothelial cells (PAECs), which results from their activation by xenoreactive antibodies (Abs) to Galα1,3Gal (Gal) and subsequent complement activation, plays an important role.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present study aimed to clarify the role of Abs directed against nonGal antigens in the activation of PAECs to express functional TF and to investigate selected methods of inhibiting TF activity.
  
  
  METHODS
  PAECs from wild-type (WT), α1,3-galactosyltransferase gene-knockout (GT-KO) pigs, or pigs transgenic for CD46 or tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI), were incubated with naïve baboon serum (BS) or sensitized BS (with high anti-nonGal Ab levels). TF activity of PAECs was assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Only fresh, but not heat-inactivated (HI), naïve BS activated WT PAECs to express functional TF. Similarly, PAECs from CD46 pigs were resistant to activation by naïve BS, but not to activation by fresh or HI sensitized BS. HI sensitized BS also activated GT-KO PAECs to induce TF activity. TF expression on PAECs induced by anti-nonGal Abs was inhibited if serum was pretreated with (i) an anti-IgG Fab Ab or (ii) atorvastatin, or (iii) when PAECs were transgenic for TFPI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Anti-nonGal IgG Abs activated PAECs to induce TF activity through a complement-independent pathway. This implies that GT-KO pigs expressing a complement-regulatory protein may be insufficient to prevent the activation of PAECs. Genetic modification with an 'anticoagulant' gene (e.g. TFPI) or a therapeutic approach (e.g. atorvastatin) will be required to prevent coagulation dysregulation after pig-to-primate organ transplantation.
authors.affiliation: Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ezzelarab
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hara
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Long
authors.forename: C W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dorling
authors.forename: D K C
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Cooper
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D030801:Animals, Genetically Modified; D000888:Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic / Q000737:chemistry*; D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D000925:Anticoagulants; D001011:Aorta / Q000473:pathology*; D000069059:Atorvastatin; D001777:Blood Coagulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000166:cytology*; D005700:Galactosyltransferases / Q000235:genetics; D006538:Heptanoic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008074:Lipoproteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D051916:Membrane Cofactor Protein / Q000096:biosynthesis; D010215:Papio; D011758:Pyrroles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013552:Swine; D019076:Transgenes
chemical_list: D000888:Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic; D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents; D000925:Anticoagulants; D006538:Heptanoic Acids; D008074:Lipoproteins; D051916:Membrane Cofactor Protein; D011758:Pyrroles; C048844:anti-IgG; C051928:lipoprotein-associated coagulation inhibitor; D000069059:Atorvastatin; D005700:Galactosyltransferases; C530267:alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase 1, porcine