title: Periorbital and orbital cellulitis: a 10-year review of hospitalized children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Periorbital cellulitis is often difficult to distinguish from orbital cellulitis, which is a potentially lethal infection involving the contents of the orbit. A delay in diagnosis and appropriate treatment may result in serious complications. We studied the predisposing factors, microbiologic data, clinical features, complications, and treatment of periorbital and orbital cellulitis in childhood.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty-three medical records of patients (mean age 3.7 ± 3.1 years) admitted to the Department of Pediatrics with a diagnosis of periorbital or orbital cellulitis during the 10-year period January 1997 to December 2007 were retrospectively studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this series, periorbital cellulitis occurred more frequently (83%) than orbital cellulitis (17%). Of the children with periorbital cellulitis, 85% were younger than 5 years of age, while 62% of the children with orbital cellulitis were older than 5 years of age. The most common predisposing factors in periorbital cellulitis were upper respiratory infection (68%) and trauma to the eyelids (20%), while sinusitis was more frequently associated with orbital cellulitis (79%). Blood and skin cultures were usually negative. The most common isolated pathogens were Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Forty-five of the 83 children were treated with intravenous ceftriaxone + clindamycin (mean duration 8.6 ± 5.5 days). Intravenous antibiotics alone was an effective management in most of the patients, but a small proportion (6%) required surgical intervention.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Upper respiratory infection and sinusitis are the most important predisposing factors for periocular infection. Streptococcus species are the predominant causative agents. Both diseases can usually be successfully treated with intravenous antibiotics, but some patients may require surgery to control extensive infection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece. cgeorg@med.upatras.gr
authors.forename: Constantine D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Georgakopoulos
authors.forename: Maria I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Eliopoulou
authors.forename: Stavros
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Stasinos
authors.forename: Artemis
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Exarchou
authors.forename: Nikolaos
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pharmakakis
authors.forename: Anastasia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Varvarigou
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002673:Child, Hospitalized; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D015818:Eye Infections, Bacterial / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D006785:Hospitals, University; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D054517:Orbital Cellulitis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012852:Sinusitis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents