title: Endogenous Wnt/beta-catenin signaling is required for cardiac differentiation in human embryonic stem cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Wnt/beta-catenin signaling is an important regulator of differentiation and morphogenesis that can also control stem cell fates. Our group has developed an efficient protocol to generate cardiomyocytes from human embryonic stem (ES) cells via induction with activin A and BMP4.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We tested the hypothesis that Wnt/beta-catenin signals control both early mesoderm induction and later cardiac differentiation in this system. Addition of exogenous Wnt3a at the time of induction enhanced cardiac differentiation, while early inhibition of endogenous Wnt/beta-catenin signaling with Dkk1 inhibited cardiac differentiation, as indicated by quantitative RT-PCR analysis for beta-myosin heavy chain (beta-MHC), cardiac troponin T (cTnT), Nkx2.5, and flow cytometry analysis for sarcomeric myosin heavy chain (sMHC). Conversely, late antagonism of endogenously produced Wnts enhanced cardiogenesis, indicating a biphasic role for the pathway in human cardiac differentiation. Using quantitative RT-PCR, we show that canonical Wnt ligand expression is induced by activin A/BMP4 treatment, and the extent of early Wnt ligand expression can predict the subsequent efficiency of cardiogenesis. Measurement of Brachyury expression showed that addition of Wnt3a enhances mesoderm induction, whereas blockade of endogenously produced Wnts markedly inhibits mesoderm formation. Finally, we show that Wnt/beta-catenin signaling is required for Smad1 activation by BMP4.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data indicate that induction of mesoderm and subsequent cardiac differentiation from human ES cells requires fine-tuned cross talk between activin A/BMP4 and Wnt/beta-catenin pathways. Controlling these pathways permits efficient generation of cardiomyocytes for basic studies or cardiac repair applications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America.
authors.forename: Sharon L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Paige
authors.forename: Tomoaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Osugi
authors.forename: Olga K
authors.initials: OK
authors.lastname: Afanasiev
authors.forename: Lil
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pabon
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Reinecke
authors.forename: Charles E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Murry
mesh_terms: D055415:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4 / Q000502:physiology; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D053595:Embryonic Stem Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008648:Mesoderm / Q000166:cytology; D009206:Myocardium / Q000166:cytology*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015398:Signal Transduction; D051785:Smad Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D051153:Wnt Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D051176:beta Catenin / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D055415:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4; D051785:Smad Proteins; D051153:Wnt Proteins; D051176:beta Catenin