title: Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi has a 4.1 kb genetic island inserted within the sapABCDF operon that causes loss of resistance to the antimicrobial peptide protamine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the association between the presence of a genetic island inserted within the sapABCDF operon of Salmonella Typhi and the susceptibility to antimicrobial peptides.
  
  
  METHODS
  Genetics and bioinformatics approaches were used to study the genomic organization of the sap operon of Salmonella Typhi and several serovars of Salmonella enterica. PCR was used to confirm the information obtained from these analyses. Deletion of the entire genetic island of Salmonella Typhi was achieved by the red swap method. RT-PCR amplification and antimicrobial peptide susceptibility tests were used to evaluate expression of the sap genes and bacterial resistance to protamine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Inspection of the genomes of Salmonella Typhi and 10 serovars of Salmonella enterica showed an insertion of a genetic island located between the sapB and sapC genes of the sap operon. This genetic element was referred to as GICT18/1. Unlike Salmonella Typhimurium, the bacterial susceptibility to protamine is increased in Salmonella Typhi wild-type. Deletion of GICT18/1 resulted in protamine susceptibility levels similar to those of Salmonella Typhimurium, suggesting that restoration of the sap operon occurred in the Salmonella Typhi Delta GICT18-1 mutant strain. RT-PCR experiments supported this assumption because an amplicon containing a fragment of sapD-sapF was detected in Salmonella Typhi Delta GICT18/1, whereas it was not detected in Salmonella Typhi wild-type.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of GICT18/1 seems to be a natural feature of Salmonella Typhi. This genetic island is found only in 10 out of 32 Salmonella enterica serovars included in this study. Removal of GICT18/1 has an impact in the susceptibility of Salmonella Typhi to the antimicrobial peptide protamine.
authors.affiliation: Programa de Doctorado en Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Paula I
authors.initials: PI
authors.lastname: Rodas
authors.forename: Inés
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Contreras
authors.forename: Guido C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Mora
mesh_terms: D023181:Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D017353:Gene Deletion; D023061:Gene Order; D044404:Genomic Islands; D006801:Humans; D016254:Mutagenesis, Insertional; D009876:Operon; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011479:Protamines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012485:Salmonella typhi / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D023181:Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D011479:Protamines