title: Low rates of cervical cancer screening among urban immigrants: a population-based study in Ontario, Canada.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Women who are immigrants or socioeconomically disadvantaged have been found to have significantly lower cervical cancer screening rates than their peers in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The objective of this study was to examine rates of appropriate cervical cancer screening among women living in Ontario, Canada, using recent registration with Ontario's universal health insurance plan as an indicator of immigrant status.
  
  
  METHODS
  This retrospective cohort study included 2,273,995 screening-eligible women aged 25 to 69 years, who resided in Ontario's metropolitan areas during the calendar years 2003, 2004, and 2005. A validated algorithm was applied to the Ontario-wide physicians' claims database to determine which women had undergone cervical cancer screening with a Pap test during the 3-year period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Appropriate cervical cancer screening occurred for 61.1% of women. Despite adjustment for physician contact and pregnancy rates, cervical cancer screening rates were especially low among: women aged 50 to 69 years; women living in low-income areas; and women who had registered with Ontario's universal health insurance plan within the preceding 10 years, a group consisting largely of recent immigrants. Women with all 3 of these characteristics had a screening rate of 31.0% compared with 70.5% among women with none of these characteristics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Within a system of universal health insurance, appropriate cervical cancer screening is significantly lower among women who are older, living in low-income areas, or recent immigrants. Efforts to reduce disparities in cervical cancer screening should focus on women with these characteristics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family & Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. Aisha.lofters@utoronto.ca
authors.forename: Aisha K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Lofters
authors.forename: Rahim
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Moineddin
authors.forename: Stephen W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.forename: Richard H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Glazier
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D054242:Emigrants and Immigrants / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009864:Ontario / Q000453:epidemiology; D011203:Poverty / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D019472:Universal Health Insurance / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014626:Vaginal Smears / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D035862:Vulnerable Populations / Q000706:statistics & numerical data