title: Solamargine, a steroidal alkaloid glycoside, induces oncosis in human K562 leukemia and squamous cell carcinoma KB cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to demonstrate that solamargine (SM) mediates its cytotoxicity via oncosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  The cytotoxicity of SM on cancer cells was examined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol)-2 and 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Cell membrane integrity was assessed by detecting the leakage of cytoplasmic content, the release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and the uptake of propidium iodide (PI). We use whole-cell recording to measure the time courses of membrane blebbing and disruption in human K562 leukemia and squamous cell carcinoma KB cells. The effects of SM on cytoskeletal systems were detected by Western blotting and immunofluorescence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The cytotoxicity of SM did not correlate with the expression level of the multidrug resistance MDR1 and was triggered rapidly by 10 μM SM (5 min caused 50% maximum cytotoxicity). Its rapid ability to make propidium iodide (PI) permeate into tumor cells, LDH release, and leakage of cytoplasmic content at the same rate (within minutes), suggests a killing mechanism that involves plasma membrane perturbation. SM induced membrane blebbing within 5 min of sustained application. Both chelating extracellular calcium with EGTA and clamping intracellular calcium concentrations with a high concentration of the cell-permeable chelator BAPTA-AM did not prevent blebbing. Polyethylene glycols having molecular weights ≥3,350 blocked membrane blebbing. SM also disrupted the cytoskeletal systems: degradation of microtubules and actin proteins.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SM can rapidly initiate acute injury and bursting by damaging to cellular membrane and may offer a novel therapeutic strategy in treatment of cancer.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, No. 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, China.
authors.forename: Lingmei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Huiqing
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.forename: Xia
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Aixia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Hongxiang
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lou
mesh_terms: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001768:Blister / Q000378:metabolism; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D003599:Cytoskeleton / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D015870:Gene Expression; D006801:Humans; D020014:K562 Cells; D007624:KB Cells; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D004915:Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D027425:ATP-Binding Cassette, Sub-Family C Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D012991:Solanaceous Alkaloids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D027425:ATP-Binding Cassette, Sub-Family C Proteins; D012991:Solanaceous Alkaloids; C026609:beta-solamarine; C421109:multidrug resistance-associated protein 1