title: Early-life stress is associated with impairment in cognitive control in adolescence: an fMRI study.
abstract: Early-life stress (ES) has been associated with diverse forms of psychopathology. Some investigators suggest that these associations reflect the effects of stress on the neural circuits that support cognitive control. However, very few prior studies have examined the associations between ES, cognitive control, and underlying neural architecture. The present study compares adolescents with a documented history of ES to typical adolescents on a cognitive control task using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Twelve ES adolescents who were adopted because of early caregiver deprivation (9 females, age=13 years+/-2.58) and 21 healthy control adolescents without a history of ES (10 females, age=13 years+/-1.96) who resided with their biological parents performed the change task (Nelson, Vinton et al., 2007)--a variant of the stop task--during fMRI. Behaviourally, ES adolescents took longer to switch from a prepotent response ("go") to an alternative response ("change") than control adolescents. During correct "change" responses vs. correct "go" responses, this behavioural group difference was accompanied by higher activation in ES subjects than controls. These differences were noted in regions involved in primary sensorimotor processes (pre- and postcentral gyri), conflict monitoring (dorsal anterior cingulate gyrus), inhibitory and response control (inferior prefrontal cortex and striatum), and somatic representations (posterior insula). Furthermore, correct "change" responses vs. incorrect "change" responses recruited the inferior prefrontal cortex (BA 44/46) more strongly in ES subjects than controls. These data suggest impaired cognitive control in youth who experienced ES.
authors.affiliation: Section of Developmental and Affective Neuroscience, Mood and Anxiety Disorders Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, 15K North Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. msven@mail.nih.gov
authors.forename: Sven C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Mueller
authors.forename: Francoise S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Maheu
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dozier
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Peloso
authors.forename: Darcy
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mandell
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Leibenluft
authors.forename: Daniel S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Pine
authors.forename: Monique
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ernst
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000502:physiology; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002648:Child; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications*
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen