title: Radiocarbon-based chronology for dynastic Egypt.
abstract: The historical chronologies for dynastic Egypt are based on reign lengths inferred from written and archaeological evidence. These floating chronologies are linked to the absolute calendar by a few ancient astronomical observations, which remain a source of debate. We used 211 radiocarbon measurements made on samples from short-lived plants, together with a Bayesian model incorporating historical information on reign lengths, to produce a chronology for dynastic Egypt. A small offset (19 radiocarbon years older) in radiocarbon levels in the Nile Valley is probably a growing-season effect. Our radiocarbon data indicate that the New Kingdom started between 1570 and 1544 B.C.E., and the reign of Djoser in the Old Kingdom started between 2691 and 2625 B.C.E.; both cases are earlier than some previous historical estimates.
authors.affiliation: Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, University of Oxford, Dyson Perrins Building, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK. christopher.ramsey@rlaha.ox.ac.uk
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bronk Ramsey
authors.forename: Michael W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Dee
authors.forename: Joanne M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Rowland
authors.forename: Thomas F G
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Higham
authors.forename: Stephen A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: Fiona
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Brock
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Quiles
authors.forename: Eva M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Wild
authors.forename: Ezra S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Marcus
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Shortland