title: Benzodiazepine use among heroin users: baseline use, current use and clinical outcome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Benzodiazepine use is associated with elevated levels of harm. The current study aimed to ascertain the long-term nature of the relationship between benzodiazepine use and clinical profile among heroin users.
  
  
  METHODS
  Longitudinal cohort, with follow-up at 3, 12, 24 and 36 months. Participants were 615 heroin users recruited for the Australian Treatment Outcome Study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline, current benzodiazepine users were more likely to be committing crime, had poorer psychological health and poorer physical health. Baseline benzodiazepine use was not associated with the likelihood across follow-up of heroin use (P = 0.44), committing crime (P = 0.17), poorer psychological health (P = 0.31) or poorer physical health (P = 0.48). Current benzodiazepine use was, however, associated with a greater likelihood of concurrent heroin use (OR 2.77), crime (OR 2.04), poorer psychological health (beta = -4.47) and poorer physical health (beta = -2.33).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinicians should be aware that reductions in benzodiazepine use are associated with reductions in harm, and that baseline benzodiazepine status does not equate to poor long-term outcome.
authors.affiliation: National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia. s.darke@unsw.edu.au
authors.forename: Shane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Darke
authors.forename: Joanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mills
authors.forename: Maree
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Teesson
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Williamson
authors.forename: Alys
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Havard
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003415:Crime / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006304:Health Status; D006556:Heroin Dependence / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D001569:Benzodiazepines