title: Validation of the jugular venous reflux animal model by three-dimensional time-of-flight MRA with a clinical scanner.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A rat model of jugular venous reflux (JVR) is widely used in studies of cerebral arteriovenous fistula, cerebral venous hypertension and chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. However, methods to validate the effectiveness of the operation are needed.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed neck 3-dimensional time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) with a clinical scanner in a rat model of JVR before and after the operation. High-resolution arterial angiography of the rat neck was acquired with maximum intensity projection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the JVR model, the success of the operation was validated by enhanced venous structures on MRA. The angiogram also provided information on the height of JVR and the status of other neck vessels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, neck 3-dimensional time-of-flight MRA is a useful noninvasive method for monitoring the blood flow in multiple cerebral vessels in this animal model. It also revealed the height of JVR, collateral development and changes in vessels over time in longitudinal studies. This information should be considered in the evaluation of the animal model.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Imaging and Intervention, Stroke Center, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Charng-Chyi
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Shieh
authors.forename: Han-Hwa
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Shun-Tai
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Tsong-Hai
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Jee-Ching
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: Yau-Yau
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Wai
authors.forename: Ho-Fai
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Chih-Ping
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Chung
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001166:Arteriovenous Shunt, Surgical; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003097:Collateral Circulation; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004867:Equipment Design; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D007601:Jugular Veins / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D018810:Magnetic Resonance Angiography / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D051381:Rats; D011921:Rats, Inbred WKY; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013348:Subclavian Artery / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D013997:Time Factors; D014654:Vascular Patency; D014690:Venous Pressure