title: Support for higher ciprofloxacin AUC 24/MIC targets in treating Enterobacteriaceae bloodstream infection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Given concerns regarding optimal therapy for serious Gram-negative infections, the goal was to characterize the pharmacodynamics of ciprofloxacin in the context of treating bloodstream infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected from the medical records of 178 clinical cases. Blood isolates were retrieved and ciprofloxacin MICs were measured. Forty-two cases in which ciprofloxacin was initiated within 24 h of the positive blood culture were used in the pharmacodynamic analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant factors with regard to treatment failure were low ciprofloxacin AUC(24)/MIC (P < 0.0001), high MIC (P = 0.001), male sex (P = 0.002) and low AUC(24) (P = 0.01). AUC(24)/MIC (P = 0.012) and MIC (P = 0.019) were significant variables in multivariate analyses; however, only the former remained significant (P = 0.038) after excluding two cases with ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates. An AUC(24)/MIC breakpoint of 250 was most significant, with cure rates of 91.4% (32/35) and 28.6% (2/7) in patients with values above and below this threshold, respectively (P = 0.001). The risk of ciprofloxacin treatment failure was 27.8 times (95% confidence interval, 2.1-333) greater in those not achieving an AUC(24)/MIC >or=250 (P = 0.011). Monte Carlo simulation of 5000 study subjects predicted that 0.88 of the population would achieve an AUC(24)/MIC >or=250 with standard-dose ciprofloxacin (400 mg intravenously every 12 h).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study confirms the pharmacodynamic parameters of ciprofloxacin that are important for optimizing the treatment of serious infections, particularly the benefits of achieving an AUC(24)/MIC >or=250, rather than the conventional target of >or=125. It also shows the relevance of dose selection in optimizing target attainment, with important differences among pathogens, even those with MICs within the susceptible range.
authors.affiliation: Faculties of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada. zelenits@ms.umanitoba.ca
authors.forename: Sheryl A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Zelenitsky
authors.forename: Robert E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Ariano
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019540:Area Under Curve; D002939:Ciprofloxacin / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004755:Enterobacteriaceae / Q000187:drug effects*; D004756:Enterobacteriaceae Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D012307:Risk Factors; D017211:Treatment Failure
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D002939:Ciprofloxacin