title: Coffee and tea intake and risk of head and neck cancer: pooled analysis in the international head and neck cancer epidemiology consortium.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Only a few studies have explored the relation between coffee and tea intake and head and neck cancers, with inconsistent results.
  
  
  METHODS
  We pooled individual-level data from nine case-control studies of head and neck cancers, including 5,139 cases and 9,028 controls. Logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI), adjusting for potential confounders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Caffeinated coffee intake was inversely related with the risk of cancer of the oral cavity and pharynx: the ORs were 0.96 (95% CI, 0.94-0.98) for an increment of 1 cup per day and 0.61 (95% CI, 0.47-0.80) in drinkers of >4 cups per day versus nondrinkers. This latter estimate was consistent for different anatomic sites (OR, 0.46; 95% CI, 0.30-0.71 for oral cavity; OR, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.41-0.82 for oropharynx/hypopharynx; and OR, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.37-1.01 for oral cavity/pharynx not otherwise specified) and across strata of selected covariates. No association of caffeinated coffee drinking was found with laryngeal cancer (OR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.64-1.45 in drinkers of >4 cups per day versus nondrinkers). Data on decaffeinated coffee were too sparse for detailed analysis, but indicated no increased risk. Tea intake was not associated with head and neck cancer risk (OR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.89-1.11 for drinkers versus nondrinkers).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This pooled analysis of case-control studies supports the hypothesis of an inverse association between caffeinated coffee drinking and risk of cancer of the oral cavity and pharynx.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Given widespread use of coffee and the relatively high incidence and low survival of head and neck cancers, the observed inverse association may have appreciable public health relevance.
authors.affiliation: Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Carlotta
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Galeone
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tavani
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pelucchi
authors.forename: Federica
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Turati
authors.forename: Deborah M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Winn
authors.forename: Fabio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Levi
authors.forename: Guo-Pei
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Hal
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Morgenstern
authors.forename: Karl
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kelsey
authors.forename: Luigino
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dal Maso
authors.forename: Mark P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Purdue
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McClean
authors.forename: Renato
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Talamini
authors.forename: Richard B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Hayes
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Franceschi
authors.forename: Stimson
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schantz
authors.forename: Zuo-Feng
authors.initials: ZF
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Gilles
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ferro
authors.forename: Shu-Chun
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Chuang
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Boffetta
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: La Vecchia
authors.forename: Mia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hashibe
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002110:Caffeine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003069:Coffee / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology; D010610:Pharyngeal Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D013662:Tea / Q000009:adverse effects*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D003069:Coffee; D013662:Tea; D002110:Caffeine