title: Dynamic imaging of vocal fold oscillation with four-dimensional optical coherence tomography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Optical coherence tomography (OCT) can provide high-resolution ( approximately 10-15 microm/pixel) images of vocal fold microanatomy, as demonstrated previously. We explored physiologically triggered Fourier-domain OCT for imaging vocal folds during phonation. The goal is to visualize dynamic histological cross sections and four-dimensional data sets where multiple planes are displayed in synchronized motion. If feasible, this approach could be a useful research tool and spur development of new clinical instrumentation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A Fourier-domain, triggered OCT system was created and tested in experiments on excised calf larynges to obtain preliminary observations and characterize important factors affecting image quality.
  
  
  METHODS
  Larynges were imaged during phonation driven by warm, humidified air. A subglottal pressure signal was used to synchronize the OCT system with the phonatory cycle. Image sequences were recorded as functions of anatomical location or subglottal pressure. Implant materials were also imaged during vibration, both in isolation and after injection into a vocal fold.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Oscillations of epithelium and lamina propria were observed, and parameters such as shape, amplitude, and velocity of the vocal fold mucosal waves were found to be measurable. Ripples of mucosal wave as small as 100 microm in vertical height were clearly visible. Internal strain was also observed in normal and implanted vocal folds.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Four-dimensional OCT of the vocal fold may help to more directly relate biomechanics to anatomy and disease. It may also be useful for assaying the functional rheology of implants in the context of real tissue. With further development, this technology has potential for clinical endoscopic application.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Center for Laryngeal Surgery and Voice Rehabilitation, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA. james.kobler@mgh.harvard.edu
authors.forename: James B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Kobler
authors.forename: Ernest W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Steven M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Zeitels
authors.forename: Seok-Hyun
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Yun
mesh_terms: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D006801:Humans; D010699:Phonation / Q000502:physiology; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence / Q000379:methods*; D014827:Vocal Cords / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials