title: A four-muscle-flap for thoracomyoplasty in patients with sacrificed thoracodorsal vessels.
abstract: Defects after prior posterolateral thoracotomy and with concomitant bronchiopleural fistula remain a challenge for the plastic surgeon. In most of the cases, the thoracodorsal artery division after posterolateral thoracotomy impairs the vascularisation supply of the latissimus dorsi, resulting in the loss of this option for closure of the pleural cavity. Therefore, the adequate filling of residual empyema space and/or surgical closure of the bronchial stump insufficiency needs additional tissue to overcome this situation. We present an alternative approach using a four-muscle-flap technique including the infraspinatus, the subscapularis and the teres major and minor muscle group, all pedicled from the subscapular artery as a part of a modified thoracomyoplasty technique for closing the residual empyema space and bronchial stump insufficiency.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 2002 and 2008, we performed the four-muscle-flap on seven patients (mean age 68±7.9 years) with residual empyema space. Three cases were combined with a bronchopleural fistula. All patients received a two-stage procedure. First, the thoracic surgeons performed an open-window thoracostomy. This procedure was followed by the definitive surgical treatment after 3-6 months. In cases with an additional bronchial insufficiency, the stump was covered in with a subscapularis muscle. The infraspinatus and the teres muscle group were used to fill the pleural cavity, in combination with the thoracoplasty.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this series, no mortality connected to the procedure was noted. The mean postoperative stay in the intensive care unit (ICU) was 3±2.9 days and the patients were discharged from the hospital after 15±7.6 days. Minor postoperative complications occurred in two cases. Shoulder abduction in all patients was possible up to 90° and has decreased around 15±10° postoperatively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The division of the thoracodorsal pedicle and the consecutive loss of the latissimus as a reconstructive option remain challenging. The lower shoulder girdle muscles (infraspinatus, subscapularis, teres minor and major) are an adequate alternative for filling residual empyema spaces. The constraint in shoulder movement is minor and acceptable in such situations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, Burn Center, RWTH University of Aachen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany. pfuchs@ukaachen.de
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fuchs
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Schreiner
authors.forename: T P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Wolter
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Autschbach
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sirbu
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pallua
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001458:Bandages; D001983:Bronchial Fistula / Q000601:surgery*; D004653:Empyema / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000098:blood supply / Q000637:transplantation*; D010995:Pleural Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D013524:Surgical Flaps; D013905:Thoracoplasty / Q000379:methods*; D013907:Thoracostomy; D016896:Treatment Outcome