title: Placental interleukin-15 expression in recurrent miscarriage.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cytokines play a fundamental role at the feto-maternal interface. A dysregulation of the cytokine profile could be linked with fetal rejection. This study investigated differences in the expression of the Th1 cytokine interleukin-15 (IL-15) of normal and disturbed pregnancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Analysis of IL-15 expression by immunohistochemistry and real-time RT-PCR in placental tissue from normal pregnancies, spontaneous miscarriage and recurrent miscarriage (RM) was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Expression of IL-15 was upregulated on mRNA and protein level in the placenta of miscarriage patients, especially in patients with RM. Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence double staining revealed extravillous trophoblast cells (EVT) as IL-15-expressing cells. Staining results were confirmed by real-time PCR (TaqMan).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased expression of IL-15 in the decidua of patients with RM may be linked to disturbed implantation and vascularization with consecutive placental and fetal rejection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynecological Endocrinology and Fertility Disorders, Ruprechts-Karls University, Heidelberg, Germany. Bettina.toth@med.uni-heidelberg.de
authors.forename: Bettina
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Toth
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Haufe
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Scholz
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kuhn
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Friese
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Karamouti
authors.forename: Antonis
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Makrigiannakis
authors.forename: Udo
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Jeschke
mesh_terms: D000026:Abortion, Habitual / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D006801:Humans; D007120:Immunochemistry; D019409:Interleukin-15 / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D010920:Placenta / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D011247:Pregnancy; D058408:Th1-Th2 Balance; D014327:Trophoblasts / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D019409:Interleukin-15