title: Developmental changes in the human sleep EEG during early adolescence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To use time-frequency analysis to characterize developmental changes in the human sleep electroencephalogram (EEG) across early adolescence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sleep EEG was recorded when children were 9/10 years old and 1 to 3 years later after sleeping at home on a fixed schedule for at least one week.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 4-bed sleep laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourteen (5 girls) healthy children ages 9/10 (mean = 10.13, SD = +/- 0.51) years at initial and 11 to 13 (mean = 12.28, SD = +/- 0.62) years at follow-up.
  
  
  METHODS
  N/A.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All-night polysomnography was performed at each assessment and sleep stages were scored with Rechtschaffen and Kales criteria. Slow wave sleep minutes decreased from the initial to the follow-up session by 29%, while minutes of stage 2 increased by 17%. NREM and REM sleep EEG spectra from two central and two occipital leads were examined for developmental changes. All-night analyses showed a significant decrease of EEG power from the initial to follow-up session across a range of frequencies during NREM and REM sleep. This decline occurred across leads and states in the delta/theta bands (3.8 - 7 Hz). Time-frequency analyses indicated that this effect was consistent across the night. The decline in power with age was most pronounced in the left central and right occipital leads. The frequency of greatest power in the sigma band (11 - 16 Hz) was significantly higher at follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This longitudinal analysis highlights asymmetrical frequency-specific declines in sleep EEG spectral power with early adolescent maturation, which may reflect early signs of the cortical synaptic pruning in the healthy adolescent.
authors.affiliation: EP Bradley Hospital Sleep and Chronobiology Research Laboratory, Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI 02906, USA. Leila_Tarokh@Brown.edu
authors.forename: Leila
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tarokh
authors.forename: Mary A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Carskadon
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent / Q000502:physiology*; D017668:Age of Onset; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002648:Child; D003700:Delta Rhythm / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D017286:Polysomnography / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012016:Reference Values; D012894:Sleep Stages / Q000502:physiology*