title: 12-O-Tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced growth arrest is increased by silibinin by the down-regulation of cyclin B1 and cdc2 and the up-regulation of p21 expression in MDA-MB231 human breast cancer cells.
abstract: TPA is a potent regulator of cell growth, including cell proliferation and differentiation. In this study, we determined the effect of silibinin on TPA-induced growth arrest in breast cancer cells. Silibinin increased growth arrest of the G2/M phase in a dose-dependent fashion. Silibinin decreased the basal level of cyclin B1 and cdc2 expression, which is involved in S phase and G2/M transition. In addition, TPA-induced G2/M phase arrest was increased by silibinin. Under the same conditions, TPA-induced down-regulation of cyclin B1 and cdc2 was decreased by silibinin. In contrast, TPA-induced p21 expression was further increased by silibinin. To determine the regulatory mechanism of TPA-induced growth arrest, we pretreated cells with various inhibitors, such as UO126, SB203580, and LY294002. Interestingly, TPA-induced growth arrest was significantly increased by LY294002, but not by UO126 and SB203580. In addition, TPA-induced down-regulation of cyclin B1 was inhibited by LY294002; however, the basal level of p21 was increased by TPA and TPA-induced p21 expression was further increased by LY294002. Finally, adenoviral constitutively active-Akt (Ad-CA-Akt) overexpression regulated the up-regulation of cyclin B1 and the down-regulation of p21. Therefore, we have demonstrated that silibinin has an additive effect on TPA-induced growth arrest through the PI-3-kinase/Akt-dependent pathway.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 50 Ilwon-dong, Kangnam-gu, Seoul 135-710, South Korea.
authors.forename: Sangmin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Hye Sook
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Se-Kyung
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Sung Hoon
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Sung Mo
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Hur
authors.forename: Jee Soo
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Jung-Han
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Jun-Ho
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Choe
authors.forename: Incheol
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.forename: Jung-Hyun
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Jeong Eon
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Seok Jin
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Nam
mesh_terms: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism*; D016203:CDC2 Protein Kinase; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D003436:Croton Oil / Q000737:chemistry; D056744:Cyclin B1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21 / Q000378:metabolism*; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases; D004357:Drug Synergism; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D020944:Silybum marianum / Q000737:chemistry; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D012838:Silymarin / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D056744:Cyclin B1; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012838:Silymarin; D003436:Croton Oil; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D016203:CDC2 Protein Kinase; C548796:Cdk1 protein, rat; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate