title: Population genetic structure of the malaria vector Anopheles nili in sub-Saharan Africa.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Anopheles nili is a widespread efficient vector of human malaria parasites in the humid savannas and forested areas of sub-Saharan Africa. Understanding An. nili population structure and gene flow patterns could be useful for the development of locally-adapted vector control measures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Polymorphism at eleven recently developed microsatelitte markers, and sequence variation in four genes within the 28s rDNA subunit (ITS2 and D3) and mtDNA (COII and ND4) were assessed to explore the level of genetic variability and differentiation among nine populations of An. nili from Senegal, Ivory Coast, Burkina Faso, Nigeria, Cameroon and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC).
  
  
  RESULTS
  All microsatellite loci successfully amplified in all populations, showing high and very similar levels of genetic diversity in populations from West Africa and Cameroon (mean Rs = 8.10-8.88, mean He = 0.805-0.849) and much lower diversity in the Kenge population from DRC (mean Rs = 5.43, mean He = 0.594). Bayesian clustering analysis of microsatellite allelic frequencies revealed two main genetic clusters in the dataset. The first one included only the Kenge population and the second grouped together all other populations. High Fst estimates based on microsatellites (Fst > 0.118, P < 0.001) were observed in all comparisons between Kenge and all other populations. By contrast, low Fst estimates (Fst < 0.022, P < 0.05) were observed between populations within the second cluster. The correlation between genetic and geographic distances was weak and possibly obscured by demographic instability. Sequence variation in mtDNA genes matched these results, whereas low polymorphism in rDNA genes prevented detection of any population substructure at this geographical scale.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, high genetic homogeneity of the An. nili gene pool was found across its distribution range in West and Central Africa, although demographic events probably resulted in a higher level of genetic isolation in the marginal population of Kenge (DRC). The role of the equatorial forest block as a barrier to gene flow and the implication of such findings for vector control are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Paludisme, Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale, PO Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon. cyrndo@yahoo.fr
authors.forename: Cyrille
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ndo
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Antonio-Nkondjio
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cohuet
authors.forename: Diego
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ayala
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kengne
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Morlais
authors.forename: Parfait H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Awono-Ambene
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Couret
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ngassam
authors.forename: Didier
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fontenille
authors.forename: Frédéric
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Simard
mesh_terms: D000350:Africa, Central; D000354:Africa, Western; D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal / Q000235:genetics; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005260:Female; D051456:Gene Flow; D040342:Genetic Structures / Q000235:genetics*; D005828:Genetics, Population; D005838:Genotype; D005843:Geography; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats / Q000235:genetics*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D011156:Population Density; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal