title: Aging and directed forgetting in episodic memory: A meta-analysis.
abstract: In this meta-analysis, we examined the effects of aging on directed forgetting. A cue to forget is more effective in younger (d = 1.17) than in older (d = 0.81) adults. Directed-forgetting effects were larger (a) with the item method rather than with the list method, (b) with longer presentation times, (c) with longer postcue rehearsal times, (d) with single words rather than with verbal action phrases as stimuli, (e) with shorter lists, and (f) when recall rather than recognition was tested. Age effects were reliably larger when the item method was used, suggesting that these effects are mainly due to encoding differences.
authors.affiliation: Center for Research on Education and Development, German Institute for International Educational Research (DIPF), Frankfurt am Main, Germany. titz@dipf.de
authors.forename: Cora
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Titz
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Verhaeghen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000523:psychology*; D001244:Association; D001288:Attention; D003463:Cues; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007266:Inhibition, Psychological; D033182:Intention; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011214:Practice, Psychological; D011930:Reaction Time; D012153:Retention, Psychology; D014706:Verbal Learning; D055815:Young Adult