title: Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) levels in peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) eggs from California correlate with diet and human population density.
abstract: Peregrine falcons are now considered a conservation success story due in part to the phasing out of harmful contaminants that adversely affected reproduction. Recent studies have shown that peregrine eggs collected from California cities, however, have high levels of the higher-brominated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (SigmaPBDE(183-209)), a class of industrial flame retardants, in comparison to published data for other wildlife. Sources of these high PBDE levels and unusual PBDE profiles are unknown. Here we analyzed the stable carbon (delta(13)C), hydrogen (deltaD), and nitrogen (delta(15)N) isotope composition of peregrine eggs collected from urban and nonurban habitats. We found that delta(13)C values were significantly higher in urban versus nonurban eggs, suggesting that urban peregrines indirectly receive anthropogenic subsidies via their consumption of prey reliant on corn-based anthropogenic foods. delta(15)N and deltaD values were significantly lower in urban versus nonurban eggs, reflecting differences in dietary diversity and food/water sources available to peregrines in each habitat. These patterns suggest a link between an anthropogenic diet and high levels of SigmaPBDE(183-209) in California peregrines, and identify anthropogenic food as a potentially important PBDE exposure pathway for urban wildlife. If diet is an important PBDE exposure pathway for peregrines, continued high body burdens of SigmaPBDE(183-209) may be a potential risk to ongoing peregrine conservation efforts in California.
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, USA. snewsome@uwyo.edu
authors.forename: Seth D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Newsome
authors.forename: June-Soo
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Bill W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Henry
authors.forename: Arthur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Holden
authors.forename: Marilyn L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Fogel
authors.forename: Janet
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Linthicum
authors.forename: Vivian
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hooper
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002140:California; D002247:Carbon Isotopes / Q000737:chemistry; D003903:Deuterium / Q000737:chemistry; D004032:Diet; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis; D046093:Falconiformes / Q000378:metabolism*; D005411:Flame Retardants; D005843:Geography; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D009587:Nitrogen Isotopes / Q000737:chemistry; D011156:Population Density
chemical_list: D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D005411:Flame Retardants; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers; D009587:Nitrogen Isotopes; C086401:pentabromodiphenyl ether; D003903:Deuterium