title: Ocular symptoms, tear film stability, nasal patency, and biomarkers in nasal lavage in indoor painters in relation to emissions from water-based paint.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Despite the decreased use of solvent-based paint (SBP) and increased use of water-based paints (WBP) with possible risk for microbial growth, few health studies are available. The aim was to study the symptoms and ocular and nasal biomarkers in house painters in relation to paint use and personal exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOC) and microbial VOC (MVOC) during indoor painting with WBP.
  
  
  METHODS
  All house painters from three major companies and unexposed controls (janitors from one company) were invited, 94% (N = 31) and 95% (N = 20) of non-asthmatics participated, respectively. Tear film break-up time (BUT), nasal patency by acoustic rhinometry, and biomarkers in nasal lavage (NAL) were measured at work, and a doctor's administered questionnaire was answered. Personal sampling (8 h) of formaldehyde, VOC, and MVOC was performed in 17 house painters using WBP.
  
  
  RESULTS
  House painters had increase in ocular symptoms, decreased BUT, and increased NAL-lysozyme, when compared to controls. Painters reporting mucosal irritation from WBP had less nasal patency and higher NAL-myeloperoxidase (NAL-MPO). A large proportion of the VOC consisted of propylenglycol, diglycol ethers, and Texanol. There was an association between 8-h exposure to propylene glycol and NAL-eosinophilic cationic protein (NAL-ECP), 2-phenoxyethanol levels and reduced BUT, sum of aliphatic glycol ethers and increased NAL-MPO. Increased levels of 1-octen-3-ol, one MVOC, were related to reduced nasal patency and increase in NAL-MPO.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  House painters may have a risk for adverse physiological reactions in the ocular and nasal mucosa. A minority of painters susceptible to WBP can react with neutrophilic nasal inflammation. Different chemicals in the paint could cause either neutrophilic or eosinophilic inflammation, or reduced tear film stability. In addition, house painters are exposed to MVOC which may affect the nasal mucosa.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Science/Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden. gunilla.wieslander@medsci.uu.se
authors.forename: Gunilla
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wieslander
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Norbäck
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D005128:Eye Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced*; D005557:Formaldehyde / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D017817:Nasal Lavage Fluid / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology; D009668:Nose Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced*; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced*; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D010150:Paint / Q000633:toxicity*; D012220:Rhinitis / Q000139:chemically induced*; D023842:Rhinometry, Acoustic; D013666:Tears; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational; D015415:Biomarkers; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds; D005557:Formaldehyde