title: Diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis in lung transplant recipients by detection of galactomannan in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Galactomannan (GM) detection in serum samples has been used to diagnose invasive aspergillosis (IA). Limited sensitivity has been observed in lung transplant recipients, for whom bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) testing has been advocated. Because airway colonization with Aspergillus species occurs frequently in these patients, false-positive GM results have been reported if the cutoff validated for sera is used (i.e., 0.5).
  
  
  METHODS
  Herein, we prospectively studied BAL fluid samples from 60 lung transplant patients to determine the optimal cutoff for BAL GM testing. Only one sample per patient was studied. BAL samples were vortexed and processed according to the manufacturer's instructions for serum samples. Sensitivity, specificity, and likelihood ratios were calculated in reference to proven or probable IA cases using receiver operating characteristic analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eight patients had IA during the study (incidence 13.3%), including four patients with proven IA. Aspergillosis increased 5-fold the risk of death in lung transplant recipients. The positive predictive value of a positive BAL GM test at the 0.5 cutoff was low (24.2%). Raising the cutoff improved test specificity without compromising sensitivity. The best cutoff was defined at 1.5 (sensitivity 100% and specificity 90.4%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study reinforces the importance of BAL GM testing in lung transplant recipients, particularly to exclude the diagnosis of IA. To minimize the frequency of false-positive results, a higher test cutoff should be applied to BAL samples, in comparison with serum samples.
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. acpasqualotto@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Alessandro C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Pasqualotto
authors.forename: Melissa O
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Xavier
authors.forename: Letícia B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Sánchez
authors.forename: Clarice D A
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: de Oliveira Costa
authors.forename: Sadi M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Schio
authors.forename: Spencer M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Camargo
authors.forename: Jose J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Camargo
authors.forename: Teresa C T
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Sukiennik
authors.forename: Luiz Carlos
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Severo
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / Q000737:chemistry*; D001999:Bronchoscopy; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002648:Child; D005189:False Positive Reactions; D005260:Female; D005690:Galactose / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects; D055744:Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000401:mortality; D016040:Lung Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000401:mortality; D008297:Male; D008351:Mannans / Q000032:analysis*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012372:ROC Curve; D011933:Reagent Kits, Diagnostic; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D015415:Biomarkers; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D008351:Mannans; D011933:Reagent Kits, Diagnostic; C012990:galactomannan; D005690:Galactose