title: Neuromuscular and muscle-tendon system adaptations to isotonic and isokinetic eccentric exercise.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To present the properties of an eccentric contraction and compare neuromuscular and muscle-tendon system adaptations induced by isotonic and isokinetic eccentric trainings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An eccentric muscle contraction is characterized by the production of muscle force associated to a lengthening of the muscle-tendon system. This muscle solicitation can cause micro lesions followed by a regeneration process of the muscle-tendon system. Eccentric exercise is commonly used in functional rehabilitation for its positive effect on collagen synthesis but also for resistance training to increase muscle strength and muscle mass in athletes. Indeed, eccentric training stimulates muscle hypertrophy, increases the fascicle pennation angle, fascicles length and neural activation, thus inducing greater strength gains than concentric or isometric training programs. Eccentric exercise is commonly performed either against a constant external load (isotonic) or at constant velocity (isokinetic), inducing different mechanical constraints. These different mechanical constraints could induce structural and neural adaptive strategies specific to each type of exercise.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The literature tends to show that isotonic mode leads to a greater strength gain than isokinetic mode. This observation could be explained by a greater neuromuscular activation after IT training. However, the specific muscle adaptations induced by each mode remain difficult to determine due to the lack of standardized, comparative studies.
authors.affiliation: EA, UFR STAPS, université de Nantes, France.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Guilhem
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cornu
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Guével
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D026241:Exercise Movement Techniques / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007551:Isotonic Contraction; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000294:innervation* / Q000502:physiology*; D009142:Musculoskeletal Physiological Phenomena; D009141:Musculoskeletal System / Q000294:innervation*; D009424:Nervous System Physiological Phenomena; D013710:Tendons / Q000502:physiology*