title: Recent advances in the development of novel glucocorticoid receptor modulators.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The glucocorticoid receptor plays a number of fundamental roles in human physiology. Glucocorticosteroids are the ultimate anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive agents highly efficacious in the treatment of serious diseases, but also associated with serious side effects. Improvement in the therapeutic profiles of drugs, acting at the glucocorticoid receptor, is highly desired and may potentially arise from the separation of their gene transactivating and gene transrepressing properties.
  
  
  METHODS
  The review summarizes progress towards novel glucocorticoid drug candidates as indicated by the patent applications over the last 2 years (2008 - 2009). A brief discussion of glucocorticoid receptor biology and previous drug candidates is included.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The understanding of the structural scope and biological profiles of the glucocorticoid receptor modulators, currently in preclinical and clinical development, based on the review of approximately 180 composition-of-matter and method-of-use patent applications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The information on the good chemotypical diversity of glucocorticoid receptor modulators needs to be supplemented by the clinical data - presumably, soon to become available - to allow a look into a possible improvement in therapeutic index over the classic glucocorticosteroids.
authors.affiliation: Merck Research Laboratories, Department of Chemical Research, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA. michael.berlin@merck.com
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Berlin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology; D015195:Drug Design; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology; D010330:Patents as Topic; D011965:Receptors, Glucocorticoid / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D011965:Receptors, Glucocorticoid