title: Persistent activation of dermal fibroblasts from patients with gadolinium-associated nephrogenic systemic fibrosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF) is a systemic fibrotic disorder occurring in some patients with renal insufficiency after exposure to gadolinium-based contrast agents (GdBCA).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine cultured NSF dermal fibroblast production and expression of collagens I and III, fibronectin, hyaluronic acid and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) during serial passages and the effects of two GdBCA on collagen gene expression and production by normal dermal fibroblasts.
  
  
  METHODS
  NSF fibroblasts were analysed for expression and production of types I and III collagen, fibronectin, hyaluronic acid and α-SMA. Collagen, type I, α1 (COL1A1) promoter transcription was examined in transient transfections. Nuclear extracts were assayed for binding activity of 108 transcription factors, and specific transcription factor binding was examined by electrophoretic gel mobility assays. Normal fibroblasts were cultured with GdBCA, and collagen expression assessed by real-time PCR and western blots.
  
  
  RESULTS
  NSF fibroblasts displayed a marked increase in collagens I and III, fibronectin and hyaluronic acid production, which was maintained for 9-11 subpassages in vitro. NSF fibroblasts also showed a marked increase in α-SMA expression, twofold higher transcriptional activity of the COL1A1 promoter and increased cREL binding in nuclear extracts compared with normal fibroblasts. GdBCA induced a dose-dependent stimulation of COL1A1 expression and production of type I collagen in normal fibroblasts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fibroblasts from patients with NSF displayed a markedly profibrotic phenotype, which was maintained for several passages in culture. Elevated COL1A1 expression was mediated by transcriptional activation of its promoter associated with increased cREL binding activity. GdBCA stimulated cultured normal fibroblasts to produce increased amounts of collagen.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Sonsoles
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Piera-Velazquez
authors.forename: Natalia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Louneva
authors.forename: Jolanta
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fertala
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Wermuth
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Del Galdo
authors.forename: Sergio A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Jimenez
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003094:Collagen / Q000096:biosynthesis; D024042:Collagen Type I / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D000090602:Collagen Type I, alpha 1 Chain; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D005353:Fibronectins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D005682:Gadolinium / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000494:pharmacology; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid / Q000096:biosynthesis; D054989:Nephrogenic Fibrosing Dermopathy / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: C541116:ACTA2 protein, human; D000199:Actins; D024042:Collagen Type I; D000090602:Collagen Type I, alpha 1 Chain; D003287:Contrast Media; D005353:Fibronectins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid; D003094:Collagen; D005682:Gadolinium