title: Prognostic impact of plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 expression in bladder cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent studies have demonstrated a poor prognosis for patients who have altered expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) in several cancer types. The objective of the current study was to investigate the prognostic impact of PAI-1 on patients with transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the urinary bladder.
  
  
  METHODS
  PAI-1 expression was quantified using real-time polymerase chain reaction in 91 TCCs and in 6 normal tissue specimens. PAI-1 concentrations were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay in plasma from 104 patients and 10 controls and in urine from 244 patients and 74 controls. PAI-1 expression was evaluated immunohistochemically in paraffin-embedded tissues (94 tumor samples and 10 adjacent normal tissue samples). The results were analyzed in relation to clinical features and follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significantly higher PAI-1 levels were detected in tissue and plasma samples, but not in urine, from patients with bladder cancer compared with controls (P=.001 and P=.008, respectively). Elevated gene expression and plasma protein concentrations were independent of tumor stage and grade. Immunostaining revealed a subgroup of patients with single tumor cells that strongly expressed PAI-1. These patients' survival was significantly shorter, and their clinical presentation was correlated significantly with lymph node-positive disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PAI-1 gene expression in tissues and plasma protein levels were elevated in patients with TCC compared with controls. PAI-1 gene or protein expression was not associated with the clinical characteristics of bladder TCC. Although the assessment of PAI-1 expression in plasma or urine may not serve as an independent predictor of prognosis in patients with TCC, the immunohistochemical detection of single PAI-1-positive cells may serve as a predictor of survival and a possible indicator of metastasis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, The West German Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital of Essen Medical School, Essen, Germany. markus.becker@uni-due.de
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.forename: Tibor
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Szarvas
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wittschier
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: vom Dorp
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tötsch
authors.forename: Kurt Werner
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Schmid
authors.forename: Herbert
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rübben
authors.forename: Süleyman
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ergün
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000652:urine; D011379:Prognosis; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000401:mortality
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1