title: Arterial elasticity imaging: comparison of finite-element analysis models with high-resolution ultrasound speckle tracking.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The nonlinear mechanical properties of internal organs and tissues may be measured with unparalleled precision using ultrasound imaging with phase-sensitive speckle tracking. The many potential applications of this important noninvasive diagnostic approach include measurement of arterial stiffness, which is associated with numerous major disease processes. The accuracy of previous ultrasound measurements of arterial stiffness and vascular elasticity has been limited by the relatively low strain of nonlinear structures under normal physiologic pressure and the measurement assumption that the effect of the surrounding tissue modulus might be ignored in both physiologic and pressure equalized conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study performed high-resolution ultrasound imaging of the brachial artery in a healthy adult subject under normal physiologic pressure and the use of external pressure (pressure equalization) to increase strain. These ultrasound results were compared to measurements of arterial strain as determined by finite-element analysis models with and without a surrounding tissue, which was represented by homogenous material with fixed elastic modulus.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Use of the pressure equalization technique during imaging resulted in average strain values of 26% and 18% at the top and sides, respectively, compared to 5% and 2%, at the top and sides, respectively, under physiologic pressure. In the artery model that included surrounding tissue, strain was 19% and 16% under pressure equalization versus 9% and 13% at the top and sides, respectively, under physiologic pressure. The model without surrounding tissue had slightly higher levels of strain under physiologic pressure compared to the other model, but the resulting strain values under pressure equalization were > 60% and did not correspond to experimental values.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Since pressure equalization may increase the dynamic range of strain imaging, the effect of the surrounding tissue on strain should be incorporated into models of arterial strain, particularly when the pressure equalization technique is used.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
authors.forename: Dae Woo
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Richards
authors.forename: Jonathan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Rubin
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hamilton
authors.forename: Grant H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Kruger
authors.forename: William F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Weitzel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001916:Brachial Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000502:physiology*; D054459:Elasticity Imaging Techniques; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular