title: The effect on intracytoplasmic sperm injection outcome of genotype, male germ cell stage and freeze-thawing in mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) has been widely used to study the mechanisms of mammalian fertilization and to rescue male-factor infertility in humans and animals. However, very few systematic analyses have been conducted to define factors affecting the efficiency of ICSI. In this study, we undertook a large-scale series of ICSI experiments in mice to define the factors that might affect outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We used a 5 x 3 x 2 factorial design with the following factors: mouse genotype (ICR, C57BL/6, DBA/2, C3H/He, and 129/Sv strains), type of male germ cells (epididymal sperm, elongated or round spermatids), and their freeze-thawing treatment. The efficiencies (parameters) of each developmental step were analyzed by three-way ANOVA (significance level P<0.01). The type of male germ cells affected all the four parameters observed: oocyte survival after injection, cleavage of oocytes, implantation, and birth of offspring. Genotype affected the oocyte survival, cleavage and birth rates, whereas freeze-thawing had no effects on any of the parameters. There were significant genotype/cell type interactions for oocyte survival and cleavage, indicating that they were determined by a combination of strain and germ cell maturity. Multiple comparisons revealed that spermatozoa and elongated spermatids gave better implantation and birth rates than did round spermatids, while spermatozoa and elongated spermatozoa were indistinguishable in their ability to support embryonic development. The best overall efficiency (birth rate per oocytes injected) was obtained with frozen-thawed DBA/2 strain elongated spermatids (23.2+/-4.2%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study provides the first comprehensive information on ICSI using the mouse as a model and will contribute to the efficient use of materials, time, and efforts in biomedical research and clinics involving ICSI.
authors.affiliation: RIKEN BioResouce Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
authors.forename: Narumi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ogonuki
authors.forename: Manami
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mori
authors.forename: Akie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shinmen
authors.forename: Kimiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.forename: Keiji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mochida
authors.forename: Akihiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ohta
authors.forename: Atsuo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ogura
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D005615:Freezing; D005838:Genotype; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D020554:Sperm Injections, Intracytoplasmic