title: Programmable transdermal drug delivery of nicotine using carbon nanotube membranes.
abstract: Carbon nanotube (CNT) membranes were employed as the active element of a switchable transdermal drug delivery device that can facilitate more effective treatments of drug abuse and addiction. Due to the dramatically fast flow through CNT cores, high charge density, and small pore dimensions, highly efficient electrophoretic pumping through functionalized CNT membrane was achieved. These membranes were integrated with a nicotine formulation to obtain switchable transdermal nicotine delivery rates on human skin (in vitro) and are consistent with a Fickian diffusion in series model. The transdermal nicotine delivery device was able to successfully switch between high (1.3 + or - 0.65 micromol/hr-cm(2)) and low (0.33 + or - 0.22 micromol/hr-cm(2)) fluxes that coincide with therapeutic demand levels for nicotine cessation treatment. These highly energy efficient programmable devices with minimal skin irritation and no skin barrier disruption would open an avenue for single application long-wear patches for therapies that require variable or programmable delivery rates.
authors.affiliation: Chemical and Materials Engineering Department, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA.
authors.forename: Ji
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Kalpana S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Paudel
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Strasinger
authors.forename: Dana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hammell
authors.forename: Audra L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Stinchcomb
authors.forename: Bruce J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Hinds
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D057005:Bioengineering; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008564:Membrane Potentials; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon / Q000737:chemistry / Q000648:ultrastructure; D009538:Nicotine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon; D009538:Nicotine