title: Expected roles and utilization of specialist nurses in Japan: the nurse administrators' perspective.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study explored (1) expected roles for specialist nurses in Japan and (2) nurse administrators' experience-based management strategies for effective implementation of these roles. Background In Japan, specialist nurses have begun to be recognized as valuable human resources. However, managerial issues in utilizing specialist nurses, including unclear roles and lack of reports on effective management strategies, remain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three focus-group discussions were conducted. Nine nurse administrators participated. Data were analysed using qualitative content analysis techniques.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The expected roles for specialist nurses were: (1) facilitating general nurses' learning; (2) monitoring and improving the patient care standard; and (3) developing new roles for nursing. Two management strategies were: (1) enhancing specialist nurses' influence, and (2) enhancing specialist nurses' motivation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Specialist nurses are important human resources able to assume responsibility for process improvement in nursing care. Effective ways to enhance specialist nurses' influence and motivation include developing their management and communication skills, and coordinating their workload and relationships with other health care professionals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Process improvement indicators may be useful for evaluating specialist nurses' work. Nurse administrators can contribute to effective implementation of specialist nurses' roles not only by clarifying their roles but also by empowering them to keep up with changing organizational needs.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-003, Japan. m-ohnishi@umin.ac.jp
authors.forename: Mami
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Onishi
authors.forename: Katsuya
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kanda
mesh_terms: D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D002983:Clinical Competence; D004509:Education, Nursing, Continuing; D017144:Focus Groups; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D007858:Learning; D017146:Models, Organizational; D009718:Nurse Administrators / Q000523:psychology*; D024802:Nurse's Role / Q000523:psychology*; D009745:Nursing, Supervisory; D015279:Organizational Culture; D036301:Qualitative Research; D011787:Quality of Health Care; D012938:Social Perception; D013041:Specialties, Nursing; D016526:Workload