title: Differential impact of high-dose cyclophosphamide, topotecan, and vincristine in clinical subsets of patients with chemoresistant neuroblastoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In what to the authors' knowledge is the first such study for a pediatric cancer, a large database was retrospectively analyzed to assess statistically the likelihood of response to a given salvage therapy in different clinical subsets of patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Treatment was comprised of high-dose cyclophosphamide (at a dose of 140 mg/kg), topotecan (at a dose of 8 mg/m(2)), and vincristine (at a dose of 0.067 mg/kg or 2 mg/m(2), whichever was lower; maximum dose, 2 mg) (HD-CTV). The Fisher exact test was used for comparisons of response rates among standard subsets of patients (n = 126) with refractory or recurrent neuroblastoma (NB).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among children, major (ie, complete/partial) responses occurred in 11 of 58 (19%) with primary refractory NB, 4 of 14 (29%) with secondary refractory NB, 13 of 25 (52%) with a new (first) disease recurrence, and none of 13 patients with progressive disease (PD) while receiving therapy. Other children had mixed responses (MRs); when combining major responses and MRs, anti-NB activity was noted in 26 of 58 (45%) children with primary refractory NB, 10 of 14 (71%) children with secondary refractory NB, 20 of 25 (80%) children with a new (first) disease recurrence, and 1 of 13 (8%) children with PD while receiving therapy. The response rate was significantly different across the 4 groups of children for both major responses (P = .003) and combined responses (P = .001). All 10 adolescents/adults treated for primary refractory NB had no response, which was a significantly inferior result compared with the response rate of 45% noted in children with primary refractory NB (P = .008).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Response to HD-CTV as salvage therapy is significantly less likely in adolescents/adults and in children with NB that is persistent or progressing on treatment rather than newly recurrent off treatment. These findings are broadly applicable and should be considered when designing, and interpreting the results of, phase 2 studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA. kushnerb@mskcc.org
authors.forename: Brian H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Kushner
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kramer
authors.forename: Shakeel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Modak
authors.forename: Li-Xuan
authors.initials: LX
authors.lastname: Qin
authors.forename: Nai-Kong V
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Cheung
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009447:Neuroblastoma / Q000188:drug therapy; D016879:Salvage Therapy; D019772:Topotecan / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D014750:Vincristine / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D014750:Vincristine; D019772:Topotecan; D003520:Cyclophosphamide