title: Deriving prostate alpha-beta ratio using carefully matched groups, long follow-up and the phoenix definition of biochemical failure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Prior studies have derived low values of alpha-beta ratio (a/ß) for prostate cancer of approximately 1-2 Gy. These studies used poorly matched groups, differing definitions of biochemical failure, and insufficient follow-up.
  
  
  METHODS
  National Comprehensive Cancer Network low- or low-intermediate risk prostate cancer patients, treated with external beam radiotherapy or permanent prostate brachytherapy, were matched for prostate-specific antigen, Gleason score, T-stage, percentage of positive cores, androgen deprivation therapy, and era, yielding 118 patient pairs. The Phoenix definition of biochemical failure was used. The best-fitting value for a/ß was found for up to 90-month follow-up using maximum likelihood analysis, and the 95% confidence interval using the profile likelihood method. Linear quadratic formalism was applied with the radiobiological parameters of relative biological effectiveness = 1.0, potential doubling time = 45 days, and repair half-time = 1 hour. Bootstrap analysis was performed to estimate uncertainties in outcomes, and hence in a/ß. Sensitivity analysis was performed by varying the values of the radiobiological parameters to extreme values.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The value of a/ß best fitting the outcomes data was >30 Gy, with lower 95% confidence limit of 5.2 Gy. This was confirmed on bootstrap analysis. Varying parameters to extreme values still yielded best-fit a/ß of >30 Gy, although the lower 95% confidence interval limit was reduced to 0.6 Gy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using carefully matched groups, long follow-up, the Phoenix definition of biochemical failure, and well-established statistical methods, the best estimate of a/ß for low and low-tier intermediate-risk prostate cancer is likely to be higher than that of normal tissues, although a low value cannot be excluded.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. rickyshaffer@yahoo.co.uk
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shaffer
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pickles
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Vitali
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Moiseenko
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000726:Androgen Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001918:Brachytherapy; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D058958:Organs at Risk; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D012062:Relative Biological Effectiveness; D012107:Research Design; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D035501:Uncertainty
chemical_list: D000726:Androgen Antagonists; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen