Normative bone mineral density z-scores for Canadians aged 16 to 24 years: the Canadian Multicenter Osteoporosis Study.
The objectives of the study were to develop bone mineral density (BMD) reference norms and BMD Z-scores at various skeletal sites, to determine whether prior fracture and/or asthma were related to BMD, and to assess possible geographic variation of BMD among Canadian youth aged 16-24 yr. Z-Scores were defined as the number of standard deviations from the mean BMD of a healthy population of the same age, race, and sex. Z-Scores were calculated using the reference sample defined as Canadian Caucasian participants without asthma or prior fracture. Reference standards were created for lumbar spine (L1-L4), femoral neck, total hip, and greater trochanter, by each year of age (16-24 yr), and by sex. The Z-score norms were developed for groups noted earlier. Mean Z-scores between the asthma or fracture subgroups compared with the mean Z-scores in the reference sample were not different. There were minor differences in mean BMD across different Canadian geographic regions. This study provides age, sex, and skeletal site-specific Caucasian reference norms and formulae for the calculation of BMD Z-scores for Canadian youth aged 16-24 yr. This information will be valuable to help to identify individuals with clinically meaningful low BMD.
Zhou
Wei
W
CaMos Methods Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
Langsetmo
Lisa
L
Berger
Claudie
C
Adachi
Jonathan D
JD
Papaioannou
Alexandra
A
Ioannidis
George
G
Webber
Colin
C
Atkinson
Stephanie A
SA
Olszynski
Wojciech P
WP
Brown
Jacques P
JP
Hanley
David A
DA
Josse
Robert
R
Kreiger
Nancy
N
Prior
Jerilynn
J
Kaiser
Stephanie
S
Kirkland
Susan
S
Goltzman
David
D
Davison
Kenneth Shawn
KS
D000293:Adolescent; D001249:Asthma / Q000503:physiopathology; D015519:Bone Density; D002170:Canada; D005260:Female; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012016:Reference Values; D055815:Young Adult