title: The association of periodontal disease with oral malodour in a Japanese population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between oral malodour and periodontal disease, and to determine the effect of periodontal therapy on oral malodour.
  
  
  METHODS
  Oral malodour parameters, including volatile sulphur compound (VCS) measurement, methyl mercaptan/hydrogen sulphide ratio by gas chromatography, organoleptic testing, tongue coating score, and periodontal parameters were evaluated in 823 patients complaining of oral malodour. Amongst these patients, 89 with oral pathogenic halitosis received tongue cleaning and periodontal therapy. Oral malodour and periodontal parameters were measured at baseline and after treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Amongst 823 patients, 102 were diagnosed with gingivitis and 721 with periodontitis. VCS levels and periodontal parameters increased according to the severity of oral malodour. Organoleptic testing significantly correlated with periodontal probing depth and a percentage of periodontal pocket depth ≥4mm (r=0.40 and 0.39 respectively). There were significant correlations between methyl mercaptan/hydrogen sulphide ratio and periodontal parameters. Significant decrease in oral malodour and periodontal parameters in 89 patients with oral pathogenic halitosis was also observed after periodontal treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Oral malodour is associated with periodontal disease, and periodontal therapy combined with tongue cleaning is beneficial for oral pathogenic halitosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan. take777@dent.kagoshima-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Takeuchi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Machigashira
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yamashita
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kozono
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nakajima
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miyamoto
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Takeuchi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Setoguchi
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Noguchi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002849:Chromatography, Gas; D003774:Dental Plaque Index; D012534:Dental Scaling; D005260:Female; D005884:Gingival Hemorrhage / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy; D005891:Gingivitis / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy; D006209:Halitosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D006862:Hydrogen Sulfide / Q000032:analysis; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009910:Oral Hygiene; D010510:Periodontal Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy; D010512:Periodontal Index; D010514:Periodontal Pocket / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy; D016745:Root Planing; D012903:Smell; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds / Q000032:analysis; D013440:Sulfides / Q000032:analysis; D014059:Tongue / Q000473:pathology; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds; D013440:Sulfides; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds; C005231:methylmercaptan; C004784:dimethyl sulfide; D006862:Hydrogen Sulfide