title: Invocations and intoxication: does prayer decrease alcohol consumption?
abstract: Four methodologically diverse studies (N = 1,758) show that prayer frequency and alcohol consumption are negatively related. In Study 1 (n = 824), we used a cross-sectional design and found that higher prayer frequency was related to lower alcohol consumption and problematic drinking behavior. Study 2 (n = 702) used a longitudinal design and found that more frequent prayer at Time 1 predicted less alcohol consumption and problematic drinking behavior at Time 2, and this relationship held when controlling for baseline levels of drinking and prayer. In Study 3 (n = 117), we used an experimental design to test for a causal relationship between prayer frequency and alcohol consumption. Participants assigned to pray every day (either an undirected prayer or a prayer for a relationship partner) for 4 weeks drank about half as much alcohol at the conclusion of the study as control participants. Study 4 (n = 115) replicated the findings of Study 3, as prayer again reduced drinking by about half. These findings are discussed in terms of prayer as reducing drinking motives.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family and Child Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA. nlambert@fsu.edu
authors.forename: Nathaniel M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Lambert
authors.forename: Frank D
authors.initials: FD
authors.lastname: Fincham
authors.forename: Loren D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Marks
authors.forename: Tyler F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Stillman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000523:psychology*; D000435:Alcoholic Intoxication / Q000523:psychology*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D012069:Religion and Psychology; D012931:Social Environment; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology; D014495:Universities