title: Sperm DNA integrity in cancer patients before and after cytotoxic treatment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We assessed sperm DNA fragmentation index (DFI) in cancer patients before and after treatment to evaluate if sperm DNA integrity is compromised by cancer itself or its treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a prospective study, DFI was assessed in 127 patients diagnosed with testicular germ cell tumours (TGCT), Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL), non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) and various malignancies. The severity of cancer and tumour markers at diagnosis was recorded. Follow-up DFI after treatment was available in 52 patients who were mostly less severely affected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In patients diagnosed with TGCT, HL and various malignancies, pretreatment DFI levels were not significantly different from that of proven fertile controls, but in patients with NHL an increased DFI was found. An overall significant decrease in post-treatment DFI (13.2% range 5.0-70.5) compared with pretreatment values (17.1% range 5.1-66.6) was found (P = 0.040). In TGCT patients, post-treatment DFI was significantly higher in patients who were treated with radiotherapy (16.9% range 11.5-39.9) compared with that in patients treated with chemotherapy (CT) alone (10.9% range 5.5-39.9) (P = 0.037). In HL patients, the type of treatment or number of CT cycles was not associated with DFI. Overall, post-treatment DFI in cancer patients was not significantly different from that of proven fertile controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this study, the presence of cancer does not seem to negatively affect the sperm DNA integrity in TGCT and HL patients; only NHL patients showed increased DFI at the time of diagnosis compared with healthy controls. Our results confirm previous reports that DFI decreases significantly following various anti-cancer treatments. In contrast, radiotherapy in TGCT patients is associated with an increase in DFI compared with CT treatment alone.
authors.affiliation: Andrology Unit of the Department of Urology, Erasmus MC, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands. m.smit.3@erasmusmc.nl
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Smit
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: van Casteren
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Wildhagen
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Romijn
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Dohle
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D053938:DNA Fragmentation; D006689:Hodgkin Disease / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000532:radiotherapy; D006801:Humans; D008228:Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000532:radiotherapy; D008297:Male; D009373:Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000532:radiotherapy; D055101:Semen Analysis; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000187:drug effects*; D013736:Testicular Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000532:radiotherapy
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents