title: Normative bone mineral density z-scores for Canadians aged 16 to 24 years: the Canadian Multicenter Osteoporosis Study.
abstract: The objectives of the study were to develop bone mineral density (BMD) reference norms and BMD Z-scores at various skeletal sites, to determine whether prior fracture and/or asthma were related to BMD, and to assess possible geographic variation of BMD among Canadian youth aged 16-24 yr. Z-Scores were defined as the number of standard deviations from the mean BMD of a healthy population of the same age, race, and sex. Z-Scores were calculated using the reference sample defined as Canadian Caucasian participants without asthma or prior fracture. Reference standards were created for lumbar spine (L1-L4), femoral neck, total hip, and greater trochanter, by each year of age (16-24 yr), and by sex. The Z-score norms were developed for groups noted earlier. Mean Z-scores between the asthma or fracture subgroups compared with the mean Z-scores in the reference sample were not different. There were minor differences in mean BMD across different Canadian geographic regions. This study provides age, sex, and skeletal site-specific Caucasian reference norms and formulae for the calculation of BMD Z-scores for Canadian youth aged 16-24 yr. This information will be valuable to help to identify individuals with clinically meaningful low BMD.
authors.affiliation: CaMos Methods Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Langsetmo
authors.forename: Claudie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Berger
authors.forename: Jonathan D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Adachi
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Papaioannou
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ioannidis
authors.forename: Colin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Webber
authors.forename: Stephanie A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Atkinson
authors.forename: Wojciech P
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Olszynski
authors.forename: Jacques P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Hanley
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Josse
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kreiger
authors.forename: Jerilynn
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Prior
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kaiser
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kirkland
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Goltzman
authors.forename: Kenneth Shawn
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Davison
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001249:Asthma / Q000503:physiopathology; D015519:Bone Density; D002170:Canada; D005260:Female; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012016:Reference Values; D055815:Young Adult