title: Metam sodium reduces viability and infectivity of Eimeria oocysts.
abstract: Metam sodium (MS, sodium N-methyldithiocarbamate) is a widely used soil pesticide. Fumigation or chemical sterilization of poultry litter containing infectious oocysts could be an effective strategy to block the transmission of avian coccidia. In the current study, the effect of MS on the viability and infectivity of ocysts was investigated. The development of isolated, unsporulated oocysts of both Eimeria tenella and Eimeria maxima was inhibited, in a dose-related manner (IC(50) 8 to 14 microg/ml), by exposure to aqueous MS. Most treated oocysts failed to develop beyond early stages of sporulation. To determine the effect of MS on infectivity, isolated oocysts of E. tenella , Eimeria acervulina , and E. maxima were exposed for 24 hr to aqueous concentrations of MS ranging from 0 to 1,000 microg/ml. Treated oocysts were inoculated into chickens, and parameters of coccidiosis infection were compared to chickens inoculated with equal numbers of untreated oocysts. In a dose-related manner, MS significantly reduced the infectivity of oocysts with maximum effect observed at a dose of 300 microg/ml. When a mixture of oocysts containing 3 coccidian species was exposed to 300 microg/ml MS, from 0 to 24 hr, infectivity of oocysts was significantly reduced after a minimum of 12 hr of exposure. Treatment of aqueous slurries of litter samples obtained from commercial poultry houses, with 300 microg/ml MS for 24 hr, prevented the sporulation of eimerian oocysts in the litter samples relative to untreated control samples. The results indicate that MS could be used to reduce coccidial contamination of poultry litter.
authors.affiliation: Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Animal and Natural Resources Institute, Henry A Wallace, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA. Raymond.Fetterer@ars.usda.gov
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Fetterer
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Jenkins
authors.forename: K B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Miska
authors.forename: G D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Cain
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002645:Chickens / Q000469:parasitology*; D003048:Coccidiosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004539:Eimeria / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D005430:Floors and Floorcoverings; D008297:Male; D008372:Manure / Q000469:parasitology; D033661:Oocysts / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D011201:Poultry Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000469:parasitology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011897:Random Allocation; D033761:Spores, Protozoan / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D013859:Thiocarbamates / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents; D008372:Manure; D013859:Thiocarbamates; C008435:methyldithiocarbamate