title: Postoperative sepsis in the United States.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the incidence of postoperative sepsis after elective procedures, to define surgical procedures with the greatest risk for developing sepsis, and to evaluate patient and hospital confounders.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The development of sepsis after elective surgical procedures imposes a significant clinical and resource utilization burden in the United States. We evaluated the development of sepsis after elective procedures in a nationally representative patient cohort and assessed the effect of sociodemographic and hospital characteristics on the development of postoperative sepsis.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Nationwide inpatient sample was queried between 2002 and 2006 and patients developing sepsis after elective procedures were identified using the patient safety indicator "Postoperative Sepsis" (PSI-13). Case-mix adjusted rates were calculated by using a multivariate logistic regression model for sepsis risk and an indirect standardization method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 6,512,921 weighted elective surgical cases met the inclusion criteria and 78,669 cases (1.21%) developed postoperative sepsis. Case-mix adjustment for age, race, gender, hospital bed size, hospital location, hospital teaching status, and patient income demonstrated esophageal, pancreatic, and gastric procedures represented the greatest risk for the development of postoperative sepsis. Thoracic, adrenal, and hepatic operations accounted for the greatest mortality rates if sepsis developed. Increasing age, Blacks, Hispanics, and men were more likely to develop sepsis. Decreased median household income, larger hospital bed size, urban hospital location, and nonteaching status were associated with greater rates of postoperative sepsis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The development of postoperative sepsis is multifactorial and procedures, most likely to develop sepsis, did not demonstrate the greatest mortality after sepsis developed. Factors associated with the development of sepsis included race, age, hospital size, hospital location, and patient income. Further evaluation of high-risk procedures, populations, and environments may assist in reducing this costly complication.
authors.affiliation: The Surgical Outcomes Research Group, Department of Surgery, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Todd R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Vogel
authors.forename: Viktor Y
authors.initials: VY
authors.lastname: Dombrovskiy
authors.forename: Jeffrey L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Carson
authors.forename: Alan M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.forename: Stephen F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Lowry
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D017558:Elective Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018805:Sepsis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult