title: Acute increase of complexity in the neurocardiovascular dynamics following carotid stenting.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Percutaneous carotid angioplasty and stenting (CAS) has been used to improve cerebral circulation and autoregulation. However, whether CAS ameliorates the autonomic regulatory dynamics remains unclear. This prospective study examines the neurocardiovascular dynamics following carotid stenting.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty minutes electrocardiograms were recorded at three different time points (pre-operative, 1-h post-operative, 1-day post-operative) on twelve male patients (mean age 70.8 ± 9.6 years) receiving unilateral primary CAS. The HR data were analyzed by the conventional heart rate variability (HRV) and the multiscale entropy (MSE) methods; the former associates with autonomic activities and the latter quantifies the regulatory complexity of heart beat intervals. Loss of complexity at multiple scales has been associated with decoupled regulatory network in vivo.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Conventional HRV indices showed no difference after CAS. Complexity indices increased significantly on scales 2-8 at 1-h and on scales 2-3 1-day post-treatment. The lower scale MSE (1-5) correlated with the frequency components of conventional HRV indices. The increased complexity could imply a restoration of the neurocardiovascular dynamics on the path to a healthier state.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Primary CAS can induce a recovery in the neurocardiovascular regulatory dynamics in patients with high-grade carotid stenosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
authors.forename: H-K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: P-H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: F-C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: K-P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: H-H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: M-C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Su
authors.forename: M-T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Lo
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D017130:Angioplasty / Q000379:methods; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009460:Neurologic Examination / Q000379:methods; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015607:Stents; D020521:Stroke / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy