title: Are social judgements made by children in relation to orthodontic appliances?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There is evidence to suggest that social judgements are made on the basis of dental appearance. This study sought to determine how children view other children with fixed orthodontic appliances.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional, self-completion questionnaire.
  
  
  METHODS
  Year 7 (aged 11-12 years) and year 10 (aged 14-15 years) school children (the participants) were invited to look at colour photographs of one girl and one boy (the subjects) and to make a social judgement about these children. Participants were randomly allocated either pictures of the two children without fixed orthodontic appliances or pictures of the same children with fixed orthodontic appliances. Using a previously validated child-centred questionnaire, participants rated subjects using a four-point Likert scale for three negative and six positive attributes. Multivariate analysis of variance was used to determine whether participant year group or gender and the presence of the orthodontic appliance had a significant effect on total attribute score.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three hundred and twenty-two children completed the questionnaires, giving a response rate of 69%. There was a significant effect of year group (P = 0.003) and gender of the participant (P = 0.031) on the attribute score. There was no effect according to the presence or absence of an orthodontic appliance (P = 0.791). Female participants gave more positive ratings than their male peers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study has found that children do not make social judgements about other children purely on the basis of wearing a fixed orthodontic appliance, suggesting that they are viewed as part of a normal dental appearance in adolescence.
authors.affiliation: The University of Sheffield, UK.
authors.forename: Ajay
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Helen D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Rodd
authors.forename: Sarah R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.forename: Zoe
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Marshman
authors.forename: Peter G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: Philip E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Benson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009967:Orthodontic Appliances; D009971:Orthodontics, Corrective / Q000523:psychology; D012737:Sex Factors; D012928:Social Desirability; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires