title: Pure ethiodized oil as a capillary embolic agent with and without ethanol-ethiodol mixture in the rabbit kidney: embolic efficacy and temporal histopathologic findings.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the extent of ablation and the temporal histopathologic findings associated with selective arterial injection of pure Ethiodol in the normal rabbit kidney, with or without arterial occlusion of the main renal artery.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 19 rabbits, 27 kidneys were embolized by injecting 0.6 mL of pure Ethiodol into the main renal artery to achieve capillary stasis. A 9:1 ethanol-ethiodized oil mixture was then injected into 17 of the 27 kidneys until complete arterial stasis was accomplished. Macro- and microscopic evaluation was performed 10 minutes to 6 weeks and 60 minutes to 1 week, respectively, for kidneys with and without arterial occlusion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ethiodol followed by ethanol-Ethiodol mixture (mean +/- standard deviation, 0.37 mL +/- 0.03) caused complete and permanent arterial stasis in all 17 kidneys. Thrombosis of the large arteries occurred initially. Ischemic coagulative necrosis of renal tubules and damage to glomeruli were detected 2 hours after embolization. Within 24 hours, the glomeruli and most tubules of the cortex and medulla were necrotic. Without arterial occlusion, the arteriocapillary bed of the kidneys was completely patent, with normal contrast medium excretion. Ethiodol was observed in glomeruli and interstitial capillaries from 60 minutes to 1 week and caused mild acute glomerulitis from day 1. The lesions were confined to the glomeruli, and no significant parenchymal changes were observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the rabbit, selective arterial injection of pure Ethiodol produces complete renal ablation within 24 hours if prompt and permanent occlusion of the arterial compartment guarantees its permanent capillary retention.
authors.affiliation: Section of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Division of Diagnostic Imaging, Unit 325, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA. akonya@mdanderson.org
authors.forename: András
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kónya
authors.forename: L Clifton
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Stephens
authors.forename: Kenneth C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Wright
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002196:Capillaries / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic / Q000379:methods*; D000431:Ethanol / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004998:Ethiodized Oil / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006490:Hemostatics / Q000008:administration & dosage; D011817:Rabbits; D012077:Renal Artery / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D004338:Drug Combinations; D006490:Hemostatics; D000431:Ethanol; D004998:Ethiodized Oil