title: Body mass index and bleeding complications after percutaneous coronary intervention: does bivalirudin make a difference?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The association between obesity and bleeding after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is not well defined. We investigated the impact of body mass index (BMI) on PCI-related bleeding, and whether bivalirudin, compared to heparin, used as PCI anticoagulant modifies this relationship.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 2000 to 2009, 16,783 patients who underwent PCI were grouped according to 6 BMI groups: underweight (<18.5 kg/m(2)), "normal" weight (18.5-24.9 kg/m(2)), overweight (25-29.9 kg/m(2)), class I (30-34.9 kg/m(2)), class II (35-39.9 kg/m(2)), and class III obesity (> or =40 kg/m(2)). Bivalirudin was used in 11,433 patients and heparin in 5,350. In-hospital major bleeding (hematocrit drop > or =15% or gastrointestinal bleeding) and need for transfusion rates were collected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence of major bleeding varied significantly throughout the BMI spectrum (5.6% vs 2.5% vs 1.9% vs 1.6% vs 2.1% vs 1.9%, respectively, from underweight to class III obese patients, P < .001). The incidence of transfusion across BMI followed the same reverse J-shape curve (10.9% vs 6.6% vs 3.6% vs 3.4% vs 3.8% vs 5.6%, P < .001). After adjustment for potential confounding factors, underweight patients had neither an increased risk for major bleeding nor an increased risk for transfusion compared with "normal" weight patients. Class I obese patients had a lower risk of major bleeding (odds ratio [OR] 0.68 [95% CI 0.48-0.97]). Overweight, class I, and II obese patients had a lower risk of transfusion (respectively, OR 0.68 [0.55-0.84], 0.68 [0.53-0.87], and 0.66 [0.48-0.92]). The highest BMI patients had neither an increased risk for major bleeding (class II and III obesity) nor an increased risk for transfusion (class III obesity). The same reverse J-shaped relationship to BMI seen in the overall population for the raw incidence of major bleeding was found when the population was divided according to type of anticoagulant used as follows: bivalirudin or heparin. Likewise, the "need for transfusion" relationship to BMI is not altered by bivalirudin use.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The better outcome for bleeding seen in patients in the middle of the BMI spectrum suggests the existence of a "bleeding obesity paradox," which persists after adjustment by confounding factors and exists irrespective of the anticoagulant used.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA.
authors.forename: Cédric
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Delhaye
authors.forename: Kohei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wakabayashi
authors.forename: Gabriel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Maluenda
authors.forename: Loic
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Belle
authors.forename: Itsik
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ben-Dor
authors.forename: Manuel A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Gonzalez
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Gaglia
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Torguson
authors.forename: Zhenyi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Xue
authors.forename: William O
authors.initials: WO
authors.lastname: Suddath
authors.forename: Lowell F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Satler
authors.forename: Kenneth M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Kent
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lindsay
authors.forename: Augusto D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Pichard
authors.forename: Ron
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Waksman
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015906:Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000991:Antithrombins; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006629:Hirudins / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000009:adverse effects*; D019106:Postoperative Hemorrhage / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011379:Prognosis; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000009:adverse effects; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D000991:Antithrombins; D006629:Hirudins; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; C074619:bivalirudin