title: The Finometer can function as a standalone instrument in blood pressure variability studies and does not require support equipment to determine breathing frequency.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The Finometer records the beat-to-beat finger pulse contour and has been recommended for research studies assessing short-term changes of blood pressure and its variability. Variability measured in the frequency domain using spectral analysis requires the impact of breathing be restricted to high frequency spectra (>0.15 Hz) so that the data from participants need to be excluded when the breathing impact occurs in the low frequency spectra (0.04-0.15 Hz). This study tested whether breathing frequency can be estimated from standard Finometer recordings using either stroke volume oscillation frequency or spectral stroke volume variability maximum scores.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-two healthy volunteers were tested for 270 s in the supine and upright positions. Finometer recorded the finger pulse contour and a respiratory transducer recorded breathing. Stoke volume oscillation frequency was calculated manually whereas the stroke volume spectral maximums were obtained using the software Cardiovascular Parameter Analysis. These estimates were compared with the breathing frequency using the Bland-Altman procedures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Stroke volume oscillation frequency estimated breathing frequency to less than +/-10% and 95% levels of agreement in both supine (-7.7 to 7.0%) and upright (-6.7 to 5.4%) postures. Stroke volume variability maximum scores did not accurately estimate breathing frequency.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Breathing frequency can be accurately derived from standard Finometer recordings using stroke volume oscillations for healthy individuals in both supine and upright postures. The Finometer can function as a standalone instrument in blood pressure variability studies and does not require support equipment to determine the breathing frequency.
authors.affiliation: University of Westminster, London, UK. research@micmcmullen.se
authors.forename: Michael K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: McMullen
authors.forename: Julie M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Whitehouse
authors.forename: Gillian
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Shine
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Towell
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D001795:Blood Pressure Determination / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010991:Plethysmography / Q000379:methods*; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology; D012119:Respiration; D013318:Stroke Volume / Q000502:physiology; D016683:Supine Position / Q000502:physiology