title: Accuracy of four-dimensional spatiotemporal image correlation echocardiography in the prenatal diagnosis of congenital heart defects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the accuracy of four-dimensional (4D) spatiotemporal image correlation (STIC) echocardiography for the diagnosis of fetal congenital heart disease (CHD) in a selected high-risk population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three hundred and sixty-three pregnant women referred for suspected CHD on screening ultrasound were evaluated by means of conventional echocardiography between 14 and 41 weeks' gestation and 4D-STIC volumes were obtained (including gray-scale and color Doppler information). Stored volumes were analyzed, at least 1 year after they had been acquired, by examiners blinded to the patients' identities and outcomes. The STIC diagnoses were compared to those made on conventional two-dimensional echocardiography and the accuracy of diagnosis was assessed with respect to postnatal examination, or autopsy in cases of termination of pregnancy or perinatal death.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean gestational age at volume acquisition was 24 + 5 weeks. STIC evaluation was possible in 98% of cases. Twenty-one cases were lost to follow-up, with a total of 167 normal hearts and 175 cases of CHD diagnosed at postnatal evaluation. The overall accuracy, sensitivity, specificity and positive and negative predictive values of STIC in determining the presence or absence of CHD were 91.6, 94.9, 88.1, 89.7 and 94.0%, respectively. Absolute concordance with the final specific diagnosis among cases with confirmed CHD was 74.3% for STIC echocardiography, compared with 81.7% for real-time evaluation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  4D-STIC echocardiography performed by experienced operators can be used in fetuses at risk for cardiac anomalies in order to reliably provide reassurance of normality or to accurately diagnose major structural heart defects.
authors.affiliation: Maternal-Fetal Medicine Department, Institut Clínic de Ginecologia, Obstetrícia I Neonatologia (ICGON), Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bennasar
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Martínez
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Gómez
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bartrons
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Olivella
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Puerto
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gratacós
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002306:Cardiac Volume / Q000502:physiology*; D019561:Echocardiography, Four-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005318:Fetal Heart / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005865:Gestational Age; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D018566:Pregnancy, High-Risk; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal / Q000379:methods; D055815:Young Adult