title: Microspherules from sugars in the absence of nitrogen.
abstract: Reactions of short sugars under mild, plausibly prebiotic conditions yield organic microspherules that may have played a role in prebiotic chemistry as primitive reaction vessels. It has been widely thought that nitrogen chemistry, in particular Amadori rearrangement, is central to this process, Here we show that microspherules form in the absence of any nitrogen compounds if the pH is sufficiently low. In particular, while the microspherule formation induced by ammonium acetate (pH 7) is not reproduced by ammonium chloride (pH 5), it is reproduced by oxalic acid and by hydrochloric acid (pH 1). The formation of microspherules in the presence of oxalic acid is similar to that in the presence of ammonium acetate: aqueous reactions of D-erythrose, D-ribose, 2-deoxy-D-ribose and D-fructose in the presence of oxalic acid produce microspherules ranging in size from approximately 1-5 μm after eight weeks incubation at 65°C, while the aldohexoses D-glucose, D-galactose and D-mannose do not. This pattern correlates with the occurrence of furanose forms in these sugars.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454-9110, USA.
authors.forename: Danielle
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rand
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Belenky
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Herzfeld
mesh_terms: D000085:Acetates / Q000737:chemistry; D000643:Ammonium Chloride / Q000737:chemistry; D040761:Biomimetic Materials / Q000737:chemistry; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006851:Hydrochloric Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D015416:Maillard Reaction; D008863:Microspheres; D009005:Monosaccharides / Q000737:chemistry*; D009584:Nitrogen; D019815:Oxalic Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D056692:Prebiotics; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000085:Acetates; D009005:Monosaccharides; D056692:Prebiotics; D000643:Ammonium Chloride; D014867:Water; D019815:Oxalic Acid; D009584:Nitrogen; D006851:Hydrochloric Acid; C018824:ammonium acetate