title: Plasma circulatory markers in male and female patients with coronary artery disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Inflammatory processes play a role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, and plasma circulatory markers have been associated with cardiovascular risk. There is no single report in which adhesion molecule and circulatory cytokines have been evaluated in a single population set with coronary artery disease (CAD) on the basis of gender. Thus, we evaluated plasma circulatory markers in patients with CAD and in controls that were divided by gender (because functioning of circulatory markers and response toward conventional factors are not identical in men and women) and by conventional risk factors such as smoking and alcohol intake.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 192 patients with CAD (148 male and 44 female) and 192 controls with no symptoms of CAD (142 male and 50 female) were enrolled. Detection of concentration to high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-13, interferon (IFN)-gamma, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, and adhesion molecules (intercellular adhesion molecule [ICAM]-1 and vascular adhesion molecule [VCAM]-1) was performed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In male patients with CAD, levels of IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-13, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, hsCRP (P < .001), and IFN-gamma (P = .003) were significantly higher compared with controls; however, levels of IL-10 were significantly lower (P < .001). In female patients with CAD, levels of IL-4, hsCRP, VCAM-1 (P = .001), and IL-13 (P = .028) were significantly higher and IL-10 levels were significantly lower (P < .001) compared with controls. In addition, levels of circulatory markers were strongly associated with male smokers and imperceptibly associated with male alcoholics and female smokers and alcoholics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study compared the plasma circulatory markers between patients with CAD and healthy controls, between patients with CAD who smoke and controls, and between alcoholic patients with CAD and controls divided by gender. Moreover, among circulatory markers studied, higher levels were found for IL-4, IL-13, hsCRP, and VCAM-1, and lower levels were found for IL-10 in male and female patients with CAD compared with healthy controls.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pathology, Indian Council of Medical Research, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Hem C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Jha
authors.forename: Aabha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Divya
authors.forename: Jagdish
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Prasad
authors.forename: Aruna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mittal
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules / Q000097:blood*; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000451:nursing; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood; D007372:Interferons / Q000097:blood; D007378:Interleukins / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012737:Sex Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules; D007378:Interleukins; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D007372:Interferons