title: Effects of blending of desalinated water with treated surface drinking water on copper and lead release.
abstract: This study examined effects of desalinated water on the corrosion of and metal release from copper and lead-containing materials. A jar test protocol was employed to examine metal release from copper and lead-tin coupons exposed to water chemistries with varying blending ratios of desalinated water, alkalinities, pHs and orthophosphate levels. Increasing fractions of desalinated water in the blends resulted in non-monotonic changes of copper and lead release, with generally lower metal concentrations in the presence of desalinated water, especially when its contribution increased from 80% to 100%. SEM examination showed that the increased fractions of desalinated water were associated with pronounced changes of the morphology of the corrosion scales, likely due to the influence of natural organic matter. This hypothesis was corroborated by the existence of correlations between changes of the zeta-potential of representative minerals (malachite and hydrocerussite) and metal release. For practical applications, maintaining pH at 7.8 and adding 1 mg/L orthophosphate as PO(4) were concluded to be adequate to decrease copper and lead release. Lower alkalinity of desalinated water was beneficial for blends containing 50% or more desalinated water.
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Box 352700, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. haizhou@u.washington.edu
authors.forename: Haizhou
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Kenneth D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Schonberger
authors.forename: Gregory V
authors.initials: GV
authors.lastname: Korshin
authors.forename: John F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Ferguson
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Meyerhofer
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Desormeaux
authors.forename: Heidi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Luckenbach
mesh_terms: D003300:Copper / Q000737:chemistry; D003343:Corrosion; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000737:chemistry*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007854:Lead / Q000737:chemistry; D008670:Metals / Q000737:chemistry*; D010710:Phosphates / Q000737:chemistry; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000737:chemistry*; D012995:Solubility; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods; D014881:Water Supply / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D008670:Metals; D010710:Phosphates; D007854:Lead; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D003300:Copper