title: Single versus multi-dose vaccine vials: an economic computational model.
abstract: Single-dose vaccine formats can prevent clinic-level vaccine wastage but may incur higher production, medical waste disposal, and storage costs than multi-dose formats. To help guide vaccine developers, manufacturers, distributors, and purchasers, we developed a computational model to predict the potential economic impact of various single-dose versus multi-dose measles (MEA), hemophilus influenzae type B (Hib), Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG), yellow fever (YF), and pentavalent (DTP-HepB-Hib) vaccine formats. Lower patient demand favors fewer dose formats. The mean daily patient arrival thresholds for each vaccine format are as follows: for the MEA vaccine, 2 patients/day (below which the single-dose vial and above which the 10-dose vial are least costly); BCG vaccine, 6 patients/day (below, 10-dose vial; above, 20-dose vial); Hib vaccine, 5 patients/day (below, single-dose vial; above, 10-dose vial); YF vaccine, 33 patients/day (below, 5-dose vials; above 50-dose vial); and DTP-HepB-Hib vaccine, 5 patients/day (below, single-dose vial; above, 10-dose vial).
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. BYL1@pitt.edu
authors.forename: Bruce Y
authors.initials: BY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Bryan A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Norman
authors.forename: Tina-Marie
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Assi
authors.forename: Sheng-I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Rachel R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Bailey
authors.forename: Jayant
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rajgopal
authors.forename: Shawn T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Ann E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Wiringa
authors.forename: Donald S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Burke
mesh_terms: D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D004356:Drug Storage / Q000191:economics; D006801:Humans; D017744:Medical Waste Disposal / Q000191:economics; D018803:Models, Economic; D014611:Vaccination / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014612:Vaccines / Q000191:economics*; D017778:Vaccines, Combined / Q000191:economics*
chemical_list: D017744:Medical Waste Disposal; D014612:Vaccines; D017778:Vaccines, Combined