title: Relation of early antibiotic use to childhood asthma: confounding by indication?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Findings from studies of the relation between early antibiotic use and subsequent asthma have been inconsistent, which may be attributable to methodologic issues.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Our objective was to assess the impact of confounding by indication on the relation of early antibiotic use to childhood asthma through age 5 in a non-selected birth cohort (n=424).
  
  
  METHODS
  Oral antibiotic use was assessed by frequent nurse interviews in the first 9 months of life. Physician-diagnosed active asthma and eczema were assessed by questionnaire at 1, 2, 3, and 5 years, and were considered as ever asthma or ever eczema if positive at any age. Allergen-specific IgE was assessed in plasma at 1, 2, 3, and 5 years. Confounding by indication was investigated by considering the relation of asthma to antibiotic use while controlling for the number of illness visits to a physician in early life.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no statistically significant relation of early antibiotic use with physician-diagnosed eczema or allergen-specific IgE. A dose-response relation was evident for antibiotic use with ever asthma (odds ratio [OR]=1.5, P=0.047). Ever asthma also increased significantly with the number of illness visits to a physician (P<0.001). After adjustment for number of illness visits, antibiotic use showed no relation with asthma.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The relation of asthma to antibiotics in this cohort appears to be an artefact of the strong relation of number of physician visits for illness with both antibiotic use and risk for asthma.
authors.affiliation: Arizona Respiratory Center, College of Public Health, Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Su
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rothers
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Stern
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Halonen
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Wright
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001249:Asthma / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D006801:Humans; D007073:Immunoglobulin E / Q000097:blood; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D009819:Office Visits; D015995:Prevalence
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D007073:Immunoglobulin E