title: Stereotactic lesions for the treatment of psychiatric disorders.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The use of deep brain stimulation (DBS) has recently been expanded to the investigational treatment of specific psychiatric disorders. Much like movement disorders, the targets selected for DBS are based on past experience with stereotactic lesions. A literature review of past studies incorporating stereotactic lesions for psychiatric disorders was performed to provide historical context and possible guidance for current and future attempts at treating psychiatric disorders with DBS.
  
  
  METHODS
  Original copies of the proceedings of the second, third, fourth, and fifth World Congresses of Psychiatric Surgery meetings were reviewed, and a Medline search was conducted for studies with the word "psychosurgery" and each of 14 highly prevalent psychiatric conditions identified by the National Institute of Mental Health. Postoperative results for 1145 patients with stereotactic brain lesions targeting various anatomical foci were standardized using a 5-point scale (3 [free of symptoms] to -1 [worse]). Each patient was entered into a database as a unique data point and used for this literature review.
  
  
  RESULTS
  General anxiety disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder had the greatest reported improvements from anterior capsulotomy, and bipolar disorder, depression, and schizoaffective disorder had the greatest reported improvements from anterior cingulotomy, supporting these areas for DBS investigation. Addiction and schizophrenia showed the least improvement from surgery. Therefore, pursuing the treatment of these disorders with DBS using the targets in these studies may be ineffective.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides retrospective data that suggest which anatomical focus may be effective to lesion or stimulate for the treatment of each of several psychiatric disorders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20037, USA. jleiphart@mfa.gwu.edu
authors.forename: James W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Leiphart
authors.forename: Frank H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Valone
mesh_terms: D046690:Deep Brain Stimulation; D006801:Humans; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000601:surgery*; D011612:Psychosurgery; D013238:Stereotaxic Techniques