title: A patient mobility framework that travels: European and United States-Mexican comparisons.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop a framework that parsimoniously explains divergent patient mobility in the United States and Europe.
  
  
  METHODS
  Review of studies of patient mobility; data from the 2007 Flash Eurobarometer and the 2001 California Health Interview Survey was analyzed; and we reviewed government policies and documents in the United States and Europe.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four types of patient mobility are defined: primary, complementary, duplicative, and institutionalized. Primary exit occurs when people without comprehensive insurance travel because they cannot afford to pay for health insurance or directly finance care, as in the United States and Mexico. Second, people will exit to buy complementary services not covered, or partially covered by domestic health insurance, in both the United States and Europe. Third, in Europe, patient mobility for duplicative services provides faster or better quality treatment. Finally, governments and insurers can encourage institutionalized exit through expanded delivery options and financing. Institutionalized exit is developing in Europe, but uncoordinated and geographically limited in the United States.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This parsimonious framework explains patient mobility by considering domestic health system characteristics relating to cost and quality.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Policy & Management, Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health, 722 W. 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA. Ml3111@columbia.edu
authors.forename: Miriam J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Laugesen
authors.forename: Arturo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vargas-Bustamante
mesh_terms: D005060:Europe; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006291:Health Policy; D006296:Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D006801:Humans; D019458:Insurance Coverage; D007348:Insurance, Health; D007391:International Cooperation; D057193:Medical Tourism / Q000191:economics / Q000639:trends*; D008800:Mexico; D009042:Motivation; D011787:Quality of Health Care; D014481:United States