title: Updating signal typing in voice: addition of type 4 signals.
abstract: The addition of a fourth type of voice to Titze's voice classification scheme is proposed. This fourth voice type is characterized by primarily stochastic noise behavior and is therefore unsuitable for both perturbation and correlation dimension analysis. Forty voice samples were classified into the proposed four types using narrowband spectrograms. Acoustic, perceptual, and correlation dimension analyses were completed for all voice samples. Perturbation measures tended to increase with voice type. Based on reliability cutoffs, the type 1 and type 2 voices were considered suitable for perturbation analysis. Measures of unreliability were higher for type 3 and 4 voices. Correlation dimension analyses increased significantly with signal type as indicated by a one-way analysis of variance. Notably, correlation dimension analysis could not quantify the type 4 voices. The proposed fourth voice type represents a subset of voices dominated by noise behavior. Current measures capable of evaluating type 4 voices provide only qualitative data (spectrograms, perceptual analysis, and an infinite correlation dimension). Type 4 voices are highly complex and the development of objective measures capable of analyzing these voices remains a topic of future investigation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792, USA.
authors.forename: Alicia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sprecher
authors.forename: Aleksandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Olszewski
authors.forename: Jack J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001519:Behavior; D019992:Databases as Topic; D003936:Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009622:Noise; D010699:Phonation; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012984:Software; D013018:Sound Spectrography; D013061:Speech Acoustics; D013064:Speech Disorders / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis; D013269:Stochastic Processes; D014831:Voice; D014833:Voice Quality; D055815:Young Adult