title: Effectiveness of pads and enclosures as safety interventions on consumer trampolines.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Trampolines continue to be a major source of childhood injury.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine available data on trampoline injuries in order to determine the effectiveness of padding and enclosures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Trampoline injuries from the NEISS database from 2002 to 2007 were reclassified into five cause-categories, to examine evidence for injury trends.
  
  
  METHODS
  The ASTM trampoline standard recommendations for safety padding were upgraded in 1999 and enclosures were introduced in 1997. This is the first study to examine the impact of these changes.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sampling frame comprises patients with NEISS product code 'consumer trampolines' (1233). A systematic sample of 360 patients each year is taken.
  
  
  METHODS
  The prominent interventions recommended by the ASTM are netting enclosures to prevent falling off and safety padding to cover frames and springs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Proportion of injuries within each cause-category and trend estimates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no evidence for a decline within the injury cause-categories that should be prevented by these interventions from 2002 to 2007.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  If these interventions were effective the associated injury causes would be in decline. Instead they remain close to half of all trampoline injuries with no significant change over the period of the study. Follow-up studies are proposed to determine the reasons. Given the number of injuries involved it is recommended that steps be taken to ensure these safety interventions or their equivalents are in place, work properly and remain effective for the life of consumer trampolines.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, Canterbury, New Zealand. keith.alexander@canterbury.ac.nz
authors.forename: Keith
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Alexander
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Eager
authors.forename: Carl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Scarrott
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sushinsky
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017677:Age Distribution; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data* / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D004204:Joint Dislocations / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D019876:Sports Equipment / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000592:standards; D055815:Young Adult