title: Prevalence and pattern of renal bone disease in end stage renal disease patients in Ile-Ife, Nigeria.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Information on renal bone disease (RBD) is sparse in Nigeria. The prevalence of RBD in a dialysis population worldwide ranges between 33% and 67% and it increases with progression of renal insufficiency.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence and magnitude of RBD in patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty consecutive ESRD patients were recruited. They had thorough clinical evaluation and investigations which included serum calcium, phosphate, alkaline phosphatase, albumin and skeletal survey. The serum iPTH, osteocalcin, and 1,25 (OH2) D3 were assessed in 20 patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The patients were aged 18-72 years with a mean of 38.93+/-15.7 years. There was a male:female ratio of 4:1. Uraemic symptoms were the major presenting complaints. None of the patients complained of bone pain or fracture. The mean values for serum creatinine, urea, creatinine clearance, calcium, phosphate, albumin, alkaline phosphatase, iPTH, osteocalcin and 1,25 (OH)2 Vit D3 were 1478.96 +/- 771.12 micromol/L, 22.33 +/- 7.42 mmol/L, 3.38 +/-2.22 mls/min, 1.8 +/- 0.5 mmol/L, 1.61 +/- 0.65 mmol/L, 30.2 +/- 6.1 g/L, 124.33 +/- 63.37 IU/L, 22.66 +/- 24.72, 45.14 +/- 43.8, 37.7 +/- 22.3 respectively. There were hypocalcaemia and hyper-phosphataemia in 80% and 60% of the patients respectively. Alkaline phosphatase was elevated in 44% of the patients while 11.8% had hyperparathyroidism. Level of 1,25 (OH)2 Vit D3 was low in 83.3% of the patients. There was a significant negative correlation between serum calcium and iPTH levels (r = -0.915, p=0.029). There was also significant negative correlation between alkaline phosphatase and 1,25 (OH)2 Vit D3 and serum albumin. Radiological evidence of RBD occurred in only 16.7% of the patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Renal bone disease is common in our patients with ESRD associated most commonly with low bone turnover while occurrence of hyperparathyroid bone disease appears low.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex, Ile-Ife.
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Sanusi
authors.forename: F A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Arogundade
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oladigbo
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Ogini
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Akinsola
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D002118:Calcium / Q000097:blood; D012080:Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009549:Nigeria / Q000453:epidemiology; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone / Q000097:blood; D015995:Prevalence; D011859:Radiography; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects*; D017678:Sex Distribution; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D010281:Parathyroid Hormone; D002118:Calcium