title: Venovenous malformation: a common finding after Kawashima operation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It has been reported that systemic venovenous malformation (VVM) can develop in patients with interrupted inferior vena cava (IVC) and univentricular type of congenital heart disease who undergo superior vena cava to pulmonary artery connection (Kawashima operation). These malformations can lead to profound systemic desaturation postoperatively. However, there have been few reports that characterise the prevalence, anatomic details and clinical correlations of these systemic VVM arising after Kawashima operation. In this study, we describe our experience with VVM after Kawashima operation, and discuss issues regarding their evaluation and postoperative management.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight patients with median age 19 months (range: 5-238) who underwent Kawashima operation were subjected to postoperative angiography, prospectively. Sites of VVM origin and entry, as well as their course, were documented. The presence of pulmonary arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) was also documented.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At median follow-up of 31 months (range: 16-72 months), a total of 14 VVM were found in different supra- and infra-diaphragmatic sites in six patients (75%); four of them had concomitant pulmonary AVM while the remaining two patients had only pulmonary AVM.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that systemic VVM can occur frequently after Kawashima operation and can produce significant desaturation postoperatively, and hence we support hepatic incorporation. Performing detailed angiographic studies of the supra- and infra-diaphragmatic systemic veins in routine assessment of patients before Kawashima operation is, probably, warranted.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. alaabasiouni@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Alaa-Basiouni S
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Mahmoud
authors.forename: Salem
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zahrani
authors.forename: Saud A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Bahaidarah
authors.forename: Amjad A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Kouatli
authors.forename: Ghassan M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Baslaim
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000714:Anastomosis, Surgical / Q000379:methods; D001165:Arteriovenous Malformations / Q000175:diagnosis; D001401:Azygos Vein / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000209:etiology; D007223:Infant; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011651:Pulmonary Artery / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000601:surgery*; D011859:Radiography; D016157:Vascular Fistula / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D014683:Vena Cava, Superior / Q000601:surgery*