title: Estimating view parameters from random projections for Tomography using spherical MDS.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  During the past decade, the computed tomography has been successfully applied to various fields especially in medicine. The estimation of view angles for projections is necessary in some special applications of tomography, for example, the structuring of viruses using electron microscopy and the compensation of the patient's motion over long scanning period.
  
  
  METHODS
  This work introduces a novel approach, based on the spherical multidimensional scaling (sMDS), which transforms the problem of the angle estimation to a sphere constrained embedding problem. The proposed approach views each projection as a high dimensional vector with dimensionality equal to the number of sampling points on the projection. By using SMDS, then each projection vector is embedded onto a 1D sphere which parameterizes the projection with respect to view angles in a globally consistent manner. The parameterized projections are used for the final reconstruction of the image through the inverse radon transform. The entire reconstruction process is non-iterative and computationally efficient.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The effectiveness of the sMDS is verified with various experiments, including the evaluation of the reconstruction quality from different number of projections and resistance to different noise levels. The experimental results demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed method.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study provides an effective technique for the solution of 2D tomography with unknown acquisition view angles. The proposed method will be extended to three dimensional reconstructions in our future work. All materials, including source code and demos, are available on https://engineering.purdue.edu/PRECISE/SMDS.
authors.affiliation: School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA. fang4@purdue.edu
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.forename: Sundar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Murugappan
authors.forename: Karthik
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ramani
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D010363:Pattern Recognition, Automated / Q000379:methods*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011856:Radiographic Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D011857:Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*