title: Is surface EMG biofeedback an effective training method for persons with neck and shoulder complaints after whiplash-associated disorders concerning activities of daily living and pain -- a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effectiveness of surface electromyographic (EMG) biofeedback training as a supplement to an interdisciplinary rehabilitation programme regarding consequences for activities of daily living and pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomized controlled unblinded trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was carried out in a pain unit at a rehabilitation centre.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-five people with chronic whiplash-associated disorders consecutively referred to the pain unit agreed to participate in the study. Participants were randomly assigned to either the treatment or control group.
  
  
  METHODS
  All participants received interdisciplinary rehabilitation and the treatment group also had four weeks of surface EMG biofeedback training.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Canadian Occupational Performance Measure was used at admission discharge and at six-month follow-up to register changes in activities of daily living. The Multidimensional Pain Inventory, Swedish version, was used at admission and at six-month follow-up to capture the multidimensional aspects of pain.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty-two people completed the study. Both treatment and control groups improved significantly according to the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure at discharge and the results remained after six months (P<0.001). The subscale 'Interference' on the Multidimensional Pain Inventory was significantly decreased at six months for the treatment group (P<0.001). No differences were found between the two groups for activities of daily living (performance P = 0.586; satisfaction P = 0.988) at follow-up or for pain level (P = 0.914), indicating no additional effect of the surface EMG biofeedback training.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this study there was no support for the effectiveness of surface EMG biofeedback training as a supplement to an interdisciplinary rehabilitation programme for people with long-lasting pain after whiplash.
authors.affiliation: Södra Alvsborgs Sjukhus and University of Gothenburg, Sweden. cecilia.ehrenborg@vgregion.se
authors.forename: Cecilia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ehrenborg
authors.forename: Birgitha
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Archenholtz
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001676:Biofeedback, Psychology / Q000379:methods*; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019838:Neck Injuries / Q000150:complications; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D000070599:Shoulder Injuries; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014911:Whiplash Injuries / Q000150:complications*; D055815:Young Adult