title: Carotenoid profiles in provitamin A-containing fruits and vegetables affect the bioefficacy in Mongolian gerbils.
abstract: Fruits and vegetables are rich sources of provitamin A carotenoids. We evaluated the vitamin A (VA) bioefficacy of a whole foods supplement (WFS) and its constituent green vegetables (Study 1) and a variety of fruits with varying ratios of provitamin A carotenoids (Study 2) in VA-depleted Mongolian gerbils (n = 77/study). After feeding a VA-deficient diet for 4 and 6 weeks in Studies 1 and 2, respectively, customized diets, equalized for VA, were fed for 4 and 3 weeks, respectively. Both studies utilized negative and VA-positive control groups. In Study 1, liver VA was highest in the VA group (0.82 +/- 0.16 micromol/liver, P < 0.05), followed by brussels sprouts (0.50 +/- 0.15 micromol/liver), Betanat (beta-carotene from Blakeslea trispora) (0.50 +/- 0.12 micromol/liver) and spinach (0.47 +/- 0.09 micromol/liver) groups, which did not differ from baseline. The WFS (0.44 +/- 0.06 micromol/liver) and kale (0.43 +/- 0.14 micromol/liver) groups had lower liver VA than the baseline group (P < 0.05), but did not differ from the brussels sprouts, Betanat and spinach groups. In Study 2, liver VA was highest in the orange (0.67 +/- 0.18 micromol/liver), papaya (0.67 +/- 0.15 micromol/liver) and VA (0.66 +/- 0.14 micromol/liver) groups, followed by the mango (0.58 +/- 0.09 micromol/liver) and tangerine (0.55 +/- 0.15 micromol/liver) groups. These groups did not differ from baseline. The banana group (0.47 +/- 0.15 micromol/liver) was unable to maintain baseline stores of VA and did not differ from the control (0.46 +/- 0.13 mumol/liver). These fruits (except banana), vegetables and the WFS were able to prevent VA deficiency in Mongolian gerbils and could be an effective part of food-based interventions to support VA nutrition in developing countries and worldwide.
authors.affiliation: Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1415 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
authors.forename: Sara A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Arscott
authors.forename: Julie A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Howe
authors.forename: Christopher R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: Sherry A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Tanumihardjo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001937:Brassica / Q000737:chemistry; D029441:Carica / Q000737:chemistry; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D002957:Citrus / Q000737:chemistry; D032084:Citrus sinensis / Q000737:chemistry; D065366:Cryptoxanthins; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry; D005849:Gerbillinae; D008099:Liver / Q000737:chemistry; D014975:Lutein / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D031022:Mangifera / Q000737:chemistry; D018724:Spinacia oleracea / Q000737:chemistry; D014675:Vegetables / Q000737:chemistry; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000032:analysis; D014802:Vitamin A Deficiency / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000517:prevention & control; D024341:Xanthophylls / Q000032:analysis; D019207:beta Carotene / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D065366:Cryptoxanthins; D024341:Xanthophylls; D019207:beta Carotene; D014801:Vitamin A; D002338:Carotenoids; C041635:alpha-carotene; D014975:Lutein