title: Atypical depression is more common than melancholic in fibromyalgia: an observational cohort study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It has been postulated that atypical and melancholic depression subtypes exist in depressed fibromyalgia (FM) patients, yet no study has empirically tested this hypothesis. The purpose of this study is to determine whether major depressive disorder (MDD) with atypical features and MDD with melancholic features occurs in a FM sample and to describe their demographic, clinical and diagnostic characteristics.
  
  
  METHODS
  An observational cohort study using a descriptive cross-sectional design recruited a convenience sample of 76 outpatients with FM from an academic rheumatology clinic and a community mental health practice. Diagnoses of FM were confirmed using the 1990 ACR classification guidelines. Diagnoses of MDD and diagnostic subtypes were determined using the DSM-IV-TR criteria. Clinical characteristics were measured using the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire, Structured Interview Guide for the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale with Atypical Depression Supplement and other standardized instruments. Odds ratios were computed on subtype-specific diagnostic criteria. Correlations assessed associations between subtype diagnoses and diagnostic criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 76 subjects with FM, 11.8% (n = 9) were euthymic, 52.6% (n = 40) met diagnostic criteria for MDD with atypical features and 35.6% (n = 27) for MDD with melancholic features. Groups did not differ on demographic characteristics except for gender (p = 0.01). The non-depressed and atypical groups trended toward having a longer duration of FM symptoms (18.05 yrs. +/- 12.83; 20.36 yrs. +/- 15.07) compared to the melancholic group (14.11 yrs. +/- 8.82; p = 0.09). The two depressed groups experienced greater severity on all clinical features compared to the non-depressed group. The atypical group did not differ clinically from the melancholic group except the latter experienced greater depression severity (p = 0.001). The atypical group demonstrated the highest prevalence and correlations with atypical-specific diagnostic criteria: (e.g., weight gain/ increased appetite: OR = 3.5, p = 0.02), as did the melancholic group for melancholic-specific criteria: (e.g., anhedonia: OR = 20, p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Depressed fibromyalgia patients commonly experience both atypical and melancholic depressive features; however, in this study, atypical depression was 1.5 times more common than melancholic depression. This finding may have significant research and clinical implications.
authors.affiliation: Oregon Health & Science University, School of Nursing, 3455 SW US Veterans Hospital Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA. rossre@ohsu.edu
authors.forename: Rebecca L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.forename: Kim D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Rachel L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.forename: Lisa J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Bennett
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003156:Community Mental Health Services; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D005356:Fibromyalgia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires