Growth response to antiretroviral treatment in HIV-infected children: a cohort study from Lilongwe, Malawi.
OBJECTIVE
Malnutrition is common in HIV-infected children in Africa and an indication for antiretroviral treatment (ART). We examined anthropometric status and response to ART in children treated at a large public-sector clinic in Malawi.


METHODS
All children aged <15 years who started ART between January 2001 and December 2006 were included and followed until March 2008. Weight and height were measured at regular intervals from 1 year before to 2 years after the start of ART. Sex- and age-standardized z-scores were calculated for weight-for-age (WAZ) and height-for-age (HAZ). Predictors of growth were identified in multivariable mixed-effect models.


RESULTS
A total of 497 children started ART and were followed for 972 person-years. Median age (interquartile range; IQR) was 8 years (4-11 years). Most children were underweight (52% of children), stunted (69%), in advanced clinical stages (94% in WHO stages 3 or 4) and had severe immunodeficiency (77%). After starting ART, median (IQR) WAZ and HAZ increased from -2.1 (-2.7 to -1.3) and -2.6 (-3.6 to -1.8) to -1.4 (-2.1 to -0.8) and -1.8 (-2.4 to -1.1) at 24 months, respectively (P < 0.001). In multivariable models, baseline WAZ and HAZ scores were the most important determinants of growth trajectories on ART.


CONCLUSIONS
Despite a sustained growth response to ART among children remaining on therapy, normal values were not reached. Interventions leading to earlier HIV diagnosis and initiation of treatment could improve growth response.
Weigel
Ralf
R
Ministry of Health and Lighthouse Trust at Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi.
Phiri
Sam
S
Chiputula
Fred
F
Gumulira
Joe
J
Brinkhof
Martin
M
Gsponer
Thomas
T
Tweya
Hannock
H
Egger
Matthias
M
Keiser
Olivia
O
D000886:Anthropometry / Q000379:methods; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active / Q000379:methods; D001827:Body Height / Q000187:drug effects; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003906:Developing Countries; D005260:Female; D006128:Growth / Q000187:drug effects*; D006130:Growth Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000821:virology*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008295:Malawi; D008297:Male; D044342:Malnutrition / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology; D011379:Prognosis; D016896:Treatment Outcome
D019380:Anti-HIV Agents