title: Prognostic value of the lymph node ratio in stage III colorectal cancer: a systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although nodal invasion represents one of the most powerful prognostic indicators in colorectal cancer, marked heterogeneity exists within stage III patients. Recently, the lymph node ratio (LNR), defined as the ratio of the number of positive nodes over the total number of examined nodes, was proposed to stratify outcome in stage III patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic search was performed for studies examining the prognostic significance of the LNR in colon or rectal cancer. Individual studies were assessed for methodological quality and summary data extracted. Hazard ratios from multivariate analyses were entered in a fixed-effects meta-analysis model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 16 studies were identified including 33,984 patients with stage III colon or rectal cancer. In all identified studies, the LNR was identified as an independent prognostic factor in patients with stage III cancer of the colon or rectum. The prognostic separation obtained by the LNR was superior to that of the number of positive nodes (N stage). The pooled hazard ratios for overall and disease-free survival were 2.36 (95% confidence interval, 2.14-2.61) and 3.71 (95% confidence interval, 2.56-5.38), respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The LNR allows superior prognostic stratification in stage III colorectal cancer and should be validated in prospective studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, Ghent, Belgium. wim.ceelen@ugent.be
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ceelen
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Van Nieuwenhove
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pattyn
mesh_terms: D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology*; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000473:pathology*; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011379:Prognosis; D012004:Rectal Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology*