title: Major haemorrhagic complications of acute pancreatitis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Haemorrhage is a rare, potentially fatal complication in acute pancreatitis (AP). The aim was to investigate the incidence, management and outcome related to this complication.
  
  
  METHODS
  The medical records of all patients with AP who presented to a single hospital between January 1994 and July 2009 were reviewed retrospectively. Patients who developed at least one in-hospital episode of major haemorrhage were selected. The aetiology, patient characteristics, occurrence of sentinel bleeding, clinical management and outcome were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fourteen (1.0 per cent) of 1356 patients diagnosed with AP developed major haemorrhage. Angiography established the diagnosis in four of six patients. Embolization was successful in one patient. Surgery was performed in two patients. Sentinel bleeding occurred in three of four patients with major postoperative bleeding. The overall mortality rate was 36 per cent (5 of 14 patients). Haemorrhage presenting after more than 7 days was associated with a higher mortality rate of 80 per cent (4 of 5 patients). A fatal outcome was at least three times more likely in patients with severe AP and haemorrhagic complications than in those with severe AP but no bleeding.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Major haemorrhagic complications of AP are rare, but clinically important. Major postoperative bleeding is often preceded by sentinel bleeding. Intra-abdominal haemorrhage presenting more than 1 week after disease onset is a highly fatal complication.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University and Lund University Hospital, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Andersson
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ansari
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Andersson
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010195:Pancreatitis / Q000150:complications* / Q000401:mortality; D011379:Prognosis