title: Characterization of yeast extracellular vesicles: evidence for the participation of different pathways of cellular traffic in vesicle biogenesis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Extracellular vesicles in yeast cells are involved in the molecular traffic across the cell wall. In yeast pathogens, these vesicles have been implicated in the transport of proteins, lipids, polysaccharide and pigments to the extracellular space. Cellular pathways required for the biogenesis of yeast extracellular vesicles are largely unknown.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We characterized extracellular vesicle production in wild type (WT) and mutant strains of the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae using transmission electron microscopy in combination with light scattering analysis, lipid extraction and proteomics. WT cells and mutants with defective expression of Sec4p, a secretory vesicle-associated Rab GTPase essential for Golgi-derived exocytosis, or Snf7p, which is involved in multivesicular body (MVB) formation, were analyzed in parallel. Bilayered vesicles with diameters at the 100-300 nm range were found in extracellular fractions from yeast cultures. Proteomic analysis of vesicular fractions from the cells aforementioned and additional mutants with defects in conventional secretion pathways (sec1-1, fusion of Golgi-derived exocytic vesicles with the plasma membrane; bos1-1, vesicle targeting to the Golgi complex) or MVB functionality (vps23, late endosomal trafficking) revealed a complex and interrelated protein collection. Semi-quantitative analysis of protein abundance revealed that mutations in both MVB- and Golgi-derived pathways affected the composition of yeast extracellular vesicles, but none abrogated vesicle production. Lipid analysis revealed that mutants with defects in Golgi-related components of the secretory pathway had slower vesicle release kinetics, as inferred from intracellular accumulation of sterols and reduced detection of these lipids in vesicle fractions in comparison with WT cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that both conventional and unconventional pathways of secretion are required for biogenesis of extracellular vesicles, which demonstrate the complexity of this process in the biology of yeast cells.
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Estudos Integrados em Bioquímica Microbiana, Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Góes, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Débora L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.forename: Ernesto S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Nakayasu
authors.forename: Luna S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Joffe
authors.forename: Allan J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Guimarães
authors.forename: Tiago J P
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Sobreira
authors.forename: Joshua D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Nosanchuk
authors.forename: Radames J B
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Cordero
authors.forename: Susana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Frases
authors.forename: Arturo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Casadevall
authors.forename: Igor C
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Almeida
authors.forename: Leonardo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Nimrichter
authors.forename: Marcio L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
mesh_terms: D001692:Biological Transport; D005089:Exocytosis; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D015388:Organelles / Q000378:metabolism*; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure*