title: Effects of homocysteine-lowering with folic acid plus vitamin B12 vs placebo on mortality and major morbidity in myocardial infarction survivors: a randomized trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Blood homocysteine levels are positively associated with cardiovascular disease, but it is uncertain whether the association is causal.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effects of reducing homocysteine levels with folic acid and vitamin B(12) on vascular and nonvascular outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Double-blind randomized controlled trial of 12,064 survivors of myocardial infarction in secondary care hospitals in the United Kingdom between 1998 and 2008.
  
  
  METHODS
  2 mg folic acid plus 1 mg vitamin B(12) daily vs matching placebo.
  
  
  METHODS
  First major vascular event, defined as major coronary event (coronary death, myocardial infarction, or coronary revascularization), fatal or nonfatal stroke, or noncoronary revascularization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Allocation to the study vitamins reduced homocysteine by a mean of 3.8 micromol/L (28%). During 6.7 years of follow-up, major vascular events occurred in 1537 of 6033 participants (25.5%) allocated folic acid plus vitamin B(12) vs 1493 of 6031 participants (24.8%) allocated placebo (risk ratio [RR], 1.04; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.97-1.12; P = .28). There were no apparent effects on major coronary events (vitamins, 1229 [20.4%], vs placebo, 1185 [19.6%]; RR, 1.05; 95% CI, 0.97-1.13), stroke (vitamins, 269 [4.5%], vs placebo, 265 [4.4%]; RR, 1.02; 95% CI, 0.86-1.21), or noncoronary revascularizations (vitamins, 178 [3.0%], vs placebo, 152 [2.5%]; RR, 1.18; 95% CI, 0.95-1.46). Nor were there significant differences in the numbers of deaths attributed to vascular causes (vitamins, 578 [9.6%], vs placebo, 559 [9.3%]) or nonvascular causes (vitamins, 405 [6.7%], vs placebo, 392 [6.5%]) or in the incidence of any cancer (vitamins, 678 [11.2%], vs placebo, 639 [10.6%]).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Substantial long-term reductions in blood homocysteine levels with folic acid and vitamin B(12) supplementation did not have beneficial effects on vascular outcomes but were also not associated with adverse effects on cancer incidence.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  isrctn.org Identifier: ISRCTN74348595.
authors.forename: Jane M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Armitage
authors.forename: Louise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bowman
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Clarke
authors.forename: Karl
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wallendszus
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bulbulia
authors.forename: Kazem
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rahimi
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Haynes
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Parish
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sleight
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Peto
authors.forename: Rory
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Collins
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006710:Homocysteine / Q000097:blood / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D020138:Hyperhomocysteinemia / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009017:Morbidity; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000097:blood / Q000401:mortality*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014805:Vitamin B 12 / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014803:Vitamin B Complex / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D006710:Homocysteine; D014803:Vitamin B Complex; D005492:Folic Acid; D014805:Vitamin B 12