title: Cerenkov luminescence imaging of medical isotopes.
abstract: The development of novel multimodality imaging agents and techniques represents the current frontier of research in the field of medical imaging science. However, the combination of nuclear tomography with optical techniques has yet to be established. Here, we report the use of the inherent optical emissions from the decay of radiopharmaceuticals for Cerenkov luminescence imaging (CLI) of tumors in vivo and correlate the results with those obtained from concordant immuno-PET studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  In vitro phantom studies were used to validate the visible light emission observed from a range of radionuclides including the positron emitters (18)F, (64)Cu, (89)Zr, and (124)I; beta-emitter (131)I; and alpha-particle emitter (225)Ac for potential use in CLI. The novel radiolabeled monoclonal antibody (89)Zr-desferrioxamine B [DFO]-J591 for immuno-PET of prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) expression was used to coregister and correlate the CLI signal observed with the immuno-PET images and biodistribution studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Phantom studies confirmed that Cerenkov radiation can be observed from a range of positron-, beta-, and alpha-emitting radionuclides using standard optical imaging devices. The change in light emission intensity versus time was concordant with radionuclide decay and was also found to correlate linearly with both the activity concentration and the measured PET signal (percentage injected dose per gram). In vivo studies conducted in male severe combined immune deficient mice bearing PSMA-positive, subcutaneous LNCaP tumors demonstrated that tumor-specific uptake of (89)Zr-DFO-J591 could be visualized by both immuno-PET and CLI. Optical and immuno-PET signal intensities were found to increase over time from 24 to 96 h, and biodistribution studies were found to correlate well with both imaging modalities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These studies represent the first, to our knowledge, quantitative assessment of CLI for measuring radiotracer uptake in vivo. Many radionuclides common to both nuclear tomographic imaging and radiotherapy have the potential to be used in CLI. The value of CLI lies in its ability to image radionuclides that do not emit either positrons or gamma-rays and are, thus, unsuitable for use with current nuclear imaging modalities. Optical imaging of Cerenkov radiation emission shows excellent promise as a potential new imaging modality for the rapid, high-throughput screening of radiopharmaceuticals.
authors.affiliation: Nuclear Medicine Service, Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA.
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ruggiero
authors.forename: Jason P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Holland
authors.forename: Jason S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Grimm
mesh_terms: D000512:Alpha Particles; D000818:Animals; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D001610:Beta Particles; D003676:Deferoxamine; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D004583:Electrons; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D049449:Luminescence; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000378:metabolism; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000276:immunology; D011868:Radioisotopes; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D015040:Zirconium
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D011868:Radioisotopes; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D015040:Zirconium; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen; D003676:Deferoxamine