title: Restoration of compressive loading properties of lumbar discs with a nucleus implant-a finite element analysis study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Discectomy is a common procedure for treating sciatica. However, both the operation and preceding herniated disc alter the biomechanical properties of the spinal segment. The disc mechanics are also altered in patients with chronic contained herniation. The biomechanical properties of the disc can potentially be restored with an elastomeric nucleus replacement implanted via minimally invasive surgery.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to determine whether the compressive characteristics of the intervertebral disc after a nucleotomy can be restored with an elastomeric nucleus replacement.
  
  
  METHODS
  A finite element model of the L4-L5 intervertebral disc was created to investigate the effect of the implantation of an elastomeric nucleus replacement on the biomechanical properties of the disc under axial loading.
  
  
  METHODS
  A L4-L5 physiologic intervertebral disc model was constructed and then modified to contain a range by volume of nucleotomies and nucleus replacements. The material properties of the nucleus replacement were based on experimental data for an elastomeric implant. The compressive stiffness, radial annular bulge, and stress distribution of the nucleotomy and nucleus replacement models were investigated under displacement-controlled loading.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Removal of nucleus pulposus from the physiologic disc reduced the force necessary to compress the disc 2 mm by 50%, altered the von Mises stress distribution, and reduced the outward radial annular bulge. Replacing the natural nucleus pulposus of the physiologic disc with an artificial nucleus reduced the force required to compress the disc 2 mm by 10%, indicating a restoration of disc compressive stiffness. The von Mises stress distribution and annular bulge observed in the disc with an artificial nucleus were similar to that observed in the physiologic disc.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates that despite having different material properties, a nucleus replacement implant can restore the axial compressive mechanical properties of a disc after a discectomy. The implant carries compressive load and transfers the load into annular hoop stress.
authors.affiliation: Spine Service, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, St George Hospital, University of New South Wales, Kogarah NSW 2217, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Daniel G T
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Strange
authors.forename: Sandie T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.forename: Philip C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Boughton
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Kishen
authors.forename: Ashish D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Diwan
mesh_terms: D019643:Arthroplasty, Replacement / Q000295:instrumentation*; D019245:Compressive Strength; D003198:Computer Simulation; D017586:Diskectomy / Q000379:methods*; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D006801:Humans; D007403:Intervertebral Disc / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D007405:Intervertebral Disc Displacement / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000601:surgery*; D008422:Materials Testing; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D011475:Prosthesis Failure; D020127:Recovery of Function; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D016474:Weight-Bearing / Q000502:physiology