title: Primary sensory neurons with dichotomizing axons projecting to the facet joint and the low back muscle in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Clinically, the origin of low back pain is unknown. The pain may originate from the lumbar muscles directly, or it may be referred pain from the spine. Dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons with dichotomizing axons have been reported in several species and are thought to be related to referred pain. However, these neurons, which have dichotomizing axons to the lumbar facet joints and to the lumbar muscle, have not been fully investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two neurotracers - 1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'- tetramethyl-indocarbocyanine perchlorate (DiI) and fluorogold (FG) - were used in the present double-labeling study. DiI crystals were placed in the right L5/6 facet joint, and FG was applied to right multifidus muscles at the L5 level in 10 rats. Two weeks later, bilateral DRGs from L1 through L6 were harvested, sectioned, and observed under a fluorescence microscope.
  
  
  RESULTS
  DiI-labeled DRG neurons innervating the L5/6 facet joint (5.17% of the total DRG neurons) were distributed from L1 to L6. FG-labeled DRG neurons innervating the lower back muscle (15.9% of the total) were also distributed from L1 to L6. Double-labeled DRG neurons were found from L1 to L6. The ratio of total double-labeled/total DiI-labeled DRG neurons was 17% and that of total double-labeled/total FG-labeled DRG neurons was 7%. Approximately 17% of all DRG neurons innervating the facet joints had other axons that extended to the lower back muscle.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This finding provides a possible neuroanatomical explanation for referred low back muscle pain from the lower facet joints.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wakai
authors.forename: Seiji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ohtori
authors.forename: Masaomi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yamashita
authors.forename: Kazuyo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamauchi
authors.forename: Gen
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.forename: Munetaka
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Sumihisa
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Orita
authors.forename: Yawara
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Eguchi
authors.forename: Nobuyasu
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ochiai
authors.forename: Shunji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kishida
authors.forename: Masashi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Takaso
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fukui
authors.forename: Yasushi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hayashi
authors.forename: Yasuchika
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Aoki
authors.forename: Kazuki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kuniyoshi
authors.forename: Junichi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: Tetsuhiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ishikawa
authors.forename: Gen
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Arai
authors.forename: Masayuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miyagi
authors.forename: Hiroto
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kamoda
authors.forename: Kazuhisa
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takahashi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001369:Axons; D002232:Carbocyanines; D005727:Ganglia, Spinal / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000294:innervation*; D008161:Lumbosacral Region / Q000294:innervation*; D008297:Male; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000294:innervation*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013266:Stilbamidines
chemical_list: C049774:2-hydroxy-4,4'-diamidinostilbene, methanesulfonate salt; C035005:3,3'-dihexadecylindocarbocyanine; D002232:Carbocyanines; D013266:Stilbamidines