title: Free radical facilitated damage of ungual keratin.
abstract: Thioglycolic acid (TA) and urea hydrogen peroxide (urea H(2)O(2)) are thought to disrupt alpha-keratin disulfide links in the nail. However, optimal clinical use of these agents to improve the treatment of nail disorders is currently hindered by a lack of fundamental data to support their mechanism of action. The aim of this study was to investigate how the redox environment of ungual keratin, when manipulated by TA and urea H(2)O(2), influenced the properties of the nail barrier. Potentiometric and voltammetric measurements demonstrated that urea H(2)O(2) obeyed the Nernst equation for a proton coupled one-electron transfer redox process while TA underwent a series of redox reactions that was complicated by electrode adsorption and dimer formation. The functional studies demonstrated that nail permeability, measured through TBF penetration (38.51+/-10.94 microg/cm(2)/h) and nail swelling (244.10+/-14.99% weight increase), was greatest when relatively low concentrations of the thiolate ion were present in the applied solution. Limiting the thiolate ion to low levels in the solution retards thiolate dimerisation and generates thiyl free radicals. It appeared that this free radical generation was fundamental in facilitating the redox-mediated keratin disruption of the ungual membrane.
authors.affiliation: Pharmaceutical Science Division, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK.
authors.forename: Rajeshree H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Khengar
authors.forename: Marc B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Rob B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.forename: Matthew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Traynor
authors.forename: Katherine B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Holt
authors.forename: Stuart A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Jones
mesh_terms: D005609:Free Radicals / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D007633:Keratins / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D009262:Nails / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D010539:Permeability; D011199:Potentiometry / Q000379:methods; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D014867:Water / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D005609:Free Radicals; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D014867:Water; D007633:Keratins