title: Mortality of four stored product pests in stored wheat when exposed to doses of three entomopathogenic nematodes.
abstract: The insecticidal effect of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar (Nematoda: Heterorhabditidae), Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser) (Nematoda: Steinernematidae), and Steinernema feltiae (Filipjev) (Nematoda: Steinernematidae) against Mediterranean flour moth, Ephestia kuehniella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) (larvae), lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrychidae) (adults), rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) (adults), and confused flour beetle, Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) (adults and larvae) was examined under laboratory conditions in wheat, Triticum aestivum L. The nematodes were applied at the following doses: 0 (control), 100, 500, 1,000, 1,500, 5,000, 10,000, and 20,000 infective juveniles (IJs) per ml, corresponding to 10, 50, 100, 150, 500, 1,000, and 2,000 IJs per insect, and their infectivity was tested at 20 and 30 degrees C after 4 and 8 d of exposure. For E. kuehniella larvae wheat treatments with S. feltiae provided mortality that ranged from 36.7 to 78.3% whereas no mortality was noted in the treatment with S. carpocapsae at 100 IJs per ml at 20 or at 30 degrees C. Also, at 20 degrees C, in wheat treated with H. bacteriophora at 100 IJs per ml, very few larvae were dead. For R. dominica adults, at 20 degrees C, the mortality of adults in wheat treated with S. feltiae and S. carpocapsae did not exceed 23.3 and 41.7%, respectively, at 20,000 IJs per ml, with no significant differences among doses. In the case of S. oryzae adults, the mortality was very low at all doses, and temperatures and did not exceed 9%. Mortality of T. confusum adults did not exceed 17% regardless of the entomopathogenic nematode species tested. In contrast, mortality of T. confusum larvae was notably higher and exceeded 56% in wheat treated with 10,000 or 20,000 IJs per ml of S. feltiae at 20 degrees C. Unlike S. feltiae and S. carpocapsae, the application of H. bacteriophora resulted in lower mortality levels. Generally, the increase of temperature reduced the mortality levels of the T. confusum larvae. In most cases, the efficacy level of the tested entomopathogenic nematode species increased with the dose and decreased with the increase of temperature.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Entomology and Applied Zoology, Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Phytokou str., Nea Ionia 38446, Magnissia, Greece.
authors.forename: Christos G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Athanassiou
authors.forename: Nickolas G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Kavallieratos
authors.forename: Hara
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Menti
authors.forename: Eirini
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Karanastasi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001517:Coleoptera / Q000469:parasitology*; D007814:Larva / Q000502:physiology; D009036:Moths / Q000469:parasitology*; D010572:Pest Control, Biological; D017168:Rhabditida / Q000502:physiology*; D014908:Triticum