title: Life cycle environmental implications of residential swimming pools.
abstract: Ownership of private swimming pools in the U.S. grew 2 to 4% per annum from 1997 to 2007. The environmental implications of pool ownership are analyzed by hybrid life cycle assessment (LCA) for nine U.S. cities. An operational model is constructed estimating consumption of chemicals, water, and energy for a typical residential pool. The model incorporates geographical climatic variations and upstream water and energy use from electricity and water supply networks. Results vary considerably by city: a factor of 5-6 for both water and energy use. Water use is driven by aridness and length of the swimming season, while energy use is mainly driven by length of the swimming season. Water and energy impacts of pools are significant, particularly in arid climates. In Phoenix for example pools account for 22% and 13% of a household's electricity and water use, respectively. Measures to reduce water and energy use in pools such as optimizing the pump schedule and covering the pool in winter can realize greater savings than many common household efficiency improvements. Private versus community pools are also compared. Community pools in Phoenix use 60% less swimming pool water and energy per household than subdivisions without community pools.
authors.affiliation: School of Sustainability and School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA. nforrest@asu.edu
authors.forename: Nigel
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Forrest
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Williams
mesh_terms: D002947:Cities; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources; D004777:Environment; D013551:Swimming Pools; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States; D014881:Water Supply