title: Prevalence of eye disease in early childhood and associated factors: findings from the millennium cohort study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report the prevalence and distribution of eye conditions and visual impairment and associations with early social and biological factors using parental report of diagnosed eye conditions and additional chronic illnesses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Population-based, cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  We included 14 981 children, aged 3 years, participating in the United Kingdom Millennium Cohort Study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data on demographic, socioeconomic, and maternal and child health factors were obtained by maternal report through structured interview and verbatim reports of diagnosed eye problems and additional chronic illnesses were recorded. Multinomial regression analyses were used to calculate risk ratios of the association of eye disease (with or without associated visual impairment), with socioeconomic and early life factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Parental report of diagnosed eye conditions and other chronic illnesses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, at 3 years, 5.7% (95% confidence interval, 5.2-6.3%; n = 881) of children had ≥ 1 eye condition with 0.24% (0.15-0.3%; n = 45) reported to have associated visual impairment. In the majority, time of onset was reported to be the first year of life. Eye disorders without report of visual impairment were independently associated with lower socioeconomic status, decreasing birth weight, and prematurity. Visual impairment was more likely in those of low birthweight for gestational age and from an ethnic minority group. Maternal illnesses during pregnancy were associated with eye disease without reported visual impairment, as was white ethnicity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Good research opportunities exist within the context of population-based general health surveys to use parental report to estimate minimum prevalence, investigate associations of eye disease with a broad range of environmental factors, and as a mechanism for "flagging" individuals with eye disease in a population sample for further study. Our findings regarding the association of parentally reported childhood eye disease with early life factors such as modest degrees of prematurity, ethnicity and maternal ill-health warrant further investigation.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The authors have no proprietary or commercial interest in any of the materials discussed in this article.
authors.affiliation: MRC Centre of Epidemiology for Child Health, Institute of Child Health, University College London (UCL), London, UK. p.cumberland@ich.ucl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Phillippa M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Cumberland
authors.forename: Sophia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pathai
authors.forename: Jugnoo S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Rahi
mesh_terms: D001724:Birth Weight; D002669:Child Welfare; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002908:Chronic Disease; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005006:Ethnicity; D005128:Eye Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008429:Maternal Welfare; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012923:Social Class; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology; D019987:Persons with Visual Disabilities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*