title: Smoking and pregnancy-related pelvic pain.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate possible associations between smoking and pregnancy-related pelvic pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nested case-control study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Denmark 2000-2001.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Danish National Birth Cohort.
  
  
  METHODS
  The women were interviewed twice in pregnancy and twice after childbirth. The first pregnancy interview provided information on smoking and possible confounding factors,whereas the first interview after birth addressed case identification.Cases (n = 2302) were defined on the basis of self-reported pelvic pain, and controls were selected among women who did not report pelvic pain (n = 2692). Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate associations between smoking and pelvic pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pregnancy-related pelvic pain.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with non-smokers, women who smoked during pregnancy had an adjusted odds ratio of 1.2 (1.0-1.4) for overall pelvic pain, similar to women who stopped smoking in early pregnancy 1.3 (1.1-1.7). The equivalent adjusted odds ratio for severe pelvic pain was 1.2 (1.0-1.5) for smokers, and 1.5 (1.2-1.9)for women who stopped smoking. Smoking intensity, measured as number of cigarettes smoked per day, was associated with pelvic pain in a dose-response pattern. Information about smoking was collected prospectively, which makes it unlikely that differential recall alone explains the results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Smoking was associated with pregnancy-related pelvic pain, with a dose-response pattern between reported smoking intensity and pelvic pain. These findings suggest a possible new risk factor for a common ailment during pregnancy
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational Medicine, Herning Regional Hospital, DK-7400 Herning, Denmark. Karin.Biering@vest.rm.dk
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Biering
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Aagaard Nohr
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Olsen
authors.forename: J Olsen
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Hjollund
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Nybo Andersen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Juhl
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D010298:Parity; D017699:Pelvic Pain / Q000209:etiology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000209:etiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D055815:Young Adult