title: Right ventricular apical contractility in acute pulmonary embolism: the McConnell sign revisited.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The McConnell sign has been regarded as a highly specific echo finding in acute pulmonary embolism (aPE). However, a completely satisfying explanation to account for this observation in aPE remains elusive. We used longitudinal velocity vector imaging (VVI) using a dedicated software program (Research Arena, Siemens, California) to assess regional right ventricular global and apical (RVa) mechanics between aPE and chronic pulmonary hypertension (cPH) patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Standard echo parameters of RV performance as well as base to apex RV strain and dyssynchrony were quantified using VVI in a total of 30 patients. The population studied was divided into three groups: Group I included 10 healthy volunteers (50 +/- 16 years), Group II consisted of 10 patients (47 +/- 13 years) with known cPH, and Group III comprised 10 patients (58 +/- 18 years; P = 0.323) with documented aPE.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Progressively lower indices of RV performance as well as RV basal and apical strain were recorded in Groups II and III, respectively. Most importantly, no difference in RVa segmental strain values was seen between Groups II and III.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on this pilot data, aPE patients demonstrate a significant reduction in overall RV strain with a similar reduction in RV apical deformation. Therefore, regional RVa function is not truly spared in aPE and the probable visual illusion of preserved contractility might simply reflect tethering of the RVa to a hyperdynamic left ventricle in the presence of an acutely dilated RV.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Institute at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213-2582, USA. lopezcandalesa@upmc.edu
authors.forename: Angel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: López-Candales
authors.forename: Kathy
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Edelman
authors.forename: Maria Dolores
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Candales
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D005260:Female; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011655:Pulmonary Embolism / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014463:Ultrasonography; D018497:Ventricular Dysfunction, Right / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology*