title: Nationwide outbreak of Salmonella serotype Kedougou associated with infant formula, Spain, 2008.
abstract: On 5 August 2008, the National Centre of Microbiology in Madrid, Spain, notified an increase in Salmonella Kedougou isolations compared to 2007, with 21 cases including 19 children under one year of age. Active case finding and a matched case-control study were carried out to confirm this increase, identify source, transmission mode and risk factors in order to implement control measures. Cases were defined as any child under one year of age with S. Kedougou isolated since 1 January 2008, and were matched for age, sex, medical practitioner and diagnosis week with controls who were selected among patients of the cases' medical practitioners. An ad hoc questionnaire was completed for cases and controls and a univariate analysis was conducted to identify risk factors. We found 42 isolates from 11 of the 19 Spanish Regions. Completed questionnaires were available for 39 of 42 patients identified; 31 were children under one year of age and fulfilled the case definition. The median age of the 31 cases was 4.3 months and 13 were male. Main symptoms were diarrhoea (n=31) and fever (n=13). Ten cases required hospitalisation. All 31 cases had consumed infant formula milk of Brand A which was associated with illness in the univariate analysis (exact matched odds ratio: 74.92; 95% confidence interval: 12.89-infinity). All patient isolates showed indistinguishable pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns. Five milk samples from three cases' households were negative for Salmonella. Our results suggest that Brand A was the transmission vehicle of S. Kedougou in the outbreak that occurred in Spain between January and August 2008. Food safety authorities recalled five batches of Brand A milk on 26 August 2008. No further cases have been detected as of 15 September 2009.
authors.affiliation: Spanish Field Epidemiology Training Programme (PEAC), National Centre of Epidemiology - Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. j.rodriguezurrego@gmail.com
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rodriguez-Urrego
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Herrera-Leon
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Echeita-Sarriondia
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Soler
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Simon
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mateo
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D005517:Foodborne Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D041943:Infant Formula; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012475:Salmonella / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D012478:Salmonella Food Poisoning / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D012703:Serotyping; D013030:Spain / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult