title: The use of graphic rules in grade one to help identify children at risk of handwriting difficulties.
abstract: Previous researches on elementary grade handwriting revealed that pupils employ certain strategy when writing or drawing. The relationship between this strategy and the use of graphic rules has been documented but very little research has been devoted to the connection between the use of graphic rules and handwriting proficiency. Thus, this study was conducted to investigate the relative contribution of the use of graphic rules to the writing ability. A sample of 105 first graders who were average printers and 65 first graders who might experience handwriting difficulty, as judged by their teachers, of a normal primary school were individually tested on their use of graphic rules. It has been found that pupils who are below average printers use more non-analytic strategy than average printers to reproduce the figures. The results also reveal that below average printers do not acquire the graphic principles that foster an analytic approach to production skills. Although the findings are not sufficient to allow definitive conclusions about handwriting ability, it can be considered as one of the screening measures in identifying pupils who are at risk of handwriting difficulties.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia 81310 UTM Skudai, Johor, Malaysia. puspa@fke.utm.my
authors.forename: Puspa Inayat
authors.initials: PI
authors.lastname: Khalid
authors.forename: Jasmy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yunus
authors.forename: Robiah
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Adnan
authors.forename: Mokhtar
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Harun
authors.forename: Rubita
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sudirman
authors.forename: Nasrul Humaimi
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Mahmood
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006236:Handwriting; D006801:Humans; D007859:Learning Disabilities / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D009048:Motor Skills; D019957:Motor Skills Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D009068:Movement; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires