title: Human Flt3L generates dendritic cells from canine peripheral blood precursors: implications for a dog glioma clinical trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common primary brain tumor in adults and carries a dismal prognosis. We have developed a conditional cytotoxic/immunotherapeutic approach using adenoviral vectors (Ads) encoding the immunostimulatory cytokine, human soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (hsFlt3L) and the conditional cytotoxic molecule, i.e., Herpes Simplex Type 1- thymide kinase (TK). This therapy triggers an anti-tumor immune response that leads to tumor regression and anti-tumor immunological memory in intracranial rodent cancer models. We aim to test the efficacy of this immunotherapy in dogs bearing spontaneous GBM. In view of the controversy regarding the effect of human cytokines on dog immune cells, and considering that the efficacy of this treatment depends on hsFlt3L-stimulated dendritic cells (DCs), in the present work we tested the ability of Ad-encoded hsFlt3L to generate DCs from dog peripheral blood and compared its effects with canine IL-4 and GM-CSF.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our results demonstrate that hsFlT3L expressed form an Ad vector, generated DCs from peripheral blood cultures with very similar morphological and phenotypic characteristics to canine IL-4 and GM-CSF-cultured DCs. These include phagocytic activity and expression of CD11c, MHCII, CD80 and CD14. Maturation of DCs cultured under both conditions resulted in increased secretion of IL-6, TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma. Importantly, hsFlt3L-derived antigen presenting cells showed allostimulatory potential highlighting their ability to present antigen to T cells and elicit their proliferation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate that hsFlt3L induces the proliferation of canine DCs and support its use in upcoming clinical trials for canine GBM. Our data further support the translation of hsFlt3L to be used for dendritic cells' vaccination and gene therapeutic approaches from rodent models to canine patients and its future implementation in human clinical trials.
authors.affiliation: Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and Department of Medicine and Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
authors.forename: Weidong
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Xiong
authors.forename: Marianela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Candolfi
authors.forename: Chunyan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: A K M Ghulam
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Muhammad
authors.forename: Kader
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yagiz
authors.forename: Mariana
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Puntel
authors.forename: Peter F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Avalos
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: Dorothy
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Randy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Donelson
authors.forename: G Elizabeth
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Pluhar
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Ohlfest
authors.forename: Kolja
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wawrowsky
authors.forename: Pedro R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Lowenstein
authors.forename: Maria G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Castro
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy / Q000662:veterinary*; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000276:immunology*; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy*; D004285:Dogs; D005822:Genetic Vectors; D005910:Glioma / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy / Q000662:veterinary*; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000008:administration & dosage; D018259:Herpesvirus 1, Human / Q000235:genetics; D007167:Immunotherapy; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D010587:Phagocytosis
chemical_list: D008565:Membrane Proteins; C084881:flt3 ligand protein; D015847:Interleukin-4; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor