title: Screening for lung cancer with low-dose computed tomography: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the baseline findings of randomized controlled trials.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Lung cancer is the leading cause of death among all cancers. An estimated 29% of the global population older than 15 years currently smokes tobacco. The presence of a high risk population, relatively asymptomatic nature of the disease in the early phase, and relatively good prognosis when discovered early makes screening for lung cancer an attractive proposition. We performed a systematic review and a meta-analysis of the baseline results of randomized controlled trials so far published, which included more than 14,000 patients. Analysis was used to determine whether data was for or against the screening of lung cancers using low-dose computed tomography (LDCT).
  
  
  METHODS
  Random effect meta regression model of meta-analysis and systematic review.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a systematic review and a meta-analysis of the current literature to determine whether screening for lung cancer in a high-risk population with computed tomography improves outcomes. A search strategy using Medline was employed, studies selected based on preset criteria and application of exclusion criteria, and data collected and analyzed for statistical significance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Screening for lung cancer using LDCT resulted in a significantly higher number of stage I lung cancers (odds ratio 3.9, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.0-7.4), higher number of total non-small cell lung cancers (odds ratio 5.5, 95% CI 3.1-9.6), and higher total lung cancers (odds ratio 4.1, 95% CI 2.4-7.1). Screening using LDCT also resulted in increased detection of false-positive nodules (odds ratio 3.1, 95% CI 2.6-3.7) and more unnecessary thoracotomies for benign lesions (event rate 3.7 per 1000, 95% CI 3.5-3.8). For every 1000 individuals screened with LDCT for lung cancer, 9 stage I non-small cell lung cancer and 235 false-positive nodules were detected, and 4 thoracotomies for benign lesions were performed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The baseline data from six randomized controlled trials offer no compelling data in favor or against the use of LDCT screening for lung cancer. We await the final results of these randomized controlled trials to improve our understanding of the effectiveness of LDCT in the screening for lung cancer and its effect on mortality.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Pulmonary/Critical Care, and daggerHematology/Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10467, USA. murali.krishna.md@gmail.com
authors.forename: Muralikrishna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gopal
authors.forename: Shaad E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Abdullah
authors.forename: James J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Grady
authors.forename: James S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Goodwin
mesh_terms: D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000517:prevention & control; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000517:prevention & control; D008403:Mass Screening; D011379:Prognosis; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed