title: Diagnosis of depth of invasion for early colorectal cancer using magnifying colonoscopy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Early colorectal cancer (CRC) with submucosal deep (s.m.-d.) invasion should not be treated with endoscopic mucosal resection due to the higher incidence of lymph-node metastasis. It is, therefore, clinically important to accurately diagnose s.m.-d. lesions before treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed the endoscopic features, including pit patterns, of early CRC with s.m.-d. invasion observed using magnifying colonoscopy. We retrospectively investigated 379 cases of early CRC. Lesions were divided into three macroscopic subtypes (pedunculated type, sessile type and superficial type) based on endoscopic findings. Eight endoscopic factors were evaluated retrospectively for association with s.m. invasion and then compared to histopathological findings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The superficial type had a significantly higher frequency of s.m.-d. invasion (52.4% [77/147] vs 24.6% [14/57] and 39.4% [69/175], P-value < 0.05, respectively, for pedunculated and sessile types). Based on multivariate analysis, an independent risk factor for s.m.-d. invasion was the existence of an invasive pit pattern in sessile and superficial types (odds ratios of 52.74 and 209.67, respectively). Fullness was also an independent risk factor for s.m.-d. invasion in the superficial type (odds ratio = 9.25). There were no independent risk factors for s.m.-d. invasion in the pedunculated type.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High magnification pit pattern diagnosis proved to be useful for predicting s.m.-d. invasion in sessile and superficial types although it was not as helpful with the pedunculated type.
authors.affiliation: Endoscopy Division, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Hisatomo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ikehara
authors.forename: Yutaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Saito
authors.forename: Takahisa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Matsuda
authors.forename: Toshio
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Uraoka
authors.forename: Yoshitaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Murakami
mesh_terms: D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003106:Colon / Q000473:pathology*; D003113:Colonoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000145:classification / Q000473:pathology*; D055088:Early Detection of Cancer; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000473:pathology; D007564:Japan; D016015:Logistic Models; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors