title: Left atrial volume predicts mortality in low-risk dialysis population on long-term low-salt diet.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Echocardiography provides insight to the management of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and might be valuable in assessing the prognosis. We evaluated the predictive value of echocardiography along with clinical findings in a low-risk hemodialysis (HD) population who had been treated with strict salt restriction strategy for blood pressure control.
  
  
  METHODS
  Study population consisted of a cohort of 555 ESRD patients from 8 HD centers where the same strict volume control strategy applied for blood pressure control. Clinical findings and echocardiography were examined as predictors of mortality for a mean follow-up period of 3 years (29.6 +/- 11.6 months).
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the follow-up, 89 patients (16%) died. Left atrium (LA) volume index was the only independent echocardiographic predictor of mortality (hazard ratio 1.025, 95% CI 1.001-1.050, P = .042). The other predictors of mortality were age, pulse pressure, diabetes mellitus, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. However, when we added interdialytic weight gain (IDWG) ratio to the Cox model, it also appeared as an independent predictor of mortality, whereas LA volume index no longer was.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased LA volume index emerged as the only independent echocardiographic determinant of mortality in low-risk dialysis patients treated by strict volume control. Close relationship with IDWG ratio indicates the intermittent stretching of atrium between dialysis sessions leading to atrial remodeling. This index is not the result of a single factor such as age, hypervolemia, or left ventricular hypertrophy but reflects the combination of these contributing causes. Therefore, it might be considered as an overall echocardiographic sign of mortality in ESRD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey. onerozdogan@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Oner
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ozdogan
authors.forename: Meral
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kayikcioglu
authors.forename: Gulay
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Asci
authors.forename: Mehmet
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ozkahya
authors.forename: Huseyin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Toz
authors.forename: Meltem
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sezis
authors.forename: Levent H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Can
authors.forename: Ercan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ok
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D002306:Cardiac Volume / Q000502:physiology*; D004039:Diet, Sodium-Restricted; D004452:Echocardiography; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000401:mortality* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate / Q000639:trends; D013997:Time Factors; D014421:Turkey / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult