title: Changes in the proteomic and metabolic profiles of Beta vulgaris root tips in response to iron deficiency and resupply.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Plants grown under iron deficiency show different morphological, biochemical and physiological changes. These changes include, among others, the elicitation of different strategies to improve the acquisition of Fe from the rhizosphere, the adjustment of Fe homeostasis processes and a reorganization of carbohydrate metabolism. The application of modern techniques that allow the simultaneous and untargeted analysis of multiple proteins and metabolites can provide insight into multiple processes taking place in plants under Fe deficiency. The objective of this study was to characterize the changes induced in the root tip proteome and metabolome of sugar beet plants in response to Fe deficiency and resupply.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Root tip extract proteome maps were obtained by 2-D isoelectric focusing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and approximately 140 spots were detected. Iron deficiency resulted in changes in the relative amounts of 61 polypeptides, and 22 of them were identified by mass spectrometry (MS). Metabolites in root tip extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography-MS, and more than 300 metabolites were resolved. Out of 77 identified metabolites, 26 changed significantly with Fe deficiency. Iron deficiency induced increases in the relative amounts of proteins and metabolites associated to glycolysis, tri-carboxylic acid cycle and anaerobic respiration, confirming previous studies. Furthermore, a protein not present in Fe-sufficient roots, dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine (DMRL) synthase, was present in high amounts in root tips from Fe-deficient sugar beet plants and gene transcript levels were higher in Fe-deficient root tips. Also, a marked increase in the relative amounts of the raffinose family of oligosaccharides (RFOs) was observed in Fe-deficient plants, and a further increase in these compounds occurred upon short term Fe resupply.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The increases in DMRL synthase and in RFO sugars were the major changes induced by Fe deficiency and resupply in root tips of sugar beet plants. Flavin synthesis could be involved in Fe uptake, whereas RFO sugars could be involved in the alleviation of oxidative stress, C trafficking or cell signalling. Our data also confirm the increase in proteins and metabolites related to carbohydrate metabolism and TCA cycle pathways.
authors.affiliation: Plant Nutrition Department, CSIC, Zaragoza, Spain.
authors.forename: Rubén
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rellán-Alvarez
authors.forename: Sofía
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Andaluz
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Celma
authors.forename: Gert
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wohlgemuth
authors.forename: Graziano
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zocchi
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alvarez-Fernández
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Fiehn
authors.forename: Ana Flor
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: López-Millán
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Abadía
mesh_terms: D027461:Beta vulgaris / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant / Q000187:drug effects*; D007501:Iron / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000090463:Iron Deficiencies; D018519:Meristem / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D055442:Metabolome / Q000187:drug effects; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes / Q000378:metabolism; D009844:Oligosaccharides / Q000378:metabolism; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D020543:Proteome / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D009097:Multienzyme Complexes; D009844:Oligosaccharides; D010940:Plant Proteins; D020543:Proteome; C044822:6,7-dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine synthase; D007501:Iron