title: Gonadal tumours and DSD.
abstract: Disorders of sex development (DSD), previously referred to as intersex, has been recognised as one of the main risk factors for development of type II germ cell tumours (GCTs), that is, seminomas/dysgerminomas and non-seminomas (e.g., embryonal carcinoma, yolk sac tumour, choriocarcinoma and teratoma). Within the testis, this type of cancer is the most frequent malignancy in adolescent and young adult Caucasian males. Although these males are not known to have dysgenetic gonads, the similarities in the resulting tumours suggest a common aetiological mechanism(s),--genetically, environmentally or a combination of both. Within the group of DSD patients, being in fact congenital conditions, the risk of malignant transformation of germ cells is highly heterogeneous, depending on a number of parameters, some of which have only recently been identified. Understanding of these recent insights will stimulate further research, with the final aim to develop an informative clinical decision tree for DSD patients, which includes optimal (early) diagnosis without overtreatment, such as prophylactic gonadectomy in the case of a low tumour risk.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center Rotterdam, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Daniel den Hoed Cancer Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. l.looijenga@erasmusmc.nl
authors.forename: Leendert H J
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Looijenga
authors.forename: Remko
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hersmus
authors.forename: Bertie H C G M
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: de Leeuw
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Stoop
authors.forename: Martine
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cools
authors.forename: J Wolter
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Oosterhuis
authors.forename: Stenvert L S
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Drop
authors.forename: Katja P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Wolffenbuttel
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D030321:Denys-Drash Syndrome / Q000235:genetics; D012734:Disorders of Sex Development / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology*; D005854:Germ Cells / Q000254:growth & development; D006059:Gonadal Dysgenesis / Q000473:pathology; D006066:Gonads / Q000196:embryology* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009373:Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D012307:Risk Factors; D055748:SOXB1 Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics; D018239:Seminoma / Q000473:pathology; D013724:Teratoma / Q000473:pathology; D013736:Testicular Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: C490906:SOX1 protein, human; D055748:SOXB1 Transcription Factors