title: Brain-computer interfaces: military, neurosurgical, and ethical perspective.
abstract: Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) are devices that acquire and transform neural signals into actions intended by the user. These devices have been a rapidly developing area of research over the past 2 decades, and the military has made significant contributions to these efforts. Presently, BCIs can provide humans with rudimentary control over computer systems and robotic devices. Continued advances in BCI technology are especially pertinent in the military setting, given the potential for therapeutic applications to restore function after combat injury, and for the evolving use of BCI devices in military operations and performance enhancement. Neurosurgeons will play a central role in the further development and implementation of BCIs, but they will also have to navigate important ethical questions in the translation of this highly promising technology. In the following commentary the authors discuss realistic expectations for BCI use in the military and underscore the intersection of the neurosurgeon's civic and clinical duty to care for those who serve their country.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Ivan S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Kotchetkov
authors.forename: Brian Y
authors.initials: BY
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.forename: Geoffrey
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Appelboom
authors.forename: Christopher P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Kellner
authors.forename: E Sander
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Connolly
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*; D003143:Communication Devices for People with Disabilities / Q000639:trends; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D004995:Ethics, Professional; D005544:Forecasting; D006801:Humans; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008328:Man-Machine Systems; D008887:Military Medicine / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D009493:Neurosurgery / Q000941:ethics / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D012656:Self-Help Devices; D014584:User-Computer Interface