title: Can postprandial blood glucose excursion be predicted in type 2 diabetes?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated the relationship between carbohydrate intake and postprandial blood glucose (BG) levels to determine the most influential meal for type 2 diabetic subjects treated with basal insulin and needing prandial insulin.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three-day BG profiles for 37 type 2 diabetic subjects, with A1C levels of 7.7%, treated with sulfonylurea and metformin, and well titrated on insulin glargine, were analyzed using a continuous glucose monitoring system. Food intake from 680 meals was recorded and quantified during continuous glucose monitoring.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median BG excursion (DeltaBG) was higher at breakfast than at lunch or dinner (111 [81; 160] vs. 69.5 [41.5; 106] and 82.5 mg/dl [53; 119] mg/dl, P < 0.0001). There was a weak overall correlation between DeltaBG and carbohydrate intake. Correlation improved when mealtime was taken into account. Simple relationships were established: DeltaBG (mg/dl) = 65 x carbohydrate/body weight + 73 for breakfast (R(2) = 0.20, P < 0.0001); the slope was reduced by half at lunch and by one-third at dinner. Twelve relevant variables likely to affect DeltaBG were integrated into a polynomial equation. This model accounted for 49% of DeltaBG variability. Two groups of patients were identified: responders, in whom DeltaBG was well correlated with carbohydrate intake (R(2) >or= 0.30, n = 8), and nonresponders (R(2) < 0.30, n = 29). Responders exhibited a greater insulinopenic profile than nonresponders.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The carbohydrate intake in responders clearly drives DeltaBG, whereas, in nonresponders, other factors predominate. This sort of characterization should be used to guide therapeutic choices toward more targeted care with improved type 2 diabetes management.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diabetes, Sud-Francilien Hospital, Corbeil-Essonnes, France. sylvia.franc@free.fr
authors.forename: Sylvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Franc
authors.forename: Dured
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dardari
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Peschard
authors.forename: Jean-Pierre
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Riveline
authors.forename: Magdalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Biedzinski
authors.forename: Beatrix
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Boucherie
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Petit
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Requeda
authors.forename: Frederic
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mistretta
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Varroud-Vial
authors.forename: Guillaume
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Charpentier
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007328:Insulin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000069036:Insulin Glargine; D049528:Insulin, Long-Acting; D008297:Male; D008687:Metformin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008875:Middle Aged; D019518:Postprandial Period; D013453:Sulfonylurea Compounds / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D049528:Insulin, Long-Acting; D013453:Sulfonylurea Compounds; D000069036:Insulin Glargine; D008687:Metformin