title: Genetic diversity in three invasive clonal aquatic species in New Zealand.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Elodea canadensis, Egeria densa and Lagarosiphon major are dioecious clonal species which are invasive in New Zealand and other regions. Unlike many other invasive species, the genetic variation in New Zealand is very limited. Clonal reproduction is often considered an evolutionary dead end, even though a certain amount of genetic divergence may arise due to somatic mutations. The successful growth and establishment of invasive clonal species may be explained not by adaptability but by pre-existing ecological traits that prove advantageous in the new environment. We studied the genetic diversity and population structure in the North Island of New Zealand using AFLPs and related the findings to the number of introductions and the evolution that has occurred in the introduced area.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Low levels of genetic diversity were found in all three species and appeared to be due to highly homogeneous founding gene pools. Elodea canadensis was introduced in 1868, and its populations showed more genetic structure than those of the more recently introduced of E. densa (1946) and L. major (1950). Elodea canadensis and L. major, however, had similar phylogeographic patterns, in spite of the difference in time since introduction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of a certain level of geographically correlated genetic structure in the absence of sexual reproduction, and in spite of random human dispersal of vegetative propagules, can be reasonably attributed to post-dispersal somatic mutations. Direct evidence of such evolutionary events is, however, still insufficient.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Aarhus University, Arhus C, Denmark. carla.lambertini@biology.au.dk
authors.forename: Carla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lambertini
authors.forename: Tenna
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Riis
authors.forename: Birgit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Olesen
authors.forename: John S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Clayton
authors.forename: Brian K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Sorrell
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Brix
mesh_terms: D054458:Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis; D005075:Biological Evolution; D004777:Environment; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005828:Genetics, Population; D005838:Genotype; D056127:Hydrobiology; D009520:New Zealand; D010802:Phylogeny; D010944:Plants / Q000235:genetics*