title: Risk factors for 'unmasking immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome' presentation of tuberculosis following combination antiretroviral therapy initiation in HIV-infected patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine characteristics and risk factors for unmasking tuberculosis (TB)-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) following initiation of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) in HIV-infected patients, which have not yet been assessed to date.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective single-center cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medical records of HIV-infected patients diagnosed with tuberculosis following cART initiation were reviewed. Cases of unmasking IRIS were identified using provisional consensus definitions. Characteristics of patients with and without unmasking TB-IRIS were compared. A case-control design was used to identify risk factors for unmasking TB-IRIS in patients initiating cART.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 47 patients on cART at TB diagnosis, 11 experienced unmasking IRIS (23%). They had lower CD4% (9 vs. 14, P=0.02), higher HIV-RNA load at baseline (5.2 vs. 4.0 log, P=0.005), and a stronger CD4% increase with HIV-RNA decline after 1 month on cART (+7 vs. +3 log, P=0.02, and -3.2 vs. -0.8 log, P=0.005) than the 36 remaining patients without unmasking IRIS. In the case-control study, risk factors for unmasking IRIS were African country of origin (65 vs. 18%, P=0.007), higher baseline HIV-RNA load (5.2 vs. 4.7 log, P=0.01), stronger CD4% increase (+7 vs. +2, P=0.0001), and HIV-RNA decline of more than 3 log after 1 month on cART (73 vs. 27%, P=0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with African origins, advanced HIV infection, or a strong response to cART are at greater risk of unmasking TB-IRIS.
authors.affiliation: Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France. nadia.valin@sat.aphp.fr
authors.forename: Nadia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Valin
authors.forename: Jérôme
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pacanowski
authors.forename: Lise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Denoeud
authors.forename: Karine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lacombe
authors.forename: Valérie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Lalande
authors.forename: Laurent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fonquernie
authors.forename: Pierre-Marie
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Girard
authors.forename: Jean-Luc
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Meynard
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D054019:Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology*