title: Sacral nerve stimulation for constipation: suboptimal outcome and adverse events.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Sacral nerve stimulation is an emerging treatment for patients with severe constipation. There has been no substantial report to date on suboptimal outcomes and complications. We report our experience of more than 6 years by focusing on incidents and the management of reportable events.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review was performed on patients who underwent sacral nerve stimulation for constipation between August 2002 and September 2008. Collected data included patients' demographic data, type and management of suboptimal outcomes and complications, and stimulation parameters at the time of reportable events.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-eight patients (32 women; mean age, 45.6 y; SD, 11.8; range, 21-66) received a permanent stimulator after a successful test period. The mean treatment duration was 25.7 months (SD, 20.4; range, 0-70). Twenty-two patients (58%) experienced at least one reportable event attributable to the treatment. The total of 58 reportable events were noted, including lack or loss of efficacy, pain, and undesired change of sensation. Reprogramming successfully managed 28 reportable events (48%), 19 events (33%) required surgical interventions, and 3 adverse events led to discontinuation of the treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nearly 60% of patients who received sacral nerve stimulation for constipation experienced at least one reportable event. Although the events were often resolved by reprogramming, more than one-third required surgical intervention or discontinuation of therapy. Patients undergoing sacral nerve stimulation for constipation need to be informed of these possibilities. A systematic assessment is needed to identify the cause and optimize the management of reportable events.
authors.affiliation: Surgical Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark. yazmaeda@googlemail.com
authors.forename: Yasuko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Maeda
authors.forename: Lilli
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lundby
authors.forename: Steen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Buntzen
authors.forename: Søren
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Laurberg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003248:Constipation / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D003672:Defecation; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008160:Lumbosacral Plexus; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult