title: Blast-induced electromagnetic fields in the brain from bone piezoelectricity.
abstract: In this paper, we show that bone piezoelectricity-a phenomenon in which bone polarizes electrically in response to an applied mechanical stress and produces a short-range electric field-may be a source of intense blast-induced electric fields in the brain, with magnitudes and timescales comparable to fields with known neurological effects. We compute the induced charge density in the skull from stress data on the skull from a finite-element full-head model simulation of a typical IED-scale blast wave incident on an unhelmeted human head as well as a human head protected by a kevlar helmet, and estimate the resulting electric fields in the brain in both cases to be on the order of 10 V/m in millisecond pulses. These fields are more than 10 times stronger than the IEEE safety guidelines for controlled environments (IEEE Standards Coordinating Committee 28, 2002) and comparable in strength and timescale to fields from repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) that are designed to induce neurological effects (Wagner et al., 2006a). They can be easily measured by RF antennas, and may provide the means to design a diagnostic tool that records a quantitative measure of the head's exposure to blast insult.
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. kylkaren@mit.edu
authors.forename: Ka Yan Karen
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Michelle K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Nyein
authors.forename: David F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Joannopoulos
authors.forename: Simona
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Socrate
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Imholt
authors.forename: Raul
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Radovitzky
authors.forename: Steven G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D055592:Biophysical Phenomena; D001753:Blast Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004574:Electromagnetic Fields; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D006801:Humans; D008959:Models, Neurological; D012886:Skull / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013314:Stress, Mechanical