title: Genome-wide analysis of estrogen receptor alpha DNA binding and tethering mechanisms identifies Runx1 as a novel tethering factor in receptor-mediated transcriptional activation.
abstract: Nuclear receptor estrogen receptor alpha (ER alpha) controls the expression of hundreds of genes responsible for target cell phenotypic properties, but the relative importance of direct versus tethering mechanisms of DNA binding has not been established. In this first report, we examine the genome-wide chromatin localization of an altered-specificity mutant ER with a DNA binding domain deficient in binding to estrogen response element (ERE)-containing DNA (DBDmut ER) versus wild-type ER alpha. Using high-throughput sequencing of ER chromatin immunoprecipitations (ChIP-Seq) and mRNA transcriptional profiling, we show that direct ERE binding is required for most of (75%) estrogen-dependent gene regulation and 90% of hormone-dependent recruitment of ER to genomic binding sites. De novo motif analysis of the chromatin binding regions in MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells defined unique transcription factor profiles responsible for genes regulated through tethering versus direct ERE binding, with Runx motifs enriched in ER-tethered sites. We confirmed a role for Runx1 in mediating ER alpha genomic recruitment and regulation of tethering genes. Our findings delineate the contributions of direct receptor ERE binding versus binding through response elements for other transcription factors in chromatin localization and ER-dependent gene regulation, paradigms likely to underlie the gene regulatory actions of other nuclear receptors as well.
authors.affiliation: University of Illinois, Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, 524 Burrill Hall, 407 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801-3704, USA.
authors.forename: Joshua D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Stender
authors.forename: Kyuri
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Tze Howe
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Charn
authors.forename: Barry
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Komm
authors.forename: Ken C N
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: W Lee
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Kraus
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Benner
authors.forename: Christopher K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Glass
authors.forename: Benita S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Katzenellenbogen
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D001665:Binding Sites / Q000235:genetics; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D050676:Core Binding Factor Alpha 2 Subunit / Q000378:metabolism*; D004247:DNA / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000235:genetics; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004958:Estradiol / Q000494:pharmacology; D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D055106:Genome-Wide Association Study; D006801:Humans; D050505:Mutant Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D017354:Point Mutation; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D015533:Transcriptional Activation; D033921:Vesicular Transport Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D050676:Core Binding Factor Alpha 2 Subunit; D017931:DNA Primers; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; C431845:ERGIC2 protein, human; D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha; D050505:Mutant Proteins; C493728:RUNX1 protein, human; D033921:Vesicular Transport Proteins; D004958:Estradiol; D004247:DNA