title: Comparative in vitro bioactivities of tea extracts from six species of Ardisia and their effect on growth inhibition of HepG2 cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Ardisia species, notably A. compressa, are used in some regions of the world as food or in traditional medicine for prevention and treatment of certain health conditions including liver disease. We investigated the chemical composition and relative anticancer potential of six Ardisia species [A. japonica (AJ), A. escallonioides (AES), A. mamillata (AM), A. compressa (AC), A. crenata (ACR), and A. elliptica (AE)].
  
  
  METHODS
  Antioxidant capacity, DNA human topoisomerase II catalytic inhibition, and cytotoxicity on human liver cancer cells (HepG2) were determined in vitro in tea extracts of the 6 Ardisia species evaluated. Selected pure phenolic compounds present in Ardisia species were also evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  AC showed the highest topoisomerase II catalytic inhibition (IC(50)=12 microg/ml) and cytotoxicity (IC(50)=117 microg/ml) against HepG2 cells, followed by ACR and AJ. Total polyphenols ranged from 21 to 72 mg equivalents of gallic acid (GA)/g solid extract (SE). LC-MS analysis revealed the presence of GA, quercetin derivatives, ardisenone, ardisiaquinone, ardisianone, bergenin, norbergenin, and embelin. However, neither total polyphenol concentration nor antioxidant capacity correlated with anticancer capacity. Significant HepG2 cytotoxicity was also achieved by bergenin (IC(50)=18 microM) and embelin (IC(50)=120 microM). AC, bergenin, embelin, and quercetin showed a tendency to accumulate cells in the G1 phase and reduced G2/M leading to apoptosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the mechanism is not entirely clear, AC, ACR, and AJ are the Ardisia species with the greatest anticancer potential against liver cancer cells in vitro and deserve further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Amanda M B
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Newell
authors.forename: Gad G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Yousef
authors.forename: Mary Ann
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Lila
authors.forename: Marco Vinicio
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Ramírez-Mares
authors.forename: Elvira Gonzalez
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: de Mejia
mesh_terms: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D031644:Ardisia / Q000737:chemistry*; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D056945:Hep G2 Cells; D006801:Humans; D020128:Inhibitory Concentration 50; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D008519:Medicine, Traditional; D010636:Phenols / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D059808:Polyphenols; D013045:Species Specificity; D013662:Tea / Q000737:chemistry*; D059005:Topoisomerase II Inhibitors
chemical_list: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D000975:Antioxidants; D005419:Flavonoids; D010636:Phenols; D010936:Plant Extracts; D059808:Polyphenols; D013662:Tea; D059005:Topoisomerase II Inhibitors