title: A parametric study of hard tissue injury prediction using finite elements: consideration of geometric complexity, subfailure material properties, CT-thresholding, and element characteristics.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objectives of this study were to examine the axial response of the clavicle under quasistatic compressions replicating the body boundary conditions and to quantify the sensitivity of finite element-predicted fracture in the clavicle to several parameters.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clavicles were harvested from 14 donors (age range 14-56 years). Quasistatic axial compression tests were performed using a custom rig designed to replicate in situ boundary conditions. Prior to testing, high-resolution computed tomography (CT) scans were taken of each clavicle. From those images, finite element models were constructed. Factors varied parametrically included the density used to threshold cortical bone in the CT scans, the presence of trabecular bone, the mesh density, Young's modulus, the maximum stress, and the element type (shell vs. solid, triangular vs. quadrilateral surface elements).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The experiments revealed significant variability in the peak force (2.41 +/- 0.72 kN) and displacement to peak force (4.9 +/- 1.1 mm), with age (p < .05) and with some geometrical traits of the specimens. In the finite element models, the failure force and location were moderately dependent upon the Young's modulus. The fracture force was highly sensitive to the yield stress (80-110 MPa).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neither fracture location nor force was strongly dependent on mesh density as long as the element size was less than 5 x 5 mm(2). Both the fracture location and force were strongly dependent upon the threshold density used to define the thickness of the cortical shell.
authors.affiliation: European Center for Injury Prevention (ECIP), Universidad de Navarra, Navarra, Facultad de Medicina. Departamento de Medicina preventiva y Salud Pública, Edificio Investigacíon, Pamplona, Spain. carlosarregui@unav.es
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Arregui-Dalmases
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Del Pozo
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Duprey
authors.forename: Francisco J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Lopez-Valdes
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lau
authors.forename: Damien
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Subit
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kent
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D015519:Bone Density / Q000502:physiology; D002968:Clavicle / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000293:injuries* / Q000502:physiology*; D019245:Compressive Strength / Q000502:physiology; D003198:Computer Simulation; D005260:Female; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D050815:Fractures, Compression / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008954:Models, Biological; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D055815:Young Adult