title: Upregulation of Id1 by Epstein-Barr virus-encoded LMP1 confers resistance to TGFbeta-mediated growth inhibition.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-encoded LMP1 protein is commonly expressed in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). LMP1 is a prime candidate for driving tumourigenesis given its ability to activate multiple signalling pathways and to alter the expression and activity of variety of downstream targets. Resistance to TGFbeta-mediated cytostasis is one of the growth transforming effects of LMP1. Of the downstream targets manipulated by LMP1, the induction of Id1 and inactivation of Foxo3a appear particularly relevant to LMP1-mediated effects. Id1, a HLH protein is implicated in cell transformation and plays a role in cell proliferation, whilst Foxo3a, a transcription factor controls cell integrity and homeostasis by regulating apoptosis. The mechanism(s) by which LMP1 induces these effects have not been fully characterised.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this study, we demonstrate that the ability of LMP1 to induce the phosphorylation and inactivation of Foxo3a is linked to the upregulation of Id1. Furthermore, we show that the induction of Id1 is essential for the transforming function of LMP1 as over-expression of Id1 increases cell proliferation, attenuates TGFbeta-SMAD-mediated transcription and renders cells refractory to TGFbeta-mediated cytostasis. Id1 silencing in LMP1-expressing epithelial cells abolishes the inhibitory effect of LMP1 on TGFbeta-mediated cell growth arrest and reduces the ability of LMP1 to attenuate SMAD transcriptional activity. In response to TGFbeta stimulation, LMP1 does not abolish SMAD phosphorylation but inhibits p21 protein expression. In addition, we found the induction of Id1 in LMP1-expressing cells upon stimulation by TGFbeta. We provide evidence that LMP1 suppresses the transcriptional repressor ATF3, possibly leading to the TGFbeta-induced Id1 upregulation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current data provide novel information regarding the mechanisms by which LMP1 suppresses TGFbeta-induced cytostasis, highlighting the importance of Id1 in LMP1 mediated cell transformation.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Research UK Cancer Centre, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK. a.k.lo@bham.ac.uk
authors.forename: Angela K F
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Lo
authors.forename: Christopher W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Dawson
authors.forename: Kwok W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Lo
authors.forename: Yanxing
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Lawrence S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Young
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002453:Cell Cycle; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D017931:DNA Primers; D000071316:Forkhead Box Protein O3; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors / Q000502:physiology; D020868:Gene Silencing; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D051798:Inhibitor of Differentiation Protein 1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000502:physiology; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000502:physiology*; D015854:Up-Regulation; D014763:Viral Matrix Proteins / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; C037662:EBV-associated membrane antigen, Epstein-Barr virus; C499517:FOXO3 protein, human; D000071316:Forkhead Box Protein O3; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors; C497453:ID1 protein, human; D051798:Inhibitor of Differentiation Protein 1; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D014763:Viral Matrix Proteins