title: Evolutionary ecology of the interactions between aphids and their parasitoids.
abstract: Many organisms, including entomopathogenous fungi, predators or parasites, use aphids as ressources. Parasites of aphids are mostly endoparasitoid insects, i.e. insects which lay eggs inside the body of an other insect which will die as a result of their development. In this article, we review the consequences of the numerous pecularities of aphid biology and ecology for their endoparasitoids, notably the Aphidiinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). We first examine the various mechanisms used by aphids for defence against these enemies. We then explore the strategies used by aphidiine parasitoids to exploit their aphid hosts. Finally, we consider the responses of both aphids and parasitoids to ecological constraints induced by seasonal cycles and to environmental variations linked to host plants and climate. The fundamental and applied interest of studying these organisms is discussed.
authors.affiliation: INRA 1099, Agrocampus Ouest, Université Rennes 1, Unité Mixte de Recherche Biologie des Organismes et des Populations appliquée à la Protection des Plantes (BiO3P), Domaine de la Motte, BP 35327, 35653 Le Rheu cedex, France. anne.leralec@agrocampus-ouest.fr
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Le Ralec
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Anselme
authors.forename: Yannick
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Outreman
authors.forename: Marylène
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Poirié
authors.forename: Joan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van Baaren
authors.forename: Cécile
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Le Lann
authors.forename: Jacques J-M
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: van Alphen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001042:Aphids / Q000469:parasitology* / Q000502:physiology; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology; D044822:Biodiversity; D005075:Biological Evolution; D004463:Ecology; D006790:Host-Parasite Interactions; D012098:Reproduction