title: Clinicopathological outcomes after radical cystectomy for clinical T2 urothelial carcinoma: further evidence to support the use of neoadjuvant chemotherapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the clinicopathological outcomes for patients with clinical T2 (cT2) urothelial carcinoma treated with radical cystectomy (RC) without neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NC).
  
  
  METHODS
  We identified 212 patients with cT2 tumours who underwent RC at our institution without NC. Pathological assessment of RC specimens was correlated with clinical stage. The impact of various clinicopathological factors on the outcome of patients with cT2 disease was analysed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 153/212 (73.2%) patients with cT2 bladder cancer had either pT3/T4 or pN+ tumours at RC. Moreover, only 58/153 (37.9%) of these patients received adjuvant chemotherapy. The median follow-up was 28 (months 0.6-107.5) (range). The 5-year recurrence-free survival and cancer-specific survival (CSS) was 56.5% and 59.5%, respectively. On multivariate analysis, increasing age (hazard ratio [HR] 1.04; P= 0.04), advanced pathological stage (HR 1.83; P= 0.02), and positive lymph nodes (HR 3.72; P= 0.001) were adversely associated with CSS, while receipt of adjuvant chemotherapy was protective of disease-specific mortality (HR 0.45; P= 0.04).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pathological upstaging is prevalent and survival remains modest in patients with cT2 tumours treated with RC without NC. Unfortunately, only 40% of patients that had locally advanced and/or regionally metastatic disease received adjuvant treatment. These data further support the value of NC for patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer, even in those with apparent clinically organ-confined tumours.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Urologic Oncology, Medical Oncology and Biostatistics, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA. danieljcanter@gmail.com
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Canter
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Long
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kutikov
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Plimack
authors.forename: Ismail
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Saad
authors.forename: Megan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oblaczynski
authors.forename: Fang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Rosalia
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Viterbo
authors.forename: David Y T
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Robert G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Uzzo
authors.forename: Richard E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Greenberg
authors.forename: Stephen A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Boorjian
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; D015653:Cystectomy / Q000379:methods*; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology*; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011379:Prognosis; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D019459:Urothelium