title: Reversal of TNP-470-induced endothelial cell growth arrest by guanine and guanine nucleosides.
abstract: The mechanism of action of TNP-470 [O-(chloroacetyl-carbamoyl) fumagillol], which potently and selectively inhibits the proliferation of endothelial cells, is incompletely understood. Previous studies have established its binding protein and the most distal effector of its growth arrest activity as methionine aminopeptidase 2 (MetAP-2) and p21(WAF1/CIP1), respectively. However, the mechanistic steps between these two effectors have not been identified. We have found that addition of exogenous guanine and guanine-containing nucleosides to culture medium will completely reverse the cytostatic effect of TNP-470 on both cultured bovine aortic and mouse pulmonary endothelial cells. Western blotting showed that supplementation with exogenous guanosine reverses the induction of p21(WAF1/CIP1) by TNP-470. This "rescue" by guanine/guanosine was abolished when the guanine salvage pathway of nucleotide biosynthesis was inhibited with Immucillin H, suggesting that TNP-470 might reduce de novo guanine synthesis in endothelial cells. However, an analysis of inosine 5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase, the rate-limiting enzyme in de novo guanine synthesis and target of the antiangiogenic drug mycophenolic acid, showed no TNP-470-induced changes. Curiously, quantitation of cellular nucleotides confirmed that GTP levels were not reduced after TNP-470 treatment. Addition of guanosine at the start of G(1) phase causes a doubling in GTP levels that persists to the G(1)/S phase transition, where commitment to TNP-470 growth arrest occurs. Thus, guanine rescue involves an augmentation of cellular GTP beyond physiological levels rather than a restoration of a drug-induced GTP deficit. Determining the mechanism whereby this causes restoration of endothelial cell proliferation is an ongoing investigation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8103, USA.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hines
authors.forename: Rong
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ju
authors.forename: Ginger E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Dutschman
authors.forename: Yung-Chi
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Craig M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Crews
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000096:biosynthesis; D000818:Animals; D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002417:Cattle; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003510:Cyclohexanes / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects*; D004790:Enzyme Induction / Q000187:drug effects; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D006147:Guanine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006150:Guanine Nucleotides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051379:Mice; D009173:Mycophenolic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D000077609:O-(Chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol; D012717:Sesquiterpenes / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013936:Thymidine / Q000378:metabolism; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D054462:p21-Activated Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic; D003510:Cyclohexanes; D006150:Guanine Nucleotides; D012717:Sesquiterpenes; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D006147:Guanine; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D054462:p21-Activated Kinases; D009173:Mycophenolic Acid; D013936:Thymidine; D000077609:O-(Chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol