title: Effects of weight loss and seafood consumption on inflammation parameters in young, overweight and obese European men and women during 8 weeks of energy restriction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In vitro studies have shown that long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC n-3 PUFAs) can affect inflammation; however, results from intervention studies in overweight or obese individuals are contradicting. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of weight loss and seafood consumption on inflammation parameters during energy restriction.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this 8-week intervention trial, 324 subjects (aged 20-40 years, body mass index 27.5-32.5 kg/m(2) from Iceland, Spain and Ireland) were randomized to one of four energy-restricted diets (-30% relative to estimated requirements): salmon (3 x 150 g/week, 2.1 g LC n-3 PUFA per day); cod (3 x 150 g/week, 0.3 g LC n-3 PUFA per day); fish oil capsules (1.3 g LC n-3 PUFA per day); and control (sunflower oil capsules, no seafood). Body weight, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), glutathione reductase and prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGEF2alpha) were measured at baseline and end point.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Subjects experienced weight loss (-5.2+/-3.2 kg, P<0.001). Taken together for all subjects, there were significant decreases in all inflammation parameters. On a group level, salmon consumption was most effective, three of the four inflammation parameters decreased in the salmon group (high-sensitivity CRP=-32.0%; IL-6=-18.4%; PGEF2alpha=-18.5%; all P<0.05). Cod consumption decreased high-sensitivity CRP and IL-6 (-21.5 and -10.8%, respectively, both P<0.05). Changes in the other two groups were not significant, which can be partly explained by the large s.d.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The mean concentrations of inflammation parameters decreased during a period of weight loss and dietary intervention. In our study, salmon consumption was most effective, three of the four measured inflammation parameters decreased significantly in the salmon group.
authors.affiliation: Unit for Nutrition Research, Landspitali University Hospital, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland. alfons@landspitali.is
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ramel
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Martinez
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kiely
authors.forename: N M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Bandarra
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Thorsdottir
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D031204:Caloric Restriction; D004038:Diet, Reducing; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D015237:Dinoprost / Q000097:blood; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D005395:Fish Oils / Q000008:administration & dosage; D048389:Gadus morhua; D005980:Glutathione Reductase / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007055:Iceland; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D007494:Ireland; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood* / Q000178:diet therapy; D050177:Overweight / Q000097:blood* / Q000178:diet therapy; D012474:Salmon; D017747:Seafood / Q000032:analysis; D013030:Spain; D015431:Weight Loss / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D005395:Fish Oils; D015850:Interleukin-6; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D015237:Dinoprost; D005980:Glutathione Reductase