title: Classification for carotid artery stenting complications: manifestation, management, and prevention.
abstract: Carotid artery stenting is a rapidly evolving method for treating carotid artery disease. Various intraprocedural and postprocedural complications have been reported in the literature. However, the absence of a unified classification scheme for these complications makes it difficult, if not impossible, to study their precise incidence, predictors, and management. The aim of this article is to propose the first joint classification of periprocedural complications, to analyze their incidence and etiology, and suggest possible ways to manage and prevent them. This classification is intended to be used as a common platform for prompt recognition, evaluation, treatment, and universal study of the complications during carotid stenting procedures. For this purpose, the opinions of the major experts on carotid interventions worldwide were merged with all the available information reported in the English-language literature to present as accurately as possible the management and prevention of carotid stenting complications according to this proposed classification.
authors.affiliation: Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory, M.P. Arezzo Hospital, Ragusa, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonino
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nicosia
authors.forename: Dimitrios
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nikas
authors.forename: Fausto
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Castriota
authors.forename: Giancarlo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Biamino
authors.forename: Piergiorgio
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cremonesi
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mathias
authors.forename: Issam
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Moussa
authors.forename: L Nelson
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Hopkins
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Setacci
authors.forename: Horst
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sievert
authors.forename: Bernhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Reimers
mesh_terms: D017130:Angioplasty / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000295:instrumentation*; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000145:classification; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy*; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000145:classification; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005374:Filtration / Q000295:instrumentation; D006801:Humans; D020766:Intracranial Embolism / Q000145:classification; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000145:classification* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy; D011475:Prosthesis Failure; D011859:Radiography; D012307:Risk Factors; D015607:Stents; D009626:Terminology as Topic; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000145:classification; D016896:Treatment Outcome