title: Elements of external validity of tools for health: an intervention for construction laborers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the external validity of an efficacious tailored smoking cessation and nutrition improvement telephone intervention.
  
  
  METHODS
  Comparison of characteristics of participants and nonparticipants (representativeness); examination of the extent of intervention implementation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cancer center collaboration with a labor union.
  
  
  METHODS
  Unionized construction laborers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tailored feedback report, telephone counseling, and supplementary educational materials focused on smoking cessation and improved nutrition.
  
  
  METHODS
  Background survey identifying socio-demographic and behavioral characteristics; process evaluation data; and final efficacy survey to determine participant satisfaction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-classification and the chi(2) test of homogeneity were used with categorically measured variables comparing participants and nonparticipants. We compared the means in the two groups for continuously scaled measures using the Student t-test and investigated the multivariable association of the characteristics of participation with a multiple logistic regression. For process data we present frequencies, percentages, and means.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Characteristics associated with participation included self-efficacy to change fruit and vegetable consumption (p = .0009) and self-identification with union's problems (p = 0.05). Eighty-six percent of non-smokers and 61% of smokers completed between 1 and 4 counseling sessions. Over one-half of non-smokers (61%) and smokers (53%) completed 4 or more calls and more smokers (34%) than non-smokers (11%) completed the 5+ sessions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results provide a snapshot of characteristics of construction laborers to whom this intervention can be generalized and indicators of feasibility necessary for translating research into practice.
authors.affiliation: Center for Community-Based Research, Dana- Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. huntmk@comcast.net
authors.forename: Mary K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Hunt
authors.forename: Amy E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Harley
authors.forename: Anne M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Stoddard
authors.forename: Ruth I
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Lederman
authors.forename: Mary Jane
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: MacArthur
authors.forename: Glorian
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sorensen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D004032:Diet / Q000592:standards*; D037001:Directive Counseling / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006291:Health Policy; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000379:methods*; D006304:Health Status; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007750:Labor Unions; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009752:Nutritional Status; D016522:Oncology Service, Hospital / Q000458:organization & administration*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods*; D012944:Social Support; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013689:Telephone