title: Effect of increasing dialysate flow rate on diffusive mass transfer of urea, phosphate and beta2-microglobulin during clinical haemodialysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Diffusive clearance depends on blood and dialysate flow rates and the overall mass transfer area coefficient (K(o)A) of the dialyzer. Although K(o)A should be constant for a given dialyzer, urea K(o)A has been reported to vary with dialysate flow rate possibly because of improvements in flow distribution. This study examined the dependence of K(o)A for urea, phosphate and β(2)-microglobulin on dialysate flow rate in dialyzers containing undulating fibers to promote flow distribution and two different fiber packing densities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve stable haemodialysis patients underwent dialysis with four different dialyzers, each used with a blood flow rate of 400 mL/min and dialysate flow rates of 350, 500 and 800 mL/min. Clearances of urea, phosphate and β(2)-microglobulin were measured and K(o)A values calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Clearances of urea and phosphate, but not β(2)-microglobulin, increased significantly with increasing dialysate flow rate. However, increasing dialysate flow rate had no significant effect on K(o)A or K(o) for any of the three solutes examined, although K(o) for urea and phosphate increased significantly as the average flow velocity in the dialysate compartment increased.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For dialyzers with features that promote good dialysate flow distribution, increasing dialysate flow rate beyond 600 mL/min at a blood flow rate of 400 mL/min is likely to have only a modest impact on dialyzer performance, limited to the theoretical increase predicted for a constant K(o)A.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, 615 S. Preston St., Louisville, KY 40202-1718, USA.
authors.forename: Jai P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Bhimani
authors.forename: Rosemary
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ouseph
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Ward
mesh_terms: D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D015314:Dialysis Solutions / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005921:Glomerulonephritis / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications; D007668:Kidney / Q000098:blood supply; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000150:complications; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000150:complications; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008954:Models, Biological; D010710:Phosphates / Q000378:metabolism*; D007690:Polycystic Kidney Diseases / Q000150:complications; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000502:physiology; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000379:methods*; D051437:Renal Insufficiency / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000628:therapy*; D014508:Urea / Q000378:metabolism*; D001613:beta 2-Microglobulin / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D015314:Dialysis Solutions; D010710:Phosphates; D001613:beta 2-Microglobulin; D014508:Urea