title: Epigenetic alterations differ in phenotypically distinct human neuroblastoma cell lines.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Epigenetic aberrations and a CpG island methylator phenotype have been shown to be associated with poor outcomes in children with neuroblastoma (NB). Seven cancer related genes (THBS-1, CASP8, HIN-1, TIG-1, BLU, SPARC, and HIC-1) that have been shown to have epigenetic changes in adult cancers and play important roles in the regulation of angiogenesis, tumor growth, and apoptosis were analyzed to investigate the role epigenetic alterations play in determining NB phenotype.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two NB cell lines (tumorigenic LA1-55n and non-tumorigenic LA1-5s) that differ in their ability to form colonies in soft agar and tumors in nude mice were used. Quantitative RNA expression analyses were performed on seven genes in LA1-5s, LA1-55n and 5-Aza-dC treated LA1-55n NB cell lines. The methylation status around THBS-1, HIN-1, TIG-1 and CASP8 promoters was examined using methylation specific PCR. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay was used to examine histone modifications along the THBS-1 promoter. Luciferase assay was used to determine THBS-1 promoter activity. Cell proliferation assay was used to examine the effect of 5-Aza-dC on NB cell growth. The soft agar assay was used to determine the tumorigenicity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Promoter methylation values for THBS-1, HIN-1, TIG-1, and CASP8 were higher in LA1-55n cells compared to LA1-5s cells. Consistent with the promoter methylation status, lower levels of gene expression were detected in the LA1-55n cells. Histone marks associated with repressive chromatin states (H3K9Me3, H3K27Me3, and H3K4Me3) were identified in the THBS-1 promoter region in the LA1-55n cells, but not the LA1-5s cells. In contrast, the three histone codes associated with an active chromatin state (acetyl H3, acetyl H4, and H3K4Me3) were present in the THBS-1 promoter region in LA1-5s cells, but not the LA1-55n cells, suggesting that an accessible chromatin structure is important for THBS-1 expression. We also show that 5-Aza-dC treatment of LA1-55n cells alters the DNA methylation status and the histone code in the THBS-1 promoter modifies cell morphology, and inhibits their ability to form colonies in soft agar.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that epigenetic aberrations contribute to NB phenotype, and that tumorigenic properties can be inhibited by reversing the epigenetic changes with 5-Aza-dC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, 900 Ease 57th Street, KCBD Rm, 5100 Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
authors.forename: Qiwei
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Yufeng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.forename: Kelly R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Ostler
authors.forename: Alexandre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chlenski
authors.forename: Lisa J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Guerrero
authors.forename: Helen R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Salwen
authors.forename: Lucy A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Godley
authors.forename: Susan L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Cohn
mesh_terms: D000107:Acetylation; D001374:Azacitidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D048430:Cell Shape; D047369:Chromatin Immunoprecipitation; D019175:DNA Methylation; D015254:DNA Modification Methylases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D000077209:Decitabine; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects; D005838:Genotype; D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D006657:Histones / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D009447:Neuroblastoma / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D010641:Phenotype; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D019700:Thrombospondin 1 / Q000235:genetics; D014162:Transfection; D014635:Valproic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors; D006657:Histones; D019700:Thrombospondin 1; D014635:Valproic Acid; D000077209:Decitabine; D015254:DNA Modification Methylases; D001374:Azacitidine