title: Barriers to adolescents' participation in HIV biomedical prevention research.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The inclusion of adolescents in HIV prevention clinical research has the potential to improve the current understanding of the safety and efficacy of biomedical prevention technologies in younger populations that are at increasing risk of HIV infection. However, there are significant individual, operational, and community-level barriers to engaging adolescents in clinical prevention trials.
  
  
  METHODS
  This paper identifies and addresses individual, operational, and community-level barriers to adolescents' participation in HIV biomedical prevention research.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Barriers identified and addressed in this paper include: (1) insufficient understanding of clinic prevention research, (2) self-presentation bias, (3) issues surrounding parental consent, (4) access to clinical trials, (5) mistrust of research, and (6) stigma associated with participation in clinical trials. Examples of programs where adolescents have been successfully engaged in prevention research are highlighted and the lessons learned from these programs indicate that establishing collaborations with key stakeholders in the community are essential for conducting biomedical research with vulnerable populations, including adolescents.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Given the importance of understanding adolescents' reactions, acceptability, and utilization of new biomedical prevention technologies it is imperative that researchers acknowledge and address these barriers to enhance adolescents' participation and retention in HIV biomedical prevention research.
authors.affiliation: Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA. rdiclem@sph.emory.edu
authors.forename: Ralph J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: DiClemente
authors.forename: Monica S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Ruiz
authors.forename: Jessica McDermott
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Sales
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001290:Attitude; D035843:Biomedical Research / Q000379:methods; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic / Q000379:methods; D003256:Community Participation; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018451:Homosexuality, Male; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D033282:Parental Consent; D010349:Patient Compliance; D018579:Patient Selection; D011287:Prejudice; D012307:Risk Factors