title: Image quality assessment and medical physics evaluation of different portable dental X-ray units.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recently developed portable dental X-ray units increase the mobility of the forensic odontologists and allow more efficient X-ray work in a disaster field, especially when used in combination with digital sensors. This type of machines might also have potential for application in remote areas, military and humanitarian missions, dental care of patients with mobility limitation, as well as imaging in operating rooms.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate radiographic image quality acquired by three portable X-ray devices in combination with four image receptors and to evaluate their medical physics parameters.
  
  
  METHODS
  Images of five samples consisting of four teeth and one formalin-fixed mandible were acquired by one conventional wall-mounted X-ray unit, MinRay 60/70 kVp, used as a clinical standard, and three portable dental X-ray devices: AnyRay 60 kVp, Nomad 60 kVp and Rextar 70 kVp, in combination with a phosphor image plate (PSP), a CCD, or a CMOS sensor. Three observers evaluated images for standard image quality besides forensic diagnostic quality on a 4-point rating scale. Furthermore, all machines underwent tests for occupational as well as patient dosimetry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Statistical analysis showed good quality imaging for all system, with the combination of Nomad and PSP yielding the best score. A significant difference in image quality between the combination of the four X-ray devices and four sensors was established (p<0.05). For patient safety, the exposure rate was determined and exit dose rates for MinRay at 60 kVp, MinRay at 70 kVp, AnyRay, Nomad and Rextar were 3.4 mGy/s, 4.5 mGy/s, 13.5 mGy/s, 3.8 mGy/s and 2.6 mGy/s respectively. The kVp of the AnyRay system was the most stable, with a ripple of 3.7%. Short-term variations in the tube output of all the devices were less than 10%. AnyRay presented higher estimated effective dose than other machines. Occupational dosimetry showed doses at the operator's hand being lowest with protective shielding (Nomad: 0.1 microGy). It was also low while using remote control (distance>1m: Rextar <0.2 microGy, MinRay <0.1 microGy).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study demonstrated the feasibility of three portable X-ray systems to be used for specific indications, based on acceptable image quality and sufficient accuracy of the machines and following the standard guidelines for radiation hygiene.
authors.affiliation: Oral Imaging Center, Faculty of Medicine, School of Dentistry, KU Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 7, Leuven B-3000, Belgium.
authors.forename: Pisha
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pittayapat
authors.forename: Christiano
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Oliveira-Santos
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Thevissen
authors.forename: Koen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Michielsen
authors.forename: Niki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bergans
authors.forename: Guy
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Willems
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Debruyckere
authors.forename: Reinhilde
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jacobs
mesh_terms: D005553:Forensic Dentistry / Q000295:instrumentation; D006801:Humans; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D010825:Physics; D011786:Quality Control; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011861:Radiography, Dental / Q000295:instrumentation*