title: Mutations in TGFbeta-RII and BAX mediate tumor progression in the later stages of colorectal cancer with microsatellite instability.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Microsatellite instability (MSI) occurs in 15% of colorectal cancers (CRC). The genetic targets for mutation in the MSI phenotype include somatic mutations in the transforming growth factor beta receptor typeII (TGFbetaRII), BAX, hMSH3 and hMSH6. It is not clear how mutations of these genes mediate tumor progression in the MSI pathway, and the temporal sequence of these mutations remains uncertain. In this study, early stage CRCs were examined for frameshift mutations in these target genes, and compared with late stage tumors and CRC cell lines.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated 6 CRC cell lines and 71 sporadic CRCs, including 61 early stage cancers and 10 late stage cancers. Mutations of repetitive mononucleotide tracts in the coding regions of TGFbetaRII, BAX, hMSH3, hMSH6, IGFIIR and Fas antigen were identified by direct sequencing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirteen (18.3%) of 71 CRC, including 9/61 (14.7%) early stage cancers and 4/10 (40%) late stage cancers, were identified as MSI and analyzed for frameshift mutations. No mutation in the target genes was observed in any of the 9 early stage MSI CRCs. In contrast, frameshift mutations of TGFbetaRII, BAX, hMSH3 and hMSH6 were present in 3/4 late stage MSI tumors. There is a statistical association (p = 0.014) between mutation in any one gene and tumor stage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TGFbetaRII, BAX, hMSH3 and hMSH6 mutations are relatively late events in the genesis of MSI CRCs. The frameshift mutations in these target genes might mediate progression from early to late stage cancer, rather than mediating the adenoma to carcinoma transition.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan. m9312510@med.osaka-cu.ac.jp
authors.forename: Masakazu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yashiro
authors.forename: Kosei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hirakawa
authors.forename: C Richard
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Boland
mesh_terms: D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D018450:Disease Progression; D016368:Frameshift Mutation; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D045325:HCT116 Cells; D019073:HT29 Cells; D006801:Humans; D053842:Microsatellite Instability; D000074081:MutS Homolog 3 Protein; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000235:genetics*; D017527:Receptor, IGF Type 2 / Q000235:genetics; D000077294:Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type II; D018125:Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000235:genetics*; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein / Q000235:genetics*; D019014:fas Receptor / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: C494826:BAX protein, human; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C491901:FAS protein, human; C094443:G-T mismatch-binding protein; C078444:MSH3 protein, human; D000074081:MutS Homolog 3 Protein; D017527:Receptor, IGF Type 2; D018125:Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; D019014:fas Receptor; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D000077294:Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type II