title: Late recovery after traumatic, anoxic, or hemorrhagic long-lasting vegetative state.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Late recovery of awareness in vegetative state (VS) is considered as an exceptional outcome, and has been reported prevalently after traumatic brain injury (TBI). The present prospective study aimed to verify frequency of late recovery (later than 1 year postonset in TBI and 3 months postonset in patients without TBI) of responsiveness and consciousness in traumatic and nontraumatic long-lasting (more than 6 months after onset) VS.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty inpatients with long-lasting VS (36% TBI, 36% hemorrhagic, and 28% anoxic) were enrolled and followed up for a mean of 25.7 months from onset (5 patients for more than 4 years). Level of responsiveness and functional disability were evaluated by means of validated scales (Coma Recovery Scale-Revised and Disability Rating Scale).
  
  
  RESULTS
  At the end of the study, 21 patients (42%) had died, 17 patients (34%) were in VS, and 2 patients with TBI (4%) had recovered responsiveness within 12 months postonset. The remaining 10 (20%) patients with TBI and patients without TBI showed late recovery of responsiveness; 6 of them (12%) further progressed to consciousness. Late recovery was significantly associated with younger age and was relatively more frequent in TBI. Functional abilities were severely impaired in all patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This clinical study demonstrates that late recovery of responsiveness and consciousness is not exceptional in patients with traumatic and nontraumatic VS, although with residual severe disability.
authors.affiliation: Salvatore Maugeri Foundation, IRCCS, Scientific Institute of Telese Terme, Telese Terme, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Estraneo
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Moretta
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Loreto
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lanzillo
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Santoro
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Trojano
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018458:Persistent Vegetative State / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D020127:Recovery of Function / Q000502:physiology*; D015599:Trauma Severity Indices; D055815:Young Adult