title: Pathological mechanisms and clinical features of eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis in the Japanese population.
abstract: The overall pathological view of paranasal sinus inflammation in the Japanese population has profoundly changed in recent years. Eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis (ECRS) is a clinical entity of intractable chronic sinus inflammation accompanied by numerous infiltrations of activated eosinophils in the paranasal sinus mucosa and/or nasal polyps. Several pathologic processes are considered to act in concert to promote the accumulation of eosinophils in ECRS. They include infiltration of progenitor cells, increase in local IL-3, IL-5, IL-13, GM-CSF and eotaxin production, and upregulation of adhesion molecules. The role of nasal allergen sensitization and innate immunity responses in the sinus mucosa has also been proposed in the development of ECRS. Various pathogens including TLRs ligands may trigger an abnormal immune response at the mucosal surface. The objectives of ECRS management should focus directly on inhibition of local eosinophil infiltration. Surgical procedures include widely opening the bony wall septum of every affected sinus and mechanical removal of diseased mucosal lesion. The use of local and/or systemic steroids, leukotriene receptor antagonists, and Th2 cytokine antagonists is recommended. Local administration of steroids is a potent treatment strategy for preventing relapse of nasal polyposis and is considered to be the first-line treatment for ECRS patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Clinical Medical Science, Programs for Applied Biomedicine, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.. Electronic address: takeno@hiroshima-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Sachio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Takeno
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Clinical Medical Science, Programs for Applied Biomedicine, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.
authors.forename: Katsuhiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hirakawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Clinical Medical Science, Programs for Applied Biomedicine, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ishino
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004804:Eosinophils / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D009297:Nasal Mucosa / Q000276:immunology; D009298:Nasal Polyps / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D010256:Paranasal Sinuses / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D012220:Rhinitis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012852:Sinusitis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D013256:Steroids / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D013256:Steroids