title: Intake of cruciferous vegetables modifies bladder cancer survival.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intake of cruciferous vegetables, a rich source of dietary isothiocyanates, has been inversely associated with risk of bladder cancer. Due to the potent antiproliferative effects of dietary isothiocyanates on bladder cancer in in vitro and in vivo models, cruciferous vegetable intake may also play a role in survival among patients with bladder cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using information obtained from the Roswell Park Cancer Institute Tumor Registry, patient medical records, and routinely collected questionnaire data, we examined potential associations between intake of cruciferous vegetables and survival among bladder cancer patients. As cooking can substantially reduce or destroy isothiocyanates, consumption of raw versus cooked cruciferous vegetables was examined separately. Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using Cox proportional hazard models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 239 bladder cancer patients were included in the study. After an average of 8 years of follow-up, 179 deaths occurred, with 101 deaths attributable to bladder cancer. After adjustment for other prognostic factors, a strong and significant inverse association was observed between bladder cancer mortality and broccoli intake, in particular raw broccoli intake (> or =1 versus <1 serving per month; HR for overall death, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.39-0.83; HR for disease-specific death, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.25-0.74). There were no significant associations for total vegetables, total fruits, or other individual cruciferous vegetables.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Considering the strong preclinical evidence, intake of broccoli may improve bladder cancer survival.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Further prospective investigation is warranted to confirm the potential role of cruciferous vegetables in bladder cancer prognosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Carlton House Rm 365, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA. Li.tang@roswellpark.org
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Gary R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Zirpoli
authors.forename: Khurshid
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Guru
authors.forename: Kirsten B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Moysich
authors.forename: Yuesheng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Christine B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Ambrosone
authors.forename: Susan E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: McCann
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001937:Brassica; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017879:Isothiocyanates / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D018426:SEER Program; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality* / Q000517:prevention & control; D014675:Vegetables
chemical_list: D017879:Isothiocyanates