title: Impact of distant charge reversals within a robust beta-barrel protein pore.
abstract: Among all beta-barrel pores, staphylococcal alpha-hemolysin (alphaHL), a heptameric transmembrane protein of known high-resolution crystal structure, features a high stability in planar lipid bilayers under a wide range of harsh experimental conditions. Here, we employed single-channel electrical recordings and standard protein engineering to explore the impact of two distant charge reversals within the interior of the beta-barrel part of the pore. The charge reversals were replacements of lysines with aspartic acids. A charge reversal within the structurally stiff region of the beta barrel near the pore constriction reduced the open-state current of the pore, but produced a quiet pore, showing current fluctuation-free channel behavior. In contrast, a charge reversal on the trans entrance, within the structurally flexible glycine-rich turn of the beta barrel, increased the open-state current and produced gating activity of the pore in the form of large-amplitude and frequent current fluctuations. Remarkably, cumulative insertion of the two distant charge reversals resulted in a large-amplitude permanent blockade of the beta barrel, as judged by both single-channel and macroscopic current measurements. The results from this work suggest that these distant charge reversals are energetically coupled, producing different impacts on the ionic transport, the unitary conductance and the open-state probability of the pore.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, Syracuse University, 201 Physics Building, Syracuse, New York 13244-1130, USA.
authors.forename: Mohammad M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Mohammad
authors.forename: Liviu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Movileanu
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004553:Electric Conductivity; D006460:Hemolysin Proteins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015640:Ion Channel Gating; D008958:Models, Molecular; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D009154:Mutation; D016062:Porosity; D055503:Protein Multimerization; D055550:Protein Stability; D020836:Protein Structure, Quaternary; D017433:Protein Structure, Secondary; D013210:Staphylococcus
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D006460:Hemolysin Proteins; C021091:staphylococcal alpha-toxin