title: Porcine oocytes are most vulnerable to the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol during formation of the meiotic spindle.
abstract: Deoxynivalenol (DON, vomitoxin) is a secondary metabolite and mycotoxin produced by Fusarium species that occurs with a high prevalence in cereals and grains intended for human and animal consumption. Pigs are considered to be the most sensitive animal species and exposure to DON results in reduced feed intake, reduced performance and cause alterations in the expression of markers of inflammation and cell cycle regulation. The objective of this study was to determine how DON possibly affects the oocyte developmental potential in vitro at concentrations which correspond to those observed in practice. To evaluate DON toxicity during specific stages of oocyte meiosis, cumulus-oocyte complexes were exposed to 0.02, 0.2, or 2 microM DON. Exposure to the highest DON concentration inhibited cumulus expansion and induced cumulus cell death. After exposure for 42 h, DON at all concentrations reduced Metaphase II formation and led to malformations of the meiotic spindle. Despite spindle malformations, exposure to different concentrations of DON did not lead to increased percentages of blastomeres with abnormal ploidy in embryos. Spindle malformation occurred by DON exposure during formation of meiotic spindles at Metaphase I and II, but embryo development was also reduced when oocytes were exposed to DON during Prophase I. Together, these results indicate that exposure to DON via contaminated food or feed can affect oocyte developmental competence by interfering directly with microtubule dynamics during meiosis, and by disturbing oocyte cytoplasmic maturation through other as yet undetermined mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 104, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands. E.J.Schoevers@uu.nl
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Schoevers
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fink-Gremmels
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Colenbrander
authors.forename: B A J
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Roelen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D046149:Embryo Culture Techniques; D047108:Embryonic Development / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D005306:Fertilization / Q000187:drug effects; D005307:Fertilization in Vitro / Q000662:veterinary; D008297:Male; D008540:Meiosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D009183:Mycotoxins / Q000633:toxicity; D009865:Oocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D008941:Spindle Apparatus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D013552:Swine / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014255:Trichothecenes / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D009183:Mycotoxins; D014255:Trichothecenes; C007262:deoxynivalenol