title: Nerve-preserving sacrocolpopexy: anatomical study and surgical approach.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of our study is to describe the course of the autonomic nerves in the presacral space and to find the best nerve-preserving approach for sacrocolpopexy.
  
  
  METHODS
  The autonomic nerves of the presacral space were dissected on six specially preserved female cadavers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The superior hypogastric plexus is located in front of the abdominal aorta and its bifurcation and deviates to the left of the midsagittal plane. At the level of the promontory, or just below, the superior hypogastric plexus branches into two hypogastric nerves that run in front of the sacrum. In the presacral space the parasympathetic pelvic splanchnic nerves from the ventral rami of the sacral spinal nerves (S2-S3) join the hypogastric nerves, forming the inferior hypogastric plexus on both sides. From the inferior hypogastric plexus, nerve fibres spread out bilaterally to the pelvic organs. In two of the six cadavers sacral splanchnic nerves could be identified leading from the sacral sympathetic ganglion S1 of the sympathetic trunk to the inferior hypogastric plexus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Longitudinal incision of the peritoneum along the right common iliac artery and above the promontory allows for a safe approach for sacrocolpopexy. After exposing the vascular structure (e.g. medial sacral vessels) above the promontory, the anterior longitudinal ligament becomes visible and can be prepared for the fixation of the mesh for vaginal suspension. By protecting the superior hypogastric plexus and the part of the presacral area below the promontory we can preserve the hypogastric nerves, the sacral and pelvic splanchnic nerves and thus the autonomic innervation of the pelvic organs. Awareness of the course of the autonomic nerves in the presacral space will significantly improve the functional outcome of sacrocolpopexy and reduce bowel, urinary and sexual dysfunctions.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Anatomy, Division of Clinical Anatomy, University of Tuebingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Str. 8, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany. thomas.shiozawa@uni-tuebingen.de
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shiozawa
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Huebner
authors.forename: Bernhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hirt
authors.forename: Diethelm
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wallwiener
authors.forename: Christl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Reisenauer
mesh_terms: D002102:Cadaver; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007001:Hypogastric Plexus / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000601:surgery; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures; D056887:Pelvic Organ Prolapse / Q000601:surgery*; D012447:Sacrum / Q000601:surgery*; D013153:Splanchnic Nerves / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000601:surgery; D014566:Urogenital System / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000294:innervation*; D014621:Vagina / Q000601:surgery*