title: Tea and coffee consumption and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the associations of coffee and tea consumption with risk of morbidity and mortality of stroke and coronary heart disease (CHD) and with all-cause mortality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Coffee and tea consumption were assessed with a validated food-frequency questionnaire, and 37 514 participants were observed for 13 years for the occurrence of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. A U-shaped association between coffee and CHD was found, with the lowest hazard ratio (HR [95% CI]) for 2.1 to 3.0 cups per day (0.79 [0.65 to 0.96]; P(trend)=0.01). Tea was inversely associated with CHD, with the lowest HR (95% CI) for more than 6.0 cups per day (0.64 [0.46 to 0.90]; P(trend)=0.02). No associations between tea or coffee and stroke were found (P(trend)=0.63 and P(trend)=0.32, respectively). Although not significant, coffee slightly reduced the risk for CHD mortality (HR, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.37 to 1.11; P(trend)=0.12) for 3.1 to 6.0 cups per day. A U-shaped association between tea and CHD mortality was observed, with an HR of 0.55 (95% CI, 0.31 to 0.97; P(trend)=0.03) for 3.1 to 6.0 cups per day. Neither coffee nor tea was associated with stroke (P(trend)=0.22 and P(trend)=0.74, respectively) and all-cause mortality (P(trend)=0.33 and P(trend)=0.43, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High tea consumption is associated with a reduced risk of CHD mortality. Our results suggest a slight risk reduction for CHD mortality with moderate coffee consumption and strengthen the evidence on the lower risk of CHD with coffee and tea consumption.
authors.affiliation: Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: J Margot
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: de Koning Gans
authors.forename: Cuno S P M
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Uiterwaal
authors.forename: Yvonne T
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: van der Schouw
authors.forename: Jolanda M A
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Boer
authors.forename: Diederick E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Grobbee
authors.forename: W M Monique
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Verschuren
authors.forename: Joline W J
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Beulens
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003069:Coffee; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013662:Tea; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D003069:Coffee; D013662:Tea