title: Duplication, divergence and persistence in the Phytochrome photoreceptor gene family of cottons (Gossypium spp.).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Phytochromes are a family of red/far-red photoreceptors that regulate a number of important developmental traits in cotton (Gossypium spp.), including plant architecture, fiber development, and photoperiodic flowering. Little is known about the composition and evolution of the phytochrome gene family in diploid (G. herbaceum, G. raimondii) or allotetraploid (G. hirsutum, G. barbadense) cotton species. The objective of this study was to obtain a preliminary inventory and molecular-evolutionary characterization of the phytochrome gene family in cotton.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We used comparative sequence resources to design low-degeneracy PCR primers that amplify genomic sequence tags (GSTs) for members of the PHYA, PHYB/D, PHYC and PHYE gene sub-families from A- and D-genome diploid and AD-genome allotetraploid Gossypium species. We identified two paralogous PHYA genes (designated PHYA1 and PHYA2) in diploid cottons, the result of a Malvaceae-specific PHYA gene duplication that occurred approximately 14 million years ago (MYA), before the divergence of the A- and D-genome ancestors. We identified a single gene copy of PHYB, PHYC, and PHYE in diploid cottons. The allotetraploid genomes have largely retained the complete gene complements inherited from both of the diploid genome ancestors, with at least four PHYA genes and two genes encoding PHYB, PHYC and PHYE in the AD-genomes. We did not identify a PHYD gene in any cotton genomes examined.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Detailed sequence analysis suggests that phytochrome genes retained after duplication by segmental duplication and allopolyploidy appear to be evolving independently under a birth-and-death-process with strong purifying selection. Our study provides a preliminary phytochrome gene inventory that is necessary and sufficient for further characterization of the biological functions of each of the cotton phytochrome genes, and for the development of 'candidate gene' markers that are potentially useful for cotton improvement via modern marker-assisted selection strategies.
authors.affiliation: Center of Genomic Technologies, Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan, Yuqori Yuz, Qibray region Tashkent, 111226 Uzbekistan.
authors.forename: Ibrokhim Y
authors.initials: IY
authors.lastname: Abdurakhmonov
authors.forename: Zabardast T
authors.initials: ZT
authors.lastname: Buriev
authors.forename: Carla Jo
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Logan-Young
authors.forename: Abdusattor
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Abdukarimov
authors.forename: Alan E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Pepper
mesh_terms: D018744:DNA, Plant / Q000235:genetics; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D020440:Gene Duplication; D017343:Genes, Plant; D018745:Genome, Plant; D003368:Gossypium / Q000235:genetics*; D005810:Multigene Family; D055519:Photoreceptors, Plant / Q000235:genetics*; D010834:Phytochrome / Q000235:genetics*; D011123:Polyploidy; D012641:Selection, Genetic; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D018744:DNA, Plant; D055519:Photoreceptors, Plant; D010834:Phytochrome