title: Psychological interventions for antisocial personality disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Antisocial personality disorder (AsPD) is associated with a wide range of disturbance including persistent rule-breaking, criminality, substance use, unemployment, homelessness and relationship difficulties.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the potential beneficial and adverse effects of psychological interventions for people with AsPD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Our search included CENTRAL Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, ASSIA, BIOSIS and COPAC.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, controlled trials in which participants with AsPD were randomly allocated to a psychological intervention and a control condition (either treatment as usual, waiting list or no treatment).
  
  
  METHODS
  Three authors independently selected studies. Two authors independently extracted data. We calculated mean differences, with odds ratios for dichotomous data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eleven studies involving 471 participants with AsPD met the inclusion criteria, although data were available from only five studies involving 276 participants with AsPD. Only two studies focused solely on an AsPD sample. Eleven different psychological interventions were examined. Only two studies reported on reconviction, and only one on aggression. Compared to the control condition, cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) plus standard maintenance was superior for outpatients with cocaine dependence in one study, but CBT plus treatment as usual was not superior for male outpatients with recent verbal/physical violence in another. Contingency management plus standard maintenance was superior for drug misuse for outpatients with cocaine dependence in one study but not in another, possibly because of differences in the behavioural intervention. However, contingency management was superior in social functioning and counselling session attendance in the latter. A multi-component intervention utilising motivational interviewing principles, the 'Driving Whilst Intoxicated program', plus incarceration was superior to incarceration alone for imprisoned drink-driving offenders.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results suggest that there is insufficient trial evidence to justify using any psychological intervention for adults with AsPD. Disappointingly few of the included studies addressed the primary outcomes defined in this review (aggression, reconviction, global functioning, social functioning, adverse effects). Three interventions (contingency management with standard maintenance; CBT with standard maintenance; 'Driving Whilst Intoxicated program' with incarceration) appeared effective, compared to the control condition, in terms of improvement in at least one outcome in at least one study. Each of these interventions had been originally developed for people with substance misuse problems. Significant improvements were mainly confined to outcomes related to substance misuse. No study reported significant change in any specific antisocial behaviour. Further research is urgently needed for this prevalent and costly condition.
authors.affiliation: St Andrew's Healthcare, Northampton, & Section of Forensic Mental Health, Institute of Mental Health, Nottingham, UK.
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gibbon
authors.forename: Conor
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Duggan
authors.forename: Jutta
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stoffers
authors.forename: Nick
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Huband
authors.forename: Birgit A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Völlm
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ferriter
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lieb
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000374:Aggression / Q000523:psychology; D000987:Antisocial Personality Disorder / Q000628:therapy*; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000628:therapy; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011613:Psychotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012201:Reward