title: Sleep and sleep disturbance in children: Reliability and validity of the Dutch version of the Child Sleep Habits Questionnaire.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The Child Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ) was developed in the US for measuring medical and behavioral sleep disorders in school-aged children. This study was conducted to assess the reliability and structural validity of the Dutch version of the CSHQ.
  
  
  METHODS
  Population-based study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Questionnaires (n = 2385) were distributed to children in primary schools and daycare centers to be completed by the parent/guardian. An identical second questionnaire was distributed for test-retest and interobserver reliability, which were assessed using intraclass correlation, and compared with published data. Internal consistency was assessed by Cronbach alpha (per subscale). Validity was analyzed by confirmatory and exploratory factor analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  School-aged children.
  
  
  METHODS
  None.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The questionnaire was returned by 1502 (63%) parents, 47% returned the questionnaire for test-retest, and 32% for interobserver reliability. Test-retest reliability was moderate to good, ranging from 0.47 to 0.93. Interobserver reliability was moderate to good, ranging from 0.53 to 0.87, with the exception of Sleep duration. Cronbach alpha ranged from 0.47 to 0.68. In confirmatory factor analysis the domain structure of the original American CSHQ could not be confirmed. Exploratory factor analysis suggested a 4-factor structure rather than the original 8 domains.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The CSHQ seems to have an adequate reliability and moderate internal consistency in a Dutch population with different sociocultural characteristics than the US population in which it was devised. Factor analysis suggests that translation, cultural background, or subscales of the original instrument may affect the performance of the CSHQ.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. rws600@student.vu.nl
authors.forename: Ruth C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Waumans
authors.forename: Caroline B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Terwee
authors.forename: Gerrit
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Van den Berg
authors.forename: Dirk L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Knol
authors.forename: Raphaële R L
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Van Litsenburg
authors.forename: Reinoud J B J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Gemke
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D008297:Male; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D015588:Observer Variation; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012890:Sleep; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D013383:Suburban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data