title: Nasal encephalocele: endoscopic excision with anesthetic consideration.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Nasal encephalocele may presents as a nasal mass, its treatment is surgical and it should be done early in life. When removal is indicated, there are multiple surgical approaches; including lateral rhinotomy, a transnasal approach and a coronal flap approach. However, the treatment of a basal intranasal encephalocele using transnasal endoscopic approach could obviates the possible morbidity associated with other approaches. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of endoscopic removal of intranasal encephalocele, also to document the role of anesthetist in the operative and postoperative periods.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine cases with nasal encephalocele were included in this study; CT and/or MRI were used in their examination. The lesions were removed via transnasal endoscopic approach. Preoperative evaluation, intervention and postoperative follow-up were presented with discussion of anesthesia used for those children.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The lesions of all patients were removed successfully with no recurrence through the follow-up period of at least 21 months. No cases showed morbidity or mortality intra- or post-operatively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Endoscopic excision of intranasal encephalocele is an effective method with high success rate. Anesthetist plays an important role in the operative and postoperative period, even during the endoscopic follow up; sedation of the children is usually needed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt. mosabeez@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Mosaad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Abdel-Aziz
authors.forename: Hussam
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: El-Bosraty
authors.forename: Mohamed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Qotb
authors.forename: Mostafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: El-Hamamsy
authors.forename: Mohamed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: El-Sonbaty
authors.forename: Hazem
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Abdel-Badie
authors.forename: Mustapha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zynabdeen
mesh_terms: D000758:Anesthesia / Q000379:methods*; D000777:Anesthetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004677:Encephalocele / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009296:Nasal Cavity; D009668:Nose Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D013517:Otorhinolaryngologic Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000503:physiopathology; D011300:Preoperative Care; D012494:Sampling Studies; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000777:Anesthetics