title: A theoretical and experimental analysis of radiofrequency ablation with a multielectrode, phased, duty-cycled system.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The development of a unique radiofrequency (RF) cardiac ablation system, for the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias, is driven by the clinical need to safely create large uniform lesions while controlling lesion depth. Computational analysis of a finite element model of a three-dimensional, multielectrode, cardiac ablation catheter, powered by a temperature-controlled, multiphase, duty-cycled RF generator, is presented.
  
  
  METHODS
  The computational model for each of the five operating modes offered by the generator is compared to independent tissue temperature measurements taken during in vitro ablation experiments performed on bovine myocardium.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results of the model agree with experimental temperature measurements very closely-the average values for mean error, root mean square difference, and correlation coefficient were 1.9°C, 13.3%, and 0.97, respectively. Lesions are shown to be contiguous and no significant edge effects are observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both the in vitro and computational model results demonstrate that lesion depth decreases consistently as the bipolar-to-unipolar ratio increases-suggesting a clinical application to potentially control lesion depth with higher fidelity than is currently available. The effect of variable design parameters and clinical conditions on RF ablation can now be expeditiously studied with this validated model.
authors.affiliation: Medtronic Ablation Frontiers, Carlsbad, CA, USA. michael.t.lau@medtronic.com
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lau
authors.forename: Betty
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Randy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Werneth
authors.forename: Marshall
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sherman
authors.forename: Hakan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Oral
authors.forename: Fred
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Morady
authors.forename: Petr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Krysl
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000601:surgery*; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D002417:Cattle; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004566:Electrodes; D004867:Equipment Design; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D009206:Myocardium; D013696:Temperature