title: Chromosome phylogeny of the subfamily Pitheciinae (Platyrrhini, Primates) by classic cytogenetics and chromosome painting.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The New World monkey (Platyrrhini) subfamily Pitheciinae is represented by the genera Pithecia, Chiropotes and Cacajao. In this work we studied the karyotypes of Pithecia irrorata (2n = 48) and Cacajao calvus rubicundus (2n = 45 in males and 2n = 46 in females) by G- and C-banding, NOR staining and chromosome painting using human and Saguinus oedipus whole chromosome probes. The karyotypes of both species were compared with each other and with Chiropotes utahicki (2n = 54) from the literature.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our results show that members of the Pitheciinae have conserved several chromosome forms found in the inferred ancestral Platyrrhini karyotype (associations of human homologous segments 3a/21, 5/7a, 2b/16b, 8a/18, 14/15a and 10a/16a). Further, the monophyly of this subfamily is supported by three chromosomal synapomorphies (2a/10b, an acrocentric 15/14 and an acrocentric human 19 homolog). In addition, each species presents several autapomorphies. From this data set we established a chromosomal phylogeny of Pitheciinae, resulting in a single most parsimonious tree.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In our chromosomal phylogeny, the genus Pithecia occurred in a more basal position close to the inferred ancestor of Platyrrhini, while C. c. rubicundus and C. utahicki are closely related and are linked by exclusive synapomorphies.
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Citogenética, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil.
authors.forename: Liane F M
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Finotelo
authors.forename: Paulo J S
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Amaral
authors.forename: Julio C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Pieczarka
authors.forename: Edivaldo H C
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: de Oliveira
authors.forename: Alcides
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pissinati
authors.forename: Michaela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Neusser
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: Cleusa Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Nagamachi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D020223:Chromosome Painting; D033481:Chromosomes, Mammalian; D015342:DNA Probes; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007621:Karyotyping; D008297:Male; D010802:Phylogeny; D053820:Pitheciidae / Q000235:genetics*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D015342:DNA Probes