title: Gender disparities in prosthodontics: authorship and leadership, 13 years of observation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to examine gender disparities in prosthodontics by reviewing the trend of female authorship in prosthodontic journals and exploring the role of female leadership in prosthodontic organizations and Advanced Education in Prosthodontic (AEP) programs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three journals representing the prosthodontic specialty were selected to analyze the percentage of female dentist first and last (senior) authors for the years 1995, 2000, 2005, and 2008. Article inclusion criteria were restricted to the first or last authors who held at least a DMD/DDS/BDS degree and were from U.S. institutions. Data on female leadership in prosthodontic organizations and advanced education programs were collected, and the trends were studied. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. A linear regression analysis was performed to investigate the proportion of female authorship compared to male in the dental literature. A Fisher's Exact Test was performed to contrast differences of female first and last authorship in the selected journals between years 1995 and 2008.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, there was no statistically significant linear increase in the proportion of either first or last female authorship compared to male authorship over time. With respect to each journal, the linear regression analysis showed that the increase of first female authorship was statistically significant (p= 0.016) compared to male authorship only in the Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. The percentage of female presidents of prosthodontic organizations has been very limited. A similar trend was also observed in AEP program director positions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Over the past 13 years, female dentists' participation in prosthodontics literature authorship has not increased significantly in the United States. Furthermore, female involvement in prosthodontics leadership has been limited over the past decades.
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Dentistry, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
authors.forename: Suchada
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kongkiatkamon
authors.forename: Judy Chia-Chun
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.forename: Damian J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Kent L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Knoernschild
authors.forename: Stephen D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: Cortino
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sukotjo
mesh_terms: D001319:Authorship; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003816:Dentists, Women / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004499:Education, Dental, Graduate / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005179:Faculty, Dental / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007857:Leadership; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D010506:Periodicals as Topic; D011476:Prosthodontics / Q000193:education / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012953:Societies, Dental; D014481:United States