title: Fingolimod is a potential novel therapy for multiple sclerosis.
abstract: Fingolimod (also known as FTY720) is an orally available sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptor modulator that has unique and potent immunoregulatory properties. Mechanistic studies indicate that on phosphorylation fingolimod can bind with high affinity to S1P(1) receptors. Persistent modulation of lymphocyte S1P(1) receptors by fingolimod and the subsequent internalization of these receptors inhibits lymphocyte egress from the lymph nodes, and prevents these cells from infiltrating inflammatory lesions in the CNS. Results of two phase III studies--FREEDOMS and TRANSFORMS--support previous phase II trial observations indicating that fingolimod exerts powerful anti-inflammatory effects in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS). Fingolimod might, therefore, be one of the first orally active drug therapies available for the treatment of relapsing-remitting MS. Moreover, results from preclinical studies suggest that fingolimod might promote neural repair in vivo. In this article, we review the background to these findings, present the proposed immunological and neurobiological profile of fingolimod, discuss the data from the FREEDOMS and TRANSFORMS trials, and provide an expert opinion regarding the future of next-generation S1P receptor modulators for MS therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: Orhan
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Aktas
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Küry
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kieseier
authors.forename: Hans-Peter
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Hartung
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D000068876:Fingolimod Hydrochloride; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000502:physiology; D051379:Mice; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology; D009416:Nerve Regeneration / Q000187:drug effects; D011409:Propylene Glycols / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D051381:Rats; D049349:Receptors, Lysosphingolipid / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000502:physiology; D013110:Sphingosine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D011409:Propylene Glycols; D049349:Receptors, Lysosphingolipid; D000068876:Fingolimod Hydrochloride; D013110:Sphingosine