title: Constant voltage 'Iron'tophoresis.
abstract: The objective of this study was to investigate the feasibility of rapid administration of iron via transdermal route as an alternative to parenteral route of administration. In vitro drug delivery studies were carried out using porcine epidermis mounted on Franz diffusion cells. The effect of chemical permeation enhancers and physical techniques (constant voltage iontophoresis, electroporation and combination of electroporation with iontophoresis) on the transport of ferric pyrophosphate (FPP) was studied. Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and electrical resistance were measured in order to see the effect of these techniques on the skin barrier function. The amount of FPP permeated was not enhanced significantly with the use of any of the enhancers (P > 0.05). It was found that constant voltage iontophoresis (0.5, 2 or 4 V) for about 30 min across electroporated epidermis (120 V, 100 pulses, 10 ms at 5 Hz) enhanced the delivery of FPP over control in the range of 2- to 42-fold. Hence, a therapeutically required dose of iron could be delivered by transdermal route using electrically-mediated techniques.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA.
authors.forename: Siva Ram Kiran
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Vaka
authors.forename: H N
authors.initials: HN
authors.lastname: Shivakumar
authors.forename: S Narasimha
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Murthy
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D018798:Anemia, Iron-Deficiency / Q000188:drug therapy; D000818:Animals; D011756:Diphosphates / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods*; D018274:Electroporation / Q000379:methods*; D004817:Epidermis / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007478:Iontophoresis / Q000379:methods*; D007501:Iron / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012869:Skin Absorption; D034421:Sus scrofa
chemical_list: D011756:Diphosphates; D007501:Iron; C049051:ferric pyrophosphate