title: Nonmotor symptoms in genetic Parkinson disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review current knowledge on nonmotor symptoms (NMS), particularly psychiatric features, in genetic Parkinson disease (PD) and to provide original data for genetic and idiopathic PD.
  
  
  METHODS
  A MEDLINE search using Parkinson and known PD genes focused on the presence of depression, anxiety, hallucinations, and dementia was performed. Original data from 82 outpatients with idiopathic (n = 55) and genetic (n = 27) PD were obtained.
  
  
  METHODS
  All studies including information on NMS and patients with genetic PD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Study methods and clinical and genetic information were summarized.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The literature search yielded 1855 citations; 305 included genetic information on PD patients, of which 119 also contained information on any type of NMS (990 cases). Availability of information varied by gene and type of NMS; studies differed by recruitment and examination method. Literature search and original data showed high frequencies of the following NMS: depression, 8% to 37% (literature) and 33% to 40% (our data); anxiety, 7% to 37% (literature) and 10% to 22% (our data); hallucinations, 3% to 23% (literature) and 23% to 29% (our data); and dementia, 5% to 26% (literature), absent in our own data.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Data on NMS in genetic PD are limited. Specific data needs include a systematic approach to NMS assessment reporting permitting comparability of studies. Overall, the frequency of NMS in genetic PD does not appear to be higher and may even be lower than in idiopathic PD. Nonmotor symptoms have a high impact on the patients' quality of life and caregiver burden and should be considered important and often treatable concomitant features of genetic PD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
authors.forename: Meike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kasten
authors.forename: Lena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kertelge
authors.forename: Norbert
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Brüggemann
authors.forename: Joyce
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van der Vegt
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: Vera
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Tadic
authors.forename: Carsten
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Buhmann
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Steinlechner
authors.forename: Maria Isabel
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Behrens
authors.forename: Alfredo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ramirez
authors.forename: Ferdinand
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Binkofski
authors.forename: Hartwig
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Siebner
authors.forename: Heiner
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Raspe
authors.forename: Johann
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hagenah
authors.forename: Rebekka
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lencer
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Klein
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003704:Dementia / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016239:MEDLINE / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000150:complications* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011788:Quality of Life; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000209:etiology*