title: West China hospital set of measures in Chinese to evaluate back pain treatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Chinese is the most commonly spoken language in the world, and back pain is as prevalent in China as it is elsewhere. Nevertheless, there is a paucity of measures in Chinese to evaluate back pain treatment. We assemble a set of Chinese measures to evaluate outcomes in diverse domains. A set of measures is necessary, because measures in one domain may vary independently from measures in another. Chinese measures are in four domains: pain intensity, global rating of improvement, physical disability, and emotional functioning. The Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) represents the domain of physical disability, and both the World Health Organization Five-Item Well-being Index (WHO-5) and the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D depression scale) represent the domain of emotional functioning.
  
  
  METHODS
  Measures were cross-culturally adapted into Chinese. The development of Chinese versions of the ODI, the WHO-5, and the CES-D entailed psychometric evaluation. Additionally, we administered the previously validated Chinese SF-36 to evaluate the validity of measures in our set.
  
  
  METHODS
  The western-style Pain Clinic and the Acupuncture Clinic of West China Hospital (Chengdu, Sichuan Province).
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty-six patients with nonspecific back pain.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found no significant differences between patients from the Pain Clinic and those from the Acupuncture Clinic. For the ODI, the CES-D, and the WHO-5, we evaluated the psychometric properties of reliability, validity, and ceiling and floor effects. We found these properties to be good to excellent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the Appendix (available online, in supplemental materials for this article), we present the West China Hospital set of measures in Chinese to evaluate back pain treatment.
authors.affiliation: Pain Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108, USA. Ernest.Volinn@hsc.utah.edu
authors.forename: Ernest
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Volinn
authors.forename: Bangxiang
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Xiaoming
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Sheng
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ying
authors.forename: Weining
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Volinn
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Yunxia
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zuo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002681:China; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D006761:Hospitals; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D008875:Middle Aged; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods* / Q000523:psychology; D018579:Patient Selection; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult