title: Nerve growth factor promotes breast cancer angiogenesis by activating multiple pathways.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although several anti-angiogenic therapies have been approved in the treatment of cancer, the survival benefits of such therapies are relatively modest. Discovering new molecules and/or better understating signaling pathways of angiogenesis is therefore essential for therapeutic improvements. The objective of the present study was to determine the involvement of nerve growth factor (NGF) in breast cancer angiogenesis and the underlying molecular mechanisms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We showed that both recombinant NGF and NGF produced by breast cancer cells stimulated angiogenesis in Matrigel plugs in immunodeficient mice. NGF strongly increased invasion, cord formation and the monolayer permeability of endothelial cells. Moreover, NGF-stimulated invasion was under the control of its tyrosine kinase receptor (TrkA) and downstream signaling pathways such as PI3K and ERK, leading to the activation of matrix metalloprotease 2 and nitric oxide synthase. Interestingly, NGF increased the secretion of VEGF in both endothelial and breast cancer cells. Inhibition of VEGF, with a neutralizing antibody, reduced about half of NGF-induced endothelial cell invasion and angiogenesis in vivo.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings provided direct evidence that NGF could be an important stimulator for breast cancer angiogenesis. Thus, NGF, as well as the activated signaling pathways, should be regarded as potential new targets for anti-angiogenic therapy against breast cancer.
authors.affiliation: INSERM U908, F-59650 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.
authors.forename: Rodrigue
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Romon
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Adriaenssens
authors.forename: Chann
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lagadec
authors.forename: Emmanuelle
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Germain
authors.forename: Hubert
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hondermarck
authors.forename: Xuefen
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Le Bourhis
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System; D051379:Mice; D016513:Mice, SCID; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic; D020932:Nerve Growth Factor / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism; D020917:Receptor, trkA / Q000378:metabolism; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D020932:Nerve Growth Factor; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D020917:Receptor, trkA; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt