title: Activation of endogenous p53 by combined p19Arf gene transfer and nutlin-3 drug treatment modalities in the murine cell lines B16 and C6.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Reactivation of p53 by either gene transfer or pharmacologic approaches may compensate for loss of p19Arf or excess mdm2 expression, common events in melanoma and glioma. In our previous work, we constructed the pCLPG retroviral vector where transgene expression is controlled by p53 through a p53-responsive promoter. The use of this vector to introduce p19Arf into tumor cells that harbor p53wt should yield viral expression of p19Arf which, in turn, would activate the endogenous p53 and result in enhanced vector expression and tumor suppression. Since nutlin-3 can activate p53 by blocking its interaction with mdm2, we explored the possibility that the combination of p19Arf gene transfer and nutlin-3 drug treatment may provide an additive benefit in stimulating p53 function.
  
  
  METHODS
  B16 (mouse melanoma) and C6 (rat glioma) cell lines, which harbor p53wt, were transduced with pCLPGp19 and these were additionally treated with nutlin-3 or the DNA damaging agent, doxorubicin. Viral expression was confirmed by Western, Northern and immunofluorescence assays. p53 function was assessed by reporter gene activity provided by a p53-responsive construct. Alterations in proliferation and viability were measured by colony formation, growth curve, cell cycle and MTT assays. In an animal model, B16 cells were treated with the pCLPGp19 virus and/or drugs before subcutaneous injection in C57BL/6 mice, observation of tumor progression and histopathologic analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Here we show that the functional activation of endogenous p53wt in B16 was particularly challenging, but accomplished when combined gene transfer and drug treatments were applied, resulting in increased transactivation by p53, marked cell cycle alteration and reduced viability in culture. In an animal model, B16 cells treated with both p19Arf and nutlin-3 yielded increased necrosis and decreased BrdU marking. In comparison, C6 cells were quite susceptible to either treatment, yet p53 was further activated by the combination of p19Arf and nutlin-3.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to apply both p19Arf and nutlin-3 for the stimulation of p53 activity. These results support the notion that a p53 responsive vector may prove to be an interesting gene transfer tool, especially when combined with p53-activating agents, for the treatment of tumors that retain wild-type p53.
authors.affiliation: Setor de Vetores Virais, Laboratório de Genética e Cardiologia Molecular/LIM 13, InCor, FM-USP, São Paulo, Brasil.
authors.forename: Christian A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Merkel
authors.forename: Rafael B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: da Silva Soares
authors.forename: Anna Carolina V
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: de Carvalho
authors.forename: Daniela B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Zanatta
authors.forename: Marcio C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Bajgelman
authors.forename: Paula
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fratini
authors.forename: Eugenia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Costanzi-Strauss
authors.forename: Bryan E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Strauss
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D015153:Blotting, Western; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002470:Cell Survival; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004317:Doxorubicin / Q000494:pharmacology; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D015316:Genetic Therapy; D005822:Genetic Vectors; D005910:Glioma / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008546:Melanoma, Experimental / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D010879:Piperazines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D012190:Retroviridae / Q000235:genetics; D013997:Time Factors; D015533:Transcriptional Activation; D014161:Transduction, Genetic; D014162:Transfection; D047368:Tumor Burden; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; C417743:Cdkn2a protein, mouse; D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16; D007093:Imidazoles; D010879:Piperazines; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; C482205:nutlin 3; D004317:Doxorubicin