title: Neural tube defects in mice exposed to tap water.
abstract: In May of 2006 we suddenly began to observe neural tube defects (NTDs) in embryos of untreated control mice. We hypothesized the mice were being exposed unknowingly to a teratogenic agent and investigated the cause. Our results suggested that NTDs were not resulting from bedding material, feed, strain, or source of the mice. Additionally, mice were negative for routine and comprehensive screens of pathogens. To further test whether the NTDs resulted from infectious or genetic cause localized to our facility, we obtained three strains of timed pregnant mice from commercial suppliers located in four different states. All strains and sources of mice arrived in our laboratory with NTDs, implying that commercially available mice were possibly exposed to a teratogen prior to purchase. Our investigation eventually concluded that exposure to tap water was causing the NTDs. The incidence of NTDs was greatest in purchased mice provided tap water and lowest in purchased mice provided distilled deionized water (DDI). Providing mice DDI water for two generations (F2-DDI) eliminated the NTDs. When F2-DDI mice were provided tap water from three different urban areas prior to breeding, their offspring again developed NTDs. Increased length of exposure to tap water significantly increased the incidence of NTDs. These results indicate that a contaminant in municipal tap water is likely causing NTDs in mice. The unknown teratogen appears to have a wide geographic distribution but has not yet been identified. Water analysis is currently underway to identify candidate contaminants that might be responsible for the malformations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, VA-MD Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA.
authors.forename: Murali K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Mallela
authors.forename: Stephen R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Werre
authors.forename: Terry C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Hrubec
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D054259:Neural Tube / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D009436:Neural Tube Defects / Q000139:chemically induced*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications; D013723:Teratogens / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D060766:Drinking Water; D013723:Teratogens; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical