title: An acidic glycoconjugate from Lythrum salicaria L. with controversial effects on haemostasis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Lythrum salicaria L. belongs to the small Lythraceae family of 22 genera, which range in habit from herbs to shrubs and trees found with worldwide distribution (Heywood, 1993). The generic name of Lythrum derived from Greek "luthron"--blood, possibly referring to the color of the flowers or to the one of its herbal use as an astringent to stop bleeding (Thompson et al., 1987; Mountain, 1994; Pawlaczyk and Pacula, 2002). The flowering parts and the flowering branch tips are used in traditional medicine and pharmaceuticals internally in a form of decoctions or as extracts for treatment of diarrhea, chronic intestinal catarrhs, hemorrhoids and eczema, or externally to treat varicose veins, venous insufficiency and gums (Mantle et al., 2000; Rauha et al., 2000). The aim of this study was to isolate the plant glycoconjugate from flowering parts of Lythrum salicaria, and to verify its influence on blood coagulation process.
  
  
  METHODS
  From the air-dried flowering parts of this plant a water-soluble glycoconjugate has been isolated by hot alkaline extraction followed by neutralization and purification by multi-steps extraction with organic solvents, dialysis and concentration. The plant isolate was tested in vitro on anticoagulant activity on human plasma, and on Wistar rats blood system in vivo as well as ex vivo.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A dark brown isolate was obtained in the yield of 8% of starting material (w/w) as a macromolecular compound with M(w) approximately 12,500. Chemical analysis revealed the presence of carbohydrates (30%), phenolics (1g contained 1.2mM of gallic acid equivalent) and proteins (0.8%). The result of compositional analyses of carbohydrate part revealed the predominance of uronic acids (approximately 66%), galactose (approximately 12%), rhamnose (approximately 10%) and arabinose (approximately 9%) residues indicating thus the presence of pectic type of polymers, i.e. galacturonan and/or rhamnogalacturonan associated with arabinogalactan in Lythrum glycoconjugate. In vitro and ex vivo experiments showed complete inhibition of plasma clot formation, however, the application of Lythrum glycoconjugate in vivo showed controversial effect on animal blood system in comparison with in vitro ones, i.e. pro-coagulant activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The in vivo results give a scientific explanation for the traditional use of Lythrum salicaria as a styptic agent. It seems that pro-coagulant activity of this complex could be probably connected with the other factors in blood circulation system, like platelets.
authors.affiliation: Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Microbiology, Chemistry Department, Wrocław University of Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland. izabela.pawlaczyk@pwr.wroc.pl
authors.forename: Izabela
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Pawlaczyk
authors.forename: Leszek
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Czerchawski
authors.forename: Justyna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kańska
authors.forename: Joanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bijak
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Capek
authors.forename: Aleksandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pliszczak-Król
authors.forename: Roman
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gancarz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001777:Blood Coagulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002417:Cattle; D035264:Flowers; D006001:Glycoconjugates / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006487:Hemostasis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D031561:Lythrum; D008297:Male; D010314:Partial Thromboplastin Time / Q000379:methods; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D006001:Glycoconjugates; D010936:Plant Extracts