title: Is crack cocaine use associated with greater violence than powdered cocaine use? Results from a national sample.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The question of whether crack cocaine use is associated with increased violence compared to powdered cocaine use has not been adequately explored in large nationally representative general population samples.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study used data from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC) to 1) determine the comparative prevalences of violent behaviors among crack cocaine users and powdered cocaine users, 2) examine these differences while controlling for sociodemographic variables, lifetime psychiatric, alcohol and drug use disorders (a majority of cocaine users use other substances), and levels of crack cocaine and powdered cocaine use.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The likelihood of violence associated with crack cocaine users was greater compared to powdered cocaine users at the bivariate level. However, these differences were almost uniformly statistically nonsignificant when demographic, mood and non-cocaine substance use disorders were controlled for.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The substantial attenuation of the association of crack cocaine use with violence after adjustment suggests that the sociodemographic characteristics, psychiatric variables, and non-cocaine substance use disorders that make some individuals more likely to use crack cocaine than powder cocaine are responsible for the increased prevalence of violence observed among crack users, rather than crack itself.
authors.affiliation: School of Social Work and Department of Community Health, Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA. mvaughn9@slu.edu
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Vaughn
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.forename: Brian E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Perron
authors.forename: Amy S B
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Bohnert
authors.forename: Matthew O
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Howard
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019973:Alcohol-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D000987:Antisocial Personality Disorder; D003042:Cocaine; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D016578:Crack Cocaine; D017579:Domestic Violence; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007406:Interview, Psychological / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D014754:Violence / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D016578:Crack Cocaine; D003042:Cocaine