title: Systematic review of the use of pheromones for treatment of undesirable behavior in cats and dogs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To systematically review the scientific literature to identify, assess the quality of, and determine outcomes of studies conducted to evaluate the use of pheromones for treatment of undesirable behavior in cats and dogs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic review.
  
  
  METHODS
  Reports of prospective studies published from January 1998 through December 2008.
  
  
  METHODS
  The MEDLINE and CAB Abstracts databases were searched with the following key terms: dog OR dogs OR canine OR cat OR cats OR feline AND pheromone OR synthetic pheromone OR facial pheromone OR appeasing pheromone. A date limit was set from 1998 through 2008. Identified reports for dogs (n = 7) and cats (7) were systematically reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Studies provided insufficient evidence of the effectiveness of feline facial pheromone for management of idiopathic cystitis or calming cats during catheterization and lack of support for reducing stress in hospitalized cats. Only 1 study yielded sufficient evidence that dog-appeasing pheromone reduces fear or anxiety in dogs during training. Six studies yielded insufficient evidence of the effectiveness of dog-appeasing pheromone for treatment of noise phobia (2 reports), travel-related problems, fear or anxiety in the veterinary clinic, and stress- and fear-related behavior in shelter dogs as well as vocalizing and house soiling in recently adopted puppies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  11 of the 14 reports reviewed provided insufficient evidence and 1 provided lack of support for effectiveness of pheromones for the treatment of undesirable behavior in cats and dogs.
authors.affiliation: Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vétérinaire, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 7C6, Canada.
authors.forename: Diane
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Frank
authors.forename: Guy
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Beauchamp
authors.forename: Clara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Palestrini
mesh_terms: D000822:Animal Husbandry; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects*; D002415:Cats; D004285:Dogs; D010675:Pheromones / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D010675:Pheromones