title: The NIHSS-plus: improving cognitive assessment with the NIHSS.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) has been criticized for limited representation of cognitive dysfunction and bias towards dominant hemisphere functions. Patients may therefore receive a low NIHSS score despite a fairly large stroke. A broader scale including simple cognitive tests would improve the clinical and research utility of the NIHSS.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 200 patients with acute non-dominant hemispheric stroke who underwent cognitive testing and had MRI with diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) within 5 days of presentation. We measured DWI volumes and retrospectively calculated NIHSS scores. We used linear regression to determine the role of selected cognitive tests, when added to the NIHSS, in predicting DWI volume.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The NIHSS predicted DWI volume in a univariate analysis, as did total line cancellation and a visual perception task. In a multivariate model, using log-transformed variables, the NIHSS (p=0.0002), line cancellation errors (p=0.02) and visual perception (p=0.004) each improved prediction of total infarct volume.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The addition of line cancellation and visual perception tasks significantly adds to the model of NIHSS alone in predicting DWI volume. We propose that these two cognitive tests, which together can be completed in 2-3 minutes, could be combined with the NIHSS to create an "NIHSS-plus" that more accurately represents a patient's ischemic tissue volume after a stroke. This scale requires further validation in a prospective study.
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Baltimore, MD, USA. rgottesm@jhmi.edu
authors.forename: Rebecca F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Gottesman
authors.forename: Jonathan T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Kleinman
authors.forename: Cameron
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Heidler-Gary
authors.forename: Melissa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Newhart
authors.forename: Argye E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Hillis
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D038524:Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D007839:Functional Laterality; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009316:National Institutes of Health (U.S.); D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D009929:Organ Size; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D020521:Stroke / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States; D014796:Visual Perception