title: A randomised controlled trial: outcomes of bladder rehabilitation in persons with multiple sclerosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A stratified, randomised, waitlist controlled study over 12 months assessed the effectiveness of a 6 week bladder rehabilitation programme in persons with multiple sclerosis (pwMS) in an Australian community cohort.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with definite MS and bladder issues (n=74) recruited from a tertiary hospital database were randomised to a treatment group (n=40) for an individualised bladder rehabilitation programme or to a control waitlist group (n=34). The Urogenital Distress Inventory (UDI6), Neurological Disability Scale (NDS) and the American Urological Association Symptom Index (AUA) assessed bladder impairment and 'activity limitation'; a single Quality of life (QoL) item in the AUA and the Incontinence Impact Questionnaire (IIQ7) measured restriction in 'participation'. Primary outcome measures were assessed at baseline and at 12 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Analysis of per protocol data from 58 patients (treatment n=24, control n=34) showed reduced disability in the treatment group, with significant differences (p<0.001) and large effect sizes (>0.5) in post-treatment UDI6, NDS, AUA total, AUA QoL and IIQ7 scores for the two groups. The treatment group compared with the control group showed improvement: 78% versus 27% for UDI6 and 59% versus 17% improved for IIQ7. More patients in the control group deteriorated over the study period on the UDI6 (30% vs 0%; p<0.001) and IIQ7 (39 vs 0%; p=0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A multifaceted, individualised bladder rehabilitation programme reduces disability and improves QoL in pwMS compared with no intervention after 12 months of follow-up. Information on specific interventions in different bladder types in MS and the impact on QoL need further evaluation. Australian Clinical trials Registry ACTRNO12605000676617.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia. fary.khan@mh.org.au
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Pallant
authors.forename: J I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Pallant
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Brand
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Kilpatrick
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D010353:Patient Education as Topic / Q000379:methods*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D001745:Urinary Bladder Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000534:rehabilitation*