Classification for carotid artery stenting complications: manifestation, management, and prevention.
Carotid artery stenting is a rapidly evolving method for treating carotid artery disease. Various intraprocedural and postprocedural complications have been reported in the literature. However, the absence of a unified classification scheme for these complications makes it difficult, if not impossible, to study their precise incidence, predictors, and management. The aim of this article is to propose the first joint classification of periprocedural complications, to analyze their incidence and etiology, and suggest possible ways to manage and prevent them. This classification is intended to be used as a common platform for prompt recognition, evaluation, treatment, and universal study of the complications during carotid stenting procedures. For this purpose, the opinions of the major experts on carotid interventions worldwide were merged with all the available information reported in the English-language literature to present as accurately as possible the management and prevention of carotid stenting complications according to this proposed classification.
Nicosia
Antonino
A
Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory, M.P. Arezzo Hospital, Ragusa, Italy.
Nikas
Dimitrios
D
Castriota
Fausto
F
Biamino
Giancarlo
G
Cao
Piergiorgio
P
Cremonesi
Alberto
A
Mathias
Klaus
K
Moussa
Issam
I
Hopkins
L Nelson
LN
Setacci
Carlo
C
Sievert
Horst
H
Reimers
Bernhard
B
D017130:Angioplasty / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000295:instrumentation*; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000145:classification; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy*; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000145:classification; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005374:Filtration / Q000295:instrumentation; D006801:Humans; D020766:Intracranial Embolism / Q000145:classification; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000145:classification* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy; D011475:Prosthesis Failure; D011859:Radiography; D012307:Risk Factors; D015607:Stents; D009626:Terminology as Topic; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000145:classification; D016896:Treatment Outcome