Cost-effectiveness of lower targets for blood pressure and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in diabetes: the Stop Atherosclerosis in Native Diabetics Study (SANDS) .
BACKGROUND
The Stop Atherosclerosis in Native Diabetics Study (SANDS) reported cardiovascular benefit of aggressive versus standard treatment targets for both low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and blood pressure (BP) in diabetic individuals.


OBJECTIVE
In this analysis, we examined within trial cost-effectiveness of aggressive targets of LDL-C ≤70 mg/dL and systolic BP ≤115 mmHg versus standard targets of LDL-C ≤100 mg/dL and systolic BP ≤130 mmHg.


METHODS
Randomized, open label blinded-to-endpoint 3-year trial.


METHODS
SANDS clinical trial database, Quality of Wellbeing survey, Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, Wholesale Drug Prices.


METHODS
American Indians ≥ age 40 years with type 2 diabetes and no previous cardiovascular events.


METHODS
April 2003 to July 2007.


CONCLUSIONS
Health payer.


METHODS
Participants were randomized to aggressive versus standard groups with treatment algorithms defined for both.


METHODS
Incremental cost-effectiveness.


RESULTS
Compared with the standard group, the aggressive group had slightly lower costs of medical services (-$116) but a 54% greater cost for BP medication ($1,242) and a 116% greater cost for lipid-lowering medication ($2,863), resulting in an increased cost of $3,988 over 3 years. Those in the aggressively treated group gained 0.0480 quality-adjusted life-years (QALY) over the standard group. When a 3% discount rate for costs and outcomes was used, the resulting cost per QALY was $82,589.


RESULTS
The use of a 25%, 50%, and 75% reduction in drug costs resulted in a cost per QALY of $61,329, $40,070, and $18,810, respectively.


CONCLUSIONS
This study was limited by use of a single ethnic group and by its 3-year duration.


CONCLUSIONS
Within this 3-year study, treatment to lower BP and LDL-C below standard targets was not cost-effective because of the cost of the additional medications required to meet the lower targets. With the anticipated availability of generic versions of the BP and lipid-lowering drugs used in SANDS, the cost-effectiveness of this intervention should improve. Published by Elsevier Inc on behalf of the National Lipid Association.
Wilson
Charlton
C
Phoenix Indian Medical Center, 4212 N 16th Street, Phoenix, AZ 85016, USA. Charlton.wilson@ihs.gov
Huang
Chun-Chih
CC
Shara
Nawar
N
Howard
Barbara V
BV
Fleg
Jerome L
JL
Henderson
Jeffrey A
JA
Howard
Wm James
WJ
Huentelman
Heather
H
Lee
Elisa T
ET
Mete
Mihriye
M
Russell
Marie
M
Galloway
James M
JM
Silverman
Angela
A
Stylianou
Mario
M
Umans
Jason
J
Weir
Matthew R
MR
Yeh
Fawn
F
Ratner
Robert E
RE
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000517:prevention & control; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007198:Indians, North American; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D014481:United States
D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents