title: L-carnitine for acute valproic acid overdose: a systematic review of published cases.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the evidence supporting the efficacy and safety of l-carnitine in the management of acute valproic acid overdose.
  
  
  METHODS
  MEDLINE (1950-May 2010), EMBASE (1980-May 2010), and Google Scholar (to May 2010) were searched, using the terms carnitine, valproic acid, and carnitine for valproic acid overdose. Reference citations from identified publications were reviewed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Full-text publications evaluating the use of l-carnitine for management of valproic acid overdose in humans were sought. All studies, regardless of design, case series, and case reports reporting efficacy or safety endpoints were included. All languages were included. Two authors extracted primary data elements including patient demographics, presenting features, clinical management, and outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seven articles discussing 8 patients and 1 reporting safety data from records of 674 patients were reviewed. Reports covered both pediatric and adult patients with acute exposures to valproic acid mono- and polydrug overdose who were treated with various regimens of l-carnitine. All patients recovered clinically and no adverse effects were noted.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Published evidence of the efficacy and safety of l-carnitine as an antidote for acute valproic acid overdose is limited. Based on the available evidence, it is reasonable to consider l-carnitine for patients with acute overdose of valproic acid who demonstrate decreased level of consciousness. We recommend intravenous administration of 100 mg/kg once, followed by infusions of 50 mg/kg (to a maximum of 3 g per dose) every 8 hours thereafter, continuing until ammonia levels are decreasing (if they were elevated initially) and the patient demonstrates signs of clinical improvement or until adverse events associated with l-carnitine occur.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
authors.forename: Jerrold
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Perrott
authors.forename: Nancy G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Zed
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000641:Ammonia / Q000097:blood; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000506:poisoning; D000931:Antidotes / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002331:Carnitine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D062787:Drug Overdose; D006801:Humans; D014635:Valproic Acid / Q000506:poisoning*
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D000931:Antidotes; D014635:Valproic Acid; D000641:Ammonia; D002331:Carnitine