title: Purkinje cells from RyR2 mutant mice are highly arrhythmogenic but responsive to targeted therapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Purkinje fiber network has been proposed as the source of arrhythmogenic Ca(2+) release events in catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT), yet evidence supporting this mechanism at the cellular level is lacking.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We sought to determine the frequency and severity of spontaneous Ca(2+) release events and the response to the antiarrhythmic agent flecainide in Purkinje cells and ventricular myocytes from RyR2(R4496C/+) CPVT mutant mice and littermate controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We crossed RyR2(R4496C/+) knock-in mice with the newly described Cntn2-EGFP BAC transgenic mice, which express a fluorescent reporter gene in cells of the cardiac conduction system, including the distal Purkinje fiber network. Isolated ventricular myocytes (EGFP(-)) and Purkinje cells (EGFP(+)) from wild-type hearts and mutant hearts were distinguished by epifluorescence and intracellular Ca(2+) dynamics recorded by microfluorimetry. Both wild-type and RyR2(R4496C/+) mutant Purkinje cells displayed significantly slower kinetics of activation and relaxation compared to ventricular myocytes of the same genotype, and tau(decay) in the mutant Purkinje cells was significantly slower than that observed in wild-type Purkinje cells. Of the 4 groups studied, RyR2(R4496C/+) mutant Purkinje cells were also most likely to develop spontaneous Ca(2+) release events, and the number of events per cell was also significantly greater. Furthermore, with isoproterenol treatment, although all 4 groups showed increases in the frequency of arrhythmogenic Ca(2+(i)) events, the RyR2(R4496C/+) Purkinje cells responded with the most profound abnormalities in intracellular Ca(2+) handling, including a significant increase in the frequency of unstimulated Ca(2+(i)) events and the development of alternans, as well as isolated and sustained runs of triggered beats. Both Purkinje cells and ventricular myocytes from wild-type mice showed suppression of spontaneous Ca(2+) release events with flecainide, whereas in RyR2(R4496C/+) mice, the Purkinje cells were preferentially responsive to drug. In contrast, the RyR2 blocker tetracaine was equally efficacious in mutant Purkinje cells and ventricular myocytes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Purkinje cells display a greater propensity to develop abnormalities in intracellular Ca(2+) handling than ventricular myocytes. This proarrhythmic behavior is enhanced by disease-causing mutations in the RyR2 Ca(2+) release channel and greatly exacerbated by catecholaminergic stimulation, with the development of arrhythmogenic triggered beats. These data support the concept that Purkinje cells are critical contributors to arrhythmic triggers in animal models and humans with CPVT and suggest a broader role for the Purkinje fiber network in the genesis of ventricular arrhythmias.
authors.affiliation: The Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
authors.forename: Guoxin
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Steven F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Giovannone
authors.forename: Nian
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Fang-Yu
authors.initials: FY
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Silvia G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Priori
authors.forename: Glenn I
authors.initials: GI
authors.lastname: Fishman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods*; D055879:Gene Knock-In Techniques; D051379:Mice; D008817:Mice, Mutant Strains; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D011689:Purkinje Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D019837:Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; D019837:Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel; D002118:Calcium