title: Thromboelastographic and pharmacokinetic profiles of micro- and macro-emulsions of propofol in swine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Compared with traditional macroemulsion propofol formulations currently in clinical use, microemulsion formulations of this common intravenous anesthetic may offer advantages. The pharmacokinetics and coagulation effects as assessed by thromboelastography of these formulations were characterized in swine.
  
  
  METHODS
  Yorkshire swine (20-30 kg, either sex, n=15) were sedated, anesthetized with isoflurane, and instrumented to obtain a tracheostomy, internal jugular access and carotid artery catheterization. Propofol (2 mg/kg, 30 s) was administered as a macroemulsion (10 mg/ml; Diprivan; n=7) or a custom (2 mg/kg, 30 s) microemulsion (10 mg/ml; n=8). Arterial blood specimens acquired pre- and post-injection (1 and 45 min) were used for thromboelastography. Arterial blood specimens (n=12 samples/subject, 60 min) were serially collected, centrifuged and analysed with solid-phase extraction with UPLC to determine propofol plasma concentrations. Non-compartmental pharmacokinetic analysis was applied to plasma concentrations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No changes were noted in the thromboelastographic R time (p=0.74), K time (p=0.41), alpha angle (p=0.97), or maximal amplitude (p=0.71) for either propofol preparation. Pharmacokinetic parameters k (p=0.45), t(1/2) (p=0.26), C(o) (p=0.89), AUC(0-infinity) (p=0.23), CL (p=0.14), MRT (p=0.47), V(ss) (p=0.11) of the two formulations were not significantly different.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The microemulsion and macroemulsion propofol formulations had similar pharmacokinetics and did not modify thromboelastographic parameters in swine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, 32610-0254, USA.
authors.forename: Timothy E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Morey
authors.forename: Jerome H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Modell
authors.forename: Jorge E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bewernitz
authors.forename: Hartmut
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Derendorf
authors.forename: Manoj
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Varshney
authors.forename: Nikolaus
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gravenstein
authors.forename: Dinesh O
authors.initials: DO
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Donn M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Dennis
mesh_terms: D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D004655:Emulsions / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D055616:Microtechnology / Q000379:methods*; D015742:Propofol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011897:Random Allocation; D013552:Swine; D013916:Thrombelastography / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D004655:Emulsions; D015742:Propofol