title: Thoracic metastasectomy for adoptive immunotherapy of melanoma: a single-institution experience.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although refractory to chemotherapy, metastatic melanoma may respond to adoptive immunotherapy. As novel treatments evolve, surgeons may be asked to perform metastasectomy not only for palliation or potential cure but also for isolation of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. This study was undertaken to examine outcomes of patients with melanoma undergoing thoracic metastasectomy in preparation for investigational immunotherapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review identified 107 consecutive patients who underwent 116 thoracic metastasectomy procedures from April 1998 to July 2009. Indications for surgical intervention included procurement of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, rendering of patients to no evaluable disease status, palliation, and diagnosis. Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors criteria were used to assess tumor response.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thoracotomy, lobectomy, and video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery with nonanatomic resection were the most common procedures. Major complications included 1 death and 1 coagulopathy-induced hemothorax. Seventeen patients were rendered to no evaluable disease status. Virtually all patients with residual disease had tumor specimens cultured for tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes; approximately 70% of tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte cultures exhibited antitumor reactivity. Of the 91 patients with residual or recurrent disease, 24 (26%) underwent adoptive cell transfer of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, of whom 7 exhibited objective responses (29% response rate and 8% based on intent to treat). Rapid disease progression precluded tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte therapy in most cases. Actuarial 1- and 5-year survival rates for patients rendered to no evaluable disease status or receiving or not receiving tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes were 93% and 76%, 64% and 33%, and 43% and 0%, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Relatively few patients currently having thoracic metastasectomy undergo adoptive cell transfer. Continued refinement of tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte expansion protocols and improved patient selection might increase the number of patients with melanoma benefiting from these interventions.
authors.affiliation: Tumor Immunology Section, Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md 20892, USA.
authors.forename: Jacob A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Klapper
authors.forename: Jeremy L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: R Taylor
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Ripley
authors.forename: Franz O
authors.initials: FO
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Dao M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: King F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Kwong
authors.forename: Leandro
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mercedes
authors.forename: Clinton D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Kemp
authors.forename: Aarti
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mathur
authors.forename: Donald E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: Mark E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Dudley
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Wunderlich
authors.forename: Steven A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Rosenberg
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Schrump
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016219:Immunotherapy, Adoptive / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008545:Melanoma / Q000556:secondary / Q000601:surgery* / Q000628:therapy*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010166:Palliative Care; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate; D020775:Thoracic Surgery, Video-Assisted; D013908:Thoracotomy; D016896:Treatment Outcome