title: Plasma adiponectin levels are related to obesity, inflammation, blood lipids and insulin in type 2 diabetic and non-diabetic Trinidadians.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the relationship between plasma adiponectin levels and obesity, inflammation, blood lipids and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetics (T2DM) and non-diabetics in a patient population in Trinidad.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cohort study of a total of 126 type 2 diabetic (42 males and 84 females) and 140 (43 males and 97 females) non-diabetic public clinic attendees were assessed between December 2008 and July 2009. Along with clinical history and anthropometry, adiponectin, TNF-α, IL-6, CRP, lipid profile, glucose, and insulin were measured in fasting blood samples and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Diabetics had higher (p<0.05) glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, triglycerides (TG), VLDL and systolic blood pressure than non-diabetics, but lower (p<0.05) HDL and adiponectin levels. Adiponectin levels were lower (p<0.05) in obese than in non-obese individuals regardless of diabetic status. There were significant gender differences in HDL, LDL and TG. Among non-obese persons, adiponectin correlated negatively with triglycerides (r=-0.280; adiponectin), IL-6 (r=-0.216; p<0.005), HOMA-IR (r=-0.373; p=000) and positively correlated with HDL (r=0.355; p=0.000). Diabetic status (p=0.025), TNF-α (p=0.048) and BMI (p=0.027) were identified as useful predictors of adiponectin by multiple linear regression methods. In addition binary logistic regression analysis found glucose (p=0.001) and adiponectin (p=0.047) to be useful indicators of type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adiponectin decreases with increasing adiposity and insulin resistance. Adiponectin and TNF-α appear to be related to differences in the insulin mediated glucose turnover.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago. shivananda.nayak@sta.uwi.edu
authors.forename: B Shivananda
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Nayak
authors.forename: Deepak
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ramsingh
authors.forename: Shanaree
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gooding
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Legall
authors.forename: Sanjiv
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bissram
authors.forename: Atif
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mohammed
authors.forename: Anupama
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Raychaudhuri
authors.forename: Brad
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sahadeo
authors.forename: Varoon
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Pandohie
authors.forename: Kemron
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Figaro
mesh_terms: D052242:Adiponectin / Q000097:blood; D050154:Adiposity / Q000208:ethnology; D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000208:ethnology / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood* / Q000208:ethnology / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood*; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000208:ethnology; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016014:Linear Models; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood* / Q000208:ethnology / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D014300:Trinidad and Tobago; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: C499918:ADIPOQ protein, human; D052242:Adiponectin; D015415:Biomarkers; C508600:IL6 protein, human; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D007328:Insulin; D015850:Interleukin-6; D008055:Lipids; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D002097:C-Reactive Protein