title: Temporary angiogenic transformation of the skin graft vasculature after reperfusion.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In the era of tissue engineering, the physiologic process of skin graft revascularization remains unclear, preventing the successful development of skin substitutes. Therefore, the authors developed a new in vivo model with which to visualize the process of engraftment and its microvascular architecture. The aim of this study was to specifically investigate the vascular transformations within the skin graft to gain applicable knowledge on how vascular processes during engraftment occur.
  
  
  METHODS
  Microsurgical preparation of the modified dorsal skinfold chamber including autologous skin grafting was performed in male C57BL/6J mice (n = 10). In addition, immunohistochemistry of angiogenic factors, endothelial cells, and pericytes, and corrosion casting were performed to further characterize the specific mechanisms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The graft exhibited capillary widening starting at day 3, resulting in the temporary formation of spherical protrusions at the graft capillary divisions starting in the center of the graft 24 to 48 hours after revascularization. Confocal microscopy showed the simultaneous expression of CD31 and desmin. Corrosion casting and evaluation by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy showed the three-dimensional formation of capillaries in the wound bed that connected to the preexisting capillary loops of the skin graft.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The authors were able to show for the first time a temporary angiogenic response within the capillaries of the skin graft. This most likely represents a reaction to reperfusion allowing the supply of proangiogenic factors to the hypoxic skin graft. The detection of an angiogenic response within the graft capillaries is for the first time made possible in the newly developed model and is therefore completely novel.
authors.affiliation: Zürich, Switzerland; and Rostock, Germany From the Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and the Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, and the Institute for Experimental Surgery, University of Rostock.
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lindenblatt
authors.forename: Uwe
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Platz
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Althaus
authors.forename: Niels
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hegland
authors.forename: Christian A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Contaldo
authors.forename: Brigitte
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Vollmar
authors.forename: Pietro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Giovanoli
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Calcagni
mesh_terms: D042501:Angiogenic Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D002196:Capillaries / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D008866:Microsurgery / Q000379:methods; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic / Q000502:physiology*; D015424:Reperfusion / Q000379:methods*; D012867:Skin / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D016038:Skin Transplantation / Q000502:physiology*; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D042501:Angiogenic Proteins