title: Utilization of emergency medical services by patients with acute coronary syndromes in the Arab Gulf States.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Emergency Medical Services (EMS) play a central role in caring for patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS). To date, no data exist on utilization of EMS systems in the Arab Gulf States.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine EMS use by patients with ACS in the Gulf Registry of Acute Coronary Events (Gulf RACE).
  
  
  METHODS
  Gulf RACE was a prospective, multinational study conducted in 2007 of all patients hospitalized with ACS in 65 centers in six Arab countries. Data were analyzed based on mode of presentation (EMS vs. other).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 7859 patients hospitalized with ACS through the emergency department (ED), only 1336 (17%) used EMS, with wide variation among countries (2% in Yemen to 37% in Oman). Younger age (odds ratio [OR] 1.09; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.03-1.15 per 10-year decrement), presence of chest pain (OR 1.73; 95% CI 1.48-2.03), prior myocardial infarction (OR 1.58; 95% CI 1.34-1.86), prior percutaneous coronary intervention (OR 1.27; 95% CI 1.02-1.59), family history of premature coronary disease (OR 1.25; 95% CI 1.09-1.51), and current smoking (OR 1.30; 95% CI 1.13-1.50) were independently associated with not utilizing EMS. Patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction/left bundle branch block myocardial infarction who were transported by EMS were significantly less likely to exhibit major delay in presentation, and were significantly more likely to receive favorable processes of care, including shorter door-to-electrocardiogram time, more frequent coronary reperfusion therapy, and thrombolytic therapy within 30 min of arrival at the ED.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite current recommendations, fewer than 1 in 5 patients with ACS use EMS in the Arab Gulf States, highlighting a significant opportunity for improvement. Factors causing this underutilization deserve further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Division of Disaster Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.
authors.forename: Saleh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fares
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zubaid
authors.forename: Wael
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Al-Mahmeed
authors.forename: Gregory
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ciottone
authors.forename: Assaad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sayah
authors.forename: Jassim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Al Suwaidi
authors.forename: Haitham
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Amin
authors.forename: Farid
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Al-Atawna
authors.forename: Mustafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ridha
authors.forename: Kadhim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sulaiman
authors.forename: Alawi A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Alsheikh-Ali
mesh_terms: D054058:Acute Coronary Syndrome; D000368:Aged; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014479:United Arab Emirates