title: Risk of acute myocardial infarction, stroke, heart failure, and death in elderly Medicare patients treated with rosiglitazone or pioglitazone.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Studies have suggested that the use of rosiglitazone may be associated with an increased risk of serious cardiovascular events compared with other treatments for type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine if the risk of serious cardiovascular harm is increased by rosiglitazone compared with pioglitazone, the other thiazolidinedione marketed in the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nationwide, observational, retrospective, inception cohort of 227,571 Medicare beneficiaries aged 65 years or older (mean age, 74.4 years) who initiated treatment with rosiglitazone or pioglitazone through a Medicare Part D prescription drug plan from July 2006-June 2009 and who underwent follow-up for up to 3 years after thiazolidinedione initiation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Individual end points of acute myocardial infarction (AMI), stroke, heart failure, and all-cause mortality (death), and composite end point of AMI, stroke, heart failure, or death, assessed using incidence rates by thiazolidinedione, attributable risk, number needed to harm, Kaplan-Meier plots of time to event, and Cox proportional hazard ratios for time to event, adjusted for potential confounding factors, with pioglitazone as reference.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 8667 end points were observed during the study period. The adjusted hazard ratio for rosiglitazone compared with pioglitazone was 1.06 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.96-1.18) for AMI; 1.27 (95% CI, 1.12-1.45) for stroke; 1.25 (95% CI, 1.16-1.34) for heart failure; 1.14 (95% CI, 1.05-1.24) for death; and 1.18 (95% CI, 1.12-1.23) for the composite of AMI, stroke, heart failure, or death. The attributable risk for this composite end point was 1.68 (95% CI, 1.27-2.08) excess events per 100 person-years of treatment with rosiglitazone compared with pioglitazone. The corresponding number needed to harm was 60 (95% CI, 48-79) treated for 1 year.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compared with prescription of pioglitazone, prescription of rosiglitazone was associated with an increased risk of stroke, heart failure, and all-cause mortality and an increased risk of the composite of AMI, stroke, heart failure, or all-cause mortality in patients 65 years or older.
authors.affiliation: Office of Surveillance and Epidemiology, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Bldg 22, Room 4314, Silver Spring, MD 20993-0002, USA. david.graham1@fda.hhs.gov
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.forename: Rita
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ouellet-Hellstrom
authors.forename: Thomas E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: MaCurdy
authors.forename: Farzana
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sholley
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Worrall
authors.forename: Jeffrey A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Kelman
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality*; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D054524:Medicare Part D / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000453:epidemiology*; D000077205:Pioglitazone; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012306:Risk; D000077154:Rosiglitazone; D020521:Stroke / Q000453:epidemiology*; D045162:Thiazolidinediones / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D045162:Thiazolidinediones; D000077154:Rosiglitazone; D000077205:Pioglitazone