title: High-velocity angular vestibulo-ocular reflex adaptation to position error signals.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Vestibular rehabilitation strategies including gaze stabilization exercises have been shown to increase gain of the angular vestibulo-ocular reflex (aVOR) using a retinal slip error signal (ES). The identification of additional ESs capable of promoting substitution strategies or aVOR adaptation is an important goal in the management of vestibular hypofunction. Position ESs have been shown to increase both aVOR gain and recruitment of compensatory saccades (CSs) during passive whole body rotation. This may be a useful compensatory strategy for gaze instability during active head rotation as well. In vestibular rehabilitation, the imaginary target exercise is often prescribed to improve gaze stability. This exercise uses a position ES; however, the mechanism for its effect has not been investigated. We compared aVOR gain adaptation using 2 types of small position ES: constant versus incremental.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten subjects with normal vestibular function were assessed with unpredictable and active head rotations before and after a 20-minute training session. Subjects performed 9 epochs of 40 active, high-velocity head impulses using a position ES stimulus to increase aVOR gain.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five subjects demonstrated significant aVOR gain increases with the constant-position ES (mean, 2%; range, -18% to 12%) compared with another 5 subjects showing significant aVOR gain increases to the incremental-position ES (mean, 3.7%; range, -2% to 22.6%). There was no difference in aVOR gain adaptation or CS recruitment between the 2 paradigms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that some subjects can increase their aVOR gain in response to high-velocity active head movement training using a position ES. The primary mechanism for this seems to be aVOR gain adaptation because CS use was not modified. The overall low change in aVOR gain adaptation with position ES suggests that retinal slip is a more powerful aVOR gain modifier.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Scherer
authors.forename: Michael C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Schubert
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000502:physiology*; D000328:Adult; D019416:Head Movements / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D012027:Reflex, Vestibulo-Ocular / Q000502:physiology*; D012399:Rotation; D014724:Vestibular Function Tests