title: Auditory function in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) may develop hearing and balance disorders as a result of the immune-mediated inner ear damage due to vasculitis or ototoxicity of drugs used in SLE treatment. The aim of the study was evaluation of the hearing organ disorders in patients with SLE with particular regard to their prevalence and relationship to duration and severity of disease. The severity was assessed from involvement of organs that resulted in poorer SLE outcome, i.e. kidneys and central nervous system (CNS), and from the presence of antibodies associated with unfavourable SLE prognosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-five unselected, consecutive patients (33 women, two men, mean age 47.8 years) with SLE diagnosed in compliance to the international diagnostic criteria of the American Rheumatism Association (1982) were enrolled into the study. The control group consisted of 30 otologically healthy persons matched to the SLE group for age and sex. Case history was recorded for all patients from questionnaire data and laryngological examinations were performed, followed by pure-tone, speech and impedance audiometry and auditory brainstem response audiometry (ABR).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the anamnesis 71.4% of patients reported vertigo, 62.9% headaches, 40% tinnitus, 25.7% hyperacusis, 17.1% hearing loss and 2.9% ear fullness. It was found that SLE patients had a significantly poorer mean hearing thresholds than the control group for all frequencies, except for 500; 2000 and 4000 Hz. Longer ABR latency averages were observed in the group of SLE patients compared to control. Ten patients (28.6%) developed high-frequency and symmetric sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). Significant positive correlation between mean air-conduction hearing thresholds and SLE duration (r = 0.46, p < 0.001) was found. After taking age into consideration, hearing acuity in SLE was related to duration of disease in younger patients. Furthermore, no relation was seen between hearing level and severity of disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Auditory system involvement ought to be considered as one of elements of the clinical picture of systemic lupus erythematosus while determination of its character, original or secondary, requires further research.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Medical University of Lodz, Barlicki University Hospital, Poland. k.maciaszczyk@op.pl
authors.forename: Katarzyna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Maciaszczyk
authors.forename: Tomasz
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Durko
authors.forename: Elżbieta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Waszczykowska
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Erkiert-Polguj
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pajor
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001301:Audiometry, Pure-Tone; D001307:Auditory Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D001309:Auditory Threshold / Q000502:physiology; D016057:Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Brain Stem; D005260:Female; D006311:Hearing Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged