title: Decreased prefrontal cortical volume associated with increased bedtime cortisol in traumatized youth.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this study was to investigate prefrontal cortex (PFC) volumes in youth with posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and explore the relationship between cortisol secretion and PFC volumes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Total brain tissue volumes, segmented areas of the PFC, and diurnal cortisol secretion were examined in a sample of 33 youth aged 10 to 16 years. Cerebral volumes were available for 45 subjects (30 PTSS and 15 control subjects).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Youth with PTSS had significantly decreased total brain tissue and total cerebral gray volumes in comparison with healthy control subjects. While controlling for total cerebral gray volume, the PTSS group demonstrated decreased left ventral and left inferior prefrontal gray volumes. A significant negative association was found between prebedtime cortisol levels and left ventral PFC gray volumes for the full sample.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings suggest associations between posttraumatic stress and PFC neurodevelopment. Findings also suggest a link between PFC development and cortisol secretion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5719, USA. vcarrion@stanford.edu
authors.forename: Victor G
authors.initials: VG
authors.lastname: Carrion
authors.forename: Carl F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Weems
authors.forename: Kit
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Richert
authors.forename: Bryce C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Hoffman
authors.forename: Allan L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Reiss
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D007030:Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System / Q000503:physiopathology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D010913:Pituitary-Adrenal System / Q000503:physiopathology; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000254:growth & development / Q000473:pathology; D011627:Puberty / Q000502:physiology / Q000523:psychology; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology
chemical_list: D006854:Hydrocortisone