title: Similarities and differences between smoking and non-smoking ten-year-old children in primary schools.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  For the majority of smokers, smoking is related to other forms of risk behaviour, especially poorer eating habits. The primary preventive educational programme "No smoking is a norm" focuses on children of younger school age (under 10 yrs), enables comparison and statistical evaluation of whether there are any differences (and which) between ten-year-olds with various smoking experiences, with special attention paid to their exposure to the influence of smokers, and their eating habits.
  
  
  METHODS
  Analysis of data gained from a questionnaire compared groups of boys and girls, smokers and non-smokers, and children from families with no smokers, occasional smokers, and frequent smokers. Statistical significance of the differences was tested in the EPI INFO programme by means of the chi2 test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From 1,082 children, almost one quarter (22.9%) have already tried smoking, boys more frequently (25%) than girls (19%) (p < 0.05); and almost 7% smoked repeatedly. The household is the most frequently stated environment for accessing cigarettes in children: 51% of children are given cigarettes by their parents, siblings, grandparents or other relatives, another almost 17% take cigarettes themselves from unprotected stock. From 246 children who have smoked, more than one third were offered cigarettes by their friends, and some (4%) even bought them. Children with smoking experience more often come from smokers' families and more often have smoking siblings and friends who offer them cigarettes. Children claimed to have consumed alcoholic drinks over the past month, repeatedly smoking more often than those with one attempt (aprox. 81% vs 58%) and never smokers (32%). Smokers also more frequently ate salty snacks such as crisps, sausages, and fast foods. The circumstance of whether there are smokers in the child's household or not significantly influenced children's opinions on the smoking of men/boys and women/girls (fewer critics and more admirers in smokers' families), selection of friends, availability of cigarettes, and smoking behaviour of the children.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The examination of a cohort of ten-year-olds in a semi-longitudinal study confirmed the growing trend of experimenting with smoking. Strong relations to smoking behaviour in families were identified--such that influence a more tolerant approach to parents' smoking, selection of smoking or non-smoking friends, more frequent consumption of alcohol and salty snacks.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, KomenskBho n. 2, 662 43 Brno, Czech Republic. hruba@med.muni.cz
authors.forename: Drahoslava
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hrubá
authors.forename: Iva
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Zaloudíková
authors.forename: Halina
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Matĕjová
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior; D018153:Czech Republic / Q000453:epidemiology; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D010379:Peer Group; D015995:Prevalence; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology