title: Persistent aryl hydrocarbon receptor inducers increase with altitude, and estrogen-like disrupters are low in soils of the Alps.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Soil samples from remote Alpine areas were analyzed for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans and polychlorinated biphenyls by high-resolution gas chromatography/high-resolution gas spectrometry. Additionally, the EROD micro-assay and a genetically modified yeast estrogen bioassay were carried out to determine persistent aryl hydrocarbon receptors (AhR) and estrogen receptors (ER) agonists, respectively. Regarding the AhR agonists, the toxicity equivalents of analytical and EROD determined values were compared, targeting both altitude of samples and their soil organic content. The ratio between bioassay derived equivalents and analytical determinations suggested no significant contribution of unknown AhR inducers in these sampling sites and some antagonism in soils with relatively high PCB loading. More CYP1A1 expression was induced at the highest sites or about 1400-1500 m a.s.l. along the altitude profiles. Surprisingly, no clear tendencies with the soil organic content were found for dioxin-like compounds. Mean values obtained in the present study were for ER agonists, 2: 0.37±0.12ng 17ß-estradiol EQ g-1 dry soil [corrected] and 6.1 ± 4.2 pg TCDD-EQ g⁻¹ dry soil for AhR agonists.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low bioassay responses with a higher relative amount of ER disrupters than AhR inducers were detected,indicating the higher abundance of estrogen-like than persistent dioxin-like compounds in these forested areas [corrected].
authors.affiliation: Institute of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany. walkiria.levy@helmholtz-muenchen.de
authors.forename: Walkiria
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Levy
authors.forename: Bernhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Henkelmann
authors.forename: Silke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bernhöft
authors.forename: Toine
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bovee
authors.forename: Franz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Buegger
authors.forename: Gert
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Jakobi
authors.forename: Manfred
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kirchner
authors.forename: Rodolfo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bassan
authors.forename: Norbert
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kräuchi
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Moche
authors.forename: Ivo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Offenthaler
authors.forename: Primoz
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Simončič
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Weiss
authors.forename: Karl-Werner
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Schramm
mesh_terms: D000531:Altitude; D000818:Animals; D001681:Biological Assay; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors / Q000032:analysis* / Q000494:pharmacology; D004967:Estrogens / Q000032:analysis* / Q000494:pharmacology; D005060:Europe; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D005843:Geography; D051381:Rats; D018336:Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon / Q000378:metabolism; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000494:pharmacology; D014197:Trees; D015003:Yeasts / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D052244:Endocrine Disruptors; D004967:Estrogens; D018336:Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon; D012989:Soil Pollutants