title: Skin autofluorescence is associated with renal function and cardiovascular diseases in pre-dialysis chronic kidney disease patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tissue accumulation of advanced glycation end-products (AGE) is thought to be a contributing factor to the progression of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Skin autofluorescence, a non-invasive measure of AGE accumulation using autofluorescence of the skin under ultraviolet light, has shown associations with CVD in haemodialysis patients. The present study aimed to evaluate relationships of skin autofluorescence to renal function as well as CVD in pre-dialysis patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects in this cross-sectional analysis comprised 304 pre-dialysis CKD patients [median age, 62.0 years; median estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), 54.3 mL/min/1.73 m(2); diabetes, n = 81 (26.6%)]. AGE accumulation in skin was assessed by skin autofluorescence using an autofluorescence reader. Relationships between skin autofluorescence, eGFR, CVD history and other parameters were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Skin autofluorescence correlated negatively with eGFR (r = -0.42, P < 0.01) and increased as CKD stage advanced. Multiple regression analysis revealed significant correlations of skin autofluorescence with age, presence of diabetes, eGFR and CVD history in CKD patients (R(2) = 30%). Age, male gender, smoking history, skin autofluorescence and eGFR were significantly correlated with CVD history, and multiple logistic regression analysis identified age [odds ratio (OR), 1.09; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.03-1.15; P < 0.01], history of smoking (OR, 6.50; 95%CI, 1.94-21.83; P < 0.01) and skin autofluorescence (OR, 3.74; 95%CI, 1.54-9.24; P < 0.01) as independent factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tissue AGE accumulation measured as skin autofluorescence increased as GFR decreased and was related to CVD history in CKD patients. Non-invasive autofluorescence readers may provide potential markers for clinical risk assessment in pre-dialysis CKD patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan. kennichi@fmu.ac.jp
authors.forename: Kenichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: Yoshihiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tani
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Asai
authors.forename: Fumihiko
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Nemoto
authors.forename: Yuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kusano
authors.forename: Hodaka
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Yoshimitsu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hayashi
authors.forename: Koichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Asahi
authors.forename: Tetsuo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Katoh
authors.forename: Toshio
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Miyata
authors.forename: Tsuyoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Watanabe
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005453:Fluorescence; D005470:Fluorometry; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D007677:Kidney Function Tests; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced