title: Prevalence and pattern of nodal metastasis in pT4 gingivobuccal cancers and its implications for treatment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The pattern of nodal spread in oral cancers is largely predictable and treatment of neck can be tailored with this knowledge. Most studies available on the pattern are from the western world and for early cancers of the tongue and floor of the mouth.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present study was aimed to evaluate the prevalence and pattern of nodal metastasis in patients with pathologic T4 (pT4) buccal/alveolar cancers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medical records of the patients with pT4 primary buccal and alveolar squamous cell carcinomas treated by single-stage resection of primary tumor and neck dissection at Gujarat Cancer and Research Institute (GCRI), Ahmedabad, a regional cancer center in India, during September 2004 to August 2006, were analyzed for nodal involvement.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included 127 patients with pT4 buccal/alveolar cancer. Data pertaining to clinical nodal status, histologic grade, pT and pN status (TNM classification of malignant tumors, UICC, 6th edition, 2002), total number of nodes removed, and those involved by tumor, and levels of nodal involvement were recorded. Statistical analysis was performed using the Chi-square test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty percent of the patients did not have nodal metastasis on final histopathology. Occult metastasis rate was 23%. All of these occurred in levels I to III. Among those with clinically palpable nodes, level V involvement was seen only in 4% of the patients with pT4 buccal cancer and 3% of the patients with alveolar cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Elective treatment of the neck in the form of selective neck dissection of levels I to III is needed for T4 cancers of gingivobuccal complex due to a high rate of occult metastasis. Selected patients with clinically involved nodes could be well served by a selective neck dissection incorporating levels I to III or IV.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Oncology, Gujarat Cancer and Research Institute, Ahmedabad, India.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Narendra
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Tankshali
mesh_terms: D002282:Adenocarcinoma, Bronchiolo-Alveolar / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D037981:Neck Dissection; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D018307:Neoplasms, Squamous Cell / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D015995:Prevalence