title: Strategies to increase the delivery of smoking cessation treatments in primary care settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate evidence-based strategies for increasing the delivery of smoking cessation treatments in primary care clinics.
  
  
  METHODS
  The review included studies published before January 1, 2009. The pooled odds-ratio (OR) was calculated for intervention group versus control group for practitioner performance for "5As" (Ask, Advise, Assess, Assist and Arrange) delivery and smoking abstinence. Multi-component interventions were defined as interventions which combined two or more intervention strategies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-seven trials met eligibility criteria. Evidence from multiple large-scale trials was found to support the efficacy of multi-component interventions in increasing "5As" delivery. The pooled OR for multi-component interventions compared to control was 1.79 [95% CI 1.6-2.1] for "ask", 1.6 [95% CI 1.4-1.8] for "advice", 9.3 [95% CI 6.8-12.8] for "assist" (quit date) and 3.5 [95% CI 2.8-4.2] for "assist" (prescribe medications). Evidence was also found to support the value of practice-level interventions in increasing 5As delivery. Adjunct counseling [OR 1.7; 95% CI 1.5-2.0] and multi-component interventions [OR 2.2; 95% CI 1.7-2.8] were found to significantly increase smoking abstinence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Multi-component interventions improve smoking outcomes in primary care settings. Future trials should attempt to isolate which components of multi-component interventions are required to optimize cost-effectiveness.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Studies and Gerontology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. West, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. SPapadakis@Ottawaheart.ca
authors.forename: Sophia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Papadakis
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: McDonald
authors.forename: Kerri-Anne
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Mullen
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Reid
authors.forename: Kimberly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Skulsky
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pipe
mesh_terms: D016001:Confidence Intervals; D006801:Humans; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000379:methods; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods