title: Preliminary evaluation of factors associated with premature trial closure and feasibility of accrual benchmarks in phase III oncology trials.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A major challenge for randomized phase III oncology trials is the frequent low rates of patient enrollment, resulting in high rates of premature closure due to insufficient accrual.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We conducted a pilot study to determine the extent of trial closure due to poor accrual, feasibility of identifying trial factors associated with sufficient accrual, impact of redesign strategies on trial accrual, and accrual benchmarks designating high failure risk in the clinical trials cooperative group (CTCG) setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  A subset of phase III trials opened by five CTCGs between August 1991 and March 2004 was evaluated. Design elements, experimental agents, redesign strategies, and pretrial accrual assessment supporting accrual predictions were abstracted from CTCG documents. Percent actual/predicted accrual rate averaged per month was calculated. Trials were categorized as having sufficient or insufficient accrual based on reason for trial termination. Analyses included univariate and bivariate summaries to identify potential trial factors associated with accrual sufficiency.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 40 trials from one CTCG, 21 (52.5%) trials closed due to insufficient accrual. In 82 trials from five CTCGs, therapeutic trials accrued sufficiently more often than nontherapeutic trials (59% vs 27%, p = 0.05). Trials including pretrial accrual assessment more often achieved sufficient accrual than those without (67% vs 47%, p = 0.08). Fewer exclusion criteria, shorter consent forms, other CTCG participation, and trial design simplicity were not associated with achieving sufficient accrual. Trials accruing at a rate much lower than predicted (<35% actual/predicted accrual rate) were consistently closed due to insufficient accrual.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This trial subset under-represents certain experimental modalities. Data sources do not allow accounting for all factors potentially related to accrual success.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Trial closure due to insufficient accrual is common. Certain trial design factors appear associated with attaining sufficient accrual. Defining accrual benchmarks for early trial termination or redesign is feasible, but better accrual prediction methods are critically needed. Future studies should focus on identifying trial factors that allow more accurate accrual predictions and strategies that can salvage open trials experiencing slow accrual.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA. ats2x@virginia.edu
authors.forename: Anneke T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Schroen
authors.forename: Gina R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Petroni
authors.forename: Hongkun
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.forename: Xiaofei F
authors.initials: XF
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Cronin
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Sargent
authors.forename: Jacqueline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Benedetti
authors.forename: Donald L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Wickerham
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Djulbegovic
authors.forename: Craig L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Slingluff
mesh_terms: D019985:Benchmarking; D017326:Clinical Trials, Phase III as Topic / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms; D018579:Patient Selection; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012107:Research Design / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*