title: Associations between work schedule characteristics and occupational injury and illness.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nurses often endure working irregular day, night and evening shifts as well as mandatory overtime (i.e. employer-imposed work time in excess of one's assigned schedule). While these work characteristics are examined as potential risks for nurses' safety and health, it is not clear whether negative health impacts occur simply because of working long hours or in combination with other mechanisms.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study investigates how these work characteristics are associated with nurses' work-related injury and illness over and above long work hours.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this cross-sectional study, questionnaire data were collected from a sample of 655 registered nurses in the Philippines. Multiple logistic regression was used to assess associations of shift work and mandatory overtime with four work-related health outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After weekly work hours, shift length and demographic variables were accounted for, non-day shifts were associated with work-related injury [odds ratio (OR) = 1.54; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.07, 2.24] and work-related illness (OR = 1.48; 95% CI: 1.02, 2.16). Also, frequency of working mandatory overtime was associated with work-related injury (OR = 1.22; 95% CI: 1.06, 1.41), work-related illness (OR = 1.19; 95% CI: 1.04, 1.37) and missing more than 2 days of work because of a work-related injury or illness (OR = 1.25; 95% CI: 1.08, 1.44).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that non-day shifts and mandatory overtime may negatively impact nurses' health independent of working long hours. Mechanisms through which these work characteristics affect health, such as circadian rhythm disturbance, nurse-to-patient ratios and work-family conflict, should be examined in future studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychosocial and Community Health, University of Washington School of Nursing, Seattle, WA 98195-7263, USA. butchdec@u.washington.edu
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: de Castro
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fujishiro
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rue
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Tagalog
authors.forename: L P G
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Samaco-Paquiz
authors.forename: G C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Gee
mesh_terms: D000041:Absenteeism; D000062:Accidents, Occupational / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000328:Adult; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D037141:Mandatory Programs / Q000458:organization & administration; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D015399:Nursing Research; D009740:Nursing Staff / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000523:psychology; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D016272:Occupational Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010561:Personnel Staffing and Scheduling / Q000458:organization & administration*; D010679:Philippines / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014940:Work Schedule Tolerance; D016526:Workload / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*