title: Non-linear laws of echoic memory and auditory change detection in humans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The detection of any abrupt change in the environment is important to survival. Since memory of preceding sensory conditions is necessary for detecting changes, such a change-detection system relates closely to the memory system. Here we used an auditory change-related N1 subcomponent (change-N1) of event-related brain potentials to investigate cortical mechanisms underlying change detection and echoic memory.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Change-N1 was elicited by a simple paradigm with two tones, a standard followed by a deviant, while subjects watched a silent movie. The amplitude of change-N1 elicited by a fixed sound pressure deviance (70 dB vs. 75 dB) was negatively correlated with the logarithm of the interval between the standard sound and deviant sound (1, 10, 100, or 1000 ms), while positively correlated with the logarithm of the duration of the standard sound (25, 100, 500, or 1000 ms). The amplitude of change-N1 elicited by a deviance in sound pressure, sound frequency, and sound location was correlated with the logarithm of the magnitude of physical differences between the standard and deviant sounds.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present findings suggest that temporal representation of echoic memory is non-linear and Weber-Fechner law holds for the automatic cortical response to sound changes within a suprathreshold range. Since the present results show that the behavior of echoic memory can be understood through change-N1, change-N1 would be a useful tool to investigate memory systems.
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrative Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan. inui@nips.ac.jp
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Inui
authors.forename: Tomokazu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Urakawa
authors.forename: Koya
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamashiro
authors.forename: Naofumi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Otsuru
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nishihara
authors.forename: Yasuyuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takeshima
authors.forename: Sumru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Keceli
authors.forename: Ryusuke
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kakigi
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D000328:Adult; D001307:Auditory Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D004056:Differential Threshold / Q000502:physiology*; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005072:Evoked Potentials, Auditory / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted