title: Lumbar epidural catheter placement in the presence of low back tattoos: a review of the safety concerns.
abstract: Current fashion in body art includes low back tattoos of varying designs and colors, a trend that presents unique concerns for anesthesia providers. Does the placement of epidural catheters risk the introduction of tattoo pigment dyes into the epidural space through the process of coring? Are there specific risks associated with tattoo dyes and epidural needle placement? We performed a comprehensive review of the literature using multiple search databases with the intent to form guidelines for practice using a level of evidence taxonomy. The available evidence does not identify any specific risks associated with epidural catheter placement through low back tattoos, although tissue coring with tissue transport to deeper sites has been confirmed. Continued investigation is necessary before comprehensive practice guidelines regarding the practice of placing epidural needles and catheters through lumbar tattoos can be developed. We suggest avoidance of piercing tattoos when performing epidural punctures until there is sound evidence of short-term and long-term safety.
authors.affiliation: University of North Florida Brooks College of Health School of Nursing, Nurse Anesthetist Program, Jacksonville, USA. Dawn.Welliver@gmail.com
authors.forename: Dawn
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Welliver
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Welliver
authors.forename: Tammy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Carroll
authors.forename: Peggy
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: James
mesh_terms: D000767:Anesthesia, Epidural / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods / Q000451:nursing; D002408:Catheters, Indwelling / Q000009:adverse effects; D055317:Evidence-Based Practice; D006801:Humans; D008161:Lumbosacral Region; D009719:Nurse Anesthetists; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D012307:Risk Factors; D017751:Safety Management / Q000379:methods*; D013653:Tattooing / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000451:nursing