title: Ecotoxicological assessment of surfactants in the aquatic environment: combined toxicity of docusate sodium with chlorinated pollutants.
abstract: The toxicity of perfluorinated surfactants perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS) and PF-656 as well as the sulfosuccinate surfactant docusate sodium has been examined using two bioluminescence inhibition assays based on the marine bacterium Vibrio fischeri and the self-luminescent cyanobacterial recombinant strain Anabaena CPB4337. We also determined multigenerational toxicity towards the growth of the algae Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata. With EC(50) values in the 43-75 mg/L range, docusate sodium exhibited a higher toxicity towards the three organisms than PFOS, PFOA, PF-656 and PFBS. We investigated the toxicological interactions of the most toxic surfactant, docusate sodium, with two chlorinated compounds, triclosan and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP), in their binary and ternary mixtures using the method of the combination index based on the median-effect equation. In general, the binary mixture of the chlorinated compounds triclosan and TCP exhibited antagonism, which was stronger for the growth test using P. subcapitata. Except for the green alga, the binary mixtures of docusate sodium with TCP or triclosan showed synergism at medium to high effect levels; the synergistic behaviour predominating in the ternary mixture and in the three tested species. This result highlights the potential toxicological risk associated with the co-occurrence of this surfactant with other pollutants.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Alcalá, E-28871, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain. roberto.rosal@uah.es
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rosal
authors.forename: Ismael
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Rodea-Palomares
authors.forename: Karina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Boltes
authors.forename: Francisca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fernández-Piñas
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Leganés
authors.forename: Alice
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Petre
mesh_terms: D048908:Aliivibrio fischeri / Q000187:drug effects; D017738:Alkanesulfonic Acids / Q000633:toxicity; D017033:Anabaena / Q000187:drug effects; D002210:Caprylates / Q000633:toxicity; D002713:Chlorine / Q000633:toxicity; D017606:Chlorine Compounds / Q000633:toxicity*; D000460:Chlorophyta / Q000187:drug effects; D004143:Dioctyl Sulfosuccinic Acid / Q000633:toxicity*; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004347:Drug Interactions; D005466:Fluorocarbons / Q000633:toxicity*; D007455:Iodine / Q000633:toxicity; D012459:Salicylates / Q000633:toxicity; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000633:toxicity*; D018675:Toxicity Tests; D014260:Triclosan / Q000633:toxicity; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D017738:Alkanesulfonic Acids; D002210:Caprylates; D017606:Chlorine Compounds; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005466:Fluorocarbons; D012459:Salicylates; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D004143:Dioctyl Sulfosuccinic Acid; D014260:Triclosan; D002713:Chlorine; C030307:TCP (antiseptic); C023036:perfluorooctanoic acid; D007455:Iodine; C076994:perfluorooctane sulfonic acid; C108042:perfluorobutane