title: Successful self-directed lifelong learning in medicine: a conceptual model derived from qualitative analysis of a national survey of pediatric residents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Self-directed lifelong learning is integral to medical professionalism, yet how best to encourage its development during clinically intensive training is unknown. The authors develop a model for successful self-directed learning by analyzing qualitative data from a national survey of residents.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pediatric and medicine/pediatric residents at 46 training programs completed a Web-based survey in 2008-2009. Self-reported barriers to and strategies for achieving self-directed learning goals were systematically analyzed through inductive iterative review.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 992 out of 1,739 (57%) residents responded. Barriers to achieving self-directed learning goals were categorized into difficulty with personal reflection, environmental strain, competing demands, difficulty with goal generation, and problems with plan development and implementation. Strategies for achieving learning goals included creating goals that were important (relevant to the learner and prioritized by the learner as important to achieve), specific (with broad goals broken down into incremental steps and a specific plan for each step), measurable, accountable (with reminder and tracking systems and building in internal and external accountability), realistic (achievable goals which utilize existing opportunities and constant self-adjustment), and included a timeline for completing the goal (and incorporating the goal into their daily routine).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  On the basis of the data, the authors propose a conceptual model for self-directed lifelong learning involving creation of learning goals and plan development based on individual reflection and self-assessment, and continual revision of goals and/or plans based on degree of goal attainment. This model could be broadly applicable throughout medical education.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, USA. su-ting.li@ucdmc.ucdavis.edu <su-ting.li@ucdmc.ucdavis.edu>
authors.forename: Su-Ting T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Debora A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Paterniti
authors.forename: John Patrick T
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Co
authors.forename: Daniel C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: West
mesh_terms: D002140:California; D002983:Clinical Competence; D003162:Competency-Based Education; D003266:Continuity of Patient Care; D005260:Female; D006040:Goals; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet; D007396:Internship and Residency; D008297:Male; D010372:Pediatrics / Q000193:education*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D036301:Qualitative Research; D012307:Risk Factors; D012655:Self-Evaluation Programs; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires