title: Relations among maternal socialization, effortful control, and maladjustment in early childhood.
abstract: In a sample of 18-, 30-, and 42-month-olds, the relations among parenting, effortful control (EC), and maladjustment were examined. Parenting was assessed with mothers' reports and observations; EC was measured with mothers' and caregivers' reports, as well as a behavioral task; and externalizing and internalizing symptoms were assessed with parents' and caregivers' reports. Although 18-month unsupportive (vs. supportive) parenting negatively predicted EC at 30 months, when the stability of these variables was taken into account, there was no evidence of additional potentially causal relations between these two constructs. Although EC was negatively related to both internalizing and externalizing problems within all three ages as well as across 1 year, EC did not predict maladjustment once the stability of the constructs and within time covariation between the constructs were taken into account. In addition, externalizing problems at 30 months negatively predicted EC at 42 months, and internalizing problems at 30 months positively predicted EC at 42 months, but only when the effects of externalizing on EC were controlled. The findings are discussed in terms of the reasons for the lack of causal relations over time.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1004, USA. nancy.eisenberg@asu.edu
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Eisenberg
authors.forename: Tracy L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Spinrad
authors.forename: Natalie M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Eggum
authors.forename: Kassondra M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Reiser
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hofer
authors.forename: Cynthia L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Bridget M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Gaertner
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kupfer
authors.forename: Tierney
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Popp
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Michalik
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D002657:Child Development / Q000502:physiology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004644:Emotions; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009034:Mother-Child Relations; D016487:Parenting; D012917:Social Adjustment; D012927:Social Control, Informal; D012931:Social Environment; D012951:Socialization