title: Writing kinematics and pen forces in writer's cramp: effects of task and clinical subtype.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Writer's Cramp (WC) is defined as a task-specific form of focal-hand-dystonia generating hypertonic muscle co-contractions resulting in impaired handwriting. Little is known about kinematic and dynamic characteristics in handwriting in the different subtypes of WC.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, kinematic and force analyses were used to compare handwriting capacity of 14 simple, 13 dystonic WC-patients and 14 healthy subjects. The effect of task-complexity was investigated using a simple repetitive writing-task, writing pairs of letters, a sentence and copying a text.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In general, patients showed significant deficits in kinematic and force parameters during writing, but no consistent differences between the two subtypes of WC were found. The complexity of writing material modulated writing parameters in all groups, but less complex material did not ameliorate the patients' deficits relative to control subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The similarity of deficits in patients with simple and dystonic WC does not support the concept of a unitary progression of deficits causing a switch from simple to dystonic WC. Dystonic WC seems to be characterized by a spread of symptoms independent of severity. Obviously, the deficits concern elementary aspects of writing and are not modulated by more complex aspects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Quantification of writing deficits by simple and short phrases with kinematic and force parameters can substantially improve the characterization of WC.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Neuropsychology Research Group (EKN), München-Bogenhausen Hospital, Munich, Germany. Alexandra.Sabine.Schneider@gmail.com
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Baur
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Fürholzer
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Jasper
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Marquardt
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hermsdörfer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000502:physiology; D020821:Dystonic Disorders / Q000145:classification* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D018737:Hand Strength / Q000502:physiology*; D006236:Handwriting; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult