title: Smoking cessation-recent advances.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Smoking continues to be a major contributor to the burden of disease across the world although there has been a decrease in some developed countries such as USA and Australia. In countries of South-East Asia with a high prevalence of smoking, the incidence of tobacco-related diseases will continue to increase.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed the literature in relation to the pharmacology of nicotine, the measures used to determine the efficacy of anti-smoking therapies, and the randomised controlled trials and systematic reviews of pharmacotherapies published between 2004 and 2010. We focused primarily on the three first line therapies that are currently available: nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), bupropion and varenicline.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Randomised controlled trials and meta-analyses have demonstrated that single therapy with either NRT, bupropion or varenicline are all more effective than placebo for smoking cessation. Abstinence rates for monotherapies varies from 13.3% to 19% for NRT compared to 7.5% to 14% for placebo, 19% to 19.7% for bupropion versus 10.9% to 11% for placebo and 25.5% to 25.6% for varenicline versus 11.2% to 14.8% for placebo. Of current therapies varenicline appears to be more effective at achieving abstinence. Some combination therapies with one or two formulations of NRT or NRT plus bupropion have demonstrated superior results to monotherapy. To date there are no randomised controlled trials of varenicline in combination with NRT or bupropion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Further studies are required to address the uncertainty that exists on the most appropriate duration of therapy as well as the effectiveness and safety of combination pharmacotherapy. Post-marketing surveillance continues to play an important role in monitoring the adverse effects events associated with these therapies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology & Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health & Preventive Medicine, Alfred Hospital, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia. john.mcneil@med.monash.edu.au
authors.forename: John J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: McNeil
authors.forename: Loretta
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Piccenna
authors.forename: Lisa L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Ioannides-Demos
mesh_terms: D001315:Australia; D001552:Benzazepines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D016642:Bupropion / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D018765:Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D006801:Humans; D016233:Immunotherapy, Active; D009538:Nicotine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D011810:Quinoxalines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods*; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D057968:Transdermal Patch; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D006113:United Kingdom; D014481:United States; D000068580:Varenicline
chemical_list: D001552:Benzazepines; D018765:Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists; D011810:Quinoxalines; D016642:Bupropion; D009538:Nicotine; D000068580:Varenicline