title: Recombinant protease inhibitors for herbivore pest control: a multitrophic perspective.
abstract: Protease inhibitors are a promising complement to Bt toxins for the development of insect-resistant transgenic crops, but their limited specificity against proteolytic enzymes and the ubiquity of protease-dependent processes in living organisms raise questions about their eventual non-target effects in agroecosystems. After a brief overview of the main factors driving the impacts of insect-resistant transgenic crops on non-target organisms, the possible effects of protease inhibitors are discussed from a multitrophic perspective, taking into account not only the target herbivore proteases but also the proteases of other organisms found along the trophic chain, including the plant itself. Major progress has been achieved in recent years towards the design of highly potent broad-spectrum inhibitors and the field deployment of protease inhibitor-expressing transgenic plants resistant to major herbivore pests. A thorough assessment of the current literature suggests that, whereas the non-specific inhibitory effects of recombinant protease inhibitors in plant food webs could often be negligible and their 'unintended' pleiotropic effects in planta of potential agronomic value, the innocuity of these proteins might always remain an issue to be assessed empirically, on a case-by-case basis.
authors.affiliation: Plant Science Department, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
authors.forename: Urte
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Schlüter
authors.forename: Meriem
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Benchabane
authors.forename: Aurélie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Munger
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kiggundu
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vorster
authors.forename: Marie-Claire
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Goulet
authors.forename: Conrad
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cloutier
authors.forename: Dominique
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Michaud
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000187:drug effects*; D007313:Insecta / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D010572:Pest Control, Biological; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified; D011480:Protease Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D011480:Protease Inhibitors; D011994:Recombinant Proteins