title: Functional imaging in hereditary dystonia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Impaired cortical inhibiton and maladaptive cortical plasticity are functional hallmarks of sporadic focal dystonias. Whether or not these mechanisms translate to generalized dystonias and whether these features reflect state or trait characteristics are topics of research in hereditary dystonias.
  
  
  METHODS
  We present a series of studies using a multitracer approach with positron emission tomography (PET) and diffusion tensor MRI (DTI) in the DYT1 and the DYT6 genotype.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In these hereditary dystonias functional and microstructural abnormalities were found in cortico-striatal-pallido-thalamocortical (CSPTC) and cerebellar-thalamo-cortical circuits. Genotype-specific abnormalities were localized to the basal ganglia, SMA and cerebellum. Functional changes, as potential correlates of maladaptive sensorimotor plasticity were found throughout the sensorimotor system and were more pronounced in affected mutation carriers than in their non-manifesting counterparts. In both genotypes, striatal metabolic abnormalities were paralleled by genotype-specific reductions in D(2) receptor availability. However, these reductions failed to show a clear association with clinical or functional markers of the disease. By contrast, microstructural changes of cerebellar pathways clearly related to penetrance and may thus represent the main intrinsic abnormality underlying cortical downstream effects, such as increased sensorimotor responsivity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These studies are consistent with the view of primary torsion dystonia as a neurodevelopmental circuit disorder involving CSPTC and related cerebellar pathways.
authors.affiliation: Center for Neurosciences, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore - Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA. mcarbon@nshs.edu
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Carbon
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Argyelan
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Eidelberg
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D056324:Diffusion Tensor Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D020821:Dystonic Disorders / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007859:Learning Disabilities / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics; D018832:Molecular Chaperones / Q000235:genetics; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000379:methods*; D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2 / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D018832:Molecular Chaperones; D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2; C108175:TOR1A protein, human