title: Medication use as a risk factor for inpatient falls in an acute care hospital: a case-crossover study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study aimed to evaluate the associations between medication use and falls and to identify high risk medications that acted as a trigger for the onset of falls in an acute care hospital setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  We applied a case-crossover design wherein cases served as their own controls and comparisons were made within each participant. The 3-day period (days 0 to -2) and the 3-day periods (days -6 to -8, days -9 to -11 and days -12 to -14) before the fall event were defined as the case period and the control periods, respectively. Exposures to medications were compared between the case and control periods. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the onset of falls with respect to medication use were computed using conditional logistic regression analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 349 inpatients who fell during their hospitalization were recorded on incident report forms between March 2003 and August 2005. The initial use of antihypertensive, antiparkinsonian, anti-anxiety and hypnotic agents as medication classes was significantly associated with an increased risk of falls, and these ORs (95% CI) were 8.42 (3.12, 22.72), 4.18 (1.75, 10.02), 3.25 (1.62, 6.50) and 2.44 (1.32, 4.51), respectively. The initial use of candesartan, etizolam, biperiden and zopiclone was also identified as a potential risk factor for falls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Medical professionals should be aware of the possibility that starting a new medication such as an antihypertensive agent, including candesartan, and antiparkinsonian, anti-anxiety and hypnotic agents, may act as a trigger for the onset of a fall.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Care and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan. shuto@fukuoka-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Hideki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shuto
authors.forename: Osamu
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Imakyure
authors.forename: Junichi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Matsumoto
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Egawa
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Masaaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hirakawa
authors.forename: Yasufumi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kataoka
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yanagawa
mesh_terms: D000058:Accidental Falls / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003422:Critical Care; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007297:Inpatients / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D055815:Young Adult