title: Measuring the safety culture in a hospital setting: a concept whose time has come?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Getting the right 'patient safety culture' is thought to be an important component in improving patient safety in hospitals, however there is a lack of clarity in how best to measure and improve it, and whether such improvement actually translates to better patient outcomes. This paper reflects on the Counties Manukau District Health Board (CMDHB) experience with a patient safety survey and attempts to answer questions other organisations may ask when deciding whether to invest in such survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature search was undertaken to identify valid and reliable patient safety culture survey tools. These were reviewed with respect to how best to interpret and use the results.
  
  
  RESULTS
  If hospitals decide to undertake a patient safety culture survey, the recommended survey tools are the Safety Attitudes Questionnaire (SAQ) and the Hospital Survey on Patient Safety (HSOPS). Both have been widely used and have sound and comprehensive psychometrics. Only the SAQ has established links with patient safety outcomes such as reduced healthcare associated infections.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Surveys can provide some insights into the patient safety culture within an organisation, but the opportunity costs of undertaking a survey should be carefully considered. Much of their value lies in raising the profile of patient safety and promoting conversations; making patient safety 'the way we do business around here'.
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Population Health, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. g.robb@auckland.ac.nz
authors.forename: Gillian
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Robb
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Seddon
mesh_terms: D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D018864:Cultural Diversity; D006761:Hospitals / Q000941:ethics*; D006801:Humans; D009520:New Zealand; D010564:Personnel, Hospital / Q000523:psychology*; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000379:methods; D017751:Safety Management / Q000592:standards*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires