title: Spasmodic dysphonia and botulinum toxin: experience from the largest treatment series.
abstract: Spasmodic dysphonia is a focal laryngeal dystonia, with adductor, abductor, mixed, respiratory and singer's types. Our series over 24 years includes 1300 patients. 82% are of the adductor type; 63% were female; 12% had a positive family history and 82.4% had a focal distribution. All of the patients were managed with varying degrees of success with individualised dosing of botulinum neurotoxin A injected into the laryngeal musculature under EMG guidance.
authors.affiliation: Columbia University College of Physicians, New York, NY 10019, USA. blitzer@NYHNI.org
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Blitzer
mesh_terms: D018726:Anti-Dyskinesia Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001905:Botulinum Toxins / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D055154:Dysphonia / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004576:Electromyography; D006801:Humans; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular
chemical_list: D018726:Anti-Dyskinesia Agents; D001905:Botulinum Toxins