title: Evolution of the uses of rats and mice for assessing carcinogenic risk from chemicals in humans.
abstract: With developments in the philosophy behind animal testing for carcinogenicity and toxicity, with increasing emphasis on Mode of Action analysis, the future usefulness of the 2 year rodent carcinogenesis bioassay is in doubt.
authors.affiliation: Global VetPathology, Montgomery Village, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Jerrold M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Ward
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001681:Biological Assay; D005075:Biological Evolution; D015197:Carcinogenicity Tests / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends*; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000633:toxicity*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D009374:Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology*; D051381:Rats; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D002273:Carcinogens