title: Preliminary study of diagnostic utility of molecular beacons in bladder cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the feasibility of molecular beacons (MBs) for screening urine samples from patients with suspected bladder cancer. Our previous study showed that MBs could detect bladder cancer cells and cells shed in the urine from patients with bladder cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Samples from 35 patients with bladder cancer and 35 healthy adults were initially evaluated. Cyanine 3-labeled MBs linked to a survivin mRNA probe were used to detect exfoliative cells in urine. Exfoliative cytology, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and Western blotting of the tissues were used to confirm the MB results. We then evaluated the urine samples from 187 patients with suspected bladder cancer. All 187 patients also underwent cystoscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the initial cohort evaluated, MBs detected cancerous cells in 28 (80%) of the 35 patients with confirmed bladder cancer. Survivin protein was detected by Western blotting in 25 (71.4%) of the 35 patients. The sensitivity and specificity of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was 54.3% (20 of 35) and 68.6% (24 of 35), respectively. In a large group of patients with suspected bladder cancer, the sensitivity of MBs was 77.3% (85 of 110) and the specificity was 76.6% (59 of 77) compared with the cystoscopy data. Differences in the protein levels between the tumor grades and stages were not significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results have demonstrated that it is feasible to detect survivin mRNA in the exfoliated cells in urine using MBs. With further development, MBs could be used in a noninvasive clinical diagnostic procedure for the early detection of bladder cancer and postoperative follow-up.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Zhi-Qiang
authors.initials: ZQ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Xin-Yang
authors.initials: XY
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Xiao-Jie
authors.initials: XJ
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Dalin
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: He
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002232:Carbocyanines; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000473:pathology*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D051034:Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins; D008297:Male; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D008875:Middle Aged; D025202:Molecular Diagnostic Techniques; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D000077022:Survivin; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D014556:Urine / Q000166:cytology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: C107489:BIRC5 protein, human; D002232:Carbocyanines; D051034:Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins; D000077022:Survivin; C089187:cyanine dye 3