title: The phylogeography of Indoplanorbis exustus (Gastropoda: Planorbidae) in Asia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The freshwater snail Indoplanorbis exustus is found across India, Southeast Asia, central Asia (Afghanistan), Arabia and Africa. Indoplanorbis is of economic importance in that it is responsible for the transmission of several species of the genus Schistosoma which infect cattle and cause reduced livestock productivity. The snail is also of medical importance as a source of cercarial dermatitis among rural workers, particularly in India. In spite of its long history and wide geographical range, it is thought that Indoplanorbis includes only a single species. The aims of the present study were to date the radiation of Indoplanorbis across Asia so that the factors involved in its dispersal in the region could be tested, to reveal potential historical biogeographical events shaping the phylogeny of the snail, and to look for signs that I. exustus might be polyphyletic.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results indicated a radiation beginning in the late Miocene with a divergence of an ancestral bulinine lineage into Assam and peninsular India clades. A Southeast Asian clade diverged from the peninsular India clade late-Pliocene; this clade then radiated at a much more rapid pace to colonize all of the sampled range of Indoplanorbis in the mid-Pleistocene.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The phylogenetic depth of divergences between the Indian clades and Southeast Asian clades, together with habitat and parasitological differences suggest that I. exustus may comprise more than one species. The timescale estimated for the radiation suggests that the dispersal to Arabia and to Southeast Asia was facilitated by palaeogeographical events and climate change, and did not require human involvement. Further samples from Afghanistan, Africa and western India are required to refine the phylogeographical hypothesis and to include the African Recent dispersal.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China. swahuaxi@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Mohammed Mh
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Mondal
authors.forename: Mohamed A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Idris
authors.forename: Hakim S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Lokman
authors.forename: Prv Jayanthe
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Rajapakse
authors.forename: Fadjar
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Satrija
authors.forename: Jose L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Diaz
authors.forename: E Suchart
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Upatham
authors.forename: Stephen W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Attwood