title: Freshwater suspended sediments and sewage are reservoirs for enterotoxin-positive Clostridium perfringens.
abstract: The release of fecal pollution into surface waters may create environmental reservoirs of feces-derived microorganisms, including pathogens. Clostridium perfringens is a commonly used fecal indicator that represents a human pathogen. The pathogenicity of this bacterium is associated with its expression of multiple toxins; however, the prevalence of C. perfringens with various toxin genes in aquatic environments is not well characterized. In this study, C. perfringens spores were used to measure the distribution of fecal pollution associated with suspended sediments in the nearshore waters of Lake Michigan. Particle-associated C. perfringens levels were greatest adjacent to the Milwaukee harbor and diminished in the nearshore waters. Species-specific PCR and toxin gene profiles identified 174 isolates collected from the suspended sediments, surface water, and sewage influent as C. perfringens type A. Regardless of the isolation source, the beta2 and enterotoxin genes were common among isolates. The suspended sediments yielded the highest frequency of cpe-carrying C. perfringens (61%) compared to sewage (38%). Gene arrangement of enterotoxin was investigated using PCR to target known insertion sequences associated with this gene. Amplification products were detected in only 9 of 90 strains, which suggests there is greater variability in cpe gene arrangement than previously described. This work presents evidence that freshwater suspended sediments and sewage influent are reservoirs for potentially pathogenic cpe-carrying C. perfringens spores.
authors.affiliation: Great Lakes WATER Institute, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53204, USA. muellesr@uwosh.edu
authors.forename: Sabrina R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Mueller-Spitz
authors.forename: Lisa B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.forename: J Val
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Klump
authors.forename: Sandra L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: McLellan
mesh_terms: D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000235:genetics; D003016:Clostridium perfringens / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D004768:Enterotoxins / Q000235:genetics*; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000382:microbiology*; D023061:Gene Order; D014644:Genetic Variation; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000382:microbiology*; D006801:Humans; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012722:Sewage / Q000382:microbiology*; D014922:Wisconsin
chemical_list: D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D004768:Enterotoxins; D012722:Sewage; C109896:cpb2 protein, Clostridium perfringens; C035598:enterotoxin, Clostridium