title: Motor learning principles for rehabilitation: a pilot randomized controlled study in poststroke patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Six months after a stroke, the hemiplegic arm often remains compromised. More innovative approaches to motor rehabilitation are needed.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The authors compared a motor learning-based approach in a virtual environment with more conventional upper extremity therapy in a pilot trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  This prospective, single-blinded, randomized controlled trial compared reinforced feedback in a virtual environment (RFVE; n = 27) with a control intervention (n = 20) of progressive therapy for the affected upper extremity. Both treatments were provided for 4 weeks, 5 days per week, with 1-hour treatment sessions daily. The primary outcomes were the Fugl-Meyer Upper Extremity (F-M UE) and Functional Independence Measure (FIM) scores. Kinematic outcomes included mean duration (MD), mean linear velocity (MLV), and number of submovements to measure the motor performance. Analyses of the primary outcomes were performed per protocol and by intention to treat.
  
  
  RESULTS
  F-M UE scores improved significantly in the RFVE group compared with the conventional therapy group ("intention to treat" = 5.10 points, P = .004; ANCOVA = 4.26 points, P < .01). Several of the kinematic parameters improved in the RFVE group (MD, P < .01; MLV, P < .01). FIM improvements did not differ.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both rehabilitation therapies improved arm motor performance and functional activity, but the RFVE therapy induced more robust results in patients exposed to late rehabilitation treatment.
authors.affiliation: IRCCS San Camillo Hospital Venezia, Venezia, Italy. pironl@tin.it
authors.forename: Lamberto
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Piron
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Turolla
authors.forename: Michela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Agostini
authors.forename: Carla Silvana
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Zucconi
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ventura
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tonin
authors.forename: Mauro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dam
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001132:Arm / Q000294:innervation / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006429:Hemiplegia / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D026741:Physical Therapy Modalities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data* / Q000639:trends; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012054:Reinforcement, Psychology; D020521:Stroke / Q000503:physiopathology; D000071939:Stroke Rehabilitation; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014584:User-Computer Interface