title: Body-image disturbance in adult dialysis patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  An increasing number of individuals in the UK develop end-stage renal failure and receive dialysis to prolong their lives. Dialysis-users report elevated levels of psychological morbidity which are associated with poorer quality of life, adjustment to illness and increased mortality. Circumscribed evidence has also identified body-image (BI) changes occurring in dialysis-users which are already known to be associated with psychological morbidity in other chronically ill populations. This study aimed to identify the prevalence of body-image disturbance (BID) in a dialysis population, correlation with psychological distress, and to identify any variables associated with increased BID and psychological morbidity. Particular attention was given to cognitive models of emotion which postulate a key role for self-consciousness and appearance-related beliefs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between May and August 2007, 97 adult haemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients from a UK regional specialist centre responded to a questionnaire survey. Outcome measures comprised the Body Image Disturbance Questionnaire, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Self-consciousness Scale and the Appearance Schemas Inventory-Revised.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prevalence of anxiety and depression was 24.7% and 18.6%, respectively, with levels of BID significantly above community norms for both male and female respondents. Significant associations were found between psychological morbidity and BID and with specific aspects of appearance-schematisation and self-focus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients should be educated regarding the likely physical consequences of dialysis-types to aid decision-making and prepare them for impacts once dialysis is commenced. Clinicians may wish to monitor dialysis-users for distress and BI difficulties at follow-up appointments. Interventions that target appearance-related beliefs and BID may be of benefit to this population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Psychology, Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham, B4 6NH, UK. katepartridge@live.co.uk
authors.forename: Kate Alexandra
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Partridge
authors.forename: Noelle
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Robertson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000453:epidemiology; D001828:Body Image; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D010530:Peritoneal Dialysis / Q000523:psychology; D015995:Prevalence; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology