title: Improvement in neurological outcome and abolition of cerebrovascular endothelin B and 5-hydroxytryptamine 1B receptor upregulation through mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1/2 inhibition after subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Delayed cerebral ischemia after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) remains a major cause of death and disability. It has been hypothesized that cerebrovascular upregulation of vasoconstrictor receptors is a key step in the development of delayed cerebral ischemia. Upregulation of endothelin-B (ET(B)) and 5-hydroxytryptamine 1B (5-HT(1B)) receptors has been demonstrated in cerebral artery smooth muscles in the delayed ischemic phase after experimental SAH, and intracellular signaling via the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK)-extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 pathway has been shown to be involved in this upregulation. The aim in the present study was to determine whether treatment with the MEK1/2 inhibitor U0126 can prevent cerebrovascular receptor upregulation and improve functional outcome after experimental SAH in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subarachnoid hemorrhage was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats by the injection of 250 μl of autologous blood into the basal cisterns. Either U0126 or vehicle was intracisternally administered at 6, 12, 24, and 36 hours after SAH. Smooth muscle ET(B) and 5-HT(1B) receptor upregulation was studied in isolated cerebral artery segments through immunohistochemical and myographic studies of contractile responses to receptor-specific agonists. Gross sensorimotor function in the rats after SAH was assessed using a rotating pole test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Contractile concentration-response curves for middle cerebral artery (MCA) and basilar artery (BA) segments to endothelin-1 (ET-1) and 5-carboxamidotryptamine (5-CT) were shifted leftward for SAH-induced compared with shamoperated rats due to enhanced contractile responses to individual doses of the agonists (for example, contractile responses of the BA to 3 × 10(-10) M of ET-1 and 3 × 10(-7) M of 5-CT were 9.98 ± 5.01% and 16.75 ± 3.62% of the maximal contractile capacity, respectively, in sham-operated rats and 62.78 ± 9.9% and 45.44 ± 10.62%, respectively, in SAH-induced rats). In vivo treatment with 0.19 μg/kg U0126 normalized responses in the SAH-induced rats to levels in the sham-operated rats. Protein expression of ET(B) and 5-HT(1B) receptors in cerebrovascular smooth muscles from SAH-induced rats was increased to 175 ± 33.17% and 167.7 ± 24.74%, respectively, of the levels in sham-operated rats. Endothelin-B and 5-HT(1B) expression levels in U0126-treated SAH-induced rats were at the levels in sham-operated rats (101.9 ± 13.38% and 91.44 ± 16.75%, respectively). In a rotating pole test used to assess gross sensorimotor function on the 2nd day after surgery, sham-operated rats achieved an average score of 5.37 ± 0.23, SAH-induced rats scored 3.35 ± 0.67, and SAH-induced U0126-treated rats scored 5.00 ± 0.4.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The authors demonstrated that experimental SAH induces upregulation of ET(B) and 5-HT(1B) receptors in cerebrovascular smooth muscles and that treatment with the MEK1/2 inhibitor U0126 abolishes this receptor upregulation. They also demonstrated that experimental SAH results in sensorimotor deficits as assessed by a rotating pole test. These deficits were alleviated by U0126 treatment, suggesting that cerebrovascular receptor upregulation is critical for the functional outcome of delayed cerebral ischemia. The authors suggest that inhibition of MEK1/2 may be a promising new SAH treatment strategy.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Neurosurgery, Glostrup University Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark. larsen-cc@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Carl Christian
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Larsen
authors.forename: Gro Klitgaard
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Povlsen
authors.forename: Marianne Nelly Paola
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Rasmussen
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Edvinsson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D002070:Butadienes / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002536:Cerebral Arteries / Q000473:pathology; D065131:Endothelin B Receptor Antagonists; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D048369:MAP Kinase Kinase 1 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D048370:MAP Kinase Kinase 2 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D008297:Male; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000187:drug effects; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D009570:Nitriles / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004856:Postural Balance / Q000187:drug effects; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D044302:Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1B / Q000187:drug effects*; D012701:Serotonin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D012702:Serotonin Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017366:Serotonin Receptor Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D013345:Subarachnoid Hemorrhage / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D014661:Vasoconstriction / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D002070:Butadienes; D065131:Endothelin B Receptor Antagonists; D009570:Nitriles; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D044302:Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1B; D012702:Serotonin Antagonists; D017366:Serotonin Receptor Agonists; C113580:U 0126; D012701:Serotonin; C047087:5-carboxamidotryptamine; D048369:MAP Kinase Kinase 1; D048370:MAP Kinase Kinase 2