title: Regulation of exocytosis and fusion pores by synaptotagmin-effector interactions.
abstract: Synaptotagmin (syt) serves as a Ca(2+) sensor in the release of neurotransmitters and hormones. This function depends on the ability of syt to interact with other molecules. Syt binds to phosphatidylserine (PS)-containing lipid bilayers as well as to soluble N-ethylmaleimide sensitive factor receptors (SNAREs) and promotes SNARE assembly. All these interactions are regulated by Ca(2+), but their specific roles in distinct kinetic steps of exocytosis are not well understood. To explore these questions we used amperometry recording from PC12 cells to investigate the kinetics of exocytosis. Syt isoforms and syt I mutants were overexpressed to perturb syt-PS and syt-SNARE interactions to varying degrees and evaluate the effects on fusion event frequency and the rates of fusion pore transitions. Syt I produced more rapid dilation of fusion pores than syt VII or syt IX, consistent with its role in synchronous synaptic release. Stronger syt-PS interactions were accompanied by a higher frequency of fusion events and more stable fusion pores. By contrast, syt-SNARE interactions and syt-induced SNARE assembly were uncorrelated with rates of exocytosis. This associates the syt-PS interaction with two distinct kinetic steps in Ca(2+) triggered exocytosis and supports a role for the syt-PS interaction in stabilizing open fusion pores.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
authors.forename: Zhen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Enfu
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hui
authors.forename: Edwin R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Chapman
authors.forename: Meyer B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Jackson
mesh_terms: D019943:Amino Acid Substitution; D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D055664:Electrochemical Techniques / Q000379:methods; D005089:Exocytosis / Q000502:physiology*; D007700:Kinetics; D008051:Lipid Bilayers / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D008561:Membrane Fusion / Q000502:physiology*; D009154:Mutation; D016716:PC12 Cells; D010718:Phosphatidylserines / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D011485:Protein Binding; D020033:Protein Isoforms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D050600:SNARE Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D050863:Synaptotagmin I / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D050857:Synaptotagmins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D008051:Lipid Bilayers; D010718:Phosphatidylserines; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D050600:SNARE Proteins; D050863:Synaptotagmin I; D050857:Synaptotagmins; D002118:Calcium