title: Comparing errors in ED computer-assisted vs conventional pediatric drug dosing and administration.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Compared to fixed-dose single-vial drug administration in adults, pediatric drug dosing and administration requires a series of calculations, all of which are potentially error prone. The purpose of this study is to compare error rates and task completion times for common pediatric medication scenarios using computer program assistance vs conventional methods.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two versions of a 4-part paper-based test were developed. Each part consisted of a set of medication administration and/or dosing tasks. Emergency department and pediatric intensive care unit nurse volunteers completed these tasks using both methods (sequence assigned to start with a conventional or a computer-assisted approach). Completion times, errors, and the reason for the error were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-eight nurses completed the study. Summing the completion of all 4 parts, the mean conventional total time was 1243 seconds vs the mean computer program total time of 879 seconds (P < .001). The conventional manual method had a mean of 1.8 errors vs the computer program with a mean of 0.7 errors (P < .001). Of the 97 total errors, 36 were due to misreading the drug concentration on the label, 34 were due to calculation errors, and 8 were due to misplaced decimals. Of the 36 label interpretation errors, 18 (50%) occurred with digoxin or insulin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Computerized assistance reduced errors and the time required for drug administration calculations. A pattern of errors emerged, noting that reading/interpreting certain drug labels were more error prone. Optimizing the layout of drug labels could reduce the error rate for error-prone labels.
authors.affiliation: Kapiolani Medical Center For Women And Children, Honolulu, HI 96826, USA. loreny@kapiolani.org
authors.forename: Loren
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: Joan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kanemori
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D004077:Digoxin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004348:Drug Labeling; D004360:Drug Therapy, Computer-Assisted; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015278:Intensive Care Units, Pediatric; D008508:Medication Errors / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D004077:Digoxin