title: Characteristics of HIV-infected children seen in Western Kenya.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the characteristics and outcomes of children registered for care in a large HIV care programme in Western Kenya.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective descriptive study.
  
  
  METHODS
  USAID-AMPATH HIV clinics in health centres; district and sub-district hospitals; Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital in Western Kenya.
  
  
  METHODS
  HIV-infected children below age of 15 years seen in a network of 18 clinics in Western Kenya.
  
  
  METHODS
  Paediatric HIV diagnosis and care including treatment and prevention of opportunistic infections and provision of combination antiretroviral therapy (CART).
  
  
  METHODS
  Diagnosis, clinical stage and immune status at enrollment and follow-up; hospitalisation and death. Descriptive statistical analyses and chi square tests were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four thousand and seventeen HIV-infected children seen between June 2002 and April 2008. Median age at enrollment was four years (0-14.2 years), 51% girls, 25% paternal orphans, 10% total orphans and 13% maternal orphans. At enrollment, 25% had weight-for-Age Z scores (WAZ) > or = -1 and 21% had WAZ scores < or = 3. Orphaned children had worse WAZ scores (p=0.0001). Twenty five per cent of children were classified as WHO clinical stage 3 and 4, 56% were WHO clinical stages 1 and 2 with 19% missing clinical staging at enrollment. Cough (25%), gastroenteritis (21%), fever (15%), pneumonia (10%) were the commonest presenting features. Twenty six per cent had been diagnosed with tuberculosis and only 25% started on cotrimoxazole preventive therapy (CPT). Median CD4% at enrollment was 16% (0-64%); latest recorded values were 22% (0-64). Sixty four per cent were on cART (cART+), median age at start was 5.4 (014.4 years). The median initial CD4% among cART+ was 13 (0-62) compared to 24 (0-64) for those not on ART (cART-). Median CD4% for cART+ improved to 22% (0-59); whereas cART- was 23% (0-64) at last appointment. During the period of follow-up, one fifth (19%) of children on cART were lost to follow-up compared to slightly over one third (37%) for those not on cART. Thirty four percent were hospitalised; 41% diagnosed with pneumonia. Six per cent of 4017 were confirmed dead.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HIV-infected children were enrolled in care early in childhood. Orphanhood was prevalent in these children as were gastroenteritis, fever, pneumonia and advanced immuno-suppression. Orphans were more likely to be severely malnourished. Only a quarter of children were put on cotrimoxazole preventive therapy. Children commenced on cART late but responded well to treatment. Loss to follow-up was less prevalent among those on cART.
authors.affiliation: Department of Child Health and Paediatrics, School of Medicine, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya.
authors.forename: W M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Nyandiko
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mwangi
authors.forename: S O
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Ayaya
authors.forename: E C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Nabakwe
authors.forename: C N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Tenge
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Gisore
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Vreeman
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D000293:Adolescent; D017677:Age Distribution; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001837:Body Weights and Measures; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000821:virology; D015497:HIV-1; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007630:Kenya / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents