title: Epigenetic regulation of vitamin D 24-hydroxylase/CYP24A1 in human prostate cancer.
abstract: Calcitriol, a regulator of calcium homeostasis with antitumor properties, is degraded by the product of the CYP24A1 gene, which is downregulated in human prostate cancer by unknown mechanisms. We found that CYP24A1 expression is inversely correlated with promoter DNA methylation in prostate cancer cell lines. Treatment with the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (DAC) activates CYP24A1 expression in prostate cancer cells. In vitro methylation of the CYP24A1 promoter represses its promoter activity. Furthermore, inhibition of histone deacetylases by trichostatin A (TSA) enhances the expression of CYP24A1 in prostate cancer cells. Quantitative chromatin immunoprecipitation-PCR (ChIP-qPCR) reveals that specific histone modifications are associated with the CYP24A1 promoter region. Treatment with TSA increases H3K9ac and H3K4me2 and simultaneously decreases H3K9me2 at the CYP24A1 promoter. ChIP-qPCR assay reveals that treatment with DAC and TSA increases the recruitment of vitamin D receptor to the CYP24A1 promoter. Reverse transcriptase-PCR analysis of paired human prostate samples revealed that CYP24A1 expression is downregulated in prostate malignant lesions compared with adjacent histologically benign lesions. Bisulfite pyrosequencing shows that CYP24A1 gene is hypermethylated in malignant lesions compared with matched benign lesions. Our findings indicate that repression of CYP24A1 gene expression in human prostate cancer cells is mediated in part by promoter DNA methylation and repressive histone modifications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263, USA.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.forename: Adam R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Karpf
authors.forename: Kristin K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Deeb
authors.forename: Josephia R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Muindi
authors.forename: Carl D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Morrison
authors.forename: Candace S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Donald L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Trump
mesh_terms: D001374:Azacitidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D002117:Calcitriol / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D019175:DNA Methylation; D000077209:Decitabine; D015536:Down-Regulation; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D006877:Hydroxamic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013250:Steroid Hydroxylases / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D065668:Vitamin D3 24-Hydroxylase
chemical_list: D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors; D006877:Hydroxamic Acids; C012589:trichostatin A; D000077209:Decitabine; D013250:Steroid Hydroxylases; C585549:CYP24A1 protein, human; D065668:Vitamin D3 24-Hydroxylase; D002117:Calcitriol; D001374:Azacitidine