title: Surveillance of norovirus infections in the state of Rio De Janeiro, Brazil 2005-2008.
abstract: A 4-year (2005-2008) norovirus (NoV) surveillance study was conducted in the state of Rio Janeiro, Brazil, to demonstrate the role of these viruses in outbreaks and sporadic cases of acute gastroenteritis. A cohort of 1,687 fecal samples was obtained from patients with gastroenteritis; 324 were rotavirus-positive. Of the remainder 1,363 rotavirus-negative samples, 1,087 samples were tested for NoV RNA in this study. The study enrolled 267 outpatients from Municipal Public Health Centers and 820 inpatients, whose samples were obtained by active surveillance in Public Hospitals. Fecal samples were tested by reverse transcription (RT) followed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using the MON 431-434 set of degenerate primers for NoV GI and GII detection, and there were 35.1% (381/1,087) positive samples for NoV, consisting of 30.2% (248/820) and 49.8% (133/267) from inpatient and outpatient, respectively. Children infected by NoV had significantly more frequent mucus in feces, vomiting and fever. No seasonal pattern in NoV infections was observed in patients admitted to hospital; however, two peaks of NoV infections were observed from ambulatory cases, suggesting that there was an occurrence of outbreaks in those time periods. Molecular characterization revealed GII to be the most prevalent genogroup, totaling 96.3% (104/108) of all sequences analyzed, and GII.4 was the genotype detected most frequently (80.7%), followed by GII.6, 3, 14, 7, and 8. Two GI strains, GI.2 and GI.3, were also observed. The number of outbreaks and sporadic cases described in this study highlights the need to implement diagnosis of NoV in surveillance laboratories.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: M S R
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Victoria
authors.forename: F A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Carvalho-Costa
authors.forename: C B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Vieira
authors.forename: M P T P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Xavier
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Fioretti
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Andrade
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Volotão
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rocha
authors.forename: J P G
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Leite
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Miagostovich
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D017250:Caliciviridae Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000235:genetics; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D005243:Feces / Q000821:virology; D005260:Female; D005759:Gastroenteritis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D029322:Norovirus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012401:Rotavirus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D012367:RNA, Viral