title: Analysis of the mdr-1 gene in patients co-infected with Onchocerca volvulus and Loa loa who experienced a post-ivermectin serious adverse event.
abstract: Ivermectin (IVM) is exceptionally safe in humans, and is used for mass treatment of onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis. However, cases of encephalopathy, sometimes fatal, have been reported in a small number of individuals who harbored large numbers of Loa loa microfilariae (mf). A loss-of-function mutation in the mdr-1 gene in some dog breeds and in mice leads to accumulation of the drug in the brain, causing coma and death. This hypothesis was tested in four individuals from Cameroon who experienced a post-IVM serious adverse event (SAE) and in nine non-SAE matched controls. No loss-of-function mutation was detected in mdr-1 in any subject. However, haplotypes, associated with altered drug disposition, were present as homozygotes in two of the SAE patients (50%), but absent as homozygotes in the controls (0%). An association of high Loa mf load and a genetic predisposition to altered IVM distribution could be involved in IVM SAEs.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Sainte Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bourguinat
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kamgno
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Boussinesq
authors.forename: Charles D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Mackenzie
authors.forename: Roger K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Prichard
authors.forename: Timothy G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Geary
mesh_terms: D018435:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B; D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1 / Q000235:genetics*; D000818:Animals; D005369:Filaricides / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007559:Ivermectin / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008117:Loa / Q000187:drug effects; D008118:Loiasis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000235:genetics*; D008842:Microfilariae / Q000187:drug effects*; D017181:Onchocerca volvulus / Q000187:drug effects; D009855:Onchocerciasis / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: C513055:ABCB1 protein, human; D018435:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B; D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1; D005369:Filaricides; D007559:Ivermectin