title: Relationship between oral malodor and the menstrual cycle.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Sex hormones have been suggested to be important modifying factors that may influence the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. This study examined changes in volatile sulfur compounds (VSC) levels, clinical parameters and bacterial levels during the menstrual cycle.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study group consisted of 10 female subjects with periodontitis and 12 periodontally healthy female subjects. Clinical and bacterial measurements were performed for all subjects during the ovulation and follicular phases of the menstrual cycle.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bleeding on probing (BOP) was significantly increased in the ovulation phase in periodontitis subjects but not in healthy subjects. The VSC levels in subjects with periodontitis increased 2.2-fold in the ovulation phase compared with the follicular phase. In the ovulation phase, VSC levels and BOP were significantly higher in subjects with periodontitis than in healthy subjects. The number, and salivary levels, of Prevotella intermedia in subjects with periodontitis were significantly higher in the ovulation phase than in the follicular phase.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study indicated changes in VSC, BOP and P. intermedia during the menstrual cycles of women with periodontitis.
authors.affiliation: Dental Hygienist Section, Nihon University Dental Hospital, Tokyo, Japan. imanaga@dent.nihon-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kawamoto
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sugano
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Motohashi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Matsumoto
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ito
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001944:Breath Tests; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D006209:Halitosis / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008597:Menstrual Cycle / Q000378:metabolism*; D010512:Periodontal Index; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology; D016966:Porphyromonas gingivalis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D018713:Prevotella intermedia / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012463:Saliva / Q000382:microbiology; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013457:Sulfur Compounds / Q000032:analysis; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D013457:Sulfur Compounds