title: Psychosocial risk factors associated with cyberbullying among adolescents: a population-based study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To our knowledge, no population study examining psychosocial and psychiatric risk factors associated with cyberbullying among adolescents exists.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To study cross-sectional associations between cyberbullying and psychiatric and psychosomatic problems among adolescents.
  
  
  METHODS
  Population-based cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Finland.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample consists of 2215 Finnish adolescents aged 13 to 16 years with complete information about cyberbullying and cybervictimization.
  
  
  METHODS
  Self-reports of cyberbullying and cybervictimization during the past 6 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the total sample, 4.8% were cybervictims only, 7.4% were cyberbullies only, and 5.4% were cyberbully-victims. Cybervictim-only status was associated with living in a family with other than 2 biological parents, perceived difficulties, emotional and peer problems, headache, recurrent abdominal pain, sleeping difficulties, and not feeling safe at school. Cyberbully-only status was associated with perceived difficulties, hyperactivity, conduct problems, low prosocial behavior, frequent smoking and drunkenness, headache, and not feeling safe at school. Cyberbully-victim status was associated with all of these risk factors. Among cybervictims, being cyberbullied by a same-sex or opposite-sex adult, by an unknown person, and by a group of people were associated with fear for safety, indicating possible trauma.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both cyberbullying and cybervictimization are associated with psychiatric and psychosomatic problems. The most troubled are those who are both cyberbullies and cybervictims. This indicates the need for new strategies for cyberbullying prevention and intervention.
authors.affiliation: Department of Child Psychiatry, Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland. andre.sourander@utu.fi
authors.forename: Andre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sourander
authors.forename: Anat
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Brunstein Klomek
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ikonen
authors.forename: Jarna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lindroos
authors.forename: Terhi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Luntamo
authors.forename: Merja
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Koskelainen
authors.forename: Terja
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ristkari
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Helenius
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D000328:Adult; D019548:Crime Victims / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011602:Psychophysiologic Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012574:Schools; D012919:Social Behavior; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires