title: Interethnic differences in the distribution of matrix metalloproteinases genetic polymorphisms are consistent with interethnic differences in disease prevalence.
abstract: Interethnic differences exist in disease prevalence, especially with regard to cancer and cardiovascular diseases, which involve altered expression or activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). The hypothesis being tested in this study is that interethnic differences exist between blacks and whites with regard to the distribution of genetic variants of MMP polymorphisms and haplotypes. We examined the distribution of polymorphisms of MMP-2 and MMP-9 genes in 177 black and 140 white subjects. We studied the following polymorphisms: the C(-1306)T in the promoter of the MMP-2 gene, the C(-1562)T and a microsatellite -90(CA)(14-24) in the promoter, and the Q279R in exon 6 of the MMP-9 gene. We have also compared our results with those from Hapmap or Seattle SNPs Projects and estimated the haplotype frequency in these two ethnic groups. The "C" allele for the C(-1306)T polymorphism was more common in blacks (91.5%) than in whites (80.4%; p<0.0001). The "T" allele for the C(-1562)T polymorphism was more common in blacks (15.0%) than in whites (8.9%; p=0.0279), as well as the alleles with >21 repeats for the -90(CA)(14-24) were more common in blacks than in whites (61.9% in blacks and 49.3% in whites; p=0.0017). We found no interethnic differences for the Q279R polymorphism. Moreover, two haplotypes that combine "detrimental" alleles were found at higher frequencies in blacks than in whites (31% vs. 16.4%, respectively; p<0.05). The interethnic differences being reported here replicate those previously found with smaller number of subjects in the Hapmap or Seattle SNPs data and may help explain the higher prevalence of cancer and cardiovascular diseases in blacks compared with whites. Our findings suggest a proportional significance of these polymorphisms in each ethnic group.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil.
authors.forename: Riccardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lacchini
authors.forename: Ingrid F
authors.initials: IF
authors.lastname: Metzger
authors.forename: Marcelo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Luizon
authors.forename: Marília
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ishizawa
authors.forename: Jose E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Tanus-Santos
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D044383:Black People / Q000235:genetics*; D030541:Databases, Genetic; D004194:Disease / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000235:genetics*; D006239:Haplotypes / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000235:genetics*; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000235:genetics*; D008875:Middle Aged; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D015995:Prevalence; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D044465:White People / Q000235:genetics*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9