Osteoarthritis in women: effects of estrogen, obesity and physical activity.
Arthritis is the leading cause of physical disability in the USA and osteoarthritis (OA), the most common form, affects nearly 27 million people. Women have a higher prevalence of OA than men, but the underlying causes for the increased susceptibility of women to OA are not fully understood. This review discusses the associations of sex hormones, obesity and physical activity with the incidence and progression of OA in women. Although many studies have explored the relationships of estrogen and reproductive history with the risk of OA or joint replacement, there is no consensus on the role of these factors. Obesity clearly increases risk for OA, but whether obesity affects women and men differently is uncertain. Moderate levels of physical activity do not appear to increase the incidence or progression of OA and may even have a weak protective effect. Future investigations should focus on sex-specific mechanisms for the development of OA and determine whether there are modifiable factors (e.g., estrogen, obesity, physical activity) that can be targeted through prevention and treatment strategies to mitigate the increased incidence and prevalence of OA in women.
Stevens-Lapsley
Jennifer E
JE
University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Physical Therapy Program, Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Aurora, CO 80045, USA. jennifer.stevens-lapsley@ucdenver.edu
Kohrt
Wendy M
WM
D000367:Age Factors; D015992:Body Mass Index; D018450:Disease Progression; D004967:Estrogens; D005260:Female; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones; D020249:Hormone Replacement Therapy; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity; D009765:Obesity; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D010298:Parity; D011247:Pregnancy; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
D004967:Estrogens; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones