title: Synthesis, characterization and properties of a physically and chemically gelling polymer system using poly(NIPAAm-co-HEMA-acrylate) and poly(NIPAAm-co-cysteamine).
abstract: The aim of this work was to develop a simultaneous physically and chemically gelling system using NIPAAm co-polymers. The in situ polymer gel was obtained by synthesizing poly(NIPAAm-co-HEMAacrylate) and poly(NIPAAm-co-cysteamine) through free radical polymerization and further nucleophilic substitution. The purpose of the dual gelation is that physical gelation would take place at higher temperatures as the NIPAAm chains associate, while chemical gelation would occur through a Michael-type addition reaction, resulting in a cross-link forming through a nucleophilic attack of the thiolate on the acrylate. The structure of each co-polymer was then verified using (1)H-NMR and FT-IR spectroscopy. The corresponding lower critical solution temperature and phase transition behavior of each co-polymer was analyzed through cloud point and DSC, while mechanical properties were investigated through rheology. Swelling behavior was also monitored at different temperatures. The resulting polymer system demonstrated properties compatible with physiological conditions, forming a gel at pH 7.4 and at temperatures near body temperature. The hydrogel also showed reduced viscoelastic flow at low frequency stress, and increased strength than purely physical or chemical gels. Swelling behavior was determined to be temperature-dependent; however, no difference was observed in swelling percent beyond 48 h. Having the ability to alter these co-polymers through various synthesis parameters and techniques, this hydrogel can potentially be used as an injectable, waterborne gelling material for biomedical applications such as endovascular embolization.
authors.affiliation: a The School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Center for Interventional Biomaterials, ECG 334, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-9709, USA.
authors.forename: Hanin H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Bearat
authors.forename: Bae Hoon
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Valdez
authors.forename: Brent L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Vernon
mesh_terms: D000178:Acrylamides / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry*; D000180:Acrylic Resins / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry*; D003543:Cysteamine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry; D005782:Gels / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008422:Materials Testing; D015394:Molecular Structure; D011102:Polyhydroxyethyl Methacrylate / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry; D011108:Polymers / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry*; D066244:Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000178:Acrylamides; D000180:Acrylic Resins; D005782:Gels; D011108:Polymers; C512888:poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-acrylate); C523670:poly(NIPAAm-co-cysteamine); D011102:Polyhydroxyethyl Methacrylate; D003543:Cysteamine