title: Renin-angiotensin system blockers and modulation of radiation-induced brain injury.
abstract: Radiation-induced brain injury remains a major cause of morbidity in cancer patients with primary or metastatic brain tumors. Approximately 200,000 individuals/year are treated with fractionated partial or whole-brain irradiation, and > half will survive long enough (≤6 months) to develop radiation-induced brain injury, including cognitive impairment. Although short-term treatments have shown efficacy, no long-term treatments or preventive approaches are presently available for modulating radiation-induced brain injury. Based on previous preclinical studies clearly demonstrating that renin-angiotensin system (RAS) blockers can modulate radiation-induced late effects in the kidney and lung, we and others hypothesized that RAS blockade would similarly modulate radiation-induced brain injury. Indeed, studies in the last 5 years have shown that both angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonists (AT(1)RAs) can prevent/ameliorate radiation-induced brain injury, including cognitive impairment, in the rat. The mechanistic basis for this RAS blocker-mediated effect remains the subject of ongoing investigations. Putative mechanisms include, i] blockade of Ang II/NADPH oxidase-mediated oxidative stress and neuroinflammation, and ii] a change in the balance of angiotensin (Ang) peptides from the pro-inflammatory and pro-oxidative Ang II to the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative Ang-1-7). However, given that both ACEIs and AT(1)RAs are 1] well-tolerated drugs routinely prescribed for hypertension, 2] exhibit some antitumor properties, and 3] can prevent/ameliorate radiation-induced brain injury, they appear to be ideal drugs for future clinical trials, offering the promise of improving the quality of life of brain tumor patients receiving brain irradiation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Brain Tumor Center of Excellence, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA. mrobbins@wfubmc.edu
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Robbins
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Garcia-Espinosa
authors.forename: D I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Diz
mesh_terms: D057911:Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000528:radiation effects*; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy; D006801:Humans; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000517:prevention & control; D012084:Renin-Angiotensin System / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D057911:Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors