title: Ovarian matrix metalloproteinases are differentially regulated during the estrous cycle but not during short photoperiod induced regression in Siberian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are implicated as mediators for ovarian remodeling events, and are involved with ovarian recrudescence during seasonal breeding cycles in Siberian hamsters. However, involvement of these proteases as the photoinhibited ovary undergoes atrophy and regression had not been assessed. We hypothesized that 1) MMPs and their tissue inhibitors, the TIMPs would be present and differentially regulated during the normal estrous cycle in Siberian hamsters, and that 2) MMP/TIMP mRNA and protein levels would increase as inhibitory photoperiod induced ovarian degeneration.
  
  
  METHODS
  MMP-2, -9, -14 and TIMP-1 and -2 mRNA and protein were examined in the stages of estrous (proestrus [P], estrus [E], diestrus I [DI], and diestrus II [DII]) in Siberian hamsters, as well as after exposure to 3, 6, 9, and 12 weeks of inhibitory short photoperiod (SD).
  
  
  RESULTS
  MMP-9 exhibited a 1.6-1.8 fold decrease in mRNA expression in DII (p<0.05), while all other MMPs and TIMPs tested showed no significant difference in mRNA expression in the estrous cycle. Extent of immunostaining for MMP-2 and -9 peaked in P and E then significantly declined in DI and DII (p<0.05). Extent of immunostaining for MMP-14, TIMP-1, and TIMP-2 was significantly more abundant in P, E, and DI than in DII (p<0.05). Localization of the MMPs and TIMPs had subtle differences, but immunostaining was predominant in granulosa and theca cells, with significant differences noted in staining intensity between preantral follicles, antral follicles, corpora lutea, and stroma classifications. No significant changes were observed in MMP and TIMP mRNA or extent of protein immunostaining with exposure to 3, 6, 9, or 12 weeks of SD, however protein was present and was localized to follicular and luteal steroidogenic cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although MMPs appear to be involved in the normal ovarian estrus cycle at the protein level in hamsters, those examined in the present study are unlikely to be key players in the slow atrophy of tissue as seen in Siberian hamster ovarian regression.
authors.affiliation: Reproductive Biology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Long Beach, Long Beach, CA 90840, USA.
authors.forename: Lisa A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Vrooman
authors.forename: Kelly A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Young
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001284:Atrophy / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006224:Cricetinae; D030762:Estrous Cycle / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D010053:Ovary / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000502:physiology; D017111:Phodopus / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D017440:Photoperiod; D012621:Seasons
chemical_list: D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases