title: Diplopia in adult patients following cataract extraction and refractive surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this article is to report the incidence and cause of diplopia following cataract surgery and laser in-situ keratomileusis (LASIK).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ocular misalignment following cataract extraction with retrobulbar anesthesia has an incidence of approximately 7%. Diplopia ranges in this group of patients from 0.23 to 0.98%. The incidence of ocular misalignment decreases with topical anesthesia for cataract extraction to 5%, and diplopia occurs with an incidence of 0.21-0%. Although there are small case series, the incidence of diplopia following LASIK has not been reported. The causes of diplopia following cataract extraction and LASIK include decompensation of pre-existing strabismus, new-onset accommodative esotropia, concurrent onset of systemic disease, disruption of central fusion, and monocular diplopia. The leading cause for diplopia following retrobulbar anesthesia for cataract extraction is extraocular muscle paresis/restriction and is unique to this type of procedure. In cases of topical anesthesia for cataract extraction and for LASIK procedures, the leading cause of diplopia is decompensation of pre-existing strabismus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Detailed history and evaluation for pre-existing strabismus can dramatically decrease the incidence of unexpected diplopia following refractive procedures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Wills Eye Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
authors.forename: Kammi B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Gunton
authors.forename: Blair
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Armstrong
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002387:Cataract Extraction; D004172:Diplopia / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D020731:Keratomileusis, Laser In Situ; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D013285:Strabismus / Q000175:diagnosis