title: Why we should be vigilant: drug cytotoxicity observed with in vitro transporter inhibition studies.
abstract: From routine in vitro drug-transporter inhibition assays, observed inhibition is typically assumed from direct interaction with the transporter. Other mechanisms that possibly reduce substrate uptake are not frequently fully examined. The objective of this study was to investigate the association of transporter inhibition with drug cytotoxicity. From a pool of drugs that were identified as known ASBT or OCTN2 inhibitors, 21 drugs were selected to screen inhibitory potency of their prototypical substrate and cytotoxicity against three human sodium-dependent solute carrier (SLC) transporters: apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT), organic cation/carnitine transporter (OCTN2), and the excitatory amino acid transporter 4 (EAAT4) in stable cell lines. Twenty drugs showed apparent inhibition in OCTN2-MDCK and ASBT-MDCK. Four dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers were cytotoxic to MDCK cells, and the observed cytotoxicity of three of them accounted for their apparent OCTN2 inhibition, and consequently were classified as non-OCTN2 inhibitors. Meanwhile, since their cytotoxicity only moderately contributed to ASBT inhibition, these three were still considered ASBT inhibitors. Four other drugs showed apparent inhibition in EAAT4-HEK cells, and cytotoxicity of three drugs corresponded with their inhibition of this transporter. Therefore, cytotoxicity significantly affected EAAT4 observations. Results showed the potential of cytotoxicity as a mechanism that can account for apparent in vitro transporter inhibition. Drug cytotoxicity varied in different cell lines, which could increase false positives for pharmacophore development.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, 20 N. Pine Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States.
authors.forename: Xiaowan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Diao
authors.forename: Sean
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ekins
authors.forename: James E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Polli
mesh_terms: D001692:Biological Transport / Q000502:physiology; D002460:Cell Line; D006801:Humans; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D029363:Organic Anion Transporters, Sodium-Dependent; D027981:Symporters; D014851:Wakefulness
chemical_list: D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D029363:Organic Anion Transporters, Sodium-Dependent; D027981:Symporters; C071908:sodium-bile acid cotransporter