title: Cigarette smoke inhalation modulates gene expression in sites of bone healing: a study in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to assess the effect of cigarette smoke inhalation (CSI) on gene expression in alveolar bone healing sites.
  
  
  METHODS
  Wistar rats were randomly assigned to the groups: control [animals not exposed to CSI (n = 20)] and test [animals exposed to CSI, starting 3 days before teeth extraction and maintained until killing them (n = 20)]. First mandibular molars were bilaterally extracted, and the expression of alkaline phosphatase, bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) 2 and 7, receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand, osteoprotegerin, and d2 isoform of vacuolar adenosine triphosphatase V(0) domain were assessed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction in the newly formed tissue in the sockets.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, data analysis demonstrated that CSI significantly affected the expression pattern of all of the studied genes except BMP-7.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The expression of key genes for bone healing may be affected by CSI in tooth extraction sites.
authors.affiliation: Periodontics Division, Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, School of Dentistry at Piracicaba, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil. anagetti@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Ana Paula Oliveira
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Giorgetti
authors.forename: João Batista
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: César Neto
authors.forename: Karina Gonzales Silvério
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Ruiz
authors.forename: Márcio Zaffalon
authors.initials: MZ
authors.lastname: Casati
authors.forename: Enílson Antonio
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Sallum
authors.forename: Francisco Humberto
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Nociti
mesh_terms: D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D000818:Animals; D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D001861:Bone Regeneration / Q000235:genetics*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D053244:Osteoprotegerin / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D053245:RANK Ligand / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014081:Tooth Extraction; D025262:Vacuolar Proton-Translocating ATPases / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2; D007527:Isoenzymes; D053244:Osteoprotegerin; D053245:RANK Ligand; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase; D025262:Vacuolar Proton-Translocating ATPases