Application of ultrasound dilution technology for cardiac output measurement: Cerebral and systemic hemodynamic consequences in a juvenile animal model.
OBJECTIVE
Analysis of cerebral and systemic hemodynamic consequences of ultrasound dilution cardiac output measurements.


METHODS
: Prospective, experimental piglet study.


METHODS
Animal laboratory.


METHODS
Nine piglets.


METHODS
Ultrasound dilution cardiac output measurements were performed in ventilated, anesthetized piglets. Interventions that are required for ultrasound dilution cardiac output measurement were evaluated for its effect on cerebral and systemic circulation and oxygenation.


RESULTS
DeltacHbD and DeltactHb, representing changes in cerebral blood flow and cerebral blood volume, respectively, were measured with near infrared spectrophotometry. Pulmonary artery (Q) and left carotid artery (Q) blood flow were assessed with transit time flow probes. Starting and/or stopping blood flowing through the arteriovenous loop did not cause relevant hemodynamic changes. Fast injection of isotonic saline caused a biphasic change in DeltacHbD and DeltactHb. After injection of 0.5 mL/kg, the mean (sd) increase in DeltacHbD and DeltactHb was 0.175 (0.213) micromol/L and 0.122 (0.148) micromol/L, respectively, with a subsequent mean decrease of -0.191 (0.299) micromol/L and -0.312 (0.266) micromol/L. Injection of 1.0 mL/kg caused a mean increase in DeltacHbD and DeltactHb of 0.237 (0.203) micromol/L and 0.179 (0.162) followed by a mean decrease of -0.334 (0.407) micromol/L and -0.523 (0.335) micromol/L, respectively. Q and Q changed shortly with a mean increase of 5.9 (3.0) mL/kg/min and 0.23 (0.10) mL/kg/min after injection of 0.5 mL/kg and with 12.0 (4.2) mL/kg/min and 0.44 (0.18) mL/kg/min after injection of 1.0 mL/kg, respectively. The observed changes were more profound after an injection volume of 1.0 mL/kg compared with 0.5 mL/kg for DeltacHbD (p = .06), DeltactHb (p = .09), Q, and Q (p < .01). No relevant changes in mean arterial blood pressure or heart rate were detected in response to the indicator injection.


CONCLUSIONS
Cardiac output measurement by ultrasound dilution does not cause clinically relevant changes in cerebral and systemic circulation and oxygenation in a piglet model.
de Boode
Willem P
WP
Department of Neonatology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. W.deBoode@cukz.umcn.nl
van Heijst
Arno F J
AF
Hopman
Jeroen C W
JC
Tanke
Ronald B
RB
van der Hoeven
Hans G
HG
Liem
K Djien
KD
D000818:Animals; D000833:Animals, Suckling; D001794:Blood Pressure; D001810:Blood Volume; D002302:Cardiac Output; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000503:physiopathology; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006339:Heart Rate; D006439:Hemodynamics; D007201:Indicator Dilution Techniques; D007552:Isotonic Solutions; D009996:Osmotic Fragility; D011651:Pulmonary Artery / Q000503:physiopathology; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared; D013552:Swine; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000379:methods
D007552:Isotonic Solutions