title: Impact of pharmaceutical regulation and policies on health system performance goals in Israel.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There is a particular need for health policy evaluations in terms of achievement of goals, which may help inform policy-making not only locally but for the wider international policy community. In this chapter, we review the impact of pharmaceutical regulation and policies in Israel on a range of health system performance goals that, in the pharmaceutical context, are mainly related to ensuring the availability, accessibility and affordability of medicines.
  
  
  METHODS
  We assess pharmaceutical policies and their impact, within the Israeli National Health Insurance (NHI) system enacted in 1995, on the degree to which the following main policy goals are being achieved: containment of drug expenditures; sustainability and equity of financing for pharmaceuticals; efficiency of expenditure in the pharmaceutical sector; and availability and accessibility of pharmaceuticals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The findings point to a number of accomplishments as well as outstanding challenges. The main accomplishment is successful cost containment of (public) expenditure on medicines. Government price regulation operates as a mechanism responsible for sickness funds' (SFs) savings, over which the state has no information or monitoring. Although the package of publicly financed drugs is comprehensive, delays in reimbursement decisions and high level of cost sharing mean that medicines have become increasingly unaffordable for many patients, especially for low-income persons with chronic diseases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Regulation of the pharmaceutical sector should focus on two aspects: decreasing the information gap between the SFs and the regulator and reforming the cost-sharing policy to increase affordability and equity.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Drug Studies, PHARMA Drug Bulletin, Jerusalem, Israel.
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sax
authors.forename: Amir
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shmueli
mesh_terms: D003363:Cost Control; D003695:Delivery of Health Care / Q000592:standards*; D006040:Goals; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D007557:Israel; D010593:Pharmaceutical Services / Q000191:economics / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D011050:Policy Making