title: Clinicopathological features of bladder tumours in a single institution in Malaysia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the clinicopathological features of bladder tumours encountered over a five year period in Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medical records of bladder tumour cases from 2005 till 2009 were retrospectively reviewed and tabulated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 83 cases were recorded. The incidence was highest among the Chinese (56.6%), followed by Malays (34.9%), Indians (6%) and other races (2.4%). The male-to-female ratio was 9.4:1. The median age was 65 years (range 30-91 years) and median duration of follow up was 17.2 months (range 2-60 months). The main histopathology was transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) (90.4%), followed by adenocarcinoma (6%), squamous cell carcinoma (1.2%), leiomyoma (1.2%) and myeloid sarcoma (1.2%). For the TCCs, 58.6% were superficial while 41.4% were muscle invasive, and 13.3% had nodal metastasis with distant metastasis in 8%. Of the total, 5.3% were papillary urothelial tumours of low malignant potential, 33.3% pTa, 20% pT1, 10.7% pT2, 12.0% pT3 and 18.7% pT4. Of the superficial tumours, 32.5% were high grade tumours. There were ten radical cystectomies performed for transitional cell carcinomas; two had neobladder reconstruction whereas the other eight had ileal conduits. All the adenocarcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas were treated by radiotherapy due to the advanced stage of the disease while the myeloid sarcoma received chemotherapy. Mean survival of patients with muscle invasive cancer was 33+/-5 months. By the end of the study, 18.1% of patients had died of their cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The incidence of bladder tumours is highest among the Chinese. When compared to other studies, the incidence of muscle invasive and high-grade superficial tumours was greater.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. chrisckho2002@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Christopher Ho Chee
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Kong
authors.forename: Praveen
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Singam
authors.forename: Goh Eng
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: Lee Boon
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Cheok
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Azrif
authors.forename: Azmi Mohd
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Tamil
authors.forename: Zulkifli Md
authors.initials: ZM
authors.lastname: Zainuddin
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000556:secondary* / Q000601:surgery; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000556:secondary* / Q000601:surgery; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000556:secondary* / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008296:Malaysia; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery