title: Expanded evaluation of blood donors in the United States for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 non-B subtypes and antiretroviral drug-resistant strains: 2005 through 2007.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In a previous study of 66 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected US blood donors from 1999 to 2005, HIV-1 non-B and antiretroviral drug-resistant strains accounted for 4.7 and 6.5% of HIV infections, respectively. This study was expanded to include an additional 11 recently acquired infections and 197 established infections collected from January 2005 through December 2007.
  
  
  METHODS
  HIV-infected donors were detected using FDA-licensed assays. Drug resistance profiles for protease and reverse transcriptase (RT) genes were determined using a genotyping system (ViroSeq, Celera Diagnostics); genetic subtype was determined by phylogenetic analysis of these sequences.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Drug resistance profiles were obtained for 203 of 208 specimens; 9.9% had mutations that confer drug resistance. Ten showed resistance to a single drug class: nine to nonnucleoside RT inhibitors (NNRTIs) and one to nucleoside RT inhibitors (NRTIs). Eight showed two drug class resistance: five NRTI plus NNRTI, two NRTI plus protease inhibitor (PI), and one NNRTI plus PI. Two showed three drug class resistance. Non-B strains were identified in 2.5% of donors and consisted of subtypes A1 and D, CRF02_AG, CRF43-02G, and URF_BF.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Data from this and the previous study show that antiretroviral drug-resistant HIV-1 is present in 9.1% of HIV-infected donors from 1999 through 2007; 9.3% of established infections and 6.9% of recent infections. Diverse HIV-1 non-B strains presently account for 3.0% of HIV infections in US donors.
authors.affiliation: Abbott Diagnostics, Abbott Park, Illinois 60068-6015, USA. catherine.brennan@abbott.com
authors.forename: Catherine A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Brennan
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yamaguchi
authors.forename: Sushil G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Devare
authors.forename: Greg A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Foster
authors.forename: Susan L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Stramer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001782:Blood Donors / Q000706:statistics & numerical data* / Q000600:supply & distribution; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D012011:Red Cross; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents