title: Advances in swine in vitro embryo production technologies.
abstract: Recent advances in new technologies to produce cloned and genetically modified pigs involve manipulating oocytes and/or embryos in vitro. Although a great deal of progress has been made, the current IVM-IVF systems still result in major problems: a high rate of polyspermy; and a low development rate and low quality of blastocysts for in vitro compared with the in vivo-produced embryos. This study summarizes recent advancements in IVM-IVF-IVC porcine systems. Recent methods to select monospermic embryos are also discussed. Finally, achievements in vitrification and in somatic cell nuclear transfer are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain. mariagil@um.es
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Gil
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cuello
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Parrilla
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Vazquez
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Roca
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Martinez
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001755:Blastocyst / Q000502:physiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D015925:Cryopreservation / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000502:physiology; D046149:Embryo Culture Techniques / Q000662:veterinary; D004624:Embryo Transfer / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary; D047108:Embryonic Development; D005260:Female; D005306:Fertilization; D005307:Fertilization in Vitro / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary; D053652:Nuclear Transfer Techniques / Q000662:veterinary; D009865:Oocytes / Q000254:growth & development / Q000648:ultrastructure; D011247:Pregnancy; D012099:Reproductive Techniques / Q000662:veterinary*; D013552:Swine; D015053:Zygote / Q000254:growth & development