title: Modulation of mdm2 pre-mRNA splicing by 9-aminoacridine-PNA (peptide nucleic acid) conjugates targeting intron-exon junctions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Modulation of pre-mRNA splicing by antisense molecules is a promising mechanism of action for gene therapeutic drugs. In this study, we have examined the potential of peptide nucleic acid (PNA) 9-aminoacridine conjugates to modulate the pre-mRNA splicing of the mdm2 human cancer gene in JAR cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  We screened 10 different 15 mer PNAs targeting intron2 at both the 5' - and the 3'-splice site for their effects on the splicing of mdm2 using RT-PCR analysis. We also tested a PNA (2512) targeting the 3'-splice site of intron3 with a complementarity of 4 bases to intron3 and 11 bases to exon4 for its splicing modulation effect. This PNA2512 was further tested for the effects on the mdm2 protein level as well as for inhibition of cell growth in combination with the DNA damaging agent camptothecin (CPT).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We show that several of these PNAs effectively inhibit the splicing thereby producing a larger mRNA still containing intron2, while skipping of exon3 was not observed by any of these PNAs. The most effective PNA (PNA2406) targeting the 3'-splice site of intron2 had a complementarity of 4 bases to intron2 and 11 bases to exon3. PNA (2512) targeting the 3'-splice site of intron3 induced both splicing inhibition (intron3 skipping) and skipping of exon4. Furthermore, treatment of JAR cells with this PNA resulted in a reduction in the level of MDM2 protein and a concomitant increase in the level of tumor suppressor p53. In addition, a combination of this PNA with CPT inhibited cell growth more than CPT alone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have identified several PNAs targeting the 5'- or 3'-splice sites in intron2 or the 3'-splice site of intron3 of mdm2 pre-mRNA which can inhibit splicing. Antisense targeting of splice junctions of mdm2 pre-mRNA may be a powerful method to evaluate the cellular function of MDM2 splice variants as well as a promising approach for discovery of mdm2 targeted anticancer drugs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Health Science Faculty, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark. .
authors.forename: Takehiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shiraishi
authors.forename: Jonhard
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Eysturskarth
authors.forename: Peter E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Nielsen
mesh_terms: D000585:Aminacrine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D005091:Exons / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D007438:Introns / Q000235:genetics*; D009153:Mutagens / Q000494:pharmacology; D020135:Peptide Nucleic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051736:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mdm2 / Q000235:genetics*; D012322:RNA Precursors / Q000235:genetics*; D012326:RNA Splicing / Q000235:genetics*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D009153:Mutagens; D020135:Peptide Nucleic Acids; D012322:RNA Precursors; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D000585:Aminacrine; C497206:MDM2 protein, human; D051736:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mdm2