title: Effects of COX-2 inhibition on spinal nociception: the role of endocannabinoids.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recent studies suggest that the effects of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibition are mediated by cannabinoid receptor activation. However, some non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs inhibit the enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase, which regulates levels of some endocannabinoids. Whether COX-2 directly regulates levels of endocannabinoids in vivo is unclear. Here, the effect of the COX-2 inhibitor nimesulide, which does not inhibit fatty acid amide hydrolase, on spinal nociceptive processing was determined. Effects of nimesulide on tissue levels of endocannabinoids and related compounds were measured and the role of cannabinoid 1 (CB(1)) receptors was determined.
  
  
  METHODS
  Effects of spinal and peripheral administration of nimesulide (1-100 microg per 50 microL) on mechanically evoked responses of rat dorsal horn neurones were measured, and the contribution of the CB(1) receptor was determined with the antagonist AM251 (N-(piperidin-1-yl)-5-(-4-iodophenyl)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide), in anaesthetized rats. Effects of nimesulide on spinal levels of endocannabinoids and related compounds were quantified using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Spinal, but not peripheral, injection of nimesulide (1-100 microg per 50 microL) significantly reduced mechanically evoked responses of dorsal horn neurones. Inhibitory effects of spinal nimesulide were blocked by the CB(1) receptor antagonist AM251 (1 microg per 50 microL), but spinal levels of endocannabinoids were not elevated. Indeed, both anandamide and N-oleoylethanolamide (OEA) were significantly decreased by nimesulide.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the inhibitory effects of COX-2 blockade on spinal neuronal responses by nimesulide were dependent on CB(1) receptors, we did not detect a concomitant elevation in anandamide or 2-AG. Further understanding of the complexities of endocannabinoid catabolism by multiple enzymes is essential to understand their contribution to COX-2-mediated analgesia.
authors.affiliation: School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK. mbxles@nottingham.ac.uk
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Staniaszek
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Norris
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Kendall
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Barrett
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Chapman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D063385:Cannabinoid Receptor Modulators / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000187:drug effects*; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004333:Drug Administration Routes; D063388:Endocannabinoids; D005071:Evoked Potentials / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010880:Piperidines / Q000494:pharmacology; D020671:Posterior Horn Cells / Q000502:physiology*; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D043884:Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology*; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D063385:Cannabinoid Receptor Modulators; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D063388:Endocannabinoids; D010880:Piperidines; D011720:Pyrazoles; D043884:Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1; D013449:Sulfonamides; C103505:AM 251; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C012655:nimesulide