title: Are adverse effects incorporated in economic models? A survey of current practice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Clearly the benefits of a treatment must not be outweighed by the adverse effects. If researchers fail to incorporate adverse effects adequately in models, this could limit the validity of the results obtained. In the worst case, interventions that are cost-effective may be shown not to be. The aim of this research was to review current practice when incorporating adverse effects in economic models.
  
  
  METHODS
  A survey of HTA reports commissioned by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment programme, published between 2004 and 2007 was conducted. All reports which investigated the clinical and cost-effectiveness of a health technology using a systematic review and an economic model framework were included.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of eighty reports met the inclusion criteria. Of the models including adverse effects (43/80), 67 percent used a clinical adverse effects parameter, 79 percent a cost of adverse effects parameter, 86 percent used one of these, and 60 percent used both. Of the thirty-seven models that did not include adverse effects, eighteen justified this omission, most commonly lack of data; nineteen appeared to make no explicit consideration of adverse effects in the model.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In many cases, poor reporting made it difficult to ascertain if there had been any consideration of adverse effects. We suggest that the findings of this survey support a call for much clearer and explicit reporting of adverse effects, or their exclusion, in decision models and for explicit recognition in future guidelines that "all relevant outcomes" should include some consideration of adverse events.
authors.affiliation: University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom. dc19@york.ac.uk
authors.forename: Dawn
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Craig
authors.forename: Catriona
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: McDaid
authors.forename: Tiago
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fonseca
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stock
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Duffy
authors.forename: Nerys
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Woolacott
mesh_terms: D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003625:Data Collection; D018803:Models, Economic; D018571:Sentinel Surveillance; D013673:Technology Assessment, Biomedical / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods*; D014481:United States