CT and MR in non-neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy: radiological findings with pathophysiological correlations.
Non-neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy is a clinical condition often related to cardiopulmonary arrest that demands critical management and treatment decisions. Management depends mainly on the degree of neurological impairment and prognostic considerations. Computed tomography (CT) is often used to exclude associated or mimicking pathology. If any, only nonspecific signs such as cerebral edema, sulci effacement, and decreased gray matter (GM)/white matter (WM) differentiation are evident. Pseudosubarachnoid hemorrhage, a GM/WM attenuation ratio <1.18, and inverted GM attenuation are associated with a poor prognosis. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is more sensitive than CT in assessing brain damage in hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Some MR findings have similarities to those seen pathologically, based on spatial distribution and time scale, such as lesions distributed in watershed regions and selective injury to GM structures. In the acute phase, lesions are better depicted using diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) because of the presence of cytotoxic edema, which, on T2-weighted images, only become apparent later in the early subacute phase. In the late subacute phase, postanoxic leukoencephalopathy and contrast enhancement could be observed. In the chronic phase, atrophic changes predominate over tissue signal changes. MR can be useful for estimating prognosis when other tests are inconclusive. Some findings, such as the extent of lesions on DWI and presence of a lactate peak and depleted N-acetyl aspartate peak on MR spectroscopy, seem to have prognostic value.
Gutierrez
Leonardo Guilhermino
LG
Diagnostic Imaging Division, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz and Hospital do Coração, Praça Amadeu Amaral, 47-Conj. 112, São Paulo, 01327-904, Brazil, leoguilhermino@gmail.com.
Rovira
Alex
A
Portela
Luiz Antonio Pezzi
LA
Leite
Claudia da Costa
Cda C
Lucato
Leandro Tavares
LT
D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020925:Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain / Q000175:diagnosis*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*; D055815:Young Adult