title: Evaluation and management of retinal hemorrhages in infants with and without abusive head trauma.
abstract: Extensive intraocular hemorrhage in young infants in the setting of acute brain injury and in the absence of a history of severe accidental trauma or underlying medical cause must be considered to be nonaccidental injury until otherwise proven. In the absence of any obvious explanation, the presence of any retinal hemorrhage should raise the possibility of abusive head trauma in the differential diagnosis and perhaps lead to such testing as skeletal radiography and neuroimaging, consultation with a child abuse specialist, as well as workup for other relevant systemic conditions. Physicians who treat infants and children are mandated to report suspected child abuse to child welfare agencies for investigation, and ophthalmologists who encounter children with ophthalmic manifestations of abuse need to ensure that the proper steps are taken to protect their patients from the potential for further harm. Ascertainment of abusive head trauma is critical to prevent a potentially fatal recurrence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA. forbesb@email.chop.edu
authors.forename: Brian J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Forbes
authors.forename: Steven E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Rubin
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Margolin
authors.forename: Alex V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Levin
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D002649:Child Abuse; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004493:Education; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D009885:Ophthalmology; D012166:Retinal Hemorrhage / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy*