title: Early and late outcomes of clopidogrel and coumadin combination for patients on oral anticoagulants undergoing coronary stenting.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In patients under oral anticoagulant requiring percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with stent implantation, the optimal association between aspirin, clopidogrel and oral anticoagulant (OAC) remains cumberstome. Triple therapy and dual therapy using aspirin and OAC have been evaluated and are associated with a high frequency of major bleedings. The combination of clopidogrel and OAC has never been evaluated.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to investigate the safety and efficacy of clopidogrel and OAC in patients requiring OAC undergoing PCI for acute coronary syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  A monocenter retrospective study was undertaken between 2000 and 2006 and included all patients undergoing PCI with stent implantation on OAC. On discharge dual therapy with clopidogrel and OAC was prescribed. The primary end-point was the frequency of major TIMI bleedings. Secondary end-points were major cardiovascular event (MACE). Results are reported as rate of events with 95% confidence intervals (CI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two hundreds and nine patients were followed for 71 +/- 22 months. The indication for oral anticoagulation was atrial fibrillation in 80% of patients, a valvular prothesis in 18% and a history of pulmonary embolism in 5%. The rate (95%CI) of major bleeding was 2.4% (0.9%-5.8%) 2.87% (1.17%-6.44%) and 3.8% (1.79%-7.68%) at 1 month, 12 months and 71 months respectively, which represent 8 events among which 2 were fatal. The MACE rate (95%CI) was low: 0% at one month, 3.8% (1.79%-7.68%) at 12 months and 24.4% (19.07%-30.65%) at 71 months of follow up. Only one stent thrombosis was recorded at the ninth month. The overall rate of death was 9.5% (6.28%-14.32%) among which 2.87% (1.17%-6.44%) were of cardiovascular origin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of clopidogrel and OAC combination in patients on OAC undergoing coronary stenting is safe and efficient at the short-term. At the long-term, this combination is probably not safe, with a relatively high incidence of fatal stroke.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Nord, Chemin des Bourrelys, 13015 Marseille, France. aitmokhtar1@yahoo.fr <aitmokhtar1@yahoo.fr>
authors.forename: Omar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ait Mokhtar
authors.forename: Laurent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bonello
authors.forename: Sebastien
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Armero
authors.forename: Pascal
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sbragia
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Paganelli
mesh_terms: D054058:Acute Coronary Syndrome / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015906:Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary / Q000379:methods*; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D000077144:Clopidogrel; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D017023:Coronary Angiography; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D015607:Stents; D015996:Survival Rate; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology; D013988:Ticlopidine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D013997:Time Factors; D014859:Warfarin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D014859:Warfarin; D000077144:Clopidogrel; D013988:Ticlopidine