title: The Mark Coventry Award: diagnosis of early postoperative TKA infection using synovial fluid analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Synovial fluid white blood cell count is useful for diagnosing periprosthetic infections but the utility of this test in the early postoperative period remains unknown as hemarthrosis and postoperative inflammation may render standard cutoff values inaccurate.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We evaluated the diagnostic performance of four common laboratory tests, the synovial white blood cell count, differential, C-reactive protein, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate to detect infection in the first 6 weeks after primary TKA.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed 11,964 primary TKAs and identified 146 that had a knee aspiration within 6 weeks of surgery. Infection was diagnosed in 19 of the 146 knees by positive cultures or gross purulence. We compared demographic information, time from surgery, and the laboratory test values between infected and noninfected knees to determine if any could identify infection early postoperatively. Receiver operating characteristic curves were constructed to determine optimal cutoff values for each of the test parameters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Synovial white blood cell count (92,600 versus 4200 cells/μL), percentage of polymorphonuclear cells (89.6% versus 76.9%), and C-reactive protein (171 versus 88 mg/L) were higher in the infected group. The optimal synovial white blood cell cutoff was 27,800 cells/μL (sensitivity, 84%; specificity, 99%; positive predictive value, 94%; negative predictive value, 98%) for diagnosing infection. The optimal cutoff for the differential was 89% polymorphonuclear cells and for C-reactive protein 95 mg/L.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With a cutoff of 27,800 cells/μL, synovial white blood cell count predicted infection within 6 weeks after primary TKA with a positive predicted value of 94% and a negative predictive value of 98%. The use of standard cutoff values for this parameter (~ 3000 cells/μL) would have led to unnecessary reoperations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Level II, diagnostic study. See Guidelines for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. hbedair@gmail.com
authors.forename: Hany
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bedair
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ting
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jacovides
authors.forename: Arjun
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Saxena
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moric
authors.forename: Javad
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Parvizi
authors.forename: Craig J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Della Valle
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D019644:Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000295:instrumentation; D001363:Awards and Prizes; D001799:Blood Sedimentation; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D002641:Chicago; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007720:Knee Prosthesis / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015143:Philadelphia; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D016459:Prosthesis-Related Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D012372:ROC Curve; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013396:Suction; D013582:Synovial Fluid / Q000276:immunology*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D002097:C-Reactive Protein