title: Evaluation of surface contamination with cyclophosphamide following simulated hazardous drug preparation activities using two closed-system products.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A preliminary investigation was conducted to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of two closed-system products in preventing contamination of typical pharmacy workplace surfaces with cyclophosphamide during simulated hazardous drug preparation activities in a controlled laboratory setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two separate trials simulating hazardous drug compounding using cyclophosphamide were performed with two different closed-system products. Prior to each trial, work area surfaces of the biological safety cabinet (BSC) workbench, the BSC airfoil and front grill, and the floor below the BSC were cleaned, and wipe samples were collected and analyzed to determine, if present, levels of cyclophosphamide. Following each trial, wipe samples were collected from the work area surfaces to determine the hazardous drug containment effectiveness of each closed-system product.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cyclophosphamide was not detected on work area surfaces prior to each trial. Low levels were detected on the BSC workbench surface following both trials.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on the limited number of samples obtained during this preliminary study and the determination of the presence of the chemical of interest on the drug vials, no statistical evaluation was performed to compare the relative effectiveness of the two systems tested. Work practices and procedures regarding product operation may affect hazardous drug containment and worker safety. Further study and statistical analyses are needed.
authors.affiliation: Technical Consulting Services, RJ Lee Group, Inc., New York, NY 10118, USA. mzock@rjlg.com
authors.forename: Matthew D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Zock
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Soefje
authors.forename: Keith
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rickabaugh
mesh_terms: D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating / Q000032:analysis*; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000032:analysis*; D004339:Drug Compounding; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D004866:Equipment Contamination; D006801:Humans; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010593:Pharmaceutical Services / Q000592:standards
chemical_list: D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating; D003520:Cyclophosphamide