title: Professional opera tenors' vocal tract configurations in registers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Tenor singers may reach their top pitch range either by shifting from modal to falsetto register or by using their so-called 'voix mixte'.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, dynamic real-time MRI of 8 frames per second was used to analyze the vocal tract profile in 10 professional opera tenors, who sang an ascending scale from C4 (262 Hz) to A4 (440 Hz) on the vowel /a/. The scale included their register transition and the singers applied both register techniques in different takes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Modal to falsetto register changes were associated with only minor vocal tract modifications, including elevation and tilting of the larynx and a lifted tongue dorsum. Transitions to voix mixte, by contrast, were associated with major vocal tract modifications. Under these conditions, the subjects widened their pharynges, their lip and jaw openings, and increased their jaw protrusion. These modifications were stronger in more 'heavy' tenors than in more 'light' tenors. The acoustic consequences of these articulatory changes are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Musicians' Medicine, Freiburg University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany. matthias.echternach@uniklinik-freiburg.de
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Echternach
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sundberg
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Markl
authors.forename: Bernhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Richter
mesh_terms: D000162:Acoustics; D000328:Adult; D000886:Anthropometry; D006801:Humans; D007568:Jaw / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D007821:Laryngeal Muscles / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D007830:Larynx / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D008046:Lip / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009146:Music; D009790:Occupations; D010614:Pharynx / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D010699:Phonation