title: Accuracy of patients' recall of temporomandibular joint pain and dysfunction after experiencing whiplash trauma: a prospective study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Researchers have conducted studies regarding whiplash-induced temporomandibular joint (TMJ) pain and dysfunction mainly under the presumption that patients' memory of symptoms remains accurate across time. In this prospective study, the authors aimed to determine the frequency of patients' inaccurate retrospective reports of TMJ pain and dysfunction after whiplash trauma.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors assessed TMJ pain and dysfunction in 60 patients consecutively seen in a hospital emergency department directly after the patients experienced whiplash trauma in rear-end automobile accidents. They followed up with 59 patients one year later. The participants completed a self-administered questionnaire followed by a comprehensive interview during both examinations. The study group consisted of the 40 patients who reported previous or current TMJ pain, dysfunction or both at either examination or at both examinations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The agreement between each patient's inceptive and retrospective reports of TMJ pain and dysfunction yielded a kappa value of 0.41 (95 percent confidence interval [CI] 0.18-0.64). Sixteen patients (40 percent, 95 percent CI 25-57 percent) had inaccurate recall. Recollection errors were addition, omission, and forward and backward telescoping. Seven patients incorrectly referred symptom onset to the accident.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The high frequency of inaccurate recall of TMJ pain and dysfunction one year after whiplash trauma implies that clinicians and researchers should interpret with caution the results of previous studies that relied on retrospective data regarding whiplash-induced TMJ pain and dysfunction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To achieve valid long-term evaluations in clinical research, the patient's TMJ status should be established at the time of an accident.
authors.affiliation: Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Department of Odontology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
authors.forename: Hanna
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Salé
authors.forename: Leif
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hedman
authors.forename: Annika
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Isberg
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living / Q000523:psychology; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D018771:Arthralgia / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D015987:Effect Modifier, Epidemiologic; D005157:Facial Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D008297:Male; D011939:Mental Recall; D008875:Middle Aged; D019547:Neck Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011581:Psychological Tests; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013705:Temporomandibular Joint Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*; D014911:Whiplash Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult