title: Comparing and combining algorithms for computer-aided detection of pulmonary nodules in computed tomography scans: The ANODE09 study.
abstract: Numerous publications and commercial systems are available that deal with automatic detection of pulmonary nodules in thoracic computed tomography scans, but a comparative study where many systems are applied to the same data set has not yet been performed. This paper introduces ANODE09 ( http://anode09.isi.uu.nl), a database of 55 scans from a lung cancer screening program and a web-based framework for objective evaluation of nodule detection algorithms. Any team can upload results to facilitate benchmarking. The performance of six algorithms for which results are available are compared; five from academic groups and one commercially available system. A method to combine the output of multiple systems is proposed. Results show a substantial performance difference between algorithms, and demonstrate that combining the output of algorithms leads to marked performance improvements.
authors.affiliation: Image Sciences Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands. bram@isi.uu.nl
authors.forename: Bram
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: van Ginneken
authors.forename: Samuel G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Armato
authors.forename: Bartjan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: de Hoop
authors.forename: Saskia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: van Amelsvoort-van de Vorst
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Duindam
authors.forename: Meindert
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Niemeijer
authors.forename: Keelin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: Arnold
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schilham
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Retico
authors.forename: Maria Evelina
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Fantacci
authors.forename: Niccolò
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Camarlinghi
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bagagli
authors.forename: Ilaria
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Gori
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hara
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fujita
authors.forename: Gianfranco
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gargano
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bellotti
authors.forename: Sabina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tangaro
authors.forename: Lourdes
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bolaños
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: De Carlo
authors.forename: Piergiorgio
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cerello
authors.forename: Sorin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cristian Cheran
authors.forename: Ernesto
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lopez Torres
authors.forename: Mathias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Prokop
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000465:Algorithms; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011857:Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012984:Software; D012986:Software Validation; D003074:Solitary Pulmonary Nodule / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*