title: Attachment, depression, and cortisol: Deviant patterns in insecure-resistant and disorganized infants.
abstract: Both attachment insecurity and maternal depression are thought to affect infants' emotional and physiological regulation. In the current study, Strange Situation Procedure (SSP) attachment classifications, and cortisol stress reactivity and diurnal rhythm were assessed at 14 months in a prospective cohort study of 369 mother-infant dyads. Maternal lifetime depression was diagnosed prenatally using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). Insecure-resistant infants showed the largest increase in cortisol levels from pre- to post-SSP; the effect was even stronger when they had depressive mothers. Disorganized children showed a more flattened diurnal cortisol pattern compared to nondisorganized children. Findings are discussed from the perspective of a cumulative risk model.
authors.affiliation: Center for Child and Family Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Maartje P C M
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Luijk
authors.forename: Nathalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Saridjan
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tharner
authors.forename: Marinus H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: van Ijzendoorn
authors.forename: Marian J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Bakermans-Kranenburg
authors.forename: Vincent W V
authors.initials: VW
authors.lastname: Jaddoe
authors.forename: Albert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hofman
authors.forename: Frank C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Verhulst
authors.forename: Henning
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tiemeier
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000097:blood / Q000523:psychology; D001942:Breast Feeding / Q000523:psychology; D016241:Child of Impaired Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000097:blood / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood*; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D009034:Mother-Child Relations; D009769:Object Attachment; D011247:Pregnancy; D011296:Prenatal Diagnosis; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000097:blood / Q000523:psychology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012907:Smoking / Q000097:blood / Q000523:psychology
chemical_list: D006854:Hydrocortisone