title: Surgical Research III.
abstract: In the "Importance of Medical and Surgical Research" (Surgical Research I), we introduced research as the key factor in the advancement of medicine and surgery. In Surgical Research II, we presented William Beaumont, Samuel Gross, and William Halsted as the main protagonists of the first wave of American surgical researchers during the 19th and early part of the 20th centuries. In this writing, i.e., Surgical Research III, we look ahead and include the following group of surgeon researchers: John B. Murphy; the Mayo Brothers, William J. Mayo and Charles H. Mayo; and George W. Crile. All of them contributed a great deal to the advancement of the medical science and the practice of surgery through research. All of them worked in different areas of surgery and contributed unique developments to the specialty. All of them demonstrated that questioning the way we practice could make surgery better and more secure. Surgical research buttressed the daily care of their surgical patients.
authors.affiliation: Michigan State University, Kalamazoo Center for Medical Studies, Department of Research, Kalamazoo, Michigan, USA. toledo@kcms.msu.edu
authors.forename: Luis H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Toledo-Pereyra
mesh_terms: D035843:Biomedical Research / Q000266:history; D013502:General Surgery / Q000266:history*; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D014481:United States