title: Fatty liver and fibrosis in glycine N-methyltransferase knockout mice is prevented by nicotinamide.
abstract: Deletion of glycine N-methyltransferase (GNMT), the main gene involved in liver S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) catabolism, leads to the hepatic accumulation of this molecule and the development of fatty liver and fibrosis in mice. To demonstrate that the excess of hepatic SAM is the main agent contributing to liver disease in GNMT knockout (KO) mice, we treated 1.5-month-old GNMT-KO mice for 6 weeks with nicotinamide (NAM), a substrate of the enzyme NAM N-methyltransferase. NAM administration markedly reduced hepatic SAM content, prevented DNA hypermethylation, and normalized the expression of critical genes involved in fatty acid metabolism, oxidative stress, inflammation, cell proliferation, and apoptosis. More importantly, NAM treatment prevented the development of fatty liver and fibrosis in GNMT-KO mice. Because GNMT expression is down-regulated in patients with cirrhosis, and because some subjects with GNMT mutations have spontaneous liver disease, the clinical implications of the present findings are obvious, at least with respect to these latter individuals. Because NAM has been used for many years to treat a broad spectrum of diseases (including pellagra and diabetes) without significant side effects, it should be considered in subjects with GNMT mutations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings of this study indicate that the anomalous accumulation of SAM in GNMT-KO mice can be corrected by NAM treatment leading to the normalization of the expression of many genes involved in fatty acid metabolism, oxidative stress, inflammation, cell proliferation, and apoptosis, as well as reversion of the appearance of the pathologic phenotype.
authors.affiliation: CIC bioGUNE, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Bizkaia, Spain.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Varela-Rey
authors.forename: Nuria
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Martínez-López
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fernández-Ramos
authors.forename: Nieves
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Embade
authors.forename: Diego F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Calvisi
authors.forename: Aswhin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Woodhoo
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rodríguez
authors.forename: Mario F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Fraga
authors.forename: Josep
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Julve
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Millán
authors.forename: Itziar
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Frades
authors.forename: Luís
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Torres
authors.forename: Zigmund
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Luka
authors.forename: Conrad
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: Manel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Esteller
authors.forename: Shelly C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: M Luz
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Martínez-Chantar
authors.forename: José M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Mato
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005234:Fatty Liver / Q000235:genetics / Q000517:prevention & control*; D017353:Gene Deletion; D015870:Gene Expression; D050938:Glycine N-Methyltransferase / Q000235:genetics*; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000517:prevention & control*; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009536:Niacinamide / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012436:S-Adenosylmethionine / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D009536:Niacinamide; D012436:S-Adenosylmethionine; D050938:Glycine N-Methyltransferase; C494511:Gnmt protein, mouse