title: Overall glycaemic index and glycaemic load of habitual diet and risk of heart disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the hypothesis that diets with high glycaemic index (GI) and glycaemic load (GL) increase the risk of heart disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Overall GI and GL were assessed from 7 d diet records or diet history interviews.
  
  
  METHODS
  Information on hospitalization and death due to CVD and CHD was obtained from the National Register of Cause of Death and the National Register of Patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  In total 3959 adult Danes were - depending on time of entry - followed for 6-25 years until 31 December 1999.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall GI was inversely associated with heart disease in men. The hazard ratios (95 % CI) for the 10th and 90th GI percentiles compared with the median were 1.38 (1.13, 1.68) and 0.90 (0.76, 1.07) for CVD morbidity, 1.45 (1.05, 1.99) and 0.81 (0.62, 1.06) for CVD mortality, and 1.31 (0.97, 1.76) and 0.65 (0.51, 0.84) for CHD morbidity. In male subjects GL was not associated with either outcome. In women no clear association between overall GI and heart disease was found, whereas positive non-linear associations were found for GL: at very high levels of GL, increase in GL was associated with increasing CVD and CHD morbidity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In men low-GI diets were associated increased risk of heart disease and GL was not associated with heart disease. In women there was no clear association between GI and heart disease, but to some extent a positive association between GL and heart disease was observed as hypothesized.
authors.affiliation: Research Unit for Dietary Studies, Institute of Preventive Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark. rau@ssi.dk
authors.forename: Katrine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Grau
authors.forename: Inge
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Tetens
authors.forename: Kirsten S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Bjørnsbo
authors.forename: Berit L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Heitman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015930:Diet Records; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism*; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D038321:Glycemic Index; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012737:Sex Factors
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates