title: A pilot study on the feasibility of real-time calculation of three-dimensional dose distribution for (153)Sm-EDTMP radionuclide therapy based on the voxel S-values.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Using (153)Sm-EDTMP therapy for bone metastases from nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC), we attempted a real-time three-dimensional (3D) dose calculation based on the S-value for voxels. The 3D radionuclide uptake data on SPECT images were factored into the precalculations by the Monte Carlo (MC) method.
  
  
  METHODS
  For the nuclide (153)Sm, the S-value for voxels of size 3.45 x 3.45 x 3.45 mm(3) in a soft tissue phantom was precalculated on a self-developed program built from the MC program EGS4. Based on the SPECT/CT image of the patient, the 3D dose rate distributions were calculated with the S-value method and compared with the direct MC calculation results. The total volume of the whole calculation region and the bone were chosen as the regions of interest (ROIs); additionally, the dose rate volume histograms (DVHs) for the ROIs were also calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The iso-dose was administered based on the scan images obtained at 6 hours following injection with the nuclide. In the calculation region, the maximum dose rate was 5.98 x 10(-5) and 6.26 x 10(-5) mGy/(MBq S) for S-value and direct MC calculations, respectively. Once the dose rate was normalized to the maximum dose rate point, the iso-dose curves for both methods of calculation were similar in most regions and reasonably matched the functional image as well. The DVHs of the ROIs indicated that the dose rate distributions were nonuniform, that is, approximately 30% of the bone-ROI volume received 10% of the maximum dose rate; however, only 3.8% volume received 50% of the maximum dose rate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using (153)Sm-EDTMP therapy for bone metastases from NPC, we attempted to supplement the current dosimetry work at the image-level by a pragmatic and real-time dosimetry calculation based on S-value and functional imaging. More accurate dose calculations for patients undergoing radionuclide therapy will depend on the development of higher image resolution in nuclear medicine and warrant further studies to optimize the pharmacokinetics model.
authors.affiliation: The School of Physics and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Gan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.forename: Chen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lixin
authors.forename: Liu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xiaowei
authors.forename: Shiu Ying
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Tsao
authors.forename: Zhang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Weiguang
authors.forename: Fan
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wei
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001859:Bone Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000556:secondary; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006801:Humans; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D009303:Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology; D009942:Organometallic Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D013997:Time Factors; D015899:Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon / Q000295:instrumentation
chemical_list: D009942:Organometallic Compounds; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; C061972:samarium Sm-153 lexidronam