title: Production and optimization of carotenoid-enriched dried distiller's grains with solubles by Phaffia rhodozyma and Sporobolomyces roseus fermentation of whole stillage.
abstract: Whole stillage--a co-product of grain-based ethanol--is used as an animal feed in the form of dried distiller's grain with solubles (DDGS). Since animals cannot synthesize carotenoids and animal feed is generally poor in carotenoids, about 30-120 ppm of total carotenoids are added to animal feed to improve animal health, enhance meat color and quality, and increase vitamin A levels in milk and meat. The main objective of this study was to produce carotenoid (astaxanthin and β-carotene)-enriched DDGS by submerged fermentation of whole stillage. Mono- and mixed cultures of red yeasts, Phaffia rhodozyma (ATCC 24202) and Sporobolomyces roseus (ATCC 28988), were used to produce astaxanthin and β-carotene. Media optimization was carried out in shake flasks using response surface methodology (RSM). Macro ingredients, namely whole stillage, corn steep liquor and glycerol, were fitted to a second-degree polynomial in RSM. Under optimized conditions, astaxanthin and β-carotene yields in mixed culture and P. rhodozyma monoculture were 5 and 278, 97, and 275 μg/g, respectively, while S. roseus produced 278 μg/g of β-carotene. Since the carotenoid yields are almost twice the quantity used in animal feed, the carotenoid-enriched DDGS has potential application as "value-added animal feed or feed blends."
authors.affiliation: Department of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University, 202 BIVAP Building, 1980 Kimball Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
authors.forename: Nanjundaswamy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ananda
authors.forename: Praveen V
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Vadlani
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed; D000818:Animals; D001487:Basidiomycota / Q000378:metabolism*; D003470:Culture Media / Q000737:chemistry*; D005285:Fermentation; D005990:Glycerol; D007218:Industrial Microbiology / Q000379:methods*; D024341:Xanthophylls / Q000096:biosynthesis; D019207:beta Carotene / Q000096:biosynthesis*
chemical_list: D003470:Culture Media; D024341:Xanthophylls; D019207:beta Carotene; C005948:astaxanthine; D005990:Glycerol