title: Isolation and characterisation of equine influenza viruses (H3N8) from Europe and North America from 2008 to 2009.
abstract: Like other influenza A viruses, equine influenza virus undergoes antigenic drift. It is therefore essential that surveillance is carried out to ensure that recommended strains for inclusion in vaccines are kept up to date. Here we report antigenic and genetic characterisation carried out on equine influenza virus strains isolated in North America and Europe over a 2-year period from 2008 to 2009. Nasopharyngeal swabs were taken from equines showing acute clinical signs and submitted to diagnostic laboratories for testing and virus isolation in eggs. The sequence of the HA1 portion of the viral haemagglutinin was determined for each strain. Where possible, sequence was determined directly from swab material as well as from virus isolated in eggs. In Europe, 20 viruses were isolated from 15 sporadic outbreaks and 5 viruses were isolated from North America. All of the European and North American viruses were characterised as members of the Florida sublineage, with similarity to A/eq/Lincolnshire/1/07 (clade 1) or A/eq/Richmond/1/07 (clade 2). Antigenic characterisation by haemagglutination inhibition assay indicated that the two clades could be readily distinguished and there were also at least seven amino acid differences between them. The selection of vaccine strains for 2010 by the expert surveillance panel have taken these differences into account and it is now recommended that representatives of both Florida clade 1 and clade 2 are included in vaccines.
authors.affiliation: Animal Health Trust, Centre for Preventive Medicine, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket CB8 7UU, UK. neil.bryant@aht.org.uk
authors.forename: Neil A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Bryant
authors.forename: Adam S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Rash
authors.forename: Alana L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Woodward
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Medcalf
authors.forename: Maud
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Helwegen
authors.forename: Franziska
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wohlfender
authors.forename: Fatima
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cruz
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Herrmann
authors.forename: Kerstin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Borchers
authors.forename: Ashish
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tiwari
authors.forename: Thomas M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Chambers
authors.forename: J Richard
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Newton
authors.forename: Jennifer A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Mumford
authors.forename: Debra M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Elton
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D000956:Antigens, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D005060:Europe; D019267:Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D006734:Horse Diseases / Q000821:virology*; D006736:Horses; D053123:Influenza A Virus, H3N8 Subtype / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009656:North America; D009976:Orthomyxoviridae Infections / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology; D010802:Phylogeny; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
chemical_list: D000956:Antigens, Viral; D019267:Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus