title: Ultrasound-guided minimally invasive percutaneous nephrolithotomy in flank position for management of complex renal calculi.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the safety and efficacy of performing ultrasound-guided minimally invasive percutaneous nephrolithotomy (MPCNL) in the flank position for the management of complex renal calculi. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy is usually performed with the patient in the prone position under fluoroscopic guidance; however, this position, and guidance method have some limitations.
  
  
  METHODS
  From January 2007 to December 2009, 93 patients (101 kidneys) with complex renal calculi underwent ultrasound-guided MPCNL in the flank position.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age of the patients was 45.3 years (range 29-71). The calculi-free rate in the patients who underwent a single procedure was 78.2% (79 of 101 kidneys). The average operative duration was 82.6 minutes (range 45-190). Although the perioperative blood loss was not significantly different between single-tract and double-tract MPCNL (P = .087, F = 2.981), the calculi-free rate was significantly greater in the patients who underwent double-tract MPCNL than in those who underwent single-tract MPCNL (P = .027, chi-square = 4.873). Perioperative blood transfusions were not required in any patient. Similarly, ureteral calculi due to percutaneous nephrolithotomy were not observed. Secondary renal hemorrhage occurred in 3 patients who had undergone single-tract MPCNL and 1 underwent nephrectomy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of our study have shown that ultrasound-guided MPCNL with the patient in the flank position is safe and effective for treating complex renal calculi, without the side effects of radiation to the patient and surgeon. Double-tract MPCNL is suitable for complex renal calculi and, in some cases, is required to increase the calculi-free rate. The insertion of twin ureteral catheters before lithotripsy might be helpful in avoiding residual ureteral calculi after percutaneous nephrolithotomy.
authors.affiliation: Second Department of Urinary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
authors.forename: Yi-Ming
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.forename: Qi-Yin
authors.initials: QY
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Zhong-Shan
authors.initials: ZS
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Ming-Hua
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Yong-Shun
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Duan
authors.forename: Zhi-Xing
authors.initials: ZX
authors.lastname: Jiao
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Shao-Bin
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Ni
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures; D009403:Nephrostomy, Percutaneous / Q000379:methods*; D056888:Patient Positioning; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional