title: Herbivore-induced plant volatiles allow detection of Trichoplusia ni (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) infestation on greenhouse tomato plants.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Monitoring of insect populations is an important component of integrated pest management and typically is based on the presence and number of insects in various development stages. Yet plants respond to insect herbivory and release herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs), which could be exploited in monitoring systems. The present objective was to investigate whether the information associated with HIPVs has potential to become part of advanced technologies for monitoring pest insect populations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In a laboratory experiment, it was determined that tomato plants, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill cv. clarence, each infested with 20 caterpillars of the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hübner), emit HIPVs, of which (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, (E)-beta-ocimene and beta-caryophyllene were selected as chemicals indicative of herbivory. Using an ultrafast portable gas chromatograph (zNose()) in a research greenhouse and in a commercial greenhouse, it was possible (i) to reveal differential emissions of these three indicator chemicals from plants with or without herbivory, (ii) to detect herbivory within 6 h of its onset, (iii) to track changes in indicator chemical emissions over time and (iv) to study the effect of environmental and crop-maintenance-related factors on the emission of indicator chemicals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HIPVs appear to be promising as reliable indicators of plant health, but further studies are needed to fully understand the potential of this concept.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. saber@illinois.edu
authors.forename: Saber
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Miresmailli
authors.forename: Regine
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gries
authors.forename: Gerhard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gries
authors.forename: Ruben H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Zamar
authors.forename: Murray B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Isman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002138:Calibration; D002849:Chromatography, Gas; D007300:Insect Control / Q000379:methods*; D007753:Laboratories; D007814:Larva / Q000502:physiology; D007915:Lepidoptera / Q000502:physiology*; D018551:Solanum lycopersicum / Q000737:chemistry*; D013997:Time Factors; D014835:Volatilization