title: Selection of housekeeping genes for use in quantitative reverse transcription PCR assays on the murine cornea.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the suitability of common housekeeping genes (HKGs) for use in quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) assays of the cornea in various murine disease models.
  
  
  METHODS
  CORNEAL DISEASE MODELS STUDIED WERE: 1) corneal neovascularization (CorNV) induced by suture or chemical burn, 2) corneal infection with Candida albicans or Aspergillus fumigatus by intrastromal injection of live spores, and 3) perforating corneal injury (PCI) in Balb/c mice or C57BL/6 mice. Expression of 8 HKGs (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase [GAPDH], beta-actin [ACTB], lactate dehydrogenase A [LDHA], ribosomal protein L5 [RPL5], ubiquitin C [UBC], peptidylprolyl isomerase A [PPIA], TATA-box binding protein [TBP1], and hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase [HPRT1]) in the cornea were measured at various time points by microarray hybridization or qRT-PCR and the data analyzed using geNorm and NormFinder.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Microarray results showed that under the CorNV condition the expression stability of the 8 HKGs decreased in order of PPIA>RPL5>HPRT1>ACTB>UBC>TBP1>GAPDH>LDHA. qRT-PCR analyses demonstrated that expression of none of the 8 HKGs remained stable under all conditions, while GAPDH and ACTB were among the least stably expressed markers under most conditions. Both geNorm and NormFinder analyses proposed best HKGs or HKG combinations that differ between the various models. NormFinder proposed PPIA as best HKG for three CorNV models and PCI model, as well as UBC for two fungal keratitis models. geNorm analysis demonstrated that a similar model in different mice strains or caused by different stimuli may require different HKGs or HKG pairs for the best normalization. Namely, geNorm proposed PPIA and HRPT1 and PPIA and RPL5 pairs for chemical burn-induced CorNV in Balb/c and C57BL/6 mice, respectively, while UBC and HPRT1 and UBC and LDHA were best for Candida and Aspergillus induced keratitis in Balb/c mice, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When qRT-PCR is designed for studies of gene expression in murine cornea, preselection of situation-specific reference genes is recommended. In the absence of knowledge about situation-specific HKGs, PPIA and UBC, either alone or in combination with HPRT1 or RPL5, can be employed.
authors.affiliation: Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Qingdao, China.
authors.forename: Shengwei
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Changyou
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Changkai
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jia
authors.forename: Siyuan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Haijie
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Xi
authors.forename: Hongbo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Lingling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Yiqiang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001228:Aspergillosis / Q000378:metabolism; D001232:Aspergillus fumigatus; D002177:Candidiasis / Q000378:metabolism; D003315:Cornea / Q000098:blood supply / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D003316:Corneal Diseases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D065306:Corneal Injuries; D015821:Eye Infections, Fungal / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression; D005796:Genes; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D046228:Microarray Analysis; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods*; D014950:Wounds, Penetrating / Q000378:metabolism