title: At-a-glance monitoring: covert observations of anesthesiologists in the operating room.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patient monitoring displays are designed to improve patient safety, and yet little is known about how anesthesiologists interact with these displays. Previous studies of clinician behavior used an observer in the operating room, which may have altered behavior. We describe a covert observation technique to determine how often and for how long anesthesiologists actually look at the monitoring display during different segments of the maintenance phase of anesthesia, and to determine whether this changed with more than 1 anesthesia provider or during concomitant activities such as reading.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five staff anesthesiologists, 2 anesthesia fellows, 3 anesthesia residents, and 2 medical students were covertly videotaped across 10 dual anesthesia provider cases and 10 solo cases. Videotapes were later segmented (5 minutes postinduction [early maintenance], mid-maintenance, and immediately before the drapes came down [late maintenance]) and coded for looking behavior at the patient monitor, anesthesia chart, and other reading material.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Anesthesiologists looked at the monitor in 1- to 2-second glances, performed frequently throughout the 3 segments of maintenance anesthesia. Overall, the patient monitor was looked at only 5 of the analyzed time, which is less than has previously been reported. Monitoring behavior was constant across the segments of maintenance anesthesia and was not significantly affected by the number of anesthesia providers or role (trainee vs. senior). In contrast, charting behavior and other reading material viewing changed significantly over the analyzed segments of maintenance anesthesia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of "at-a-glance monitoring" has implications for the design of patient monitoring displays. Displays should be developed to optimize the information obtained from brief glances at the monitor.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ford
authors.forename: Elina
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Birmingham
authors.forename: Ashlee
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: King
authors.forename: Joanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: J Mark
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Ansermino
mesh_terms: D000758:Anesthesia; D001519:Behavior; D003626:Data Display; D006801:Humans; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic; D019370:Observation; D015588:Observer Variation; D009873:Operating Rooms / Q000458:organization & administration*; D010820:Physicians; D010865:Pilot Projects; D013337:Students, Medical; D013637:Tape Recording; D014741:Video Recording