title: Perfluorinated compounds in the Antarctic region: ocean circulation provides prolonged protection from distant sources.
abstract: In order to investigate the extent to which Perfluorinated Contaminants (PFCs) have permeated the Southern Ocean food web to date, a range of Antarctic, sub-Antarctic and Antarctic-migratory biota were analysed for key ionic PFCs. Based upon the geographical distribution pattern and ecology of biota with detectable vs. non-detectable PFC burdens, an evaluation of the potential contributory roles of alternative system input pathways is made. Our analytical findings, together with previous reports, reveal only the occasional occurrence of PFCs in migratory biota and vertebrate predators with foraging ranges extending into or north of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC). Geographical contamination patterns observed correspond most strongly with those expected from delivery via hydrospheric transport as governed by the unique oceanographic features of the Southern Ocean. We suggest that hydrospheric transport will form a slow, but primary, input pathway of PFCs to the Antarctic region.
authors.affiliation: Atmospheric Environment Research Centre (AERC), Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Nathan QLD 4111, Australia. s.bengtsonnash@griffith.edu.au
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bengtson Nash
authors.forename: Stephen R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Rintoul
authors.forename: So
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kawaguchi
authors.forename: Iain
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Staniland
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van den Hoff
authors.forename: Megan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tierney
authors.forename: Rossana
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bossi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000864:Antarctic Regions; D046091:Charadriiformes / Q000378:metabolism; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D033201:Euphausiacea / Q000378:metabolism; D005466:Fluorocarbons / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D020387:Food Chain; D046069:Fur Seals / Q000378:metabolism; D050640:Humpback Whale / Q000378:metabolism; D008956:Models, Chemical; D046049:Phoca / Q000378:metabolism; D012623:Seawater / Q000737:chemistry; D046429:Spheniscidae / Q000378:metabolism; D014872:Water Movements; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D005466:Fluorocarbons; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical