title: The development of effortful control in children born preterm.
abstract: This prospective longitudinal study examined emerging effortful control skills at 24- and 36-months postterm in 172 children born preterm (<36 weeks gestation). Infant (neonatal health risks), family (sociodemographic risks), and maternal risk factors (depressive symptoms, anger expressions during play interactions) were assessed at six time points across 3 years. In addition, children's emerging effortful control skills, cognitive development, and mother-reported behavior and attention problems were assessed at 24 and 36 months. Analyses documented links between effortful control skills, cognitive skills, and concurrent attention problems in children born preterm. The study also found that preterm children's effortful control skills improved over time. In addition, neonatal health risks, family sociodemographic risks, and angry parenting interactions were associated with less optimal effortful control skills.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA. poehlmann@waisman.wisc.edu
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Poehlmann
authors.forename: A J Miller
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Schwichtenberg
authors.forename: Prachi E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Rebecca J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Shlafer
authors.forename: Emily
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hahn
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Maleck
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002652:Child Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D002657:Child Development / Q000502:physiology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004644:Emotions; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature / Q000523:psychology*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012927:Social Control, Informal; D012931:Social Environment; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors