title: Opioid utilization and health-care costs among patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain treated with duloxetine vs. other therapies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This retrospective cohort study assessed subsequent opioid utilization and health-care costs among patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain (DPNP) who initiated duloxetine vs. other standard of care (SOC) treatments.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medical and pharmacy claims were analyzed for commercially-insured individuals aged 18-64. Two study cohorts were constructed from DPNP patients who initiated duloxetine or SOC medications (tricyclic antidepressants, venlafaxine, gabapentin, pregabalin) between March 1, 2005 and December 31, 2005. Initiation was defined as a prior 90-day period without access of the medication. The dispense date of the first initiation was denoted as the index date. Patients with opioids dispensed in the prior 90 days were excluded. Opioid utilization including total days, number of prescriptions filled, and morphine equivalent dosage was assessed for overall, long-acting, and short-acting opioids. Health-care costs and opioid use in the 12-month post-index period were examined via multivariate regression analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four hundred and ninety-nine DPNP patients (272 duloxetine, 227 SOC) were identified. SOC patients had higher prevalence of comorbidities and pre-index health-care costs than duloxetine patients. Controlling for cross-cohort differences, duloxetine patients were significantly less likely to use any opioids than SOC patients. Also, duloxetine patients had 20 fewer adjusted opioid supply days (largely due to the use of short-acting opioids, P < 0.05) and significantly lower adjusted total costs ($8,088, P < 0.05) and diabetes-related costs ($3,092, P < 0.05) in the 12-month post-index period, with most of the cost differences from lower outpatient costs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DPNP patients who initiated duloxetine therapy were less likely to have subsequent opioid use and had lower health-care costs than SOC patients.
authors.affiliation: Health Economic Research and Quality of Life Evaluation, Abt Bio-Pharma Solutions, Inc., Lexington, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Ning
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Shih-Yin
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Lindsay A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Hallett
authors.forename: Luke
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Boulanger
authors.forename: Kimberly A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Fraser
authors.forename: Chintan K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhao
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003929:Diabetic Neuropathies / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D000068736:Duloxetine Hydrochloride; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009437:Neuralgia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology; D010147:Pain Measurement; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013876:Thiophenes / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D013876:Thiophenes; D000068736:Duloxetine Hydrochloride