title: Costing the scaling-up of human resources for health: lessons from Mozambique and Guinea Bissau.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In the context of the current human resources for health (HRH) crisis, the need for comprehensive Human Resources Development Plans (HRDP) is acute, especially in resource-scarce sub-Saharan African countries. However, the financial implications of such plans rarely receive due consideration, despite the availability of much advice and examples in the literature on how to conduct HRDP costing. Global initiatives have also been launched recently to standardise costing methodologies and respective tools.
  
  
  METHODS
  This paper reports on two separate experiences of HRDP costing in Mozambique and Guinea Bissau, with the objective to provide an insight into the practice of costing exercises in information-poor settings, as well as to contribute to the existing debate on HRH costing methodologies. The study adopts a case-study approach to analyse the methodologies developed in the two countries, their contexts, policy processes and actors involved.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From the analysis of the two cases, it emerged that the costing exercises represented an important driver of the HRDP elaboration, which lent credibility to the process, and provided a financial framework within which HRH policies could be discussed. In both cases, bottom-up and country-specific methods were designed to overcome the countries' lack of cost and financing data, as well as to interpret their financial systems. Such an approach also allowed the costing exercises to feed directly into the national planning and budgeting process.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The authors conclude that bottom-up and country-specific costing methodologies have the potential to serve adequately the multi-faceted purpose of the exercise. It is recognised that standardised tools and methodologies may help reduce local governments' dependency on foreign expertise to conduct the HRDP costing and facilitate regional and international comparisons. However, adopting pre-defined and insufficiently flexible tools may undermine the credibility of the costing exercise, and reduce the space for policy negotiation opportunities within the HRDP elaboration process.
authors.affiliation: Department of International Health, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Rua da Junqueira 100, Lisbon, 1349-0008 Portugal. grusso@ihmt.unl.pt.
authors.forename: Amanda K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Tyrrell
authors.forename: Giuliano
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Russo
authors.forename: Gilles
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dussault
authors.forename: Paulo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ferrinho