title: Craniocervical dystonia: clinical and pathophysiological features.
abstract: Blepharospasm, oromandibular, lingual, laryngeal and cervical dystonia are common forms of adult-onset dystonia. Each condition may appear in isolation or manifest along with other forms of craniocervical dystonia. Although the various craniocervical dystonias typically present with involuntary muscle spasms causing abnormal postures, they differ for some clinical features. Neurophysiologic and neuroimaging studies have shown a number of motor and sensory abnormalities at cortical and subcortical levels, probably reflecting a dysfunction in the basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical circuits. The best treatment for craniocervical dystonia is botulinum toxin injected into the overactive muscles.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Colosimo
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Suppa
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fabbrini
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bologna
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Berardelli
mesh_terms: D018726:Anti-Dyskinesia Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001764:Blepharospasm / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology; D001905:Botulinum Toxins / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000379:methods; D020821:Dystonic Disorders / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D009482:Neurophysiology / Q000379:methods; D014103:Torticollis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D018726:Anti-Dyskinesia Agents; D001905:Botulinum Toxins