title: Cost-effectiveness of pemetrexed as first-line maintenance therapy for advanced nonsquamous non-small cell lung cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The primary objective was to estimate the cost-effectiveness of maintenance therapy with pemetrexed (Pem) compared with observation, each with best supportive care, in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who have completed, without progression, at least four cycles of first-line platinum chemotherapy, particularly in those with nonsquamous cell histology. Secondary comparisons included Pem with erlotinib (Erl) or Pem with bevacizumab (Bev).
  
  
  METHODS
  A semi-Markov model was developed to compare the 3-year impact of Pem with three other alternatives for maintenance therapy from a United States payer perspective. Data from randomized controlled clinical trials provided clinical inputs. Medicare reimbursement rates were used to determine drug costs. A retrospective claims database analysis was used to obtain estimates of other direct NSCLC-related costs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the prespecified subset of patients with nonsquamous cell histology only, the incremental cost per life-year gained was $122,371 for Pem to observation and $150,260 for Pem to Erl, and Bev was dominated by Pem. In all patients with advanced NSCLC regardless of histologic subtype, using Pem as maintenance therapy led to an incremental cost per life-year gained of $205,597 compared with observation and $312,341 compared with Erl.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compared with observation and other agents used and/or reimbursed for maintenance therapy in advanced NSCLC, Pem may be considered cost-effective, particularly in patients with nonsquamous cell histology. This analysis is the first to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of maintenance therapy in advanced NSCLC and emphasizes the importance of histology in identifying the appropriate patient for Pem maintenance therapy.
authors.affiliation: Medical Decision Modeling; daggerEli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana; and double daggerThe West Clinic, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: Ron
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wielage
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Muehlenbein
authors.forename: Astra M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Liepa
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Babineaux
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lawson
authors.forename: Lee
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Schwartzberg
mesh_terms: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000008:administration & dosage; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000068258:Bevacizumab; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000191:economics* / Q000473:pathology; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000191:economics* / Q000473:pathology; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D000069347:Erlotinib Hydrochloride; D005971:Glutamates / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006147:Guanine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000191:economics* / Q000473:pathology; D008390:Markov Chains; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D000068437:Pemetrexed; D010919:Placebos; D011799:Quinazolines / Q000008:administration & dosage; D012074:Remission Induction; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D005971:Glutamates; D010919:Placebos; D011799:Quinazolines; D000068437:Pemetrexed; D000068258:Bevacizumab; D006147:Guanine; D000069347:Erlotinib Hydrochloride