title: Application of vibrotactile feedback of body motion to improve rehabilitation in individuals with imbalance.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Balance rehabilitation and vestibular or balance prostheses are both emerging fields that have a potential for synergistic interaction. This article reviews vibrotactile prosthetic devices that have been developed to date and ongoing work related to the application of vibrotactile feedback for enhanced postural control. A vibrotactile feedback device developed in the author's laboratory is described.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve subjects with vestibular hypofunction were tested on a platform that moved randomly in a plane, while receiving vibrotactile feedback in the anteroposterior direction. The feedback allowed subjects to significantly decrease their anteroposterior body tilt but did not change mediolateral tilt. A tandem walking task performed by subjects with vestibulopathies demonstrated a reduction in their mediolateral sway due to vibrotactile feedback of mediolateral body tilt, after controlling for the effects of task learning. Published findings from 2 additional experiments conducted in the laboratories of collaborating physical therapists are summarized.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Dynamic Gait Index scores in community-dwelling elderly individuals who were prone to falls were significantly improved with the use of mediolateral body tilt feedback.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although more work is needed, these results suggest that vibrotactile tilt feedback of subjects' body motion can be used effectively by physical therapists for balance rehabilitation. A preliminary description of the third-generation device that has been reduced from a vest format to a belt format is described to demonstrate the progressive evolution from research to clinical application.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolology and Laryngology, Harvard Medical School, and Jenks Vestibular Diagnostic Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye & Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. cwall@mit.edu
authors.forename: Conrad
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wall
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D025461:Feedback, Physiological / Q000502:physiology*; D005684:Gait; D006801:Humans; D004856:Postural Balance / Q000502:physiology*; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D014110:Touch; D015837:Vestibular Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D014724:Vestibular Function Tests; D014732:Vibration