title: Increased prevalence of risk factors for cardiovascular disease in long-term survivors of acute lymphoblastic leukemia and Wilms tumor treated with radiotherapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Only a few studies have assessed cardiovascular risk factors (CRFs) in childhood cancer survivors. We determined the prevalence of CRFs in long-term survivors of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and Wilms tumor.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult survivors of ALL and Wilms tumor treated with radiotherapy and chemotherapy (RT + CT) or treated with chemotherapy alone (CT) were compared with sibling controls. CRFs (hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, obesity, renal insufficiency) and hormonal deficiencies were assessed in each participant. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the association between CRFs and treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy-nine ALL, 62 Wilms tumor survivors, and 69 control subjects (mean ages 24.5, 25.9, and 26 years, respectively) were enrolled. Mean follow-up time since cancer treatment was 20.8 years. In the Wilms RT + CT group significantly more survivors had hypertension (21.6% vs. 1.4%, P < 0.001) and renal insufficiency (8.1% vs. 0%, P = 0.016) compared to controls. There were also more patients with multiple CRFs in the Wilms RT + CT group (16.2% vs. 2.9% in controls, P = 0.019). Almost 15% of ALL RT + CT survivors had growth hormone deficiency. Hypogonadism was seen in 18.9% of survivors in the Wilms RT + CT group. We observed no significant differences between CT-treated survivors of both malignancies and controls. The adjusted odds ratio for the occurrence of at least one CRF was 2.6 increased for survivors following abdominal radiotherapy. Treatment with CT alone was not associated with the occurrence of multiple CRFs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Long-term survivors of ALL and Wilms tumor have unfavorable CRFs due to previous RT not CT.
authors.affiliation: Outpatient Clinic of Late Effects Following Childhood Cancer, Emma Children's Hospital/Academic Medical Center (EKZ/AMC), Amsterdam, The Netherlands. m.geenen@slaz.nl
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Geenen
authors.forename: P J M
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Bakker
authors.forename: L C M
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Kremer
authors.forename: J J P
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Kastelein
authors.forename: F E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: van Leeuwen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000150:complications* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D054198:Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma / Q000150:complications* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D017741:Survivors; D009396:Wilms Tumor / Q000150:complications* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D008055:Lipids