title: Two-photon imaging of the trabecular meshwork.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To image the trabecular meshwork (TM) in its native unfixed state using a non-invasive, non-destructive technique.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two-photon microscopy (2PM), including two-photon excitation fluorescence (2PEF) and second harmonic generation (SHG), was used to image flat-mounted trabecular meshwork samples from human cadaver eyes. Multiple images were analyzed along the tissue axis (z-axis) to generate a three-dimensional (3D) model of the region.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A lattice of large collagen fibers (approximately 10 microm in diameter) were detected by inherent fluorescence (2PEF) and SHG. There are regions of both tightly overlapping bundles as well as fluid-filled regions visible from the surface of the TM. 3D analysis of multiple images reveals that the open regions deep in the TM penetrate the juxtacanalicular TM (JTM) and connect to the inner wall of Schlemm's canal (IWSC). These open regions may represent low-resistance fluid pathways between the anterior chamber and Schlemm's canal (SC).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  2PM imaging of the outflow system of the human eye documented collagenous structures solely from inherent optical properties, without addition of an exogenous fluorescent label. 2PM successfully imaged into the TM without the need for fixation, embedding, or histological processing. Deep penetration using advanced optical techniques revealed regions likely representing pores in the IWSC that have been documented by multiple electron microscope studies. Our work reveals that 2PM imaging has potential as a new metric for evaluating the aqueous outflow region of the human eye and is worthy of further exploration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA.
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Ammar
authors.forename: Tim C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Lei
authors.forename: Emily A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Gibson
authors.forename: Malik Y
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Kahook
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002102:Cadaver; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D017785:Photons; D014129:Trabecular Meshwork / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000166:cytology