title: Effect of gender on processing threat-related stimuli in patients with panic disorder: sex does matter.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several studies have shown that female and male subjects process emotions differently. As women appear to be especially sensitive and responsive to negative and threatening stimuli, gender-specific emotional processing might be an important factor contributing to the increased likelihood of women compared to men to develop anxiety disorders, e.g. panic disorder (PD).
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, gender-specific neural activation during facial emotion processing was investigated in 20 PD patients (12 women, 8 men) by functional magnetic resonance imaging.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, significantly stronger activation, encompassing the amygdala, prefrontal, temporal, and occipital cortical areas, basal ganglia, and thalamus, was observed in women than in men during the processing of angry, fearful, or neutral but not happy facial expressions. Additionally, functional connectivity between the amygdala and prefrontal cortical areas and thalamus during the processing of angry facial expressions was significantly stronger in women than in men.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results emphasize gender as an important variable in neural activation patterns of emotional processing and may help to further elucidate the biological substrate of gender-specific susceptibility for PD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany. ohrmann@uni-muenster.de
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ohrmann
authors.forename: Anya
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pedersen
authors.forename: Miriam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Braun
authors.forename: Jochen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.forename: Harald
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kugel
authors.forename: Anette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kersting
authors.forename: Katharina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Domschke
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Deckert
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Suslow
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000679:Amygdala / Q000503:physiopathology; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D004292:Dominance, Cerebral / Q000502:physiology; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology*; D005149:Facial Expression; D005239:Fear / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000503:physiopathology; D006179:Gyrus Cinguli / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000503:physiopathology; D016584:Panic Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D010364:Pattern Recognition, Visual / Q000502:physiology*; D010555:Personality Inventory / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology; D011594:Psychometrics; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D012938:Social Perception; D013788:Thalamus / Q000503:physiopathology