title: Teens with heavy prenatal cocaine exposure respond to experimental social provocation with escape not aggression.
abstract: Preclinical data show that, compared to no exposure, prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE) has age-dependent effects on social interaction and aggression. The aim of this clinical study was to determine how heavy/persistent PCE--after controlling for other prenatal drug exposures, sex and postnatal factors--predicts behavioral sensitivity to provocation (i.e., reactive aggression) using a well-validated human laboratory model of aggression. African American teens (mean=14.2 years old) with histories of heavy/persistent PCE (maternal cocaine use ≥ 2 times/week during pregnancy, or positive maternal or infant urine/meconium test at delivery; n=86) or none/some exposure (NON: maternal cocaine use < 2 times/week during pregnancy; n=330) completed the Point Subtraction Aggression Paradigm. In this task, teens competed in a computer game against a fictitious opponent. There were three possible responses: (a) earn points, to exchange for money later; or (b) "aggress" against the fictitious opponent by subtracting their points; or (c) escape temporarily from point subtraction perpetrated by the fictitious opponent. The PCE group responded significantly more frequently on the escape option than the NON group, but did not differ in aggressive or money-earning responses. These data indicate that PCE-teens provoked with a social stressor exhibit a behavioral preference for escape (negative reinforcement) than for aggressive (retaliatory) or appetitive (point- or money-reinforced) responses. These findings are consistent with preclinical data showing that social provocation of adolescent or young adult offspring after PCE is associated with greater escape behavior, inferring greater submission, social withdrawal, or anxiety, as opposed to aggressive behavior.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA. mgreen@med.wayne.edu
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Greenwald
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Chiodo
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Hannigan
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Sokol
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Janisse
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Delaney-Black
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D000374:Aggression / Q000523:psychology*; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D004924:Escape Reaction / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011581:Psychological Tests; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012055:Reinforcement Schedule; D012056:Reinforcement, Social; D012737:Sex Factors; D012923:Social Class; D012931:Social Environment; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data