title: Defect in efferocytosis leads to alternative activation of macrophages in Francisella infections.
abstract: The macrophage is a versatile cell type that can sense and respond to a particular need based on the conditions of the microenvironment. Some studies have recently suggested that pathogens can directly influence the polarization of macrophages. As Francisella infections are characterized by intense necrotic infiltrates in the lung as well as in distal sites of infection, we sought to investigate whether pulmonary Francisella infections could cause the polarization of alternatively activated macrophages (M2/aaMs). Our results indicate that Francisella infections can cause the polarization of M2/aaM in vivo and that macrophages can be polarized toward an M2/aaM phenotype more potently if dead cell debris is used for stimulation in the presence and absence of Francisella infections. Finally, we also demonstrate that efferocytosis is inhibited in macrophages infected with Francisella, thus providing a potential explanation for the lack of clearance and eventual accumulation of dead cell debris associated with this disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249-1644, USA.
authors.forename: Chris A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Mares
authors.forename: Jyotika
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: Qun
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Edward L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Rangel
authors.forename: Elizabeth G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: Melissa I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Enriquez
authors.forename: Judy M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Teale
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001119:Arginase / Q000096:biosynthesis; D015415:Biomarkers; D005603:Francisella / Q000276:immunology*; D016905:Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology*; D008168:Lung / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D008262:Macrophage Activation / Q000276:immunology*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000201:enzymology / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018448:Models, Immunological; D009336:Necrosis; D010587:Phagocytosis / Q000276:immunology*; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001119:Arginase