title: Chronic osteomyelitis in children: treatment by intramedullary reaming and antibiotic-impregnated cement rods.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic osteomyelitis (CO) is rarely encountered in developed countries and is especially rare in children and adolescents. However, on occurrence, it can pose a difficult therapeutic challenge necessitating a combination of aggressive surgical treatment and prolonged antibiotic administration.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four patients were treated for CO in the Pediatric Orthopaedic Unit at Schneider Children's Medical Center between June 2005 and December 2006 and were reviewed retrospectively. Surgical treatment consisted of debridement and lavage, reaming of the intramedullary canal and insertion of gentamycin-impregnated polymetamethacrylate rods into the canal and beads around the infection site. At rod removal reaming and lavage were repeated. Antibiotic treatment was initiated with intravenous cephalothin, followed by prolonged oral treatment according to bacterial sensitivity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cement rods and beads were removed 16 to 62 days after insertion. Intravenous antibiotics were continued for 6 weeks (3-13) and total antibiotic treatment length was 16 weeks (10-37). Total treatment time from presentation to full resolution averaged 8 months (2-18). One patient sustained a fracture requiring osteotomy and correction. At mean follow-up of 41 months from rod removal (36-46), all patients are asymptomatic and fully functional with no clinical signs of infection. C-reactive protein is within normal limits in all 4 patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The method presented combining reaming, lavage and local and systemic antibiotic treatment was found to be safe and effective in the treatment of CO, eradicating the infection and preventing further tissue loss.
  
  
  METHODS
  Therapeutic study, clinical case series: level IV.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Orthopaedic Unit, Schneider Children's Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel. elbar@013.net
authors.forename: Elhanan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bar-On
authors.forename: Daniel M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Weigl
authors.forename: Noam
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bor
authors.forename: Tali
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.forename: Kalman
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Katz
authors.forename: Eyal
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mercado
authors.forename: Gilat
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Livni
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001843:Bone Cements; D002648:Child; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003646:Debridement / Q000379:methods; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D005264:Femoral Fractures / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005594:Fracture Fixation, Intramedullary / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D005839:Gentamicins / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010019:Osteomyelitis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000601:surgery*; D011859:Radiography; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012494:Sampling Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D001843:Bone Cements; D005839:Gentamicins