Implications of a circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus in Nigeria.
BACKGROUND
The largest recorded outbreak of a circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV), detected in Nigeria, provides a unique opportunity to analyze the pathogenicity of the virus, the clinical severity of the disease, and the effectiveness of control measures for cVDPVs as compared with wild-type poliovirus (WPV).


METHODS
We identified cases of acute flaccid paralysis associated with fecal excretion of type 2 cVDPV, type 1 WPV, or type 3 WPV reported in Nigeria through routine surveillance from January 1, 2005, through June 30, 2009. The clinical characteristics of these cases, the clinical attack rates for each virus, and the effectiveness of oral polio vaccines in preventing paralysis from each virus were compared.


RESULTS
No significant differences were found in the clinical severity of paralysis among the 278 cases of type 2 cVDPV, the 2323 cases of type 1 WPV, and the 1059 cases of type 3 WPV. The estimated average annual clinical attack rates of type 1 WPV, type 2 cVDPV, and type 3 WPV per 100,000 susceptible children under 5 years of age were 6.8 (95% confidence interval [CI], 5.9 to 7.7), 2.7 (95% CI, 1.9 to 3.6), and 4.0 (95% CI, 3.4 to 4.7), respectively. The estimated effectiveness of trivalent oral polio vaccine against paralysis from type 2 cVDPV was 38% (95% CI, 15 to 54%) per dose, which was substantially higher than that against paralysis from type 1 WPV (13%; 95% CI, 8 to 18%), or type 3 WPV (20%; 95% CI, 12 to 26%). The more frequent use of serotype 1 and serotype 3 monovalent oral polio vaccines has resulted in improvements in vaccine-induced population immunity against these serotypes and in declines in immunity to type 2 cVDPV.


CONCLUSIONS
The attack rate and severity of disease associated with the recent cVDPV identified in Nigeria are similar to those associated with WPV. International planning for the management of the risk of WPV, both before and after eradication, must include scenarios in which equally virulent and pathogenic cVDPVs could emerge.
Jenkins
Helen E
HE
Medical Research Council Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom. jenkins.helen@gmail.com
Aylward
R Bruce
RB
Gasasira
Alex
A
Donnelly
Christl A
CA
Mwanza
Michael
M
Corander
Jukka
J
Garnier
Sandra
S
Chauvin
Claire
C
Abanida
Emmanuel
E
Pate
Muhammad Ali
MA
Adu
Festus
F
Baba
Marycelin
M
Grassly
Nicholas C
NC
D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D009549:Nigeria / Q000453:epidemiology; D010264:Paraplegia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology; D011051:Poliomyelitis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000821:virology; D017955:Poliovirus / Q000276:immunology / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D011055:Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000276:immunology; D011159:Population Surveillance; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014611:Vaccination / Q000009:adverse effects
D011055:Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral