title: First evidence of high knockdown resistance frequency in Anopheles arabiensis (Diptera: Culicidae) from Ethiopia.
abstract: The status of knockdown resistance (kdr) mutation was investigated in the major malaria vector Anopheles arabiensis Patton (Diptera: Culicidae) from Ethiopia. Among 240 mosquito samples from 15 villages of southwestern Ethiopia that were screened by allele-specific polymerase chain reaction for kdr mutations, the West African kdr mutation (L1014F) was detected in almost all specimens (98.5%), whereas the East African kdr mutation (L1014S) was absent. Moreover, the mortality of An. gambiae s.l. to diagnostic dosages of 4% DDT, 0.75% permethrin, and 0.05% deltamethrin from bioassay results was 1.0%, 18.1%, and 82.2%, respectively. We report here the highest kdr allele frequency ever observed in An. arabiensis and its implications in malaria vector control in Ethiopia are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia.
authors.forename: Delenasaw
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yewhalaw
authors.forename: Wim Van
authors.initials: WV
authors.lastname: Bortel
authors.forename: Leen
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Denis
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Coosemans
authors.forename: Luc
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Duchateau
authors.forename: Niko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Speybroeck
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D003634:DDT / Q000494:pharmacology; D004175:Diptera / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D005002:Ethiopia; D005787:Gene Frequency / Q000235:genetics; D007300:Insect Control; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000187:drug effects*; D007305:Insecticide Resistance / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D007306:Insecticides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008288:Malaria / Q000517:prevention & control*; D057147:Mosquito Nets; D009570:Nitriles / Q000494:pharmacology; D021261:Parasitic Sensitivity Tests; D026023:Permethrin / Q000494:pharmacology; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D009570:Nitriles; D011722:Pyrethrins; C017180:decamethrin; D026023:Permethrin; D003634:DDT