title: The evolution of health care advance planning law and policy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The legal tools of health care advance planning have substantially changed since their emergence in the mid-1970s. Thirty years of policy development, primarily at the state legislative level addressing surrogate decision making and advance directives, have resulted in a disjointed policy landscape, yet with important points of convergence evolving over time. An understanding of the evolution of advance care planning policy has important implications for policy at both the state and federal levels.
  
  
  METHODS
  This article is a longitudinal statutory and literature review of health care advance planning from its origins to the present.
  
  
  RESULTS
  While considerable variability across the states still remains, changes in law and policy over time suggest a gradual paradigm shift from what is described as a "legal transactional approach" to a "communications approach," the most recent extension of which is the emergence of Physician Orders for Life-Sustaining Treatment, or POLST. The communications approach helps translate patients' goals into visible and portable medical orders.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  States are likely to continue gradually moving away from a legal transactional mode of advance planning toward a communications model, albeit with challenges to authentic and reliable communication that accurately translates patients' wishes into the care they receive. In the meantime, the states and their health care institutions will continue to serve as the primary laboratory for advance care planning policy and practice.
authors.affiliation: American Bar Association, Washington, DC, USA. SabatinoC@staff.abanet.org
authors.forename: Charles P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Sabatino
mesh_terms: D032722:Advance Care Planning / Q000266:history* / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000458:organization & administration; D016223:Advance Directives / Q000266:history / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049674:History, 21st Century; D006801:Humans; D016224:Living Wills / Q000266:history / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D011050:Policy Making; D016414:Resuscitation Orders / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D013727:Terminal Care / Q000266:history / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D014481:United States