title: Normal muscular activity during swallowing as measured by surface electromyography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Speech-language pathologists use surface electromyography biofeedback as a tool to facilitate swallowing treatment, particularly to improve swallowing strength and coordination. The present study sought to establish normative data of swallowing muscular activity as measured by surface electrodes in order to compare the performance of patients with dysphagia to normal swallow performance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty normal young (18 to 25 years of age) and elderly (60 or more years of age) subjects swallowed 3 bolus volumes (5, 10, and 20 mL) in 2 conditions: swallow-to-command and swallow-when-ready. Swallow muscular activity was measured in microvolts with a portable biofeedback unit.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were significant differences between the 2 swallowing conditions in both age groups. Neither age nor bolus volume had a significant effect on the findings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In using surface electromyography biofeedback as an adjunct to swallowing rehabilitation, it may be more beneficial to use swallow-to-command techniques if one is interested in measuring maximum effort, regardless of patient age or volume selected.
authors.affiliation: Department of Communicative Disorders, University of Redlands, Redlands, California 92373, USA.
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: O'Kane
authors.forename: Michael E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Groher
authors.forename: Kathleen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: Lori
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Osborn
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001676:Biofeedback, Psychology; D003679:Deglutition / Q000502:physiology*; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010614:Pharynx / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult