title: Secondary vascular changes in pulmonary sequestrations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Whilst parenchymal changes in pulmonary sequestrations are well described, there are comparatively little data on associated vascular changes and their extent. The aim of this study was to retrospectively review morphological changes within sequestrations, concentrating on vascular changes and associations with clinical parameters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-seven resected cases of sequestrations (intralobar n = 20, extralobar n = 7) showed a male predominance (n = 16) and an age range of 2 months-60 years (average 13 years). Plexogenic vascular changes (medial hypertrophy and intimal fibrosis) were seen in 15 of 27 cases, as well as plexiform lesions in seven cases. Patients with plexogenic changes had a higher mean age compared with those lacking vascular changes (19 versus 6 years) and were more commonly female. Respiratory tract infections were associated solely with intralobar sequestrations. No other associations between presenting symptoms and histopathological parameters were identified. Adjacent lung showed lesser plexogenic changes in six of 22 intralobar cases. There were features of type 2 congenital cystic adenomatoid lesions in 63% of cases. Dissection of the supplying systemic artery (n = 1), intralesional aspergilloma (n = 1) and coexistent lymphangiomatosis (n = 1) were also identified.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hypertensive vascular changes are not uncommon in both intrapulmonary and extrapulmonary sequestrations, although their relative severity seems unrelated to presenting symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Histopathology, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: Saral
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Desai
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dusmet
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ladas
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pomplun
authors.forename: Simon P G
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Padley
authors.forename: Nyree
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Griffin
authors.forename: Jamal
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Badreddine
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Goldstraw
authors.forename: Andrew G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Nicholson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001808:Blood Vessels / Q000473:pathology; D001998:Bronchopulmonary Sequestration / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015615:Cystic Adenomatoid Malformation of Lung, Congenital / Q000473:pathology; D003560:Cysts / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005355:Fibrosis; D006801:Humans; D006984:Hypertrophy; D007223:Infant; D008168:Lung / Q000098:blood supply; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011651:Pulmonary Artery / Q000473:pathology; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000209:etiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult