title: Genome-wide association study in alopecia areata implicates both innate and adaptive immunity.
abstract: Alopecia areata (AA) is among the most highly prevalent human autoimmune diseases, leading to disfiguring hair loss due to the collapse of immune privilege of the hair follicle and subsequent autoimmune attack. The genetic basis of AA is largely unknown. We undertook a genome-wide association study (GWAS) in a sample of 1,054 cases and 3,278 controls and identified 139 single nucleotide polymorphisms that are significantly associated with AA (P <or= 5 x 10(-7)). Here we show an association with genomic regions containing several genes controlling the activation and proliferation of regulatory T cells (T(reg) cells), cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA4), interleukin (IL)-2/IL-21, IL-2 receptor A (IL-2RA; CD25) and Eos (also known as Ikaros family zinc finger 4; IKZF4), as well as the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) region. We also find association evidence for regions containing genes expressed in the hair follicle itself (PRDX5 and STX17). A region of strong association resides within the ULBP (cytomegalovirus UL16-binding protein) gene cluster on chromosome 6q25.1, encoding activating ligands of the natural killer cell receptor NKG2D that have not previously been implicated in an autoimmune disease. By probing the role of ULBP3 in disease pathogenesis, we also show that its expression in lesional scalp from patients with AA is markedly upregulated in the hair follicle dermal sheath during active disease. This study provides evidence for the involvement of both innate and acquired immunity in the pathogenesis of AA. We have defined the genetic underpinnings of AA, placing it within the context of shared pathways among autoimmune diseases, and implicating a novel disease mechanism, the upregulation of ULBP ligands, in triggering autoimmunity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA.
authors.forename: Lynn
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Petukhova
authors.forename: Madeleine
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Duvic
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hordinsky
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Norris
authors.forename: Vera
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Price
authors.forename: Yutaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shimomura
authors.forename: Hyunmi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Pallavi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Annette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Wei V
authors.initials: WV
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Katja C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Paus
authors.forename: Colin A B
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Jahoda
authors.forename: Christopher I
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Amos
authors.forename: Peter K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Gregersen
authors.forename: Angela M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Christiano
mesh_terms: D056704:Adaptive Immunity / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000483:Alleles; D000506:Alopecia Areata / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000235:genetics; D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D058851:GPI-Linked Proteins; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D055106:Genome-Wide Association Study; D018859:Hair Follicle / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D051740:Ikaros Transcription Factor / Q000235:genetics; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D053645:Interleukin-2 Receptor alpha Subunit / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D055655:NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily K / Q000276:immunology; D054464:Peroxiredoxins / Q000235:genetics; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics; D050765:Qa-SNARE Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D050378:T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen; C556706:CTLA4 protein, human; D058851:GPI-Linked Proteins; C551264:IKZF4 protein, human; C508017:IL2RA protein, human; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D053645:Interleukin-2 Receptor alpha Subunit; C527085:KLRK1 protein, human; D055655:NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily K; D050765:Qa-SNARE Proteins; C551267:STX17 protein, human; C423229:ULBP3 protein, human; D051740:Ikaros Transcription Factor; C515974:PRDX5 protein, human; D054464:Peroxiredoxins