title: Synergistic activation of phospholipase C-beta3 by Galpha(q) and Gbetagamma describes a simple two-state coincidence detector.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Receptors that couple to G(i) and G(q) often interact synergistically in cells to elicit cytosolic Ca(2+) transients that are several-fold higher than the sum of those driven by each receptor alone. Such synergism is commonly assumed to be complex, requiring regulatory interaction between components, multiple pathways, or multiple states of the target protein.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We show that cellular G(i)-G(q) synergism derives from direct supra-additive stimulation of phospholipase C-beta3 (PLC-beta3) by G protein subunits Gbetagamma and Galpha(q), the relevant components of the G(i) and G(q) signaling pathways. No additional pathway or proteins are required. Synergism is quantitatively explained by the classical and simple two-state (inactive<-->active) allosteric mechanism. We show generally that synergistic activation of a two-state enzyme reflects enhanced conversion to the active state when both ligands are bound, not merely the enhancement of ligand affinity predicted by positive cooperativity. The two-state mechanism also explains why synergism is unique to PLC-beta3 among the four PLC-beta isoforms and, in general, why one enzyme may respond synergistically to two activators while another does not. Expression of synergism demands that an enzyme display low basal activity in the absence of ligand and becomes significant only when basal activity is </= 0.1% of maximal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Synergism can be explained by a simple and general mechanism, and such a mechanism sets parameters for its occurrence. Any two-state enzyme is predicted to respond synergistically to multiple activating ligands if, but only if, its basal activity is strongly suppressed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park Road, Dallas, TX 75390-9041, USA.
authors.forename: Finly
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Philip
authors.forename: Ganesh
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kadamur
authors.forename: Rosa González
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Silos
authors.forename: Jimmy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Woodson
authors.forename: Elliott M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Ross
mesh_terms: D000494:Allosteric Regulation; D000818:Animals; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D043802:GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gq-G11 / Q000378:metabolism*; D044387:GTP-Binding Protein beta Subunits / Q000378:metabolism; D044388:GTP-Binding Protein gamma Subunits / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000378:metabolism; D008024:Ligands; D051379:Mice; D008956:Models, Chemical; D054799:Phospholipase C beta / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: D044387:GTP-Binding Protein beta Subunits; D044388:GTP-Binding Protein gamma Subunits; D007527:Isoenzymes; D008024:Ligands; D054799:Phospholipase C beta; D043802:GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gq-G11