title: Closed-loop stimulation in the control of focal epilepsy of insular origin.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous studies have shown that closed-loop or responsive neurostimulation can abort induced or spontaneous epileptiform discharges.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effectiveness of a programmable cranially implanted closed-loop neurostimulation system in the control of seizures originating from an area relatively inaccessible by open craniotomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A patient with drug-resistant partial epilepsy had previously undergone open resection of the left frontal opercular cortex and the underlying insular area. Although subdural-depth electrode ictal recordings had been nonlocalizing, depth electrode insular stimulation had produced the patient's habitual aura. Postoperatively, there was a sustained 50% reduction in seizure frequency. The residual seizures were identical to the preoperative seizures. Repeat depth electrode monitoring revealed that the ictal focus was immediately posterior to the previously resected insular area. A closed-loop cranial internal pulse generator system including left anterior insular and posterior orbitofrontal depth electrodes was implanted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was an additional 60% reduction of seizures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Preliminary observation indicates that responsive neurostimulation may be an effective alternative to higher-risk resective epilepsy surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Joseph R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Kostas N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Fountas
authors.forename: Anthony M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Murro
authors.forename: Yong D
authors.initials: YD
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Patrick D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Jenkins
authors.forename: Martha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Morrell
authors.forename: Rosanna
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Esteller
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Greene
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000601:surgery*; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004828:Epilepsies, Partial / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D058542:Implantable Neurostimulators; D008297:Male; D009460:Neurologic Examination; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D016896:Treatment Outcome