title: CYP24A1 inhibition enhances the antitumor activity of calcitriol.
abstract: High systemic exposures to calcitriol are necessary for optimal antitumor effects. Human prostate cancer PC3 cells are insensitive to calcitriol treatment. Therefore, we investigated whether the inhibition of 24-hydroxylase (CYP24A1), the major calcitriol inactivating enzyme, by ketoconazole (KTZ) or RC2204 modulates calcitriol serum pharmacokinetics and biologic effects. Dexamethasone (Dex) was added to minimize calcitriol-induced hypercalcemia and as a steroid replacement for the KTZ inhibition of steroid biosynthesis cytochrome P450 enzymes. KTZ effectively inhibited time-dependent calcitriol-inducible CYP24A1 protein expression and enzyme activity in PC3 cells and C3H/HeJ mouse kidney tissues. Systemic calcitriol exposure area under the curve was higher in mice treated with a combination of calcitriol and KTZ than with calcitriol alone. KTZ and Dex synergistically potentiated calcitriol-mediated antiproliferative effects in PC3 cells in vitro; this effect was associated with enhanced apoptosis. After treatment with calcitriol and KTZ/Dex, although caspase-9 and caspase-3 were not activated and cytochrome c was not released by mitochondria, caspase-8 was activated and the truncated Bid protein level was increased. Translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor to the nucleus was observed, indicating a role of the apoptosis-inducing factor-mediated and caspase-independent apoptotic pathways. Calcitriol and KTZ/Dex combination suppressed the clonogenic survival and enhanced the growth inhibition observed with calcitriol alone in PC3 human prostate cancer xenograft mouse model. Our results show that the administration of calcitriol in combination with CYP24A1 inhibitor enhances antiproliferative effects, increases systemic calcitriol exposure, and promotes the activation of caspase-independent apoptosis pathway.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, New York 14263, USA.
authors.forename: Josephia R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Muindi
authors.forename: Wei-Dong
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Yingyu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Kristie L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Engler
authors.forename: Rui-Xian
authors.initials: RX
authors.lastname: Kong
authors.forename: Donald L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Trump
authors.forename: Candace S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002117:Calcitriol / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002118:Calcium / Q000097:blood; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D003907:Dexamethasone / Q000494:pharmacology; D004357:Drug Synergism; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D007654:Ketoconazole / Q000494:pharmacology; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008809:Mice, Inbred C3H; D008819:Mice, Nude; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D013250:Steroid Hydroxylases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D013997:Time Factors; D065668:Vitamin D3 24-Hydroxylase; D014815:Vitamins / Q000494:pharmacology; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D014815:Vitamins; D003907:Dexamethasone; D013250:Steroid Hydroxylases; C585549:CYP24A1 protein, human; C585550:Cyp24a1 protein, mouse; D065668:Vitamin D3 24-Hydroxylase; D053148:Caspase 3; D002117:Calcitriol; D007654:Ketoconazole; D002118:Calcium