title: On functional motor adaptations: from the quantification of motor strategies to the prevention of musculoskeletal disorders in the neck-shoulder region.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Occupations characterized by a static low load and by repetitive actions show a high prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSD) in the neck-shoulder region. Moreover, muscle fatigue and discomfort are reported to play a relevant initiating role in WMSD.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate relationships between altered sensory information, i.e. localized muscle fatigue, discomfort and pain and their associations to changes in motor control patterns.
  
  
  METHODS
  In total 101 subjects participated. Questionnaires, subjective assessments of perceived exertion and pain intensity as well as surface electromyography (SEMG), mechanomyography (MMG), force and kinematics recordings were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Multi-channel SEMG and MMG revealed that the degree of heterogeneity of the trapezius muscle activation increased with fatigue. Further, the spatial organization of trapezius muscle activity changed in a dynamic manner during sustained contraction with acute experimental pain. A graduation of the motor changes in relation to the pain stage (acute, subchronic and chronic) and work experience were also found. The duration of the work task was shorter in presence of acute and chronic pain. Acute pain resulted in decreased activity of the painful muscle while in subchronic and chronic pain, a more static muscle activation was found. Posture and movement changed in the presence of neck-shoulder pain. Larger and smaller sizes of arm and trunk movement variability were respectively found in acute pain and subchronic/chronic pain. The size and structure of kinematics variability decreased also in the region of discomfort. Motor variability was higher in workers with high experience. Moreover, the pattern of activation of the upper trapezius muscle changed when receiving SEMG/MMG biofeedback during computer work.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SEMG and MMG changes underlie functional mechanisms for the maintenance of force during fatiguing contraction and acute pain that may lead to the widespread pain seen in WMSD. A lack of harmonious muscle recruitment/derecruitment may play a role in pain transition. Motor behavior changed in shoulder pain conditions underlining that motor variability may play a role in the WMSD development as corroborated by the changes in kinematics variability seen with discomfort. This prognostic hypothesis was further, supported by the increased motor variability among workers with high experience.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Quantitative assessments of the functional motor adaptations can be a way to benchmark the pain status and help to indentify signs indicating WMSD development. Motor variability is an important characteristic in ergonomic situations. Future studies will investigate the potential benefit of inducing motor variability in occupational settings.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Ergonomics and Work-related Disorders, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction, Aalborg, Denmark. pm@hst.aau.dk
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Madeleine
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004576:Electromyography; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D018763:Muscle Fatigue / Q000502:physiology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D009140:Musculoskeletal Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009333:Neck / Q000503:physiopathology*; D019547:Neck Pain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology; D012782:Shoulder / Q000502:physiology*; D020069:Shoulder Pain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014937:Work; D055815:Young Adult