title: Dietary glycemic index, dietary glycemic load, and incidence of heart failure events: a prospective study of middle-aged and elderly women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Dietary glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL), measures of the propensity of dietary carbohydrate to increase blood glucose, have been associated with risk of coronary heart disease, but their association with incidence of heart failure (HF) is unknown. The authors therefore assessed whether dietary GI and GL were associated with rates of HF events.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors conducted a prospective, observational study of 36,019 women 48-83 years old without baseline HF, diabetes, or myocardial infarction who were participants in the Swedish Mammography Cohort, a prospective cohort study. Diet was measured using food-frequency questionnaires. Women were followed from January 1, 1998, through December 31, 2006, for HF hospitalization or death through the Swedish inpatient and cause-of-death registers. Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for age and other risk factors were used to estimate incidence rate ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over 9 years of follow-up, 639 of 36,019 women died of HF (n = 54) or were hospitalized for HF for the first time (n = 585). The authors did not find statistically significant associations between dietary GI and HF events (RR comparing highest to lowest quartile = 1.12, 95% CI = 0.87-1.45, p for trend = 0.31) or between dietary GL and HF events (RR comparing highest to lowest quartile = 1.30, 95% CI = 0.87-1.93, p for trend = 0.16). Results were not significantly different in normal weight and overweight women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this population, dietary GI did not appear to be associated with incident HF events. There was a suggestion of an association between dietary GL and HF, which did not reach statistical significance.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Epidemiology Research Unit, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. elevitan@uab.edu
authors.forename: Emily B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Levitan
authors.forename: Murray A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Mittleman
authors.forename: Alicja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wolk
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D002423:Cause of Death; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D004034:Diet Surveys; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D038321:Glycemic Index; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008875:Middle Aged; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D036301:Qualitative Research; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates