title: The small molecule curcumin analog FLLL32 induces apoptosis in melanoma cells via STAT3 inhibition and retains the cellular response to cytokines with anti-tumor activity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We characterized the biologic effects of a novel small molecule STAT3 pathway inhibitor that is derived from the natural product curcumin. We hypothesized this lead compound would specifically inhibit the STAT3 signaling pathway to induce apoptosis in melanoma cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  FLLL32 specifically reduced STAT3 phosphorylation at Tyr705 (pSTAT3) and induced apoptosis at micromolar amounts in human melanoma cell lines and primary melanoma cultures as determined by annexin V/propidium iodide staining and immunoblot analysis. FLLL32 treatment reduced expression of STAT3-target genes, induced caspase-dependent apoptosis, and reduced mitochondrial membrane potential. FLLL32 displayed specificity for STAT3 over other homologous STAT proteins. In contrast to other STAT3 pathway inhibitors (WP1066, JSI-124, Stattic), FLLL32 did not abrogate IFN-gamma-induced pSTAT1 or downstream STAT1-mediated gene expression as determined by Real Time PCR. In addition, FLLL32 did not adversely affect the function or viability of immune cells from normal donors. In peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), FLLL32 inhibited IL-6-induced pSTAT3 but did not reduce signaling in response to immunostimulatory cytokines (IFN-gamma, IL 2). Treatment of PBMCs or natural killer (NK) cells with FLLL32 also did not decrease viability or granzyme b and IFN-gamma production when cultured with K562 targets as compared to vehicle (DMSO).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that FLLL32 represents a lead compound that could serve as a platform for further optimization to develop improved STAT3 specific inhibitors for melanoma therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Arthur G, James Cancer Hospital and Richard J, Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, 410 W, 10th Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Bill
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Fuchs
authors.forename: Chenglong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yui
authors.forename: Courtney
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bakan
authors.forename: Don M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Benson
authors.forename: Eric B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: Dalia
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Abdelhamid
authors.forename: Jiayuh
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Dale G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Hoyt
authors.forename: Stacey L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Fossey
authors.forename: Gregory S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: William E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Carson
authors.forename: Pui-Kai
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Gregory B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Lesinski
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D003474:Curcumin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000502:physiology*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008545:Melanoma / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D050796:STAT3 Transcription Factor / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; C548902:FLLL 32; D050796:STAT3 Transcription Factor; D003474:Curcumin