title: A randomized, controlled trial of early versus late initiation of dialysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In clinical practice, there is considerable variation in the timing of the initiation of maintenance dialysis for patients with stage V chronic kidney disease, with a worldwide trend toward early initiation. In this study, conducted at 32 centers in Australia and New Zealand, we examined whether the timing of the initiation of maintenance dialysis influenced survival among patients with chronic kidney disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  We randomly assigned patients 18 years of age or older with progressive chronic kidney disease and an estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) between 10.0 and 15.0 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 of body-surface area (calculated with the use of the Cockcroft-Gault equation) to planned initiation of dialysis when the estimated GFR was 10.0 to 14.0 ml per minute (early start) or when the estimated GFR was 5.0 to 7.0 ml per minute (late start). The primary outcome was death from any cause.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Between July 2000 and November 2008, a total of 828 adults (mean age, 60.4 years; 542 men and 286 women; 355 with diabetes) underwent randomization, with a median time to the initiation of dialysis of 1.80 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.60 to 2.23) in the early-start group and 7.40 months (95% CI, 6.23 to 8.27) in the late-start group. A total of 75.9% of the patients in the late-start group initiated dialysis when the estimated GFR was above the target of 7.0 ml per minute, owing to the development of symptoms. During a median follow-up period of 3.59 years, 152 of 404 patients in the early-start group (37.6%) and 155 of 424 in the late-start group (36.6%) died (hazard ratio with early initiation, 1.04; 95% CI, 0.83 to 1.30; P=0.75). There was no significant difference between the groups in the frequency of adverse events (cardiovascular events, infections, or complications of dialysis).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this study, planned early initiation of dialysis in patients with stage V chronic kidney disease was not associated with an improvement in survival or clinical outcomes. (Funded by the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia and others; Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry number, 12609000266268.)
authors.affiliation: Department of Renal Medicine, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney Medical School, Sydney, Australia. bcooper@med.usyd.edu.au
authors.forename: Bruce A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: Pauline
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Branley
authors.forename: Liliana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bulfone
authors.forename: John F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Collins
authors.forename: Jonathan C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Craig
authors.forename: Margaret B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Fraenkel
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Joan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kesselhut
authors.forename: Jing Jing
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Grant
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Luxton
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pilmore
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Tiller
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: Carol A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Pollock
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D007239:Infections / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011788:Quality of Life; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D013997:Time Factors; D014511:Uremia / Q000209:etiology