title: Frequent gastrointestinal polyps and colorectal adenocarcinomas in a prospective series of PTEN mutation carriers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Germline phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) mutations cause Cowden syndrome (CS), associated with breast and thyroid cancers. Case reports found 35%-85% of CS patients had gastrointestinal (GI) hamartomas. The association of benign and malignant GI neoplasias with CS remains debatable. Our goal is to describe the GI phenotype in a prospective series of PTEN mutation carriers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients who met relaxed International Cowden Consortium criteria (N = 2548) or with 5 or more GI polyps, 1 or more of which was hyperplastic or hamartomatous (N = 397), were prospectively recruited. Germline PTEN mutation/deletion analysis was performed. Of the 2945 patients, 127 (123 of 2548 and 4 of 397, respectively) patients having clear pathogenic PTEN mutations were eligible for this study. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy, colonoscopy, and pathology reports were reviewed. The Fisher 2-tailed exact test, unpaired t tests, and age- and sex-adjusted standardized incidence ratio were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 127 PTEN mutation carriers, 69 underwent 1 or more endoscopies with 64 (93%) having polyps. Of the 64, half had hyperplastic polyps. There were one to innumerable polyps in the colorectum, ileum, duodenum, stomach, and/or esophagus, with 24 subjects having both upper and lower GI polyps. Nine (13%) subjects had colorectal cancer, all younger than the age of 50. The adjusted standardized incidence ratio was 224.1 (95% confidence interval, 109.3-411.3; P < .0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PTEN-associated CS should be considered a mixed polyp syndrome, with hyperplastic polyps most prevalent, with a risk of early onset colorectal cancer. Routine colonoscopy should be considered in PTEN-associated CS, especially in the context of hyperplastic and/or adenomatous polyps.
authors.affiliation: Genomic Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA.
authors.forename: Brandie
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Heald
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mester
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rybicki
authors.forename: Mohammed S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Orloff
authors.forename: Carol A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Burke
authors.forename: Charis
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Eng
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D016099:Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal; D005260:Female; D017353:Gene Deletion; D006223:Hamartoma Syndrome, Multiple / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007417:Intestinal Polyps / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D051059:PTEN Phosphohydrolase / Q000235:genetics*; D010641:Phenotype; D017354:Point Mutation; D012307:Risk Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D051059:PTEN Phosphohydrolase; C494929:PTEN protein, human