title: Glycogen synthase kinase-3 and p38 MAPK are required for opioid-induced microglia apoptosis.
abstract: Opioids have been widely applied in clinics as one of the most potent pain relievers for centuries, but their abuse has deleterious physiological effects beyond addiction. We previously reported that opioids inhibit cell growth and trigger apoptosis in lymphocytes. However, the underlying mechanism by which microglia apoptosis in response to opioids is not yet known. In this study, we show that morphine induces microglia apoptosis and caspase-3 activation in an opioid-receptor dependent manner. Morphine decreased the levels of microglia phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt) and p-GSK-3β (glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta) in an opioid-receptor dependent manner. More interestingly, GSK-3β inhibitor SB216763 significantly increases morphine-induced apoptosis in both BV-2 microglia and mouse primary microglial cells. Moreover, co-treatment of microglia with SB216763 and morphine led to a significant synergistic effect on the level of phospho-p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). In addition, inhibition of p38 MAPK by its specific inhibitor SB203580 significantly inhibited morphine-induced apoptosis and caspase-3 activation. Taken together, our data clearly demonstrates that morphine-induced apoptosis in microglial cells, which is mediated via GSK-3β and p38 MAPK pathways.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
authors.forename: Nanchang
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Dailin
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.forename: Gene
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: LeSage
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Shengjun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Lingyi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chi
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ferslew
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Zhaofu
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Chi
authors.forename: Deling
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yin
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000494:pharmacology; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 / Q000378:metabolism*; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D017628:Microglia / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D009020:Morphine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; C494827:Bax protein, mouse; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; C052617:Bcl2 protein, mouse; D009020:Morphine; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3