title: Cannabinoid receptor 1 and 2 agonists increase lipid accumulation in hepatocytes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2 are expressed in the liver, but their regulation in fatty hepatocytes is poorly documented. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of selective CB1 or CB2 agonists on the expression of key regulators of lipid metabolism.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used an in vitro model of fatty liver by treating immortalized human hepatocytes and HepG2 cells with oleic acid and the selective agonists arachidonyl-2-chloroethylamide (ACEA) (CB1, 12 nM) and (2-iodo-5-nitrophenyl)-[1-(1-methylpiperidin-2-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]-methanone (AM1241) (CB2, 16 nM). The quantity of intracellular lipids was assessed using Oil-Red-O and a biochemical triglyceride assay. The expression of several proteins regulating endocannabinoid signalling and lipid metabolism was quantified by real-time polymerase chain reaction and by Western blot.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both CB1 and CB2 agonists dose-dependently increased the degree of steatosis of oleic acid-treated fatty hepatocytes. Cannabinoid receptors were downregulated in the presence of steatosis, and treatment with a CB2 agonist increased the expression of CB1. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 was significantly overexpressed and sterol response element-binding protein (SREBP)-1c, fatty acid synthase and lecithin-cholesterol acetyltransferase (LCAT) were downregulated in fatty immortalized human hepatocytes. Treatment with the CB agonists ACEA and AM1241 partially reversed these changes, except for SREBP-1c. CB2, but not CB1, agonism decreased the expression of apolipoprotein B. In HepG2 cells, only LCAT resulted increased after treatment with CB agonists.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Not only CB1 but also CB2 participated in the regulation of lipid metabolism in human-derived immortalized hepatocytes by regulating the expression of key enzymes of lipid synthesis and transport.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: De Gottardi
authors.forename: Laurent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Spahr
authors.forename: Florence
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ravier-Dall'Antonia
authors.forename: Antoine
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hadengue
mesh_terms: D001055:Apolipoproteins B / Q000378:metabolism; D001095:Arachidonic Acids / Q000633:toxicity*; D001692:Biological Transport; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002186:Cannabinoids / Q000633:toxicity; D002334:Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D054890:Fatty Acid Synthase, Type I / Q000378:metabolism; D005234:Fatty Liver / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D056945:Hep G2 Cells; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D050356:Lipid Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D065626:Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease; D019301:Oleic Acid / Q000633:toxicity; D007862:Phosphatidylcholine-Sterol O-Acyltransferase / Q000378:metabolism; D020239:Receptor Cross-Talk; D043884:Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1 / Q000819:agonists* / Q000378:metabolism; D043885:Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2 / Q000819:agonists* / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D051780:Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000378:metabolism; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: C439263:AM 1241; D001055:Apolipoproteins B; D001095:Arachidonic Acids; D002186:Cannabinoids; D043884:Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1; D043885:Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2; C497387:SREBF1 protein, human; D051780:Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein 1; D014280:Triglycerides; C119325:arachidonyl-2-chloroethylamide; D019301:Oleic Acid; D002334:Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase; D007862:Phosphatidylcholine-Sterol O-Acyltransferase; C518729:FASN protein, human; D054890:Fatty Acid Synthase, Type I