title: Endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle biopsy for M1 staging of extrathoracic malignancies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  extrathoracic malignancies metastasize to the mediastinum and/or pulmonary hilum. Mediastinoscopy and thoracoscopy are standard to obtain tissue proof of metastatic spread but are invasive. Endobronchial ultrasound with real-time-guided transbronchial fine-needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) is a minimally invasive alternative for surgical staging of lung cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  we analysed the test characteristics of EBUS-TBNA in consecutive patients with a suspicion of mediastinal or hilar metastases of various extrathoracic malignancies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ninety-two patients with concurrent (n = 33) or previously diagnosed and treated (n = 59) extrathoracic malignancies were evaluated. EBUS-TBNA detected mediastinal or hilar metastatic spread in 52 patients (57%) [metastasis of extrathoracic tumour in 40 (44%) and second malignancies (lung cancer) in 12 (13%)]. Subsequent surgical staging showed malignancy in another nine patients. With EBUS-TBNA, an alternate diagnosis was found in four. Sensitivity and negative predictive value for mediastinal or hilar metastatic spread were 85% [95% confidence interval (CI) 73-93] and 76% (95% CI 59-88). EBUS-TBNA prevented an invasive surgical procedure in 61% of the patients. One patient had a respiratory arrest during EBUS-TBNA; abortion lead to full recovery without further intervention.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  EBUS-TBNA is a minimally invasive method for M staging of patients with extrathoracic malignancies to confirm mediastinal or hilar spread. EBUS-TBNA therefore may qualify as an alternative for surgical staging.
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Diseases, Ghent University Hospital. Electronic address: Kurt.Tournoy@UGent.be.
authors.forename: K G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Tournoy
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Diseases, University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Govaerts
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Diseases, Ghent University Hospital.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Malfait
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Diseases, University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dooms
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D044963:Biopsy, Fine-Needle / Q000379:methods*; D019160:Endosonography / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology / Q000556:secondary*; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D008479:Mediastinal Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology / Q000556:secondary*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D012189:Retrospective Studies