title: A femtomol range FRET biosensor reports exceedingly low levels of cell surface furin: implications for the processing of anthrax protective antigen.
abstract: Furin, a specialized endoproteinase, transforms proproteins into biologically active proteins. Furin function is important for normal cells and also in multiple pathologies including malignancy and anthrax. Furin is believed to cycle between the Golgi compartment and the cell surface. Processing of anthrax protective antigen-83 (PA83) by the cells is considered thus far as evidence for the presence of substantial levels of cell-surface furin. To monitor furin, we designed a cleavage-activated FRET biosensor in which the Enhanced Cyan and Yellow Fluorescent Proteins were linked by the peptide sequence SNSRKKR / STSAGP derived from anthrax PA83. Both because of the sensitivity and selectivity of the anthrax sequence to furin proteolysis and the FRET-based detection, the biosensor recorded the femtomolar levels of furin in the in vitro reactions and cell-based assays. Using the biosensor that was cell-impermeable because of its size and also by other relevant methods, we determined that exceedingly low levels, if any, of cell-surface furin are present in the intact cells and in the cells with the enforced furin overexpression. This observation was in a sharp contrast with the existing concepts about the furin presentation on cell surfaces and anthrax disease mechanism. We next demonstrated using cell-based tests that PA83, in fact, was processed by furin in the extracellular milieu and that only then the resulting PA63 bound the anthrax toxin cell-surface receptors. We also determined that the biosensor, but not the conventional peptide substrates, allowed continuous monitoring of furin activity in cancer cell extracts. Our results suggest that there are no physiologically-relevant levels of cell-surface furin and, accordingly, that the mechanisms of anthrax should be re-investigated. In addition, the availability of the biosensor is a foundation for non-invasive monitoring of furin activity in cancer cells. Conceptually, the biosensor we developed may serve as a prototype for other proteinase-activated biosensors.
authors.affiliation: Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Katarzyna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gawlik
authors.forename: Albert G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Remacle
authors.forename: Sergey A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Shiryaev
authors.forename: Vladislav S
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Golubkov
authors.forename: Mingxing
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ouyang
authors.forename: Yingxiao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Alex Y
authors.initials: AY
authors.lastname: Strongin
mesh_terms: D000942:Antigens, Bacterial / Q000378:metabolism*; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000378:metabolism*; D001483:Base Sequence; D015374:Biosensing Techniques; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism; D017931:DNA Primers; D031541:Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer; D045683:Furin / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D006868:Hydrolysis; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational
chemical_list: D000942:Antigens, Bacterial; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D017931:DNA Primers; C030325:anthrax toxin; D045683:Furin