title: MKR mice have increased dynamic glucose disposal despite metabolic inflexibility, and hepatic and peripheral insulin insensitivity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recent work has shown that there can be significant differences when glucose disposal is assessed for high-fat induced insulin resistance by static clamp methods vs dynamic assessment during a stable isotope i.p. glucose tolerance test. MKR mice, though lean, have severe insulin resistance and decreased muscle fatty acid oxidation. Our goal was to assess dynamic vs static glucose disposal in MKR mice, and to correlate glucose disposal and muscle-adipose-liver flux interactions with metabolic flexibility (indirect calorimetry) and muscle characteristics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Stable isotope flux phenotyping was performed using [6,6-(2)H(2)]glucose, [U-(13)C(6)]glucose and [2-(13)C]glycerol. Muscle triacylglycerol (TAG) and diacylglycerol (DAG) content was assessed by thin layer chromatography, and histological determination of fibre type and cytochrome c activity performed. Metabolic flexibility was assessed by indirect calorimetry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Indirect calorimetry showed that MKR mice used more glucose than FVB/N mice during fasting (respiratory exchange ratio [RER] 0.88 vs 0.77, respectively). Compared with FVB/N mice, MKR mice had faster dynamic glucose disposal, despite increased whole-muscle DAG and TAG, and similar hepatic glucose production with higher fasting insulin and unchanged basal glucose. Fed MKR muscle had more glycogen, and increased levels of GLUT1 and GLUT4 than FVB/N muscle. Histology indicated that MKR soleus had mildly decreased cytochrome c activity overall and more type II (glycolytic) fibres compared with that in FVB/N mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MKR muscle adapts to using glucose, with more type II fibres present in red muscle. Fasting RER is elevated and glucose disposal during an i.p. glucose tolerance test is accelerated despite increased muscle DAG and TAG. Metabolic inflexibility may result from the compensatory use of fuel that can be best utilised for energy requirements; static vs dynamic glucose disposal assessments may measure complementary aspects of metabolic flexibility and insulin sensitivity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1301 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Vaitheesvaran
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: LeRoith
authors.forename: I J
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Kurland
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D001823:Body Composition / Q000502:physiology; D002153:Calorimetry, Indirect; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000378:metabolism; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism*; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology*; D050356:Lipid Metabolism / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism*; D010641:Phenotype
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin; D005947:Glucose