title: Oxidative stress enhances IL-8 and inhibits CCL20 production from intestinal epithelial cells in response to bacterial flagellin.
abstract: Intestinal epithelial cells act as innate immune sentinels, as the first cells that encounter diarrheal pathogens. They use pattern recognition molecules such as the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) to identify molecular signals found on microbes but not host cells or food components. TLRs cannot generally distinguish the molecular signals on pathogenic bacteria from those found in commensals, yet under healthy conditions epithelial immune responses are kept in check. We hypothesized that, in the setting of tissue damage or stress, intestinal epithelial cells would upregulate their responses to TLR ligands to reflect the greater need for immediate protection against pathogens. We treated Caco-2 cells with the TLR5 agonist flagellin in the presence or absence of H(2)O(2) and measured chemokine production and intracellular signaling pathways. H(2)O(2) increased flagellin-induced IL-8 (CXCL8) production in a dose-dependent manner. This was associated with synergistic phosphorylation of p38 MAP kinase and with prolonged I-kappaB degradation and NF-kappaB activation. The H(2)O(2)-mediated potentiation of IL-8 production required the activity of p38, tyrosine kinases, phospholipase Cgamma, and intracellular calcium, but not protein kinase C or protein kinase D. H(2)O(2) prolonged and augmented NF-kappaB activation by flagellin. In contrast to IL-8, CCL20 (MIP3alpha) production by flagellin was reduced by H(2)O(2), and this effect was not calcium dependent. Oxidative stress biases intestinal epithelial responses to flagellin, leading to increased production of IL-8 and decreased production of CCL20. This suggests that epithelial cells are capable of sensing the extracellular environment and adjusting their antimicrobial responses accordingly.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
authors.forename: Sabine M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Ivison
authors.forename: Ce
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Megan E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Himmel
authors.forename: Jared
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sheridan
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Delano
authors.forename: Matt L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Mayer
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.forename: Arnawaz
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kifayet
authors.forename: Theodore S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Steiner
mesh_terms: D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D002614:Chelating Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D054418:Chemokine CCL20 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004533:Egtazic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D005408:Flagellin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000166:cytology; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D009570:Nitriles / Q000494:pharmacology; D016877:Oxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013450:Sulfones / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: C434003:3-(4-methylphenylsulfonyl)-2-propenenitrile; C108355:CCL20 protein, human; D002614:Chelating Agents; D054418:Chemokine CCL20; D016209:Interleukin-8; D016328:NF-kappa B; D009570:Nitriles; D016877:Oxidants; D013450:Sulfones; D005408:Flagellin; C070379:1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid acetoxymethyl ester; D004533:Egtazic Acid; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D002118:Calcium