title: Effects of medical therapies on retinopathy progression in type 2 diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We investigated whether intensive glycemic control, combination therapy for dyslipidemia, and intensive blood-pressure control would limit the progression of diabetic retinopathy in persons with type 2 diabetes. Previous data suggest that these systemic factors may be important in the development and progression of diabetic retinopathy.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a randomized trial, we enrolled 10,251 participants with type 2 diabetes who were at high risk for cardiovascular disease to receive either intensive or standard treatment for glycemia (target glycated hemoglobin level, <6.0% or 7.0 to 7.9%, respectively) and also for dyslipidemia (160 mg daily of fenofibrate plus simvastatin or placebo plus simvastatin) or for systolic blood-pressure control (target, <120 or <140 mm Hg). A subgroup of 2856 participants was evaluated for the effects of these interventions at 4 years on the progression of diabetic retinopathy by 3 or more steps on the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Severity Scale (as assessed from seven-field stereoscopic fundus photographs, with 17 possible steps and a higher number of steps indicating greater severity) or the development of diabetic retinopathy necessitating laser photocoagulation or vitrectomy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At 4 years, the rates of progression of diabetic retinopathy were 7.3% with intensive glycemia treatment, versus 10.4% with standard therapy (adjusted odds ratio, 0.67; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.51 to 0.87; P=0.003); 6.5% with fenofibrate for intensive dyslipidemia therapy, versus 10.2% with placebo (adjusted odds ratio, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.42 to 0.87; P=0.006); and 10.4% with intensive blood-pressure therapy, versus 8.8% with standard therapy (adjusted odds ratio, 1.23; 95% CI, 0.84 to 1.79; P=0.29).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intensive glycemic control and intensive combination treatment of dyslipidemia, but not intensive blood-pressure control, reduced the rate of progression of diabetic retinopathy. (Funded by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and others; ClinicalTrials.gov numbers, NCT00000620 for the ACCORD study and NCT00542178 for the ACCORD Eye study.)
authors.forename: Emily Y
authors.initials: EY
authors.lastname: Chew
authors.forename: Walter T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Ambrosius
authors.forename: Matthew D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: Ronald P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Danis
authors.forename: Sapna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gangaputra
authors.forename: Craig M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Greven
authors.forename: Larry
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hubbard
authors.forename: Barbara A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Esser
authors.forename: James F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Lovato
authors.forename: Letitia H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Perdue
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Goff
authors.forename: William C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Cushman
authors.forename: Henry N
authors.initials: HN
authors.lastname: Ginsberg
authors.forename: Marshall B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Elam
authors.forename: Saul
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Genuth
authors.forename: Hertzel C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Gerstein
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Schubart
authors.forename: Lawrence J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Fine
mesh_terms: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018450:Disease Progression; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D050171:Dyslipidemias / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy; D005260:Female; D011345:Fenofibrate / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000188:drug therapy; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019821:Simvastatin / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D011345:Fenofibrate; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents; D019821:Simvastatin