Associations between first use of substances and change in internalizing symptoms among girls: differences by symptom trajectory and substance use type.
This study examined how girls' initial use of alcohol, cigarettes, and marijuana related to changes in depressive, generalized anxiety, and social anxiety symptoms, and whether these changes varied based on which internalizing symptom trajectories the girls were on. Data came from the Pittsburgh Girls Study, a community-based study of girls assessed at ages 5 to 8 and followed for 6 years. Growth mixture modeling was used to identify trajectory groups. The results indicated that for girls on a "high depressive symptom" trajectory, initial use of marijuana was related to further increases in depressive symptoms. Initial uses of alcohol and cigarettes were associated with overall increases in depressive symptoms, and the initial use of cigarettes was associated with an overall increase in generalized anxiety symptoms. Initial use of all substances was related to change in social anxiety, but the direction of change varied by trajectory group and substance. Links between initial use and internalizing symptoms depended on the type of substance, type of internalizing symptom, and trajectory group.
Marmorstein
Naomi R
NR
Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, Camden, NJ 08102, USA. marmorst@camden.rutgers.edu
White
Helene
H
Chung
Tammy
T
Hipwell
Alison
A
Stouthamer-Loeber
Magda
M
Loeber
Rolf
R
D000293:Adolescent; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000523:psychology*; D001007:Anxiety / Q000523:psychology*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002648:Child; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008385:Marijuana Smoking / Q000523:psychology*; D010414:Pennsylvania; D012647:Self-Assessment; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires