title: From pre-diabetes to type 2 diabetes in obese youth: pathophysiological characteristics along the spectrum of glucose dysregulation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) are considered pre-diabetes states. There are limited data in pediatrics in regard to their pathophysiology. We investigated differences in insulin sensitivity and secretion among youth with IFG, IGT, and coexistent IFG/IGT compared with those with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) and type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 24 obese adolescents with NGT, 13 with IFG, 29 with IGT, 11 with combined IFG/IGT, and 30 with type 2 diabetes underwent evaluation of hepatic glucose production ([6,6-(2)H(2)]glucose), insulin-stimulated glucose disposal (R(d), euglycemic clamp), first- and second-phase insulin secretion (hyperglycemic clamp), body composition (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), abdominal adiposity (computed tomography), and substrate oxidation (indirect calorimetry).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adolescents with NGT, pre-diabetes, and type 2 diabetes had similar body composition and abdominal fat distribution. R(d) was lower (P = 0.009) in adolescents with type 2 diabetes than in those with NGT. Compared with adolescents with NGT, first-phase insulin was lower in those with IFG, IGT, and IFG/IGT with further deterioration in those with type 2 diabetes (P < 0.001), and β-cell function relative to insulin sensitivity (glucose disposition index [GDI]) was also lower in those with IFG, IGT, and IFG/IGT (40, 47, and 47%, respectively), with a further decrease (80%) in those with type 2 diabetes (P < 0.001). GDI was the major determinant of fasting and 2-h glucose levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Obese adolescents who show signs of glucose dysregulation, including abnormal fasting glucose, glucose intolerance or both, are more likely to have impaired insulin secretion rather than reduced insulin sensitivity. Given the impairment in insulin secretion, they are at high risk for progression to type 2 diabetes. Further deterioration in insulin sensitivity or secretion may enhance the risk for this progression.
authors.affiliation: Division of Weight Management and Wellness, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA. fida.bacha@chp.edu
authors.forename: Fida
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bacha
authors.forename: Sojung
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Neslihan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gungor
authors.forename: Silva A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Arslanian
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001823:Body Composition / Q000502:physiology; D002648:Child; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D005215:Fasting / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D018149:Glucose Intolerance / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism; D000078790:Insulin Secretion; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D011236:Prediabetic State / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin