title: Efficacy and safety of exenatide once weekly versus sitagliptin or pioglitazone as an adjunct to metformin for treatment of type 2 diabetes (DURATION-2): a randomised trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Most patients with type 2 diabetes begin pharmacotherapy with metformin, but eventually need additional treatment. We assessed the safety and efficacy of once weekly exenatide, a glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist, versus maximum approved doses of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, sitagliptin, or the thiazolidinedione, pioglitazone, in patients treated with metformin.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this 26-week randomised, double-blind, double-dummy, superiority trial, patients with type 2 diabetes who had been treated with metformin, and at baseline had mean glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA(1c)) of 8.5% (SD 1.1), fasting plasma glucose of 9.1 mmol/L (2.6), and weight of 88.0 kg (20.1), were enrolled and treated at 72 sites in the USA, India, and Mexico. Patients were randomly assigned to receive: 2 mg injected exenatide once weekly plus oral placebo once daily; 100 mg oral sitagliptin once daily plus injected placebo once weekly; or 45 mg oral pioglitazone once daily plus injected placebo once weekly. Primary endpoint was change in HbA(1c) between baseline and week 26. Analysis was by intention to treat, for all patients who received at least one dose of study drug. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00637273.
  
  
  RESULTS
  170 patients were assigned to receive once weekly exenatide, 172 to receive sitagliptin, and 172 to receive pioglitazone. 491 patients received at least one dose of study drug and were included in the intention-to-treat analysis (160 on exenatide, 166 on sitagliptin, and 165 on pioglitazone). Treatment with exenatide reduced HbA(1c) (least square mean -1.5%, 95% CI -1.7 to -1.4) significantly more than did sitagliptin (-0.9%, -1.1 to -0.7) or pioglitazone (-1.2%, -1.4 to -1.0). Treatment differences were -0.6% (95% CI -0.9 to -0.4, p<0.0001) for exenatide versus sitagliptin, and -0.3% (-0.6 to -0.1, p=0.0165) for exenatide versus pioglitazone. Weight loss with exenatide (-2.3 kg, 95% CI-2.9 to -1.7) was significantly greater than with sitagliptin (difference -1.5 kg, 95% CI -2.4 to -0.7, p=0.0002) or pioglitazone (difference -5.1 kg, -5.9 to -4.3, p<0.0001). No episodes of major hypoglycaemia occurred. The most frequent adverse events with exenatide and sitagliptin were nausea (n=38, 24%, and n=16, 10%, respectively) and diarrhoea (n=29, 18%, and n=16, 10%, respectively); upper-respiratory-tract infection (n=17, 10%) and peripheral oedema (n=13, 8%) were the most frequent events with pioglitazone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The goal of many clinicians who manage diabetes is to achieve optimum glucose control alongside weight loss and a minimum number of hypoglycaemic episodes. Addition of exenatide once weekly to metformin achieved this goal more often than did addition of maximum daily doses of either sitagliptin or pioglitazone.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Amylin Pharmaceuticals and Eli Lilly.
authors.affiliation: International Diabetes Center at Park Nicollet, Minneapolis, MN 55416, USA.
authors.forename: Richard M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Bergenstal
authors.forename: Carol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wysham
authors.forename: Leigh
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Macconell
authors.forename: Jaret
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Malloy
authors.forename: Brandon
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Walsh
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wilhelm
authors.forename: Jim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Malone
authors.forename: Lisa E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Porter
mesh_terms: D001794:Blood Pressure; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D054873:Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004360:Drug Therapy, Computer-Assisted; D000077270:Exenatide; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008050:Lipid A / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008687:Metformin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008875:Middle Aged; D010455:Peptides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D000077205:Pioglitazone; D011719:Pyrazines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D000068900:Sitagliptin Phosphate; D045162:Thiazolidinediones / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D014230:Triazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D014688:Venoms / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D054873:Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors; D000077270:Exenatide; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D008050:Lipid A; D008687:Metformin; D010455:Peptides; D000077205:Pioglitazone; D011719:Pyrazines; D000068900:Sitagliptin Phosphate; D045162:Thiazolidinediones; D014230:Triazoles; D014688:Venoms