title: Tamoxifen enhances the cytotoxic effects of nelfinavir in breast cancer cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The HIV protease inhibitor nelfinavir is currently under investigation as a new anti-cancer drug. Several studies have shown that nelfinavir induces cell cycle arrest, endoplasmic reticulum stress, autophagy, and apoptosis in cancer cells. In the present article, the effect of nelfinavir on human breast cancer cells is examined and potential combination treatments are investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effects of nelfinavir and tamoxifen on the human breast cancer cell lines MCF7, T47 D, MDA-MB-453, and MDA-MB-435 were tested by analysing their influence on cell viability (via 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay), apoptosis (annexin binding, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage), autophagy (autophagy marker light chain 3B expression), endoplasmic reticulum stress (binding protein and activating transcription factor 3 expression), and the occurrence of oxidative stress (intracellular glutathione level).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nelfinavir induced apoptosis in all four breast cancer cell lines tested, although the extent of autophagy and endoplasmic reticulum stress varied among the cell lines. The concentration of nelfinavir needed for an efficient induction of apoptosis in breast cancer cells could be reduced from 15 μg/ml to 6 μg/ml when combined with tamoxifen. At a concentration of 6 μg/ml, tamoxifen substantially enhanced the endoplasmic reticulum stress reaction in those cell lines that responded to nelfinavir with binding protein (BiP) upregulation (MCF7, T47D), and enhanced autophagy in cell lines that responded to nelfinavir treatment with autophagy marker light chain 3B upregulation (MDA-MB-453). Although tamoxifen has been described to be able to induce oxidative stress at concentrations similar to those applied in this study (6 μg/ml), we observed that nelfinavir but not tamoxifen reduced the intracellular glutathione level of breast cancer cells within hours of application by up to 32%, suggesting the induction of oxidative stress was an early event and an additional cause of the apoptosis induced by nelfinavir.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results demonstrate that nelfinavir may be an effective drug against breast cancer and could be combined with tamoxifen to enhance its efficacy against breast cancer cells. Moreover, the cytotoxic effect of a tamoxifen and nelfinavir combination was independent of the oestrogen receptor status of the analysed breast cancer cells, suggesting a potential benefit of a combination of these two drugs even in patients with no hormone-responsive tumours. We therefore recommend that clinical studies on nelfinavir with breast cancer patients should include this drug combination to analyse the therapeutic efficacy as well as the safety and tolerability of this potential treatment option.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Campus Innenstadt, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 11 Maistrasse, Munich 80337, Germany. ansgar.bruening@med.uni-muenchen.de
authors.forename: Ansgar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Brüning
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Friese
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Burges
authors.forename: Ioannis
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Mylonas
mesh_terms: D051700:Activating Transcription Factor 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D001343:Autophagy / Q000187:drug effects; D015153:Blotting, Western; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004357:Drug Synergism; D005260:Female; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D019888:Nelfinavir / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases / Q000378:metabolism; D013629:Tamoxifen / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: C490449:ATF3 protein, human; D051700:Activating Transcription Factor 3; D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; D013629:Tamoxifen; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases; D005978:Glutathione; D019888:Nelfinavir