title: Ethical analysis of withdrawing ventricular assist device support.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe a series of patients with heart failure supported with a ventricular assist device (VAD) who requested (or whose surrogates requested) withdrawal of VAD support and the legal and ethical aspects pertaining to these requests.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients at Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, from March 1, 2003, through January 31, 2009, who requested (or whose surrogates requested) withdrawal of VAD support and for whom the requests were fulfilled. We then explored the legal and ethical permissibility of carrying out such requests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median age of the 14 patients identified (13 men, 1 woman) was 57 years. Requests were made by 2 patients and 12 surrogates. None of the patients' available advance directives mentioned the VAD. For 11 patients, multidisciplinary care conferences were held before withdrawal of VAD support. Only 1 patient had an ethics consultation. All 14 patients died within 1 day of withdrawal of VAD support.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients have the right to refuse or request the withdrawal of any unwanted treatment, and we argue that this right extends to VAD support. We also argue that the cause of death in these cases is the underlying heart disease, not assisted suicide or euthanasia. Therefore, patients with heart failure supported with VADs or their surrogates may request withdrawal of this treatment. In our view, carrying out such requests is permissible in accordance with the principles that apply to withdrawing other life-sustaining treatments.
authors.affiliation: Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA. mueller.pauls@mayo.edu
authors.forename: Paul S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Mueller
authors.forename: Keith M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Swetz
authors.forename: Monica R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Freeman
authors.forename: Kari A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Carter
authors.forename: Mary Eliot
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Crowley
authors.forename: Cathy J Anderson
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Severson
authors.forename: Soon J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Daniel P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Sulmasy
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000628:therapy; D006353:Heart-Assist Devices / Q000941:ethics*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D017236:Suicide, Assisted / Q000941:ethics; D020458:Third-Party Consent / Q000941:ethics; D016312:Treatment Refusal / Q000941:ethics; D028761:Withholding Treatment / Q000941:ethics*