title: Verapamil stimulation test in hyperprolactinemia: loss of prolactin response in anatomic or functional stalk effect.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Verapamil stimulation test was previously investigated as a tool for differential diagnosis of hyperprolactinemia, but with conflicting results. Macroprolactinemia was never considered in those previous studies. Here, we aimed to re-investigate the diagnostic value of verapamil in a population who were all screened for macroprolactinemia. Prolactin responses to verapamil in 65 female patients (age: 29.9 +/- 8.1 years) with hyperprolactinemia were tested in a descriptive, matched case-control study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Verapamil 80 mg, p.o. was administered, and then PRL levels were measured at 8th and 16th hours, by immunometric chemiluminescence. Verapamil responsiveness was determined by peak percent change in basal prolactin levels (PRL).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Verapamil significantly increased PRL levels in healthy controls (N. 8, PRL: 183%), macroprolactinoma (N. 8, PRL: 7%), microprolactinoma (N. 19, PRL: 21%), macroprolactinemia (N. 23, PRL: 126%), but not in pseudoprolactinoma (N. 8, PRL: 0.8%), and risperidone-induced hyperprolactinemia (N. 7, PRL: 3%). ROC curve analysis revealed that unresponsiveness to verapamil defined as PRL <7%, discriminated anatomical or functional stalk effect (sensitivity: 74%, specificity: 73%, AUC: 0.855+/-0.04, P <0.001, CI: 0.768-0.942) associated with pseudoprolactinoma or risperidone-induced hyperprolactinemia, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Verapamil responsiveness is not a reliable finding for the differential diagnosis of hyperprolactinemia. However, verapamil unresponsiveness discriminates stalk effect (i.e., anatomically or functionally inhibited dopaminergic tonus) from other causes of hyperprolactinemia with varying degrees of responsiveness.
authors.affiliation: Hacettepe University, School of Medicine, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ankara, Turkey. dagdelen@hacettepe.edu.tr
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dagdelen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Usman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006966:Hyperprolactinemia / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D008163:Luminescent Measurements; D010911:Pituitary Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011388:Prolactin / Q000097:blood*; D015175:Prolactinoma / Q000175:diagnosis; D012372:ROC Curve; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D014700:Verapamil / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D011388:Prolactin; D014700:Verapamil