title: Effect of the method of conception and embryo transfer procedure on mid-gestation placenta and fetal development in an IVF mouse model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Abnormal placentation is a potential mechanism to explain the increased incidence of low birthweight observed after IVF. This study evaluates, in a mouse model, whether the method of conception and embryo transfer affect placentation and fetal development.
  
  
  METHODS
  IVF blastocysts (CF1 x B6D2F1/J) were cultured in Whitten's medium (IVF(WM), n = 55) or K modified simplex optimized medium with amino acids (IVF(KAA), n = 56). Embryos were transferred to the uteri of pseudo-pregnant recipients. Two control groups were created: unmanipulated embryos produced by natural mating (in vivo group, n = 64) and embryos produced by natural mating that were flushed from uterus and immediately transferred to pseudo-pregnant recipients (flushed blastocysts, FB group, n = 57). At gestation age 12.5 days, implantation sites were collected and fixed; fetuses and placentas were weighed and their developmental stage (DS) evaluated. Placental areas and vascular volume fractions were calculated; parametric statistics were applied as appropriate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  IVF fetuses showed a modest but significant delay in development compared with FB mice (P < 0.05). In addition, IVF conceptuses were consistently smaller than FB (P < 0.05). Importantly, these differences persisted when analyzing fetuses of similar DS. The placenta/fetus ratio was larger in the IVF group (IVF(WM) 0.95; IVF(KAA) = 0.90) than the FB group (0.72) (P < 0.05 for all comparisons). Gross morphology of the placenta and ratio labyrinth/fetal area were equivalent in the IVF and FB groups, as were percentage of fetal blood vessels, maternal blood spaces and trophoblastic components.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In vitro embryo culture affects fetal and placental development; this could explain the lower birthweight in IVF offspring.
authors.affiliation: Obstetric, Gynecology and Reproductive Science Division, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Delle Piane
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Donjacour
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Minasi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Revelli
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Maltepe
authors.forename: P F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Rinaudo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001724:Birth Weight; D046149:Embryo Culture Techniques; D004624:Embryo Transfer / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005307:Fertilization in Vitro / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D047109:Fetal Development; D005865:Gestational Age; D051379:Mice; D023421:Models, Animal; D010920:Placenta / Q000473:pathology; D010929:Placentation; D011247:Pregnancy