title: Hypoxia and flight performance of military instructor pilots in a flight simulator.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Military aircrew and other operational personnel frequently perform their duties at altitudes posing a significant hypoxia risk, often with limited access to supplemental oxygen. Despite the significant risk hypoxia poses, there are few studies relating it to primary flight performance, which is the purpose of the present study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Objective, quantitative measures of aircraft control were collected from 14 experienced, active duty instructor pilot volunteers as they breathed an air/nitrogen mix that provided an oxygen partial pressure equivalent to the atmosphere at 18,000 ft (5486.4 m) above mean sea level. The flight task required holding a constant airspeed, altitude, and heading at an airspeed significantly slower than the aircraft's minimum drag speed. The simulated aircraft's inherent instability at the target speed challenged the pilot to maintain constant control of the aircraft in order to minimize deviations from the assigned flight parameters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Each pilot's flight performance was evaluated by measuring all deviations from assigned target values. Hypoxia degraded the pilot's precision of altitude and airspeed control by 53%, a statistically significant decrease in flight performance. The effect on heading control effects was not statistically significant. There was no evidence of performance differences when breathing room air pre- and post-hypoxia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Moderate levels of hypoxia degraded the ability of military instructor pilots to perform a precision slow flight task. This is one of a small number of studies to quantify an effect of hypoxia on primary flight performance.
authors.affiliation: U.S. Army Aeromedical Research Laboratory, Fort Rucker, AL 36362-0577, USA. Leonard.temme@us.army.mil
authors.forename: Leonard A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Temme
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Still
authors.forename: Michael T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Acromite
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000337:Aerospace Medicine; D006801:Humans; D000860:Hypoxia; D008887:Military Medicine; D008889:Military Personnel; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis