title: Effects of camber on the ergonomics of propulsion in wheelchair athletes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  to examine the effects of rear-wheel camber on the physiological and biomechanical responses during manual wheelchair propulsion in highly trained wheelchair athletes.
  
  
  METHODS
  participants (N = 14) pushed on a motorized treadmill (2.2 m·s, 0.7% gradient) in four standardized camber conditions (15°, 18°, 20°, and 24°). Standardization was achieved by controlling seat height, the distance between top dead center of the main wheels and "toe-in toe-out" across all camber settings. Power output (PO) and cardiorespiratory measures were collected for each camber setting. Three-dimensional upper body joint kinematics were also analyzed via two high-speed video cameras (100 Hz). One-way ANOVA with repeated measures was applied to all data with statistical significance accepted when P < 0.05.
  
  
  RESULTS
  a significantly higher PO was observed for 24° camber (24.3 W) in relation to 15° (20.3 W) and 18° (21.3 W), and also for 20° (23.3 W) in relation to 15°. This resulted in an improvement in mechanical efficiency (ME) for both 24° (6.8%) and 20° (6.7%) compared with 15° (5.9%). However, significantly higher oxygen uptake (reduced economy) and HR responses were observed for 24° (1.04 L·min; 105 bpm) compared with 15° (0.98 L·min; 102 bpm) and 18° (0.97 L·min; 102 bpm). Also, significantly greater ranges of motion were established for shoulder flexion and elbow extension during the push phase for 24° and were likely to have contributed toward the increased oxygen cost in this setting.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  this study revealed that 20° and 24° camber improved the ME of wheelchair propulsion in highly trained wheelchair athletes, yet these increased external power requirements and reduced the economy.
authors.affiliation: School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, England, UNITED KINGDOM. b.mason@lboro.ac.uk
authors.forename: Barry
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mason
authors.forename: Lucas
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: VAN DER Woude
authors.forename: Sonja
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: DE Groot
authors.forename: Victoria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Goosey-Tolfrey
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D056352:Athletes; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000502:physiology; D004550:Elbow / Q000502:physiology; D004867:Equipment Design; D006804:Ergonomics; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology; D012782:Shoulder / Q000502:physiology; D014910:Wheelchairs; D055815:Young Adult