title: Effective and safe anesthesia for Yorkshire and Yucatan swine with and without cardiovascular injury and intervention.
abstract: The goal of this study was to identify an injectable anesthetic protocol that provides sedation sufficient for peripheral vascular catheterization, intubation, and transport while minimizing cardiovascular changes in Yorkshire and Yucatan pigs with and without cardiovascular injury and intervention (CI). Phase 1 examined the safety and efficacy of acepromazine-ketamine, diazepam-ketamine, midazolam-ketamine, and medetomidine-ketamine in 5 healthy Yorkshire pigs. For each drug combination, we obtained multiple measurements of heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, temperature, sedation score, ability to catheterize and intubate, and recovery score. Phase 2 evaluated and refined the dose of the most effective Phase 1 anesthetic combination (midazolam-ketamine) in healthy and CI Yorkshire pigs (n = 53 trials). Phase 3 mirrored Phase 2 but tested midazolam-ketamine in healthy and CI Yucatan pigs (n = 34 trials). Midazolam (0.5 mg/kg)-ketamine (25 to 27 mg/kg) was the most effective anesthetic combination in healthy Yorkshire pigs, but this dose was less effective in healthy Yucatan pigs and CI Yorkshire and Yucatan pigs. Midazolam-ketamine resulted in tachycardia and apnea more frequently in CI pigs than healthy pigs. This combination also caused vomiting in one CI Yucatan pig. Overall, midazolam-ketamine provided safe and effective sedation for catheterization and intubation of both healthy and CI pigs. This study suggests Yucatan pigs may require a higher dose midazolam-ketamine to achieve the same level of sedation as that in Yorkshire pigs. Although anesthetic complication rates were higher in CI pigs, our results indicate that midazolam-ketamine can be safely used for sedation of both pig breeds with and without CI.
authors.affiliation: Division of Veterinary Resources, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. linkenhj@od.nih.gov
authors.forename: Jan R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Linkenhoker
authors.forename: Tanya H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Burkholder
authors.forename: Cg Garry
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Linton
authors.forename: April
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Walden
authors.forename: Kim A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Abusakran-Monday
authors.forename: Ana P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Rosero
authors.forename: Charmaine J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Foltz
mesh_terms: D000075:Acepromazine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D000758:Anesthesia / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D019162:Anesthetics, Combined / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D001831:Body Temperature / Q000187:drug effects; D003975:Diazepam / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D006335:Heart Injuries / Q000601:surgery / Q000662:veterinary*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D007649:Ketamine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D020926:Medetomidine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D008874:Midazolam / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D010865:Pilot Projects; D056152:Respiratory Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D034421:Sus scrofa / Q000601:surgery*; D013553:Swine Diseases / Q000601:surgery*
chemical_list: D019162:Anesthetics, Combined; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D000075:Acepromazine; D007649:Ketamine; D020926:Medetomidine; D003975:Diazepam; D008874:Midazolam