title: Indirect role of beta2-adrenergic receptors in the mechanism of analgesic action of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Adrenal gland hormones have been shown to have a role in the antiinflammatory effect mechanism of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. This study investigates whether the analgesic effects of indomethacin, diclofenac sodium, aspirin, and nimesulide (IDAN; upper case letters of the four drugs we used) are also related to adrenal gland hormones.
  
  
  METHODS
  The analgesic effects of IDAN were studied in the carrageenan-induced inflammatory pain model using both intact and adrenalectomized rats. Paw withdrawal tests were performed in adrenalectomized rats that had been pretreated with phenoxybenzamine, propranolol, and metoprolol.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was performed in Pharmacology and Biochemistry Laboratories of Faculty of Medicine.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 306 (114 intact and 192 adrenalectomized) male Albino Wistar rats were used.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adrernalectomy, drug administrations, pain model induction and pain threshold measurements were performed during the study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although the analgesic effects of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs were lost in adrenalectomized rats, they exerted significant analgesia in adrenalectomized rats that had been pretreated with prednisolone and adrenalin. All these drugs were found to decrease serum adrenalin concentration but did not change serum cortisole (corticosterone in rats) concentration. Prednisolone and adrenalin inhibited carrageenan-induced hyperalgesia in adrenalectomized rat groups pretreated with metoprolol or phenoxybenzamine, but not in rats given propranolol. Propranolol also negated the analgesic effects of IDAN in intact rats. The analgesic effects provided by either prednisolone or adrenalin could not be inhibited by the alpha1, alpha2, or beta1 blockers but disappeared when beta2 receptors were blocked.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The analgesic effects of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs appear to be related to endogenous adrenalin and cortisole. We have demonstrated that adrenalin and prednisolone play important roles in the analgesic effect mechanism of IDAN. Prednisolone and adrenalin produce analgesic effects through beta2-adrenergic receptors, suggesting an indirect role for beta2-adrenergic receptors in the analgesic effect mechanism of the nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs mentioned.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey.
authors.forename: Elif
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cadirci
authors.forename: Halis
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Suleyman
authors.forename: Ahmet
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hacimuftuoglu
authors.forename: Zekai
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Halici
authors.forename: Fatih
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Akcay
mesh_terms: D000315:Adrenalectomy; D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000700:Analgesics / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008790:Metoprolol / Q000008:administration & dosage; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy; D010643:Phenoxybenzamine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D011433:Propranolol / Q000008:administration & dosage; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D018343:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists; D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D000700:Analgesics; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D018343:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2; D010643:Phenoxybenzamine; D011433:Propranolol; D008790:Metoprolol