title: Development of respirable nanomicelle carriers for delivery of amphotericin B by jet nebulization.
abstract: The aim of the present work was to prepare and characterize chitosan-stearic acid conjugate nanomicelles for encapsulation of amphotericin B (AmB) and to evaluate the in vitro nebulization of the formulations. Water soluble chitosan was grafted to stearic acid (SA) chains via 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide mediated coupling reaction. The chemical structure of depolymerized chitosan (DC)-SA copolymers and degree of amino substitution was determined by (1)H NMR. AmB was loaded in nanomicelles with a maximal encapsulation efficiency of 97%. The physicochemical properties and formation of polymeric micelles were studied by dynamic light scattering and fluorescence spectroscopy method. Nanomicelles possessed positive charges with mean particle sizes of 101-248  nm. AmB-loaded micelles were also characterized for their antifungal activity, aggregation state of the drug, nebulization efficiency and retention of AmB in the micelles after nebulization. The results indicated that encapsulation of AmB in DC-SA micelles could improve the antifungal activity of the drug in some of the cases. The nebulization efficiency was up to 56% and the fine particle fraction (FPF) varied from 40% to 52%. Since there was only a little change in encapsulation of the drug in micelles after nebulization, DC-SA micellar formulations can be a suitable choice for pulmonary delivery of AmB.
authors.affiliation: Aerosol Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. gilani@sina.tums.ac.ir
authors.forename: Kambiz
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gilani
authors.forename: Esmaeil
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Moazeni
authors.forename: Tannaz
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ramezanli
authors.forename: Mohsen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Amini
authors.forename: Mohammad Reza
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Fazeli
authors.forename: Hossein
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jamalifar
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000666:Amphotericin B / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D048271:Chitosan / Q000737:chemistry; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents / Q000737:chemistry; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004339:Drug Compounding; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods; D008823:Micelles; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D003904:Mitosporic Fungi / Q000187:drug effects; D049329:Nanostructures / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D009330:Nebulizers and Vaporizers; D010316:Particle Size; D012995:Solubility; D013229:Stearic Acids / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents; D004337:Drug Carriers; D008823:Micelles; D013229:Stearic Acids; C031183:stearic acid; D000666:Amphotericin B; D048271:Chitosan