title: Temporal heating profile influence on the immediate bond strength following laser tissue soldering.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bonding of tissues by laser heating is considered as a future alternative to sutures and staples. Increasing the post-operative bond strength remains a challenging issue for laser tissue bonding, especially in organs that have to sustain considerable tension or pressure. In this study, we investigated the influence of different temporal heating profiles on the strength of soldered incisions. The thermal damage following each heating procedure was quantified, in order to assess the effect of each heating profile on the thermal damage.
  
  
  METHODS
  Incisions in porcine bowel tissue strips (1 cmx4 cm) were soldered, using a 44% liquid albumin mixed with indocyanine green and a temperature controlled laser (830 nm) tissue bonding system. Heating was done either with a linear or a step temporal heating profile. The incisions were bonded by soldering at three points, separated by 2 mm. Set-point temperatures of T(set) = 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 150 degrees C and dwell times of t(d) = 10, 20, 30, 40 seconds were investigated. The bond strength was measured immediately following each soldering by applying a gradually increased tension on the tissue edges until the bond break.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bonds formed by linear heating were stronger than the ones formed by step heating: at T(set) = 80 degrees C the bonds were 40% stronger and at T(set) = 90 degrees C the bonds strength was nearly doubled. The bond strength difference between the heating methods was larger as T(set) increased.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Linear heating produced stronger bonds than step heating. The difference in the bond strength was more pronounced at high set-point temperatures and short dwell times. The bond strength could be increased with either higher set-point temperature or a longer dwell time.
authors.affiliation: School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel. rabiy@post.tau.ac.il
authors.forename: Yaron
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Rabi
authors.forename: Abraham
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Katzir
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006358:Hot Temperature; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D053685:Laser Therapy / Q000379:methods; D013536:Suture Techniques; D013552:Swine; D013997:Time Factors