title: Differentially altered Ca2+ regulation and Ca2+ permeability in Cx26 hemichannels formed by the A40V and G45E mutations that cause keratitis ichthyosis deafness syndrome.
abstract: Mutations in GJB2, which encodes Cx26, are one of the most common causes of inherited deafness in humans. More than 100 mutations have been identified scattered throughout the Cx26 protein, most of which cause nonsyndromic sensorineural deafness. In a subset of mutations, deafness is accompanied by hyperkeratotic skin disorders, which are typically severe and sometimes fatal. Many of these syndromic deafness mutations localize to the amino-terminal and first extracellular loop (E1) domains. Here, we examined two such mutations, A40V and G45E, which are positioned near the TM1/E1 boundary and are associated with keratitis ichthyosis deafness (KID) syndrome. Both of these mutants have been reported to form hemichannels that open aberrantly, leading to "leaky" cell membranes. Here, we quantified the Ca(2+) sensitivities and examined the biophysical properties of these mutants at macroscopic and single-channel levels. We find that A40V hemichannels show significantly impaired regulation by extracellular Ca(2+), increasing the likelihood of aberrant hemichannel opening as previously suggested. However, G45E hemichannels show only modest impairment in regulation by Ca(2+) and instead exhibit a substantial increase in permeability to Ca(2+). Using cysteine substitution and examination of accessibility to thiol-modifying reagents, we demonstrate that G45, but not A40, is a pore-lining residue. Both mutants function as cell-cell channels. The data suggest that G45E and A40V are hemichannel gain-of-function mutants that produce similar phenotypes, but by different underlying mechanisms. A40V produces leaky hemichannels, whereas G45E provides a route for excessive entry of Ca(2+). These aberrant properties, alone or in combination, can severely compromise cell integrity and lead to increased cell death.
authors.affiliation: Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
authors.forename: Helmuth A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Sánchez
authors.forename: Gülistan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mese
authors.forename: Miduturu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Srinivas
authors.forename: Thomas W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: Vytas K
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Verselis
mesh_terms: D019943:Amino Acid Substitution / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D001464:Barium / Q000494:pharmacology; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002614:Chelating Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D018118:Chloride Channels / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D000072259:Connexin 26; D017630:Connexins / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D003545:Cysteine / Q000235:genetics; D003638:Deafness / Q000235:genetics*; D055724:Electrophysiological Phenomena / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D005029:Ethylenediamines / Q000494:pharmacology; D017629:Gap Junctions / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D015640:Ion Channel Gating / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D007634:Keratitis / Q000235:genetics*; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000502:physiology; D008698:Mesylates / Q000494:pharmacology; D051379:Mice; D020125:Mutation, Missense / Q000502:physiology*; D009865:Oocytes; D010539:Permeability; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D013302:Streptomyces / Q000235:genetics; D013439:Sulfhydryl Reagents / Q000494:pharmacology; D013577:Syndrome; D014162:Transfection; D014982:Xenopus laevis
chemical_list: D002614:Chelating Agents; D018118:Chloride Channels; D017630:Connexins; D005029:Ethylenediamines; C000607045:GJB2 protein, Xenopus; C000607042:GJB2 protein, human; C000607043:Gjb2 protein, mouse; D008698:Mesylates; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D013439:Sulfhydryl Reagents; D000072259:Connexin 26; C109153:(2-sulfonatoethyl)methanethiosulfonate; C109154:(2-(trimethylammonium)ethyl)methanethiosulfonate; D001464:Barium; D003545:Cysteine; C044387:N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine; D002118:Calcium