title: Nanomorphology of bulk heterojunction photovoltaic thin films probed with resonant soft X-ray scattering.
abstract: The bulk nanomorphology of organic bulk heterojunction devices, particularly of all-polymer devices, is difficult to characterize due to limited electron density contrast between constituent materials. Resonant soft X-ray scattering can overcome this problem and is used to show that the morphologies in chloroform cast and subsequently annealed polyfluorene copolymer poly(9,9'-dioctylfluorene-co-bis(N,N'-(4,butylphenyl))bis(N,N'-phenyl-1,4-phenylene)diamine) (PFB) and poly(9,9'-dioctylfluorene-co-benzothiadiazole) (F8BT) blends exhibit a hierarchy of length scales with impure domains in as-cast films. With annealing, these domains first become purer at the smallest length scale and only then evolve in size with annealing. Even optimized cells using present fabrication methods are found to have a dominant domain size much larger than the exciton diffusion length. The observed morphology is far from ideal for efficient solar cell operation and very different from those achieved in high-efficiency fullerene-based devices. This strongly implies that lack of morphological control contributes to the relatively poor performance of the all-polymer PFB/F8BT devices and may be problematic for all-polymer devices in general. Novel processing strategies will have to be employed to harness the full potential these high open circuit voltage devices offer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA.
authors.forename: Sufal
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Swaraj
authors.forename: Cheng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Hongping
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Watts
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lüning
authors.forename: Christopher R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: McNeill
authors.forename: Harald
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ade