title: Portal hypertensive enteropathy before and after variceal obliteration: an endoscopic, histopathologic and immunohistochemical study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study portal hypertensive enteropathy (PHE) before and after the obliteration of esophageal varices.
  
  
  METHODS
  30 patients with portal hypertension and esophageal varices were included. Band ligation was performed for every patient until the obliteration of esophageal varices. Enteroscopy and biopsies from gastric, duodenal and jejunal mucosa were taken at the beginning of the study and after variceal obliteration. Morphometric measurement of mean vascular areas and estimation of tissue vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were also completed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The number of patients with enteropathy increased from 6.6% before obliteration to 46.7% after variceal obliteration (p< 0.001). Angiogenesis, vascular ectasia and blood extravasation were the main histopathological findings and all increased significantly after variceal obliteration. The mean vascular area of ectatic vessels in the gastric, duodenal and jejunal biopsies also increased after variceal obliteration. The mean VEGF in the gastric, duodenal and jejunal biopsies increased after variceal obliteration. The mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and hemoglobin (Hb) concentration were significantly lower after variceal obliteration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  the portal hypertensive enteropathic changes increased in frequency and severity after esophageal variceal obliteration with a probability of causing anemia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Theodore Bilharz Institute, Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: Hisham R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: El-Khayat
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: El Khattib
authors.forename: Mona
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nosseir
authors.forename: Mohamed Aboul
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Ezz
authors.forename: Hussein
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: El-Amin
authors.forename: Yasser M
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Fouad
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000740:Anemia / Q000209:etiology; D001706:Biopsy; D004386:Duodenum / Q000473:pathology; D004534:Egypt; D016099:Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal; D004932:Esophageal and Gastric Varices / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000473:pathology; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000098:blood supply / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D006975:Hypertension, Portal / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000473:pathology; D007583:Jejunum / Q000473:pathology; D008026:Ligation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: C467484:VEGFA protein, human; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A