Dietary potassium intake and mortality in long-term hemodialysis patients.
BACKGROUND
Hyperkalemia has been associated with higher mortality in long-term hemodialysis (HD) patients. There are few data concerning the relationship between dietary potassium intake and outcome.


METHODS
The mortality predictability of dietary potassium intake from reported food items estimated using the Block Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) at the start of the cohort was examined in a 5-year (2001-2006) cohort of 224 HD patients in Southern California using Cox proportional hazards regression.


METHODS
224 long-term HD patients from 8 DaVita dialysis clinics.


METHODS
Dietary potassium intake ranking using the Block FFQ.


RESULTS
5-year survival.


RESULTS
HD patients with higher potassium intake had greater dietary energy, protein, and phosphorus intakes and higher predialysis serum potassium and phosphorus levels. Greater dietary potassium intake was associated with significantly increased death HRs in unadjusted models and after incremental adjustments for case-mix, nutritional factors (including 3-month averaged predialysis serum creatinine, potassium, and phosphorus levels; body mass index; normalized protein nitrogen appearance; and energy, protein, and phosphorus intake) and inflammatory marker levels. HRs for death across the 3 higher quartiles of dietary potassium intake in the fully adjusted model (compared with the lowest quartile) were 1.4 (95% CI, 0.6-3.0), 2.2 (95% CI, 0.9-5.4), and 2.4 (95% CI, 1.1-7.5), respectively (P for trend = 0.03). Restricted cubic spline analyses confirmed the incremental mortality predictability of higher potassium intake.


CONCLUSIONS
FFQs may underestimate individual potassium intake and should be used to rank dietary intake across the population.


CONCLUSIONS
Higher dietary potassium intake is associated with increased death risk in long-term HD patients, even after adjustments for serum potassium level; dietary protein; energy, and phosphorus intake; and nutritional and inflammatory marker levels. The potential role of dietary potassium in the high mortality rate of HD patients warrants clinical trials.
Noori
Nazanin
N
Harold Simmons Center for Chronic Disease Research and Epidemiology, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA.
Kalantar-Zadeh
Kamyar
K
Kovesdy
Csaba P
CP
Murali
Sameer B
SB
Bross
Rachelle
R
Nissenson
Allen R
AR
Kopple
Joel D
JD
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D017419:Potassium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000401:mortality*; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors
D017419:Potassium, Dietary