title: T-tubule remodeling during transition from hypertrophy to heart failure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The transverse tubule (T-tubule) system is the ultrastructural substrate for excitation-contraction coupling in ventricular myocytes; T-tubule disorganization and loss are linked to decreased contractility in end stage heart failure (HF).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We sought to examine (1) whether pathological T-tubule remodeling occurs early in compensated hypertrophy and, if so, how it evolves during the transition from hypertrophy to HF; and (2) the role of junctophilin-2 in T-tubule remodeling.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We investigated T-tubule remodeling in relation to ventricular function during HF progression using state-of-the-art confocal imaging of T-tubules in intact hearts, using a thoracic aortic banding rat HF model. We developed a quantitative T-tubule power (TT(power)) index to represent the integrity of T-tubule structure. We found that discrete local loss and global reorganization of the T-tubule system (leftward shift of TT(power) histogram) started early in compensated hypertrophy in left ventricular (LV) myocytes, before LV dysfunction, as detected by echocardiography. With progression from compensated hypertrophy to early and late HF, T-tubule remodeling spread from the LV to the right ventricle, and TT(power) histograms of both ventricles gradually shifted leftward. The mean LV TT(power) showed a strong correlation with ejection fraction and heart weight to body weight ratio. Over the progression to HF, we observed a gradual reduction in the expression of a junctophilin protein (JP-2) implicated in the formation of T-tubule/sarcoplasmic reticulum junctions. Furthermore, we found that JP-2 knockdown by gene silencing reduced T-tubule structure integrity in cultured adult ventricular myocytes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  T-tubule remodeling in response to thoracic aortic banding stress begins before echocardiographically detectable LV dysfunction and progresses over the development of overt structural heart disease. LV T-tubule remodeling is closely associated with the severity of cardiac hypertrophy and predicts LV function. Thus, T-tubule remodeling may constitute a key mechanism underlying the transition from compensated hypertrophy to HF.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Sheng
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.forename: Ang
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Biyi
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kutschke
authors.forename: Yu-Ping
authors.initials: YP
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: Kathy
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zimmerman
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Weiss
authors.forename: Mark E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Heping
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Long-Sheng
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Song
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001013:Aorta, Thoracic / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D018450:Disease Progression; D056966:Excitation Contraction Coupling / Q000502:physiology; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D017379:Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D008870:Microtubules / Q000473:pathology* / Q000502:physiology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D020257:Ventricular Remodeling / Q000502:physiology*