The patient position for PNL: does it matter?
Currently, PNL is the treatment of choice for large and/or otherwise complex urolithiasis. PNL was initially performed with the patient in a supine-oblique position, but later on the prone position became the conventional one for habit and handiness. The prone position provides a larger area for percutaneous renal access, a wider space for instrument manipulation, and a claimed lower risk of splanchnic injury. Nonetheless, it implies important anaesthesiological risks, including circulatory, haemodynamic, and ventilatory difficulties; need of several nurses to be present for intraoperative changes of the decubitus in case of simultaneous retrograde instrumentation of the ureter, implying evident risks related to pressure points; an increased radiological hazard to the urologist's hands; patient discomfort. To overcome these drawbacks, various safe and effective changes in patient positioning for PNL have been proposed over the years, including the reverse lithotomy position, the prone split-leg position, the lateral decubitus, the supine position, and the Galdakao-modified supine Valdivia (GMSV) position. Among these, the GMSV position is safe and effective, and seems profitable and ergonomic. It allows optimal cardiopulmonary control during general anaesthesia; an easy puncture of the kidney; a reduced risk of colonic injury; simultaneous antero-retrograde approach to the renal cavities (PNL and retrograde ureteroscopy = ECIRS, Endoscopic Combined IntraRenal Surgery), with no need of intraoperative repositioning of the anaesthetized patient, less need for nurses in the operating room, less occupational risk due to shifting of heavy loads, less risk of pressure injuries related to inaccurate repositioning, and reduced duration of the procedure; facilitated spontaneous evacuation of stone fragments; a comfortable sitting position and a restrained X-ray exposure of the hands for the urologist. But, first of all, GMSV position fully supports a new comprehensive attitude of the urologist towards a variety of upper urinary tract pathologies, facing them with a rich armamentarium of rigid and flexible endoscopes and a versatile antero-retrograde approach. Prone position may still be useful in case of important vertebral malformations, specifically hindering the supine position, or for simultaneous bilateral PNL, without having to move the patient intraoperatively, so is still present in the complementary techniques of a skilled endourologist.
Cracco
Cecilia Maria
CM
Department of Urology, San Luigi University Hospital, Orbassano, Torino, Italy.
Scoffone
Cesare Marco
CM
Poggio
Massimiliano
M
Scarpa
Roberto Mario
RM
D006801:Humans; D009403:Nephrostomy, Percutaneous / Q000379:methods*; D056888:Patient Positioning / Q000379:methods*