title: Neurodevelopment of extremely preterm infants who had necrotizing enterocolitis with or without late bacteremia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate neurodevelopment after necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) and late bacteremia, alone and together.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sample included 1155 infants born at 23 to 27 weeks' gestation. NEC was classified by the modified Bell's staging criteria and grouped as medical NEC or surgical NEC. Late bacteremia was defined as a positive blood culture result after the first postnatal week. Neurodevelopment was assessed at 24 months corrected age. Multivariable models estimated the risk of developmental dysfunction and microcephaly associated with medical or surgical NEC with and without late bacteremia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Children who had surgical NEC unaccompanied by late bacteremia were at increased risk of psychomotor developmental indexes <70 (OR = 2.7 [1.2, 6.4]), and children who had both surgical NEC and late bacteremia were at increased risk of diparetic cerebral palsy (OR = 8.4 [1.9, 39]) and microcephaly (OR = 9.3 [2.2, 40]). In contrast, children who had medical NEC with or without late bacteremia were not at increased risk of any developmental dysfunction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The risk of neurodevelopmental dysfunction and microcephaly is increased in children who had surgical NEC, especially if they also had late bacteremia. These observations support the hypothesis that bowel injury might initiate systemic inflammation potentially affecting the developing brain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neonatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Camilia R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Olaf
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Dammann
authors.forename: Elizabeth N
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Allred
authors.forename: Sonal
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: T Michael
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: O'Shea
authors.forename: Karl C K
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Kuban
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Leviton
mesh_terms: D016470:Bacteremia / Q000150:complications*; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D020345:Enterocolitis, Necrotizing / Q000150:complications*; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007235:Infant, Premature, Diseases; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors