title: Retropharyngeal and parapharyngeal abscess in children--epidemiology, clinical features and treatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the clinical presentation, diagnosis, management and complications of children with retropharyngeal abscesses (RPAs) and parapharyngeal abscesses (PPAs).
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective chart review was conducted at two tertiary care, pediatric hospitals in Israel. The medical records of all children <18 years who had been admitted with a diagnosis of RPA or PPA during an 11-year period (January 1997 to February 2008) were reviewed. Data on demographics, presenting symptoms, physical examination findings, imaging studies and interpretation, laboratory results, hospital course, medical treatment and surgical interventions were retrieved.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 39 children were diagnosed as having RPA (n=26, 67%) or PPA (n=13, 33%). There was a predominance of boys (61.5%). The mean age of all the children at diagnosis was 4 years. The annual incidence increased over the 11-year period. The most common symptoms at presentation included fever (n=27, 70%) and neck pain (n=24, 62%). The physical examination revealed cervical lymphadenopathy in 30 children (77%), limitation of neck movements in 25 (64%), torticollis in 21 (54%), drooling in three (8%), and stridor in two (5%). Computerized tomographic (CT) scanning with contrast was performed in 37 patients (95%), of whom 17 underwent surgical drainage. Thirteen children were positively diagnosed as having an abscess by the finding of pus at surgery, of whom 12 had been found to have an abscess on their CT scan. All the patients received intravenous antibiotics. There was no significant difference in the duration of hospital stay between those who underwent surgery and those who were treated with antibiotics alone. There were no treatment failures and no complications in either of the two groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Children with RPA most commonly present with restricted neck movements, fever and cervical lymphadenopathy, and rarely with respiratory distress or stridor. Many patients with RPA and PPA can be treated successfully without surgery. CT scans are helpful in diagnosing and assessing the extent of the infection, but they are not always accurate.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Infectious Disease Unit, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel. galiag@post.tau.ac.il
authors.forename: Galia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Grisaru-Soen
authors.forename: Orna
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Komisar
authors.forename: Orna
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Aizenstein
authors.forename: Michalle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Soudack
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: Gideon
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Paret
mesh_terms: D000038:Abscess / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D010608:Pharyngeal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D017703:Retropharyngeal Abscess / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy