title: Openers of small conductance calcium-activated potassium channels selectively enhance NO-mediated bradykinin vasodilatation in porcine retinal arterioles.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Small (SK(Ca) or K(Ca)2) and intermediate (IK(Ca) or K(Ca)3.1) conductance calcium-activated potassium channels are involved in regulation of vascular tone and blood pressure. The present study investigated whether NS309 (6,7-dichloro-1H-indole-2,3-dione 3-oxime) and CyPPA (cyclohexyl-[2-(3,5-dimethyl-pyrazol-1-yl)-6-methyl-pyrimidin-4-yl]-amine), which are selective openers of SK(Ca) and IK(Ca) channels and of SK(Ca)2 and SK(Ca)3 channels, respectively, enhance endothelium-dependent vasodilatation in porcine retinal arterioles.
  
  
  METHODS
  In porcine retinal arterioles, SK(Ca)3 and IK(Ca) protein localization was examined by immunolabelling. Endothelial cell calcium was measured by fluorescence imaging. For functional studies, arterioles with internal diameters of 116 +/- 2 microm (n = 276) were mounted in microvascular myographs for isometric tension recordings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SK(Ca)3 and IK(Ca) protein was localized in the endothelium. Bradykinin, but not NS309 or CyPPA increased endothelial cell calcium. Pre-incubation with NS309 or CyPPA enhanced bradykinin relaxation without changing endothelial cell calcium. This enhanced relaxation was abolished by blocking SK(Ca) channels with apamin. In the presence of NS309 or CyPPA, mainly inhibition of NO synthase with asymmetric dimethylarginine, but also inhibition of cyclooxygenase with indomethacin, reduced bradykinin relaxation. Bradykinin relaxation was completely abolished by NO synthase and cyclooxygenase inhibition together with a NO scavenger, oxyhaemoglobin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In porcine retinal arterioles, bradykinin increases endothelial cell calcium leading to activation of SK(Ca) and IK(Ca) channels. Without altering endothelial cell calcium, NS309 and CyPPA open SK(Ca) channels that enhance NO-mediated bradykinin relaxations. These results imply that opening SK(Ca) channels improves endothelium-dependent relaxation and makes this channel a potential target for treatments aimed at restoring retinal blood flow.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark. thomas.dalsgaard@farm.au.dk
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dalsgaard
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kroigaard
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Misfeldt
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bek
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Simonsen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001030:Apamin / Q000494:pharmacology; D001160:Arterioles / Q000378:metabolism; D001920:Bradykinin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D007211:Indoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051660:Intermediate-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000378:metabolism; D010091:Oximes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011743:Pyrimidines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012161:Retinal Artery / Q000378:metabolism; D051640:Small-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D013552:Swine; D014664:Vasodilation / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: C493327:6,7-dichloro-1H-indole-2,3-dione 3-oxime; D007211:Indoles; D051660:Intermediate-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels; D010091:Oximes; D011720:Pyrazoles; D011743:Pyrimidines; D051640:Small-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels; C552889:cyclohexyl-(2-(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)-6-methylpyrimidin-4-yl)amine; D001030:Apamin; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D001920:Bradykinin; D002118:Calcium