title: Validation of the Greek translation of the Dundee Ready Education Environment Measure (DREEM).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The educational environment makes an important contribution to student learning. The DREEM questionnaire is a validated tool assessing the environment.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To translate and validate the DREEM into Greek.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forward translations from English were produced by three independent Greek translators and then back translations by five independent bilingual translators. The Greek DREEM.v0 that was produced was administered to 831 undergraduate students from six Greek medical schools. Cronbach's alpha and test-retest correlation were used to evaluate reliability and factor analysis was used to assess validity. Questions that increased alpha if deleted and/or sorted unexpectedly in factor analysis were further checked through two focus groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Questionnaires were returned by 487 respondents (59%), who were representative of all surveyed students by gender but not by year of study or medical school. The instrument's overall alpha was 0.90, and for the learning, teachers, academic, atmosphere and social subscales the alphas were 0.79 (expected 0.69), 0.78 (0.67), 0.69 (0.60), 0.68 (0.69), 0.48 (0.57), respectively. In a subset of the whole sample, test and retest alphas were both 0.90, and mean item scores highly correlated (p<0.001). Factor analysis produced meaningful subscales but not always matching the original ones. Focus group evaluation revealed possible misunderstanding for questions 17, 25, 29 and 38, which were revised in the DREEM.Gr.v1. The group mean overall scale score was 107.7 (SD 20.2), with significant differences across medical schools (p<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Alphas and test-retest correlation suggest the Greek translated and validated DREEM scale is a reliable tool for assessing the medical education environment and for informing policy. Factor analysis and focus group input suggest it is a valid tool. Reasonable school differences suggest the instrument's sensitivity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hygiene & Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Greece. idimoliatis@gmail.com
authors.forename: I D K
authors.initials: ID
authors.lastname: Dimoliatis
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vasilaki
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Anastassopoulos
authors.forename: J P A
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Ioannidis
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Roff
mesh_terms: D003142:Communication; D003625:Data Collection; D004504:Education, Medical, Undergraduate; D004521:Educational Measurement; D004522:Educational Status; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D006115:Greece; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D008297:Male; D010865:Pilot Projects; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012577:Schools, Medical; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires