title: First aid for failing flaps.
abstract: Wound coverage with pedicled (local, regional, or distant) or free flaps is commonplace throughout plastic surgery. However, irrespective of the method of tissue transfer or type of tissue being transferred, inflow and outflow remain key parameters for success. Much has been written detailing complex tissue transfers and delineating arterial and venous anatomy. Despite this, simple venous insufficiency causing venous congestion is common. In experimental models, when arterial inflow is impaired, even mild venous inadequacy affects flap survival. Furthermore, studies have shown that venous congestion is more detrimental to the rate and percentage of flap area surviving than arterial ischemia. Obviously, complete venous occlusion typically requires operative exploration and correction, but many instances occur when venous congestion occurs for reasons other than complete venous thrombosis. Here we detail the basic postoperative "first aid" techniques available to optimize venous drainage. Although these techniques are not a substitute for sound anatomic flap selection, good surgical technique, or re-operation when a significant underlying problem exists, they do offer additional options to improve flap outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Simon G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Talbot
authors.forename: Julian J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Pribaz
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D005392:First Aid / Q000379:methods*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D058752:Free Tissue Flaps / Q000098:blood supply; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006493:Heparin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D006940:Hyperemia / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D024763:Leeching; D008297:Male; D008866:Microsurgery / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D011182:Postoperative Care / Q000379:methods; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D012086:Reoperation / Q000379:methods; D013524:Surgical Flaps / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000098:blood supply*; D020858:Tissue and Organ Harvesting; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D006493:Heparin