title: The efficacy of omega-3 supplementation for major depression: a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To document the short-term efficacy of omega-3 supplementation in reducing depressive symptoms in patients experiencing a major depressive episode (MDE).
  
  
  METHODS
  Inclusive, double-blind, randomized, controlled, 8-week, parallel-group trial, conducted October 17, 2005 through January 30, 2009 in 8 Canadian academic and psychiatric clinics. Adult outpatients (N = 432) with MDE (Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview, version 5.0.0, criteria) lasting at least 4 weeks, including 40.3% taking antidepressants at baseline, were randomly assigned to 8 weeks of 1,050 mg/d of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and 150 mg/d of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) or matched sunflower oil placebo (2% fish oil). The primary outcome was the self-report Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (IDS-SR(30)); the secondary outcome was the clinician-rated Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The adjusted mean difference between treatment and placebo was 1.32 points (95% CI, -0.20 to 2.84; P = .088) on the IDS-SR(30) and 0.97 points (95% CI, -0.012 to 1.95; P = .053) on the MADRS. Planned subgroup analyses revealed a significant interaction of comorbid anxiety disorders and study group (P = .035). For patients without comorbid anxiety disorders (n = 204), omega-3 supplementation was superior to placebo, with an adjusted mean difference of 3.17 points on the IDS-SR(30) (95% CI, 0.89 to 5.45; P = .007) and 1.93 points (95% CI, 0.50 to 3.36; P = .008) on the MADRS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this heterogeneous sample of patients with MDE, there was only a trend toward superiority of omega-3 supplementation over placebo in reducing depressive symptoms. However, there was a clear benefit of omega-3 supplementation among patients with MDE without comorbid anxiety disorders.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  controlled-trials.com Identifier: ISRCTN47431149.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, 1560 Sherbrooke E, Montreal, Quebec H2L 4M1, Canada. francois.lesperance@umontreal.ca
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lespérance
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Frasure-Smith
authors.forename: Elise
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: St-André
authors.forename: Gustavo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Turecki
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lespérance
authors.forename: Stephen R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Wisniewski
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000523:psychology; D015897:Comorbidity; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D005395:Fish Oils / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000074242:Sunflower Oil
chemical_list: D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D005395:Fish Oils; D010938:Plant Oils; D000074242:Sunflower Oil; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid