title: Insights into the novel three 'D's of epilepsy treatment: drugs, delivery systems and devices.
abstract: Here, we review three 'D's--drugs, delivery systems and devices--that can selectively target not only brain regions but also abnormal cells in the epileptic nervous system. This review also offers insights into the novel molecular targets that enabled the development of new antiepileptic drugs with improved efficacy. Nanotechnology-based delivery systems and alert, diagnostic, surgical and brain stimulation devices designed for the control and management of epilepsy are also discussed. Although the application of the three 'D's continues to be valuable, this review also considers computer-aided software systems, with special emphasis on seizure detection and management. Finally, challenges that still loiter in the field and future prospects that, once accomplished, could lead to cures for epilepsy are addressed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, New Delhi 110062, India. shadab.ahmad1@gmail.com
authors.forename: Shadab A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Pathan
authors.forename: Gaurav K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Jain
authors.forename: Sohail
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Akhter
authors.forename: Divya
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vohora
authors.forename: Farhan J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Ahmad
authors.forename: Roop K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Khar
mesh_terms: D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D046690:Deep Brain Stimulation / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D019719:Diagnostic Equipment / Q000639:trends*; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods*; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008959:Models, Neurological; D012984:Software
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants