title: Optimal dose of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin II receptor blocker for renoprotection.
abstract: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) and angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers (ARB) have become the cornerstone in the treatment of chronic kidney disease (CKD), as numerous lines of evidence have shown that these agents have a blood pressure lowing independent anti-proteinuric effect. However, despite the benefits of ACEI or ARB therapy, a substantial proportion of patients still experience renal morbidity and mortality. Considering the prognostic impact of proteinuria reduction, it is currently assumed that titration of ACEI or ARB for optimal anti-proteinuric effect would be a logical step towards improvement of renoprotection. Recent published studies, performed with higher than recommended doses of either ACEI or particularly ARB, suggest that the approach is associated with a further decrement in urinary protein excretion and probably improved renal outcome. Although most patients achieve their maximum benefit at standard doses, there is a residual group of patients who may do so at higher doses of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors. Because patients who would benefit from higher doses are not identifiable a priori, a titration process might be cogent in order to provide more robust anti-proteinuric benefit to such patients.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Key Laboratory for Organ Failure Research, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China. ffhou@public.guangzhou.gd.cn
authors.forename: Fan Fan
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Hou
authors.forename: Qiu Gen
authors.initials: QG
authors.lastname: Zhou
mesh_terms: D047228:Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D018450:Disease Progression; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000503:physiopathology; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D047228:Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors