title: Degradation of yew, ragwort and rhododendron toxins during composting.
abstract: Recent concerns have been raised that plants such as ragwort (Senecio jacobaea), yew (Taxus baccata) and rhododendron (Rhododendron ponticum) that are toxic to livestock may be included in compost windrows but may not be fully detoxified by the composting process. This study investigates the decomposition during composting of toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids present in ragwort, taxines (A and B) present in yew, and grayanotoxins (GTX I, II, and III) present in rhododendron during composting. Plant samples were contained within microporous bags either towards the edge or within the centre of a pilot-scale compost heap. They were destructively harvested at regular intervals over 1200 degrees C cumulative temperature (about three months). Samples were analysed for levels of toxins by liquid chromatography time of flight mass spectrometry (LC-TOF-MS). Pyrrolizidine alkaloids and taxines were shown to degrade completely during the composting process. While GTX I showed significant reductions, concentrations of GTX III remained unchanged after 1200 degrees C cumulative temperature. However, estimates of exposure to grazing livestock coming into contact with source-segregated green waste compost containing up to 7% rhododendron suggest that GTX III poses no appreciable risk.
authors.affiliation: The Macaulay Land Use Research Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen, AB15 8QH, UK. r.hough@macaulay.ac.uk
authors.forename: Rupert L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Hough
authors.forename: Colin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Crews
authors.forename: Duncan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: Malcolm
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Driffield
authors.forename: Colin D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: Charlotte
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Maltin
mesh_terms: D000470:Alkaloids / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D004224:Diterpenes / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D052918:Environmental Restoration and Remediation; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D011763:Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D029793:Rhododendron / Q000737:chemistry*; D012674:Senecio / Q000737:chemistry*; D043823:Taxoids / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D020946:Taxus / Q000737:chemistry*; D013696:Temperature; D014118:Toxins, Biological / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000470:Alkaloids; D004224:Diterpenes; D011763:Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids; D043823:Taxoids; D014118:Toxins, Biological; C047703:taxine; C020750:grayanotoxin II; C001311:grayanotoxin I; C020751:grayanotoxin III