title: Mechanical anchorage and peri-implant bone formation of surface-modified zirconia in minipigs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the hypothesis that peri-implant bone formation and mechanical stability of surface-modified zirconia and titanium implants are equivalent.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve minipigs received three types of implants on either side of the mandible 8 weeks after removal of all pre-molar teeth: (i) a zirconia implant with a sandblasted surface; (ii) a zirconia implants with a sandblasted and etched surface; and (iii) a titanium implant with a sandblasted and acid-etched surface that served as a control. Removal torque and peri-implant bone regeneration were evaluated in six animals each after 4 and 13 weeks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The titanium surface was significantly rougher than both tested zirconia surfaces. Mean bone to implant contact (BIC) did not differ significantly between the three implant types after 4 weeks but was significantly higher for titanium compared with both zirconia implants after 13 weeks (p<0.05). Bone volume density (BVD) did not differ significantly at any interval. Removal torque was significantly higher for titanium compared with both zirconia surfaces after 4 and 13 weeks (p<0.001). The sandblasted and etched zirconia surface showed a significantly higher removal torque after 4 weeks compared with sandblasted zirconia (p<0.05); this difference levelled out after 13 weeks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is concluded that all implants achieved osseointegration with similar degrees of BIC and BVD; however, titanium implants showed a higher resistance to removal torque, probably due to higher surface roughness.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, George-Augusta-University, Göttingen, Germany. schliephake.henning@med.unigoettingen.de
authors.forename: Henning
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schliephake
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hefti
authors.forename: Falko
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Schlottig
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gédet
authors.forename: Henning
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Staedt
mesh_terms: D000134:Acid Etching, Dental / Q000379:methods; D000818:Animals; D015519:Bone Density / Q000502:physiology; D001861:Bone Regeneration / Q000502:physiology; D002516:Ceramics / Q000737:chemistry; D045662:Dental Etching / Q000379:methods; D015921:Dental Implants; D003764:Dental Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D017267:Dental Prosthesis Design; D017268:Dental Prosthesis Retention; D008334:Mandible / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D023421:Models, Animal; D016348:Osseointegration / Q000502:physiology*; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000502:physiology*; D012399:Rotation; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013499:Surface Properties; D013552:Swine; D013556:Swine, Miniature; D013997:Time Factors; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry; D019415:Torque; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000502:physiology; D015019:Yttrium / Q000737:chemistry; D015040:Zirconium / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D015921:Dental Implants; D003764:Dental Materials; C499362:yttria stabilized tetragonal zirconia; D015019:Yttrium; D015040:Zirconium; D014025:Titanium; C028541:zirconium oxide