title: Novel use of C7 spinal nerve for Moebius.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this study was to introduce the use of selective ipsilateral C7 spinal nerve transfer to the armamentarium of the dynamic procedures used for facial reanimation in Moebius patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1991 and 2007, the selective ipsilateral C7 technique was used in four patients. In three patients with bilateral paralysis, both C7 spinal nerves were utilized as nerve donors. Thus, evaluation of outcomes was carried out in seven hemifaces.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Short-term paresthesia on the index pulp of the donor upper extremity was observed in four limbs, which recovered spontaneously. Motor deficits were never noticed. Neurotization of the free-muscle transfer for smile was performed in five hemifaces, with good results in three hemifaces (p < 0.01, z = 2.61). Eye closure neurotization was made in six hemifaces, with good results in four hemifaces (p < 0.01, z = 2.88). Depressor neurotization was made in one case and resulted in improved depressor complex function. In two cases of free muscle transfer for masseter substitution, electromyographic interpretations revealed full motor activity after bilateral latissimus dorsi transfer. Tongue neurotization was performed in two instances. Postoperatively, the patients' speech intelligibility improved as well as tongue motility and bulk.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of the C7 as a motor donor in Moebius cases with multicranial nerve involvement supplies the typical mask-like face with an abundance of motor fibers for facial reanimation and, if there is a coexisting twelfth nerve palsy, for speech restoration.
authors.affiliation: Norfolk, Va. From the Microsurgical Research Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, and the International Institute of Reconstructive Microsurgery.
authors.forename: Julia K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Terzis
authors.forename: Petros
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Konofaos
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001917:Brachial Plexus / Q000601:surgery*; D002572:Cervical Plexus; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005145:Face / Q000294:innervation*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D020331:Mobius Syndrome / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D016067:Nerve Transfer / Q000379:methods*; D020127:Recovery of Function; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013127:Spinal Nerves / Q000637:transplantation*; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult