title: [Mystery and problems of cloning].
abstract: The attention of investigators is attracted to the fact that, in spite of great efforts in mammalian cloning, advances that have been made in this area of research are not great, and cloned animals have developmental pathologies often incompatible with life and/or reproduction ability. It is yet not clear what technical or biological factors underlie this, and how they are connected or interact with each other, which is more realistic strategically. There is a great number of articles dealing with the influence of cloning with the nuclear transfer on genetic and epigenetic reprogramming of donor cells. At the same time we can see the practical absence of analytical investigations concerning the technology of cloning as such, its weak points, and possible sources of cellular trauma in the course of microsurgery of nuclear transfer or twinning. This article discusses step by step several nuclear transfer techniques and the methods of dividing early preimplanted embryos for twinning with the aim to reveal possible sources of cell damage during micromanipulation that may have negative influence on the development of cloned organisms. Several new author's technologies based on the study of cell biophysical characteristics are described, which allow one to avoid cellular trauma during manipulation and minimize the possibility of cell damage at any rate.
authors.forename: V A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Nikitin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019976:Cloning, Organism / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian; D008866:Microsurgery; D053652:Nuclear Transfer Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation