title: Development of granular sludge for textile wastewater treatment.
abstract: Microbial granular sludge that is capable to treat textile wastewater in a single reactor under intermittent anaerobic and aerobic conditions was developed in this study. The granules were cultivated using mixed sewage and textile mill sludge in combination with anaerobic granules collected from an anaerobic sludge blanket reactor as seed. The granules were developed in a single sequential batch reactor (SBR) system under alternating anaerobic and aerobic condition fed with synthetic textile wastewater. The characteristics of the microbial granular sludge were monitored throughout the study period. During this period, the average size of the granules increased from 0.02 +/- 0.01 mm to 2.3 +/- 1.0 mm and the average settling velocity increased from 9.9 +/- 0.7 m h(-1) to 80 +/- 8 m h(-1). This resulted in an increased biomass concentration (from 2.9 +/- 0.8 g L(-1) to 7.3 +/- 0.9 g L(-1)) and mean cell residence time (from 1.4 days to 8.3 days). The strength of the granules, expressed as the integrity coefficient also improved. The sequential batch reactor system demonstrated good removal of COD and ammonia of 94% and 95%, respectively, at the end of the study. However, only 62% of color removal was observed. The findings of this study show that granular sludge could be developed in a single reactor with an intermittent anaerobic-aerobic reaction phase and is capable in treating the textile wastewater.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia. khalida@utm.my
authors.forename: Khalida
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Muda
authors.forename: Azmi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aris
authors.forename: Mohd Razman
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Salim
authors.forename: Zaharah
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ibrahim
authors.forename: Adibah
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yahya
authors.forename: Mark C M
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: van Loosdrecht
authors.forename: Azlan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ahmad
authors.forename: Mohd Zaini
authors.initials: MZ
authors.lastname: Nawahwi
mesh_terms: D000332:Aerobiosis; D000693:Anaerobiosis; D001419:Bacteria / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D018533:Biomass; D019149:Bioreactors / Q000382:microbiology; D007220:Industrial Waste / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D008903:Minerals / Q000378:metabolism; D010316:Particle Size; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012722:Sewage / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000382:microbiology; D013784:Textiles; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D007220:Industrial Waste; D008903:Minerals; D012722:Sewage