title: Therapeutics of diabetes mellitus: focus on insulin analogues and insulin pumps.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Inadequately controlled diabetes accounts for chronic complications and increases mortality. Its therapeutic management aims in normal HbA1C, prandial and postprandial glucose levels. This review discusses diabetes management focusing on the latest insulin analogues, alternative insulin delivery systems and the artificial pancreas.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intensive insulin therapy with multiple daily injections (MDI) allows better imitation of the physiological rhythm of insulin secretion. Longer-acting, basal insulin analogues provide concomitant improvements in safety, efficacy and variability of glycaemic control, followed by low risks of hypoglycaemia. Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) provides long-term glycaemic control especially in type 1 diabetic patients, while reducing hypoglycaemic episodes and glycaemic variability. Continuous subcutaneous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems provide information on postprandial glucose excursions and nocturnal hypo- and/or hyperglycemias. This information enhances treatment options, provides a useful tool for self-monitoring and allows safer achievement of treatment targets. In the absence of a cure-like pancreas or islets transplants, artificial "closed-loop" systems mimicking the pancreatic activity have been also developed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Individualized treatment plans for insulin initiation and administration mode are critical in achieving target glycaemic levels. Progress in these fields is expected to facilitate and improve the quality of life of diabetic patients.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Applied Bioorganic Chemistry, Chemical Engineering Faculty, Aristotle University, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece. vickyva@auth.gr
authors.forename: Vasiliki
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Valla
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry; D000069057:Insulin Detemir; D000069036:Insulin Glargine; D007332:Insulin Infusion Systems; D049528:Insulin, Long-Acting; D008954:Models, Biological; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data
chemical_list: D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D049528:Insulin, Long-Acting; D000069036:Insulin Glargine; D000069057:Insulin Detemir