title: Pain management after elective hallux valgus surgery: a prospective randomized double-blind study comparing etoricoxib and tramadol.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pain is a common complaint after day surgery, and there is still a controversy surrounding the use of selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors. In the present prospective, randomized, double-blind study we compared pain management with a selective (COX-2) inhibitor (etoricoxib) with pain management using sustained-release tramadol after elective hallux valgus surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred ASA 1 to 2 female patients were randomized into 2 groups of 50 patients each; oral etoricoxib 120 mg x 1 x IV + 90 mg x 1 x day V-VII and oral tramadol sustained-release 100 mg x 2 x VII. Pain, pain relief, satisfaction with pain management, and need for rescue medication were evaluated during the first 7 postoperative days. A computed tomography scan evaluating bone healing was performed 12 weeks after surgery. A clinical evaluation of outcome (healing, mobility, and patient-assessed satisfaction) was performed 16 weeks after surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two patients withdrew before discharge from the hospital. Ninety-eight patients, 81 ASA 1 and 17 ASA 2 (82 nonsmokers and 14 smokers), mean age 49 years (19-65), weight 64 (47-83) kg, and height 167 (154-183) cm were evaluated. Overall pain was well managed, but the mean visual analog scale (VAS) was significantly lower among etoricoxib patients evaluated during the entire 7-day period studied (12.5 + or - 8.3 vs. 17.3 + or - 11, P < 0.05). patient's grading of pain relief (92 + or - 12 vs. 85 + or - 15, P < 0.05) and satisfaction with pain medication (47/49 vs. 39/49, P < 0.05) was higher among etoricoxib patients. Patients receiving tramadol reported significantly more side effects. Six patients, all in the tramadol group, discontinued the study because of side effects (P < 0.05). At 14-day follow-up 1 patient in the etoricoxib group and 5 patients in the tramadol group exhibited minor irritation in the wound area. The 12-week computed tomography scan showed good healing in 82 patients, 43 in the etoricoxib group, and 39 in the tramadol group. The study found ongoing healing in 11 patients, 4 in the etoricoxib group and 7 in the tramadol group. The 16-week patient-assessed Health Profile Quality of life revealed high patient satisfaction overall; 47 patients in each study group rated the outcome as satisfactory and the mean change in the patient-assessed quality of life VAS score was 6.2 and 2.6 for the etoricoxib and tramadol groups, respectively. Clinical follow-up at 16 weeks showed high functionality and no signs or symptoms of improper healing in any patient.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Etoricoxib was found to be more effective and associated with fewer side effects in comparison with tramadol sustained release as a component of multimodel analgesia after elective hallux valgus surgery. There were no signs of impaired wound or bone healing associated with the use of etoricoxib.
authors.affiliation: Foot & Ankle Surgical Centre, Storängsvägen 10, 11542 Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Metha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brattwall
authors.forename: Ibrahim
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Turan
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jakobsson
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D000698:Analgesia / Q000379:methods*; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D017558:Elective Surgical Procedures; D000077613:Etoricoxib; D005260:Female; D006215:Hallux Valgus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000517:prevention & control*; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011725:Pyridines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011788:Quality of Life; D011859:Radiography; D013450:Sulfones / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013997:Time Factors; D014147:Tramadol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014945:Wound Healing
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D011725:Pyridines; D013450:Sulfones; D014147:Tramadol; D000077613:Etoricoxib