title: Identification of viral infections in the prostate and evaluation of their association with cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several viruses with known oncogenic potential infect prostate tissue, among these are the polyomaviruses BKV, JCV, and SV40; human papillomaviruses (HPVs), and human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infections. Recently, the Xenotropic Murine Leukemia Virus-related gammaretrovirus (XMRV) was identified in prostate tissue with a high prevalence observed in prostate cancer (PC) patients homozygous for the glutamine variant of the RNASEL protein (462Q/Q). Association studies with the R462Q allele and non-XMRV viruses have not been reported. We assessed associations between prostate cancer, prostate viral infections, and the RNASEL 462Q allele in Mexican cancer patients and controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  130 subjects (55 prostate cancer cases and 75 controls) were enrolled in the study. DNA and RNA isolated from prostate tissues were screened for the presence of viral genomes. Genotyping of the RNASEL R462Q variant was performed by Taqman method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  R/R, R/Q, and Q/Q frequencies for R462Q were 0.62, 0.38, and 0.0 for PC cases and 0.69, 0.24, and 0.07 for controls, respectively. HPV sequences were detected in 11 (20.0%) cases and 4 (5.3%) controls. XMRV and HCMV infections were detected in one and six control samples, respectively. The risk of PC was significantly increased (Odds Ratio = 3.98; 95% CI: 1.17-13.56, p = 0.027) by infection of the prostatic tissue with HPV. BKV, JCV, and SV40 sequences were not detected in any of the tissue samples examined.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We report a positive association between PC and HPV infection. The 462Q/Q RNASEL genotype was not represented in our PC cases; thus, its interaction with prostate viral infections and cancer could not be evaluated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University Hospital Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Monterrey 64460, Mexico.
authors.forename: Margarita L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Martinez-Fierro
authors.forename: Robin J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Leach
authors.forename: Lauro S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Gomez-Guerra
authors.forename: Raquel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Garza-Guajardo
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Johnson-Pais
authors.forename: Joke
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Beuten
authors.forename: Idelma B
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: Morales-Rodriguez
authors.forename: Mario A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Hernandez-Ordoñez
authors.forename: German
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Calderon-Cardenas
authors.forename: Rocio
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ortiz-Lopez
authors.forename: Ana M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Rivas-Estilla
authors.forename: Jesus
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ancer-Rodriguez
authors.forename: Augusto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rojas-Martinez
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001739:BK Virus / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003587:Cytomegalovirus / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D004722:Endoribonucleases / Q000235:genetics; D017988:Gammaretrovirus / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005838:Genotype; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D007577:JC Virus / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics*; D013539:Simian virus 40 / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014412:Tumor Virus Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral; D004722:Endoribonucleases; C031956:2-5A-dependent ribonuclease