title: Performance of abdominal ultrasound for diagnosis of tuberculosis in HIV-infected persons living in Cambodia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In resource-limited settings, abdominal ultrasound is often used to assist the diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) in people with HIV (PLHIV), although data on performance characteristics are missing.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study of PLHIV in Cambodia receiving a standardized TB diagnostic evaluation, including history, physical examination, chest radiography, microscopy and culture of various specimens, and abdominal ultrasound. Patients with at least one specimen culture positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis were classified as having TB.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TB was diagnosed in 37 (18%) of 212 PLHIV. Abdominal ultrasound was abnormal in 15 of 37 (41%) patients with TB compared with 14 of 175 (8%) without TB (P < 0.01). Predictors of TB disease included multiple enlarged (1.2 cm or greater) abdominal lymph nodes on ultrasound (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 6.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.8-22.4), abnormal chest radiography (OR, 6.8; CI, 2.7-17.0), anorexia (OR, 4.6; CI, 1.8-11.7), and CD4 less than 200 cells/mm (OR, 3.3; CI, 1.2-9.1). Having multiple enlarged abdominal lymph nodes on ultrasound was 97.1% (CI, 93.5%-99.1%) specific for TB with a positive likelihood ratio of 11.4 (CI, 4.3-30.3).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Abdominal ultrasound is a useful diagnostic test for TB disease in PLHIV, increasing the posttest probability of TB when multiple enlarged abdominal lymph nodes are visualized. Its wider use may accelerate access to TB treatment, potentially reducing mortality in PLHIV.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium. dsculier@no-log.org
authors.forename: Delphine
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sculier
authors.forename: Chea
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vannarith
authors.forename: Reaksmey
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pe
authors.forename: Sopheak
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Thai
authors.forename: Nong
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kanara
authors.forename: Sar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Borann
authors.forename: Kevin P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Cain
authors.forename: Lut
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lynen
authors.forename: Jay K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Varma
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D000005:Abdomen / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D000328:Adult; D002160:Cambodia; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D014385:Tuberculosis, Gastrointestinal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014463:Ultrasonography