title: Microscopic clot fragment evidence of biochemo-mechanical degradation effects in thrombolysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although fibrinolytic treatment has been used for decades, the interactions between the biochemical mechanisms and the mechanical forces of the streaming blood remain incompletely understood. Analysis of the blood clot surface in vitro was employed to study the concomitant effect of blood plasma flow and recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) on the degradation of retracted, non-occlusive blood clots. Our hypothesis was that a faster tangential plasma flow removed larger fragments and resulted in faster overall thrombolysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retracted model blood clots were prepared in an optical microscopy chamber and connected to an artificial perfusion system with either no-flow, or plasma flow with a velocity of 3 cm/s or 30 cm/s with or without added rt-PA at 2 microg/ml. The clot surface was dynamically imaged by an optical microscope for 30 min with 15s intervals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The clot fragments removed during rt-PA mediated thrombolysis ranged in size from that of a single red blood cell to large agglomerates composed of more than a thousand red blood cells bound together by partly degraded fibrin. The average and the largest discrete clot area change between images in adjacent time frames were significantly higher with the faster flow than with the slow flow (14,000 microm(2) and 160,000 microm(2) vs. 2200 microm(2) and 10,600 microm(2)).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  On the micrometer scale, thrombolysis consists of sequential removal of clot fragments from the clot surface. With increasing tangential plasma flow velocity, the size of the clot fragments and the overall rate of thrombolysis increases.
authors.affiliation: Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Franci
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bajd
authors.forename: Jernej
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vidmar
authors.forename: Ales
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Blinc
authors.forename: Igor
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sersa
mesh_terms: D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D005342:Fibrinolysis; D006801:Humans; D055595:Mechanical Phenomena; D008853:Microscopy / Q000295:instrumentation; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator