title: Androgen deprivation therapy in prostate cancer: anticipated side-effects and their management.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In men with metastatic or recurrent prostate cancer, androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is the standard of care. Although effective in cancer control, ADT is associated with multiple adverse effects of which physicians and patients should be aware herein we review these side-effects and their potential management.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ADT reduces serum levels of testosterone and estrogen, resulting in changes in body composition, increased fracture risk, development of insulin resistance, and an unfavorable lipid profile. A number of studies have investigated the association of ADT with cardiovascular mortality; however, it is unclear whether such an association exists. Recently, two separate clinical trials have found that denosumab, a monoclonal antibody, and toremifene citrate, a selective estrogen receptor modulator, could be used to reduce the incidence of fracture in men on ADT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  By providing clinicians with a greater awareness of the literature on ADT, we may minimize the physical and psychological impact of its side-effects. Physicians should be aware of a recent statement by a multilateral advisory panel, stating that there is no indication for a cardiovascular evaluation before starting ADT. Finally, physicians should be informed of recent developments in the prevention of vertebral fractures in men on ADT.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery (Urology), Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Duke Prostate Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: Howard S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Freedland
mesh_terms: D000726:Androgen Antagonists / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000728:Androgens; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015992:Body Mass Index; D000069448:Denosumab; D007172:Erectile Dysfunction / Q000139:chemically induced; D006177:Gynecomastia / Q000139:chemically induced; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D007989:Libido; D008297:Male; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000032:analysis; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality; D053245:RANK Ligand / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018570:Risk Assessment; D020845:Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013739:Testosterone / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D017312:Toremifene / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D000726:Androgen Antagonists; D000728:Androgens; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; D053245:RANK Ligand; D020845:Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators; D013739:Testosterone; D000069448:Denosumab; D017312:Toremifene; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen