title: Desire and dread from the nucleus accumbens: cortical glutamate and subcortical GABA differentially generate motivation and hedonic impact in the rat.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  GABAergic signals to the nucleus accumbens (NAc) shell arise from predominantly subcortical sources whereas glutamatergic signals arise mainly from cortical-related sources. Here we contrasted GABAergic and glutamatergic generation of hedonics versus motivation processes, as a proxy for comparing subcortical and cortical controls of emotion. Local disruptions of either signals in medial shell of NAc generate intense motivated behaviors corresponding to desire and/or dread, along a rostrocaudal gradient. GABA or glutamate disruptions in rostral shell generate appetitive motivation whereas disruptions in caudal shell elicit fearful motivation. However, GABA and glutamate signals in NAc differ in important ways, despite the similarity of their rostrocaudal motivation gradients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Microinjections of a GABA(A) agonist (muscimol), or of a glutamate AMPA antagonist (DNQX) in medial shell of rats were assessed for generation of hedonic "liking" or "disliking" by measuring orofacial affective reactions to sucrose-quinine taste. Motivation generation was independently assessed measuring effects on eating versus natural defensive behaviors. For GABAergic microinjections, we found that the desire-dread motivation gradient was mirrored by an equivalent hedonic gradient that amplified affective taste "liking" (at rostral sites) versus "disliking" (at caudal sites). However, manipulation of glutamatergic signals completely failed to alter pleasure-displeasure reactions to sensory hedonic impact, despite producing a strong rostrocaudal gradient of motivation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that the nucleus accumbens contains two functional affective keyboards for amino-acid signals: a motivation-generating keyboard and a hedonic-generating keyboard. Corticolimbic glutamate signals and subcortical GABA signals equivalently engage the motivation keyboard to generate desire and-or dread. Only subcortical GABA signals additionally engage the hedonic keyboard to amplify affective "liking" and "disliking" reactions. We thus suggest that top-down cortical glutamate signals powerfully regulate motivation components, but are relatively unable to penetrate core hedonic components of emotion. That may carry implications of limits to therapeutic regulation of pathological emotions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America. afaure@umich.edu
authors.forename: Alexis
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Faure
authors.forename: Jocelyn M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Richard
authors.forename: Kent C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Berridge
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005239:Fear; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D009042:Motivation; D009118:Muscimol / Q000494:pharmacology; D009714:Nucleus Accumbens / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D011810:Quinoxalines / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D011810:Quinoxalines; D009118:Muscimol; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; C056723:FG 9041