title: Avian biology, the human influence on global avian influenza transmission, and performing surveillance in wild birds.
abstract: This paper takes a closer look at three interrelated areas of study: avian host biology, the role of human activities in virus transmission, and the surveillance activities centered on avian influenza in wild birds. There are few ecosystems in which birds are not found. Correspondingly, avian influenza viruses are equally global in distribution, relying on competent avian hosts. The immune systems, annual cycles, feeding behaviors, and migration patterns of these hosts influence the ecology of the disease. Decreased biodiversity has also been linked to heightened disease transmission in several disease systems, and it is evident that active destruction and modification of wetland environments for human use is impacting avian populations drastically. Legal and illegal trade in wild birds present a significant risk for introduction and maintenance of exotic diseases. After the emergence of HPAI H5N1 in Hong Kong in 1996 and the ensuing geographic spread of outbreaks after 2003, both infected countries and those at risk of introduction began intensifying avian influenza surveillance efforts. Several techniques for sampling wild birds for influenza viruses have been applied. Benefits, problems, and biases exist for each method. The wild bird avian influenza surveillance programs taking place across the continents are now scaling back due to the rise of other spending priorities; hopefully the lessons learned from this work will be preserved and will inform future research and disease outbreak response priorities.
authors.affiliation: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Arlington, VA 22203-1610, USA. Samantha_Gibbs@fws.gov <Samantha_Gibbs@fws.gov>
authors.forename: Samantha E J
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Gibbs
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000835:Animals, Wild; D001717:Birds; D003132:Commerce; D017753:Ecosystem; D005585:Influenza in Birds / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission*; D011159:Population Surveillance