title: Renal microvascular disease determines the responses to revascularization in experimental renovascular disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Percutaneous transluminal renal angioplasty (PTRA) is the most frequent therapeutic approach to resolving renal artery stenosis (RAS). However, renal function recovers in only 30% of the cases. The causes of these poor outcomes are still unknown. We hypothesized that preserving the renal microcirculation distal to RAS will improve the responses to PTRA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  RAS was induced in 28 pigs. In 14, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-165 0.05 microg/kg was infused intrarenally (RAS+VEGF). Single-kidney function was assessed in all pigs in vivo using ultrafast CT after 6 weeks. Observation of half of the RAS and RAS+VEGF pigs was completed. The other half underwent PTRA and repeated VEGF, and CT studies were repeated 4 weeks later. Pigs were then euthanized, the stenotic kidney removed, renal microvascular (MV) architecture reconstructed ex vivo using 3D micro-CT, and renal fibrosis quantified. The degree of RAS and hypertension were similar in RAS and RAS+VEGF. Renal function and MV density were decreased in RAS but improved in RAS+VEGF. PTRA largely resolved RAS, but the improvements of hypertension and renal function were greater in RAS+VEGF+PTRA than in RAS+PTRA, accompanied by a 34% increase in MV density and decreased fibrosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Preservation of the MV architecture and function in the stenotic kidney improved the responses to PTRA, indicating that renal MV integrity plays a role in determining the responses to PTRA. This study indicates that damage and early loss of renal MV is an important determinant of the progression of renal injury in RAS and instigates often irreversible damage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Excellence in Cardiovascular-Renal Research, Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216-4505, USA. achade@umc.edu
authors.forename: Alejandro R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Chade
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kelsen
mesh_terms: D017130:Angioplasty; D000818:Animals; D005355:Fibrosis; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D007668:Kidney / Q000098:blood supply / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D008833:Microcirculation / Q000187:drug effects; D023421:Models, Animal; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic / Q000187:drug effects; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D020127:Recovery of Function / Q000187:drug effects; D012078:Renal Artery Obstruction / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D013552:Swine; D014463:Ultrasonography; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A