title: Effects of neuromuscular electrical stimulation after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction on quadriceps strength, function, and patient-oriented outcomes: a systematic review.
abstract: METHODS
  Systematic literature review.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To perform a systematic review of randomized controlled trials assessing the effects of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) on quadriceps strength, functional performance, and self-reported function after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Conflicting evidence exists regarding the effectiveness of NMES following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Searches were performed for randomized controlled trials using electronic databases from 1966 through October 2008. Methodological quality was assessed using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database Scale. Between-group effect sizes and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eight randomized controlled trials were included. The average Physiotherapy Evidence Database Scale score was 4 out of possible maximum 10. The effect sizes for quadriceps strength measures (isometric or isokinetic torque) from 7 studies ranged from -0.74 to 3.81 at approximately 6 weeks postoperatively; 6 of 11 comparisons were statistically significant, with strength benefits favoring NMES treatment. The effect sizes for functional performance measures from 1 study ranged from 0.07 to 0.64 at 6 weeks postoperatively; none of 3 comparisons were statistically significant, and the effect sizes for self-reported function measures from 1 study were 0.66 and 0.72 at 12 to 16 weeks postoperatively; both comparisons were statistically significant, with benefits favoring NMES treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NMES combined with exercise may be more effective in improving quadriceps strength than exercise alone, whereas its effect on functional performance and patient-oriented outcomes is inconclusive. Inconsistencies were noted in the NMES parameters and application of NMES.
  
  
  METHODS
  Therapy, level 1a-.
authors.affiliation: Kinesiology Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904-4407, USA. kmk8p@virginia.edu
authors.forename: Kyung-Min
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Ted
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Croy
authors.forename: Jay
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hertel
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saliba
mesh_terms: D016118:Anterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000601:surgery*; D000070598:Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy; D005081:Exercise Therapy; D006801:Humans; D018908:Muscle Weakness / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects; D052097:Quadriceps Muscle / Q000502:physiology* / Q000601:surgery; D020127:Recovery of Function