title: Reducing persistent organic pollutants while maintaining long chain omega-3 fatty acid in farmed Atlantic salmon using decontaminated fish oils for an entire production cycle.
abstract: Oily fish are an important source of health promoting nutrients such as the very long chain marine omega-3 (VLC-n3) fatty acids and simultaneously a source of potentially hazardous contaminants. Fish oils that are used in fish feed are the main source for both contaminants and VLC-n3. Decontamination techniques have recently been developed to effectively remove persistent organic contaminants from fish oils. The aim of the present study was to assess the level of potentially hazardous contaminants and the health beneficial fatty acids in Atlantic salmon reared on novel decontaminated feeds. Atlantic salmon were fed for 18 months (an entire seawater production cycle) on diets based on decontaminated or non-treated (control) fish oils until market size (approximately 5 kg). The level of known notorious persistent organic pollutants (POPs, i.e. dioxins, dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs), non dioxin-like PCBs, poly brominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE), and organochlorine pesticides), as well as fatty acid composition were analysed in fish oils, the two diets, and Atlantic salmon fillet. The oil decontamination process was a two-step procedure using active carbon and short path distillation. The fillet levels of POPs in market size fish were reduced by 68-85% while the concentration of very long chain omega-3 fatty acids was reduced by 4-7%. No differences in biomarkers of dioxin-like component exposures, such as hepatic gene expression of CYP1A or AhR2B, CYP1A protein expression and 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activity, were observed between salmon raised on normal or decontaminated feeds, thus indicating that the difference in POPs levels were of no biological significance to the fish. Atlantic salmon reared on decontaminated feeds had sum polychlorinated dibenzodioxins/furans (PCDD/Fs) and DL-PCB concentrations that were comparable with terrestrial food products such as beef, while the level of marine omega-3 fatty acids remained as high as for commercially farmed Atlantic salmon.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES), P.O. Box 2029, Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway. marc.berntssen@nifes.no
authors.forename: M H G
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Berntssen
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Olsvik
authors.forename: B E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Torstensen
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Julshamn
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Midtun
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Goksøyr
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Johansen
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sigholt
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Joerum
authors.forename: J-V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Jakobsen
authors.forename: A-K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Lundebye
authors.forename: E-J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Lock
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D017756:Aquaculture; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D019363:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1 / Q000378:metabolism; D003666:Decontamination / Q000379:methods*; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000032:analysis* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005395:Fish Oils / Q000737:chemistry*; D005511:Food Handling; D020317:Salmo salar / Q000378:metabolism*; D017747:Seafood / Q000032:analysis; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D005395:Fish Oils; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D019363:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1