title: Use of proton pump inhibitors and risk of hip/femur fracture: a population-based case-control study.
abstract: Previous studies evaluated the association between proton pump inhibitor (PPI) use and subsequent fracture risk, but they showed ambiguous results. Therefore, the objective was to evaluate this association in a different study population. Our findings show that there is probably no causal relationship between PPI use and hip fracture risk.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Previous studies evaluated the association between PPI use and subsequent fracture risk, but they showed ambiguous results. To further test these conflicting results, the objective of this study was to evaluate the association between the use of PPIs and the risk of hip/femur fracture in a different study population.
  
  
  METHODS
  A case-control study was conducted using data from the Dutch PHARMO record linkage system. The study population included 6,763 cases aged 18 years and older with a first hip/femur fracture during enrollment and 26,341 age-, gender- and region-matched controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Current users of PPIs had an increased risk of hip/femur fracture yielding an adjusted odds ratio (AOR) of 1.20 (95% CI 1.04-1.40). Fracture risk attenuated with increasing durations of use, resulting in AORs of 1.26 (95% CI 0.94-1.68) in the first 3 months, 1.31 (95% CI 0.97-1.75) between 3 and 12 months, 1.18 (95% CI 0.92-1.52) between 13 and 36 months and 1.09 (95% CI 0.81-1.47) for use longer than 36 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings show that there is probably no causal relationship between PPI use and hip fracture risk. The observed association may be the result of unmeasured distortions: although current use of PPIs was associated with a 1.2-fold increased risk of hip/femur fracture, the positive association was attenuated with longer durations of continuous use. Our findings do not support that discontinuation of PPIs decreases risk of hip fracture in elderly patients.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacotherapy, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiteit Utrecht, P.O. Box 80082, 3508 TB, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pouwels
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lalmohamed
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Souverein
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Veldt
authors.forename: H G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Leufkens
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: de Boer
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: van Staa
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: de Vries
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D005264:Femoral Fractures / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D006620:Hip Fractures / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology; D006635:Histamine H2 Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D006635:Histamine H2 Antagonists; D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors