title: Measuring smoking-related preoccupation and compulsive drive: evaluation of the obsessive compulsive smoking scale.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tobacco use for many people is compulsive in nature. Compelling theories of how smoking becomes compulsive exist but are largely based on extrapolation from neuroscience findings. Research on smokers is impeded, in part, by a lack of instruments that specifically measure compulsive smoking.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study evaluated the measurement structure and validity of the Obsessive Compulsive Smoking Scale (OCSS), a ten-item questionnaire designed to measure compulsive smoking.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were 239 daily smokers (>/=1 cigarette/day), including 142 students at a public university in Chicago and 97 veterans treated at the VA Boston Healthcare System. The OCSS and questionnaires measuring current and past smoking, cigarette craving, automatic smoking, and nicotine dependence were administered.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Factor analysis with maximum likelihood extraction and oblique rotation revealed two correlated underlying factors, interpreted as "Preoccupation with Smoking" and "Compulsive Drive." The measurement structure was consistent across students and veterans, and confirmed in an independent sample of adults (n = 95). Veterans exhibited higher OCSS scores (full scale and subscales) than students. Across groups, higher OCSS scores were positively correlated with smoking intensity, craving, and nicotine dependence. OCSS full-scale and compulsive drive scores, but not smoking preoccupation scores, were inversely correlated with past month smoking reduction and minutes since last cigarette.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The OCSS is a valid and reliable inventory for measuring the degree to which daily smokers are preoccupied with smoking and engage in compulsive tobacco use, and may be useful for advancing understanding of core smoking phenotypes or for tailoring cessation therapies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 680 N. Lake Shore Drive, Suite 1400, Chicago, IL 60611, USA. b-hitsman@northwestern.edu
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hitsman
authors.forename: Biing-Jiun
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Ronald A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Sandra B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Morissette
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Drobes
authors.forename: Bonnie
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Spring
authors.forename: Kristin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: Suzy B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Gulliver
authors.forename: Barbara W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Kamholz
authors.forename: Lawrence H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Price
authors.forename: Raymond
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Niaura
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009771:Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology*; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D014495:Universities; D014728:Veterans / Q000523:psychology; D055815:Young Adult