Lifetime health outcomes of breast-feeding: a comparison of the policy documents of five European countries.
OBJECTIVE
To (i) identify and describe prevailing infant feeding policy documents in five diverse European countries; (ii) analyse types of health outcomes for the infant that are associated with feeding breast milk rather than formula milk in the documents of different countries; and (iii) assess the extent to which documents reflect the WHO global recommendation of exclusive breast-feeding for 6 months.


METHODS
Documentary review and analysis.


METHODS
Five geographically dispersed countries of Europe (England, Finland, Germany, Hungary and Spain).


METHODS
Policy documents on infant feeding were identified; statements that linked choice between breast- and formula-feeding to a health outcome for the infant were extracted.


RESULTS
Twenty-six documents (varied authorships, dates, length and character) were identified: four from England; two from Finland; nine from Germany; six from Hungary; and five from Spain. There was no consistency in the way in which health outcomes were cited as factors in the recommendations for breast- rather than formula-feeding. Seven documents contained no reference to the health implications of infant feeding choice. Of 203 statements in remaining documents citing health outcomes, 24.1 % mentioned general health effects, 32.5 % protection against infections, 31.5 % long-term conditions (e.g. diabetes, CVD) and 11.8 % mentioned allergy. Health outcomes were linked to exclusive breast-feeding in only 25 % of statements.


CONCLUSIONS
Policy documents in the study countries varied in the extent to which they reflect the health outcomes for the baby of breast-feeding, and this may limit effective promotion by health professionals. There is scope to improve the process of bringing evidence and recommendations into policy documents.
Martin-Bautista
Elena
E
Department of Paediatrics, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
Gage
Heather
H
von Rosen-von Hoewel
Julia
J
Jakobik
Viktoria
V
Laitinen
Kirsi
K
Schmid
Martina
M
Morgan
Jane
J
Williams
Peter
P
Decsi
Tamas
T
Campoy
Cristina
C
Koletzko
Berthold
B
Raats
Monique
M
D001942:Breast Feeding; D005060:Europe; D019983:Guideline Adherence; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D006291:Health Policy; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000379:methods*; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D041943:Infant Formula; D007227:Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D014944:World Health Organization