title: Calculation of the benchmark duration of shift work associated with the development of impaired glucose metabolism: a 14-year cohort study on 7104 male workers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to calculate the benchmark doses (BMD) and their 95% lower confidence boundary (BMDL) for the threshold number of years of shift work associated with a relative increase in haemoglobin A1c (HbA(1c)), an index of glucose metabolism.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 14-year prospective cohort study was conducted in male workers at a Japanese steel company (n=7104) who had received annual health check-ups between 1991 and 2005. The endpoints were either a 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% or 30% increase in HbA(1c) levels during the observation period, compared to HbA(1c) at entry to the study. The associations between years of shift work and increases in HbA(1c) were investigated using pooled logistic regression, adjusted for age, body mass index, mean arterial pressure, total serum cholesterol, creatinine, alanine aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, uric acid, drinking habits, smoking habits and habitual exercise.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The BMDL/BMD for years of shift work were calculated using benchmark responses (BMRs) of 5% or 10% and parameters for duration of shift work and other covariates. Assuming a mean age of 53 years in workers aged 50 years or older, the BMDL/BMD for years of shift work with a BMR of 5% were 17.8/23.9 (> or = 15%), 15.7/18.7 (> or = 20%), 18.9/22.7 (> or = 25%) and 25.2/31.7 (> or = 30%). With a BMR of 10%, the respective values were 29.5/39.7 (> or = 15%), 24.3/28.9 (> or = 20%), 27.3/32.7 (> or = 25%) and 34.1/42.9 (> or = 30%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that special attention should be paid to middle-aged workers whose years of shift work exceeds these threshold times.
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine (A2), Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1, Inohana, Chuoku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan. suwa@faculty.chiba-u.jp
authors.forename: Yasushi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Suwazono
authors.forename: Mirei
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Uetani
authors.forename: Mitsuhiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oishi
authors.forename: Kumihiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: Hideki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Morimoto
authors.forename: Kouichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sakata
mesh_terms: D019985:Benchmarking; D015331:Cohort Studies; D044882:Glucose Metabolism Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008669:Metallurgy; D008875:Middle Aged; D016272:Occupational Health; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014940:Work Schedule Tolerance / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin