title: Nonhypotensive dose of telmisartan attenuates cognitive impairment partially due to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma activation in mice with chronic cerebral hypoperfusion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The effect of telmisartan, an angiotensin II Type 1 receptor blocker with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma-modulating activity, was investigated against spatial working memory disturbances in mice subjected to chronic cerebral hypoperfusion.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult C57BL/6J male mice were subjected to bilateral common carotid artery stenosis using external microcoils. Mice received a daily oral administration of low-dose telmisartan (1 mg/kg per day), high-dose telmisartan (10 mg/kg per day), or vehicle with or without peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma antagonist GW9662 (1 mg/kg per day) for all treatments for 30 days after bilateral common carotid artery stenosis. Cerebral mRNA expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha was measured 30 days after bilateral common carotid artery stenosis, and postmortem brains were analyzed for demyelinating change with Klüver-Barrera staining and immunostained for glial, oxidative stress, and vascular endothelial cell markers. Spatial working memory was assessed by the Y-maze test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean systolic blood pressure and cerebral blood flow did not decrease with low-dose telmisartan but significantly decreased with high-dose telmisartan. Low-dose telmisartan significantly attenuated, but high-dose telmisartan provoked, spatial working memory impairment with glial activation, oligodendrocyte loss, and demyelinating change in the white matter. Such positive effects of low-dose telmisartan were partially offset by cotreatment with GW9662. Consistent with this, low-dose telmisartan reduced the degree of oxidative stress of vascular endothelial cells and the mRNA levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha compared with vehicle.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects of telmisartan that were exerted in part by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma activation, but not its blood pressure-lowering effect, have protective roles against cognitive impairment and white matter damage after chronic cerebral hypoperfusion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazuo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Washida
authors.forename: Masafumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ihara
authors.forename: Keiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nishio
authors.forename: Youshi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fujita
authors.forename: Takakuni
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Maki
authors.forename: Mahito
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: Xiaofeng
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kihara
authors.forename: Hidefumi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.forename: Hidekazu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tomimoto
authors.forename: Ryosuke
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Takahashi
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D047228:Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000813:Anilides / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001562:Benzimidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001565:Benzoates / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017536:Carotid Artery, Common; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism*; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000378:metabolism; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000378:metabolism; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D008570:Memory, Short-Term / Q000187:drug effects; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009836:Oligodendroglia / Q000187:drug effects; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013037:Spatial Behavior / Q000187:drug effects; D000077333:Telmisartan; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C457499:2-chloro-5-nitrobenzanilide; D047228:Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers; D000813:Anilides; D001562:Benzimidazoles; D001565:Benzoates; D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D047495:PPAR gamma; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D000077333:Telmisartan