title: Pyrosequencing study of fecal microflora of autistic and control children.
abstract: There is evidence of genetic predisposition to autism, but the percent of autistic subjects with this background is unknown. It is clear that other factors, such as environmental influences, may play a role in this disease. In the present study, we have examined the fecal microbial flora of 33 subjects with various severities of autism with gastrointestinal symptoms, 7 siblings not showing autistic symptoms (sibling controls) and eight non-sibling control subjects, using the bacterial tag encoded FLX amplicon pyrosequencing (bTEFAP) procedure. The results provide us with information on the microflora of stools of young children and a compelling picture of unique fecal microflora of children with autism with gastrointestinal symptomatology. Differences based upon maximum observed and maximum predicted operational taxonomic units were statistically significant when comparing autistic and control subjects with p-values ranging from <0.001 to 0.009 using both parametric and non-parametric estimators. At the phylum level, Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes showed the most difference between groups of varying severities of autism. Bacteroidetes was found at high levels in the severely autistic group, while Firmicutes were more predominant in the control group. Smaller, but significant, differences also occurred in the Actinobacterium and Proteobacterium phyla. Desulfovibrio species and Bacteroides vulgatus are present in significantly higher numbers in stools of severely autistic children than in controls. If the unique microbial flora is found to be a causative or consequent factor in this type of autism, it may have implications with regard to a specific diagnostic test, its epidemiology, and for treatment and prevention.
authors.affiliation: Infectious Diseases Section (111 F) and Research Service, VA Medical Center West Los Angeles, 11301 Wilshire Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA. sidfinegol@aol.com
authors.forename: Sydney M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Finegold
authors.forename: Scot E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Dowd
authors.forename: Viktoria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gontcharova
authors.forename: Chengxu
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Kathleen E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Henley
authors.forename: Randall D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Wolcott
authors.forename: Eunseog
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Youn
authors.forename: Paula H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Summanen
authors.forename: Doreen
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Granpeesheh
authors.forename: Dennis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dixon
authors.forename: Minghsun
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Denise R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Molitoris
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Green
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001321:Autistic Disorder; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D054892:Metagenome; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA / Q000379:methods