title: Detection of urinary leakage after radical retropubic prostatectomy by contrast enhanced ultrasound - do we still need conventional retrograde cystography?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To prospectively evaluate the accuracy of transvesical contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) as an alternative method for the detection of anastomotic leakage after radical retropubic prostatectomy (RRP) in comparison with the current standard method of conventional retrograde cystography (CG).
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-three patients underwent RRP for histologically proven localized prostate cancer. The vesico-urethral anastomosis was evaluated 8 days after RRP by CG and CEUS. Any peri-anastomotic leakage was assessed and determined in CG and CEUS as follows: no extravasation (EV), small leakage (≤0.5 cm), moderate leakage (>0.5 cm to ≤2 cm), large leakage (>2 cm diameter of EV seen).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 21 (49%) patients showed a watertight anastomosis. Ten (23%), two (4.7%) and ten (23%) patients showed a small, intermediate and large EV, respectively. In 31 cases (72%) there was 100% agreement of CG and CEUS for detection of no, moderate and large EV, respectively. In nine cases a small and in two cases a moderate EV was categorized as watertight anastomosis by CEUS. Only in one case did CG detect a small EV where a large EV was detected in CEUS. The agreement between both methods was 95% for detecting absence or large leakages.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CEUS is a promising imaging modality that seems to be equivalent to CG for detecting the presence of a large anastomotic leakage that is clinically relevant for postoperative persistence of the indwelling catheter. CEUS could be a cheap and time-saving alternative to the CG without exposure of the patient to radiation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University Hospitals - Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany. gita.schoeppler@umm.de
authors.forename: Gita M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Schoeppler
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Buchner
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zaak
authors.forename: Wael
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Khoder
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Staehler
authors.forename: Christian G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Stief
authors.forename: Maximilian F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Reiser
authors.forename: Dirk-Andre
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Clevert
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000714:Anastomosis, Surgical; D057868:Anastomotic Leak / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D003287:Contrast Media; D003558:Cystoscopy; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011468:Prostatectomy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014521:Urethra / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D014546:Urinary Catheterization / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media