title: Depressive symptoms and risk of dementia: the Framingham Heart Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Depression may be associated with an increased risk for dementia, although results from population-based samples have been inconsistent. We examined the association between depressive symptoms and incident dementia over a 17-year follow-up period.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 949 Framingham original cohort participants (63.6% women, mean age = 79), depressive symptoms were assessed at baseline (1990-1994) using the 60-point Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). A cutpoint of > or = 16 was used to define depression, which was present in 13.2% of the sample. Cox proportional hazards models adjusting for age, sex, education, homocysteine, and APOE epsilon4 examined the association between baseline depressive symptoms and the risk of dementia and Alzheimer disease (AD).
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the 17-year follow-up period, 164 participants developed dementia; 136 of these cases were AD. A total of 21.6% of participants who were depressed at baseline developed dementia compared with 16.6% of those who were not depressed. Depressed participants (CES-D >/=16) had more than a 50% increased risk for dementia (hazard ratio [HR] 1.72, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.04-2.84, p = 0.035) and AD (HR 1.76, 95% CI 1.03-3.01, p = 0.039). Results were similar when we included subjects taking antidepressant medications as depressed. For each 10-point increase on the CES-D, there was significant increase in the risk of dementia (HR 1.46, 95% CI 1.18-1.79, p < 0.001) and AD (HR 1.39, 95% CI 1.11-1.75, p = 0.005). Results were similar when we excluded persons with possible mild cognitive impairment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Depression is associated with an increased risk of dementia and AD in older men and women over 17 years of follow-up.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Meyers Primary Care Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA. Jane.saczynski@umassmed.edu
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Saczynski
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Beiser
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Seshadri
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Auerbach
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Wolf
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Au
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D003704:Dementia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors