title: Competing oscillators in cardiac pacemaking: historical background.
abstract: Interaction between a membrane oscillator generated by voltage-dependent ion channels and an intracellular calcium signal oscillator was present in the earliest models (1984 to 1985) using representations of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Oscillatory release of calcium is inherent in the calcium-induced calcium release process. Those historical results fully support the synthesis proposed in the articles in this review series. The oscillator mechanisms do not primarily compete with each; they entrain each other. However, there is some asymmetry: the membrane oscillator can continue indefinitely in the absence of the calcium oscillator. The reverse seems to be true only in pathological conditions. Studies from tissue-level work and on the development of the heart also provide valuable insights into the integrative action of the cardiac pacemaker.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Oxford University, Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3PT, United Kingdom. denis.noble@dpag.ox.ac.uk
authors.forename: Denis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Noble
authors.forename: Penelope J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Noble
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fink
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D020013:Calcium Signaling / Q000502:physiology*; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000502:physiology; D006321:Heart / Q000196:embryology / Q000502:physiology; D006329:Heart Conduction System / Q000196:embryology / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007473:Ion Channels / Q000502:physiology; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular
chemical_list: D007473:Ion Channels