title: Isolation of deoxynivalenol-transforming bacteria from the chicken intestines using the approach of PCR-DGGE guided microbial selection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Contamination of grains with trichothecene mycotoxins, especially deoxynivalenol (DON), has been an ongoing problem for Canada and many other countries. Mycotoxin contamination creates food safety risks, reduces grain market values, threatens livestock industries, and limits agricultural produce exports. DON is a secondary metabolite produced by some Fusarium species of fungi. To date, there is a lack of effective and economical methods to significantly reduce the levels of trichothecene mycotoxins in food and feed, including the efforts to breed Fusarium pathogen-resistant crops and chemical/physical treatments to remove the mycotoxins. Biological approaches, such as the use of microorganisms to convert the toxins to non- or less toxic compounds, have become a preferred choice recently due to their high specificity, efficacy, and environmental soundness. However, such approaches are often limited by the availability of microbial agents with the ability to detoxify the mycotoxins. In the present study, an approach with PCR-DGGE guided microbial selection was developed and used to isolate DON -transforming bacteria from chicken intestines, which resulted in the successful isolation of several bacterial isolates that demonstrated the function to transform DON to its de-epoxy form, deepoxy-4-deoxynivalenol (DOM-1), a product much less toxic than DON.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The use of conventional microbiological selection strategies guided by PCR-DGGE (denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis) bacterial profiles for isolating DON-transforming bacteria has significantly increased the efficiency of the bacterial selection. Ten isolates were identified and isolated from chicken intestines. They were all able to transform DON to DOM-1. Most isolates were potent in transforming DON and the activity was stable during subculturing. Sequence data of partial 16S rRNA genes indicate that the ten isolates belong to four different bacterial groups, Clostridiales, Anaerofilum, Collinsella, and Bacillus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The approach with PCR-DGGE guided microbial selection was effective in isolating DON-transforming bacteria and the obtained bacterial isolates were able to transform DON.
authors.affiliation: Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 93 Stone Road West, Guelph, Ontario N1G 5C9, Canada.
authors.forename: Hai
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Ting
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Jianhua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gong
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: Xiaojun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Su
authors.forename: Xiu-Zhen
authors.initials: XZ
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Honghui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Rong
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tsao
authors.forename: Raymond
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000378:metabolism; D001711:Biotransformation; D002645:Chickens / Q000382:microbiology*; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel / Q000379:methods*; D007422:Intestines / Q000382:microbiology*; D009183:Mycotoxins / Q000378:metabolism*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods*; D014255:Trichothecenes / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D009183:Mycotoxins; D014255:Trichothecenes; C048238:deepoxy-deoxynivalenol