title: Photophobia in migraine: an interictal PET study of cortical hyperexcitability and its modulation by pain.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Photophobia is an abnormal sensitivity to light experienced by migraineurs and is perhaps caused by cortical hyperexcitability. In clinical studies, an inter-relation between light perception and trigeminal nociception has been demonstrated in migraineurs but not in controls. The purpose of the study was to verify this interaction by functional imaging.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors used H(2)O(15) positron emitting tomography (PET) to study the cortical responses of seven migraineurs between attacks and the responses of seven matched control subjects to luminous stimulations at three luminance intensities: 0, 600 and 1800 Cd/m(2). All three intensities were both with and without concomitant trigeminal pain stimulation. In order to facilitate habituation, the stimulations were started 30 s before PET acquisitions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When no concomitant pain stimulation was applied, luminous stimulations activated the visual cortex bilaterally in migraineurs (specifically in the cuneus, lingual gyrus and posterior cingulate cortex) but not in controls. Concomitant pain stimulation allowed visual cortex activation in control subjects and potentiated its activation in migraineurs. These activations by luminous stimulations were luminance-intensity-dependent in both groups. Concomitant stimulation by pain was associated with activation of the posterior parietal cortex (BA7) in migraineurs and controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study shows the lack of habituation and/or cortical hyperexcitability to light in migraineurs. Moreover, the activation by light of several visual cortex areas (including the primary visual cortex) was potentiated by trigeminal pain, demonstrating multisensory integration in these areas.
authors.affiliation: Service de Neurologie et Explorations Fonctionnelles du Système Nerveux, CHU Rangueil, 31059 Toulouse Cedex 9, France.
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Boulloche
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Denuelle
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Payoux
authors.forename: Nelly
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Fabre
authors.forename: Yves
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Trotter
authors.forename: Gilles
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Géraud
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008881:Migraine Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010104:Oxygen Radioisotopes; D010146:Pain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods; D010296:Parietal Lobe / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D020795:Photophobia / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D014793:Visual Cortex / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D010104:Oxygen Radioisotopes