title: Relationships between daily acute glucose fluctuations and cognitive performance among aged type 2 diabetic patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The mean amplitude of glycemic excursions (MAGE) is a significant determinant of overall metabolic control as well as increased risk for diabetes complications. Older individuals with type 2 diabetes are more likely to have moderate cognitive deficits and structural changes in brain tissue. Considering that poor metabolic control is considered a deranging factor for cognitive performance in diabetic patients, we evaluated whether the contributions of MAGE to cognitive status in older patients with type 2 diabetes were independent from the main markers of glycemic control, such as sustained chronic hyperglycemia (A1C), postprandial glycemia (PPG), and fasting plasma glucose (FPG).
  
  
  METHODS
  In 121 older patients with type 2 diabetes, 48-h continuous subcutaneous glucose monitoring (CSGM) were assessed. MAGE and PPG were evaluated during CSGM. The relationship of MAGE to performance on cognitive tests was assessed, with adjustment for age, glycemic control markers, and other determinants of cognitive status. The cognitive tests were a composite score of executive and attention functioning and the Mini Mental Status Examination (MMSE).
  
  
  RESULTS
  MAGE was significantly correlated with MMSE (r = 0.83; P < 0.001) and with cognition composite score (r = 0.68; P < 0.001). Moreover, MAGE was associated with the MMSE (P < 0.001) and cognition composite score (P < 0.001) independently of age, sex, BMI, waist-to-hip (WHR) ratio, drug intake, physical activity, mean arterial blood pressure, FPG, PPG, and A1C.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MAGE during a daily period was associated with an impairment of cognitive functioning independent of A1C, FPG, and PPG. The present data suggest that interventional trials in older patients with type 2 diabetes should target not only A1C, PPG, and FPG but also daily acute glucose swings.
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatrics and Metabolic Diseases, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Maria Rosaria
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Rizzo
authors.forename: Raffaele
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Marfella
authors.forename: Michelangela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Barbieri
authors.forename: Virginia
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Boccardi
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Vestini
authors.forename: Biagio
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lettieri
authors.forename: Silvestro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Canonico
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Paolisso
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D005905:Glyburide / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008687:Metformin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D045162:Thiazolidinediones / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D045162:Thiazolidinediones; D008687:Metformin; C089946:2,4-thiazolidinedione; D005905:Glyburide