title: Riluzole protects against cardiac ischaemia and reperfusion damage via block of the persistent sodium current.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Current strategies to ameliorate cardiac ischaemic and reperfusion damage, including block of the sodium-hydrogen exchanger, are therapeutically ineffective. Here we propose a different approach, block of the persistent sodium current (INaP).
  
  
  METHODS
  Left ventricular pressure was measured as an index of functional deficit in isolated, Langendorff perfused, hearts from adult rats, subjected to 30 min global ischaemia and reperfusion with vehicle only (control) or riluzole (1-10 microM) in the perfusate. Cell shortening and intracellular Ca2+ concentrations [Ca2+](i) were measured in adult rat isolated myocytes subjected to hypoxia and re-oxygenation. The block of transient and persistent sodium currents by concentrations of riluzole between 0.01 and 100 microM were assessed in rat isolated myocytes using patch clamp techniques.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In perfused hearts, riluzole produced a concentration-dependent cardioprotective action, with minor protection from 1 microM and produced rapid and almost complete recovery upon reperfusion from 3 and 10 microM. In isolated myocytes, riluzole at 3 and 10 microM greatly attenuated or prevented the hypoxia- and reperfusion-induced rise in [Ca2+](i) and the contractile deficit. In patch clamp experiments, riluzole blocked the persistent sodium current with an IC(50) of 2.7 microM, whereas the block of the transient sodium current was only apparent at concentrations above 30 microM.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Riluzole preferentially blocked INaP and was protective in cardiac ischaemia and reperfusion. Thus block of the persistent sodium current would be a viable method of ameliorating cardiac ischaemic and reperfusion damage.
authors.affiliation: The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Weiss
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Benoist
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Teng
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Saint
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000187:drug effects; D006321:Heart / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D015428:Myocardial Reperfusion Injury / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D019782:Riluzole / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015222:Sodium Channels / Q000187:drug effects*; D013552:Swine; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D015222:Sodium Channels; D019782:Riluzole; D002118:Calcium