title: The effect of Acorus gramineus on the bioavailabilities and brain concentrations of ginsenosides Rg1, Re and Rb1 after oral administration of Kai-Xin-San preparations in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effect of Acorus gramineus (AG), a supposed 'delivering servant' according to traditional Chinese medicine principles governing multi-herb formula preparation and formulation, on facilitating the uptake of ginsenosides Rg1, Re and Rb1 to the brain after oral administration of Kai-Xin-San (KXS) preparations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ginseng extracts or KXS with or without AG were administered to rats for pharmacokinetic study and mice for behaviour tests at a dose of 3 g ginseng per kg. The concentrations of ginsenosides in plasma and brain were determined by an LC-MS/MS method, whilst the effects of preparations on spatial learning were evaluated using the Morris water maze test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  KXS in the presence of AG tended to significantly reverse the learning impairment induced by scopolamine. The presence of AG in the KXS formula led to increases in the initial absorption rate and extent of Rg1 and Re in terms of Cmax1 and AUC(0-3h) compared to KXS without AG. Although KXS were found to increase the bioavailabilities and brain concentrations of ginsenosides relative to ginseng extract, the brain-to-plasma AUC(0-12h) ratios appeared not to be affected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggested that the presence of AG in the KXS formula promoted the initial absorption of ginsenosides Rg1 and Re in the gastrointestinal tract, but unlikely affected the brain-to-plasma AUC ratios.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Haidian District, Beijing, PR China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Qing-Ping
authors.initials: QP
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.forename: Li-Hui
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Quan
authors.forename: Chun-Yu
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Qi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Xin-Min
authors.initials: XM
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Yong-Hong
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Liao
mesh_terms: D029023:Acorus; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001682:Biological Availability; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D004357:Drug Synergism; D036145:Ginsenosides / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D007408:Intestinal Absorption / Q000187:drug effects; D007858:Learning / Q000187:drug effects*; D007859:Learning Disabilities / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D005894:Panax / Q000737:chemistry*; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D031801:Polygala; D055441:Poria; D051381:Rats; D012601:Scopolamine; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D036145:Ginsenosides; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012601:Scopolamine