title: Development and validation of a continuous in vitro system reproducing some biotic and abiotic factors of the veal calf intestine.
abstract: Following the January 2006 European ban of antibiotics used as growth promoters in the veal calf industry, new feed additives are needed in order to maintain animal health and growth performance. As an alternative to in vivo experiments in the testing of such additives, an in vitro system modeling the intestinal ecosystem of the veal calf was developed. Stabilization of the main cultured microbial groups and their metabolic activity were tracked in an in vitro continuous fermentor operated under anaerobiosis, at pH 6.5, and at a temperature of 38.5 degrees C and supplied with one of three different nutritive media (M1, M2, or M3). These media mainly differed in their concentrations of simple and complex carbohydrates and in their lipid sources. In vitro microbial levels and fermentative metabolite concentrations were compared to in vivo data, and the biochemical composition of the nutritive media was compared to that of the veal calf intestinal content. All three nutritive media were able to stabilize anaerobic and facultative anaerobic microflora, lactate-utilizing bacteria, bifidobacteria, lactobacilli, enterococci, and Bacteroides fragilis group bacteria at levels close to in vivo values. The microbiota was metabolically active, with high concentrations of lactate, ammonia, and short-chain fatty acids found in the fermentative medium. Comparison with in vivo data indicated that M3 outperformed M1 and M2 in simulating the conditions encountered in the veal calf intestine. This in vitro system would be useful in the prescreening of new feed additives by studying their effect on the intestinal microbiota levels and fermentative metabolite production.
authors.affiliation: Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Auvergne, ERT 18, Conception Ingénierie et Développement de l'Aliment et du Médicament, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gérard-Champod
authors.forename: Stéphanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Blanquet-Diot
authors.forename: Jean-Michel
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Cardot
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bravo
authors.forename: Monique
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alric
mesh_terms: D000641:Ammonia / Q000378:metabolism; D000693:Anaerobiosis; D000818:Animals; D001419:Bacteria / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism; D019149:Bioreactors / Q000382:microbiology; D002417:Cattle / Q000382:microbiology*; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D003470:Culture Media / Q000737:chemistry; D017753:Ecosystem; D005232:Fatty Acids, Volatile / Q000378:metabolism; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007422:Intestines / Q000382:microbiology*; D007773:Lactates / Q000378:metabolism; D008954:Models, Biological; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D003470:Culture Media; D005232:Fatty Acids, Volatile; D007773:Lactates; D000641:Ammonia