title: Subjective invulnerability, optimism bias and adjustment in emerging adulthood.
abstract: The relationship between subjective invulnerability and optimism bias in risk appraisal, and their comparative association with indices of risk activity, substance use and college adjustment problems was assessed in a sample of 350 (M (age) = 20.17; 73% female; 93% White/European American) emerging adults. Subjective invulnerability was measured with the newly devised adolescent invulnerability scale (AIS). Optimism bias in decision-making was assessed with a standard comparative-conditional risk appraisal task. Results showed that the danger- and psychological invulnerability subscales of the AIS demonstrated strong internal consistency and evidence of predictive validity. Subjective invulnerability and optimism bias were also shown to be empirically distinct constructs with differential ability to predict risk and adjustment. Danger invulnerability and psychological invulnerability were more pervasively associated with risk behavior than was optimism bias; and psychological invulnerability counter-indicated depression, self-esteem and interpersonal problems. Results support recent claims regarding the "two faces" of adolescent invulnerability. Implications for future research are drawn.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA. danlapsley@nd.edu
authors.forename: Daniel K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Lapsley
authors.forename: Patrick L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Hill
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001294:Attitude to Health; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D010549:Personal Satisfaction; D010551:Personality; D012649:Self Concept; D012917:Social Adjustment; D012932:Social Facilitation; D012938:Social Perception; D013334:Students / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014495:Universities; D055815:Young Adult