title: Triage performance of first-year medical students using a multiple-casualty scenario, paper exercise.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Large-scale events may overwhelm the capacity of even the most advanced emergency medical systems. When patient volume outweighs the number of available emergency medical services (EMS) providers, a mass-casualty incident may require the aid of non-medical volunteers. These individuals may be utilized to perform field disaster triage, lessening the burden on EMS personnel.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of triage decisions made by newly enrolled first-year medical students after receiving a brief educational intervention.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 315 first-year medical students from two successive classes participated in START triage training and completed a paper-based triage exercise as part of orientation. This questionnaire consisted of 15 clinical scenarios providing brief but sufficient details for prioritization. Subjects assigned each scenario a triage category of Red, Yellow, Green, or Black, based on the START protocol and were allowed four minutes to complete the exercise. Participants from the Class of 2009 were provided with printed START reference cards, while those from the Class of 2008 were not. Two test types varying in the order of patient age values were created to determine whether patient age was a factor in triage assessment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean accuracy score of triage assignment by medical student volunteers after a brief START training session was 64.3%. The overall rate of over-triage was 17.8%, compared to an under-triage rate of 12.6%. There were no significant differences in triage accuracy between subjects with and without printed materials (63.9% vs. 64.6%, p = 0.729) or those completing the age-variant test types (64.4% vs. 64.1%, p = 0.889).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  First-year medical students who received brief START training achieved triage accuracy scores similar to those of emergency physicians, registered nurses, and paramedics in previous studies. Observed rates of under and over-triage suggest that a need exists for improving the accuracy of triage decisions made by medical and non-medical personnel. This study did not find that printed materials significantly improved triage accuracy, nor did it find that patient age affected the ability of participants to correctly assign triage categories. Future research might further evaluate disaster triage by non-medical volunteers.
authors.affiliation: Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.
authors.forename: Robert F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Sapp
authors.forename: Jane H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Brice
authors.forename: J Brent
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Myers
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hinchey
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003657:Decision Making; D004521:Educational Measurement / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D054527:Mass Casualty Incidents; D011361:Professional Competence; D013337:Students, Medical; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014218:Triage / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*