title: Stress and stress-related factors of patients after renal transplantation in Taiwan: a cross-sectional study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study is to quantify the amount and causes of stress in renal transplant recipients.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  After renal transplantation, patients may encounter physical and psychosocial problems. Through patient collaboration with healthcare professionals, treatment after transplantation is aimed at restoring and maintaining a 'normal' life. To achieve quality of life, research needs to quantify the amount and causes of stress of renal transplant recipients, from a patient-centred perspective.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional, descriptive study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted in the outpatient department of a medical centre in northern Taiwan from September 2005-February 2006. The recipients were a convenience sample of 153 participants who had undergone renal transplantation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results showed that renal transplant recipients had low to moderate stress in four areas. Gender (male), self-efficacy and hospitalisation for infection explained 17% of the variance found for the stress of uncertainty; hospitalisation for rejection and infection explained 22% of the variance for complications; and gender (male) and self-efficacy explained 8% of the variance for the interactions with others. Post-transplant time was not found to be a predictor of stress.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  After renal transplantation, patients experience multi-dimensional stresses that previous research has not explored. Self-efficacy was shown to be a significant predictor of the stress of uncertainty and interactions with others. Enhancing recipients' self-efficacy of self-care behaviour can lower the stress that found in three areas.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Healthcare professionals should develop an evidence-based programme for stress management for renal transplantation patients that incorporates strategies to enhance patient's self-efficacy of self-care behaviour. Recipients' beliefs in their ability to successfully perform self-care behaviour can be promoted by a mastery experience, vicarious experience with other patients, social persuasion and re-explanation of somatic and emotional states by discussing coping methods with healthcare professionals.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Kang-Hua
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Li-Chueh
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Weng
authors.forename: Sheuan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010361:Patients / Q000523:psychology*; D013315:Stress, Psychological; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013624:Taiwan