title: Effect of pioglitazone on endothelial function in impaired glucose tolerance.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Flow-mediated dilation (FMD) is a surrogate marker of endothelial function, which has been proposed as a barometer of vascular health. Impaired microvascular response to reactive hyperaemia is thought to be the mechanism behind reduced shear stress and subsequently impaired FMD, which has been associated with cardiovascular events. This study aims to assess the effect of pioglitazone on the vasculature of patients with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT).
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty IGT patients with no cardiovascular disease were compared with 24 healthy age- and sex-matched controls. Endothelial function was assessed using FMD of the brachial artery. Adiponectin (ADN) levels were measured and insulin sensitivity was calculated using homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). A randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial of the IGT subjects was then performed, with subjects receiving either pioglitazone 30 mg od or matched placebo for 12 weeks before the measurements were repeated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The IGT subjects had a significantly impaired FMD compared with the controls (p < 0.001). Diastolic shear stress (DSS) was also significantly reduced in IGT (p = 0.04). High molecular weight (HMW) ADN was significantly lower in the IGT group than in controls (p = 0.03). On analysis of the IGT group after 12 weeks treatment, FMD was significantly increased in the pioglitazone group compared with placebo (p = 0.03) as was endothelium-independent dilation (EID) (p = 0.03). A significant increase in total ADN (p < 0.001), HMW ADN (p < 0.001) and HMW/total ratio (p = 0.001) occurred in the pioglitazone group compared with placebo.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pioglitazone improved endothelial function in IGT. Treatment with pioglitazone may reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease in this patient group.
authors.affiliation: Department of Therapeutics and Pharmacology, Queen's University, Belfast, UK. cathyquinn25@hotmail.com
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Quinn
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Lockhart
authors.forename: P K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Hamilton
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Loughrey
authors.forename: G E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: McVeigh
mesh_terms: D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D018149:Glucose Intolerance / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D000077205:Pioglitazone; D045162:Thiazolidinediones / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D045162:Thiazolidinediones; D000077205:Pioglitazone