title: Genetic control of immune responses to influenza A matrix 2 protein (M2).
abstract: Vaccines should protect genetically diverse populations. Therefore we tested the candidate "universal" influenza A matrix protein 2 (M2) vaccine in multiple mouse strains. Mice were primed with M2 DNA and boosted with M2 recombinant adenovirus (rAd). C57BL/6 (B6) mice developed no antibody or T-cell response to M2, while BALB/c responded strongly. CBA responses were intermediate. Both MHC and background genes influenced responsiveness. To improve low responses we immunized with adjuvanted peptide-carrier conjugates, or co-immunized with nucleoprotein (NP), which can augment T-cell help. The conjugate vaccine enhanced some outcomes but not others. Co-immunizing with NP improved outcomes over either NP or M2 immunizations alone. These results have implications for vaccination of genetically diverse populations.
authors.affiliation: Food and Drug Administration, Center for Biologics and Research, HFM-730, Rockville, MD 20852, USA.
authors.forename: Julia A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Misplon
authors.forename: Chia-Yun
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Lo
authors.forename: Jon D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Gabbard
authors.forename: S Mark
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Tompkins
authors.forename: Suzanne L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Epstein
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood; D000917:Antibody Formation; D005260:Female; D007111:Immunity, Cellular; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood; D009980:Influenza A virus / Q000276:immunology*; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*; D008285:Major Histocompatibility Complex; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008808:Mice, Inbred CBA; D009976:Orthomyxoviridae Infections / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D018074:Vaccines, Conjugate / Q000276:immunology; D019444:Vaccines, DNA / Q000276:immunology; D014763:Viral Matrix Proteins / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D007252:Influenza Vaccines; D018074:Vaccines, Conjugate; D019444:Vaccines, DNA; D014763:Viral Matrix Proteins