title: Association of passive smoking with respiratory symptoms and clinical correlates, among married women, in a rural community in Islamabad.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the association of passive smoking with respiratory symptoms and clinical correlates in married women in a rural area of Pakistan.
  
  
  METHODS
  A Cross-sectional study was carried out on married women of Nurpur Shahan (rural Islamabad) by means of an Interviewer administered questionnaire. Systematic sampling of households was done. A total of 296 women were surveyed. The study period extended from January to July 2009. All data was entered and analyzed using SPSS v 10.0.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The two major respiratory symptoms that were found to be associated with passive smoking were sinusitis [adjusted O.R(95% CI) 2.2 (1.3 - 3.5), p = 0.001] and cough [adjusted O.R (95% CI) 2.4 (1.2 - 4.8), p = 0.017]. Wood used as fuel for cooking purposes also contributed to one of the symptoms such as headache (p = 0.007). The pulse rate (79 +/- 11 beats/min) of the passive smoking women was statistically significantly higher than the pulse rate (76 +/- 9 beats/min) of the non-passive smoking women (p = 0.012).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Passive smoking was found to be associated with respiratory symptoms among married women in this study. Higher pulse rate was associated with passive smoking.
authors.affiliation: Community Health Sciences, Shifa College of Medicine, Islamabad.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hammad
authors.forename: Komal
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Atta
authors.forename: Mariam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Manzoor
authors.forename: Maryam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tariq
authors.forename: Zainub
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Saeed
authors.forename: Zara
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Masood
authors.forename: Khadiqa
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Saleem
authors.forename: Mariam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Raza
authors.forename: Ghulam Mustafa
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Malik
authors.forename: Ali Yawar
authors.initials: AY
authors.lastname: Alam
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003371:Cough / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D010154:Pakistan / Q000453:epidemiology; D012424:Rural Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012852:Sinusitis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D018454:Spouses; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution