title: Nasal trauma due to continuous positive airway pressure in neonates.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the incidence and severity of nasal trauma secondary to nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP) in neonates.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective observational study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) of the University Hospital of Lausanne, Switzerland.
  
  
  METHODS
  All neonates admitted between January 2002 and December 2007 treated by nCPAP were eligible.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients' noses were monitored during nCPAP. Nasal trauma was reported into three stages: (I) persistent erythema; (II) superficial ulceration; and (III) necrosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  989 neonates were enrolled. Mean gestational age was 34 weeks (SD 4), mean birth weight 2142 g (SD 840). Nasal trauma was reported in 420 (42.5%) patients and it was of stage I, II and III in 371 (88.3%), 46 (11%) and 3 (0.7%) patients, respectively. Incidence and severity of trauma were inversely correlated with gestational age and birth weight. The risk of nasal trauma was greater in neonates <32 weeks of gestational age (OR 2.48, 95% CI 1.59 to 3.86), weighing <1500 g at birth (OR 2.28, 95% CI 1.43 to 3.64), treated >5 days by nCPAP (OR 5.36, 95% CI 3.82 to 7.52), or staying >14 days in the NICU (OR 1.67, 95% CI 1.22 to 2.28). Most cases of nasal trauma (90%) appeared during the first 6 days of nCPAP. Persistent visible scars were present in two cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nasal trauma is a frequent complication of nCPAP, especially in preterm neonates, but long-term cosmetic sequelae are very rare. This study provides a description of nasal trauma and proposes a simple staging system. This could serve as a basis to develop strategies of prevention and treatment of this iatrogenic event.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neonatology, Department of Paediatrics, Centre Hospitalier University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Céline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.forename: Valérie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bertelle
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hohlfeld
authors.forename: Margot
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Forcada-Guex
authors.forename: Corinne
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stadelmann-Diaw
authors.forename: Jean-François
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Tolsa
mesh_terms: D001724:Birth Weight; D045422:Continuous Positive Airway Pressure / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D004890:Erythema / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D015931:Intensive Care, Neonatal / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D009336:Necrosis; D009666:Nose / Q000293:injuries*; D009668:Nose Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015599:Trauma Severity Indices; D014456:Ulcer / Q000209:etiology