title: Radiolabeling and dose fixation study of oral alpha-ketoglutarate as a cyanide antidote in healthy human volunteers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Radiolabeling and dose fixation study of alpha-ketoglutarate (A-KG).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  A-KG is a potential oral antidote for cyanide poisoning. Its protective efficacy in animals was best exhibited at a dose of 2.0 g/kg body weight, which when extrapolated to human is very high. The objective of this study was to reduce the dose of A-KG in humans with concomitant increase in its bioavailability, employing pharmacoscintigraphic techniques to assess kinetics in man.
  
  
  METHODS
  A-KG was radiolabeled with technetium-99m pertechnetate (Tc-99m) and its purity, labeling efficiency, and stability in vitro were determined by instant thin layer chromatography. Time-dependent bio-absorption of the drug in rats and rabbits was assessed by gamma scintigraphy after oral administration of a tracer dose of (99m)Tc-A-KG mixed with nonradioactive A-KG at a concentration of 0.1-2.0 g/kg in the presence or absence of aqueous dilution. Furthermore, scintigraphy and radiometry studies were performed in healthy human volunteers using 5-20 g of A-KG, given in single or split doses followed by different quantity of water. Drug bioavailability was estimated periodically.
  
  
  RESULTS
  High radiolabeling (>97%) of A-KG with a stability of 24 h in vitro was obtained. Less than 1% absorption of the drug occurred within 20 min after A-KG was administered in animals at a concentration of 2.0 g/kg body weight. One-tenth reduction in dose increased the bioavailability to 15%. Significant improvement in gastric emptying of the drug was achieved when the drug was administered along with 1-5 mL of water. In humans, two doses of 10 g A-KG given at an interval of 10 min, followed by 300 mL of water, increased the drug bioavailability to 40% as compared to a single dose of 20 g.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Significant reduction in A-KG dose was achieved in humans as compared to the recommended dose in animals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Aqueous dilution improves the bioavailability of A-KG in humans.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Gaurav
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mittal
authors.forename: Thakuri
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Neeraj
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Aseem
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bhatnagar
authors.forename: Rajendra Prasad
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Tripathi
authors.forename: Rajkumar
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tulsawani
authors.forename: Rajagopalan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vijayaraghavan
authors.forename: Rahul
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bhattacharya
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D000931:Antidotes / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001682:Biological Availability; D003486:Cyanides / Q000506:poisoning*; D006801:Humans; D007553:Isotope Labeling; D007656:Ketoglutaric Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011817:Rabbits; D051381:Rats; D013667:Technetium
chemical_list: D000931:Antidotes; D003486:Cyanides; D007656:Ketoglutaric Acids; D013667:Technetium