title: Effect of end-expiratory lung volume on upper airway collapsibility in sleeping men and women.
abstract: The relationship between changes in absolute end-expiratory lung volume (EELV) and collapsibility has not been rigorously quantified. We hypothesized that pharyngeal collapsibility varies inversely with absolute lung volume in sleeping humans during 1) conventional and 2) isovolume measurements of passive critical pressure (Pcrit). Eighteen healthy subjects (11 male, 7 female) slept in a negative pressure ventilator for measurements of pharyngeal collapsibility (Pcrit) during non-rapid eye movement sleep. EELV was 1) allowed to vary with changes in nasal pressure for conventional Pcrit measurements and 2) controlled by maintaining a fixed pressure difference across the respiratory system (P(RS)) from the nose to the body surface for isovolume Pcrit measurements at elevated EELV (P(RS) = +10 cmH(2)O), reduced EELV (P(RS) = -5 cmH(2)O), and functional residual capacity (FRC; P(RS) = 0 cmH(2)O). In each condition, the absolute EELV was determined and the corresponding Pcrit was derived from upper airway pressure-flow relationships. In the entire group, Pcrit varied inversely with EELV (P < 0.001). Pcrit decreased as EELV increased from the conventional to the FRC isovolume condition by -3.5 ± 1.0 cmH(2)O/l (P < 0.003). Subjects with a conventional Pcrit below -2 cmH(2)O exhibited greater reductions in EELV and correspondingly greater decreases in the FRC isovolume compared with the conventional Pcrit (P < 0.001). The overall response, ΔPcrit/ΔEELV, was -2.0 ± 0.2 cmH(2)O/l (P < 0.001) and did not differ between men and women (P = 0.16). Nevertheless, men and women differed significantly in FRC (2.63 ± 0.16 vs. 1.88 ± 0.13 liters, P <0.05) and FRC isovolume Pcrit (-2.3 ± 0.8 vs. -7.2 ± 1.2 cmH(2)O, P < 0.05), implying that the men had larger lungs and more collapsible airways than the women. The ΔPcrit/ΔEELV response was independent of sex, conventional Pcrit, body mass index, and neck, waist, and hip circumferences. We conclude that Pcrit varies inversely with absolute EELV, which may lead to 1) an underestimation of the magnitude of quantitative differences in Pcrit across the spectrum from health (negative Pcrit) to disease (positive Pcrit) and 2) increases in sleep apnea susceptibility in obesity.
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins Sleep Disorders Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland , USA.
authors.forename: Samuel B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Squier
authors.forename: Susheel P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Patil
authors.forename: Hartmut
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: Jason P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Kirkness
authors.forename: Philip L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Alan R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Schwartz
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005105:Expiratory Reserve Volume; D005260:Female; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008170:Lung Compliance; D008176:Lung Volume Measurements; D008297:Male; D010614:Pharynx / Q000503:physiopathology*; D017286:Polysomnography; D011312:Pressure; D012123:Pulmonary Ventilation; D015656:Respiratory Mechanics; D012737:Sex Factors; D012890:Sleep; D012891:Sleep Apnea Syndromes / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015919:Ventilators, Negative-Pressure; D014797:Vital Capacity; D055815:Young Adult