title: Is inflammation a common retinal-renal-nerve pathogenic link in diabetes?
abstract: The global diabetes burden is predicted to rise to 380 million by 2025 and would present itself as a major health challenge. However, both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes increase the risk of developing micro-vascular complications and macro-vascular complications which in turn will have a devastating impact on quality of life of the patients and challenge health services Worldwide. The micro-vascular complications that affect small blood vessels are the leading cause of blindness (diabetic retinopathy) in the people of the working-age, end-stage renal disease (diabetic nephropathy) the most common cause of kidney failure today, and foot amputation (diabetic neuropathy) in patients with Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. It is accepted that hyperglycemia is a major causative factor for the development of these complications, there is also growing evidence for the role of inflammation. Here we discuss low-grade inflammation as a common retinal-renal-nerve pathogenic link in patients with Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. This review summarizes evidence showing a link between circulating and locally produced inflammatory biomarkers, such as cell adhesion molecules (vascular adhesion cell molecule-1, VCAM-1; intracellular adhesion molecule-1, ICAM-1), pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-6, IL-6; tumour necrosis factor-alpha, TNF-α; C-reactive protein, CRP) with the development and progression of diabetic micro-vascular complications.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Exeter & Plymouth, St Luke's Campus, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK.
authors.forename: Kirti
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kaul
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hodgkinson
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Tarr
authors.forename: Eva M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Kohner
authors.forename: Rakesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chibber
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D003929:Diabetic Neuropathies / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D007668:Kidney / Q000294:innervation* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008954:Models, Biological; D009393:Nephritis / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D012160:Retina / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D055351:Retinal Neurons / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D012173:Retinitis / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers