title: Monovalent ions control proliferation of Ehrlich Lettre ascites cells.
abstract: Channels and transporters of monovalent ions are increasingly suggested as putative anticarcinogenic targets. However, the mechanisms involved in modulation of proliferation by monovalent ions are poorly understood. Here, we investigated the role of K+, Na+, and Cl(-) ions for the proliferation of Ehrlich Lettre ascites (ELA) cells. We measured the intracellular concentration of each ion in G(0), G(1), and S phases of the cell cycle following synchronization by serum starvation and release. We show that intracellular concentrations and content of Na+ and Cl(-) were reduced in the G(0)-G(1) phase transition, followed by an increased content of both ions in S phase concomitant with water uptake. The effect of substituting extracellular monovalent ions was investigated by bromodeoxyuridine incorporation and showed marked reduction after Na+ and Cl(-) substitution. In spectrofluorometric measurements with the pH-sensitive dye BCECF, substitution of Na+ was observed to upregulate the activity of the Na+/H+ exchanger NHE1 as well as of Na+-independent acid extrusion mechanisms, facilitating intracellular pH (pH(i)) recovery after acid loading and increasing pH(i). Results using the potential sensitive dye DiBaC4(3) showed a reduced Cl(-) conductance in S compared with G(1) followed by transmembrane potential (E(m)) hyperpolarization in S. Cl(-) substitution by impermeable anions strongly inhibited proliferation and increased free, intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i), whereas a more permeable anion had little effect. Western blots showed reduced chloride intracellular channel CLIC1 and chloride channel ClC-2 expression in the plasma membrane in S compared with G(1). Our results suggest that Na+ regulates ELA cell proliferation by regulating intracellular pH while Cl(-) may regulate proliferation by fine-tuning of E(m) in S phase and altered Ca2+ signaling.
authors.affiliation: Section of Cell- and Developmental Biology, Dept. of Biology, The August Krogh Bldg., Univ. of Copenhagen, 13 Universitetsparken, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark. tkklausen@bio.ku.dk
authors.forename: Thomas Kjaer
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Klausen
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Preisler
authors.forename: Stine Falsig
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Pedersen
authors.forename: Else Kay
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000838:Anions; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D002286:Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor / Q000473:pathology*; D002414:Cations, Monovalent; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism; D002463:Cell Membrane Permeability; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D018118:Chloride Channels / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D002712:Chlorides / Q000502:physiology*; D016193:G1 Phase; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008536:Meglumine / Q000494:pharmacology; D011188:Potassium / Q000502:physiology*; D021381:Protein Transport; D016192:Resting Phase, Cell Cycle; D016196:S Phase; D012964:Sodium / Q000502:physiology*; D017923:Sodium-Hydrogen Exchangers / Q000378:metabolism; D014867:Water / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000838:Anions; D002414:Cations, Monovalent; D018118:Chloride Channels; D002712:Chlorides; D017923:Sodium-Hydrogen Exchangers; D014867:Water; D008536:Meglumine; D012964:Sodium; D011188:Potassium; D002118:Calcium