title: Effects of intestinal intervention on bacterial translocation in a rat model of acute liver failure in vivo.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The study aimed to confirm bacterial translocation (BT) in rats with acute liver failure (ALF), to explore the correlation between the concentration of lipopolysaccharides and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) expression, and further, to evaluate the curative effects of lactulose and montmorillonite (smecta) in this setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  D-Galactosamine was injected into the abdominal cavity of rats to induce ALF. Escherichia coli JM109 labeled with enhanced green fluorescent protein was administered to track BT. Simultaneously, the rats were given lactulose or smecta. Blood samples were collected for measuring liver function, cytokines, endotoxins, and TLR4 expression. Representative tissue specimens from the liver, spleen, and mesenteric lymph nodes were aseptically harvested for bacterial identification by agarose gel electrophoresis, laser scanning confocal microscopy, and flow cytometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  BT occurred in ALF, accompanied by impaired liver function with increased cytokines, endotoxins, and TLR4 expression. After the treatment with lactulose or smecta, all these parameters decreased, including the relative quantity of translocated bacteria while albumin increased. Furthermore, compared with the lactulose treatment group, the parameters in the smecta treatment group improved. Moreover, in the group in which smecta was given for prophylaxis, there was greater improvement than with treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intestinal intervention with lactulose or smecta can ameliorate BT; moreover, smecta has a better effect than lactulose, and its preventive effect was also better than its therapeutic effect.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, Xi'an, PR China.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Qing-He
authors.initials: QH
authors.lastname: Nie
authors.forename: An-Hui
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Xiao-Feng
authors.initials: XF
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Qing-Quan
authors.initials: QQ
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Yun-Ming
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018988:Bacterial Translocation / Q000187:drug effects*; D001546:Bentonite / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004587:Electrophoresis, Agar Gel; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000097:blood; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005688:Galactosamine; D005765:Gastrointestinal Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D007422:Intestines / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D007792:Lactulose / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D017114:Liver Failure, Acute / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000382:microbiology; D008297:Male; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D017640:Silicates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013154:Spleen / Q000187:drug effects / Q000382:microbiology; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4 / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D004731:Endotoxins; D005765:Gastrointestinal Agents; D017640:Silicates; C495347:Tlr4 protein, rat; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; C485184:enhanced green fluorescent protein; C016752:smecta; D001546:Bentonite; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D007792:Lactulose; D005688:Galactosamine