title: Poly(I:C) induces intense expression of c-IAP2 and cooperates with an IAP inhibitor in induction of apoptosis in cancer cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is increasing evidence that the toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) is an interesting target for anti-cancer therapy. Unfortunately, most laboratory investigations about the impact of TLR3 stimulation on human malignant cells have been performed with very high concentrations--5 to 100 microg/ml--of the prototype TLR3 ligand, poly(I:C). In a previous study focused on a specific type of human carcinoma - nasopharyngeal carcinoma - we have shown that concentrations of poly(I:C) as low as 100 ng/ml are sufficient to induce apoptosis of malignant cells when combined to a pharmacological antagonist of the IAP family based on Smac mimicry.
  
  
  METHODS
  This observation prompted us to investigate the contribution of the IAP family in cell response to poly(I:C) in a variety of human malignant cell types.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We report a rapid, intense and selective increase in c-IAP2 protein expression observed under stimulation by poly(I:C)(500 ng/ml) in all types of human malignant cells. In most cell types, this change in protein expression is underlain by an increase in c-IAP2 transcripts and dependent on the TLR3/TRIF pathway. When poly(I:C) is combined to the IAP inhibitor RMT 5265, a cooperative effect in apoptosis induction and/or inhibition of clonogenic growth is obtained in a large fraction of carcinoma and melanoma cell lines.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Currently, IAP inhibitors like RMT 5265 and poly(I:C) are the subject of separate therapeutic trials. In light of our observations, combined use of both types of compounds should be considered for treatment of human malignancies including carcinomas and melanomas.
authors.affiliation: Univ Paris-Sud, CNRS-UMR 8126 and Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy, 39 rue Camille Desmoulins, F-94805 Villejuif, France.
authors.forename: Luc
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Friboulet
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gourzones
authors.forename: Sai Wah
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Tsao
authors.forename: Yannis
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Morel
authors.forename: Carine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Paturel
authors.forename: Stéphane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Témam
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Uzan
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Busson
mesh_terms: D033942:Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport / Q000378:metabolism; D000328:Adult; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D000075747:Baculoviral IAP Repeat-Containing 3 Protein; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D051034:Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D011070:Poly I-C / Q000494:pharmacology; D034622:RNA Interference; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors; D051196:Toll-Like Receptor 3 / Q000819:agonists / Q000378:metabolism; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D033942:Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport; D051034:Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C470409:TICAM1 protein, human; C495344:TLR3 protein, human; D051196:Toll-Like Receptor 3; C494832:BIRC3 protein, human; D000075747:Baculoviral IAP Repeat-Containing 3 Protein; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases; D011070:Poly I-C