title: Quantitative evaluation of the orofacial morphology: anthropometric measurements in healthy and mouth-breathing children.
abstract: The anthropometric orofacial measurements of mouth-breathing children were compared to those of children with no history of speech-language disorders, according to age.
  
  
  METHODS
  100 children participated, both males and females, with ages ranging from 7 to 11 years and 11 months, leukoderm, in mixed dentition period, with a mouth-breathing diagnosis. The control group was comprised of 254 children, of both sexes, with ages ranging from 7 to 11 years and 11 months, leukoderm, in mixed dentition period, with no history of speech-language disorders. The control group did not demonstrate any mouth-breathing. The children were submitted to anthropometric assessment and the orofacial measurements obtained were upper lip, lower lip, philtrum, upper face, middle face, lower face, and sides of the face. The instrument used was the electronic digital sliding caliper Starrett Series 727. There was statistically significant difference between the majority of the orofacial measurements of mouth-breathing children and the measurements of children with no history of speech-language disorders. Some orofacial measurements were different in the studied populations. The possibility of comparing orofacial measurements of children with and without mouth-breathing behavior allows the clinician to determine normal and altered structures of the orofacial morphology. The main advantages of the anthropometry are its noninvasive nature, its technological simplicity, low cost and objective analysis. The anthropometric procedures also have clinical applications in myofunctional assessment and therapy.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine of University of Sao Paulo, Brazil. dmcattoni@uol.com.br
authors.forename: Débora Martins
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Cattoni
authors.forename: Fernanda Dreux Miranda
authors.initials: FD
authors.lastname: Fernandes
authors.forename: Renata Cantisani
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Di Francesco
authors.forename: Maria Do Rosário Dias Oliveira
authors.initials: Mdo R
authors.lastname: De Latorre
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002508:Cephalometry; D002648:Child; D005145:Face / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009058:Mouth Breathing / Q000473:pathology*; D012016:Reference Values