title: The Wnt inhibitory factor 1 restoration in prostate cancer cells was associated with reduced tumor growth, decreased capacity of cell migration and invasion and a reversal of epithelial to mesenchymal transition.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Aberrations in the Wnt pathway have been reported to be involved in the metastasis of prostate cancer (PCa) to bone. We investigated the effect and underlying mechanism of a naturally-occurring Wnt inhibitor, WIF1, on the growth and cellular invasiveness of a bone metastatic PCa cell line, PC3.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The WIF1 gene promoter was hypermethylated and its expression down-regulated in the majority (7 of 8) of PCa cell lines. Restoration of WIF1 expression in PC-3 cells resulted in a decreased cell motility and invasiveness via up-regulation of epithelial markers (E-cadherin, Keratin-8 and-18), down-regulation of mesenchymal markers (N-cadherin, Fibronectin and Vimentin) and decreased activity of MMP-2 and -9. PC3 cells transfected with WIF1 consistently demonstrated reduced expression of Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) transcription factors, Slug and Twist, and a change in morphology from mesenchymal to epithelial. Moreover, WIF1 expression significantly reduced tumor growth by approximately 63% in a xenograft mouse model. This was accompanied by an increased expression of E-cadherin and Keratin-18 and a decreased expression of vimentin in tumor tissues.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that WIF1 regulates tumor invasion through EMT process and thus, may play an important role in controlling metastatic disease in PCa patients. Blocking Wnt signaling in PCa by WIF1 may represent a novel strategy in the future to reduce metastatic disease burden in PCa patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology and Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at Irvine Orange, CA 92868, USA.
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Yee
authors.forename: Yaxiong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Xuesen
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Zhongbo
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Samia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ghaffar
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: McQueen
authors.forename: Dash
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Atreya
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: Anne R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Simoneau
authors.forename: Bang H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Hoang
authors.forename: Xiaolin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zi
mesh_terms: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D002455:Cell Division / Q000502:physiology*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D019175:DNA Methylation; D017931:DNA Primers; D058750:Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D017931:DNA Primers; D012097:Repressor Proteins; C485569:WIF1 protein, human