title: Skeletal dysplasias: evaluation with impulse oscillometry and thoracoabdominal motion analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Children with skeletal dysplasia (SD) often have pulmonary disease, which can be life threatening. In clinical practice, chest wall and formal respiratory function tests are difficult to perform owing to the small size and cooperation. The objective of this study was to demonstrate distinct thoracopulmonary function patterns in children with SD.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a retrospective study reviewing pulmonary function tests from 17 patients with the diagnosis of SD. Three subgroups were studied: Morquio syndrome (MS), metatropic-spondylocostal dysplasia (MSD), and unspecified skeletal dysplasias (SDU). Rib cage contribution to tidal volume excursions (%RC), phase angle (Phtheta), phase relation during total breath (PhRTB), respiratory resistance (Rrs(5-35) Hz), respiratory reactance (Xrs(5-35) Hz), resonant frequency, and their frequency-dependency were analyzed. Values were age-matched and height-matched to reference values of healthy subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a decrease in %RC and an increase in PhRTB (P < 0.05) in the SD group. %RC differed between subgroups [MS: 46.4 +/- 1.8% SE, MSD: 18.4 +/- 2.6% SE, SDU: 27.5 +/- 5.2% SE (P < 0.05)]; Phtheta was within reference values only in MS, which exhibited a decrease in Xrs at 5 Hz (P < 0.05) and an increase in Rrs independent of the frequency. SDU showed a decrease in Xrs at 35 Hz (P < 0.05), no differences were found in Rrs. In MS, a correlation was found between RC and Rrs at all frequencies (r = -0.98, P < 0.01) and between Xrs(5-10) and Phtheta (r = -0.93, P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thoracoabdominal dysfunction was associated with altered chest wall reactance at high frequencies in a subgroup of SD patients with abnormal lung reactance and central airway involvement in MS.
authors.affiliation: Nemours Biomedical Research, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, USA. merodrig@nemours.org
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Rodriguez
authors.forename: William G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Mackenzie
authors.forename: Colleen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ditro
authors.forename: Thomas L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Aaron
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chidekel
authors.forename: Thomas H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Shaffer
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen; D000293:Adolescent; D000403:Airway Resistance; D001848:Bone Diseases, Developmental / Q000503:physiopathology*; D035641:Chest Wall Oscillation; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D009085:Mucopolysaccharidosis IV / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012272:Ribs / Q000503:physiopathology*; D055815:Young Adult