title: Activation of eukaryotic initiation factor-2 α-kinases in okadaic acid-treated neurons.
abstract: Phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor-2 alpha (eIF2 alpha) is increased in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and this protein can be phosphorylated by several kinases, including double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR), PKR-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), amino acids-regulated eIF2 alpha kinase (GCN2) and heme-regulated eIF2 alpha kinase (HRI). PKR and PERK especially are activated in the AD brain, and GCN2 is reported to increase presenilin-1 (PS1) activity. Okadaic acid (OA), a protein phosphatase-2A (PP2A) inhibitor, is known to increase tau phosphorylation, beta-amyloid (A beta) deposition and neuronal death, which are the pathological characteristics of AD. Here, we show that the phosphorylation of eIF2 alpha is increased and its kinases, PKR, PERK and GCN2 are activated in rat neurons by OA. Activating transcription factor (ATF4) which induces apoptosis in response to eIF2 alpha phosphorylation was increased and translocated to nuclei in OA-treated neurons. These results suggest that the successive events of activation of eIF2 alpha kinases and eIF2 alpha phosphorylation leading to ATF4 nuclear translocation may contribute to neuronal death. However, PKR inhibitors did not reduce eIF2 alpha phosphorylation or neuronal toxicity despite inhibiting PKR activity. These results suggest that PKR might not be the most responsible kinase for eIF2 alpha phosphorylation or cell death in PP2A-inhibited conditions such as AD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: S Y
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D015852:Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D009410:Nerve Degeneration / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D019319:Okadaic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D019892:eIF-2 Kinase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D015852:Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-2; D019319:Okadaic Acid; D011494:Protein Kinases; D019892:eIF-2 Kinase; C547911:Eif2ak4 protein, rat