title: Clostridium difficile infection in Polish pediatric outpatients with inflammatory bowel disease.
abstract: The prevalence of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) in pediatric patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is still not sufficiently recognized. We assessed the prevalence of CDI and recurrences in outpatients with IBD. In addition, the influence of IBD therapy on CDI and antimicrobial susceptibility of the potentially causative C. difficile strains was assessed. This was a prospective, single-center, observational study. All specimens were obtained between January 2005 and January 2007 from the IBD outpatient service and screened for C. difficile and its toxins. C. difficile isolates were genotyped by PCR ribotyping. Diagnosis of Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) was based on Porto criteria. Severity of disease was assessed using the Hyams scale (for Crohn's disease) and the Truelove-Witts scale (for ulcerative colitis). One hundred and forty-three fecal samples from 58 pediatric IBD patients (21 with Crohn's disease and 37 with ulcerative colitis) were screened. The risk of C. difficile infection was 60% and was independent of disease type (CD or UC) (χ2 = 2.5821, df = 3, p = 0.4606). About 17% of pediatric IBD patients experienced a recurrence of CDI. All C. difficile strains were susceptible to metronidazole, vancomycin and rifampin. A high prevalence of C. difficile infection and recurrences in pediatric outpatients with IBD was observed, independent of disease type. There was no significant correlation between C. difficile infection and IBD therapy. PCR ribotyping revealed C. difficile re-infection and relapses during episodes of IBD in pediatric outpatients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wultańska
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Banaszkiewicz
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Radzikowski
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Obuch-Woszczatyński
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Młynarczyk
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Brazier
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Pituch
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: van Belkum
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000553:Ambulatory Care; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016360:Clostridioides difficile / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D003015:Clostridium Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology*; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015212:Inflammatory Bowel Diseases / Q000150:complications*; D008297:Male; D008795:Metronidazole / Q000494:pharmacology; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D015995:Prevalence; D012008:Recurrence; D021521:Ribotyping; D012293:Rifampin / Q000494:pharmacology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014640:Vancomycin / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D008795:Metronidazole; D014640:Vancomycin; D012293:Rifampin