title: Therapeutic massage of the neck and shoulders produces changes in peripheral blood flow when assessed with dynamic infrared thermography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study's objective was to determine the effect of therapeutic massage on peripheral blood flow utilizing dynamic infrared thermography in a constant temperature/humidity thermal chamber to assess noncontact skin temperature.
  
  
  METHODS
  The design was a repeated-measures crossover experimental design; the independent variable was treatment condition (massage, light touch, control).
  
  
  METHODS
  The study setting was a university research laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventeen (17) healthy volunteers (8 males/9 females; age = 23.29 +/- 3.06) took part in the study.
  
  
  METHODS
  One (1) 20-minute neck and shoulder therapeutic massage treatment was performed for each of the three treatment conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  The dependent variable was noncontact, mean skin temperature in 15 regions measured at 6 time points (pretest and 15, 25, 35, 45, and 60 minutes post-test) for each treatment condition.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The massage treatment produced significant elevations in temperature in five regions: anterior upper chest (p = 0.04), posterior neck (p = 0.0006), upper back (p = 0.0005), posterior right arm (p = 0.03), and middle back (p = 0.02). Massage therapy produced significant increases in temperature over time, compared to the other conditions, in the anterior upper chest, and posterior neck, upper back, right arm, and the middle back. Additionally, the temperatures remained above baseline levels after 60 minutes. Interestingly, the massage treatment produced significant temperature elevations in two nonmassaged areas posterior right arm and middle back.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These changes in temperature suggest corresponding changes in peripheral blood flow in the treated areas as well as in adjacent not-massaged areas. Moreover, the results suggest dynamic infrared thermography as a useful tool to measure noninvasive, noncontact changes in peripheral blood flow for massage therapy research.
authors.affiliation: Neuromechanics Research Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA. jmsefton@auburn.edu
authors.forename: JoEllen M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Sefton
authors.forename: Ceren
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yarar
authors.forename: Jack W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Berry
authors.forename: David D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Pascoe
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001132:Arm / Q000098:blood supply; D001415:Back / Q000098:blood supply; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008405:Massage; D009333:Neck; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D012782:Shoulder; D012881:Skin Temperature; D013817:Thermography / Q000379:methods; D013909:Thorax / Q000098:blood supply; D055815:Young Adult