title: Odor identification ability and self-reported upper respiratory symptoms in workers at the post-9/11 World Trade Center site.
abstract: Following the World Trade Center (WTC) collapse on September 11, 2001, more than 40,000 people were exposed to a complex mixture of inhalable nanoparticles and toxic chemicals. While many developed chronic respiratory symptoms, to what degree olfaction was compromised is unclear. A previous WTC Medical Monitoring and Treatment Program study found that olfactory and nasal trigeminal thresholds were altered by the toxic exposure, but not scores on a 20-odor smell identification test.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To employ a well-validated 40-item smell identification test to definitively establish whether the ability to identify odors is compromised in a cohort of WTC-exposed individuals and, if so, whether the degree of compromise is associated with self-reported severity of rhinitic symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  The University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT) was administered to 99 WTC-exposed persons and 99 matched normal controls. The Sino-Nasal Outcomes Test (SNOT-20) was administered to the 99 WTC-exposed persons and compared to the UPSIT scores.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean (SD) UPSIT scores were lower in the WTC-exposed group than in age-, sex-, and smoking history-matched controls [respective scores: 30.05 (5.08) vs 35.94 (3.76); p = 0.003], an effect present in a subgroup of 19 subjects additionally matched on occupation (p < 0.001). Fifteen percent of the exposed subjects had severe microsmia, but only 3% anosmia. SNOT-20 scores were unrelated to UPSIT scores (r = 0.20; p = 0.11).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Exposure to WTC air pollution was associated with a decrement in the ability to identify odors, implying that such exposure had a greater influence on smell function than previously realized.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1189, New York, NY 10029, USA. kenneth.altman@msnyuhealth.org
authors.forename: Kenneth W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Altman
authors.forename: Shaun C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Desai
authors.forename: Jacqueline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Moline
authors.forename: Rafael E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: de la Hoz
authors.forename: Robin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Herbert
authors.forename: Patrick J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Gannon
authors.forename: Richard L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Doty
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D019570:Inhalation Exposure; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009519:New York City / Q000453:epidemiology; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D009812:Odorants; D000857:Olfaction Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced*; D012140:Respiratory Tract Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D047851:September 11 Terrorist Attacks; D012903:Smell
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants