title: Beta-blockers, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and the risk of hyperkalemia requiring hospitalization in the elderly: a nested case-control study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The simultaneous use of beta adrenergic receptor blockers (beta-blockers) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) may confer a high risk of hyperkalemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two nested case-control studies were conducted to examine the association between hospitalization for hyperkalemia and the use of TMP-SMX in older patients receiving beta-blockers. Linked health administrative records from Ontario, Canada, were used to assemble a cohort of 299,749 beta-blockers users, aged 66 years or older and capture data regarding medication use and hospital admissions for hyperkalemia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over the study period from 1994 to 2008, 189 patients in this cohort were hospitalized for hyperkalemia within 14 days of receiving a study antibiotic. Compared with amoxicillin, the use of TMP-SMX was associated with a substantially greater risk of hyperkalemia requiring hospital admission (adjusted odds ratio, 5.1; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.8 to 9.4). No such risk was identified with ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, or nitrofurantoin. When dosing was considered, the association was greater at higher doses of TMP-SMX. When the primary analysis was repeated in a cohort of non-beta-blocker users, the risk of hyperkalemia comparing TMP-SMX to amoxicillin was not significantly different from that found among beta-blocker users.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although TMP-SMX is associated with an increased risk of hyperkalemia in older adults, these findings show no added risk when used in combination with beta-blockers.
authors.affiliation: University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Matthew A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Weir
authors.forename: David N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Juurlink
authors.forename: Tara
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gomes
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mamdani
authors.forename: Daniel G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Hackam
authors.forename: Arsh K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Jain
authors.forename: Amit X
authors.initials: AX
authors.lastname: Garg
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D006947:Hyperkalemia / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010343:Patient Admission; D019338:Polypharmacy; D011188:Potassium / Q000097:blood; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D015662:Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D015415:Biomarkers; D015662:Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination; D011188:Potassium