title: Pre-clinical diabetic cardiomyopathy: prevalence, screening, and outcome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Diabetic cardiomyopathy, characterized by left ventricular (LV) dysfunction and LV hypertrophy independent of myocardial ischaemia and hypertension, could contribute to the increased life-time risk of congestive heart failure seen in patients with diabetes. We assessed prospectively the prevalence, effectiveness of screening methods [brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and C-reactive protein in combination with clinical parameters], and outcome of pre-clinical diabetic cardiomyopathy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We studied 100 adults (mean age 57.4 +/- 10.2 years, 44% females) with diabetes and no previous evidence of structural heart disease. By echocardiography, diabetic cardiomyopathy was present in 48% of patients. Screening with combinations of clinical parameters (gender, systolic blood pressure, and body mass index), but not BNP, resulted in high negative predictive values for diabetic cardiomyopathy. During a mean follow-up of 48.5 +/- 9.0 months, in the groups with and without diabetic cardiomyopathy, 12.5 vs. 3.9% (P < 0.2) patients died or experienced cardiovascular events and 37.5 vs. 9.6% (P < 0.002) had a deterioration in NYHA functional class. Overall event-free survival was 54 vs. 87% (P = 0.001) in the groups with and without diabetic cardiomyopathy, respectively. Brain natriuretic peptide was an independent predictor of events [odds ratio 3.5 (1.1-10.9), P = 0.02].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pre-clinical diabetic cardiomyopathy is common. Screening with combinations of simple clinical parameters, but not BNP, can be useful to identify those patients needing further evaluation. Patients with pre-clinical diabetic cardiomyopathy are at increased risk for functional deterioration and possibly cardiovascular events during follow-up. Brain natriuretic peptide was shown to be an independent predictor of future events.
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Division, Kantonsspital Bruderholz, CH-4101 Bruderholz, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kiencke
authors.forename: Rolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Handschin
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: von Dahlen
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Muser
authors.forename: Hans Peter
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Brunner-Larocca
authors.forename: Jörg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schumann
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Felix
authors.forename: Kaspar
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Berneis
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rickenbacher
mesh_terms: D058065:Diabetic Cardiomyopathies / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D017379:Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D007118:Immunoassay; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D008875:Middle Aged; D020097:Natriuretic Peptide, Brain / Q000097:blood; D015995:Prevalence; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D020097:Natriuretic Peptide, Brain