title: Listeria monocytogenes infection in the over-60s in England between 2005 and 2008: a retrospective case-control study utilizing market research panel data.
abstract: A retrospective case-control study of listeriosis in patients in England aged over 60 years is described. The incidence of listeriosis in patients aged ≥60 years in England has doubled since 2001; hence, the investigation of risk factors for infection in this group is important to inform on prevention and control. Standardized epidemiological information has been sought on cases since 2005, but the value of the data accrued is limited without some perception of exposure prevalence in the population at risk of listeriosis. The exposures of listeriosis cases aged ≥60 years reported in England from 2005 to 2008 were compared to those of market research panel members representing the same population (i.e., residents of England aged ≥60 years) and time period. Exposures were grouped to facilitate comparison. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated. Cases were more likely than panel members to report the consumption of cooked meats (beef and ham/pork, but not poultry), cooked fish (specifically smoked salmon) and shellfish (prawns), dairy products (most noticeably milk but also certain cheeses), and mixed salads. They were less likely to report the consumption of other forms of seafood, dairy spread, other forms of dairy, sandwiches, and fresh vegetables. The diversity of high-risk food exposures reflects the ubiquity of the microorganism in the environment and/or the susceptibility of those at risk, and suggests that a wider variety of foods can give rise to listeriosis. Food safety advice on avoiding listeriosis should be adapted accordingly. While not inexpensive, the application of market research data to infectious disease epidemiology can add value to routine surveillance data.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastrointestinal, Emerging, and Zoonotic Infections, Health Protection Agency Centre for Infections, London, United Kingdom. iain.gillespie@hpa.org.uk
authors.forename: Iain A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Gillespie
authors.forename: Piers
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mook
authors.forename: Christine L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Little
authors.forename: Kathie
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Grant
authors.forename: Goutam K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Adak
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003611:Dairy Products / Q000382:microbiology; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005517:Foodborne Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D018545:Lactuca / Q000382:microbiology; D008089:Listeria monocytogenes / Q000302:isolation & purification; D008088:Listeriosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D008460:Meat / Q000382:microbiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D017747:Seafood / Q000382:microbiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires