title: In vitro metabolism studies of nomifensine monooxygenation pathways: metabolite identification, reaction phenotyping, and bioactivation mechanism.
abstract: Multiple GSH adducts of the oxidative products of nomifensine (M1-M9) in human hepatocytes and liver microsomes have been identified recently. The current study reports three new types of monooxygenated metabolites of nomifensine identified in human liver microsomes: C-linked hydroxylated metabolites with modifications at the A ring (H1 and H4), an N-hydroxylamine (H6), and nomifensine N-oxides (H7 and H8). GSH conjugate formation in incubates containing cDNA-expressed P450s and GSH suggests that nomifensine GSH-sulfinamides (M1 and M2) are formed through the reaction between GSH and the oxidative product of H6. C-linked GSH conjugates M3, M4, M5, and M6 are probably formed via nomifensine benzoquinone imine intermediates via H4 and/or nomifensine epoxides. C-linked GSH conjugates M7, M8, and M9 are probably formed through similar mechanisms via H1. Nomifensine N-oxides do not form reactive metabolites that react with GSH. In vitro metabolism studies using a panel of cDNA-expressed human P450 and flavin monooxygenase (FMO) isoforms (CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP2E1, CYP3A4, CYP3A5, FMO1, FMO3, and FMO5) indicated that CYP3A4, CYP2C19, and CYP2B6 generate the largest quantities of H1, H4, and H6, respectively. H7 and H8 are formed almost exclusively by FMOs. The contribution of the individual P450s involved in the formation of H1, H4, and H6 in human liver microsomes was confirmed by the inhibition of product formation by monoclonal anti-cytochrome 450 antibodies. These results showed that CYP3A4 and CYP2B6 contributed primarily to the formation of H1 and H6, respectively. CYP2C19 and CYP1A2 seemed to contribute significantly to the formation of H4.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Discovery Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics,AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP, 1800 Concord Pike, Wilmington, DE 19850-5437, USA. jian.yu@astrazeneca.com
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Dean G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Doug
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Burdette
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016367:Baculoviridae / Q000235:genetics; D001711:Biotransformation; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007313:Insecta; D008862:Microsomes, Liver / Q000378:metabolism*; D009627:Nomifensine / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010105:Oxygenases / Q000378:metabolism*; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D009627:Nomifensine; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; D010105:Oxygenases; C020066:dimethylaniline monooxygenase (N-oxide forming); D005978:Glutathione