Imaging genomics.
OBJECTIVE
Imaging genomics is an emerging field that is rapidly identifying genes that influence the brain, cognition, and risk for disease. Worldwide, thousands of individuals are being scanned with high-throughput genotyping (genome-wide scans), and new imaging techniques [high angular resolution diffusion imaging and resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)] that provide fine-grained measures of the brain's structural and functional connectivity. Along with clinical diagnosis and cognitive testing, brain imaging offers highly reproducible measures that can be subjected to genetic analysis.


RESULTS
Recent studies of twin, pedigree, and population-based datasets have discovered several candidate genes that consistently show small to moderate effects on brain measures. Many studies measure single phenotypes from the images, such as hippocampal volume, but voxel-wise genomic methods can plot the profile of genetic association at each 3D point in the brain. This exploits the full arsenal of imaging statistics to discover and replicate gene effects.


CONCLUSIONS
Imaging genomics efforts worldwide are now working together to discover and replicate many promising leads. By studying brain phenotypes closer to causative gene action, larger gene effects are detectable with realistic sample sizes obtainable from meta-analysis of smaller studies. Imaging genomics has broad applications to dementia, mental illness, and public health.
Thompson
Paul M
PM
Department of Neurology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7332, USA. thompson@loni.ucla.edu
Martin
Nicholas G
NG
Wright
Margaret J
MJ
D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental / Q000235:genetics*; D055106:Genome-Wide Association Study / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends; D023281:Genomics / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D010641:Phenotype