title: Effects of step rate manipulation on joint mechanics during running.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  the objective of this study was to characterize the biomechanical effects of step rate modification during running on the hip, knee, and ankle joints so as to evaluate a potential strategy to reduce lower extremity loading and risk for injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  three-dimensional kinematics and kinetics were recorded from 45 healthy recreational runners during treadmill running at constant speed under various step rate conditions (preferred, ± 5%, and ± 10%). We tested our primary hypothesis that a reduction in energy absorption by the lower extremity joints during the loading response would occur, primarily at the knee, when step rate was increased.
  
  
  RESULTS
  less mechanical energy was absorbed at the knee (P < 0.01) during the +5% and +10% step rate conditions, whereas the hip (P < 0.01) absorbed less energy during the +10% condition only. All joints displayed substantially (P < 0.01) more energy absorption when preferred step rate was reduced by 10%. Step length (P < 0.01), center of mass vertical excursion (P < 0.01), braking impulse (P < 0.01), and peak knee flexion angle (P < 0.01) were observed to decrease with increasing step rate. When step rate was increased 10% above preferred, peak hip adduction angle (P < 0.01) and peak hip adduction (P < 0.01) and internal rotation (P < 0.01) moments were found to decrease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  we conclude that subtle increases in step rate can substantially reduce the loading to the hip and knee joints during running and may prove beneficial in the prevention and treatment of common running-related injuries.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705-1532, USA. heiderscheit@ortho.wisc.edu
authors.forename: Bryan C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Heiderscheit
authors.forename: Elizabeth S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Chumanov
authors.forename: Max P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Michalski
authors.forename: Christa M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Wille
authors.forename: Michael B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Ryan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000843:Ankle Joint / Q000502:physiology*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D006621:Hip Joint / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D012420:Running / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult