title: Constitutive differences between steely and mealy barley samples associated with endosperm modification.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Structurally different areas may occur in the endosperm of the barley grain, and they can be visually classified as either mealy or steely. Barleys with a high proportion of grains that are mostly steely often show uneven physical-chemical modification of the endosperm during malting. To study the relationship between steeliness and endosperm modification, two samples of barley cv. Scarlett with contrasting malting quality were analysed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The proportions of steely grains were 77% and 46% in the two samples, which were then defined as steely sample and mealy sample, respectively. The steely sample showed slower modification during malting (in terms of beta-glucan degradation, friability increase, and Calcofluor staining), lower hot water extract (HWE) and acrospire growth, and higher extract viscosity. Endosperm permeation to large molecules (tested with the fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran conjugate, FITC-D) closely followed cell wall modification in the steely sample, but this was not so in the mealy sample.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Higher steeliness was associated with higher levels of C hordeins in the grain of barley cv. Scarlett. It is proposed that such hordeins can increase the permeability to large molecules (FITC-D) but slow modification. Like steeliness and the level of C hordeins, permeability to FITC-D appears to be more linked to environmental rather than genetic effects. Although a more general association of C hordeins with steeliness of malting barley still has to be ascertained, the negative role of C hordeins in malting quality has been confirmed.
authors.affiliation: C.R.A.-GPG, Genomics Research Centre, Via S. Protaso 302, 29017 Fiorenzuola d'Arda (PC), Italy.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ferrari
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Baronchelli
authors.forename: Antonio M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Stanca
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gianinetti
mesh_terms: D002473:Cell Wall / Q000502:physiology*; D002523:Edible Grain / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000737:chemistry / Q000502:physiology*; D056625:Endosperm / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000737:chemistry / Q000502:physiology*; D018525:Germination / Q000502:physiology*; D005983:Glutens / Q000032:analysis*; D001467:Hordeum / Q000737:chemistry / Q000502:physiology*; D010539:Permeability
chemical_list: D005983:Glutens