Trends of elevated PTSD risk in firefighters exposed to the World Trade Center disaster: 2001-2005.
OBJECTIVE
We identified trends in the prevalence of elevated posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) risk as determined by the Fire Department of the City of New York (FDNY)-modified PTSD Checklist in World Trade Center (WTC)-exposed firefighters. We also examined trends in relation to WTC exposure, social support, change in recreational activities, and functional health.


METHODS
We analyzed 16,826 questionnaires from 10,074 firefighters in yearly intervals, from September 12, 2001, to September 11, 2005.


RESULTS
The prevalence of elevated PTSD risk increased over time, from 9.8% in year 1 to 10.6% in year 4 (p < 0.0001). Earliest arrival at the WTC site (odds ratio [OR] = 6.0; 95% confidence interval [CI] 4.4, 8.3), prolonged work at the site (OR = 2.0; 95% CI 1.8, 2.3), providing supervision without previous supervisory experience (OR = 4.1; 95% CI 2.8, 6.1), and retirement due to a WTC-related disability (OR=1.3; 95% CI 1.1, 1.5) were associated with ever having elevated PTSD risk. Difficulty functioning at home was strongly associated with elevated PTSD risk (ORs ranged from 17.0 [95% CI 14.5, 20.0] in year 1 to 26.7 [95% CI 20.3, 35.2] in year 3), as was difficulty functioning at work (ORs ranged from 12.1 [95% CI 10.2, 14.2] in year 1 to 23.0 [95% CI 14.6, 36.3] in year 2).


CONCLUSIONS
Elevated PTSD risk was associated with exposure to the WTC site as well as functional impairment, and remained largely unabated during the first four years of the study. Screening for elevated PTSD risk may be useful in identifying those who could benefit from interventions during long-term follow-up, as well as in the immediate aftermath of disasters.
Berninger
Amy
A
Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA.
Webber
Mayris P
MP
Cohen
Hillel W
HW
Gustave
Jackson
J
Lee
Roy
R
Niles
Justin K
JK
Chiu
Sydney
S
Zeig-Owens
Rachel
R
Soo
Jackie
J
Kelly
Kerry
K
Prezant
David J
DJ
D000328:Adult; D004190:Disasters; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D009518:New York / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D018635:Rescue Work / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D047851:September 11 Terrorist Attacks / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology