title: Dose-dependent differences in short ultrasonic vocalizations emitted by rats during cocaine self-administration.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The motivational impetuses underlying self-administration of cocaine and other drugs of abuse are not fully understood. One emerging factor is affect. Both positive and negative affective states have been hypothesized to influence drug seeking and drug taking. In parallel, it has been posited that the ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) of Rattus norvegicus provide insight into the animals' affective reactions. Furthermore, it has been shown that mesolimbic dopamine (DA) plays a key role in cocaine self-administration and in USV production. Thus, affective processing as measured by rodent USVs likely coincides with cocaine self-administration, but to date has not been studied.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present study examined USVs in both the negative affective (18-32.99 kHz) and positive affective (38-80 kHz) ranges of rats during self-administration of a low (0.355 mg/kg/infusion) or high (0.71 mg/kg/infusion) dose of cocaine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  USVs in both ranges were observed in both dose groups. Vocalizations of the low-dose animals occurred primarily in the 22-kHz range (18-32.99 kHz), but exhibited shorter durations (10-500 ms) than those traditionally observed for 22-kHz calls in aversive situations. In contrast, USVs of the high-dose group were primarily observed in the 50-kHz frequency range (38-80 kHz), typically associated with appetitive outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results provide evidence for the presence of USVs during cocaine self-administration. The observed dose-dependent difference in USVs provides novel support for the view that affect is one potential motivational factor influencing human drug use and relapse behaviors. Rodent USVs may provide a powerful tool for understanding the role of affect in addiction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA.
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Barker
authors.forename: David H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Root
authors.forename: Sisi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Shaili
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jha
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Megehee
authors.forename: Anthony P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Pawlak
authors.forename: Mark O
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: West
mesh_terms: D000339:Affect; D000818:Animals; D003042:Cocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation; D051381:Rats; D020318:Rats, Long-Evans; D012646:Self Administration; D014465:Ultrasonics; D014828:Vocalization, Animal / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D003042:Cocaine