title: Influence of topical antifungal drugs on ciliary beat frequency of human nasal mucosa: an in vitro study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Topical antifungal treatment is a subject of discussion in the treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis. The aim of this research was to study the effects of antifungal drugs on ciliary beat frequency (CBF) of human nasal mucosa under in vitro conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case series of in vitro experiments and in vitro study of cultured ciliated cells of human nasal mucosa.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human nasal mucosa was acquired during routine endoscopic sinus surgery. Cells were cultivated on object slides and exposed to different antifungal drugs in a newly developed test system. This system allowed continuous and reproducible exposure to different drugs at constant temperature, pH value, and osmolarity. The drugs were amphotericin B in two different concentrations and itraconazole.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Rinsing with higher concentrations of amphotericin B led to an immediate decrease of CBF, with a total stop after 15 minutes. A different result was seen in the group with lower concentrations; CBF decreased again quickly after rinsing with the test drug, but all of them recovered after rinsing with neutral solution. When using itraconazole a decline in CBF was observed again; one half of the samples returned to activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our in vitro results demonstrate a dose-dependent effect of the antifungal drugs amphotericin B and itraconazole on ciliary beat frequency of human nose epithelium.
authors.affiliation: Department for General Ear Nose Throat, Ear Nose Throat University Hospital Graz, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria.
authors.forename: Thiemo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hofmann
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Reinisch
authors.forename: Claus
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gerstenberger
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Koele
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gugatschka
authors.forename: Gerald
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wolf
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000666:Amphotericin B / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002923:Cilia / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D017964:Itraconazole / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D009297:Nasal Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D017964:Itraconazole; D000666:Amphotericin B