title: Correlation between reduced susceptibility to disinfectants and multidrug resistance among clinical isolates of Acinetobacter species.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to investigate the susceptibility profiles to disinfectants and antimicrobial agents of 283 non-repetitive Acinetobacter clinical isolates obtained in 97 Japanese hospitals in March 2002.
  
  
  METHODS
  Susceptibility profiles of the above isolates to four disinfectants, six antimicrobial agents and two dyes were investigated. MICs were measured by the agar dilution method recommended by the CLSI (formerly NCCLS). MBC measurements and time-kill assays were performed using a slightly modified quantitative suspension test based on the European Standard EN 1040.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No evident resistance to disinfectants was seen among the 283 strains of Acinetobacter spp. isolated in 2002, but the MIC(90)s of chlorhexidine gluconate, benzalkonium chloride and alkyldiaminoethylglycine hydrochloride were 50, 50 and 400 mg/L, respectively. Interestingly, the MICs of alkyldiaminoethylglycine hydrochloride and benzethonium chloride for four and three clinical isolates, respectively, reached 800 mg/L (approximately half the in-use concentration). The MBCs for the 28 disinfectant reduced susceptibility (DRS) isolates, for which the MICs of at least one of the four disinfectants tested were higher than the MIC(90), were comparable to those for susceptible isolates, in general; however, significant differences (P < 0.01) were observed between disinfectant-susceptible and DRS isolates in the time-kill assays of chlorhexidine gluconate, benzalkonium chloride and benzethonium chloride. Furthermore, DRS isolates tended to demonstrate multiresistance profiles to ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin and amikacin (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Since several Acinetobacter clinical isolates have developed augmented resistance to multiple antimicrobials and disinfectants, it is worth checking the susceptibility to disinfectants if multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter spp. are recurrently isolated clinically.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Technology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Health Science, Nagoya, Japan.
authors.forename: Kumiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kawamura-Sato
authors.forename: Jun-ichi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wachino
authors.forename: Takaaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kondo
authors.forename: Hideo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.forename: Yoshichika
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Arakawa
mesh_terms: D000150:Acinetobacter / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D000151:Acinetobacter Infections / Q000382:microbiology; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D050296:Microbial Viability / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D004202:Disinfectants