title: Association between calcium-sensing receptor gene polymorphisms and recurrent calcium kidney stone disease: a comprehensive gene analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Comprehensive sequencing of the coding exons of the calcium-sensing receptor gene (CASR) was performed in a group of Iranian recurrent calcium kidney stone-formers and the results were compared with a control group.
  
  
  METHODS
  Serum and urine parameters were evaluated in 99 males aged between 30 and 55 years old with idiopathic recurrent calcium urolithiasis and in 107 men as a control group. Products of polymerase chain reaction were sequenced using forward primer until a mutation was found in that exon. Then, other cases were analysed by single-strand conformation polymorphism.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four polymorphisms were detected in CASR exons, all in the coding region of exon 7. These polymorphisms and their minor allele frequency were P748P (100%), A986S (1%), R990G (3%) and E1011Q (98%). There was a significantly higher count of 986S (p = 0.006), 990G (p = 0.006) and E1011 (p = 0.02) alleles in patients. The odds ratio (95% confidence interval) was 2.55 (1.31-4.96) in those at risk of stone disease for the 986S allele and 8.06 (1.80-35.9) for the 990G allele. Men with the RR genotype at R990G showed a significantly higher serum ionized calcium than the RG or GG group (p = 0.03). A significantly lower serum total calcium was found in subjects with the QQ than the EQ genotype with respect to the 1011 locus (p = 0.005). Furthermore, the 1011Q allele was marginally associated with hypercalciuria (p = 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The 986S, 990G and 1011Q alleles were associated with a recurrent calcium kidney stone-forming state. 986S and 1011Q alleles, but not 986S, were associated with hypercalcaemia.
authors.affiliation: Urology and Nephrology Research Center (UNRC), Shahid Labbafinejad Medical Center, Shahid Beheshti University, MC (SBMU), Tehran, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Nasser
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shakhssalim
authors.forename: Bahram
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kazemi
authors.forename: Abbas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Basiri
authors.forename: Massoud
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Houshmand
authors.forename: Hamid
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Pakmanesh
authors.forename: Banafsheh
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Golestan
authors.forename: Abolfazl Faraji
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Eilanjegh
authors.forename: Amir Hossein
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Kashi
authors.forename: Mahboobeh
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kilani
authors.forename: Mohaddeseh
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Azadvari
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000483:Alleles; D002118:Calcium / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D005787:Gene Frequency / Q000235:genetics*; D056726:Genetic Association Studies; D006801:Humans; D053565:Hypercalciuria / Q000235:genetics; D007492:Iran; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D044169:Receptors, Calcium-Sensing / Q000235:genetics*; D012008:Recurrence; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D044169:Receptors, Calcium-Sensing; D002118:Calcium