title: Diurnal variation in hand hygiene compliance in a tertiary level multidisciplinary intensive care unit.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hand hygiene compliance among health care providers is considered to be the single most effective factor to reduce hospital acquired infections. Despite continuous education and awareness, compliance with hand hygiene guidelines has remained low, particularly during evening shifts.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Our objective was to determine the compliance with hand hygiene guidelines among doctors, nurses, and paramedical staff during day and night duties in a multidisciplinary intensive care unit (ICU).
  
  
  METHODS
  We used a prospective, observational, 6-month study conducted in a 34-bed ICU within a tertiary care teaching hospital. All doctors, nurses, and paramedical staff in the ICU were included. An investigator, placed within the ICU setting, observed the hand hygiene practices during day and night. Day and night shift change times were 08:00 and 20:00 hours, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 5639 opportunities for hand hygiene, 3383 (59.9%) were properly performed. Overall rates of compliance were 66.1% for doctors, 60.7% for nurses, and 38.6% for paramedical staff. Hand hygiene compliance dropped during the night for doctors (81% vs 46%, respectively, P < .001), for nurses (64% vs 55%, respectively, P = .02), and for paramedical staff (44% vs 31%, respectively, P = .01). Characterization of noncompliance is as follows: "No handwashing after procedure" in 41%, "improper duration of handwashing" in 32%, and "no handwashing done at all" in 27% of the events. "No handwashing done at all" occurred in 55% of the time at night with doctors having the highest rate of noncompliance, making 163 (34%) contacts without handwashing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Whereas compliance with hand hygiene guidelines was lower at night compared with day, irrespective of discipline in all 3 groups of health care providers, both periods of compliance would benefit from additional training focusing on the importance of hand hygiene around the clock.
authors.affiliation: Department of Critical Care and Emergency Medicine, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Rajinder Nagar, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Sandeep
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sahay
authors.forename: Sauren
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Panja
authors.forename: Sumit
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ray
authors.forename: B K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Rao
mesh_terms: D004203:Disinfection / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D019983:Guideline Adherence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006235:Hand Disinfection / Q000379:methods*; D006282:Health Personnel; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D011446:Prospective Studies