title: Socioeconomic status and bone health in community-dwelling older men: the CHAMP Study.
abstract: CONCLUSIONS
  The association between socioeconomic status (SES) and bone health, specifically in men, is unclear. Based upon data from the large prospective Concord Health in Ageing Men Project (CHAMP) Study of community-dwelling men aged 70 years or over, we found that specific sub-characteristics of SES, namely, marital status, living circumstances, and acculturation, reflected bone health in older Australian men.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Previous studies reported conflicting results regarding the relationship between SES and bone health, specifically in men. The main objective of this study was to investigate associations of SES with bone health in community-dwelling men aged 70 years or over who participated in the baseline phase of the CHAMP Study in Sydney, Australia.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Australian Socioeconomic Index 2006 (AUSEI06) based on the Australian and New Zealand Standard Classification of Occupations was used to determine SES in 1,705 men. Bone mineral density and bone mineral content (BMC) were determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Bone-related biochemical and hormonal parameters, including markers of bone turnover, parathyroid hormone, and vitamin D, were measured in all men.
  
  
  RESULTS
  General linear models adjusted for age, weight, height, and bone area revealed no significant differences across crude AUSEI06 score quintiles for BMC at any skeletal site or for any of the bone-related biochemical measures. However, multivariate regression models revealed that in Australian-born men, marital status was a predictor of higher lumbar BMC (β = 0.07, p = 0.002), higher total body BMC (β = 0.05, p = 0.03), and lower urinary NTX-I levels (β=-0.08, p = 0.03), while living alone was associated with lower BMC at the lumbar spine (β=-0.05, p = 0.04) and higher urinary NTX-I levels (β=0.07, p = 0.04). Marital status was also a predictor of higher total body BMC (β = 0.14, p = 0.003) in immigrants from Eastern and South Eastern Europe. However, in immigrants from Southern Europe, living alone and acculturation were predictors of higher femoral neck BMC (β = 0.11, p = 0.03) and lumbar spine BMC (β = 0.10, p = 0.008), respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although crude occupation-based SES scores were not significantly associated with bone health in older Australian men, specific sub-characteristics of SES, namely, marital status, living circumstances, and acculturation, were predictors of bone health in both Australia-born men and European immigrants.
authors.affiliation: Bone Research Program, ANZAC Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Concord, NSW 2139, Australia.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Nabipour
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cumming
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Handelsman
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Litchfield
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Naganathan
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Waite
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Creasey
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Janu
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Le Couteur
authors.forename: P N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Sambrook
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Seibel
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000886:Anthropometry / Q000379:methods; D015519:Bone Density / Q000502:physiology*; D003094:Collagen / Q000652:urine; D004641:Emigration and Immigration / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005272:Femur Neck / Q000502:physiology; D006621:Hip Joint / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D017533:Marital Status; D009517:New South Wales / Q000453:epidemiology; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012923:Social Class
chemical_list: C461299:urinary N-telopeptide of type I collagen, human; D003094:Collagen