title: The NF-kappaB p50:p50:HDAC-1 repressor complex orchestrates transcriptional inhibition of multiple pro-inflammatory genes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The pro-inflammatory functions of NF-kappaB must be tightly regulated to prevent inappropriate tissue damage and remodelling caused by activated inflammatory and wound-healing cells. The p50 subunit of NF-kappaB is emerging as an important repressor of immune and inflammatory responses, but by mechanisms that are poorly defined. This study aims to delineate p50 target genes in activated hepatic stellate cells and to outline mechanisms utilised in their repression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hepatic stellate cells were isolated from nfkb1(p50)-deficient or Wt mice and gene expression compared using microarray. Target genes were verified by qRT-PCR and p50-mediated HDAC-1 recruitment to the target genes demonstrated using chromatin immunoprecipitation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identify p50 as transcriptional repressor of multiple pro-inflammatory genes including Ccl2, Cxcl10, Gm-csf, and Mmp-13. These genes are over-expressed in nfkb1(p50)-deficient mice suffering from chronic hepatitis and in fibrogenic/inflammatory hepatic stellate cells isolated from nfkb1(-/-) liver. We identify Mmp-13 as a bona-fide target gene for p50 and demonstrate that p50 is required for recruitment of the transcriptional repressor histone deacetylase (HDAC)-1 to kappaB sites in the Mmp-13 promoter. Chromatin immunoprecipitations identified binding of HDAC-1 to specific regulatory regions of the Ccl2, Cxcl10, Gm-csf genes that contain predicted kappaB binding motifs. Recruitment of HDAC-1 to these genes was not observed in nfkb1(-/-) cells suggesting a requirement for p50 in a manner similar to that described for Mmp-13.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Recruitment of HDAC-1 to inflammatory genes provides a widespread mechanism to explain the immunosuppressive properties of p50.
authors.affiliation: Liver Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.
authors.forename: Ahmed M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Elsharkawy
authors.forename: Fiona
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Oakley
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Graham
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Packham
authors.forename: Derek A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Mann
authors.forename: Jelena
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mann
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002252:Carbon Tetrachloride Poisoning / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D056486:Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000235:genetics; D054357:Chemokine CXCL10 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D055166:Hepatic Stellate Cells / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D056284:Histone Deacetylase 1 / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D053509:Matrix Metalloproteinase 13 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D046912:Multiprotein Complexes; D052002:NF-kappa B p50 Subunit / Q000737:chemistry / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015533:Transcriptional Activation
chemical_list: C491768:Ccl2 protein, mouse; D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D054357:Chemokine CXCL10; C485433:Cxcl10 protein, mouse; D046912:Multiprotein Complexes; D052002:NF-kappa B p50 Subunit; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012097:Repressor Proteins; C073701:Nfkb1 protein, mouse; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor; D053509:Matrix Metalloproteinase 13; C507081:Mmp13 protein, mouse; C484389:Hdac1 protein, mouse; D056284:Histone Deacetylase 1