title: The use of FDG-PET/CT and diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging for response prediction before, during and after preoperative chemoradiotherapy for rectal cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the use of FDG-PET/CT before, during and after chemoradiotherapy (CRT) and diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW-MRI) before CRT for the prediction of pathological response (pCR) in rectal cancer patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-two rectal cancer patients treated with long course CRT were included. An FDG-PET/CT was performed prior to the start of CRT, after 10 to 12 fractions of CRT and five weeks after the end of CRT. The tumor was delineated using a gradient based delineation method and the maximal standardized uptake values (SUV(max)) were calculated. A DW-MRI was performed before start of CRT. Mean apparent diffusion coefficients (ADC) were determined. The ΔSUV(max) during and after CRT and the initial ADC values were correlated to the histopathological findings after total mesorectal excision (TME).
  
  
  RESULTS
  ΔSUV(max) during and after CRT significantly correlated with the pathological response to treatment (during CRT: ΔSUV(max) = 59% ± 12% for pCR vs. 25% ± 27% if no pCR, p=0.0036; post-CRT: 90% ± 11 for pCR vs. 63% ± 22 if no pCR p=0.013). ROC curve analysis revealed an optimal threshold for ΔSUV(max) of 40% during CRT and 76% after CRT. The initial ADC value was also significantly correlated with pCR (0.94 ± 0.12 × 10(-3) mm(2)/s for pCR vs. 1.2 ± 0.24 × 10(-3) mm(2)/s, p=0.002) and ROC curve analysis revealed an optimal threshold of 1.06 × 10(-3) mm(2)/s. Combining the provided ΔSUV(max) thresholds during and after CRT increased specificity of the prediction (sensitivity 100% and specificity 94%). The combination of the thresholds for the initial ADC value and the ΔSUV(max) during CRT increased specificity of the prediction to a similar level (sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 94%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combination of the different time points and the different imaging modalities increased the specificity of the response assessment both during and after CRT.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Leuvens Kankerinstituut, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Maarten
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lambrecht
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Deroose
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Roels
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vandecaveye
authors.forename: Freddy
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Penninckx
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Sagaert
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: van Cutsem
authors.forename: Frederik
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: de Keyzer
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Haustermans
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000465:Algorithms; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D038524:Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D059035:Perioperative Period / Q000379:methods; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000379:methods*; D011379:Prognosis; D018714:Radiotherapy, Adjuvant; D012004:Rectal Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18