title: Difference of the hemodynamic changes induced by tracheal intubation using remifentanil between smokers and nonsmokers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It was well-known that smoking affects the cardiovascular system, and remifentanil can suppress the sympathetic stimulations induced by tracheal intubation. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether there was any difference in the hemodynamic changes induced by tracheal intubation with using remifentanil between smokers and nonsmokers.
  
  
  METHODS
  EIGHTY PATIENTS WERE ENROLLED: male smokers (MS), male nonsmokers (MN), female smokers (FS) and female nonsmokers (FN). Anesthesia was induced with diluted remifentanil (20 microg/ml) at a rate of 10 microg/kg/hr using an infusion pump, and 2 min later, midazolam 0.05 mg/kg and propofol 0.8 mg/kg were injected for achieving unconsciousness. Rocuronium 1 mg/kg was used for muscle relaxation, and tracheal intubation was performed 2 min after rocuronium injection. After tracheal intubation, the remifentanil was decreased to 2 microg/kg/hr. The mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were checked before induction, on unconsciousness, just before intubation, just after intubation and 1, 2 and 3 minutes after intubation, and these values were compared between the groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In men, the MAP and HR just after intubation and at 1, 2 and 3 minutes after intubation in Group MS were significantly higher than those of Group MN (P < 0.05). For the women, the HR in both groups (the FS and FN groups) were increased just after intubation and 1, 2 and 3 minutes after intubation compared with that at the baseline, respectively, but there was no difference between the two groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was a difference of the hemodynamic changes induced by tracheal intubation with using remifentanil between the male smokers and nonsmokers, but not in women.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea.
authors.forename: Sang Hoon
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Sung
authors.forename: Soo Bong
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Doo Sik
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Kyung Han
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Tae Ho
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Jang
authors.forename: Se Hwan
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Sie Jeong
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Ryu