title: To test or to treat? An analysis of influenza testing and antiviral treatment strategies using economic computer modeling.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Due to the unpredictable burden of pandemic influenza, the best strategy to manage testing, such as rapid or polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and antiviral medications for patients who present with influenza-like illness (ILI) is unknown.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We developed a set of computer simulation models to evaluate the potential economic value of seven strategies under seasonal and pandemic influenza conditions: (1) using clinical judgment alone to guide antiviral use, (2) using PCR to determine whether to initiate antivirals, (3) using a rapid (point-of-care) test to determine antiviral use, (4) using a combination of a point-of-care test and clinical judgment, (5) using clinical judgment and confirming the diagnosis with PCR testing, (6) treating all with antivirals, and (7) not treating anyone with antivirals. For healthy younger adults (<65 years old) presenting with ILI in a seasonal influenza scenario, strategies were only cost-effective from the societal perspective. Clinical judgment, followed by PCR and point-of-care testing, was found to be cost-effective given a high influenza probability. Doubling hospitalization risk and mortality (representing either higher risk individuals or more virulent strains) made using clinical judgment to guide antiviral decision-making cost-effective, as well as PCR testing, point-of-care testing, and point-of-care testing used in conjunction with clinical judgment. For older adults (> or = 65 years old), in both seasonal and pandemic influenza scenarios, employing PCR was the most cost-effective option, with the closest competitor being clinical judgment (when judgment accuracy > or = 50%). Point-of-care testing plus clinical judgment was cost-effective with higher probabilities of influenza. Treating all symptomatic ILI patients with antivirals was cost-effective only in older adults.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study delineated the conditions under which different testing and antiviral strategies may be cost-effective, showing the importance of accuracy, as seen with PCR or highly sensitive clinical judgment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America. BYL1@pitt.edu
authors.forename: Bruce Y
authors.initials: BY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Sarah M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: McGlone
authors.forename: Rachel R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Bailey
authors.forename: Ann E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Wiringa
authors.forename: Shanta M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Zimmer
authors.forename: Kenneth J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Richard K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Zimmerman
mesh_terms: D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D006801:Humans; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality; D018803:Models, Economic; D019095:Point-of-Care Systems; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents