title: What makes community psychiatric nurses label non-psychotic chronic patients as 'difficult': patient, professional, treatment and social variables.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine which patient, professional, treatment and/or social variables make community psychiatric nurses (CPNs) label non-psychotic chronic patients as 'difficult'.
  
  
  METHODS
  A questionnaire was designed and administered to 1,946 CPNs in the Netherlands. Logistic regression was used to design models that most accurately described the variables that contributed to perceived difficulty.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six variables were retained in the final logistic model. Perception-related variables (feeling powerless, feeling that the patient is able but unwilling to change, and pessimism about the patient's change potential) dominated treatment-related variables (number of contacts per week and admission to a locked ward in the last year) and social variables (number of psychosocial problems).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This research shows that perceived difficulty is related to complex treatment situations, not so much to individual patient characteristics. If the constructed model has good predictive qualities, which remains to be tested in longitudinal research, it may be possible to accurately predict perceived patient difficulty. When used as a screening tool, such a model could improve treatment outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Outpatient Community Care, Altrecht Mental Health Care, Zeist, The Netherlands. b.koekkoek@altrecht.nl
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Koekkoek
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: van Meijel
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tiemens
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schene
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hutschemaekers
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002908:Chronic Disease / Q000451:nursing* / Q000523:psychology*; D003156:Community Mental Health Services; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000451:nursing*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands; D009723:Nurse-Patient Relations; D010361:Patients / Q000145:classification* / Q000523:psychology*; D011568:Psychiatric Nursing; D055815:Young Adult