title: Depression associated with alcohol intake and younger age in Japanese office workers: a case-control and a cohort study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Depression influences a worker's productivity and health substantially. Recently, the Japanese society and government reported that working overtime is one of the primary causes of depression and suicide in workers. However, only a few studies have investigated the relation between overtime hours and mental health status, and conclusions vary. In addition, prior findings are inconsistent in terms of the relation between depression and lifestyle factors, including alcohol intake and smoking. Additional studies are required to clarify the relation between possible risk factors and depression in Japanese workers.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a case-control and a cohort study. Subjects were office workers in four Japanese companies. Diagnosis of depression was made by two psychiatrists who conducted independent clinical interviews using DSM-IV-TR criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no significant association between working overtime and the onset of depression. The frequency of alcohol intake was significantly related to the onset of depression. We also found a significant relation between younger age and depression onset. Body mass index and physical illness, including diabetes mellitus, had no significant association with depression onset.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Data were self-reported and the number of included female workers was small.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reducing working hours alone is unlikely to be effective in preventing workers' depression. Additional countermeasures are needed, including a reduction in alcohol intake and work stress. Considerations for younger workers are also needed.
authors.affiliation: Kamehiro Memorial Medical Society, Kansai Kinen Hospital, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan. ogakazu@work.nifty.jp
authors.forename: Kazuyoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ogasawara
authors.forename: Yukako
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: Branko
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Aleksic
authors.forename: Keizo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.forename: Katsuhisa
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ando
authors.forename: Nakao
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Iwata
authors.forename: Yuhei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kayukawa
authors.forename: Norio
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ozaki
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D017668:Age of Onset; D000375:Aging / Q000523:psychology*; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D009790:Occupations / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012307:Risk Factors; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014937:Work / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000078329:Workforce; D016526:Workload / Q000523:psychology*