title: Supplementation of diet with krill oil protects against experimental rheumatoid arthritis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although the efficacy of standard fish oil has been the subject of research in arthritis, the effect of krill oil in this disease has yet to be investigated. The objective of the present study was to evaluate a standardised preparation of krill oil and fish oil in an animal model for arthritis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Collagen-induced arthritis susceptible DBA/1 mice were provided ad libitum access to a control diet or diets supplemented with either krill oil or fish oil throughout the study. There were 14 mice in each of the 3 treatment groups. The level of EPA + DHA was 0.44 g/100 g in the krill oil diet and 0.47 g/100 g in the fish oil diet. Severity of arthritis was determined using a clinical scoring system. Arthritis joints were analysed by histopathology and graded. Serum samples were obtained at the end of the study and the levels of IL-1alpha, IL-1beta, IL-7, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-15, IL-17 and TGF-beta were determined by a Luminex assay system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Consumption of krill oil and supplemented diet significantly reduced the arthritis scores and hind paw swelling when compared to a control diet not supplemented with EPA and DHA. However, the arthritis score during the late phase of the study was only significantly reduced after krill oil administration. Furthermore, mice fed the krill oil diet demonstrated lower infiltration of inflammatory cells into the joint and synovial layer hyperplasia, when compared to control. Inclusion of fish oil and krill oil in the diets led to a significant reduction in hyperplasia and total histology score. Krill oil did not modulate the levels of serum cytokines whereas consumption of fish oil increased the levels of IL-1alpha and IL-13.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study suggests that krill oil may be a useful intervention strategy against the clinical and histopathological signs of inflammatory arthritis.
authors.affiliation: MD Biosciences Gmbh Postfach, Gewerbestrasse 9, 8132 Egg b Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ierna
authors.forename: Alison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kerr
authors.forename: Hannah
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Scales
authors.forename: Kjetil
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Berge
authors.forename: Mikko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Griinari
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001169:Arthritis, Experimental / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003094:Collagen / Q000494:pharmacology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D033201:Euphausiacea / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000502:physiology; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005395:Fish Oils / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood; D007378:Interleukins / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008811:Mice, Inbred DBA; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012758:Shellfish; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D005395:Fish Oils; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D007378:Interleukins; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids; D003094:Collagen; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid