title: Randomized controlled trial of mammography intervention in insured very low-income women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The expectation that insurance coverage mitigates health disparities and equalizes use of healthcare assumes that services are equally accessed; however, the insured low-income target population in this research had a mammography rate of 23.4%, well below the general population. Our objective was to determine the most effective intervention to improve mammography use in low-income women insured by a managed care organization (MCO).
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was a randomized controlled trial. Participants were 2,357 women noncompliant with screening mammography randomly assigned to one of three groups: control (n = 786) received usual care; simple intervention (n = 785) received prompt letter from the MCO medical director; and stepwise intervention (n = 786) received the same prompt letter from the MCO; if noncompliant, a second prompt letter from their primary care physician and, if still noncompliant, counseling from lay health workers. Outcome was completion of screening mammography extracted from medical records.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Screening rates were 13.4% for the control, 16.1% for the simple intervention, and 27.1% for the stepwise intervention. Compared with the control, the primary care physician letter in the stepwise intervention increased the likelihood of screening by 80% [Relative Risk (RR) = 1.80; P < 0.001], and counseling tripled the likelihood of screening (RR = 3.11; P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compared with the control and simple intervention, a stepwise intervention to increase mammography is effective in a target population of hard-to-reach, low-income, insured women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The research provides evidence for the impact of stepwise interventions to improve cancer screening in low-income insured populations, although the screening rates remain well below those of the general population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, HLS 588, Miami, FL 33199, USA. ahmedn@fiu.edu
authors.forename: Nasar U
authors.initials: NU
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.forename: Gillian
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Haber
authors.forename: Kofi A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Semenya
authors.forename: Margaret K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Hargreaves
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000191:economics* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D055088:Early Detection of Cancer / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D019458:Insurance Coverage; D008327:Mammography / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods*; D008329:Managed Care Programs; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods; D008875:Middle Aged; D010349:Patient Compliance; D011203:Poverty