title: Lower urinary tract dysfunction and ultrasound assessment of bladder wall thickness in children with cerebral palsy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate lower urinary tract dysfunction (LUTD) based on questionnaire symptom scoring and ultrasound assessment of bladder wall thickness (BWT) in children with cerebral palsy (CP).
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 97 children with CP were enrolled in the study. The patients were either symptomatic or asymptomatic with respect to lower urinary tract symptoms. All children underwent a urinary questionnaire and renal ultrasonography. Ultrasound assessment of BWT was completed in 72 cases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 47 patients were female and 50 were male. The mean age was 8 years 8 months (SD 3 years 1 month), with a range of 5-18 years. Urinary incontinence was present in 43 patients (44.3%). Based on the questionnaire, LUTD was found in 59 patients (60.8%). The mean BWT was 2.30 mm. There was no statistically significant difference between continent and incontinent children (2.46 vs 2.19 mm) or between children with and without LUTD (2.43 vs 2.12 mm).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LUTD is common in children with CP and occurred in 60.8% of the patients assessed. BWT did not correlate with the presence of bladder dysfunction or incontinence. Ultrasound assessment of BWT was not relevant for diagnosis of lower urinary tract dysfunction.
authors.affiliation: SARAH Network of Rehabilitation Hospitals, Rio de Janeiro Unit, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. ailton@sarah.br
authors.forename: José Ailton Fernandes
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: Márcia de Castro Diniz
authors.initials: Mde C
authors.lastname: Gonsalves
authors.forename: Andresa Pianta
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Saverio
authors.forename: Iolanda Correia
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.forename: Fabrício Borges
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Carrerette
authors.forename: Ronaldo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Damião
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002547:Cerebral Palsy / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003248:Constipation / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008297:Male; D010264:Paraplegia / Q000209:etiology; D011782:Quadriplegia / Q000209:etiology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014463:Ultrasonography; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D014555:Urination Disorders / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology