title: Standardizing care and monitoring for anesthesia or procedural sedation delivered outside the operating room.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this review is to summarize recommendations for the safe and efficient conductance of sedation and anesthesia at remote locations; and to define safety standards, monitoring techniques, quality of care and procedural eligibility.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Anesthesia outside of the operating room is rapidly increasing in numbers, which has seen a growth of older and sicker patients. These circumstances have created a need for guidelines, for both specialist anesthesia providers and nonanesthesia-trained practitioners, that define patient selection, minimum monitoring (hemodynamics and respiration), facility design and equipment, policy framework, recovery facilities and policies. The patient's safety throughout all stages of sedation and/or anesthesia is the most pertinent goal. Recent data emphasize the importance of monitoring pulse oximetry and end-tidal carbon dioxide for any sedating or anesthetic procedure. Substandard monitoring combined with oversedation and subsequent respiratory depression are implicated as the main reasons for catastrophic sedation and anesthetic outcomes at remote locations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patient selection, procedure appropriateness and location appropriateness are the key elements defining the provision of safe anesthesia care outside the operating room. Titratable, short-acting intravenous drugs are preferred such as propofol and remifentanil.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. Volker.eichhorn@dal.ca
authors.forename: Volker
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Eichhorn
authors.forename: Dietrich
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Henzler
authors.forename: Michael F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Murphy
mesh_terms: D000758:Anesthesia / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000401:mortality; D000776:Anesthesiology / Q000295:instrumentation; D000777:Anesthetics; D016292:Procedural Sedation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic; D015656:Respiratory Mechanics / Q000502:physiology; D012449:Safety
chemical_list: D000777:Anesthetics