title: ERP dynamics underlying successful directed forgetting of neutral but not negative pictures.
abstract: Subjective experience suggests that negatively arousing memories are harder to control than neutral ones. Here, we investigate this issue in an item-cued directed forgetting experiment. Electroencephalogram event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded as participants viewed un-arousing neutral and highly arousing negative photographs, each followed by a cue to remember or forget it. Directed forgetting, that is reduced recognition of 'to-be-forgotten' items, occurred for neutral but not negative pictures. ERPs revealed three underlying effects: first, during picture viewing a late parietal positive potential (LPP) was more pronounced for negative than for neutral pictures. Second, 'remember' cues were associated with larger LPPs than 'forget' cues. Third, an enhanced frontal positivity appeared for 'forget' cues. This frontal positivity was generated in right dorso-lateral prefrontal regions following neutral pictures and in medial frontal cortex following negative pictures. LPP magnitude when viewing negative pictures was correlated with reduced directed forgetting, whereas both the enhanced frontal positivity for forget cues and the larger parietal positivity for remember cues predicted more directed forgetting. This study indicates that both processes of selective rehearsal (parietal positivities) and frontally controlled inhibition contribute to successful directed forgetting. However, due to their deeper incidental processing, highly arousing negative pictures are exempt from directed forgetting.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Box D23, 78457 Konstanz, Germany.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hauswald
authors.forename: Hannah
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schulz
authors.forename: Todor
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Iordanov
authors.forename: Johanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kissler
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003463:Cues; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D004192:Discrimination, Psychological / Q000502:physiology; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology*; D005071:Evoked Potentials / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011939:Mental Recall / Q000502:physiology*; D010296:Parietal Lobe / Q000502:physiology; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology; D021641:Recognition, Psychology / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult