title: Human antibody response to Anopheles gambiae saliva: an immuno-epidemiological biomarker to evaluate the efficacy of insecticide-treated nets in malaria vector control.
abstract: For the fight against malaria, the World Health Organization (WHO) has emphasized the need for indicators to evaluate the efficacy of vector-control strategies. This study investigates a potential immunological marker, based on human antibody responses to Anopheles saliva, as a new indicator to evaluate the efficacy of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs). Parasitological, entomological, and immunological assessments were carried out in children and adults from a malaria-endemic region of Angola before and after the introduction of ITNs. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels to An. gambiae saliva were positively associated with the intensity of An. gambiae exposure and malaria infection. A significant decrease in the anti-saliva IgG response was observed after the introduction of ITNs, and this was associated with a drop in parasite load. This study represents the first stage in the development of a new indicator to evaluate the efficacy of malaria vector-control strategies, which could apply in other arthropod vector-borne diseases.
authors.affiliation: Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UR024 "Epidémiologie et Prévention" Unit, Dakar, Senegal. papa-makhtar.drame@ird.fr
authors.forename: Papa M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Drame
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Poinsignon
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Besnard
authors.forename: Jacques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Le Mire
authors.forename: Maria A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Dos-Santos
authors.forename: Cheikh S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Sow
authors.forename: Sylvie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cornelie
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Foumane
authors.forename: Jean-Claude
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Toto
authors.forename: Mbacké
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sembene
authors.forename: Denis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Boulanger
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Simondon
authors.forename: Filomeno
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fortes
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Carnevale
authors.forename: Franck
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Remoue
mesh_terms: D000810:Angola; D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000187:drug effects; D000906:Antibodies / Q000276:immunology; D000953:Antigens, Protozoan / Q000276:immunology*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis*; D001733:Bites and Stings; D006801:Humans; D007159:Immunologic Tests; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000187:drug effects*; D057148:Insecticide-Treated Bednets; D007306:Insecticides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008288:Malaria / Q000517:prevention & control; D016778:Malaria, Falciparum / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009032:Mosquito Control; D012463:Saliva / Q000276:immunology; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D000953:Antigens, Protozoan; D015415:Biomarkers; D007306:Insecticides