title: TSC1/2 tumour suppressor complex maintains Drosophila germline stem cells by preventing differentiation.
abstract: Tuberous sclerosis complex human disease gene products TSC1 and TSC2 form a functional complex that negatively regulates target of rapamycin (TOR), an evolutionarily conserved kinase that plays a central role in cell growth and metabolism. Here, we describe a novel role of TSC1/2 in controlling stem cell maintenance. We show that in the Drosophila ovary, disruption of either the Tsc1 or Tsc2 gene in germline stem cells (GSCs) leads to precocious GSC differentiation and loss. The GSC loss can be rescued by treatment with TORC1 inhibitor rapamycin, or by eliminating S6K, a TORC1 downstream effecter, suggesting that precocious differentiation of Tsc1/2 mutant GSC is due to hyperactivation of TORC1. One well-studied mechanism for GSC maintenance is that BMP signals from the niche directly repress the expression of a differentiation-promoting gene bag of marbles (bam) in GSCs. In Tsc1/2 mutant GSCs, BMP signalling activity is downregulated, but bam expression is still repressed. Moreover, Tsc1 bam double mutant GSCs could differentiate into early cystocytes, suggesting that TSC1/2 controls GSC differentiation via both BMP-Bam-dependent and -independent pathways. Taken together, these results suggest that TSC prevents precocious GSC differentiation by inhibiting TORC1 activity and subsequently differentiation-promoting programs. As TSC1/2-TORC1 signalling is highly conserved from Drosophila to mammals, it could have a similar role in controlling stem cell behaviour in mammals, including humans.
authors.affiliation: Graduate program, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China.
authors.forename: Pei
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Zhenghui
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Quan
authors.forename: Bodi
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Tuoqi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Rongwen
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Xi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000502:physiology*; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D003433:Crosses, Genetic; D029721:Drosophila Proteins / Q000502:physiology*; D004331:Drosophila melanogaster / Q000502:physiology*; D005854:Germ Cells / Q000166:cytology*; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence / Q000379:methods; D008954:Models, Biological; D009154:Mutation; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D020123:Sirolimus / Q000494:pharmacology; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology*; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases
chemical_list: D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; C515347:TSC1 protein, Drosophila; C117726:gig protein, Drosophila; C546842:MTOR protein, human; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; D020123:Sirolimus