title: Use of gold nanoshells to constrain and enhance laser thermal therapy of metastatic liver tumours.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the impact of intravenously injected gold nanoparticles on interstitially delivered laser induced thermal therapy (LITT) in the liver.
  
  
  METHODS
  3D finite element modelling, ex vivo canine liver tissue containing gold nanoparticles absorbing at 800 nm, and agar gel phantoms were used to simulate the presence of nanoparticles in the liver during LITT. Real-time magnetic resonance temperature imaging (MRTI) based on the temperature sensitivity of the proton resonance frequency shift (PRFS) was used to map the spatiotemporal distribution of heating in the experiments and validate the predictions of 3D finite element simulations of heating.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Experimental results show good agreement with both the simulation and the ex vivo experiments. Average discrepancy between simulation and experiment was shown to be 1.6 degrees C or less with the maximum difference being 3.8 degrees C due to a small offset in laser positioning.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A high nanoshell concentration in the surrounding liver parenchyma, such as that which would be expected from an intravenous injection of gold nanoshells ( approximately 120 nm) acts as both a beam stop for the laser and secondary heat source for the treatment, helping to better heat the lesions and confine the treatment to the lesion. This indicates a potential to use nanoparticles to enhance both the safety and efficacy of LITT procedures in the liver.
authors.affiliation: Department of Imaging Physics, The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Andrew M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Elliott
authors.forename: Anil M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Shetty
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Hazle
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jason Stafford
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004285:Dogs; D006046:Gold / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006979:Hyperthermia, Induced / Q000379:methods*; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D053685:Laser Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D008099:Liver / Q000601:surgery; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000556:secondary / Q000601:surgery*; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000008:administration & dosage; D057145:Nanoshells / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging
chemical_list: D006046:Gold