title: Llama-derived single-domain antibodies for the detection of botulinum A neurotoxin.
abstract: Single-domain antibodies (sdAb) specific for botulinum neurotoxin serotype A (BoNT A) were selected from an immune llama phage display library derived from a llama that was immunized with BoNT A toxoid. The constructed phage library was panned using two methods: panning on plates coated with BoNT A toxoid (BoNT A Td) and BoNT A complex toxoid (BoNT Ac Td) and panning on microspheres coupled to BoNT A Td and BoNT A toxin (BoNT A Tx). Both panning methods selected for binders that had identical sequences, suggesting that panning on toxoided material may be as effective as panning on bead-immobilized toxin for isolating specific binders. All of the isolated binders tested were observed to recognize bead-immobilized BoNT A Tx in direct binding assays, and showed very little cross-reactivity towards other BoNT serotypes and unrelated protein. Sandwich assays that incorporated selected sdAb as capture and tracer elements demonstrated that all of the sdAb were able to recognize soluble ("live") BoNT A Tx and BoNT Ac Tx with virtually no cross-reactivity with other BoNT serotypes. The isolated sdAb did not exhibit the high degree of thermal stability often associated with these reagents; after the first heating cycle most of the binding activity was lost, but the portion of the protein that did refold and recover antigen-binding activity showed only minimal loss on subsequent heating and cooling cycles. The binding kinetics of selected binders, assessed by both an equilibrium fluid array assay as well as surface plasmon resonance (SPR) using toxoided material, gave dissociation constants (K(D)) in the range 2.2 x 10(-11) to 1.6 x 10(-10) M. These high-affinity binders may prove beneficial to the development of recombinant reagents for the rapid detection of BoNT A, particularly in field screening and monitoring applications.
authors.affiliation: Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Ave. SW, Washington, DC 20375, USA.
authors.forename: Marla D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Swain
authors.forename: George P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zabetakis
authors.forename: Rachael D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Bernstein
authors.forename: Jinny L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Laura J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Sherwood
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hayhurst
authors.forename: Ellen R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Goldman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000906:Antibodies / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D000918:Antibody Specificity; D001905:Botulinum Toxins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000276:immunology*; D002161:Camelids, New World / Q000276:immunology*; D002942:Circular Dichroism; D003429:Cross Reactions; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D019151:Peptide Library; D020349:Surface Plasmon Resonance
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D019151:Peptide Library; D001905:Botulinum Toxins