title: Expressed emotion in mothers of boys with gender identity disorder.
abstract: The authors examined the construct of expressed emotion in mothers of 20 boys with gender identity disorder (GID), 20 clinical control boys with externalizing disorders (ECC), 20 community control boys (NCB), and 20 community control girls (NCG). The mean age of the children was 6.86 years (SD = 1.46, range = 4-8 years). The authors predicted that the mothers of boys with GID would demonstrate (a) higher percentages of expressed emotion, criticism, and emotional overinvolvement compared with normal controls; and (b) higher percentages of only emotional overinvolvement compared with mothers of boys with externalizing difficulties. They used the Five-Minute Speech Sample (Magana-Amato, A., 1986) to assess maternal expressed emotion. A significantly greater percentage of mothers in both clinical groups were classified as high expressed emotion than mothers in the NCB group. When the authors compared the GID group with all other groups combined, they found that the mothers of boys with GID were classified as having higher levels of a combination of both high or borderline emotional overinvolvement and low criticism than were mothers in the other 3 groups. The authors discuss expressed emotion as a maternal characteristic in the genesis and perpetuation of GID in boys.
authors.affiliation: Gender Identity Service, Child, Youth, and Family Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Allison F H
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Owen-Anderson
authors.forename: Susan J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Bradley
authors.forename: Kenneth J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Zucker
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D002170:Canada; D002648:Child; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D019260:Expressed Emotion; D005260:Female; D005783:Gender Identity; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008425:Maternal Behavior / Q000523:psychology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009034:Mother-Child Relations; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology*; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology*