title: ΔNp73β is oncogenic in hepatocellular carcinoma by blocking apoptosis signaling via death receptors and mitochondria.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  p73 belongs to the p53 family of transcription factors known to regulate cell cycle and apoptosis. The Trp73 gene has two promoters that drive the expression of two major p73 isoform subfamilies: TA and ΔN. In general, TAp73 isoforms show proapoptotic activities, whereas members of the N-terminally truncated (ΔN) p73 subfamily that lack the transactivation domain show antiapoptotic functions. We found that upregulation of ΔNp73 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) correlated with reduced survival. Here, we investigated the molecular mechanisms accounting for the oncogenic role of ΔNp73 in HCC.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ΔNp73β can directly interfere with the transcriptional activation function of the TA (containing the transactivation domain) isoforms of the p53 family and consequently inhibit transactivation of proapoptotic target genes. Interference of ΔNp73β with apoptosis-/chemosensitivity takes place at several levels of apoptosis signaling. ΔNp73β negatively regulates the genes encoding for the death receptors CD95, TNF-R1, TRAIL-R2 and TNFRSF18. Furthermore, ΔNp73β represses the genes encoding caspase-2, -3, -6, -8 and -9. Concomitantly, ΔNp73β inhibits apoptosis emanating from mitochondria.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thus, ΔNp73 expression in HCC selects against both the death receptor and the mitochondrial apoptosis activity of the TA isoforms. Our data suggest that ΔNp73 isoforms repress apoptosis-related genes of the extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis signaling pathways thereby contributing to chemoresistance. The clinical importance of these data is evidenced by our finding that the ΔNp73ß target gene signature can predict the prognosis of patients suffering from HCC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine IV, Hepatology and Gastroenterology, University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: André
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schuster
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Schilling
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: De Laurenzi
authors.forename: Andreas F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Koch
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Seitz
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Staib
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Teufel
authors.forename: Snorri S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Thorgeirsson
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Galle
authors.forename: Gerry
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Melino
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Stremmel
authors.forename: Peter H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Krammer
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Müller
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis; D001483:Base Sequence; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D005799:Genes, Dominant / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D008954:Models, Biological; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D011230:Precancerous Conditions / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D011379:Prognosis; D020033:Protein Isoforms / Q000378:metabolism; D053218:Receptors, Death Domain / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D000072160:Tumor Protein p73; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000378:metabolism; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D053218:Receptors, Death Domain; C000606460:TP73 protein, human; D000072160:Tumor Protein p73; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; C000606369:delta Np73 protein, human; D020169:Caspases