title: Hope in the context of lung cancer: relationships of hope to symptoms and psychological distress.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hope may be important in explaining the variability in how patients adjust to lung cancer.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to examine how hope, as conceptualized by Snyder et al., is associated with multiple indices of adjustment to lung cancer. This theoretical model of hope suggests that people with high levels of hope are able to think about the pathways to goals (pathways) and feel confident that they can pursue those pathways to reach their goals (agency).
  
  
  METHODS
  We hypothesized that higher levels of hope, as measured by Snyder et al.'s hope scale, would be related to lower levels of pain and other lung cancer symptoms (i.e., fatigue and cough) and lower psychological distress (i.e., depression). Participants in this study included patients with a diagnosis of lung cancer (n=51). All participants provided demographic and medical information and completed measures of hope, lung cancer symptoms, and psychological distress.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data analyses found that hope was inversely associated with major symptoms of cancer (i.e., pain, fatigue, and cough) and psychological distress (i.e., depression), even after accounting for important demographic and medical variables (i.e., age and cancer stage).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings of this cross-sectional study highlight the potential importance of hope in understanding adjustment to lung cancer. Future longitudinal research could help reveal how hope and adjustment interact over the course of cancer survivorship.
authors.affiliation: Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Berendes
authors.forename: Francis J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Keefe
authors.forename: Tamara J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Somers
authors.forename: Sejal M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Kothadia
authors.forename: Laura S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Porter
authors.forename: Jennifer S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Cheavens
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002283:Carcinoma, Bronchogenic / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology; D004644:Emotions; D005221:Fatigue / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology*