title: Mortality in Western Australian seniors with chronic respiratory diseases: a cohort study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Relatively few studies have examined survival by pharmacotherapy level and the effects of patient characteristics on mortality by pharmacotherapy level in older chronic respiratory disease (CRD) patients. This study aimed to investigate these issues in older (> or = 65) CRD patients in Western Australia.
  
  
  METHODS
  We identified 108,312 patients > or = 65 years with CRD during 1992-2006 using linked medical, pharmaceutical, hospital and mortality databases held by the Commonwealth and State governments. Pharmacotherapy classification levels were designed by a clinical consensus panel. Cox regression was used to investigate the study aim.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients using only short acting bronchodilators experienced similar, but slightly worse survival than patients in the highest pharmacotherapy level group using high dose inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) +/- long acting bronchodilators (LABs) +/- oral steroids. Patients using low to medium dose ICS +/- LABs experienced relatively better survival. Also, male gender was associated with all-cause mortality in all patients (HR = 1.72, 95% CI 1.65-1.80) and especially in those in the highest pharmacotherapy level group (HR = 1.97, 95%CI = 1.84-2.10). The P-value of interaction between gender and pharmacotherapy level for the effect on all-cause death was significant (0.0003).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Older patients with CRD not using ICS experienced the worst survival in this study and may benefit from an escalation in therapeutic regime. Males had a higher risk of death than females, which was more pronounced in the highest pharmacotherapy level group. Hence, primary health care should more actively direct disease management to mild-to-moderate disease patients.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Health Services Research, School of Population Health, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, 6009 Perth, Australia. kristjana.einarsdottir@uwa.edu.au
authors.forename: Kristjana
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Einarsdóttir
authors.forename: David B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Preen
authors.forename: Frank M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Sanfilippo
authors.forename: Raylene
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Reeve
authors.forename: Jon D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Emery
authors.forename: C D'Arcy J
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Holman
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000368:Aged; D001249:Asthma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality*; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014904:Western Australia / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents