title: Contrast ultrasonography: necessity of linear data processing for the quantification of tumor vascularization.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study is intended to compare the value of uncompressed ultrasonic data, obtained after linear power detection of the ultrasonic radiofrequencies that we call linear data, with usual compressed video data for the quantification of tumor perfusion, particularly for monitoring antivascular therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  To form a clinically useful ultrasonic image, the detected power of the received signals (linear data) is compressed in a quasi-logarithmic fashion in order to match the limited dynamic range of the video monitor. The resulting reduced range of signals from an injected contrast agent may limit the sensitivity to changes in the time-intensity curves. Following a theoretical evaluation of the effects of compression on time-intensity curves and as an in vivo example, we measured at different times the effects of an antivascular drug administered to mice bearing melanoma tumors. The mean time-intensity curves within the tumors after bolus injection of a contrast agent were determined using both linear and video data. Linearized data was recovered using the inverse of the true scanner's compression law, which was experimentally determined. Three features were extracted from the time-intensity curves: peak intensity (PI), time to peak intensity (TPI) and area under the curve in the wash-in phase (AUC (wash-in)). When contrast reached its maximum value, the coefficient of variation reflecting the heterogeneity of the intensity of contrast uptake within the tumor, was computed using both data sets.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TPI was found to be similar with either data set (r = 0.98, p < 0.05, factor of 1.09). Linear PI and AUC (wash-in) had significantly earlier decreases after drug administration than video data (p = 0.015 and p = 0.03, respectively). The coefficient of variation was significantly lower when using video rather than linear data (p < 10 (-4)).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, the use of linear data is the only mathematically valid methodology for determining a tumor's time-intensity curve and, in practice, it allows earlier demonstration of responses to antivascular drugs.
authors.affiliation: Imaging Department, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France. pierre.peronneau@igr.fr
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Peronneau
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lassau
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Leguerney
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Roche
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cosgrove
mesh_terms: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D007089:Image Enhancement; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D016014:Linear Models; D008546:Melanoma, Experimental / Q000098:blood supply*; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D008833:Microcirculation / Q000187:drug effects; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000188:drug therapy; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000188:drug therapy; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D010743:Phospholipids; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D012694:Serine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D013459:Sulfur Hexafluoride; D018608:Ultrasonography, Doppler; D014743:Videotape Recording
chemical_list: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors; D003287:Contrast Media; D010743:Phospholipids; C420843:contrast agent BR1; D012694:Serine; C400245:AC 7700; D013459:Sulfur Hexafluoride