title: Pelvic congestion syndrome-associated pelvic pain: a systematic review of diagnosis and management.
abstract: To systematically evaluate the diagnosis and treatment of female pelvic congestion syndrome (PCS). We searched the PubMed database and relevant bibliographies for English-language studies published between January 1966 and May 2009 pertaining to diagnosis and treatment of female PCS-related pelvic pain. Treatment articles were restricted to those containing at least 4 subjects and a specified length of follow-up. Diagnostic test studies were included if they included subjects with and without pelvic pain. Two reviewers abstracted characteristics and outcomes from all controlled diagnostic studies and treatment papers. Six diagnostic and 22 treatment studies met entry criteria. Diagnostic method studies (pelvic venography, magnetic resonance imaging, or ultrasound) generally lacked appropriate reference standards, blinded assessors, or proven reliability. Treatment studies (using transvenous catheter embolization, surgical ligation, hysterectomy, or hormonal suppression) reporting ordinal outcomes found improvement from 24% to 100%; a similarly wide range of improvement was found with change in continuous rating of visual analogue scale pain scores (mean follow-up 4 months to 5.6 years). Both progestins and gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists are effective in decreasing pain symptoms. The optimal diagnostic approach for PCS-related pelvic pain remains unclear, and controlled trials comparing medical and interventional treatments are urgently needed for PCS-associated pelvic pain.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Obstetricians & Gynecologists, Family Physicians.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  After completion of this article, the reader will be able to Compare different surgical treatments for pelvic congestion syndromes associated with pelvic pain syndromes. Estimate the relative severity of pelvic congestion in women using current venographic criteria. Choose between different diagnostic methods for characterizing pelvic venous blood flow and anatomy in women presenting with pelvic pain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Chicago, IL, USA. ftu@northshore.org
authors.forename: Frank F
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Tu
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hahn
authors.forename: John F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Steege
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017699:Pelvic Pain / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D012196:Review Literature as Topic; D013577:Syndrome