title: Normative performance on an executive clock drawing task (CLOX) in a community-dwelling sample of older adults.
abstract: The CLOX is a clock drawing test used to screen for cognitive impairment in older adults, but there is limited normative data for this measure. This study presents normative data for the CLOX derived from a diverse sample of 585 community-dwelling older adults with complete cognitive data at baseline and 4-year follow-up. Participants with evidence of baseline impairment or substantial 4-year decline on the Mini-Mental State Examination were excluded from the normative sample. Spontaneous clock drawing (CLOX1) and copy (CLOX2) performances were stratified by age group and reading ability from the Wide Range Achievement Test, 3rd edition (WRAT-3). Lowest mean CLOX scores were observed for the oldest age group (75+ years old) with the lowest WRAT-3 reading scores. For all groups, average scores were higher for CLOX2 than CLOX1. These normative data may be helpful to clinicians and researchers for interpreting CLOX performance in older adults with diverse levels of reading ability.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA. mgcrowe@uab.edu
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Crowe
authors.forename: Richard M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Allman
authors.forename: Kristen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Triebel
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sawyer
authors.forename: Roy C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Martin
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003625:Data Collection / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015577:Geriatric Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000592:standards*; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D012016:Reference Values; D012111:Residence Characteristics