title: Resistance of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis to nitric oxide: correlation with antimony therapy and TNF-alpha production.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nitric oxide (NO) produced in macrophages plays a pivotal role as a leishmanicidal agent. A previous study has demonstrated that 20% of the L. (V.) braziliensis isolated from initial cutaneous lesions of patients from the endemic area of Corte de Pedra, Bahia, Brazil, were NO resistant. Additionally, 5 to 11% of the patients did not respond to three or more antimony treatments" (refractory patients). The aim of this study is to investigate if there is an association between the resistance of L. (V.) braziliensis to NO and nonresponsiveness to antimony therapy and cytokine production.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated the in vitro toxicity of NO against the promastigotes stages of L. (V.) braziliensis isolated from responsive and refractory patients, and the infectivity of the amastigote forms of these isolates against human macrophages. The supernatants from Leishmania infected macrophage were used to measure TNF-alpha and IL-10 levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using NaNO2 (pH 5.0) as the NO source, L. (V.) braziliensis isolated from refractory patients were more NO resistant (IC50 = 5.8 +/- 4.8) than L. (V.) braziliensis isolated from responsive patients (IC50 = 2.0 +/- 1.4). Four isolates were selected to infect human macrophages: NO-susceptible and NO-resistant L. (V.) braziliensis isolated from responsive and refractory patients. NO-resistant L. (V.) braziliensis isolated from refractory patients infected more macrophages stimulated with LPS and IFN-gamma at 120 hours than NO-susceptible L. (V.) braziliensis isolated from refractory patients. Also, lower levels of TNF-alpha were detected in supernatants of macrophages infected with NO-resistant L. (V.) braziliensis as compared to macrophages infected with NO-susceptible L. (V.) braziliensis (p < 0.05 at 2, 24 and 120 hours), while no differences were detected in IL-10 levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that NO resistance could be related to the nonresponsiveness to antimony therapy seen in American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis.
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil.
authors.forename: Anselmo S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Souza
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Giudice
authors.forename: Júlia Mb
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.forename: Luís H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Guimarães
authors.forename: Amelia R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: de Jesus
authors.forename: Tatiana R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: de Moura
authors.forename: Mary E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Edgar M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.forename: Roque P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Almeida
mesh_terms: D000965:Antimony / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001938:Brazil; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004351:Drug Resistance; D006801:Humans; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D007892:Leishmania braziliensis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D016773:Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology / Q000469:parasitology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000633:toxicity*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents; C439524:TNF protein, human; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016753:Interleukin-10; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D000965:Antimony