title: Increased activity and expression of histone deacetylase 1 in relation to tumor necrosis factor-alpha in synovial tissue of rheumatoid arthritis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this study was to investigate the profile of histone deacetylase (HDAC) expression in the synovial tissue of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) compared with that of normal control and osteoarthritis (OA), and to examine whether there is a link between HDAC activity and synovial inflammation.
  
  
  METHODS
  HDAC activity and histone acetyltransferase (HAT) activity were determined in nuclear extracts of total synovial tissue surgically obtained from normal, OA and RA joints. The level of cytoplasmic tumor necrosis factor a (TNFα) fraction was measured by ELISA. Total RNA of synovial tissue was used for RT-PCR of HDAC1-8. In synovial fibroblasts from RA (RASFs), the effects of TNFα on nuclear HDAC activity and class I HDACs (1, 2, 3, 8) mRNA expressions were examined by quantitative real-time PCR. The protein expression and distribution of class I HDACs were examined by Western blotting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nuclear HDAC activity was significantly higher in RA than in OA and normal controls and correlated with the amount of cytoplasmic TNFα. The mRNA expression of HDAC1 in RA synovial tissue was higher than in OA and normal controls, and showed positive correlation with TNFα mRNA expression. The protein level of nuclear HDAC1 was higher in RA synovial tissue compared with OA synovial tissue. Stimulation with TNFα significantly increased the nuclear HDAC activity and HDAC1 mRNA expression at 24 hours and HDAC1 protein expression at 48 hours in RASFs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results showed nuclear HDAC activity and expression of HDAC1 were significantly higher in RA than in OA synovial tissues, and they were upregulated by TNFα stimulation in RASFs. These data might provide important clues for the development of specific small molecule HDAC inhibitors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama City, Okayama , Japan. tmkkawakawa@m8.dion.ne.jp
authors.forename: Tomoko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kawabata
authors.forename: Keiichiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nishida
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takasugi
authors.forename: Hiroko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ogawa
authors.forename: Kenei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sada
authors.forename: Yasutaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kadota
authors.forename: Junko
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Inagaki
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hirohata
authors.forename: Yoshifumi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ninomiya
authors.forename: Hirofumi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Makino
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000201:enzymology; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000201:enzymology; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D056284:Histone Deacetylase 1 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013583:Synovial Membrane / Q000201:enzymology*; D046509:Tissue Culture Techniques; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C110550:HDAC1 protein, human; D056284:Histone Deacetylase 1