Should targeting albuminuria be part of a cardiovascular risk reduction paradigm?
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States as well as the rest of the world. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is considered a CVD risk equivalent. The development of albuminuria has been identified as an additional possible risk marker that is almost unique to patients with CKD and a marker for predicting CVD risk. This review focuses on clinical and epidemiologic evidence regarding the role of albuminuria in the context of CVD development. It reviews the association of albuminuria with other comorbidities associated with increased cardiovascular risk and the modalities aimed at the reduction of albuminuria and maximizing of cardiovascular risk reduction.
Whaley-Connell
Adam T
AT
Department of Internal Medicine, Harry S Truman Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Missouri-Columbia School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA.
Kalaitzidis
Rigas G
RG
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D015897:Comorbidity; D048909:Diabetes Complications; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000209:etiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000652:urine; D040242:Risk Reduction Behavior; D055815:Young Adult
D015415:Biomarkers