title: Thyroid hormones, mitochondrial bioenergetics and lipid handling.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The article is principally intended to describe the recent evolutions in the field of research concerned with the metabolic actions of thyroid hormones and those of some of their metabolites or derivatives. Mitochondria, as a result of their functions, represent the principal objective of scientists investigating the mechanisms underlying the effects of thyroid hormones or their metabolites/derivatives.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Indeed, some important recent findings concern these organelles, and in particular mitochondrial uncoupling and its modulation by effectors. Traditionally, thyroxine (T4) and tri-iodo-L-thyronine (T3) were the only thyroid hormones considered to have metabolic effects, and they alone were considered for potential as agents that might counteract some important abnormalities such as dyslipidaemias and obesity. Several observations, however, led to a reconsideration of this idea. In recent years, studies dealing with the biological activities of some natural metabolites or structural analogues of thyroid hormones have revealed abilities to ameliorate some major worldwide medical problems, such as artherosclerosis, obesity and cardiovascular diseases. Among natural metabolites, 3,5-diiodothyronine (T2) has been shown to powerfully reduce adiposity and dyslipidaemia and to reverse hepatic steatosis without unfavourable side-effects usually observed when T3 or T4 is used. Examples of synthetic analogues are GC-1 (or sobetirome) and KB2115 (or eprotirome) which show ipolipidaemic and antiaterogenic capacities. Clinical trials are in progress for these last agents.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In view of the above-mentioned actions, some of these compounds are now undergoing clinical trials and may have important implications for clinical practice or researches in the field of both endocrinology and metabolic-related abnormalities such as diabetes and dyslipidaemias.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Caserta, Italy.
authors.forename: Federica
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cioffi
authors.forename: Antonia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lanni
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Goglia
mesh_terms: D000085:Acetates / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D050154:Adiposity / Q000187:drug effects; D000813:Anilides / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000818:Animals; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000188:drug therapy; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D004104:Diiodothyronines / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D050171:Dyslipidemias / Q000188:drug therapy; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects; D005234:Fatty Liver / Q000188:drug therapy; D006801:Humans; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism*; D009765:Obesity / Q000188:drug therapy; D010636:Phenols / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D051381:Rats; D013963:Thyroid Hormones / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: C526273:3-((3,5-dibromo-4-(4-hydroxy-3-(1-methylethyl)phenoxy)phenyl)amino)-3-oxopropanoic acid; D000085:Acetates; D000813:Anilides; D004104:Diiodothyronines; C413355:GC 1 compound; D010636:Phenols; D013963:Thyroid Hormones; C030103:3,5-diiodothyronine