title: Oxidative stress and inflammatory mediators contribute to endothelial dysfunction in high-fat diet-induced obesity in mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated the effects of high-fat diet-induced obesity on vascular proinflammatory factors and oxidative stress on endothelium-dependent relaxation of the aorta.
  
  
  METHODS
  Female Swiss mice were submitted to a high-fat diet for 16 weeks. At the end of the experimental period, we evaluated blood pressure, relaxation in response to acetylcholine in aortic rings in the absence and the presence of the superoxide anion scavenger, superoxide dismutase (SOD, 150 U/ml), and the nuclear factor (NF)-κB inhibitor, sodium salicylate (5 mmol/l). Aortic protein expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase, Cu/Zn-SOD, NF-κB, IκB-α, and proinflammatory cytokines were also evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Obese mice presented higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure than control mice (P < 0.05). The relaxation of aortas to acetylcholine, but not to sodium nitroprusside, was significantly decreased in obese mice and was corrected by both SOD and sodium salicylate (P < 0.05). The protein expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and Cu/Zn-SOD was significantly decreased in aorta from obese mice (P < 0.05). Total p65 NF-κB subunit protein expression was not affected by obesity, but the protein expression of NF-κB inhibitor IκB-α was lower in aorta from obese mice (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in the interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 protein expression between groups. In contrast, the expression of TNF-α was significantly increased in aortas from obese mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that the reduced antioxidant defense and the local NF-κB pathway play an important role in the impairment of endothelium-dependent relaxation in aorta from obese mice.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Renata
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kobayasi
authors.forename: Eliana H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Akamine
authors.forename: Ana P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Davel
authors.forename: Maria A M
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
authors.forename: Carla R O
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.forename: Luciana V
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: Rossoni
mesh_terms: D000109:Acetylcholine / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001011:Aorta / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D007249:Inflammation / Q000503:physiopathology*; D051379:Mice; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D009599:Nitroprusside / Q000494:pharmacology; D009765:Obesity / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology*; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D013481:Superoxides / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D014664:Vasodilation / Q000187:drug effects; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats; D016328:NF-kappa B; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D013481:Superoxides; D009599:Nitroprusside; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D000109:Acetylcholine