title: Extended morphological processing: a practical method for automatic spot detection of biological markers from microscopic images.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A reliable extraction technique for resolving multiple spots in light or electron microscopic images is essential in investigations of the spatial distribution and dynamics of specific proteins inside cells and tissues. Currently, automatic spot extraction and characterization in complex microscopic images poses many challenges to conventional image processing methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A new method to extract closely located, small target spots from biological images is proposed. This method starts with a simple but practical operation based on the extended morphological top-hat transformation to subtract an uneven background. The core of our novel approach is the following: first, the original image is rotated in an arbitrary direction and each rotated image is opened with a single straight line-segment structuring element. Second, the opened images are unified and then subtracted from the original image. To evaluate these procedures, model images of simulated spots with closely located targets were created and the efficacy of our method was compared to that of conventional morphological filtering methods. The results showed the better performance of our method. The spots of real microscope images can be quantified to confirm that the method is applicable in a given practice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our method achieved effective spot extraction under various image conditions, including aggregated target spots, poor signal-to-noise ratio, and large variations in the background intensity. Furthermore, it has no restrictions with respect to the shape of the extracted spots. The features of our method allow its broad application in biological and biomedical image information analysis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ultrastructural Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Ogawahigashi-cho 4-1-1, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshitaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kimori
authors.forename: Norio
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Baba
authors.forename: Nobuhiro
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Morone
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D015415:Biomarkers; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D008853:Microscopy / Q000379:methods*; D012984:Software
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers