title: Arsenic trioxide cooperates with all trans retinoic acid to enhance mitogen-activated protein kinase activation and differentiation in PML-RARalpha negative human myeloblastic leukemia cells.
abstract: Arsenic trioxide (ATO) synergistically promotes all trans retinoic acid (ATRA)-induced differentiation of PML-RARalpha negative HL-60 myeloblastic leukemia cells. In PML-RARalpha positive myeloid leukemia cells, ATO is known to cause degradation of PML-RARalpha with subsequent induced myeloid differentiation. We found that ATO by itself does not cause differentiation of the PML-RARalpha negative HL-60 cells, but enhances ATRA's capability to cause differentiation. ATO augmented ATRA-induced RAF/MEK/ERK axis signaling, expression of CD11b and p47(PHOX), and inducible oxidative metabolism. ATO enhanced ATRA-induced population growth retardation without evidence of apoptosis or enhanced G1/G0 growth arrest. Compared to ATRA-treated cells, the ATRA plus ATO-treated cells progressed more slowly through the cell cycle as detected by a slower rate of accumulation in G2/M following nocodazole treatment. Hoechst/PI staining showed that low-dose ATO did not induce apoptosis. In summary, our results indicate that ATO in conjunction with ATRA is of potential chemotherapeutic use in PML-RARalpha negative leukemias.
authors.affiliation: School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
authors.forename: Satyaprakash
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nayak
authors.forename: Miaoqing
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Rodica P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Bunaciu
authors.forename: Stephen E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Bloom
authors.forename: Jeffrey D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Varner
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yen
mesh_terms: D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D000077237:Arsenic Trioxide; D001152:Arsenicals / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects*; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D004357:Drug Synergism; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D015473:Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D015514:Oncogene Proteins, Fusion / Q000378:metabolism*; D010087:Oxides / Q000008:administration & dosage; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D001152:Arsenicals; D015514:Oncogene Proteins, Fusion; D010087:Oxides; C093476:promyelocytic leukemia-retinoic acid receptor alpha fusion oncoprotein; D014212:Tretinoin; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D000077237:Arsenic Trioxide