title: A case study of exposure to ultrafine particles from secondhand tobacco smoke in an automobile.
abstract: Secondhand tobacco smoke (SHS) in enclosed spaces is a major source of potentially harmful airborne particles. To quantify exposure to ultrafine particles (UFP) because of SHS and to investigate the interaction between pollutants from SHS and vehicular emissions, number concentration and size distribution of UFP and other air pollutants (CO, CO(2) , and PM(2.5)) were measured inside a moving vehicle under five different ventilation conditions. A major interstate freeway with a speed limit of 60 mph and an urban roadway with a speed limit of 30 mph were selected to represent typical urban routes. In a typical 30-min commute on urban roadways, the SHS of one cigarette exposed passengers to approximately 10 times the UFP and 120 times the PM(2.5) of ambient air. The most effective solution to protect passengers from SHS exposure is to abstain from smoking in the vehicle. Opening a window is an effective method for decreasing pollutant exposures on most urban roadways. However, under road conditions with high UFP concentrations, such as tunnels or busy freeways with high proportion of heavy-duty diesel trucks (such as the 710 Freeway in Los Angeles, CA, USA), opening a window is not a viable method to reduce UFPs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Time budget studies show that Americans spend, on average, more than 60 min each day in enclosed vehicles. Smoking inside vehicles can expose the driver and other passengers to high levels of pollutants. Thus, an understanding of the variations and interactions of secondhand tobacco smoke (SHS) and vehicular emissions under realistic driving conditions is necessary. Results of this study indicated that high ventilation rates can effectively dilute ultrafine particles (UFP) inside moving vehicles on urban routes. However, driving with open windows and an increased air exchange rate (AER) are not recommended on tunnels and heavily travelled freeways.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Engineering, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhu
mesh_terms: D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000032:analysis*; D001336:Automobiles; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000032:analysis*; D002248:Carbon Monoxide / Q000032:analysis*; D002947:Cities; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D010316:Particle Size; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D013781:Texas; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000032:analysis* / Q000517:prevention & control; D001335:Vehicle Emissions / Q000032:analysis*; D014691:Ventilation / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D052638:Particulate Matter; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution; D001335:Vehicle Emissions; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D002248:Carbon Monoxide