title: Perceived racial/ethnic discrimination, smoking and alcohol consumption in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the association of perceived racial/ethnic discrimination with smoking and alcohol consumption in adults participating in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data on 6680 black, Chinese, Hispanic and white adults aged 45 to 84 years of age recruited from Illinois, New York, Maryland, North Carolina, Minnesota and California during 2000 and 2002 were used for this analysis. Logistic regression was used to estimate the association of perceived racial/ethnic discrimination with smoking status and alcohol consumption for each racial/ethnic group separately.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Blacks were more likely to experience racial/ethnic discrimination (43%) than Hispanics (19%), Chinese participants (10%) or whites (4%, P<0.0001). In the fully-adjusted model, blacks reporting racial/ethnic discrimination had 34% and 51% greater odds of reporting smoking and drinking, respectively, than blacks who did not report racial/ethnic discrimination. Hispanics reporting racial/ethnic discrimination had 62% greater odds of heavy drinking. Whites reporting racial/ethnic discrimination had 88% greater odds of reporting being current smokers than whites who did not report racial/ethnic discrimination.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that the experience of discrimination is associated with greater prevalence of unhealthy behaviors. Specifically, the use of smoking and alcohol may be patterned by experience of discrimination.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, Graduate Program in Public Health, Lehman College, City University of New York, 250 Bedford Park Boulevard West, Bronx, NY 10468, USA. Luisa.Borrell@lehman.cuny.edu
authors.forename: Luisa N
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Borrell
authors.forename: Ana V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Diez Roux
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shea
authors.forename: Sharon A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: Sandi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shrager
authors.forename: Roger S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Blumenthal
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology*; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D000069443:Heptavalent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D022242:Pneumococcal Vaccines; D011287:Prejudice; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology*; D012938:Social Perception; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D044465:White People / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D000069443:Heptavalent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine; D022242:Pneumococcal Vaccines