title: Cadmium down-regulates expression of XIAP at the post-transcriptional level in prostate cancer cells through an NF-kappaB-independent, proteasome-mediated mechanism.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cadmium has been classified as a human carcinogen, affecting health through occupational and environmental exposure. Cadmium has a long biological half-life (>25 years), due to the flat kinetics of its excretion. The prostate is one of the organs with highest levels of cadmium accumulation. Importantly, patients with prostate cancer appear to have higher levels of cadmium both in the circulation and in prostatic tissues.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the current report, we demonstrate for the first time that cadmium down-regulates expression of the X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) in prostate cancer cells. Cadmium-mediated XIAP depletion occurs at the post-transcriptional level via an NF-kappaB-independent, proteasome-mediated mechanism and coincides with an increased sensitivity of prostate cancer cells to TNF-alpha-mediated apoptosis. Prolonged treatment with cadmium results in selection of prostate cancer cells with apoptosis-resistant phenotype. Development of apoptosis-resistance coincides with restoration of XIAP expression in cadmium-selected PC-3 cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Selection of cadmium-resistant cells could represent an adaptive survival mechanism that may contribute to progression of prostatic malignancies.
authors.affiliation: Division of Urological Oncology, Department of Surgery, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA.
authors.forename: Konstantin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Golovine
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Makhov
authors.forename: Robert G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Uzzo
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kutikov
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Kaplan
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fox
authors.forename: Vladimir M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Kolenko
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D002104:Cadmium / Q000494:pharmacology*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex / Q000378:metabolism*; D012323:RNA Processing, Post-Transcriptional / Q000187:drug effects*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology; D051636:X-Linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D051636:X-Linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein; C496866:XIAP protein, human; D002104:Cadmium; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex