title: Testing extraction and storage parameters for a fecal hormone method.
abstract: Four experiments were conducted to test different aspects of a "field-friendly" fecal hormone extraction method that utilizes methanol extraction in the field followed by storage on C18 solid-phase extraction cartridges. Fecal samples were collected from geladas (Theropithecus gelada) housed at the Bronx Zoo, and the experiments were conducted in a laboratory setting to ensure maximum control. The experiments were designed to either simulate the conditions to which fecal samples are subjected during fieldwork or improve on an existing protocol. The experiments tested the relationship between fecal hormone metabolite preservation/recovery and: (1) the amount of time a sample is stored at ambient temperature; (2) the number of freeze/thaw cycles a sample undergoes; (3) the effectiveness of different extraction solutions; and (4) the effectiveness of different cartridge washes. For each experiment, samples were assayed by radioimmunoassay for fecal glucocorticoid (GC) and testosterone (T) metabolites. Results for each of the experiments were as follows. First, storage at ambient temperature did not affect hormone levels until 4 weeks of storage, with significant increases for both GC and T metabolites at 4 weeks. Second, hormone levels significantly decreased in samples after two freeze/thaw cycles for GCs and six freeze/thaws cycles for T. Third, for both GCs and T, hormone extraction using various methanol solutions was significantly higher than using 100% ethanol. Finally, using a 20% methanol solution to wash cartridges significantly increased GC levels but had no effect on T levels. These results suggest that, when utilizing C18 cartridges for fecal steroid storage, researchers should consider several methodological options to optimize hormone preservation and recovery from fecal samples.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109, USA.
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Pappano
authors.forename: Eila K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: Jacinta C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Beehner
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000836:Animals, Zoo / Q000378:metabolism*; D005243:Feces / Q000737:chemistry*; D005260:Female; D005615:Freezing; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000032:analysis; D006728:Hormones / Q000032:analysis*; D006358:Hot Temperature; D008297:Male; D011863:Radioimmunoassay / Q000662:veterinary; D012996:Solutions; D013048:Specimen Handling / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary; D013739:Testosterone / Q000032:analysis; D016671:Theropithecus / Q000378:metabolism*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D005938:Glucocorticoids; D006728:Hormones; D012996:Solutions; D013739:Testosterone