title: The effects of literate narrative intervention on children with neurologically based language impairments: an early stage study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study investigated the effect of a literate narrative intervention on the macrostructural and microstructural language features of the oral narratives of 3 children with neuromuscular impairment and co-morbid receptive and expressive language impairment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three children, ages 6-8 years, participated in a multiple baseline across participants and language features study. The 3 participants engaged in 10 individual literate narrative intervention sessions following staggered baseline trials. Assessment probes eliciting picture- and verbally prompted narratives were recorded and analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All three children demonstrated gains in the use of story grammar (macrostructure) and causality (microstructure), with moderate to large effect sizes based on percentage of nonoverlapping data points. Gains were seen in both picture-prompted narratives that were the direct focus of intervention and in verbally prompted narratives that served as a measure of generalization. Other features of microstructure not explicitly targeted during intervention increased in the narratives produced by the participants. Additionally, follow-up data collected 8 months after intervention indicated the maintenance of some skills over time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study suggest that literate narrative intervention may be useful for improving children's functional use of narrative macrostructure and microstructure, including literate language.
authors.affiliation: College of Health Sciences, Division of Communication Disorders, University of Wyoming, Department 3311, 1000 East University Avenue, Laramie, WY 82071, USA. dpeter39@uwyo.edu
authors.forename: Douglas B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Petersen
authors.forename: Sandra Laing
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Gillam
authors.forename: Trina
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Spencer
authors.forename: Ronald B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Gillam
mesh_terms: D001878:Books, Illustrated; D002648:Child; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D005793:Generalization, Psychological; D006801:Humans; D007803:Language Arts; D007805:Language Development Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D033262:Narration; D009468:Neuromuscular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D055815:Young Adult