title: Toxic anterior segment syndrome: common causes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify the most common risk factors associated with toxic anterior segment syndrome (TASS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Ophthalmic surgical centers in the United States, Argentina, Brazil, Italy, Mexico, Spain, and Romania.
  
  
  METHODS
  A TASS questionnaire on instrument cleaning and reprocessing and extraocular and intraocular products used during cataract surgery was placed on the American Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery web site. A retrospective analysis of questionnaires submitted by surgical centers reporting cases of TASS was performed between June 1, 2007, and May 31, 2009, to identify commonly held practices that could cause TASS. Members of the TASS Task Force made site visits between October 1, 2005, and May 31, 2009, and the findings were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data from 77 questionnaires and 54 site visits were analyzed. The reporting centers performed 50 114 cataract surgeries and reported 909 cases of TASS. From January 1, 2006, to date, the 54 centers reported 367 cases in 143 919 procedures; 61% occurred in early 2006. Common practices associated with TASS included inadequate flushing of phaco and irrigation/aspiration handpieces, use of enzymatic cleansers, detergents at the wrong concentration, ultrasonic bath, antibiotic agents in balanced salt solution, preserved epinephrine, inappropriate agents for skin prep, and powdered gloves. Reuse of single-use products and poor instrument maintenance and processing were other risk factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The survey identified commonly held practices associated with TASS. Understanding these findings and the safe alternatives will allow surgical center personnel to change their practices as needed to prevent TASS.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  No author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.
authors.affiliation: John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132, USA.
authors.forename: Carolee M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Cutler Peck
authors.forename: Jacob
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brubaker
authors.forename: Sue
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Clouser
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Danford
authors.forename: Henry E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Edelhauser
authors.forename: Nick
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mamalis
mesh_terms: D000869:Anterior Eye Segment / Q000473:pathology*; D002387:Cataract Extraction / Q000295:instrumentation; D004866:Equipment Contamination; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007634:Keratitis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology*; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013577:Syndrome
chemical_list: D005938:Glucocorticoids