title: Who were the male founders of rural Brazilian Afro-derived communities? A proposal based on three populations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Brazilian Quilombos are Afro-derived communities founded mainly by fugitive slaves between the 16(th) and 19(th) centuries; they can be recognized today by ancestral and cultural characteristics. Each of these remnant communities, however, has its own particular history, which includes the migration of non-African derived people.
  
  
  METHODS
  The present work presents a proposal for the origin of the male founder in Brazilian quilombos based on Y-haplogroup distribution. Y haplogroups, based on 16 binary markers (92R7, SRY2627, SRY4064, SRY10831.1 and .2, M2, M3, M09, M34, M60, M89, M213, M216, P2, P3 and YAP), were analysed for 98 DNA samples from genetically unrelated men from three rural Brazilian Afro-derived communities-Mocambo, Rio das Rãs and Kalunga-in order to estimate male geographic origin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data indicated significant differences among these communities. A high frequency of non-African haplogroups was observed in all communities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This observation suggested an admixture process that has occurred over generations and directional mating between European males and African female slaves that must have occurred on farms before the slaves escaped. This means that the admixture occurred before the slaves escaped and the foundation of the quilombo.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Genética e Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, DF, Brazil.
authors.forename: Guilherme Galvarros Bueno Lobo
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Ribeiro
authors.forename: Kiyoko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Abe-Sandes
authors.forename: Rejane da Silva Sena
authors.initials: Rda S
authors.lastname: Barcelos
authors.forename: Maria de Nazaré
authors.initials: Mde N
authors.lastname: Klautau-Guimarães
authors.forename: Wilson Araujo da Silva
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Junior
authors.forename: Silviene Fabiana de
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Oliveira
mesh_terms: D044383:Black People / Q000208:ethnology / Q000235:genetics*; D001938:Brazil; D041322:Chromosomes, Human, Y / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D005819:Genetic Markers; D014644:Genetic Variation; D006239:Haplotypes; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012940:Social Problems / Q000208:ethnology; D044465:White People / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D005819:Genetic Markers