title: Modulation of maternal LIF producers T cells by trophoblast and paternal antigens.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Fetal implantation enhances the production of essential growth factors such as LIF (leukaemia inhibitory factor), hence we investigated the contribution of maternal CD4 cells, activated by paternal or trophoblast antigens and its modulation by VIP (vasoactive intestinal peptide) and progesterone.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed co cultures of trophoblast cells (Swan-71 cell line) or paternal antigens and PBMCs from patients with recurrent spontaneous abortions (RSA) and fertile women.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fertile-CD4(+) LIF(+) cells were increased by VIP and progesterone in response to paternal and trophoblast antigens. Also MMP-9 activity was decreased and pSTAT3/STAT3 ratio was increased. RSA patients have decreased levels of LIF expression which could not be modulated by VIP and progesterone and displayed a reduced number of endometrial infiltrated CD4(+) LIF(+) cells compared with fertile women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The decrease of CD4(+) LIF(+) cells in RSA patients could be related with the exacerbated inflammatory response observed in the maternal-fetal dialogue model.
authors.affiliation: Immunopharmacology Laboratory, School of Sciences FCEyN, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fraccaroli
authors.forename: Esteban
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Grasso
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zeitler
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lombardi
authors.forename: Sebastián
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gogorza
authors.forename: Juan José
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Etchepareborda
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nagle
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cortelezzi
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pérez Leirós
authors.forename: Rosanna
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ramhorst
mesh_terms: D000026:Abortion, Habitual / Q000276:immunology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D000941:Antigens / Q000276:immunology*; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D018920:Coculture Techniques; D010064:Embryo Implantation / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007108:Immune Tolerance; D053605:Leukemia Inhibitory Factor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000276:immunology*; D011374:Progesterone / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D014327:Trophoblasts / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D014660:Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000941:Antigens; C507837:LIF protein, human; D053605:Leukemia Inhibitory Factor; D014660:Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide; D011374:Progesterone