title: Porous gelatin particles for uterine artery embolization: an experimental study of intra-arterial distribution, uterine necrosis, and inflammation in a porcine model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We evaluated the location of porous gelatin particles (GP; Gelpart; Nippon Kayaku/Astellas, Tokyo, Japan) within the arterial vasculature and their acute effects on uterine necrosis and inflammation after uterine artery embolization (UAE) in swine.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult nonpregnant pigs (n = 6) were allocated to either 1- (n = 3) or 2-mm GP (n = 3). Superselective and bilateral embolization of the uterine arteries was performed. All animals were killed 1 week after UAE. Macroscopic and microscopic findings, including the level of arterial occlusion and their effect on uterine necrosis and inflammation, were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All UAE procedures were completed without severe complications. The macroscopic necrosis was seen in two animals in the 2-mm group with an extent of <50%. The location of the occluded arteries did not differ significantly between groups. The median diameters of the occluded arteries were 449 microm (95% confidence interval [CI] 417-538 microm) in the 1-mm GP group and 484 microm (95% CI 370-560 microm) in the 2-mm GP group. As for microscopic necrosis, no statistically significant difference was observed. The qualitative inflammatory reaction was significantly greater in the 2-mm GP group than in the 1-mm group (p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both 1- and 2-mm GP occluded the arteries relevant to the target diameter for UAE in porcine uterus, presumably due to the plastic deformity. Both sizes of GP were associated with limited areas of necrosis; however, evaluation of inflammatory reaction was preliminary. Further study with adequate evaluation of inflammatory reactions is suggested.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Iwate Medical University, 19-1 Uchimaru, Morioka, 0208505, Japan. msone@athena.ocn.ne.jp
authors.forename: Miyuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sone
authors.forename: Keigo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Osuga
authors.forename: Kohki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shimazu
authors.forename: Hiroki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Higashihara
authors.forename: Tetsuro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakazawa
authors.forename: Kenichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.forename: Makiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tomabechi
authors.forename: Shigeru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ehara
authors.forename: Hironobu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: Eiichi
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Morii
authors.forename: Katsuyuki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Aozasa
mesh_terms: D000792:Angiography; D000818:Animals; D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D005780:Gelatin / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007249:Inflammation / Q000473:pathology; D009336:Necrosis / Q000473:pathology; D010316:Particle Size; D016062:Porosity; D011897:Random Allocation; D012307:Risk Factors; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013552:Swine; D055988:Uterine Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D055357:Uterine Artery Embolization / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D014599:Uterus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D005780:Gelatin