title: Neurocognitive dysfunction and psychosocial outcome in patients with bipolar I disorder at 15-year follow-up.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Despite increasing interest in cognitive dysfunction in bipolar disorder, little is known about its impact on functional outcome relative to affective symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 33 bipolar I subjects were evaluated at index hospitalization and prospectively followed up 15 years later. Affective symptoms, cognition, global functioning, work, and social adjustment were assessed at follow-up and analyzed by linear regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Global functional impairment was significantly associated with poor performance on a cognitive measure of processing speed (WAIS Digit Symbol). Digit symbol performance also was the sole significant predictor of social functioning. Neither symptom severity nor course of illness features significantly contributed to global and social functioning. In contrast, verbal learning deficits, recent depression, and lifetime hospitalizations all were independently associated with work disability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Processing speed is robustly associated with social and global functioning in bipolar disorder. Poor work functioning is significantly related to subsyndromal depression, course of illness, and verbal learning deficits. Cognitive and mood symptoms warrant consideration as independent determinants of functioning in patients with bipolar disorder many years after an index manic episode.
authors.affiliation: Center for Translational Psychiatry, The Feinstein Medical Research Institute, Manhasset, NY, USA.
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Burdick
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Goldberg
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Harrow
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D002641:Chicago / Q000453:epidemiology; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D015897:Comorbidity; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D004651:Employment / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D056344:Executive Function; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012917:Social Adjustment; D016896:Treatment Outcome