title: Deep brain stimulation for hyperkinetics disorders: dystonia, tardive dyskinesia, and tics.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This review focuses on new insights in deep brain stimulation (DBS) for patients with hyperkinetic movement disorders: dystonia, tardive dyskinesia and Gille de la Tourette's syndrome, during the last 18 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The recent literature confirms the efficacy of high-frequency stimulation of the globus pallidus internus (GPi) for primary dystonia, generalized or not, with a stable effect over time. The benefit of DBS in other forms of localized dystonia remains to be demonstrated in larger studies. Some clinical and radiological predictive factors have been determined with a predominant influence of the disease duration. Tardive dystonia and myoclonus-dystonia are also improved by GPi stimulation. Encouraging results obtained in cerebral palsy may pave the way for the application of DBS in other secondary dystonia. In Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome, both stimulation of the centre-median/parafascicular nucleus of the thalamus and GPi stimulation (ventromedial) have demonstrated efficacy with stable long-term effect. Thalamic stimulation failed to improve obsessions and compulsions in some patients. Stimulation of the nucleus accumbens has been tested in few cases with contradictory efficacy. In both diseases, complications are rare with no major side effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The few controlled studies showed that bilateral GPi stimulation is a well tolerated and a long-term effective treatment for hyperkinetic disorders. However, recent published data of DBS applied in different targets or patients (especially secondary dystonia) are mainly uncontrolled case reports, precluding the clear determination of the efficacy of this procedure and the choice of the 'good' target for the 'good' patient.
authors.affiliation: AP-HP, Fédération des Maladies du Système Nerveux, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Marie-Laure
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Welter
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Grabli
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vidailhet
mesh_terms: D046690:Deep Brain Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D004409:Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D004421:Dystonia / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D020323:Tics / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D013995:Time; D005879:Tourette Syndrome / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D016896:Treatment Outcome