title: A meta-analysis of placebo-controlled clinical trials assessing the efficacy and safety of incretin-based medications in patients with type 2 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A systematic review of the literature, in combination with a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials comparing treatments with placebo, was conducted to provide an update on the clinical efficacy and safety of incretin-based medications in adult patients with type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature search (2000-2009) identified 38 placebo-controlled trials (phase II or later - parallel design) comparing exenatide (n = 8), liraglutide (n = 7), vildagliptin (n = 11) and sitagliptin (n = 12) with placebo. Outcomes were change from baseline in HbA(1c) and in weight, and the number of patient-reported hypoglycemic episodes. HbA(1c) and weight outcomes were analyzed as weighted mean differences (WMD), and the number of hypoglycemic episodes as relative risks (RR).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients receiving liraglutide showed greater reduction in HbA(1c) in comparison to placebo (WMD = -1.03, 95% confidence interval, CI = -1.16 to -0.90, p < 0.001) than those on sitagliptin (WMD = -0.79, 95% CI = -0.93 to -0.65, p < 0.001), exenatide (WMD = -0.75, 95% CI = -0.83 to -0.67, p < 0.001) or vildagliptin (WMD = -0.67, 95% CI = -0.83 to -0.52, p < 0.001). Weight was statistically significantly negatively associated with exenatide (WMD = -1.10, 95% CI = -1.32 to -0.87, p < 0.001) and positively associated with sitagliptin (WMD = 0.60, 95% CI = 0.33-0.87, p < 0.001) and vildagliptin (WMD = 0.56, 95% CI = 0.27-0.84, p < 0.001). The number of patient-reported hypoglycemic episodes was statistically significantly associated with the use of sitagliptin (RR = 2.56, 95% CI = 1.23-5.33, p = 0.01) and exenatide (RR = 2.40, 95% CI = 1.30-4.11, p = 0.002).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Incretin-based therapies are effective in glycemic control and also offer other advantages such as weight loss (exenatide and liraglutide). This may have an important impact on patient adherence to medication.
authors.affiliation: IMS Health, London, UK. WFakhoury@uk.imshealth.com
authors.forename: Walid K H
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Fakhoury
authors.forename: Corinne
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lereun
authors.forename: Donna
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wright
mesh_terms: D000218:Adamantane / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000328:Adult; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy*; D054873:Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D000077270:Exenatide; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000139:chemically induced; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000069450:Liraglutide; D009570:Nitriles / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010455:Peptides / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011719:Pyrazines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011759:Pyrrolidines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000068900:Sitagliptin Phosphate; D014230:Triazoles / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014688:Venoms / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000077597:Vildagliptin; D015431:Weight Loss / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000218:Adamantane; D054873:Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors; D000077270:Exenatide; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D000069450:Liraglutide; D009570:Nitriles; D010455:Peptides; D011719:Pyrazines; D011759:Pyrrolidines; D000068900:Sitagliptin Phosphate; D014230:Triazoles; D014688:Venoms; D000077597:Vildagliptin