title: Factors associated with free flap complications after head and neck reconstruction and the molecular basis of fibrotic tissue rearrangement in preirradiated soft tissue.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Several factors are associated with free flap complications in head and neck reconstruction after radiotherapy. The present study aimed to identify the correlation between irradiation and the healing of wounds after microvascular free flap transfer and to clarify the molecular mechanisms for the differences in healing between irradiated and nonirradiated patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective study of 81 cases of microvascular free flap transfer was conducted. Tissue samples were obtained from 3 different regions of the patients (nonirradiated oral mucosa, irradiated skin, and nonirradiated skin). Expression of transforming growth factor-beta(1) was monitored by immunohistochemistry and immunoblot analysis. The levels of matrix metalloproteinase-1 and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1 were investigated qualitatively and quantitatively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Multivariate analysis revealed that only preoperative irradiation was a significant predictor of free flap complications (P = .006), with a 4 times greater risk (odds ratio 4.141). It was also shown that patients with an advanced tumor stage and those who had received chemotherapy after radiotherapy were twice as likely to develop free flap complications. Transforming growth factor-beta(1) was overexpressed in free flaps for as long as 6 months after radiotherapy. It was remarkably observed in the granulation tissue in the preirradiated skin. Moreover, extracellular matrix remodeling regulated by transforming growth factor-beta(1) was detected with decreased matrix metalloproteinase-1 and increased TIMP-1 expression in the irradiated skin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The healing of surgical wounds created by microvascular free flap transfer correlated negatively with preoperative radiotherapy. Extracellular matrix remodeling was also detectable in the free flap for up to 6 months after radiotherapy completion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Craniomaxillofacial Surgery/Plastic Surgery, University of Jena, Jena, Thueringen, Germany. slee@fli-leibniz.de
authors.forename: Sooyeon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Christin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Thiele
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery*; D016371:Cranial Irradiation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005355:Fibrosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D015151:Immunoblotting; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D020781:Matrix Metalloproteinase 1 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D008875:Middle Aged; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000528:radiation effects; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D020360:Neoadjuvant Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012867:Skin / Q000473:pathology / Q000528:radiation effects; D013524:Surgical Flaps / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013529:Surgical Wound Dehiscence / Q000209:etiology; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000528:radiation effects*
chemical_list: D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D020781:Matrix Metalloproteinase 1