title: Hierarchically designed agarose and poly(ethylene glycol) interpenetrating network hydrogels for cartilage tissue engineering.
abstract: A new method for encapsulating cells in interpenetrating network (IPN) hydrogels of superior mechanical integrity was developed. In this study, two biocompatible materials-agarose and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) diacrylate-were combined to create a new IPN hydrogel with greatly enhanced mechanical performance. Unconfined compression of hydrogel samples revealed that the IPN displayed a fourfold increase in shear modulus relative to a pure PEG-diacrylate network (39.9 vs. 9.9 kPa) and a 4.9-fold increase relative to a pure agarose network (8.2 kPa). PEG and IPN compressive failure strains were found to be 71% ± 17% and 74% ± 17%, respectively, while pure agarose gels failed around 15% strain. Similar mechanical property improvements were seen when IPNs-encapsulated chondrocytes, and LIVE/DEAD cell viability assays demonstrated that cells survived the IPN encapsulation process. The majority of IPN-encapsulated chondrocytes remained viable 1 week postencapsulation, and chondrocytes exhibited glycosaminoglycan synthesis comparable to that of agarose-encapsulated chondrocytes at 3 weeks postencapsulation. The introduction of a new method for encapsulating cells in a hydrogel with enhanced mechanical performance is a promising step toward cartilage defect repair. This method can be applied to fabricate a broad variety of cell-based IPNs by varying monomers and polymers in type and concentration and by adding functional groups such as degradable sequences or cell adhesion groups. Further, this technology may be applicable in other cell-based applications where mechanical integrity of cell-containing hydrogels is of great importance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA.
authors.forename: Brandon J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: DeKosky
authors.forename: Nathan H
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Dormer
authors.forename: Ganesh C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Ingavle
authors.forename: Christopher H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Roatch
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lomakin
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Detamore
authors.forename: Stevin H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Gehrke
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry; D002356:Cartilage / Q000166:cytology / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000502:physiology; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D019245:Compressive Strength; D020136:Hydrogel, Polyethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D008422:Materials Testing; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D011108:Polymers / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D012685:Sepharose / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D013552:Swine; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D011108:Polymers; D020136:Hydrogel, Polyethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D012685:Sepharose