title: Correlates of cognitive dysfunction in multiple sclerosis.
abstract: Cognitive impairment is one of the most frequent symptoms in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) but its underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. A number of pathogenetic correlates have previously been proposed including psychosocial factors (such as depression and fatigue), inflammation, neurodegeneration, and neuroendocrine dysregulation. However, these different systems have never been studied in parallel and their differential contributions to cognitive impairment in MS are unknown. We studied a well-characterized cohort of cognitively impaired (CI, n=25) and cognitively preserved (CP, n=25) MS patients based on a comprehensive neuropsychological testing battery, a test of hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis functioning (dexamethasone-corticotropin-releasing hormone suppression test, Dex-CRH test) as well as peripheral blood and MRI markers of inflammatory activity. CI patients had significantly higher disability. In addition, CI patients showed higher levels of fatigue and depression. Fatigue was more closely associated with measures of attention while depression showed strongest correlations with memory tests. Furthermore, percentage of IFNγ-positive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells showed modest correlations with processing speed and working memory. MRI markers of inflammation or global atrophy were not associated with neuropsychological function. Compared to previous studies, the number of patients exhibiting HPA axis hyperactivity was very low and no correlations were found with neuropsychological function. We conclude that fatigue and depression are the main correlates of cognitive impairment, which show domain-specific associations with measures of attention and memory.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neuroimmunology and Clinical MS Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, Hamburg, Germany. heesen@uke.uni-hamburg.de
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Heesen
authors.forename: K H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Schulz
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fiehler
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Von der Mark
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Otte
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Poettgen
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Krieger
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Gold
mesh_terms: D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone / Q000097:blood; D000328:Adult; D001288:Attention; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology; D018414:CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000523:psychology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003346:Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood; D003863:Depression / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000523:psychology; D003907:Dexamethasone; D056344:Executive Function; D005221:Fatigue / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood; D007030:Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System / Q000378:metabolism; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory; D008875:Middle Aged; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000523:psychology*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010913:Pituitary-Adrenal System / Q000378:metabolism; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D003907:Dexamethasone; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; D003346:Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone; D006854:Hydrocortisone