title: Extrapyramidal side-effects and dopamine D(2/3) receptor binding in substantia nigra.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The exact mechanisms for antipsychotic-induced extrapyramidal side-effects have remained obscure despite intensive research. Previous studies have highlighted a central role for nigral dopamine D(2) receptors in the control of motor functions.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the present study was to examine relationships between dopamine D(2) receptor binding in both substantia nigra and temporal cortex with extrapyramidal symptoms among antipsychotic-treated patients with schizophrenia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Single-photon emission-computed tomography (SPECT) ligand [(123)I]epidepride was used to determine dopamine D(2/3) apparent binding potential in 13 antipsychotic-treated (seven with clozapine, four with olanzapine and two with haloperidol) patients with schizophrenia. Extrapyramidal symptoms were assessed with the Simpson and Angus Scale (SAS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A statistically significant correlation was observed between dopamine D(2/3) receptor apparent binding potential in the substantia nigra and extrapyramidal side-effects (r = -0.62, P = 0.024). No correlations were detected in the temporal cortex between dopamine D(2/3) receptor binding and extrapyramidal side-effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings support the role of dopamine D(2) autoreceptors in substantia nigra regarding drug-induced movement disorders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Psychiatry, University of Kuopio, Niuvanniemi Hospital, FI-70240 Kuopio, Finland. heli.tuppurainen@niuva.fi
authors.forename: Heli
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tuppurainen
authors.forename: Jyrki T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Kuikka
authors.forename: Heimo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Viinamäki
authors.forename: Minna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Husso
authors.forename: Jari
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tiihonen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000378:metabolism; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods; D003024:Clozapine / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006220:Haloperidol / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D053783:Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Interventional / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D000077152:Olanzapine; D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D050637:Receptors, Dopamine D3 / Q000378:metabolism*; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism*; D013378:Substantia Nigra / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D015899:Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2; D050637:Receptors, Dopamine D3; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D003024:Clozapine; D006220:Haloperidol; D000077152:Olanzapine