title: Neuropathological analysis of lacunes and microvascular lesions in late-onset depression.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Previous neuropathological studies documented that small vascular and microvascular pathology is associated with cognitive decline. More recently, we showed that thalamic and basal ganglia lacunes are associated with post-stroke depression and may affect emotional regulation. The present study examines whether this is also the case for late-onset depression.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a detailed analysis of small macrovascular and microvascular pathology in the post mortem brains of 38 patients with late-onset major depression (LOD) and 29 healthy elderly controls. A clinical diagnosis of LOD was established while the subjects were alive using the DSM-IV criteria. Additionally, we retrospectively reviewed all charts for the presence of clinical criteria of vascular depression. Neuropathological evaluation included bilateral semi-quantitative assessment of lacunes, deep white matter and periventricular demyelination, cortical microinfarcts and both focal and diffuse gliosis. The association between vascular burden and LOD was investigated using Fisher's exact test and univariate and multivariate logistic regression models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Neither the existence of lacunes nor the presence of microvascular ischaemic lesions was related to occurrence of LOD. Similarly, there was no relationship between vascular lesion scores and LOD. This was also the case within the subgroup of LOD patients fulfilling the clinical criteria for vascular depression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results challenge the vascular depression hypothesis by showing that neither deep white matter nor periventricular demyelination is associated with LOD. In conjunction with our previous observations in stroke patients, they also imply that the impact of lacunes on mood may be significant solely in the presence of acute brain compromise.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine of Geneva, Belle-Idée, Geneva, Switzerland. micaela.santos@mssm.edu
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gold
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kövari
authors.forename: F R
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Herrmann
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Hof
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bouras
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Giannakopoulos
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001344:Autopsy; D001479:Basal Ganglia / Q000473:pathology; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D002196:Capillaries / Q000473:pathology*; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000473:pathology; D002544:Cerebral Infarction / Q000473:pathology; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000502:physiology; D003711:Demyelinating Diseases / Q000473:pathology; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000473:pathology*; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020767:Intracranial Thrombosis / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D013788:Thalamus / Q000473:pathology