title: Cholinergic modulation of hippocampal activity during episodic memory encoding in postmenopausal women: a pilot study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The cholinergic system has been shown to modulate estrogen effects on cognitive performance in postmenopausal women. In an effort to further understand cholinergic contributions to cognition after menopause, this pilot study investigated the effects of two receptor-specific anticholinergic drugs on brain activation and episodic memory encoding in postmenopausal women not taking estrogen.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six healthy postmenopausal women took part in three drug challenges using the antimuscarinic drug scopolamine (2.5 microg/kg IV), the antinicotinic drug mecamylamine (20 mg PO), and placebo. During functional magnetic resonance imaging, participants performed a visual-verbal continuous recognition memory test that allowed for the separation of encoding and recognition processes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Functional magnetic resonance imaging results showed greater hippocampal and frontal activation and less occipital activation during encoding relative to retrieval conditions. This pattern of activation was similar under both drug challenges.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that the changes in the cholinergic system may, in part, be responsible for menopause-related increases in brain activation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA.
authors.forename: Julie A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Dumas
authors.forename: Brenna C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: McDonald
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Saykin
authors.forename: Thomas W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: McAllister
authors.forename: Mary L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Hynes
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: West
authors.forename: Paul A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Newhouse
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008464:Mecamylamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D008568:Memory / Q000502:physiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D018733:Nicotinic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000502:physiology*; D012601:Scopolamine / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists; D018733:Nicotinic Antagonists; D008464:Mecamylamine; D012601:Scopolamine