title: Sunitinib inhibits MEK/ERK and SAPK/JNK pathways and increases sodium/iodide symporter expression in papillary thyroid cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sunitinib malate (Sutent, Pfizer, Inc.; SU11248) is a selective, multitargeted inhibitor of receptor tyrosine kinases and has been shown to inhibit receptors for VEGF, PDGF, KIT, FLT3, and RET. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of sunitinib on signal transduction pathways and on gene expression of iodide-metabolizing proteins in papillary cancer cells with the RET/PTC1 rearrangement.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated the effects of sunitinib on cell growth, signal transduction pathways, and thyroid-specific gene expression in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) cell lines that had the RET/PTC1 rearrangement.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sunitinib inhibited proliferation of RET/PTC1 subclones in a time- and dose-related manner. The mean 50% lethal concentration in the RET/PTC1 subclones was 1.81 microM. Incubation of RET/PTC1 cells with 1 microM sunitinib inhibited their migration potential and transformed their morphology. Sunitinib inhibited RET autophosphorylation at Y1062 and the activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 by blocking Y705 phosphorylation. Sunitinib caused cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase and dephosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein, but did not induce apoptosis. Western blot analysis of the p38, MEK/ERK, and SAPK/JNK mitogen-activated protein kinase signal transduction pathways showed that sunitinib blocked ERK 1/2 and JNK phosphorylation in the cytoplasm. Sunitinib treatment of RET/PTC1 cell lines, in combination, with forskolin induced expression of the sodium (Na)/iodide (I) symporter (NIS) and the transcription factors that bind the NIS upstream enhancer. Mechanistically, the inhibition of both MEK/ERK and SAPK/JNK cytoplasmic pathways individually and in combination caused an increase in NIS gene expression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sunitinib appears to target the cytosolic MEK/ERK and SAPK/JNK pathways in the RET/PTC1 cell lines, suggesting that blocking these pathways is at least part of the mechanism by which sunitinib inhibits cell proliferation and causes stimulation of NIS gene expression in RET/PTC1 cells.
authors.affiliation: Endocrinology and Diabetes Division, Department of Medicine, Veterans Administration Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA.
authors.forename: Mike S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Fenton
authors.forename: Kenneth M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Marion
authors.forename: Andrew K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Salem
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hogen
authors.forename: Faramarz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Naeim
authors.forename: Jerome M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hershman
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002291:Carcinoma, Papillary / Q000378:metabolism*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D006801:Humans; D007211:Indoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D048670:MAP Kinase Kinase 4 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011758:Pyrroles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D000077210:Sunitinib; D027981:Symporters / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*; D000099209:Sodium-Iodide Symporters
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases; D007211:Indoles; D048670:MAP Kinase Kinase 4; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D011758:Pyrroles; D000077210:Sunitinib; D027981:Symporters; D000099209:Sodium-Iodide Symporters