title: Changes in placental size during Ramadan.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Placental growth responds to maternal influences. Ramadan is an annual period of day-time fasting during which people in Saudi Arabia, including pregnant women, change their diets and physical activity. Little is known about the effects of this altered lifestyle on placental development.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied the birth records of 7083 babies born over a four-year period to Saudi nationals in Unizah, a small city 350km to the north of Riyadh, the capital city of Saudi Arabia. The records included birth weight, placental weight and gestational age.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean birth weight was similar to European values but the mean placental weight and ratio of placental weight to birth weight were lower. Among babies who were in the second or third trimester of gestation during Ramadan the mean placental weight and ratio were below those of babies who were not in utero during Ramadan. Among boys the mean placental ratios were 14.4 percent (second trimester) and 14.5 percent (third trimester) compared with 14.9 percent (p=<0.001 and 0.002). The corresponding figures for girls were 14.8 and 14.6 percent compared with 15.1 percent (p=0.02 and <0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In Saudi Arabia placentas respond to mothers' limited ability to deliver nutrients to them. Placental growth slows but efficiency is increased so that fetal growth is sustained, albeit with a reduced reserve capacity. The lifestyle changes associated with Ramadan further slow placental growth. Ramadan may influence placental growth through dietary changes other than day-time fasting. Changes in placental growth during Ramadan could be associated with altered fetal programming, and may therefore have long-term implications for the health of the next generation.
authors.affiliation: Fetal Programming of Diseases Research, Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. sawasel10@hotmail.com
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Alwasel
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Abotalib
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Aljarallah
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Osmond
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Alkharaz
authors.forename: I M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Alhazza
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Badr
authors.forename: D J P
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Barker
mesh_terms: D001724:Birth Weight; D005215:Fasting / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D047109:Fetal Development; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007514:Islam; D008297:Male; D010920:Placenta / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D010929:Placentation; D011247:Pregnancy; D012529:Saudi Arabia