title: Cytokines and chemokines in neuropsychiatric syndromes of systemic lupus erythematosus.
abstract: Neuropsychiatric syndromes of systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE) is a life-threatening disorder and early diagnosis and proper treatment are critical in the management of this neuropsychiatric manifestations in lupus. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), electroencephalogram (EEG), neuropsychological tests, and lumbar puncture are clinical used for the diagnosis of NPSLE. In addition to these tests, cytokine and chemokine levels in CSF have been reported as useful diagnostic marker of NPSLE. Based on the number of recently published studies, this review overviewed the roles of cytokines and chemokines in NPSLE.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Rheumatology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo 162-0054, Japan. hokamoto@parkcity.ne.jp
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Okamoto
authors.forename: Akiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.forename: Hisashi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yamanaka
mesh_terms: D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000378:metabolism; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D020945:Lupus Vasculitis, Central Nervous System / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; D015415:Biomarkers; D016207:Cytokines