title: The ketogenic diet suppresses the cathepsin E expression induced by kainic acid in the rat brain.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The ketogenic diet has long been used to treat epilepsy, but its mechanism is not yet clearly understood. To explore the potential mechanism, we analyzed the changes in gene expression induced by the ketogenic diet in the rat kainic acid (KA) epilepsy model.
  
  
  METHODS
  KA-administered rats were fed the ketogenic diet or a normal diet for 4 weeks, and microarray analysis was performed with their brain tissues. The effects of the ketogenic diet on cathepsin E messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression were analyzed in KA-administered and normal saline-administered groups with semi-quantitative and real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Brain tissues were dissected into 8 regions to compare differential effects of the ketogenic diet on cathepsin E mRNA expression. Immunohistochemistry with an anti-cathepsin E antibody was performed on slides of hippocampus obtained from whole brain paraffin blocks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The microarray data and subsequent RT-PCR experiments showed that KA increased the mRNA expression of cathepsin E, known to be related to neuronal cell death, in most brain areas except the brain stem, and these increases of cathepsin E mRNA expression were suppressed by the ketogenic diet. The expression of cathepsin E mRNA in the control group, however, was not significantly affected by the ketogenic diet. The change in cathepsin E mRNA expression was greatest in the hippocampus. The protein level of cathepsin E in the hippocampus of KA-administered rat was elevated in immunohistochemistry and the ketogenic diet suppressed this increase.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results showed that KA administration increased cathepsin E expression in the rat brain and its increase was suppressed by the ketogenic diet.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Kwandong University, Gangneung, Korea.
authors.forename: Hyun Jeong
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Jeong
authors.forename: Hojeong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Yoon-Kyoung
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Sang-Kyu
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Dong-Won
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Dojun
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yoon
mesh_terms: D020155:3-Hydroxybutyric Acid / Q000097:blood; D000818:Animals; D020059:Cathepsin E / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D055423:Diet, Ketogenic; D020536:Enzyme Activators / Q000494:pharmacology; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic / Q000187:drug effects; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007608:Kainic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D020536:Enzyme Activators; D020059:Cathepsin E; D007608:Kainic Acid; D020155:3-Hydroxybutyric Acid