title: Cognitive abilities and 50- and 100-msec paired-click processes in schizophrenia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Abnormal 50- and 100-msec event-related brain activity derived from paired-click procedures are well established in schizophrenia. There is little agreement on whether group differences in the ratio score, i.e., the ratio of EEG amplitude after the second stimulus (S2) to the amplitude after the first stimulus (S1), reflect an encoding or gating abnormality. In addition, the functional implications remain unclear. In the present study, EEG and magnetoencephalography (MEG) were used to examine paired-click measures and cognitive correlates of paired-click activity.
  
  
  METHODS
  EEG and whole-cortex MEG data were acquired during the standard paired-click paradigm in 73 comparison subjects and 79 schizophrenia patients. Paired-click ratio scores were obtained at 50 msec (P50 evoked potential at Cz, M50 at left and right superior temporal gyrus [STG]) and 100 msec (N100 at Cz, M100 at left and right STG). A cognitive battery assessing attention, working memory, and long-delay memory was administered. IQ was also estimated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Groups differed on ratio score and amplitude of S1 response. Ratio scores at 50 msec and 100 msec and S1 amplitude predicted variance in attention (primarily S1 amplitude), working memory, and long-delay memory. The attention findings remained after removal of variance associated with IQ.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Associations between paired-click measures and cognitive performance in patients support 50-msec and 100-msec ratio and amplitude scores as clinically significant biomarkers of schizophrenia. In general, cognitive performance was better predicted by the ability to encode auditory information than the ability to filter redundant information.
authors.affiliation: Center for Functional Brain Imaging, New Mexico VA Health Care System, 1501 San Pedro Drive S.E., Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA.
authors.forename: Ashley K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: J Christopher
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Edgar
authors.forename: Mingxiong
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Brett Y
authors.initials: BY
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Thoma
authors.forename: Faith M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Hanlon
authors.forename: Greg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: McHaffie
authors.forename: Aaron P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Rodrigo D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Paz
authors.forename: Gregory A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: José M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Cañive
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D000328:Adult; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005071:Evoked Potentials / Q000502:physiology; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015225:Magnetoencephalography / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008568:Memory / Q000502:physiology; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D055139:Sensory Gating / Q000502:physiology; D013702:Temporal Lobe / Q000503:physiopathology