title: Mice with early retinal degeneration show differences in neuropeptide expression in the suprachiasmatic nucleus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In mammals, the brain clock responsible for generating circadian rhythms is located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus. Light entrainment of the clock occurs through intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) whose axons project to the SCN via the retinohypothalamic tract. Although ipRGCs are sufficient for photoentrainment, rod and cone photoreceptors also contribute. Adult CBA/J mice, which exhibit loss of rod and cone photoreceptors during early postnatal development, have greater numbers of ipRGCs compared to CBA/N control mice. A greater number of photosensitive cells might argue for enhanced light responses, however, these mice exhibit attenuated phase shifting behaviors. To reconcile these findings, we looked for potential differences in SCN neurons of CBA/J mice that might underly the altered circadian behaviors. We hypothesized that CBA/J mice have differences in the expression of neuropeptides in the SCN, where ipRGCs synapse. The neuropeptides vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and vasopressin (VP) are expressed by many SCN neurons and play an important role in the generation of circadian rhythms and photic entrainment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using immunohistochemistry, we looked for differences in the expression of VIP and VP in the SCN of CBA/J mice, and using a light-induced FOS assay, we also examined the degree of retinal innervation of the SCN by ipRGCs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our data demonstrate greater numbers of VIP-and VP-positive cells in the SCN of CBA/J mice and a greater degree of light-induced FOS expression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results implicate changes in neuropeptide expression in the SCN which may underlie the altered circadian responses to light in these animals.
authors.affiliation: Center for Research on Occupational and Environmental Toxicology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland 97239, USA.
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ruggiero
authors.forename: Charles N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: R Lane
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Robinson
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D002452:Cell Count; D054707:Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 6 / Q000235:genetics; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008808:Mice, Inbred CBA; D008817:Mice, Mutant Strains; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos / Q000378:metabolism; D012160:Retina / Q000473:pathology; D012162:Retinal Degeneration / Q000378:metabolism*; D012165:Retinal Ganglion Cells / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D013493:Suprachiasmatic Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism*; D014660:Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide / Q000378:metabolism*; D014667:Vasopressins / Q000378:metabolism*; D014795:Visual Pathways / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos; D014667:Vasopressins; D014660:Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide; D054707:Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 6; C517438:Pde6b protein, mouse