title: Alteration in the expression of cdk4 and cdk6 proteins in oral cancer and premalignant lesions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cdk4 and cdk6, key players in G1 phase, have been shown to play an important role in the development of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). This study investigated the expression of these two proteins in OSCC and premalignant lesions including oral leukoplakia (OL) with and without dysplasia and determined if alterations in the expression of these two proteins could be used as markers of malignant transformation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Expressions of cdk4 and cdk6 were evaluated in 61 samples including OSCC, OL with and without dysplasia and normal oral mucosa using immunohistochemistry method. Nuclear staining of the keratinocytes was considered positive and the percentage of positive cells was calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Expression of cdk4 was found in 11/15 (73.33%) OSCC, 13/14 (92.85%) OL with dysplasia, 13/20 (65%) OL without dysplasia and 3/12 (25%) normal mucosa. Expression of cdk6 was detected in 9/15 (60%) OSCC, 3/14 (21.43%) OL with dysplasia, 5/20 (25%) OL without dysplasia and 1/12 (8.33%) normal mucosa. In cdk4 stained specimens, the frequency of positive cases and the percentage of positive cells in normal mucosa was significantly lower than OL with dysplasia and OSCC. For cdk6 staining, the prevalence of positive cases and the percentage of positive cells in normal mucosa were significantly lower than OSCC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overexpressions of cdk4 and cdk6 were observed in OSCC, indicating that these two proteins play a crucial role in OSCC. The aberrant expression of cdk4 was found in OL with dysplasia, suggesting that cdk4 may be involved in the early event of carcinogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Sopee
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Poomsawat
authors.forename: Waranun
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Buajeeb
authors.forename: Siribang-on
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Khovidhunkit
authors.forename: Jirapa
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Punyasingh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000378:metabolism*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D051358:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4 / Q000378:metabolism*; D051361:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 6 / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007972:Leukoplakia, Oral / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism*; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*; D011230:Precancerous Conditions / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D012016:Reference Values; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric
chemical_list: D051358:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4; D051361:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 6