title: Embryotoxic and teratogenic effects of pesticides in chick embryos: a comparative study using two commercial formulations.
abstract: Developmental toxicity of two different classes of commercial formulations of insecticides was studied by in ovo treatment of fertilized Rhode Island Red eggs. The first one was a combination of chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin and the second one was spinosad, a fermentation product of soil bacterium, Actinomycetes. In this study, the combination pesticide and spinosad of different concentrations were administered as a single dose in ovo in volumes of 50 μL per each egg on day "0" of incubation. Embryonic growth and development, morphological and skeletal malformations, and hatchability were assessed. The combination insecticide induced explicit alterations in the embryonic growth and development and resulted in malformations particularly to the axial and appendicular skeletal structures, whereas the changes were trivial in case of the spinosad exposure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara 390 002, India.
authors.forename: Gowri K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Uggini
authors.forename: Prabhudas V
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Suresh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Balakrishnan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002642:Chick Embryo; D004390:Chlorpyrifos / Q000633:toxicity; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004531:Eggs; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian; D018942:Macrolides / Q000633:toxicity; D010063:Ovum / Q000187:drug effects; D010575:Pesticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000633:toxicity; D012237:Rhode Island; D013723:Teratogens / Q000633:toxicity*; D015053:Zygote
chemical_list: D004338:Drug Combinations; D018942:Macrolides; D010575:Pesticides; D011722:Pyrethrins; D013723:Teratogens; C017160:cypermethrin; D004390:Chlorpyrifos; C415329:spinosad