title: Second to fourth digit ratio: a predictor of prostate-specific antigen level and the presence of prostate cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the relationships between the 2nd to 4th digit ratio (digit ratio) and prostate volume, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level, and the presence of prostate cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Of the men that presented with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) at a single tertiary academic center, 366 men aged 40 or older with a PSA level ≤ 40 ng/mL were prospectively enrolled. Right-hand 2nd and 4th digit lengths were measured prior to the PSA determinations and transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS). Prostate volumes were measured by TRUS without information about digit length. Patients with a PSA level ≥ 3 ng/mL underwent prostate biopsy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No relationship was found between prostate volume and digit ratio [correlation coefficient (r) = -0.038, P = 0.466]. But, significant negative correlations were found between digit ratio and PSA (r = -0.140, P = 0.007). When the patients were divided into two groups (Group A: digit ratio < 0.95, n = 184; Group B: digit ratio ≥ 0.95, n = 182), Group A had a higher mean PSA level than Group B (3.26 ± 5.54 ng/mL vs 1.89 ± 2.24 ng/mL, P = 0.002) and had significantly higher risks of prostate biopsy [odds ratio (OR) = 1.75, 95% CI = 1.07-2.84] and prostate cancer (OR = 3.22, 95% CI = 1.33-7.78).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with a lower digit ratio have higher risks of prostate biopsy and prostate cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Gachon University Gil Hospital, Incheon, Korea.
authors.forename: Han
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: Khae Hawn
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Sang Jin
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.forename: Tae Beom
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001706:Biopsy; D049628:Body Size; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005385:Fingers / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005801:Genes, Homeobox / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000473:pathology*; D013739:Testosterone / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D013739:Testosterone; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen