title: An alignment-free method to identify candidate orthologous enhancers in multiple Drosophila genomes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Evolutionarily conserved non-coding genomic sequences represent a potentially rich source for the discovery of gene regulatory region such as transcriptional enhancers. However, detecting orthologous enhancers using alignment-based methods in higher eukaryotic genomes is particularly challenging, as regulatory regions can undergo considerable sequence changes while maintaining their functionality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We have developed an alignment-free method which identifies conserved enhancers in multiple diverged species. Our method is based on similarity metrics between two sequences based on the co-occurrence of sequence patterns regardless of their order and orientation, thus tolerating sequence changes observed in non-coding evolution. We show that our method is highly successful in detecting orthologous enhancers in distantly related species without requiring additional information such as knowledge about transcription factors involved, or predicted binding sites. By estimating the significance of similarity scores, we are able to discriminate experimentally validated functional enhancers from seemingly equally conserved candidates without function. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach on a wide range of enhancers in Drosophila, and also present encouraging results to detect conserved functional regions across large evolutionary distances. Our work provides encouraging steps on the way to ab initio unbiased enhancer prediction to complement ongoing experimental efforts.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The software, data and the results used in this article are available at http://www.genome.duke.edu/labs/ohler/research/transcription/fly_enhancer/.
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: Manonmani
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Arunachalam
authors.forename: Karthik
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jayasurya
authors.forename: Pavel
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tomancak
authors.forename: Uwe
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Ohler
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004330:Drosophila / Q000235:genetics*; D004742:Enhancer Elements, Genetic; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D049750:Genome, Insect; D010802:Phylogeny; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA / Q000379:methods*; D012984:Software