title: Cardiopulmonary effects of two constant rate infusions of dexmedetomidine in isoflurane anaesthetized ponies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the cardiopulmonary effects of two different constant rate infusions (CRI) of dexmedetomidine (1 and 1.75 microg kg(-1 )hour(-1)) in experimental ponies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six healthy ponies (mean 306 +/- SD 71 kg, 7.0 +/- 1.6 years).
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, randomized, experimental study.
  
  
  METHODS
  After premedication with intravenous (IV) dexmedetomidine (3.5 microg kg(-1)), anaesthesia was induced (T0) with ketamine (2.2 mg kg(-1) IV) and midazolam (0.06 mg kg(-1) IV) and maintained with isoflurane (Fe'ISO 1.50%) in 55% oxygen for 150 minutes. Normocapnia was maintained using artificial ventilation. Three ponies received dexmedetomidine CRIs of 1 and 1.75 microg kg(-1 )hour(-1) from T30 to T60 and T90 to T120 respectively. In the other three ponies, the order of the doses was reversed. Continuous monitoring included pulse oximetry, electrocardiography, anaesthetic gas monitoring, arterial and central venous pressures. Cardiac output (LiDCO technique) was measured and arterial and venous bloods taken every 15 minutes. Cardiac index (CI), systemic vascular resistance (SVR), arterial and venous oxygen content (CaO(2), CvO(2)) and oxygen delivery (DO(2)) were calculated. Analysis of variance with separate models for each CRI rate was used to detect differences between values obtained at the end of the CRI and their respective baseline values. A mixed model with these differences as response variable, pony as random effect and treatment and period as fixed effects was applied to find differences between the two CRIs (alpha = 0.05 for all analyses).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Heart rate (HR), CI, CaO(2), CvO(2) and DO(2) decreased significantly, while significant increases were found in SVR, systolic arterial pressure and right atrial pressure with both infusion rates. No differences were found between the two dexmedetomidine CRI rates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although significant, cardiopulmonary effects of the dexmedetomidine CRIs in isoflurane anaesthetized ponies were small, without differences between the two dose rates.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery and Anaesthesia of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ghent, Merelbeke, Belgium. miguel.gozalomarcilla@ugent.be
authors.forename: Miguel Gozalo
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Marcilla
authors.forename: Stijn
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schauvliege
authors.forename: Luc
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Duchateau
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gasthuys
mesh_terms: D000769:Anesthesia, Inhalation / Q000662:veterinary; D000771:Anesthesia, Intravenous / Q000662:veterinary*; D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002302:Cardiac Output / Q000187:drug effects; D020927:Dexmedetomidine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006321:Heart / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D006736:Horses; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007530:Isoflurane; D007649:Ketamine; D008168:Lung / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008874:Midazolam; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000662:veterinary; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000187:drug effects; D011229:Preanesthetic Medication / Q000662:veterinary; D013318:Stroke Volume / Q000187:drug effects; D014655:Vascular Resistance / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D020927:Dexmedetomidine; D007649:Ketamine; D007530:Isoflurane; D008874:Midazolam; D010100:Oxygen