title: Risks for opioid abuse and dependence among recipients of chronic opioid therapy: results from the TROUP study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the prevalence of and risk factors for opioid abuse/dependence in long-term users of opioids for chronic pain, including risk factors for opioid abuse/dependence that can potentially be modified to decrease the likelihood of opioid abuse/dependence, and non-modifiable risk factors for opioid abuse/dependence that may be useful for risk stratification when considering prescribing opioids.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used claims data from two disparate populations, one national, commercially insured population (HealthCore) and one state-based, publicly insured (Arkansas Medicaid). Among users of chronic opioid therapy, we regressed claims-based diagnoses of opioid abuse/dependence on patient characteristics, including physical health, mental health and substance abuse diagnoses, sociodemographic factors, and pharmacological risk factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among users of chronic opioid therapy, 3% of both the HealthCore and Arkansas Medicaid samples had a claims-based opioid abuse/dependence diagnosis. There was a strong inverse relationship between age and a diagnosis of opioid abuse/dependence. Mental health and substance use disorders were associated with an increased risk of opioid abuse/dependence. Effects of substance use disorders were especially strong, although mental health disorders were more common. Concerning opioid exposure; lower days supply, lower average doses, and use of Schedule III-IV opioids only, were all associated with lower likelihood of a diagnosis of opioid abuse/dependence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Opioid abuse and dependence are diagnosed in a small minority of patients receiving chronic opioid therapy, but this may under-estimate actual misuse. Characteristics of the patients and of the opioid therapy itself are associated with the risk of abuse and dependence.
authors.affiliation: Division of Health Services Research, Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA. mjedlund@uams.edu
authors.forename: Mark J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Edlund
authors.forename: Bradley C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Ming-Yu
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Devries
authors.forename: Jennifer B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Braden
authors.forename: Mark D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Sullivan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002908:Chronic Disease / Q000188:drug therapy; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012307:Risk Factors; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid