title: Systemic inflammation and the metabolic syndrome among middle-aged community volunteers.
abstract: The metabolic syndrome is conceptualized as a clustering of risk factors--including insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, central adiposity, and elevated blood pressure (BP)--that increase the risk for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Recent evidence suggests that markers of systemic inflammation may be included in the definition of the syndrome and play some role in its pathogenesis. In this study, we use a statistical modeling technique, confirmatory factor analysis, to evaluate relationships of systemic inflammation, as measured by plasma concentrations of C-reactive protein and interleukin-6, with the component factors of the metabolic syndrome (insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, central adiposity, and elevated BP) and to examine whether inflammation is a potential common pathway linking established components to the full syndrome. Subjects were 645 community volunteers aged 30 to 54 years (48% male, 82% European American, 18% African American). Consistent with existing literature, structural equation modeling adjusting for age, sex, and race confirmed a higher-order common factor underlying the covariation of insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, adiposity, and BP. Inflammation was positively associated with this common factor, accounting for 54% of its variance and partially mediating statistical aggregation of the component factors comprising the metabolic syndrome. These results were particularly strong for adiposity, raising the possibility that inflammatory processes stimulated by intraabdominal adipose tissue contribute to the development of the metabolic syndrome. The inclusion of inflammatory markers in the clinical definition of metabolic syndrome seems warranted and may improve prognostic assessment of risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease.
authors.affiliation: Behavioral Immunology Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA. marsland@pitt.edu
authors.forename: Anna L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Marsland
authors.forename: Jeanne M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: McCaffery
authors.forename: Matthew F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Muldoon
authors.forename: Stephen B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Manuck
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000150:complications*; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000150:complications*; D008875:Middle Aged; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D014838:Volunteers