title: The impact of cigarette smoke inhalation on the outcome of enamel matrix derivative treatment in rats: histometric analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tobacco use is the most significant risk factor of periodontal disease. Clinical evidence has demonstrated that tobacco may negatively influence the results after surgical and non-surgical periodontal therapy. Enamel matrix derivative (EMD) have been used in periodontal regenerative procedures resulting in improvement of clinical parameters. The effect of EMD in the presence of tobacco compounds is unclear. Thus, the aim of the present study is to evaluate the impact of cigarette smoke inhalation (CSI) on the results of EMD treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-two Wistar rats were assigned to two groups: Group 1, CSI (n = 11); Group 2, non-exposed (n = 11). Thirty days after initiation of CSI, fenestration defects were created at the buccal aspect of the first mandibular molar. The study followed a split-mouth design. After the surgeries the defects were randomly assigned to two subgroups: non-treated control and treated with EMD. The animals were sacrificed 21 days later and the percentage of defect fill, density of newly formed bone, and new cementum formation were histometrically assessed. The number of osteoclasts was determined by tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CSI was associated with less bone density compared to the non-exposed group. EMD provided an increased defect fill and new cementum formation in both groups. The number of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive osteoclasts was significantly higher in the CSI non-treated control group compared to the non-treated control of the non-exposed animals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  EMD may provide increased defect fill and cementum formation in the presence or absence of CSI. However, tobacco smoke produced a detrimental effect on bone healing when density of newly formed bone was considered.
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, Division of Periodontics, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mônica G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Corrêa
authors.forename: Mirella L Gomes
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Campos
authors.forename: Bruno Braga
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Benatti
authors.forename: Marcelo Rocha
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Marques
authors.forename: Marcio Z
authors.initials: MZ
authors.lastname: Casati
authors.forename: Francisco H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Nociti
authors.forename: Enilson A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Sallum
mesh_terms: D000135:Acid Phosphatase / Q000032:analysis; D016301:Alveolar Bone Loss / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D015519:Bone Density / Q000502:physiology; D002113:Calcification, Physiologic / Q000502:physiology; D025021:Cementogenesis / Q000502:physiology; D003746:Dental Enamel Proteins / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016557:Guided Tissue Regeneration, Periodontal / Q000379:methods*; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D008334:Mandible / Q000473:pathology; D008336:Mandibular Diseases / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D008963:Molar / Q000473:pathology; D010010:Osteoclasts / Q000473:pathology; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000502:physiology; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D000071681:Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase; D013997:Time Factors; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D003746:Dental Enamel Proteins; D007527:Isoenzymes; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution; C109069:enamel matrix proteins; D000135:Acid Phosphatase; D000071681:Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase