title: German validation of the Conners Adult ADHD Rating Scales-self-report (CAARS-S) I: factor structure and normative data.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) often persists into adulthood. Instruments for diagnosing ADHD in childhood are well validated and reliable, but diagnosis of ADHD in adults remains problematic. Attempts have been made to develop criteria specific for adult ADHD, resulting in the development of self-report and observer-rated questionnaires. To date, the Conners Adult ADHD Rating Scales (CAARS) are the international standard for questionnaire assessment of ADHD. The current study evaluates a German version of the CAARS self-report (CAARS-S).
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight hundred and fifty healthy German control subjects were recruited to fill out the CAARS-S and to answer questions on sociodemographic variables. Explorative and confirmative factor analyses were conducted to obtain the factor structure for the German model and to replicate the factor structure of the original American model. Analyses on gender, age, and education level were calculated for normative data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The explorative factor analysis of the German sample results in a six-factor solution that explained 52% of the variance. A confirmative analysis that was based on the 42 items of the original American model showed a high model-fit. Analyses of normative data showed significant influences of age, gender, and education level on the emerging subscales.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Even though the explorative factor analysis yields a solution different from the American original, the confirmative factor analysis results in such a high model-fit that use of the American version is justified with respect to international multicenter studies, for which this instrument will be highly valuable.
authors.affiliation: Philipps-University Marburg, Department of Clinical Psychology, Marburg, Germany. christih@staff.uni-marburg.de
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Christiansen
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kis
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Hirsch
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Philipsen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Henneck
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Panczuk
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pietrowsky
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hebebrand
authors.forename: B G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Schimmelmann
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000145:classification* / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000592:standards*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010555:Personality Inventory / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000592:standards; D012372:ROC Curve; D057566:Self Report / Q000592:standards*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014175:Translating; D055815:Young Adult