title: Tuberculosis and stigmatization: pathways and interventions.
abstract: The institutional and community norms that lead to the stigmatization of tuberculosis (TB) are thought to hinder TB control. We performed a systematic review of the literature on TB stigma to identify the causes and evaluate the impact of stigma on TB diagnosis and treatment. Several themes emerged: fear of infection is the most common cause of TB stigma; TB stigma has serious socioeconomic consequences, particularly for women; qualitative approaches to measuring TB stigma are more commonly utilized than quantitative surveys; TB stigma is perceived to increase TB diagnostic delay and treatment noncompliance, although attempts to quantify its impact have produced mixed results; and interventions exist that may reduce TB stigma. Future research should continue to characterize TB stigma in different populations; use validated survey instruments to quantify the impact of TB stigma on TB diagnostic delay, treatment compliance, and morbidity and mortality; and develop additional TB stigma-reduction strategies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St., Yawkey 4B, Ste. 4700, Boston, MA 02114, USA. acourt1500@gmail.com
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Courtwright
authors.forename: Abigail Norris
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Turner
mesh_terms: D057210:Delayed Diagnosis; D006801:Humans; D055118:Medication Adherence; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care; D011287:Prejudice; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000517:prevention & control*