title: The role of prostaglandin E2 (PGE 2) in toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-mediated colitis-associated neoplasia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We have previously found that TLR4-deficient (TLR4-/-) mice demonstrate decreased expression of mucosal PGE 2 and are protected against colitis-associated neoplasia. However, it is still unclear whether PGE 2 is the central factor downstream of TLR4 signaling that promotes intestinal tumorigenesis. To further elucidate critical downstream pathways involving TLR4-mediated intestinal tumorigenesis, we examined the effects of exogenously administered PGE 2 in TLR4-/- mice to see if PGE 2 bypasses the protection from colitis-associated tumorigenesis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mouse colitis-associated neoplasia was induced by azoxymethane (AOM) injection followed by two cycles of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) treatment. Two different doses of PGE 2 (high dose group, 200 microg, n = 8; and low dose group, 100 microg, n = 6) were administered daily during recovery period of colitis by gavage feeding. Another group was given PGE 2 during DSS treatment (200 microg, n = 5). Inflammation and dysplasia were assessed histologically. Mucosal Cox-2 and amphiregulin (AR) expression, prostanoid synthesis, and EGFR activation were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In control mice treated with PBS, the average number of tumors was greater in WT mice (n = 13) than in TLR4-/- mice (n = 7). High dose but not low dose PGE 2 treatment caused an increase in epithelial proliferation. 28.6% of PBS-treated TLR4-/- mice developed dysplasia (tumors/animal: 0.4 +/- 0.2). By contrast, 75.0% (tumors/animal: 1.5 +/- 1.2, P < 0.05) of the high dose group and 33.3% (tumors/animal: 0.3 +/- 0.5) of the low dose group developed dysplasia in TLR4-/- mice. Tumor size was also increased by high dose PGE 2 treatment. Endogenous prostanoid synthesis was differentially affected by PGE 2 treatment during acute and recovery phases of colitis. Exogenous administration of PGE 2 increased colitis-associated tumorigenesis but this only occurred during the recovery phase. Lastly, PGE 2 treatment increased mucosal expression of AR and Cox-2, thus inducing EGFR activation and forming a positive feedback mechanism to amplify mucosal Cox-2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results highlight the importance of PGE 2 as a central downstream molecule involving TLR4-mediated intestinal tumorigenesis.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.
authors.forename: Yasmin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hernandez
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sotolongo
authors.forename: Keith
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Breglio
authors.forename: Daisy
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Conduah
authors.forename: Anli
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Ruliang
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: Ryan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ungaro
authors.forename: Lory A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Hayes
authors.forename: Cristhine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pastorini
authors.forename: Maria T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Abreu
authors.forename: Masayuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fukata
mesh_terms: D066258:Amphiregulin; D000818:Animals; D001397:Azoxymethane / Q000009:adverse effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D003092:Colitis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000503:physiopathology*; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000502:physiology; D016264:Dextran Sulfate / Q000009:adverse effects; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D066255:EGF Family of Proteins; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000502:physiology; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D011453:Prostaglandins / Q000502:physiology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4 / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D066258:Amphiregulin; C587849:Areg protein, mouse; D066255:EGF Family of Proteins; D006023:Glycoproteins; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D011453:Prostaglandins; C493487:Tlr4 protein, mouse; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; D016264:Dextran Sulfate; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D066246:ErbB Receptors; D015232:Dinoprostone; D001397:Azoxymethane