title: Cervico-thoracic or lumbar sympathectomy for neuropathic pain and complex regional pain syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This review is an update on 'Sympathectomy for neuropathic pain' originally published in Issue 2, 2003. The concept that many neuropathic pain syndromes (traditionally this definition would include complex regional pain syndromes (CRPS)) are "sympathetically maintained pains" has historically led to treatments that interrupt the sympathetic nervous system. Chemical sympathectomies use alcohol or phenol injections to destroy ganglia of the sympathetic chain, while surgical ablation is performed by open removal or electrocoagulation of the sympathetic chain, or minimally invasive procedures using thermal or laser interruption.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To review the evidence from randomised, double blind, controlled trials on the efficacy and safety of chemical and surgical sympathectomy for neuropathic pain. Sympathectomy could be compared with placebo (sham) or other active treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE and The Cochrane Library to May 2010. We screened references in the retrieved articles and literature reviews, and contacted experts in the field of neuropathic pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised, double blind, placebo or active controlled studies assessing the effects of sympathectomy for neuropathic pain and CRPS.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two review authors independently assessed trial quality and validity, and extracted data. No pooled analysis of data was possible.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Only one study satisfied our inclusion criteria, comparing percutaneous radiofrequency thermal lumbar sympathectomy with lumbar sympathetic neurolysis using phenol in 20 participants with CRPS. There was no comparison of sympathectomy versus sham or placebo. No dichotomous pain outcomes were reported. Average baseline scores of 8-9/10 on several pain scales fell to about 4/10 initially (1 day) and remained at 3-5/10 over four months. There were no significant differences between groups, except for "unpleasant sensation", which was higher with radiofrequency ablation. One participant in the phenol group experienced postsympathectomy neuralgia, while two in the radiofrequency group and one in the phenol group complained of paresthaesia during needle positioning. All participants had soreness at the injection site.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The practice of surgical and chemical sympathectomy for neuropathic pain and CRPS is based on very little high quality evidence. Sympathectomy should be used cautiously in clinical practice, in carefully selected patients, and probably only after failure of other treatment options.
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational and Social Medicine, University of Göttingen, Waldweg 37 B, Göttingen, Germany, D-37073.
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Straube
authors.forename: Sheena
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Derry
authors.forename: R Andrew
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Henry J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: McQuay
mesh_terms: D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000379:methods; D020918:Complex Regional Pain Syndromes / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007866:Leg / Q000294:innervation; D009333:Neck; D009437:Neuralgia / Q000628:therapy*; D019800:Phenol; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D013562:Sympathectomy / Q000379:methods*; D013563:Sympathectomy, Chemical / Q000379:methods; D013565:Sympatholytics; D013909:Thorax
chemical_list: D013565:Sympatholytics; D019800:Phenol