title: In-vitro evidence for efficacy of antimicrobial mouthrinses.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to compare the antimicrobial activity of commercially available antiseptic mouthrinses against saliva-derived plaque biofilms in static and flow-through biofilm systems in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine mouthrinses were tested in a recirculating flow-through biofilm model (RFTB) with viability assessment by ATP bioluminescence. In addition, five mouthrinses were evaluated in a batch chamber slide biofilm (BCSB) model, using live/dead staining and confocal laser scanning microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the RFTB model, essential oil (EO) and chlorhexidine (CHX)-containing rinses showed equivalent antimicrobial activity and were more effective than a range of cetyl pyridinium chloride (CPC1) formulations. In the BCSB model, twice-daily mouthrinse exposure demonstrated that the EO rinse was significantly more effective than rinses containing amine and stannous fluorides (AFSF), a combination of CPC/CHX, and another CPC formulation (CPC2). EO showed biofilm kill comparable to the CHX rinse.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present studies have shown that mouthrinses vary significantly in their capability to kill plaque biofilm bacteria in BCSB and RFTB models. The EO mouthrinse demonstrated superior antiplaque biofilm activity to AFSF, CPC/CHX, and CPC rinses and comparable activity to CHX. The methods tested may be of value for the in-vitro screening of antiseptic rinses with different modes of antimicrobial action.
authors.affiliation: J&J Consumer & Personal Products Worldwide, Division of J&J Consumer Companies Inc, 185 Tabor Road, Morris Plains, NJ 07950, USA. ppan@its.jnj.com
authors.forename: Pauline C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Harper
authors.forename: Danette
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ricci-Nittel
authors.forename: Renate
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lux
authors.forename: Wenyuan
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Shi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000145:classification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects*; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D002594:Cetylpyridinium / Q000494:pharmacology; D002710:Chlorhexidine / Q000494:pharmacology; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology; D005460:Fluorides, Topical / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D009067:Mouthwashes / Q000145:classification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009822:Oils, Volatile / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D005460:Fluorides, Topical; D009067:Mouthwashes; D009822:Oils, Volatile; C094808:amine fluoride solution; D002594:Cetylpyridinium; D002710:Chlorhexidine