title: Activation of protease activated receptor 2 by exogenous agonist exacerbates early radiation injury in rat intestine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR(2)) is highly expressed throughout the gut and regulates the inflammatory, mitogenic, fibroproliferative, and nociceptive responses to injury. PAR(2) is strikingly upregulated and exhibits increased activation in response to intestinal irradiation. We examined the mechanistic significance of radiation enteropathy development by assessing the effect of exogenous PAR(2) activation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rat small bowel was exposed to localized single-dose radiation (16.5 Gy). The PAR(2) agonist (2-furoyl-LIGRLO-NH(2)) or vehicle was injected intraperitoneally daily for 3 days before irradiation (before), for 7 days after irradiation (after), or both 3 days before and 7 days after irradiation (before-after). Early and delayed radiation enteropathy was assessed at 2 and 26 weeks after irradiation using quantitative histologic examination, morphometry, and immunohistochemical analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The PAR(2) agonist did not elicit changes in the unirradiated (shielded) intestine. In contrast, in the irradiated intestine procured 2 weeks after irradiation, administration of the PAR(2) agonist was associated with more severe mucosal injury and increased intestinal wall thickness in all three treatment groups (p <.05) compared with the vehicle-treated controls. The PAR(2) agonist also exacerbated the radiation injury score, serosal thickening, and mucosal inflammation (p <.05) in the before and before-after groups. The short-term exogenous activation of PAR(2) did not affect radiation-induced intestinal injury at 26 weeks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of the present study support a role for PAR(2) activation in the pathogenesis of early radiation-induced intestinal injury. Pharmacologic PAR(2) antagonists might have the potential to reduce the intestinal side effects of radiotherapy and/or as countermeasures in radiologic accidents or terrorism scenarios.
authors.affiliation: Division of Radiation Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.
authors.forename: Junru
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Marjan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Boerma
authors.forename: Ashwini
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kulkarni
authors.forename: Morley D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Hollenberg
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hauer-Jensen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000528:radiation effects; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D008297:Male; D009842:Oligopeptides / Q000494:pharmacology; D011833:Radiation Injuries, Experimental / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D044464:Receptor, PAR-2 / Q000819:agonists / Q000378:metabolism*; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: C487404:2-furoyl-LIGRLO-amide; D009842:Oligopeptides; D044464:Receptor, PAR-2