title: Prospective study of colonization and infection because of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in mechanically ventilated patients at a neonatal intensive care unit in China.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is an important nosocomial infection at neonatal intensive care units (NICU), frequently caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. A 6-month prospective study from January 2009 through June 2009 was performed to investigate the respective contribution of endogenous and exogenous transmission of P aeruginosa in the respiratory colonization or/and infection in the mechanically ventilated patients at a NICU to identify routes of lung infection with P aeruginosa and to assess risk factors for colonization or respiratory infection with P aeruginosa.
  
  
  METHODS
  Samples from oropharyngeal swab, tracheobronchial aspirates, gastric aspirate, and rectal swab were obtained in each patient after intubation and then twice a week. Surveillance cultures for the presence of P aeruginosa from environmental surfaces of the ICU were taken once every 5 days during the study period. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis was used to characterize the clonal relatedness of the strains by SpeI-digested genomic DNA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighteen patients (78.3%) had colonization of the upper respiratory tract. Sixteen (69.6%) patients with colonization of the respiratory tract were infected from other patients or environmental surfaces, which was considered exogenous, and, among strains causing pulmonary infection, there were 4 (50%) patients with exogenous infection. Eight of these developed VAP after a mean of 9 ± 3.4 days. The incidence of P aeruginosa VAP on the unit was 6.2%. The respiratory tract was the earliest site of colonization in all patients of VAP. Low birth weight, duration of mechanical ventilation, previous ampicillin group use, and previous second-generation cephalosporins use were independently associated with patient-related acquisition of P aeruginosa.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results confirm that the upper respiratory tract acts as an important reservoir of P aeruginosa colonization and infection in the mechanically ventilated patients and emphasize the importance of exogenous acquisition of P aeruginosa. A combination of early identification and eradication of airways colonization by P aeruginosa plus infection control measures may be the basis to prevent pulmonary infection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Technology and Science, Wuhan, China.
authors.forename: Hong-bo
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Han-ju
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Qiao-ying
authors.initials: QY
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.forename: Jia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Xing-yun
authors.initials: XY
authors.lastname: Lei
mesh_terms: D015373:Bacterial Typing Techniques; D001980:Bronchi / Q000382:microbiology; D002353:Carrier State / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000635:transmission; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000635:transmission; D016172:DNA Fingerprinting; D016521:Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; D004783:Environmental Microbiology; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D015931:Intensive Care, Neonatal; D009960:Oropharynx / Q000382:microbiology; D018410:Pneumonia, Bacterial / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000635:transmission; D053717:Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011552:Pseudomonas Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000635:transmission; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D012007:Rectum / Q000382:microbiology; D013270:Stomach / Q000382:microbiology; D014132:Trachea / Q000382:microbiology