title: A snapshot of the biodiversity and clustering of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Oman using spoligotyping.
abstract: METHODS
  National Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, Central Public Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Oman.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To use spoligotyping to explore the genetic population structure and clustering of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates among nationals and immigrants in Oman.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using spoligotyping, we characterised all available isolates from 2007, and randomly selected isolates from 2005 and 2006. A total of 312 clinical isolates from the same number of patients diagnosed with tuberculosis (TB) in 2005-2007 were included in the study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 312 isolates, 69% were in clusters ranging from 2 to 38 isolates. The proportion of clustering was 58% among 2005-2006 samples and 67% among 2007 samples, with higher clustering among Omanis than among immigrants. The study showed that M. tuberculosis Indian family lineages, CAS1_Delhi, CAS and EAI5 were the predominant strains. Around 50% of the immigrants shared strains with Omanis. Twelve of the 19 INH-monoresistant strains and the two multidrug-resistant strains were in clusters (P = 0.81).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates the predominance in Oman of the strain family commonly found on the Indian sub-continent. A high proportion of immigrant strains were in the same clusters as Omani strains. To better ascertain the transmission dynamics of M. tuberculosis, we recommend that stringent molecular and conventional epidemiological methods be applied.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Sciences, Division of Global Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Al-Maniri
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Al-Rawas
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Al Busaidi
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Al Balushi
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Al Mahruqi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Haile
authors.forename: V K
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Diwan
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hoffner
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D044822:Biodiversity; D002648:Child; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D054242:Emigrants and Immigrants / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000208:ethnology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D009850:Oman / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000208:ethnology / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000635:transmission; D055815:Young Adult