title: Breakdown of resistance to grapevine downy mildew upon limited deployment of a resistant variety.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Natural disease resistance is a cost-effective and environmentally friendly way of controlling plant disease. Breeding programmes need to make sure that the resistance deployed is effective and durable. Grapevine downy mildew, caused by the Oomycete Plasmopara viticola, affects viticulture and it is controlled with pesticides. Downy mildew resistant grapevine varieties are a promising strategy to control the disease, but their use is currently restricted to very limited acreages. The arising of resistance-breaking isolates under such restricted deployment of resistant varieties would provide valuable information to design breeding strategies for the deployment of resistance genes over large acreages whilst reducing the risks of the resistance being defeated. The observation of heavy downy mildew symptoms on a plant of the resistant variety Bianca, whose resistance is conferred by a major gene, provided us with a putative example of emergence of a resistance-breaking isolate in the interaction between grapevine and P. viticola.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this paper we describe the emergence of a P. viticola isolate (isolate SL) that specifically overcomes Rpv3, the major resistance gene carried by Bianca at chromosome 18. We show that isolate SL has the same behaviour as two P. viticola isolates avirulent on Bianca (isolates SC and SU) when inoculated on susceptible plants or on resistant plants carrying resistances derived from other sources, suggesting there is no fitness cost associated to the virulence. Molecular analysis shows that all three isolates are genetically closely related.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results are the first description of a resistance-breaking isolate in the grapevine/P. viticola interaction, and show that, despite the reduced genetic variability of P. viticola in Europe compared to its basin of origin and the restricted use of natural resistance in European viticulture, resistance-breaking isolates overcoming monogenic resistances may arise even in cases where deployment of the resistant varieties is limited to small acreages. Our findings represent a warning call for the use of resistant varieties and an incentive to design breeding programmes aiming to optimize durability of the resistances.
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR Santé de la Vigne et Qualité du Vin, Colmar, France.
authors.forename: Elisa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Peressotti
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wiedemann-Merdinoglu
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Delmotte
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bellin
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Di Gaspero
authors.forename: Raffaele
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Testolin
authors.forename: Didier
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Merdinoglu
authors.forename: Pere
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mestre
mesh_terms: D005060:Europe; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000235:genetics; D009868:Oomycetes / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000472:pathogenicity / Q000502:physiology*; D010802:Phylogeny; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000235:genetics; D040641:Quantitative Trait Loci / Q000235:genetics; D027843:Vitis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology*