title: Benzodiazepine tapering: a prospective study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Benzodiazepines (BZD) are the most widely used sedative-hypnotics, and evidence is rapidly accumulating suggesting potential BZD dependence, association of chronic use with adverse effects and a definite abstinence syndrome produced by withdrawal.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present investigation followed prospectively long-term BZD users over 1 year following graded BZD withdrawal in terms of clinical and withdrawal symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical symptoms were measured by the Comprehensive Psychopathological Rating Scale (CPRS) and by the Newcastle Anxiety and Depression Diagnostic Index (NADDI) in a sample of BZD users over a 50-week period following graded BZD withdrawal.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results showed that the frequency and severity of clinical symptomatology measured by both scales significantly decreased over time. A detailed analysis of possible patterns of symptoms on both scales revealed four patterns: 1) a gradual decrease over the 50-week time period; 2) an increase in the severity of symptoms at the onset of tapering and a decrease in severity post-tapering; 3) an increase in the severity of symptoms 4 weeks after the cessation of BZD tapering; and 4) no change over the 50-week time period. Rate of BZD withdrawal was associated with CPRS ratings of global illness at admission and at end of treatment, but was not associated with duration or dosage of BZDs, type of BZD, prescriptive and/or non-prescriptive drug use prior to admission, marital status, sex or age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of the present study provide a detailed picture of the pattern of symptoms, their time course and multidimensional determinants of the BZD withdrawal symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Karolinska Institute, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Alcohol and Drug Dependence, Stockholm.
authors.forename: Britt
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Vikander
authors.forename: Ulrike M
authors.initials: UM
authors.lastname: Koechling
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Borg
authors.forename: Ulla
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Tönne
authors.forename: Arto J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Hiltunen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000139:chemically induced; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D001569:Benzodiazepines