title: Political violence and child adjustment in Northern Ireland: Testing pathways in a social-ecological model including single-and two-parent families.
abstract: Moving beyond simply documenting that political violence negatively impacts children, we tested a social-ecological hypothesis for relations between political violence and child outcomes. Participants were 700 mother-child (M = 12.1 years, SD = 1.8) dyads from 18 working-class, socially deprived areas in Belfast, Northern Ireland, including single- and two-parent families. Sectarian community violence was associated with elevated family conflict and children's reduced security about multiple aspects of their social environment (i.e., family, parent-child relations, and community), with links to child adjustment problems and reductions in prosocial behavior. By comparison, and consistent with expectations, links with negative family processes, child regulatory problems, and child outcomes were less consistent for nonsectarian community violence. Support was found for a social-ecological model for relations between political violence and child outcomes among both single- and two-parent families, with evidence that emotional security and adjustment problems were more negatively affected in single-parent families. The implications for understanding social ecologies of political violence and children's functioning are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, 118 Haggar Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA. Edward.M.Cummings.10@nd.edu
authors.forename: E Mark
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Cummings
authors.forename: Alice C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Schermerhorn
authors.forename: Christine E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Merrilees
authors.forename: Marcie C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Goeke-Morey
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Shirlow
authors.forename: Ed
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cairns
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological / Q000502:physiology*; D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000523:psychology; D002657:Child Development; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008960:Models, Psychological; D009660:Northern Ireland; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D002666:Psychology, Child; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012919:Social Behavior; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014754:Violence / Q000523:psychology*