title: Legionella pneumophila induces human beta defensin-3 in pulmonary cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Legionella pneumophila is an important causative agent of severe pneumonia in humans. Human alveolar epithelium and macrophages are effective barriers for inhaled microorganisms and actively participate in the initiation of innate host defense. The beta defensin-3 (hBD-3), an antimicrobial peptide is an important component of the innate immune response of the human lung. Therefore we hypothesize that hBD-3 might be important for immune defense towards L. pneumophila.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated the effects of L. pneumophila and different TLR agonists on pulmonary cells in regard to hBD-3 expression by ELISA. Furthermore, siRNA-mediated inhibition of TLRs as well as chemical inhibition of potential downstream signaling molecules was used for functional analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  L. pneumophila induced release of hBD-3 in pulmonary epithelium and alveolar macrophages. A similar response was observed when epithelial cells were treated with different TLR agonists. Inhibition of TLR2, TLR5, and TLR9 expression led to a decreased hBD-3 expression. Furthermore expression of hBD-3 was mediated through a JNK dependent activation of AP-1 (c-Jun) but appeared to be independent of NF-kappaB. Additionally, we demonstrate that hBD-3 elicited a strong antimicrobial effect on L. pneumophila replication.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Taken together, human pulmonary cells produce hBD-3 upon L. pneumophila infection via a TLR-JNK-AP-1-dependent pathway which may contribute to an efficient innate immune defense.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Stefanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Scharf
authors.forename: Kremena
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Vardarova
authors.forename: Friederike
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lang
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schmeck
authors.forename: Bastian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Opitz
authors.forename: Antje
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Flieger
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Heuner
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hippenstiel
authors.forename: Norbert
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Suttorp
authors.forename: Philippe D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: N'Guessan
mesh_terms: D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D016952:Legionella pneumophila / Q000254:growth & development / Q000276:immunology* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D048670:MAP Kinase Kinase 4 / Q000378:metabolism; D016676:Macrophages, Alveolar / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D020545:Respiratory Mucosa / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013997:Time Factors; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors / Q000378:metabolism; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D015854:Up-Regulation; D023083:beta-Defensins / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: C422950:DEFB103A protein, human; D016328:NF-kappa B; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1; D023083:beta-Defensins; D048670:MAP Kinase Kinase 4