title: Dual-energy CT angiography of the lungs: comparison of test bolus and bolus tracking techniques for the determination of scan delay.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To prospectively compare test bolus and bolus tracking for the determination of scan delay of pulmonary dual-energy CT angiography in patients with suspected pulmonary embolism.
  
  
  METHODS
  60 consecutive patients referred for CTA for exclusion of PE were randomized either into a test bolus group or into a bolus tracking group. All exams were performed on a 64-channel dual source CT scanner. A standard single-acquisition dual-energy CTA was performed after injection of 100ml Iomeprol 400 followed by a saline chaser of 4 ml/s. The scan delay was determined using either test bolus (n=30) or bolus tracking (n=30). Test bolus was performed using an additional 20 ml Iomeprol 400 injected with a rate of 4 ml/s during acquisition of a series of dynamic low-dose monitoring scans followed by injection of a saline bolus of 20 ml using the same flow rate. For DECT angiography of the lungs 100ml Iomeprol 400 was injected with an injection rate of 4 ml/s followed by a saline chaser of 20 ml using the same flow rate. Attenuation profiles of different vascular segments (pulmonary arteries, pulmonary parenchyma, aorta, all 4 heart chambers) were measured to evaluate the timing techniques. Overall image quality of dual-energy "perfusion" maps and virtual 120 kV CTA images was evaluated by two radiologists regarding the present of artifacts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all patients an adequate and homogeneous contrast enhancement of more than 400 Hounsfield units (HU) was achieved in the different vascular districts. No statistically significant difference between test bolus and bolus tracking was found regarding vessel attenuation or overall image quality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A homogeneous opacification of the different vascular territories and the pulmonary parenchyma as well as a sufficient image quality can be achieved with either bolus tracking or test bolus techniques.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, D-68167 Mannheim, Germany. Thomas.Henzler@umm.de
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Henzler
authors.forename: Mathias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.forename: Miriam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Reichert
authors.forename: Radko
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Krissak
authors.forename: John W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Nance
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Haneder
authors.forename: Stefan O
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Schoenberg
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fink
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007479:Iopamidol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D008168:Lung / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate; D008875:Middle Aged; D008954:Models, Biological; D011655:Pulmonary Embolism / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000378:metabolism*; D011856:Radiographic Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D011857:Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; C057937:iomeprol; D007479:Iopamidol