title: A low-fat, high-complex carbohydrate diet supplemented with long-chain (n-3) fatty acids alters the postprandial lipoprotein profile in patients with metabolic syndrome.
abstract: Dietary fat intake plays a critical role in the development of metabolic syndrome (MetS). This study addressed the hypothesis that dietary fat quantity and quality may differentially modulate postprandial lipoprotein metabolism in MetS patients. A multi-center, parallel, randomized, controlled trial conducted within the LIPGENE study randomly assigned MetS patients to 1 of 4 diets: high-SFA [HSFA; 38% energy (E) from fat, 16% E as SFA], high-monounsaturated fatty acid [HMUFA; 38% E from fat, 20% E as MUFA], and 2 low-fat, high-complex carbohydrate [LFHCC; 28% E from fat] diets supplemented with 1.24 g/d of long-chain (LC) (n-3) PUFA (ratio 1.4 eicosapentaenoic acid:1 docosahexaenoic acid) or placebo (1.24 g/d of high-oleic sunflower-seed oil) for 12 wk each. A fat challenge with the same fat composition as the diets was conducted pre- and postintervention. Postprandial total cholesterol, triglycerides (TG), apolipoprotein (apo) B, apo B-48, apo A-I, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and cholesterol, TG, retinyl palmitate, and apo B in TG-rich lipoproteins (TRL; large and small) were determined pre- and postintervention. Postintervention, postprandial TG (P < 0.001) and large TRL-TG (P = 0.009) clearance began earlier and was faster in the HMUFA group compared with the HSFA and LFHCC groups. The LFHCC (n-3) group had a lower postprandial TG concentration (P < 0.001) than the other diet groups. Consuming the LFHCC diet increased the TG (P = 0.04), large TRL-TG (P = 0.01), TRL-cholesterol (P < 0.001), TRL-retinyl palmitate (P = 0.001), and TRL-apo B (P = 0.002) area under the curve compared with preintervention values. In contrast, long-term ingestion of the LFHCC (n-3) diet did not augment postprandial TG and TRL metabolism. In conclusion, postprandial abnormalities associated with MetS can be attenuated with LFHCC (n-3) and HMUFA diets. The adverse postprandial TG-raising effects of long-term LFHCC diets may be avoided by concomitant LC (n-3) PUFA supplementation to weight-stable MetS patients.
authors.affiliation: Reina Sofía University Hospital, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.
authors.forename: Yolanda
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jiménez-Gómez
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Marín
authors.forename: Pablo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Peérez-Martínez
authors.forename: Jadwiga
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hartwich
authors.forename: Malgorzata
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Malczewska-Malec
authors.forename: Iwona
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Golabek
authors.forename: Beata
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kiec-Wilk
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cruz-Teno
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rodríguez
authors.forename: Purificación
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gómez
authors.forename: Maria J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Gómez-Luna
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Defoort
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Gibney
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pérez-Jiménez
authors.forename: Helen M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Roche
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: López-Miranda
mesh_terms: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008074:Lipoproteins / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000178:diet therapy*; D008875:Middle Aged; D019518:Postprandial Period / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats; D008055:Lipids; D008074:Lipoproteins; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid