title: The influence of menopause status and postmenopausal use of hormone therapy on presentation of major depression in women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to determine whether there are differences in depression characteristics among premenopausal, perimenopausal, and postmenopausal women with major depressive disorder. This study also evaluated these differences between postmenopausal women with major depressive disorder who are taking and not taking hormone therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Analyses conducted with data from the Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression study focused on female outpatients with nonpsychotic major depressive disorder seeking treatment in 41 primary or psychiatric care settings across the United States. Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics were compared among women not taking hormone therapy who were premenopausal (n = 950), perimenopausal (n = 380), or postmenopausal (n = 562). These comparisons were also made between postmenopausal women (n = 768) taking (n = 171) or not taking (n = 562) hormone therapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After adjusting for sociodemographic and clinical baseline differences, premenopausal women were more likely to present with irritability than were either perimenopausal or postmenopausal women and were more likely to have decreased appetite and less likely to have early-morning insomnia than were perimenopausal women. Postmenopausal women were more likely to have suicidal ideation and poorer physical functioning than were either of the other groups and were more likely to have sympathetic arousal and gastrointestinal symptoms than were premenopausal women. After adjusting for baseline differences, postmenopausal women taking hormone therapy had better physical functioning, fewer melancholic features, less sympathetic arousal, and more lack of involvement in activities than did women not taking hormone therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Menopause status and postmenopausal use of hormone therapy may influence the clinical presentation of major depressive episodes in women.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Institute for Women's Health, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA. skornste@vcu.edu
authors.forename: Susan G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Kornstein
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: Annie T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Harvey
authors.forename: Stephen R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Wisniewski
authors.forename: Jennifer L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Barkin
authors.forename: Michael E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Thase
authors.forename: Madhukar H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Trivedi
authors.forename: Andrew A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Nierenberg
authors.forename: A John
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Rush
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001066:Appetite / Q000502:physiology; D001143:Arousal / Q000502:physiology; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006304:Health Status; D020249:Hormone Replacement Therapy; D006801:Humans; D007508:Irritable Mood / Q000502:physiology; D008593:Menopause / Q000523:psychology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000523:psychology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D007319:Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D013405:Suicide / Q000523:psychology