Dietary vitamin D and calcium intake and mammographic density in postmenopausal women.
OBJECTIVE
Dietary intake of vitamin D and calcium may be related to risk of breast cancer, possibly by affecting mammographic density. However, the few studies that have evaluated the association between these nutrients and mammographic density in postmenopausal women have had inconsistent results.


METHODS
We conducted a cross-sectional analysis in 808 participants of the Mammogram Density Ancillary Study of the Women's Health Initiative. Mammographic percent density was measured using baseline mammograms taken before randomization of participants in the intervention trials. Vitamin D and calcium intake was assessed with a validated food frequency questionnaire and an inventory of current supplement use, both completed at baseline.


RESULTS
After adjustment for age, body mass index, regional solar irradiance, and other factors, we did not find a relationship between vitamin D or calcium intake and mammographic density. Mean mammographic percent densities in women reporting total vitamin D intakes of less than 100, 100 to 199, 200 to 399, 400 to 599, and 600 or greater IU/day were 5.8%, 10.4%, 6.2%, 3.8%, and 5.1%, respectively (P trend = 0.67). Results in women reporting a total calcium intake of less than 500, 500 to 749, 750 to 999, 1,000 to 1,199, and 1,200 or greater mg/day were 7.3%, 4.9%, 7.3%, 6.9%, and 7.11%, respectively (P trend = 0.51). We did not observe any effect modification by overall level of mammographic density or solar irradiance, but supplemental vitamin D use was associated with lower density in younger women (P interaction = 0.009).


CONCLUSIONS
These findings do not support a relationship between dietary vitamin D or calcium intake and mammographic density in postmenopausal women. Additional studies should explore these associations in women of different ages and in relation to serum vitamin D levels.
Bertone-Johnson
Elizabeth R
ER
University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003-9304, USA. ebertone@schoolph.umass.edu
Chlebowski
Rowan T
RT
Manson
Joann E
JE
Wactawski-Wende
Jean
J
Aragaki
Aaron K
AK
Tamimi
Rulla M
RM
Rexrode
Kathryn M
KM
Thomson
Cynthia A
CA
Rohan
Thomas E
TE
Peck
Jennifer D
JD
Pisano
Etta D
ED
Martin
Christopher F
CF
Sarto
Gloria
G
McTiernan
Anne
A
D000368:Aged; D001940:Breast / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000187:drug effects*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008327:Mammography; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D017698:Postmenopause; D057566:Self Report; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000494:pharmacology*
D002136:Calcium, Dietary; D014807:Vitamin D