title: Iron intake and iron status in breastfed infants during the first year of life.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Breastfed infants may be at particular risk for iron deficiency because breast milk is low in iron. In a secondary analysis of data from a complementary feeding trial, indicators of iron status were examined, with particular focus on the development of iron status in those infants who were fully breastfed during the first 4 months of life.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this retrospective analysis of data from a randomized controlled trial infants were stratified according to their predominant milk diet during the first 4 months of life, a subgroup of breastfed infants (group BM, n=53) were compared with a subgroup of infants fed (iron-fortified) formula (group F, n=23). Dietary iron intake and indicators of iron status were analysed at 4 months of age (during the full milk feeding period), and during the complementary feeding period at 7 and 10 months of age.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Iron intake was low in the BM group, ranging below the Dietary Reference Intakes throughout the complementary feeding period, with the (estimated) bioavailable iron intake only just achieving the reference requirements. At 4 months, iron deficiency (ID, Ferritin <12.0 ng/mL) was observed in 3 infants in the BM group and in 1 infant in the F group; no infant developed iron deficiency anaemia (IDA, ID and Hb <10.5 g/dl). At 7 and at 10 months of age, iron status was adequate in all infants of the F group. In the BM group, at 7 (10) months of age, ID was diagnosed in 10 (11) infants and IDA was found in 2 (1) infants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Healthy infants, fully breastfed at 4 months of age, demonstrated ID in about 21% and IDA in up to 6% during the second half of infancy while fed according to the paediatric dietary guidelines. This finding supports the recommendation that supplementation with bioavailable iron via complementary foods should be started early (4-6 months of age) in order to prevent iron deficiency during infancy.
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Child Nutrition, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms University of Bonn, Heinstueck 11, D-44225 Dortmund, Germany.
authors.forename: Katharina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dube
authors.forename: Jana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: Manfred J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Mueller
authors.forename: Hermann
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kalhoff
authors.forename: Mathilde
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kersting
mesh_terms: D018798:Anemia, Iron-Deficiency / Q000517:prevention & control*; D001942:Breast Feeding; D005260:Female; D005293:Ferritins / Q000097:blood*; D005527:Food, Fortified; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D041943:Infant Formula; D019266:Iron, Dietary / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry; D009752:Nutritional Status; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D019266:Iron, Dietary; D005293:Ferritins