title: Response of thermocouples interfaced to electrothermometers when immersed in 5 water bath temperatures.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Thermocouples and electrothermometers are used in therapeutic modality research. Until recently, researchers assumed that these instruments were valid and reliable.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine 3 different thermocouple types in 5 degrees C, 15 degrees C, 18.4 degrees C, 25 degrees C, and 35 degrees C water baths.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized controlled trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Therapeutic modality laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighteen thermocouple leads were inserted through the wall of a foamed polystyrene cooler. The cooler was filled with water. Six thermocouples (2 of each model) were plugged into the 6 channels of the Datalogger and 6 randomly selected channels in the 2 Iso-Thermexes. A mercury thermometer was immersed into the water and was read every 10 seconds for 4 minutes during each of 6 trials. The entire process was repeated for each of 5 water bath temperatures (5 degrees C, 15 degrees C, 18.4 degrees C, 25 degrees C, 35 degrees C).
  
  
  METHODS
  Temperature and absolute temperature differences among 3 thermocouple types (IT-21, IT-18, PT-6) and 3 electrothermometers (Datalogger, Iso-Thermex calibrated from -50 degrees C to 50 degrees C, Iso-Thermex calibrated from -20 degrees C to 80 degrees C).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Validity and reliability were dependent on thermocouple type, electrothermometer, and water bath temperature (P < .001; modified Levene P < .05). Statistically, the IT-18 and PT-6 thermocouples were not reliable in each electrothermometer; however, these differences were not practically different from each other. The PT-6 thermocouples were more valid than the IT-18s, and both thermocouple types were more valid than the IT-21s, regardless of water bath temperature (P < .001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The validity and reliability of thermocouples interfaced to an electrothermometer under experimental conditions should be tested before data collection. We also recommend that investigators report the validity, the reliability, and the calculated uncertainty (validity + reliability) of their temperature measurements for therapeutic modalities research. With this information, investigators and clinicians will be better able to interpret and compare results and conclusions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health and Human Performance, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, USA. blaine.long@okstate.edu
authors.forename: Blaine C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Long
authors.forename: Lisa S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Jutte
authors.forename: Kenneth L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Knight
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001494:Baths; D001833:Body Temperature Regulation / Q000502:physiology*; D003625:Data Collection; D006801:Humans; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D013821:Thermometers; D035501:Uncertainty