title: Neurofeedback intervention in fibromyalgia syndrome; a randomized, controlled, rater blind clinical trial.
abstract: We designed a randomized, rater blind study to assess the efficacy of EEG Biofeedback (Neurofeedback-NFB) in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS). Eighteen patients received twenty sessions of NFB-sensory motor rhythm (SMR) treatment (NFB group) during 4 weeks, and eighteen patients were given 10 mg per day escitalopram treatment (control group) for 8 weeks. Visual Analog Scales for pain and fatigue, Hamilton and Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventory Scales, Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire and Short Form 36 were used as outcome measures which were applied at baseline and 2nd, 4th, 8th, 16th, 24th weeks. Mean amplitudes of EEG rhythms (delta, theta, alpha, SMR, beta1 and beta2) and theta/SMR ratio were also measured in NFB group. All post-treatment measurements showed significant improvements in both of the groups (for all parameters p < 0.05). NFB group displayed greater benefits than controls (for all parameters p < 0.05). Therapeutic efficacy of NFB was found to begin at 2nd week and reached to a maximum effect at 4th week. On the other hand, the improvements in SSRI treatment were also detected to begin at 2nd week but reached to a maximum effect at 8th week. No statistically significant changes were noted regarding mean amplitudes of EEG rhythms (p > 0.05 for all). However, theta/SMR ratio showed a significant decrease at 4th week compared to baseline in the NFB group (p < 0.05). These data support the efficacy of NFB as a treatment for pain, psychological symptoms and impaired quality of life associated with fibromyalgia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Kocaeli University, Umuttepe Campus, Old Istanbul Road 10, 41380 Kocaeli, Turkey.
authors.forename: Sadi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kayiran
authors.forename: Erbil
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dursun
authors.forename: Nigar
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Dursun
authors.forename: Numan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ermutlu
authors.forename: Sacit
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Karamürsel
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000523:psychology; D015283:Citalopram / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D005356:Fibromyalgia / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D058765:Neurofeedback; D010146:Pain / Q000523:psychology; D059408:Pain Management; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D015283:Citalopram; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors