title: Repeated pesticide exposure among North Carolina migrant and seasonal farmworkers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Limited data document the multiple and repeated pesticide absorption experienced by farmworkers in an agricultural season or their risk factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected from 196 farmworkers four times at monthly intervals in 2007. Urine samples were tested for 12 pesticide urinary metabolites. Questionnaire data provided measures of exposure risks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Farmworkers had at least one detection for many pesticide urinary metabolites; for example, 84.2% had at least one detection for acephate, 88.8% for 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol. Most farmworkers had multiple detections for specific metabolites; for example, 64.8% had two or more detections for acephate, 64.8% for 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol, 79.1% for 3-phenoxybenzoic acid, and 86.7% for 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. Housing type had a consistent significant association with metabolite detections.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Farmworkers are exposed to multiple pesticides across an agricultural season, and they experience repeated exposures to the same pesticides. Reducing farmworker pesticide exposure and delineating the health outcomes of this exposure require more detailed data. Am. J. Ind. Med. 53:802-813, 2010. (c) 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family and Community Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC27157-1084, USA. tarcury@wfubmc.edu
authors.forename: Thomas A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Arcury
authors.forename: Joseph G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Grzywacz
authors.forename: Jennifer W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Talton
authors.forename: Haiying
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Quirina M
authors.initials: QM
authors.lastname: Vallejos
authors.forename: Leonardo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Galván
authors.forename: Dana B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Barr
authors.forename: Sara A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Quandt
mesh_terms: D015084:2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid / Q000652:urine; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000383:Agriculture / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001565:Benzoates / Q000652:urine; D003625:Data Collection; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009657:North Carolina / Q000453:epidemiology; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000652:urine; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D009946:Organothiophosphorus Compounds / Q000652:urine; D010575:Pesticides / Q000633:toxicity* / Q000652:urine; D063088:Phosphoramides; D011728:Pyridones / Q000652:urine; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014171:Transients and Migrants / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001565:Benzoates; D009946:Organothiophosphorus Compounds; D010575:Pesticides; D063088:Phosphoramides; D011728:Pyridones; D015084:2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid; C001969:acephate; C012587:3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol; C017618:3-phenoxybenzoic acid