title: Relevant microclimate for determining the development rate of malaria mosquitoes and possible implications of climate change.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The relationship between mosquito development and temperature is one of the keys to understanding the current and future dynamics and distribution of vector-borne diseases such as malaria. Many process-based models use mean air temperature to estimate larval development times, and hence adult vector densities and/or malaria risk.
  
  
  METHODS
  Water temperatures in three different-sized water pools, as well as the adjacent air temperature in lowland and highland sites in western Kenya were monitored. Both air and water temperatures were fed into a widely-applied temperature-dependent development model for Anopheles gambiae immatures, and subsequently their impact on predicted vector abundance was assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean water temperature in typical mosquito breeding sites was 4-6 degrees C higher than the mean temperature of the adjacent air, resulting in larval development rates, and hence population growth rates, that are much higher than predicted based on air temperature. On the other hand, due to the non-linearities in the relationship between temperature and larval development rate, together with a marginal buffering in the increase in water temperature compared with air temperature, the relative increases in larval development rates predicted due to climate change are substantially less.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Existing models will tend to underestimate mosquito population growth under current conditions, and may overestimate relative increases in population growth under future climate change. These results highlight the need for better integration of biological and environmental information at the scale relevant to mosquito biology.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, PO Box 8031, 6700EH Wageningen, The Netherlands. krijn@paaijmans.nl
authors.forename: Krijn P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Paaijmans
authors.forename: Susan S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Imbahale
authors.forename: Matthew B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Willem
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Takken
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000254:growth & development*; D057231:Climate Change; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000254:growth & development*; D007630:Kenya; D007814:Larva / Q000254:growth & development; D008288:Malaria / Q000469:parasitology; D008834:Microclimate; D008954:Models, Biological; D011156:Population Density; D013696:Temperature