title: The efficacy of the novel dual PI3-kinase/mTOR inhibitor NVP-BEZ235 compared with rapamycin in renal cell carcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Inhibitors of TORC1 have been shown to be active in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC). As the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway activates numerous other kinases, transcription factors, and proteins associated with cell growth and survival besides mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), disruption of this pathway upstream of mTOR may be more effective than inhibition of TORC1 alone.
  
  
  METHODS
  To investigate this possibility, the dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor NVP-BEZ235 was compared with rapamycin in RCC cell lines and xenografts generated from 786-O and A498 cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Treatment of RCC cell lines with NVP-BEZ235 in vitro resulted in the nuclear translocation of p27, greater reduction in tumor cell proliferation, and more complete suppression of Akt, Mnk-1, eIF4E, and 4EBP-1 phosphorylation and cyclin D1 and hypoxia-inducible factor 2alpha (HIF2alpha) expression than that achieved with rapamycin. The reduction of HIF2alpha levels correlated with reduced HIF activity as determined by luciferase assay. NVP-BEZ235 induced growth arrest in both the 786-O and A498 xenografts that was associated with inhibition of Akt and S6 phosphorylation as well as the induction of apoptosis and reduction in markers of tumor cell proliferation. In contrast, rapamycin induced only minimal growth retardation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dual inhibition of PI3K/mTOR with NVP-BEZ235 induced growth arrest in RCC cell lines both in vitro and in vivo more effectively than inhibition of TORC1 alone. These results provide the rationale for the clinical assessment of agents such as NVP-BEZ235 in patients with advanced RCC.
authors.affiliation: Division of Hematology and Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA. dcho1@bidmc.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Daniel C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: Matthew B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Panka
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Collins
authors.forename: Musie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ghebremichael
authors.forename: Michael B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Atkins
authors.forename: Sabina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Signoretti
authors.forename: James W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Mier
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D000076222:Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D046912:Multiprotein Complexes; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D000081082:Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors; D011506:Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D011804:Quinolines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020123:Sirolimus / Q000494:pharmacology*; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
chemical_list: C493245:CRTC2 protein, human; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D007093:Imidazoles; D046912:Multiprotein Complexes; D000081082:Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors; D011506:Proteins; D011804:Quinolines; D014157:Transcription Factors; D000076222:Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; C531198:dactolisib; D020123:Sirolimus