title: Cardiac arrest due to food asphyxiation in adults: resuscitation profiles and outcomes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Food asphyxiation is uncommon but unignorable cause of sudden death in the elderly. Several autopsy studies, which identified those at particular risk, have been conducted on the subject. Resuscitation profiles and outcomes of food asphyxiation victims presenting with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) to the emergency department, however, have rarely been reported.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data on adults (> or = 20 years) presenting with OHCA after witnessed food asphyxiation were retrieved from an institutional database. Clinical variables were evaluated to identify their demographic characteristics. Their outcomes, represented by return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) and survival rate, were also investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty-nine food asphyxiation victims presenting with OHCA were identified during the 4-year period. Food asphyxiation occurred most frequently in the age group of 71-80 years, followed by that of 81-90 years. The majority of victims had medical conditions that adversely affected mastication/swallowing, such as dementia. Bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) was performed only in 26%, although bystanders often attempted to clear the airway without performing CPR. Despite the high ROSC rate of 78%, only 7% survived to discharge. Asphyxiation-ROSC interval might play a crucial role in determining the outcomes: the interval was < or = 10 min in all survivors, while it was longer than 10 min in all non-survivors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because of their advanced age and debilitating general condition, it may be difficult to substantially improve the outcomes of food asphyxiation victims. Effort should be directed to prevent food asphyxiation, and public education to perform standard CPR for food asphyxiation victims including the Heimlich manoeuvre is warranted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Saiseikai Utsunomiya Hospital, 911-1 Takebayashi, Utsunomiya 321-0974, Japan. ginamasu@aol.com
authors.forename: Joji
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Inamasu
authors.forename: Satoru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Miyatake
authors.forename: Hideto
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tomioka
authors.forename: Toshiyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shirai
authors.forename: Masaya
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ishiyama
authors.forename: Junpei
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Komagamine
authors.forename: Naoki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Maeda
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.forename: Kenichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kase
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000402:Airway Obstruction / Q000150:complications* / Q000628:therapy; D001775:Blood Circulation; D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation; D016208:Databases, Factual; D005260:Female; D005392:First Aid / Q000379:methods; D005502:Food; D006323:Heart Arrest / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015996:Survival Rate; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome