title: Down-regulation of MMP-2 through the p38 MAPK-NF-kappaB-dependent pathway by aloe-emodin leads to inhibition of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell invasion.
abstract: Aloe-emodin (AE), extracted from the rhizome of Rheum palmatum, has an anti-proliferative effect on different human cancer cell lines. Nonetheless, the underlying mechanism by which AE inhibits nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cell invasion is still unclear. The results of this study show that treatment of NPC cells with growth suppressive concentrations of AE caused cell cycle arrest at the S-G(2)/M phase. Coimmunoprecipitation and small interfering RNA (siRNA) studies demonstrated that AE-induced cell cycle arrest in NPC cells was associated with increasing levels of cyclin B1 bound to cyclin-dependent kinase 1. The inhibition of NPC cell invasion by AE was evidenced through the suppression of matrix metalloproteinases-2 (MMP-2) expression. MMP-2 promoter activity and cell invasion were inhibited by p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) siRNA, inhibitor 4-(4-Fluorophenyl)-2-[4-(methylsulfinyl)phenyl]-5-(4-pyridyl)-1H-imidazole (SB203580), and AE, but not by JNK siRNA and inhibitor 1,9-pyrazoloanthrone. Treatment with AE, SB203580, NF-kappaB inhibitors N-p-tosyl-(L)-phenylalanine chloromethyl ketone (TPCK) and pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) or transfection with p38 MAPK siRNA significantly inhibited NF-kappaB transcriptional activity. In addition, TPCK and PDTC treatment inhibited the expression and promoter activity of MMP-2 and thereby significantly inhibited cell invasion activity. The involvement of p38 MAPK activity in NF-kappaB-mediated MMP-2 function was further confirmed through the attenuation of p38 MAPK by SB203580 and NF-kappaB ectopic expression. Collectively, our results indicate that AE inhibits invasion of NPC cells by suppressing the expression of MMP-2 via the p38 MAPK-NF-kappaB signaling pathway.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Meng-Liang
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Yao-Cheng
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Jing-Gung
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Shyang-Guang
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Hsin-Ting
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Shang-En
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Chih-Hsin
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Jiunn-Liang
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Ko
authors.forename: Shih-Shun
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000880:Anthraquinones; D016203:CDC2 Protein Kinase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D056744:Cyclin B1 / Q000378:metabolism; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D009303:Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics; D011725:Pyridines; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000880:Anthraquinones; D056744:Cyclin B1; D007093:Imidazoles; D016328:NF-kappa B; D011725:Pyridines; C029899:imidazole; C518327:aloe emodin; D016203:CDC2 Protein Kinase; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; C093642:SB 203580