title: Subjective evaluation of the therapeutic and cognitive effects of electroconvulsive therapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Methods used to evaluate subjective effects of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) have relied on self-report about discrete aspects of memory. Although objective deficits are demonstrable, patients generally report improved memory after ECT. Patients have not been asked to evaluate the global impact of ECT on mood or memory. This study was undertaken to compare patients' evaluations of ECT outcomes using direct questioning about global impact compared with standard methods.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective, naturalistic study was conducted in seven hospitals. Patients completed clinical and neurocognitive assessments before ECT, including the Cognitive Failures Questionnaire (CFQ), the Autobiographical Memory Interview-Short Form, and a novel interview assessing expectations about the impact of ECT on mood and memory (Global Self-Evaluation-Mood [GSE-Md], GSE-memory [GSE-My]). Follow-ups were conducted one and 24 weeks after ECT, and the GSE-Md and GSE-My evaluated perceived global impact at these time points.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients reported marked improvement after ECT on the CFQ, a traditional instrument assessing specific cognitive complaints. CFQ and depression severity scores were strongly correlated. On the GSE-My, patients reported a deleterious memory effect both one and 24 weeks after ECT. GSE-My, but not CFQ, scores were associated with treatment technique and long-term retrograde amnesia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Characterization of patients' experience of cognitive side effects after ECT differs markedly depending on assessment method. Direct questioning about global impact revealed more negative views and associations with objective indices of cognitive impairment. This represents the first report of concordance between subjective and objective measures of the effects of ECT on memory.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA.
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Berman
authors.forename: Joan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Prudic
authors.forename: Eva-Lotta
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Brakemeier
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Olfson
authors.forename: Harold A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Sackeim
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect / Q000502:physiology; D000368:Aged; D000648:Amnesia, Retrograde / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D004565:Electroconvulsive Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008568:Memory / Q000502:physiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000628:therapy*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome