title: A classification of diabetic foot infections using ICD-9-CM codes: application to a large computerized medical database.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Diabetic foot infections are common, serious, and varied. Diagnostic and treatment strategies are correspondingly diverse. It is unclear how patients are managed in actual practice and how outcomes might be improved. Clarification will require study of large numbers of patients, such as are available in medical databases. We have developed and evaluated a system for identifying and classifying diabetic foot infections that can be used for this purpose.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used the (VA) Diabetes Epidemiology Cohorts (DEpiC) database to conduct a retrospective observational study of patients with diabetic foot infections. DEpiC contains computerized VA and Medicare patient-level data for patients with diabetes since 1998. We determined which ICD-9-CM codes served to identify patients with different types of diabetic foot infections and ranked them in declining order of severity: Gangrene, Osteomyelitis, Ulcer, Foot cellulitis/abscess, Toe cellulitis/abscess, Paronychia. We evaluated our classification by examining its relationship to patient characteristics, diagnostic procedures, treatments given, and medical outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 61,007 patients with foot infections, of which 42,063 were classifiable into one of our predefined groups. The different types of infection were related to expected patient characteristics, diagnostic procedures, treatments, and outcomes. Our severity ranking showed a monotonic relationship to hospital length of stay, amputation rate, transition to long-term care, and mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have developed a classification system for patients with diabetic foot infections that is expressly designed for use with large, computerized, ICD-9-CM coded administrative medical databases. It provides a framework that can be used to conduct observational studies of large numbers of patients in order to examine treatment variation and patient outcomes, including the effect of new management strategies, implementation of practice guidelines, and quality improvement initiatives.
authors.affiliation: Center for Health Quality Outcomes and Economic Research, Bedford VA Medical Center, 200 Springs Road, Bedford, MA 01730, USA. gfincke@bu.edu
authors.forename: Benjamin G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Fincke
authors.forename: Donald R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Robin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Turpin
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D016208:Databases, Factual; D017719:Diabetic Foot / Q000382:microbiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D038801:International Classification of Diseases; D008297:Male; D008404:Massachusetts; D019370:Observation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014481:United States; D014493:United States Department of Veterans Affairs; D014946:Wound Infection / Q000145:classification*