title: Effect of NO synthase inhibition on retinal vessel reaction to isometric exercise in healthy humans.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It has been shown that retinal blood flow is autoregulated, meaning that flow is independent of perfusion pressure within a certain range. We tested the hypothesis that nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibition alters the response of retinal arterial and venous vessels during isometric exercise.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, nine healthy subjects were included. Each subject received the NO synthase inhibitor Ng-monomethyl-l-Arginine (l-NMMA, the α-receptor agonist phenylephrine or placebo intravenously on three study days. Retinal vessel diameter was assessed with the retinal vessel analyser (RVA), at baseline and during a squatting period of 6-7 min in absence or presence of l-NMMA, phenylephrine or placebo.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and pulse rate (PR) increased significantly during all pretreatment squatting periods (p < 0.001) Retinal venous and arterial diameters showed a continuous decrease during squatting (p < 0.001). Phenylephrine increased MAP and PR but did not alter the retinal vessel diameter response to squatting. Administration of l-NMMA lead to a significant decrease in venous diameter before isometric exercise (p = 0.004). In addition, the retinal venous diameter response during administration of the NO synthase inhibitor was less pronounced than during phenylephrine or placebo (p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study confirms that NO plays an important role in the control of retinal vascular tone at rest. In addition, the present data indicate a role of NO in retinal autoregulation, because the response of retinal venous diameters was altered after NO synthase inhibition. The nature of involvement, however, appears to be complex and requires further studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lasta
authors.forename: Kaija
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Polak
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Luksch
authors.forename: Gerhard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Garhofer
authors.forename: Leopold
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Schmetterer
mesh_terms: D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006706:Homeostasis / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007429:Intraocular Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D010656:Phenylephrine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D012171:Retinal Vessels / Q000502:physiology*; D019323:omega-N-Methylarginine / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D010656:Phenylephrine; D019323:omega-N-Methylarginine; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase