title: Early-onset depression, anxiety, and risk of subsequent coronary heart disease: 37-year follow-up of 49,321 young Swedish men.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to investigate the long-term cardiac effects of depression and anxiety assessed at a young age, when reverse causation is not feasible.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Most prospective studies found a relatively strong association between depression and subsequent coronary heart disease (CHD). However, almost exclusively, only middle-age or older participants were examined, and subclinical atherosclerosis might contribute to the observed association. The prospective association between anxiety and CHD was less evident in previous studies and has been subjected to similar methodological concerns on the possibility for a reverse causation.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a nationwide survey, 49,321 young Swedish men, 18 to 20 years of age, were medically examined for military service in 1969 and 1970. All the conscripts were seen by a psychologist for a structured interview. Conscripts reporting or presenting any psychiatric symptoms were seen by psychiatrists. Depression and anxiety was diagnosed according to International Classification of Diseases-8th Revision (ICD-8). Data on well-established CHD risk factors and potential confounders were also collected (i.e., anthropometrics, diabetes, blood pressure, smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, socioeconomic position, family history of CHD, and geographic area). Participants were followed for CHD and for acute myocardial infarction for 37 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Multiadjusted hazard ratios associated with depression were 1.04 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.70 to 1.54), 1.03 (95% CI: 0.65 to 1.65), for CHD and for acute myocardial infarction, respectively. The corresponding multiadjusted hazard ratios for anxiety were 2.17 (95% CI: 1.28 to 3.67) and 2.51 (95% CI: 1.38 to 4.55).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In men, aged 18 to 20 years, anxiety as diagnosed by experts according to ICD-8 criteria independently predicted subsequent CHD events. In contrast, we found no support for such an effect concerning early-onset depression in men.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. imre.janszky@ki.se
authors.forename: Imre
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Janszky
authors.forename: Staffan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ahnve
authors.forename: Ingvar
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Lundberg
authors.forename: Tomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hemmingsson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000150:complications*; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000209:etiology*; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000209:etiology; D012042:Registries; D012307:Risk Factors; D013548:Sweden; D055815:Young Adult