title: Cost effectiveness of tiotropium for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review of the evidence.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tiotropium has been shown to reduce exacerbations and improve quality of life for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a lung disease characterized by a persistent and progressive airflow limitation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To present a systematic literature review of the cost effectiveness of treatment with tiotropium compared with other currently used treatments for COPD.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic search was performed via PubMed, the Cochrane database, and EMBASE from 2002 to 2009. Methods and results by study design and by country were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventeen studies were included in the review. Study designs were characterized as follows: modeling based on clinical trial data, and empirical analysis based on either clinical trial or observational data. Comparing monotherapy regimens (12 studies), all study designs found that treatment with tiotropium was associated with lower costs for hospitalisation and other non-drug services. Total costs, including the costs of maintenance drugs, were lower with tiotropium in some, but not all, of the studies. Tiotropium was shown to be cost effective based on commonly accepted benchmark values. Limitations of the review included the wide variety of outcome measures used in different studies, the limited number of observational database studies for monotherapy, and limited data for combination therapy regimens.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The main conclusions of the economic evaluations derived from clinical trial data at the time of product approval and from later observational data reflecting clinical use are similar: use of tiotropium monotherapy is associated with lower hospital and other non-drug costs and better health outcomes and is either cost saving or cost effective compared with other maintenance monotherapies.
authors.affiliation: RTI Health Solutions, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA. jmauskopf@rti.org
authors.forename: Josephine A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Mauskopf
authors.forename: Christine L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.forename: Brigitta U
authors.initials: BU
authors.lastname: Monz
authors.forename: Melissa D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Juniper
mesh_terms: D001993:Bronchodilator Agents / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D006801:Humans; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics*; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D012602:Scopolamine Derivatives / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000069447:Tiotropium Bromide
chemical_list: D001993:Bronchodilator Agents; D012602:Scopolamine Derivatives; D000069447:Tiotropium Bromide