title: Aging adversely affects the cigarette smoke-induced glutathione adaptive response in the lung.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cigarette smoke (CS) is the leading cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, accounting for more than 90% of cases. The prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is much higher in the elderly, suggesting an age dependency. A prominent defense against the oxidant burden caused by CS is the glutathione (GSH) adaptive response in the lung epithelial lining fluid (ELF) and tissue. However, as one ages the ability to maintain GSH levels declines.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Examine the effect of aging on the GSH adaptive response to CS and resulting lung sensitization to inflammation and oxidation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Both young (2 mo old) and aged (8, 13, 19, and 26 mo old) mice were used to study the effects of age on the GSH adaptive response after an acute exposure to CS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Young mice had a robust sixfold increase in ELF GSH after a single exposure to CS. The GSH response to CS decreased as a function of age and diminishes in the older mice to only a twofold increase over air controls. As a consequence, levels of CS-induced tumor necrosis factor-α and nitric oxide synthase, markers of inflammation, and 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine, a marker of DNA oxidation, were elevated in the aged mice compared with the young mice. Additionally, depletion of ELF GSH with buthionine sulfoximine in young mice recapitulated changes in ELF tumor necrosis factor-α as seen in old mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that the age-related maladaptive response to CS sensitizes the lung to both inflammation and oxidation potentially contributing to the development of CS-induced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado 80206, USA.
authors.forename: Neal S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Gould
authors.forename: Elysia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Min
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gauthier
authors.forename: Hong Wei
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Brian J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Day
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000502:physiology; D000367:Age Factors; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / Q000737:chemistry; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005978:Glutathione / Q000032:analysis / Q000502:physiology*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008168:Lung / Q000737:chemistry; D008264:Macrophages / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012906:Smoke / Q000009:adverse effects; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014026:Nicotiana
chemical_list: D012906:Smoke; D005978:Glutathione