title: Permeation studies of novel terbinafine formulations containing hydrophobins through human nails in vitro.
abstract: Existing treatments of onychomycosis are not satisfactory. Oral therapies have many side effects and topical formulations are not able to penetrate into the human nail plate and deliver therapeutical concentrations of active agent in situ. The purpose of the present study was to determine the amount of terbinafine, which permeates through the human nail plate, from liquid formulations containing enhancers, namely hydrophobins A-C in the concentration of 0.1% (w/v). The used reference solution contained 10% (w/v) of terbinafine in 60% (v/v) ethanol/water without enhancer. Permeability studies have been performed on cadaver nails using Franz diffusion cells modified to mount nail plates and filled with 60% (v/v) ethanol/water in the acceptor chamber. Terbinafine was quantitatively determined by HPLC. The amount of terbinafine remaining in the nail was extracted by 96% ethanol from pulverized nail material after permeation experiment and presented as percentage of the dry nail weight before the milling test. Permeability coefficient (PC) of terbinafine from reference solution was determined to be 1.52E-10 cm/s. Addition of hydrophobins improved PC in the range of 3E-10 to 2E-9 cm/s. Remaining terbinafine reservoir in the nail from reference solution was 0.83% (n=2). An increase of remaining terbinafine reservoir in the nail was observed in two out of three tested formulations containing hydrophobins compared to the reference. In all cases, known minimum inhibitory concentration of terbinafine for dermatophytes (0.003 microg/ml) has been exceeded in the acceptor chamber of the diffusion cells. All tested proteins (hydrophobins) facilitated terbinafine permeation after 10 days of permeation experiment, however one of them achieved an outstanding enhancement factor of 13.05 compared to the reference. Therefore, hydrophobins can be included in the list of potential enhancers for treatment of onychomycosis.
authors.affiliation: Industrial Pharmacy Research Group of the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstr. 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Ivana
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Vejnovic
authors.forename: Cornelia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Huonder
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Betz
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D004304:Dosage Forms; D000431:Ethanol; D005079:Excipients / Q000378:metabolism; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D009262:Nails / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D009281:Naphthalenes / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014009:Onychomycosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D010539:Permeability / Q000187:drug effects; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism; D012996:Solutions; D000077291:Terbinafine; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D004304:Dosage Forms; D005079:Excipients; D005656:Fungal Proteins; D009281:Naphthalenes; D012996:Solutions; D014867:Water; D000431:Ethanol; D000077291:Terbinafine