title: Promoting patient uptake and adherence in cardiac rehabilitation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cardiac rehabilitation is an important component of recovery from coronary events but uptake and adherence to such programmes are below the recommended levels. This aim is to update a previous non-Cochrane systematic review which examined interventions that may potentially improve cardiac patient uptake and adherence in rehabilitation or its components and concluded that there is insufficient evidence to make specific recommendations.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effects of interventions to increase patient uptake of, and adherence to, cardiac rehabilitation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A previous systematic review identified studies published prior to June 2001. We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) in The Cochrane Library (Issue 4 2007), MEDLINE (2001 to January 2008), EMBASE (2001 to January 2008), CINAHL (2001 to January 2008), PsycINFO (2001 to January 2008), Web of Science: ISI Proceedings (2001 to April 2008), and NHS Centre for Reviews and Dissemination (CRD) databases (Health Technology Assessment (HTA) and Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects (DARE)) from 2001 to January 2008. Reference lists of identified systematic reviews and randomised control trials (RCTs) were also checked for additional studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adults with myocardial infarction, coronary artery bypass graft, percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, heart failure, angina, or coronary heart disease eligible for cardiac rehabilitation and randomised or quasi-randomised trials of interventions to increase uptake or adherence to cardiac rehabilitation or any of its component parts. Only studies reporting a measure of adherence were included.
  
  
  METHODS
  Titles and abstracts of all identified references were screened for eligibility by two reviewers independently and full papers of potentially relevant trials were obtained and checked. Included studies were assessed for risk of bias by two reviewers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ten studies were identified, three of interventions to improve uptake of cardiac rehabilitation and seven of interventions to increase adherence. Meta-analysis was not possible due to multiple sources of heterogeneity. All three interventions targeting uptake of cardiac rehabilitation were effective. Two of seven studies intended to increase adherence had a significant effect. Only one study reported the non-significant effects of the intervention on cardiovascular risk factors and no studies reported data on mortality, morbidities, costs or health care resource utilisation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is some evidence to suggest that interventions to increase the uptake of cardiac rehabilitation can be effective. Few practice recommendations for increasing adherence to cardiac rehabilitation can be made at this time. Interventions targeting patient identified barriers may increase the likelihood of success. Further high quality research is needed.
authors.affiliation: Academic Unit of Psychiatry, Community Based Medicine, University of Bristol, Cotham House, Cotham, Bristol, UK, BS6 6JL.
authors.forename: Philippa
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.forename: Fiona
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Beswick
authors.forename: Frances
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wise
authors.forename: Tiffany
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Moxham
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rees
authors.forename: Shah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ebrahim
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000787:Angina Pectoris / Q000534:rehabilitation; D015906:Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary / Q000534:rehabilitation; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass / Q000534:rehabilitation; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D015444:Exercise; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000534:rehabilitation; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000534:rehabilitation; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010349:Patient Compliance / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic