title: Fetal alcohol syndrome, Tourette syndrome, and hyperactivity in nine adopted children.
abstract: Much attention has been paid in recent years to the role of prenatal exposure to alcohol. Fetal alcohol syndrome is one of the most severe afflictions resulting from such exposure. The present report documents the cases of adopted children diagnosed with fetal alcohol syndrome who developed both Tourette syndrome and attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder. Out of a population of 138 adopted children with behavior issues whose clinical histories were reviewed retrospectively, 9 children (6.5%) presented this constellation. Epidemiologic data, clinical data, neurologic examination findings, complementary testing, and developmental data were recorded. All nine patients studied had initial psychomotor retardation, despite the frequent case of subsequent intelligence quotient normalization. From a behavioral perspective, half of the cases presented obsessive-compulsive disorder and problems with social relations. Aggressive behavior was common. These cases also presented a high degree of severity of both tics and hyperactivity. The most common drug treatment was methylphenidate. This constellation of fetal alcohol syndrome, Tourette syndrome, and attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder is scantly reported in the literature and is likely underdiagnosed. This particular constellation poses its own prognosis and requires its own treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuropediatrics, Hospital Quirón, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain. dmfmayor@yahoo.es
authors.forename: Daniel Martín
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Fernández-Mayoralas
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fernández-Jaén
authors.forename: Nuria
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Muñoz-Jareño
authors.forename: Beatriz
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Calleja Pérez
authors.forename: Rafael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Arroyo-González
mesh_terms: D000300:Adoption / Q000523:psychology*; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D063647:Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D005879:Tourette Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology