title: Population genetic diversity and fitness in multiple environments.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  When a large number of alleles are lost from a population, increases in individual homozygosity may reduce individual fitness through inbreeding depression. Modest losses of allelic diversity may also negatively impact long-term population viability by reducing the capacity of populations to adapt to altered environments. However, it is not clear how much genetic diversity within populations may be lost before populations are put at significant risk. Development of tools to evaluate this relationship would be a valuable contribution to conservation biology. To address these issues, we have created an experimental system that uses laboratory populations of an estuarine crustacean, Americamysis bahia with experimentally manipulated levels of genetic diversity. We created replicate cultures with five distinct levels of genetic diversity and monitored them for 16 weeks in both permissive (ambient seawater) and stressful conditions (diluted seawater). The relationship between molecular genetic diversity at presumptive neutral loci and population vulnerability was assessed by AFLP analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Populations with very low genetic diversity demonstrated reduced fitness relative to high diversity populations even under permissive conditions. Population performance decreased in the stressful environment for all levels of genetic diversity relative to performance in the permissive environment. Twenty percent of the lowest diversity populations went extinct before the end of the study in permissive conditions, whereas 73% of the low diversity lines went extinct in the stressful environment. All high genetic diversity populations persisted for the duration of the study, although population sizes and reproduction were reduced under stressful environmental conditions. Levels of fitness varied more among replicate low diversity populations than among replicate populations with high genetic diversity. There was a significant correlation between AFLP diversity and population fitness overall; however, AFLP markers performed poorly at detecting modest but consequential losses of genetic diversity. High diversity lines in the stressful environment showed some evidence of relative improvement as the experiment progressed while the low diversity lines did not.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combined effects of reduced average fitness and increased variability contributed to increased extinction rates for very low diversity populations. More modest losses of genetic diversity resulted in measurable decreases in population fitness; AFLP markers did not always detect these losses. However when AFLP markers indicated lost genetic diversity, these losses were associated with reduced population fitness.
authors.affiliation: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Narragansett, RI, USA. jeffreymarkert@gmail.com
authors.forename: Jeffrey A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Markert
authors.forename: Denise M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Champlin
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gutjahr-Gobell
authors.forename: Jason S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Grear
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kuhn
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: McGreevy
authors.forename: Annette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Roth
authors.forename: Mark J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Bagley
authors.forename: Diane E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Nacci
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D054458:Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis; D000818:Animals; D003445:Crustacea / Q000235:genetics*; D004777:Environment; D056084:Genetic Fitness; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005828:Genetics, Population; D005838:Genotype; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013312:Stress, Physiological