title: Mineralisation of reconstituted collagen using polyvinylphosphonic acid/polyacrylic acid templating matrix protein analogues in the presence of calcium, phosphate and hydroxyl ions.
abstract: The complex morphologies of mineralised collagen fibrils are regulated through interactions between the collagen matrix and non-collagenous extracellular proteins. In the present study, polyvinylphosphonic acid, a biomimetic analogue of matrix phosphoproteins, was synthesised and confirmed with FTIR and NMR. Biomimetic mineralisation of reconstituted collagen fibrils devoid of natural non-collagenous proteins was demonstrated with TEM using a Portland cement-containing resin composite and a phosphate-containing fluid in the presence of polyacrylic acid as sequestration, and polyvinylphosphonic acid as templating matrix protein analogues. In the presence of these dual biomimetic analogues in the mineralisation medium, intrafibrillar and extrafibrillar mineralisation via bottom-up nanoparticle assembly based on the non-classical crystallisation pathway could be identified. Conversely, only large mineral spheres with no preferred association with collagen fibrils were observed in the absence of biomimetic analogues in the medium. Mineral phases were evident within the collagen fibrils as early as 4 h after the initially-formed amorphous calcium phosphate nanoprecursors were transformed into apatite nanocrystals. Selected area electron diffraction patterns of highly mineralised collagen fibrils were nearly identical to those of natural bone, with apatite crystallites preferentially aligned along the collagen fibril axes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 700-412, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Young Kyung
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Li-sha
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.forename: Thomas E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Bryan
authors.forename: Jong R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: James C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.forename: Lorenzo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Breschi
authors.forename: David H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Pashley
authors.forename: Franklin R
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Tay
mesh_terms: D000180:Acrylic Resins / Q000737:chemistry*; D000818:Animals; D032701:Biomimetics; D002118:Calcium / Q000737:chemistry*; D002417:Cattle; D003094:Collagen / Q000737:chemistry*; D006878:Hydroxides / Q000737:chemistry*; D008903:Minerals / Q000737:chemistry*; D063065:Organophosphonates / Q000737:chemistry*; D010710:Phosphates / Q000737:chemistry*; D014753:Vinyl Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000180:Acrylic Resins; D006878:Hydroxides; D008903:Minerals; D063065:Organophosphonates; D010710:Phosphates; D014753:Vinyl Compounds; C433467:vinylphosphonic acid; C006903:carbopol 940; D003094:Collagen; C031356:hydroxide ion; D002118:Calcium