title: Procedural and declarative memory task performance, and the memory consolidation function of sleep, in recent and abstinent ecstasy/MDMA users.
abstract: Ecstasy/MDMA use has been associated with various memory deficits. This study assessed declarative and procedural memory in ecstasy/MDMA users. Participants were tested in two sessions, 24 h apart, so that the memory consolidation function of sleep on both types of memory could also be assessed. Groups were: drug-naive controls (n = 24); recent ecstasy/MDMA users, who had taken ecstasy/MDMA 2-3 days before the first testing session (n = 25), and abstinent users, who had not taken ecstasy/MDMA for at least 8 days before testing (n = 17). Procedural memory did not differ between groups, but greater lifetime consumption of ecstasy was associated with poorer procedural memory. Recent ecstasy/MDMA users who had taken other drugs (mainly cannabis) 48-24 h before testing exhibited poorer declarative memory than controls, but recent users who had not taken other drugs in this 48-24-h period did not differ from controls. Greater lifetime consumption of ecstasy, and of cocaine, were associated with greater deficits in declarative memory. These results suggest that procedural, as well as declarative, memory deficits are associated with the extent of past ecstasy use. However, ecstasy/MDMA did not affect the memory consolidation function of sleep for either the declarative or the procedural memory task.
authors.affiliation: Swansea University, Swansea, UK. m.t.blagrove@swansea.ac.uk
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Blagrove
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Seddon
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: George
authors.forename: Andrew C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Parrott
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Stickgold
authors.forename: Matthew P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: Katy A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Morgan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019969:Amphetamine-Related Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000187:drug effects*; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced*; D018817:N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D012890:Sleep / Q000187:drug effects; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D013287:Illicit Drugs; D018817:N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine