title: Protective effects of Sm-p80 in the presence of resiquimod as an adjuvant against challenge infection with Schistosoma mansoni in mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prophylactic efficacy of an Sm-p80-based vaccine formulation against challenge infection with Schistosoma mansoni in mice using an approach comprising of initial priming with DNA and boosting with recombinant protein in the presence of resiquimod (R848) as an adjuvant.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the first experiment (prime-boost approach), mice were primed with Sm-p80-pcDNA3 (week 0) and boosted at weeks 4 and 8 with recombinant Sm-p80 formulated in resiquimod (R848). Each mouse in the control group first received only pcDNA3 and was boosted with R848. In the second set of experiments (recombinant protein approach), mice were immunized (week 0) and boosted (weeks 4 and 8) with rSm-p80 formulated in R848. Animals of the control group in this series of experiments received only R848 at 0, 4, and 8 weeks. All of the animals from both the 'prime-boost' and 'recombinant protein' groups were challenged with cercariae of S. mansoni, 4 weeks after the last immunization. The mice were sacrificed 6 weeks post-challenge and the reductions in worm burden and egg production were determined. Sm-p80-specific antibody titers were estimated in the mice sera by ELISA. Cytokine mRNA and protein production by proliferating splenocytes in response to in vitro stimulation with Sm-p80, were estimated via RT-PCR and ELISA, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Vaccination with Sm-p80 (prime-boost approach) showed 49% reduction in worm burden; with the recombinant protein approach the protection was found to be 50%. The protection levels were correlated with antibody production. Upon antigenic stimulation with recombinant Sm-p80, splenocytes secreted significant levels of interferon (IFN)-γ and interleukin (IL)-2, indicating that the immune responses were Th1-biased and this was further supported in terms of distribution of antibody isotypes and mRNA expression of cytokines.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion the present study clearly demonstrates that Sm-p80 consistently maintained its protective nature, and resiquimod as an immunopotentiating agent slightly boosted the protective effects of Sm-p80 in both 'DNA prime-protein boost' and 'recombinant protein' immunization approaches in a murine model.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, Mail Stop 6591, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA.
authors.forename: Gul
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ahmad
authors.forename: Weidong
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Workineh
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Torben
authors.forename: Zahid
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Noor
authors.forename: Afzal A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Siddiqui
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000818:Animals; D000909:Antibodies, Helminth / Q000097:blood; D000947:Antigens, Helminth / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D002154:Calpain / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology*; D007114:Immunization; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D010270:Parasite Egg Count; D012550:Schistosoma mansoni / Q000276:immunology* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D012555:Schistosomiasis mansoni / Q000276:immunology / Q000469:parasitology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D019444:Vaccines, DNA / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000909:Antibodies, Helminth; D000947:Antigens, Helminth; D007093:Imidazoles; D019444:Vaccines, DNA; D002154:Calpain; C402365:resiquimod