title: Emollient molecule effects on the drying stresses in human stratum corneum.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Emollient molecules are widely used in skin care formulations to improve skin sensory properties and to alleviate dry skin but little is understood regarding their effects on skin biomechanical properties.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effects of emollient molecules on drying stresses in human stratum corneum (SC) and how these stresses are related to SC components and moisture content.
  
  
  METHODS
  The substrate curvature method was used to measure the drying stresses in isolated SC following exposure to selected emollient molecules. While SC stresses measured using this method have the same biaxial in vivo stress state and moisture exchange with the environment, a limitation of the method is that moisture cannot be replenished by the underlying skin layers. This provides an opportunity to study the direct effects of emollient treatments on the moisture content and the components of the SC. Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to determine the effects of emollient molecules on SC lipid extraction and conformation. Results Emollient molecules resulted in a complex SC drying stress profile where stresses increased rapidly to peak values and then gradually decreased to significantly lower values compared with the control. The partially occlusive treatments also penetrated into the SC where they caused extraction and changes in lipid conformation. These effects together with their effects on SC moisture content are used to rationalize the drying stress profiles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Emollient molecules have dramatic effects on SC drying stresses that are related to their effects on intercellular lipids and SC moisture content.
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, 496 Lomita Mall, Durand Building, Room 121, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-2205, USA.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Levi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kwan
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Rhines
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gorcea
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Dauskardt
mesh_terms: D001834:Body Water / Q000378:metabolism; D003681:Dehydration / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004643:Emollients / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004817:Epidermis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D050356:Lipid Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects; D008875:Middle Aged; D013048:Specimen Handling / Q000379:methods; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D014870:Water Loss, Insensible / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D004643:Emollients