title: Surgical margins and local control in resection of sacral chordomas.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The treatment of choice in sacral chordoma is surgical resection, although the risk of local recurrence and metastasis remains high. The quality of surgical margins obtained at initial surgery is the primary factor to improve survival reducing the risk of local recurrence, but proximal sacral resections are associated with substantial perioperative morbidity.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We considered survivorship related to local recurrence in terms of surgical margins, level of resection, and previous surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed 56 patients with sacral chordomas treated with surgical resection. Thirty-seven were resected above S3 by a combined anterior and posterior approach and 19 at or below S3 by a posterior approach. Nine of these had had previous intralesional surgery elsewhere. The minimum followup was 3 years (mean, 9.5 years; range, 3-28 years).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall survival was 97% at 5 years, 71% at 10 years, and 47% at 15 years. Survivorship to local recurrence was 65% at 5 years and 52% at 10 years. Thirty percent of patients developed metastases. Wide margins were associated with increased survivorship to local recurrence. We found no differences in local recurrence between wide and wide-contaminated margins (that is, if the tumor or its pseudocapsule was exposed intraoperatively, but further tissue was removed to achieve wide margins). Previous intralesional surgery was associated with an increased local recurrence rate. We observed no differences in the recurrence rate in resections above S3 or at and below S3.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Surgical margins affect the risk of local recurrence. Previous intralesional surgery was associated with a higher rate of local recurrence. Intraoperative contamination did not affect the risk of local recurrence when wide margins were subsequently attained.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics, University of Bologna, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via Pupilli, 1, 40136, Bologna (BO), Italy. pietro.ruggieri@ior.it
authors.forename: Pietro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ruggieri
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Angelini
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ussia
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Montalti
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mercuri
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002817:Chordoma / Q000401:mortality / Q000556:secondary / Q000601:surgery*; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000601:surgery; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012086:Reoperation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012447:Sacrum / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D013125:Spinal Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D013530:Surgical Wound Infection / Q000209:etiology; D015996:Survival Rate; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome