title: Altered functional connectivity in the motor network after traumatic brain injury.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A large proportion of survivors of traumatic brain injury (TBI) have persistent cognitive impairments, the profile of which does not always correspond to the size and location of injuries. One possible explanation could be that TBI-induced damage extends beyond obvious lesion sites to affect remote brain networks. We explored this hypothesis in the context of a simple and well-characterized network, the motor network. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to establish the residual integrity of the motor network as an important proof of principle of abnormal connectivity in TBI.
  
  
  METHODS
  fMRI data were obtained from 12 right-handed patients and 9 healthy controls while they performed the finger-thumb opposition task with the right hand. We used both conventional and psychophysiologic interaction (PPI) analyses to examine the integrity of functional connections from brain regions we found to be activated in the paradigm we used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As expected, the analysis showed significant activations of the left primary motor cortex (M1), right cerebellum (Ce), and bilateral supplementary motor area (SMA) in controls. However, only the activation of M1 survived robust statistical thresholding in patients. In controls, the PPI analysis revealed that left M1, SMA, and right Ce positively interacted with the left frontal cortex and negatively interacted with the right supramarginal gyrus. In patients, we observed no negative interaction and reduced interhemispheric interactions from these seed regions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These observations suggest that patients display compromised activation and connectivity patterns during the finger-thumb opposition task, which may imply functional reorganization of motor networks following TBI.
authors.affiliation: Division of Anaesthesia, University Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK. eas46@cam.ac.uk
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kasahara
authors.forename: D K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Menon
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Salmond
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Outtrim
authors.forename: J V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Taylor Tavares
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Carpenter
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Pickard
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Sahakian
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Stamatakis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests