title: T-cell immunoglobulin mucin-3 determines severity of liver ischemia/reperfusion injury in mice in a TLR4-dependent manner.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  T-cell immunoglobulin mucin (TIM) genes are expressed by T cells and regulate host immunity and tolerance. CD4(+) T cells mediate innate immunity-dominated liver ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) by unknown mechanisms. TIM-1 is involved in liver IRI, which is activated in part by the Toll-like receptor (TLR)4; we investigated the role of TIM-3 and TLR4 in IRI.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using an antibody against TIM-3 (anti-TIM-3), we studied TIM-3 signaling in mice following partial warm liver ischemia and reperfusion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mice given anti-TIM-3 had more liver damage than controls. Histological studies revealed that anti-TIM-3 increased hepatocellular damage and local neutrophil infiltration, facilitated local accumulation of T cells and macrophages, and promoted liver cell apoptosis. Intrahepatic neutrophil activity; induction of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines; and expression of cleaved caspase-3, nuclear factor-κB, and TLR4 all increased in mice given anti-TIM-3. Administration of anti-TIM-3 followed by anti-galectin-9 (Gal-9 is a TIM-3 ligand) increased production of interferon-γ by concanavalin A (ConA)-stimulated spleen T cells and expression of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 in ConA-stimulated macrophages co-cultured with T cells. Anti-TIM-3 did not affect liver IRI in TLR4-deficient mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TIM-3 blockade exacerbated local inflammation and liver damage, indicating the importance of TIM-3-Gal-9 signaling in maintaining hepatic homeostasis. TIM-3-TLR4 cross-regulation determined the severity of liver IRI in TLR4-dependent manner; these findings provide important information about the modulation of innate vs adaptive responses in patients that received liver transplants. Negative co-stimulation signaling by hepatic T-cells might be developed to minimize innate immunity-mediated liver tissue damage.
authors.affiliation: Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.
authors.forename: Yoichiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Uchida
authors.forename: Bibo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ke
authors.forename: Maria Cecilia S
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Freitas
authors.forename: Hideo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yagita
authors.forename: Hisaya
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Akiba
authors.forename: Ronald W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Busuttil
authors.forename: Nader
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Najafian
authors.forename: Jerzy W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Kupiec-Weglinski
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology; D037161:Galectins / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D000072597:Hepatitis A Virus Cellular Receptor 2; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D011991:Receptors, Virus / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000276:immunology; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4 / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D037161:Galectins; C442241:Havcr2 protein, mouse; D000072597:Hepatitis A Virus Cellular Receptor 2; D011991:Receptors, Virus; C493487:Tlr4 protein, mouse; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; C508186:galectin 9, mouse