title: Improved specific productivity in cephalexin synthesis by immobilized PGA in silica magnetic micro-particles.
abstract: There is a marked trend in pharmaceutical industry towards the replacement of classical organic methods by "green" alternatives that minimize or eliminate the generation of waste and avoid, where possible, the use of toxic and/or hazardous reagents and solvents. In this work the kinetically controlled synthesis of cephalexin by soluble and penicillin G acylase immobilized in sol-gel micro-particles with magnetic properties was performed in aqueous media with PGME and 7-ADCA as substrates, at different concentrations of substrate, temperature, pH, enzyme to substrate ratio and acyl donor to nucleophile ratio. Excess acyl donor had a strong effect on cephalexin productivity. A PGME/7-ADCA ratio of 3 was considered optimum. A maximum specific productivity of 5.9 mmol h(-1), gbiocatalyst(-1) at 160 mM 7-ADCA, 480 mM PGME and low enzyme to substrate ratio at 32.5 U mmol(-1) 7-ADCA was obtained with immobilized PGA in full aqueous medium, suggesting that diffusional limitations were minimized when compared with other commercial biocatalysts. A half-life of 133 h for the immobilized biocatalyst was estimated during cephalexin synthesis in the presence of 100 mM 7-ADCA and 300 mM PGME, in 50 mM Tris/HCl at pH 7.2 and 14°C. These results compare quite favorably with those previously reported for the kinetically controlled synthesis of cephalexin.
authors.affiliation: ESTM-Escola Superior de Turismo e Tecnologia do Mar, Instituto Politécnico de Leiria, Santuário N.ª Sra dos Remédios, Apartado 126, 2524-909 Peniche, Portugal. susana.bernardino@ipleiria.pt
authors.forename: Susana M S A
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Bernardino
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fernandes
authors.forename: Luís P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Fonseca
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000378:metabolism*; D001709:Biotechnology / Q000379:methods; D002506:Cephalexin / Q000378:metabolism*; D004800:Enzymes, Immobilized / Q000378:metabolism*; D006207:Half-Life; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008280:Magnetics; D008863:Microspheres; D010399:Penicillin Amidase / Q000378:metabolism*; D012822:Silicon Dioxide; D013678:Technology, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D004800:Enzymes, Immobilized; D012822:Silicon Dioxide; D010399:Penicillin Amidase; D002506:Cephalexin