title: Surface tension and wettability in transdermal delivery: a study on the in-vitro permeation of haloperidol with cyclodextrin across human epidermis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this work was to study the effect of surface tension and contact angle on the permeation of haloperidol across human skin using cyclodextrin derivatives.
  
  
  METHODS
  Surface tension and contact angle of randomly methylated beta-cyclodextrin (RM beta-CD) and hydroxypropyl beta-cyclodextrin (HP beta-CD) solutions were measured. Haloperidol solubility and molecular modelling were carried out using the two cyclodextrin derivatives. In-vitro skin permeation was carried out using human skin models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The highest increase in drug solubility was observed when the drug was in solution with pH 5 when compared to non-ionised solution, resulting in a 128-fold increase in the intrinsic solubility of the drug. Surface tension measurements indicate a surface-active effect for RM beta-CD and HP beta-CD. Contact angle measurements showed that vehicles with higher skin wettability increased the contact of the drug with the skin surface and therefore resulted in higher drug permeation across human epidermis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is concluded that transdermal flux of a drug through the skin may be optimised by controlling surface tension, drug solubility and skin wettability.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Anahita Fathi
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Azarbayjani
authors.forename: Haishu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Chun Wei
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Yap
authors.forename: Yew Weng
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Sui Yung
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Chan
mesh_terms: D000073738:2-Hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D005079:Excipients / Q000737:chemistry*; D005260:Female; D006220:Haloperidol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008745:Methylation; D008958:Models, Molecular; D010539:Permeability; D012869:Skin Absorption; D012995:Solubility; D013500:Surface Tension; D017155:Wettability; D047392:beta-Cyclodextrins / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D005079:Excipients; D047392:beta-Cyclodextrins; D000073738:2-Hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin; D006220:Haloperidol