title: [Determinants and relationship of homocysteinemia with cardiometabolic risk factors. A study in Benin, West Africa].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Elevated circulating homocysteine (Hcy) is considered as an independent cardiovascular disease risk factor. Hyperhomocysteinaemia (HHcy) is influenced by nutritional, genetic, and environmental factors. The purpose of the study was to assess HHcy prevalence in Benin, its association with intakes of B-vitamins (B2, B6, B9, B12), alcohol intake, and socio-economic status (SES), and its links with other factors of cardio-metabolic risk.
  
  
  METHODS
  The cross-sectional study included 541 apparently healthy subjects, aged 25 to 65 years, from three sites: the main city, a small city and a rural area. Hcy was measured with an ELISA test kit. The HHcy cut-off was 12 μmol/L. Dietary intake was assessed with three 24-hour recalls. We used a structured questionnaire to assess alcohol consumption, demographics, and SES according to education and an amenity score as income proxy. Criteria for obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia and hyperglycemia were primarily those of World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Diabetes Federation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean age was 38.1 ± 10.1 years. The prevalence of HHcy was 52.2% in men and 24.7% in women. In multiple linear regression models, Hcy in men was positively associated with alcohol intake, but only alcohol in beer. In women, Hcy was negatively related to vitamin B12 intake. According to multivariate models of cardio-metabolic risk factors, HHcy was associated in women with more than twice the odds of hypertension and with high TC/HDL-c ratio. In men, Hcy was positively and independently associated with diastolic blood pressure and with LDL-cholesterol and total cholesterol in linear regression models.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of HHcy is high in Benin, when compared with other studies, and it was as expected higher in men than in women. Elevated Hcy was associated with inadequate intake of vitamin B12 in women, whereas alcohol consumption and its negative correlation with B12 intake was also involved in men. Although HHcy was independently associated with hypertension (in women) and more adverse cholesterol profile, no inference can be made because of the cross-sectional design of the study.
authors.affiliation: Université de Montréal, Département de nutrition, Montréal H3C 3J7, Canada.
authors.forename: Asma
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: El Mabchour
authors.forename: Victoire
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Agueh
authors.forename: Hélène
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Delisle
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001541:Benin / Q000453:epidemiology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020138:Hyperhomocysteinemia / Q000150:complications*; D008297:Male; D008659:Metabolic Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors