title: Decreased pulmonary inflammation following ethanol and burn injury in mice deficient in TLR4 but not TLR2 signaling.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Clinical and laboratory evidence suggests that alcohol consumption prior to burn injury leads to dysregulated immune function and subsequent higher rates of morbidity and mortality. Our laboratory previously observed higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and leukocyte infiltration in the lungs of mice following ethanol and burn injury. To understand the mechanism of the increased inflammatory response, we looked at different signaling initiators of inflammation including toll-like receptors 2 and 4 (TLR2 and 4) pathways.
  
  
  METHODS
  Wild-type, TLR2, and TLR4 knockout mice were treated with vehicle or a single binge dose of ethanol (1.11 g/kg) and subsequently given a sham or burn injury. Twenty-four hours postinjury, systemic and pulmonary levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines were quantified, and differences in neutrophil infiltration were determined by histological examination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Higher numbers of neutrophils were observed in the lungs of wild-type mice following the combined insult of ethanol and burn injury relative to either injury alone. This increase in leukocyte accumulation was absent in the TLR4 knockout mice. Circulating levels of IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α were also elevated in wild-type mice but not in TLR4 knockout mice. Consistent with these findings, pulmonary levels of KC and IL-6 were increased in wild-type mice following burn and ethanol compared to burn injury alone as well as to their TLR4 knockout counterparts. In contrast, TLR2 knockout mice displayed similar levels, to wild-type mice, of neutrophil infiltration as well as IL-6 and KC in the lung.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that TLR4 signaling is a crucial contributory component in the exuberant inflammation after ethanol and burn injury. However, TLR2 does not appear to play a vital role in the aberrant pulmonary inflammation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois 60153, USA.
authors.forename: Melanie D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Bird
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zahs
authors.forename: Cory
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Deburghgraeve
authors.forename: Luis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ramirez
authors.forename: Mashkoor A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Choudhry
authors.forename: Elizabeth J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Kovacs
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002056:Burns / Q000276:immunology*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D000431:Ethanol / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008168:Lung / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D020556:Neutrophil Infiltration / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D012867:Skin / Q000293:injuries; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4 / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; C493486:Tlr2 protein, mouse; C493487:Tlr4 protein, mouse; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; D000431:Ethanol