title: Back to the future for multiple sclerosis therapy: focus on current and emerging disease-modifying therapeutic strategies.
abstract: The last decade has seen numerous advances in the treatment of multiple sclerosis with six immunotherapeutic agents licensed for use. Although these therapeutic agents have powerful effects upon the inflammatory phase of disease, they have limitations in treating the progression of disability and in their safety profile. This review focuses on our current understanding of first- and second-line treatments for multiple sclerosis, including combination therapies, and also discusses the most promising novel therapeutic strategies on the horizon. Such agents include orally administered immunosuppressive drugs, monoclonal antibodies, antigen-specific tolerance, and neural protection and repair strategies. The challenge ahead lies in the delivery of potent drugs to inhibit inflammation and neurodegeneration while limiting side effects. Further elucidation of the pathophysiology of disease may provide new clinical targets and disease-relevant biomarkers that, in combination with proteomics, may help personalize treatment to individual patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: J Ludovic
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Croxford
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamamura
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D016207:Cytokines / Q000276:immunology; D004338:Drug Combinations; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000639:trends*; D007249:Inflammation; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy*; D004676:Myelin Basic Protein / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D016207:Cytokines; D004338:Drug Combinations; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D004676:Myelin Basic Protein; D010446:Peptide Fragments