title: Non-typeable Streptococcus pneumoniae carriage isolates genetically similar to invasive and carriage isolates expressing capsular type 14 in Brazilian infants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We have recently found a high prevalence of non-typeable pneumococcal isolates (NTPn) circulating in day-care centers in Central Brazil, besides serotype 14 isolates. We therefore examined the genetic relationship among NTPn and serotype 14 from carriage and invasive pneumococcal isolates obtained from children attending emergency rooms enrolled in a population-based surveillance.
  
  
  METHODS
  The isolates were characterized by Quellung reaction serotyping, PCR for the presence of pneumolysin and the loci for a capsule gene (cpsA) and the type 14 gene (cps14H) in all NTPn, and by multilocus sequence typing and pulsed field gel electrophoresis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  87.2% of the isolates were clustered into nine clusters. The major cluster included 41 pneumococcal serotype 14 (28 carriage and 13 invasive isolates) and two NTPn related to the global pneumococcal clone Spain(9V)-3. Overall, 95.4% of the NTPn carriage strains were genetically related to carriage or invasive strains expressing serotype 14. A dominant NTPn lineage was found, that grouped 14 pneumococcal strains. Almost half of the multidrug-resistant isolates grouped into the NTPn cluster.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings provide baseline data to assess the impact of the pneumococcal vaccination on the molecular epidemiology of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Changes in frequency of NTPn isolates and also genetic changes should be carefully monitored post vaccination, to detect potential vaccine-escape or replacement disease by capsule switched strains, especially in areas where colonization with NTPn has been frequently observed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil. ana@iptsp.ufg.br
authors.forename: Ana Lucia S
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Andrade
authors.forename: Cáritas M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Franco
authors.forename: Juliana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lamaro-Cardoso
authors.forename: Maria Cláudia D P B
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: André
authors.forename: Leandro L G
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.forename: André
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kipnis
authors.forename: Cristyane G B B
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Rocha
authors.forename: João G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Andrade
authors.forename: Sueli L A
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Alves
authors.forename: In H
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Moon H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Nahm
authors.forename: Samanta G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Almeida
authors.forename: Maria Cristina C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Brandileone
mesh_terms: D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D015373:Bacterial Typing Techniques; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D002353:Carrier State / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016172:DNA Fingerprinting; D016521:Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology; D011008:Pneumococcal Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology*; D022242:Pneumococcal Vaccines / Q000276:immunology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015995:Prevalence; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D012703:Serotyping; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013301:Streptolysins / Q000235:genetics; D037521:Virulence Factors / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; C500439:CpsA protein, Streptococcus pneumoniae; D022242:Pneumococcal Vaccines; D013301:Streptolysins; D037521:Virulence Factors; C032290:plY protein, Streptococcus pneumoniae