title: It's about time: use of nonpharmacological interventions in the nursing home.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To provide a stronger evidence base for cultural change in the nursing home, this study elicited nursing, recreational therapy, and medical staff perceptions of barriers to the implementation of nonpharmacological interventions for the behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-five staff members (registered nurses, licensed practical nurses, nurses' aides, recreational therapists, activity personnel, and medical directors) from six nursing homes located in Pennsylvania and North Carolina participated in the qualitative study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A focus group methodology was used to capture discussions that were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Data were analyzed using standard methods of content and thematic analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four broad themes were identified: the changing landscape; resident behaviors; reaching out to the person with dementia; and the educational needs of staff. The concept of time emerged as a key barrier to the use of nonpharmacological interventions for BPSD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Successful use of nonpharmacological interventions requires the right staff with the right education at the right time. The Vulnerability Framework is a model that helped organize these findings into a meaningful perspective.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To effect change in the nursing home, the findings indicate a need for: implementation of staffing patterns that allow staff the time to make a difference in the care of residents with BPSD; development of educational programs that promote staff understanding versus control; and design of research studies that answer questions about the influence of time on the selection of interventions for BPSD.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA. amk20@psu.edu
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kolanowski
authors.forename: Donna
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fick
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Frazer
authors.forename: Janice
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Penrod
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D003659:Decision Making, Organizational; D003704:Dementia / Q000451:nursing* / Q000523:psychology; D004059:Diffusion of Innovation; D004509:Education, Nursing, Continuing; D017144:Focus Groups; D005851:Geriatric Nursing / Q000193:education / Q000458:organization & administration*; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand; D006801:Humans; D009657:North Carolina; D009735:Nursing Homes / Q000458:organization & administration*; D015404:Nursing Methodology Research; D009740:Nursing Staff / Q000193:education / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000523:psychology*; D015279:Organizational Culture; D009936:Organizational Innovation; D010414:Pennsylvania; D036301:Qualitative Research; D057173:Recreation Therapy / Q000193:education / Q000458:organization & administration*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires