title: A 'short walk' is longer before radiotherapy than afterwards: a qualitative study questioning the baseline and follow-up design.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Numerous studies have indirectly demonstrated changes in the content of respondents' QoL appraisal process over time by revealing response-shift effects. This is the first known study to qualitatively examine the assumption of consistency in the content of the cognitive processes underlying QoL appraisal over time. Specific objectives are to examine whether the content of each distinct cognitive process underlying QoL appraisal is (dis)similar over time and whether patterns of (dis)similarity can be discerned across and within patients and/or items.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted cognitive think-aloud interviews with 50 cancer patients prior to and following radiotherapy to elicit cognitive processes underlying the assessment of 7 EORTC QLQ-C30 items. Qualitative analysis of patients' responses at baseline and follow-up was independently carried out by 2 researchers by means of an analysis scheme based on the cognitive process models of Tourangeau et al. and Rapkin & Schwartz.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The interviews yielded 342 comparisons of baseline and follow-up responses, which were analyzed according to the five cognitive processes underlying QoL appraisal. The content of comprehension/frame of reference changed in 188 comparisons; retrieval/sampling strategy in 246; standards of comparison in 152; judgment/combinatory algorithm in 113; and reporting and response selection in 141 comparisons. Overall, in 322 comparisons of responses (94%) the content of at least one cognitive component changed over time. We could not discern patterns of (dis)similarity since the content of each of the cognitive processes differed across and within patients and/or items. Additionally, differences found in the content of a cognitive process for one item was not found to influence dissimilarity in the content of that same cognitive process for the subsequent item.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The assumption of consistency in the content of the cognitive processes underlying QoL appraisal over time was not found to be in line with the cognitive processes described by the respondents. Additionally, we could not discern patterns of (dis)similarity across and within patients and/or items. In building on cognitive process models and the response shift literature, this study contributes to a better understanding of patient-reported QoL appraisal over time.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Psychology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. e.f.bloem@amc.uva.nl
authors.forename: Elsbeth F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Taminiau-Bloem
authors.forename: Florence J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: van Zuuren
authors.forename: Margot A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Koeneman
authors.forename: Bruce D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Rapkin
authors.forename: Mechteld R M
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Visser
authors.forename: Caro C E
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Koning
authors.forename: Mirjam A G
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Sprangers
mesh_terms: D003071:Cognition; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008960:Models, Psychological; D036301:Qualitative Research; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology*; D011878:Radiotherapy; D012107:Research Design; D013997:Time Factors; D016138:Walking