title: A diffuse reflectance spectroscopic study of UV-induced erythematous reaction across well-defined borders in human skin.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The colour of tissue is often of clinical use in the diagnosis of tissue homeostasis and physiological responses to various stimuli. Determining tissue colour changes and borders, however, often poses an intricate problem and visual examination, constituting clinical praxis, does not allow them to be objectively characterized or quantified. Demands for increased inter- and intra-observer reproducibility have been incentives for the introduction of objective methods and techniques for tissue colour (e.g. erythema) evaluation. The aim of the present paper was to study the border zone of a UVB-provoked erythematous response of human skin in terms of blood volume and oxygenation measured by means of diffuse reflectance spectroscopy using a commercial probe.
  
  
  METHODS
  A provocation model, based on partial masking of irradiated skin areas, defines two erythema edges at every skin site responding to the UV irradiation. In every subject, five test sites were exposed with a constant UV light irradiance (14 mW/cm(2)), but with different exposure times (0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 s). An analysis of the spectral data measured across the two edges was performed for every scan line. The oxygenized and deoxygenized haemoglobin contents were estimated in every measurement point, using a modified Beer-Lambert model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The fit of the experimental data to the model derived by the modified Beer-Lambert law was excellent (R(2)>0.95). Analysing data for the chromophore content showed that the erythematous response in the provoked areas is dominated by the increase in oxyhaemoglobin. The widths for the left and right border zone were estimated to be 1.81+/-0.93 and 1.90+/-0.88 mm, respectively (mean+/-SD). The unprovoked area between the two edges was estimated to be 0.77+/-0.68 mm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While the chosen data analysis performed satisfactorily, the ability of the probe design to differentiate the spatial aspects of a reaction with abrupt borders was found to be suboptimal resulting in a probable overestimation of the erythematous edge slope. Probe modification or imaging techniques are possible solutions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden. eriha@imt.liu.se
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Häggblad
authors.forename: Henrik
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Petersson
authors.forename: Michail A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Ilias
authors.forename: Chris D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: E Göran
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Salerud
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D001810:Blood Volume / Q000502:physiology; D004890:Erythema / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D055100:Optical Fibers; D010108:Oxyhemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism; D012867:Skin / Q000098:blood supply / Q000473:pathology* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D013053:Spectrophotometry / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D010108:Oxyhemoglobins