title: Beneficial effects of ice ingestion as a precooling strategy on 40-km cycling time-trial performance.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The effect of crushed ice ingestion as a precooling method on 40-km cycling time trial (CTT) performance was investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven trained male subjects underwent a familiarization trial and two experimental CTT which were preceded by 30 min of either crushed ice ingestion (ICE) or tap water (CON) consumption amounting to 6.8 g x kg(-1) body mass. The CTT required athletes to complete 1200 kJ of work on a wind-braked cycle ergometer. During the CTT, gastrointestinal (Tgi) and skin (Tsk) temperatures, cycling time, power output, heart rate (HR), blood lactate (BLa), ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and thermal sensation (RPTS) were measured at set intervals of work.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Precooling lowered the Tgi after ICE significantly more than CON (36.74 +/- 0.67 degrees C vs 37.27 +/- 0.24 degrees C, P < .05). This difference remained evident until 200 kJ of work was completed on the bike (37.43 +/- 0.42 degrees C vs 37.64 +/- 0.21 degrees C). No significant differences existed between conditions at any time point for Tsk, RPE or HR (P > .05). The CTT completion time was 6.5% faster in ICE when compared with CON (ICE: 5011 +/- 810 s, CON: 5359 +/- 820 s, P < .05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Crushed ice ingestion was effective in lowering Tgi and improving subsequent 40-km cycling time trial performance. The mechanisms for this enhanced exercise performance remain to be clarified.
authors.affiliation: School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia.
authors.forename: Mohammed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ihsan
authors.forename: Grant
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Landers
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brearley
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Peeling
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D054874:Athletic Performance; D001642:Bicycling; D001831:Body Temperature; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D016552:Ergometry; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D007053:Ice; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male
chemical_list: D007053:Ice; D019344:Lactic Acid