title: Cholinergic mediation of alcohol-induced experimental pancreatitis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The mechanisms initiating pancreatitis in patients with chronic alcohol abuse are poorly understood. Although alcohol feeding has been previously suggested to alter cholinergic pathways, the effects of these cholinergic alterations in promoting pancreatitis have not been characterized. For this study, we determined the role of the cholinergic system in ethanol-induced sensitizing effects on cerulein pancreatitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats were pair-fed control and ethanol-containing Lieber-DeCarli diets for 6 weeks followed by parenteral administration of 4 hourly intraperitoneal injections of the cholecystokinin analog, cerulein at 0.5 μg/kg. This dose of cerulein was selected because it caused pancreatic injury in ethanol-fed but not in control-fed rats. Pancreatitis was preceded by treatment with the muscarinic receptor antagonist atropine or by bilateral subdiaphragmatic vagotomy. Measurement of pancreatic pathology included serum lipase activity, pancreatic trypsin, and caspase-3 activities, and markers of pancreatic necrosis, apoptosis, and autophagy. In addition, we measured the effects of ethanol feeding on pancreatic acetylcholinesterase activity and pancreatic levels of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors m1 and m3. Finally, we examined the synergistic effects of ethanol and carbachol on inducing acinar cell damage.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that atropine blocked almost completely pancreatic pathology caused by cerulein administration in ethanol-fed rats, while vagotomy was less effective. Ethanol feeding did not alter expression levels of cholinergic muscarinic receptors in the pancreas but significantly decreased pancreatic acetylcholinesterase activity, suggesting that acetylcholine levels and cholinergic input within the pancreas can be higher in ethanol-fed rats. We further found that ethanol treatment of pancreatic acinar cells augmented pancreatic injury responses caused by the cholinergic agonist, carbachol.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate key roles for the cholinergic system in the mechanisms of alcoholic pancreatitis.
authors.affiliation: USC-UCLA Research Center for Alcoholic Liver and Pancreatic Diseases, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System and University of California, Los Angeles, California 90073, USA. alugea@ucla.edu
authors.forename: Aurelia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lugea
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gong
authors.forename: Janie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: Jose
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nieto
authors.forename: Samuel W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: French
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Pandol
mesh_terms: D000110:Acetylcholinesterase / Q000378:metabolism*; D000681:Amylases / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D001343:Autophagy / Q000187:drug effects; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D002108:Ceruletide / Q000494:pharmacology; D018678:Cholinergic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004357:Drug Synergism; D000431:Ethanol / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008049:Lipase / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D009336:Necrosis / Q000139:chemically induced; D019512:Pancreatitis, Alcoholic / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D043643:Receptor, Muscarinic M1 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D043587:Receptor, Muscarinic M3 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D014357:Trypsin / Q000378:metabolism; D014628:Vagotomy / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D018678:Cholinergic Agents; D043643:Receptor, Muscarinic M1; D043587:Receptor, Muscarinic M3; D000431:Ethanol; D002108:Ceruletide; D008049:Lipase; D000110:Acetylcholinesterase; D000681:Amylases; D014357:Trypsin; D053148:Caspase 3