title: TLR9 and endogenous adjuvants of the whole blood-stage malaria vaccine.
abstract: Vaccination has been a successful tool in the protection against many infectious diseases, and recent advances in biotechnology have created new techniques and strategies to produce safe and efficacious vaccines for human use. However, developing a protective vaccine against malaria has been a challenge. In this article, we focus on an old approach with some new modifications, the so-called whole-parasite vaccination strategy against blood-stage Plasmodium falciparum, the deadliest human malarial agent. In addition, we discuss recent developments in our understanding of how the endogenous adjuvant activity in the parasites, which functions via Toll-like receptor 9, acts as a double-edged sword between protective vaccination and pathological responses against malaria infection.
authors.affiliation: Immunology Frontier Research Center, World Premier Institute for Immunology, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan. ccoban@biken.osaka-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Cevayir
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Coban
authors.forename: Toshihiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Horii
authors.forename: Shizuo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Akira
authors.forename: Ken J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Ishii
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D017780:Malaria Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*; D016778:Malaria, Falciparum / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000276:immunology*; D051217:Toll-Like Receptor 9 / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D017780:Malaria Vaccines; C495371:TLR9 protein, human; D051217:Toll-Like Receptor 9