title: Identifying quality improvement intervention evaluations: is consensus achievable?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The diversity of quality improvement interventions (QIIs) has impeded the use of evidence review to advance quality improvement activities. An agreed-upon framework for identifying QII articles would facilitate evidence review and consensus around best practices.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To adapt and test evidence review methods for identifying empirical QII evaluations that would be suitable for assessing QII effectiveness, impact or success.
  
  
  METHODS
  Literature search with measurement of multilevel inter-rater agreement and review of disagreement.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten journals (2005-2007) were searched electronically and the output was screened based on title and abstract. Three pairs of reviewers then independently rated 22 articles, randomly selected from the screened list. Kappa statistics and percentage agreement were assessed. 12 stakeholders in quality improvement, including QII experts and journal editors, rated and discussed publications about which reviewers disagreed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The level of agreement among reviewers for identifying empirical evaluations of QII development, implementation or results was 73% (with a paradoxically low kappa of 0.041). Discussion by raters and stakeholders regarding how to improve agreement focused on three controversial article selection issues: no data on patient health, provider behaviour or process of care outcomes; no evidence for adaptation of an intervention to a local context; and a design using only observational methods, as correlational analyses, with no comparison group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The level of reviewer agreement was only moderate. Reliable identification of relevant articles is an initial step in assessing published evidence. Advancement in quality improvement will depend on the theory- and consensus-based development and testing of a generalizable framework for identifying QII evaluations.
authors.affiliation: RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA 90407, USA. mjsdanz@gmail.com
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Danz
authors.forename: L V
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: Rubenstein
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hempel
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Foy
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Suttorp
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Farmer
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Shekelle
mesh_terms: D015706:Bibliometrics; D057186:Comparative Effectiveness Research; D032921:Consensus; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006801:Humans; D015588:Observer Variation; D010506:Periodicals as Topic; D011643:Publishing / Q000639:trends; D058996:Quality Improvement / Q000639:trends*; D014481:United States