title: Long-range function of an intergenic retrotransposon.
abstract: Retrotransposons including endogenous retroviruses and their solitary long terminal repeats (LTRs) compose >40% of the human genome. Many of them are located in intergenic regions far from genes. Whether these intergenic retrotransposons serve beneficial host functions is not known. Here we show that an LTR retrotransposon of ERV-9 human endogenous retrovirus located 40-70 kb upstream of the human fetal gamma- and adult beta-globin genes serves a long-range, host function. The ERV-9 LTR contains multiple CCAAT and GATA motifs and competitively recruits a high concentration of NF-Y and GATA-2 present in low abundance in adult erythroid cells to assemble an LTR/RNA polymerase II complex. The LTR complex transcribes intergenic RNAs unidirectionally through the intervening DNA to loop with and modulate transcription factor occupancies at the far downstream globin promoters, thereby modulating globin gene switching by a competitive mechanism.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
authors.forename: Wenhu
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Pi
authors.forename: Xingguo
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Yongchao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Sadanand
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fulzele
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Eroglu
authors.forename: Jianhua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ling
authors.forename: Dorothy
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tuan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D020029:Base Pairing / Q000235:genetics; D001483:Base Sequence; D023081:CCAAT-Binding Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D021901:DNA, Intergenic / Q000235:genetics*; D015672:Erythroid Precursor Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D050989:GATA2 Transcription Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D005812:Genes, Switch; D056426:Genetic Loci / Q000235:genetics; D005914:Globins / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D019426:Integrases / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D008957:Models, Genetic; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D012319:RNA Polymerase II / Q000378:metabolism; D011995:Recombination, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D018626:Retroelements / Q000235:genetics*; D017384:Sequence Deletion / Q000235:genetics; D020079:Terminal Repeat Sequences / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D023081:CCAAT-Binding Factor; D021901:DNA, Intergenic; D050989:GATA2 Transcription Factor; D018626:Retroelements; D005914:Globins; C045073:Cre recombinase; D019426:Integrases; D012319:RNA Polymerase II