title: Interaction of Helicobacter pylori infection and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in gastric and duodenal ulcers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Gastric (GU) and duodenal ulcers (DU) are in most instances either induced by Helicobacter pylori infection or by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Whether eradication of H. pylori is beneficial in NSAID users for preventing NSAID induced GU and DU has been the focus of different studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mechanisms shared by both H. pylori and NSAIDs for the induction of GU and DU were reviewed and randomized controlled trials on H. pylori eradication for prevention and healing of GU and DU in patients requiring NSAID therapy were identified by a PubMed search.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Key factors in the induction of GU and DU for both H. pylori and NSAIDs are a decrease in pH, imbalance between apoptosis and proliferation, reduction in mucosal blood flow, and recruitment of polymorphonucleates in distinct compartments. For primary ulcer prevention, H. pylori eradication before starting an NSAID therapy reduces the risk of NSAID induced GU and virtually abolishes the risk of DU. H. pylori eradication alone is not sufficient for secondary prevention of NSAID induced GU and DU. H. pylori infection appears to further increase the protective effects of proton-pump inhibitors (PPI) to reduce the risk of ulcer relapse. H. pylori eradication does not influence the healing of both GU and DU if NSAID intake is discontinued.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Duodenal ulcer is more closely related to H. pylori infection than GU in NSAID users. H. pylori eradication is recommended for primary prevention of GU and DU in patients requiring NSAID therapy. PPI therapy is mandatory for secondary prevention of gastroduodenal ulcers, and appears to further reduce the risk of ulcer relapse in the presence of H. pylori.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Marino
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Venerito
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Malfertheiner
mesh_terms: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004381:Duodenal Ulcer / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology*; D016480:Helicobacter pylori / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D013276:Stomach Ulcer / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal