title: Development of a frailty index for patients with coronary artery disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To construct a brief frailty index for older patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) undergoing coronary angiography that includes physical, cognitive, and psychosocial criteria and accurately predicts future disability and decline in health-related quality of life (HRQL).
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort.
  
  
  METHODS
  An urban tertiary care hospital in Alberta, Canada.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three hundred seventy-four patients aged 60 and older (73% male) undergoing cardiac catheterization for CAD between October 2003 and May 2007.
  
  
  METHODS
  Potential frailty criteria examined at baseline (before the procedure) included measures of balance, gait speed, cognition, self-reported health, body mass index (BMI), depressive symptoms, and living alone. The outcomes assessed over 1 year were dependency in activities of daily living (ADLs) and HRQL.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The five best-fitting criteria from regression analyses for ADL decline were poor balance (risk ratio (RR)=2.4, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.4–4.0), abnormal BMI (RR=1.8, 95% CI=1.1–3.0), impaired Trail-Making Test Part B performance (RR=2.3, 95% CI=1.3–4.2), depressive symptoms (RR=1.8, 95% CI=1.1–3.1), and living alone (RR=2.2, 95% CI=1.3–3.8). Using the five criteria as separate variables or as a summary frailty index yielded identical areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve (0.76, 95% CI=0.66–0.84). Patients with three or more criteria (vs none) were at statistically significant greater risk for increased disability (RR=10.4, 95% CI=4.4–24.2) and decreased HRQL (RR=4.2, 95% CI=2.3–7.4) after 1 year.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This brief frailty index including physical, cognitive, and psychosocial criteria was predictive of increased disability and decreased HRQL at 1 year in older patients with CAD undergoing angiography. This index may have applications for clinicians and researchers but requires further validation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. efreihei@ucalgary.ca
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Freiheit
authors.forename: David B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Hogan
authors.forename: Misha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eliasziw
authors.forename: Miranda F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Meekes
authors.forename: William A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Ghali
authors.forename: Lisa A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Partlo
authors.forename: Colleen J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Maxwell
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000368:Aged; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology; D017023:Coronary Angiography; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003863:Depression / Q000503:physiopathology; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D016330:Frail Elderly; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D057187:Independent Living; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D004856:Postural Balance / Q000502:physiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011788:Quality of Life