Poverty and common mental disorders in low and middle income countries: A systematic review.
In spite of high levels of poverty in low and middle income countries (LMIC), and the high burden posed by common mental disorders (CMD), it is only in the last two decades that research has emerged that empirically addresses the relationship between poverty and CMD in these countries. We conducted a systematic review of the epidemiological literature in LMIC, with the aim of examining this relationship. Of 115 studies that were reviewed, most reported positive associations between a range of poverty indicators and CMD. In community-based studies, 73% and 79% of studies reported positive associations between a variety of poverty measures and CMD, 19% and 15% reported null associations and 8% and 6% reported negative associations, using bivariate and multivariate analyses respectively. However, closer examination of specific poverty dimensions revealed a complex picture, in which there was substantial variation between these dimensions. While variables such as education, food insecurity, housing, social class, socio-economic status and financial stress exhibit a relatively consistent and strong association with CMD, others such as income, employment and particularly consumption are more equivocal. There are several measurement and population factors that may explain variation in the strength of the relationship between poverty and CMD. By presenting a systematic review of the literature, this paper attempts to shift the debate from questions about whether poverty is associated with CMD in LMIC, to questions about which particular dimensions of poverty carry the strongest (or weakest) association. The relatively consistent association between CMD and a variety of poverty dimensions in LMIC serves to strengthen the case for the inclusion of mental health on the agenda of development agencies and in international targets such as the millenium development goals.
Lund
Crick
C
Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. Electronic address: crick.lund@uct.ac.za.
Breen
Alison
A
Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
Flisher
Alan J
AJ
Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
Kakuma
Ritsuko
R
Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
Corrigall
Joanne
J
Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
Joska
John A
JA
Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
Swartz
Leslie
L
Department of Psychology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
Patel
Vikram
V
Centre for Global Mental Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
D003906:Developing Countries; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006801:Humans; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011203:Poverty