title: Evolving management of middle-third clavicle fractures in the National Football League.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Clavicle fractures have historically been managed nonoperatively. Recent literature suggests a subset of clavicle fractures may be best treated with primary surgical treatment.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To review the National Football League (NFL) experience in the management of middle-third clavicle fractures over a 5-year period.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case series; Level of evidence, 4.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review of clavicle fractures that occurred during a 5-season period was obtained from the NFL Injury Surveillance System. A detailed questionnaire was also sent to the medical staff of all 32 NFL teams.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nineteen players sustained a middle-third clavicle fracture over the 5-year period. Six fractures were nondisplaced or minimally displaced. All 6 healed at an average time of 7.3 weeks. Thirteen fractures were 100% displaced. Six of the 13 underwent acute surgical fixation that resulted in fracture healing without complication at an average of 8.8 weeks. The remaining 7 players with a completely displaced fracture were initially treated nonoperatively. Three of these 7 healed clinically without sequela at an average of 13.3 weeks after injury; however, 4 players sustained a refracture within 1 year of the initial injury.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Over the past 5 years, nearly 50% of NFL players with a completely displaced middle-third clavicle fracture were treated successfully with acute surgical fixation without sequela and healed at an average of 8.8 weeks. Three of these players were able to return to play during the same season. In addition, 4 of 7 players initially treated nonoperatively for a completely displaced middle-third clavicle fracture refractured their clavicle within a 1-year period from their initial injury. The 4 players missed an average of 1.5 seasons because of their clavicle injury and subsequent clinical course. Based on this review, it may be reasonable to consider acute surgical treatment of this injury in the NFL player to enable a successful clinical outcome in a predictable time frame.
authors.affiliation: Resurgens Orthopaedics, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. morganrj@resurgens.com
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Morgan
authors.forename: Larry S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Bankston
authors.forename: Michael P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Hoenig
authors.forename: Patrick M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Connor
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001265:Athletic Injuries; D001860:Bone Plates; D002968:Clavicle / Q000293:injuries* / Q000601:surgery; D005538:Football / Q000293:injuries*; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000145:classification / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011159:Population Surveillance; D011859:Radiography; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014945:Wound Healing; D055815:Young Adult