title: A single-question screening test for drug use in primary care.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Drug use (illicit drug use and nonmedical use of prescription drugs) is common but underrecognized in primary care settings. We validated a single-question screening test for drug use and drug use disorders in primary care.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult patients recruited from primary care waiting rooms were asked the single screening question, "How many times in the past year have you used an illegal drug or used a prescription medication for nonmedical reasons?" A response of at least 1 time was considered positive for drug use. They were also asked the 10-item Drug Abuse Screening Test (DAST-10). The reference standard was the presence or absence of current (past year) drug use or a drug use disorder (abuse or dependence) as determined by a standardized diagnostic interview. Drug use was also determined by oral fluid testing for common drugs of abuse.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 394 eligible primary care patients, 286 (73%) completed the interview. The single screening question was 100% sensitive (95% confidence interval [CI], 90.6%-100%) and 73.5% specific (95% CI, 67.7%-78.6%) for the detection of a drug use disorder. It was less sensitive for the detection of self-reported current drug use (92.9%; 95% CI, 86.1%-96.5%) and drug use detected by oral fluid testing or self-report (81.8%; 95% CI, 72.5%-88.5%). Test characteristics were similar to those of the DAST-10 and were affected very little by participant demographic characteristics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The single screening question accurately identified drug use in this sample of primary care patients, supporting the usefulness of this brief screen in primary care.
authors.affiliation: Section of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA. peter.smith@bmc.org
authors.forename: Peter C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Susan M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: Donald
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Allensworth-Davies
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Saitz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010349:Patient Compliance; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult