title: Norepinephrine can act via alpha(2)-adrenoceptors to reduce the hyper-excitability of spinal dorsal horn neurons following chronic nerve injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Rats display behavioral signs of neuropathic pain lasting for months in the chronic constriction injury (CCI) model. During intrathecal anesthesia, the administered drugs mainly diffuse directly into the superficial neurons in the spinal dorsal horn. This study aimed to investigate the effect of bath application of norepinephrine on whole cell patch clamp recordings from spinal cord slices of CCI rats with allodynia.
  
  
  METHODS
  An assessment of paw withdrawal threshold in response to mechanical stimulation was performed on the operated side on the day before surgery and was repeated after recovery from anesthesia and on the 7(th) and 14(th) days after surgery. Spinal cord slice preparations containing dorsal horn neurons were obtained from both sham-operated rats and CCI rats (after the 14(th) postoperative day behavior test).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with normal controls, CCI rats had significantly lower levels of both hyperpolarization and spike threshold in single action potentials recorded from lamina I and II neurons of the spinal dorsal horn. In contrast, a series of action potential recordings showed that the percentage of spiking neurons of the spinal dorsal horn of CCI rats were significantly higher than those of normal controls. The CCI-induced reduction in hyperpolarization, as well as the increased numbers of spinal dorsal horn spiking neurons could be significantly reduced by norepinephrine application. The norepinephrine-induced increased hyperpolarization and input resistance could be abolished by the application of an alpha(2)-adrenoceptor antagonist (idazoxan; 200 nM).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that chronic nerve injury may induce neuropathic pain by increasing the excitability of spinal dorsal horn neurons. This excitability can be reduced by norepinephrine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Lu-Yang
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Shu-Ren
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Fei-Yue
authors.initials: FY
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Spanswick
authors.forename: Mao-Tsun
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Lin
mesh_terms: D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D019329:Idazoxan / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020671:Posterior Horn Cells / Q000187:drug effects*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D020426:Sciatic Neuropathy / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists; D009638:Norepinephrine; D019329:Idazoxan