title: Effects of practitioner-delivered brief counseling and computer-generated tailored letters on cigarettes per day among smokers who do not quit--a quasi-randomized controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is still unclear how brief counseling for smoking cessation, combined with proactive recruitment of participants, impacts on those smokers not reaching the primary treatment goal of tobacco abstinence. Thus, within a quasi-randomized controlled trial, we examined the effects of (1) practitioner-delivered brief advice and (2) computer-generated tailored letters on cigarettes per day (CPD) among participants not succeeding in quitting.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 34 general practices (participation rate 87%) were randomly selected in a German region. Within these practices, 1499 daily smoking patients aged 18-70 years (participation rate 80%) agreed to participate in a smoking cessation intervention trial. Allocation to study condition was based on time of practice attendance. Latent growth analyses were performed on the subsample of 1334 (89%) smokers who did not reach 6-month prolonged abstinence within the 2-year follow-up period. CPD was assessed at baseline and at 6-, 12-, 18-, and 24-month follow-ups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both interventions led to small but significant reductions in CPD, and they did not differ in efficacy. Treatment effects occurred within the first 6 months and could be sustained by the continuing smokers until the 24-month follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Present results complement earlier findings of increased abstinence rates in the total sample. It can be concluded that, even if applied to unselected samples of smokers, from which only a minority initially intends to change, both brief counseling strategies are able to significantly decrease tobacco consumption. They hence appear to provide a means to reducing tobacco-related disease among general medical practice patients.
authors.affiliation: Scientific Institute of Hematologists and Oncologists in Office Practices - WINHO (Wissenschaftliches Institut der Niedergelassenen Hämatologen und Onkologen), Köln, Germany. gu.klein@web.de
authors.forename: Gudrun
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: Sabina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ulbricht
authors.forename: Severin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Haug
authors.forename: Beatrice
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gross
authors.forename: Hans-Jürgen
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Rumpf
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: John
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Meyer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003201:Computers; D003376:Counseling; D005260:Female; D058006:General Practice; D006266:Health Education; D006293:Health Promotion; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012907:Smoking; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000523:psychology; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult