title: Botulinum toxin assessment, intervention and aftercare for lower limb disorders of movement and muscle tone in adults: international consensus statement.
abstract: Lower limb disorders of movement and muscle tone in adults significantly impact quality of life. The management of the patient with hypertonia is complex and requires a multidisciplinary team working with the patient and family/carers. Botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT-A) has been used as a component of this management to reduce lower limb hypertonia, increase passive range of motion and reduce associated pain and requirements for bracing. Adjunctive treatments to augment the effect of BoNT-A include electrical muscle stimulation of the injected muscles and stretching. When determining suitability for injection, the patient's main goals for intervention need to be established. Muscle overactivity must be distinguished from contracture, and the effect of underlying muscle weakness taken into account. Explanation of the injection process, potential adverse effects and post-injection interventions is essential. Assessment at baseline and post-treatment of impairments such as hypertonia, range of motion and muscle spasm are appropriate; however, the Goal Attainment Scale and other validated patient-centred scales can also be useful to assess therapy outcomes. In the future, initiatives should be directed towards examining the effectiveness of BoNT treatment to assist with achievement of functional and participation goals in adults with hypertonia and dystonia affecting the lower limb.
authors.affiliation: Epworth Healthcare, Richmond, Victoria, Australia. John.Olver@epworth.org.au
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Olver
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Esquenazi
authors.forename: V S C
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Fung
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Singer
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Ward
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D016903:Drug Monitoring / Q000592:standards*; D020821:Dystonic Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D038622:Internationality; D007866:Leg / Q000294:innervation / Q000503:physiopathology; D009069:Movement Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D009465:Neuromuscular Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care / Q000379:methods; D020336:Paraparesis, Spastic / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D010353:Patient Education as Topic / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D018579:Patient Selection; D026741:Physical Therapy Modalities / Q000592:standards
chemical_list: D009465:Neuromuscular Agents; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A