title: Cognitive profile of chronic kidney disease and hemodialysis patients without dementia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The high risk and prevalence of dementia among patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and in those receiving hemodialysis (HD) may be preceded by mild cognitive impairment (MCI). We aimed to assess cognitive function in CKD and HD patients with no history of stroke or dementia, in order to identify and characterize early cognitive deficits.
  
  
  METHODS
  24 CKD and 27 HD male outpatients without history of cerebrovascular or neurodegenerative disease underwent comprehensive neuropsychological testing in an observational cross-sectional study. Test results were used to categorize patients into MCI subtypes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All subjects scored ≥28 on the Mini-Mental State Examination. The prevalence of executive function was at least 25% in both groups and memory impairment occurred in 13% of the HD patients and 15% of those with CKD. MCI occurred in 76% of the group and HD patients showed a higher prevalence of MCI compared to CKD patients (89 vs. 63%) with a preponderance (>70%) of cases across both groups classified as non-amnestic MCI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Predialysis CKD and HD patients have a high prevalence of MCI despite normal global cognitive function. MCI was more prevalent among the HD patients and deficits more frequently resulted in non-amnestic MCI.
authors.affiliation: Nephrology Division, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, N.Y. 10468, USA. James.Post@va.gov
authors.forename: James B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Post
authors.forename: Adejoke B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Jegede
authors.forename: Kel
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Morin
authors.forename: Ann M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Spungen
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Langhoff
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sano
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D050171:Dyslipidemias / Q000453:epidemiology; D056344:Executive Function; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D015995:Prevalence; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000523:psychology*; D012307:Risk Factors