title: Loss of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator function produces abnormalities in tracheal development in neonatal pigs and young children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although airway abnormalities are common in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF), it is unknown whether they are all secondary to postnatal infection and inflammation, which characterize the disease.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To learn whether loss of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) might affect major airways early in life, before the onset of inflammation and infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied newborn CFTR⁻(/)⁻ pig trachea, using computed tomography (CT) scans, pathology, and morphometry. We retrospectively analyzed trachea CT scans in young children with CF and also previously published data of infants with CF.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We discovered three abnormalities in the porcine CF trachea. First, the trachea and mainstem bronchi had a uniformly small caliber and cross-sections of trachea were less circular than in controls. Second, trachealis smooth muscle had an altered bundle orientation and increased transcripts in a smooth muscle gene set. Third, submucosal gland units occurred with similar frequency in the mucosa of CF and control airways, but CF submucosal glands were hypoplastic and had global reductions in tissue-specific transcripts. To learn whether any of these changes occurred in young patients with CF, we examined CT scans from children 2 years of age and younger, and found that CF tracheas were less circular in cross-section, but lacked differences in lumen area. However, analysis of previously published morphometric data showed reduced tracheal lumen area in neonates with CF.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings in newborn CF pigs and young patients with CF suggest that airway changes begin during fetal life and may contribute to CF pathogenesis and clinical disease during postnatal life.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 52242, USA. david-meyerholz@uiowa.edu
authors.forename: David K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Meyerholz
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Stoltz
authors.forename: Eman
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Namati
authors.forename: Shyam
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ramachandran
authors.forename: Alejandro A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Pezzulo
authors.forename: Amanda R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Michael V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Rector
authors.forename: Melissa J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Suter
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kao
authors.forename: Geoffrey
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: McLennan
authors.forename: Guillermo J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Tearney
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zabner
authors.forename: Paul B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: McCray
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Welsh
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003550:Cystic Fibrosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D019005:Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D046228:Microarray Analysis; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D020545:Respiratory Mucosa / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013552:Swine; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014132:Trachea / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D019005:Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator