title: Female sexual function during pregnancy and after childbirth.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Healthy sexual function during pregnancy and after childbirth is one of the cornerstones for couples to evolve from partners to parents.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of our review is to evaluate the available evidence and define present knowledge about female sexual function during pregnancy and after childbirth.
  
  
  METHODS
  PubMed was searched for articles on sexual function during pregnancy and after childbirth, published from 1960 up to date. The most relevant articles have been reviewed and included.
  
  
  METHODS
  The main outcome is the review of the effect of pregnancy, delivery, and postpartum on female sexuality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 48 articles which specifically addressed this topic were included. Sexual function was found to have a significant global decline during pregnancy, particularly in the third trimester and this persisted for 3-6 months following delivery. The lack of adequate information about sex in pregnancy and concerns about the possible adverse obstetric outcomes are the most relevant factors responsible for the avoidance of sexual activity during pregnancy. Breast-feeding, dyspareunia, and postpartum pelvic floor dysfunction were reported as possible causes for the delay in resuming sexual intercourses after childbirth.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Couples should be informed about the decline of libido, desire and orgasm, commonly encountered during pregnancy, particularly in the last trimester, and puerperium which may lead to reduction in sexual intercourse frequency.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Del Ponte Hospital, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy. mauserati@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Serati
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Salvatore
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Siesto
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cattoni
authors.forename: Mara
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zanirato
authors.forename: Vik
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Khullar
authors.forename: Antonella
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cromi
authors.forename: Fabio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ghezzi
authors.forename: Pierfrancesco
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bolis
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007989:Libido; D009948:Orgasm; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D011264:Pregnancy Trimesters; D011644:Puerperal Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012731:Sex Counseling; D012735:Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D020018:Sexual Dysfunctions, Psychological / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology