title: Caudate asymmetry: a neurobiological marker of moderate prenatal alcohol exposure in young adults.
abstract: This study identified structural changes in the caudate nucleus in offspring of mothers who drank moderate levels of alcohol during pregnancy. In addition, the effect of duration of alcohol use during pregnancy was assessed. Young adults were recruited from the Maternal Health Practices and Child Development Project. Three groups were evaluated: prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) during all three trimesters (3T), PAE during the first trimester only (1T), and controls with no PAE (0T). Magnetic resonance images were processed using the automated labeling pathway technique. Volume was measured as the number (gray+white) and relative percentage (caudate count/whole brain count x 100) of voxels. Asymmetry was calculated by subtracting the caudate volume on the left from the right and dividing by the total (L-R/L+R). Data analyses controlled for gender, handedness, and prenatal tobacco and marijuana exposures. There were no significant differences between the groups for whole brain, left, or right volumes. There was a dose-response effect across the three exposure groups both in terms of magnitude and direction of asymmetry. In the 3T group, the left caudate was larger relative to the right caudate compared to the 0T group. The average magnitude of caudate asymmetry for the 1T group was intermediate between the 0T and 3T groups. Subtle anatomical changes in the caudate are detected at the moderate end of the spectrum of prenatal alcohol exposure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. willford@pitt.edu
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Willford
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Day
authors.forename: Howard
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Aizenstein
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Day
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002421:Caudate Nucleus / Q000196:embryology / Q000254:growth & development / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008385:Marijuana Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D011247:Pregnancy; D011264:Pregnancy Trimesters; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology*; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D055815:Young Adult