title: In vitro behavior of MC3T3-E1 preosteoblast with different annealing temperature titania nanotubes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Titanium oxide nanotube layers by anodization have excellent potential for dental implants because of good bone cell promotion. It is necessary to evaluate osteoblast behavior on different annealing temperature titania nanotubes for actual implant designs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Scanning Electron Microscopy, X-Ray polycrystalline Diffractometer (XRD), X-ray photoelectron Spectroscope, and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) were used to characterize the different annealing temperature titania nanotubes. Confocal laser scanning microscopy, MTT, and Alizarin Red-S staining were used to evaluate the MC3T3-E1 preosteoblast behavior on different annealing temperature nanotubes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The tubular morphology was constant when annealed at 450°C and 550°C, but collapsed when annealed at 650°C. XRD exhibited the crystal form of nanotubes after formation (amorphous), after annealing at 450°C (anatase), and after annealing at 550°C (anatase/rutile). Annealing led to the complete loss of fluorine on nanotubes at 550°C. Average surface roughness of different annealing temperature nanotubes showed no difference by AFM analysis. The proliferation and mineralization of preostoblasts cultured on anatase or anatase/rutile nanotube layers were shown to be significantly higher than smooth, amorphous nanotube layers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Annealing can change the crystal form and composition of nanotubes. The nanotubes after annealing can promote osteoblast proliferation and mineralization in vitro.
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: W Q
authors.initials: WQ
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Y L
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: X Q
authors.initials: XQ
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: F Q
authors.initials: FQ
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D016475:3T3 Cells; D000818:Animals; D000880:Anthraquinones; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D002113:Calcification, Physiologic / Q000502:physiology; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000502:physiology; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D048430:Cell Shape / Q000502:physiology; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000502:physiology; D004396:Coloring Agents; D003460:Crystallization; D003461:Crystallography; D005461:Fluorine / Q000737:chemistry; D006358:Hot Temperature; D008422:Materials Testing; D051379:Mice; D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D043942:Nanotubes / Q000737:chemistry*; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D056951:Photoelectron Spectroscopy; D013499:Surface Properties; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts; D013844:Thiazoles; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D000880:Anthraquinones; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D004396:Coloring Agents; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts; D013844:Thiazoles; C009495:titanium dioxide; D005461:Fluorine; C004468:Alizarin Red S; D014025:Titanium; C022616:thiazolyl blue