title: Necrotizing pneumonia in children submitted to thoracoscopy due to pleural empyema: incidence, treatment and clinical evolution.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the incidence of necrotizing pneumonia (NP) in children submitted to thoracoscopy, comparing patients with and without NP in terms of the presentation and clinical evolution.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective study of children with pleural empyema submitted to thoracoscopy. Thoracoscopy was performed in patients not previously submitted to thoracic drainage and in whom there was evidence of loculated effusion or pneumothorax, as well as in those previously submitted to thoracic drainage and in whom there was persistent pneumothorax or fever with purulent discharge. On the basis of the thoracoscopy findings, patients were distributed into two groups: those with NP (NP group) and those without (no-NP group).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study sample comprised 52 patients. Of the 24 patients with NP, 19 (79%) had undergone thoracic drainage prior to thoracoscopy, 11 (46%) presented with pneumothorax, and 16 (67%) developed bronchopleural fistula. In the NP group, the median drainage time and the median length of hospital stay were 18 and 19 days, respectively. Of the 28 patients without NP, 10 (36%) had undergone thoracic drainage prior to thoracoscopy, 9 (32%) presented pneumothorax, and 5 (18%) developed bronchopleural fistula. In the no-NP group, the median drainage time and the median length of hospital stay were 6 and 10 days, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pneumothorax should raise the suspicion of NP. Early thoracoscopy can be a valuable treatment option for NP in children because it hastens recovery in comparison with the medical treatment alone and avoids extensive late thoracotomy lung resections.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Hospital Estadual Infantil Darcy Vargas, São Paulo, Brazil. mmmacedo@uol.com.br
authors.forename: Maurício
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Macedo
authors.forename: Karine Furtado
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.forename: Tatiana Cristina Miranda
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Oliveira
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D016724:Empyema, Pleural / Q000601:surgery*; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D011023:Pneumonia, Staphylococcal / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D011030:Pneumothorax / Q000473:pathology; D013906:Thoracoscopy; D013997:Time Factors