title: [Hypertension, insulin resistance and chronic kidney disease in type 2 diabetes patients from South Kivu, DR Congo].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the frequency and determinants of high blood pressure (HBP) in a group of type 2 black diabetics living in the east of Democratic Republic of Congo.
  
  
  METHODS
  The medical records of 98 diabetic patients followed at the General Reference Hospital in Bukavu between 2005 and 2007 were collected and analyzed. Hypertension was defined as blood pressure≥140/90mmHg. Insulin sensitivity (HOMA S; %) was determined with the HOMA model, with insulin resistance (IR) representing HOMA S(-1) and defined from HOMA S values<50%). Patients were phenotyped regarding their cardiometabolic profile using metabolic syndrome criteria (minus that for HBP). The probability of hypertension was assessed by multiple logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was an overall high prevalence of HBP (59.6%) and of chronic kidney disease (66%) contrasting with a low frequency of insulin resistance (5.2%) and obesity (18.6%). In addition, hypertension was not associated with insulin resistance [regression of SBP by % S: regression coefficient, 0.007 (-0.090-0.104) mmHg; correlation coefficient, 0.00; p = 0.89], [regression of DBP by % S: -0.004 (-0.053-0.045) mmHg; 0.00; 0.87]. There was no significant difference in prevalence of metabolic syndrome changed between hypertensive and normotensive patients [38.6% versus 33.3%, p = 0.60]. In multivariate analysis, overweight [OR adjusted = 3.20 (95%: 1.19-8.61), p = 0.02] and CKD [2.49 (0,98-6.34; 0.05] were found as major determinants of hypertension.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The metabolic syndrome is poorly predictive of an absolute decrease in insulin sensitivity in a type 2 diabetes population, in which the prevalence of hypertension was high, and that of insulin resistance low. Overweight independently of insulin resistance and chronic kidney disease common in type 2 diabetes in Sub-Saharan Africa in which the disease is poorly controlled may play a major role in the determinism of hypertension.
authors.affiliation: Projet diabète sucré, hôpital provincial général de référence, Bukavu, République Démocratique du Congo. philkatch@yahoo.fr
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Katchunga
authors.forename: Michel P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Hermans
authors.forename: Baudouin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Manwa
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lepira
authors.forename: Zacharie
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Kashongwe
authors.forename: Jean-René
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: M'Buyamba-Kabangu
mesh_terms: D044383:Black People; D002908:Chronic Disease; D015023:Democratic Republic of the Congo / Q000453:epidemiology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology*; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence