title: RKTG inhibits angiogenesis by suppressing MAPK-mediated autocrine VEGF signaling and is downregulated in clear-cell renal cell carcinoma.
abstract: Vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) are crucial regulators of angiogenesis and vasculogenesis. The autocrine VEGF signaling is required for maintaining the homeostasis of vasculature. Dysregulation of angiogenesis is implicated in the development of many human cancers, especially in clear-cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), a highly vascularized tumor. Meanwhile, antiangiogenesis has become a mainstay in the treatment of human cancers. In this study, we analyzed the functional roles of RKTG (Raf Kinase Trapping to Golgi), a negative regulator of mitogen-activated protein kinase (Raf/MEK/ERK) signaling, by sequestration of Raf kinase to the Golgi apparatus, in angiogenesis and ccRCC. Through a series of in vitro and in vivo experiments, we found that RKTG has a negative effect on cell proliferation, migration, sprouting and angiogenesis of endothelial cells. RKTG, by suppressing mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling, negatively regulates the transactivation activity of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) by inhibiting formation of HIF-1α/p300 complex and suppressing VEGF transcription, thereby reducing hypoxia-induced VEGF production. The expression level of RKTG is significantly downregulated in clinical ccRCC tumor samples, with an inverse correlation with VEGF expression level. These results highlight the functional roles of RKTG and its regulated Raf/ERK/MEK signaling cascade in angiogenesis and autocrine VEGF signaling. In addition, this study indicates that RKTG is likely implicated in the development of ccRCC through its regulation on angiogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Qin
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Bai
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D019898:Autocrine Communication / Q000187:drug effects; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D015536:Down-Regulation; D006801:Humans; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000502:physiology*; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D020929:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D048490:raf Kinases / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; C532354:PAQR3 protein, human; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors; D048490:raf Kinases; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D020929:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases