title: Changes to the rumen bacterial population of sheep with the addition of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene to their diet.
abstract: Previous work has shown that bacterial isolates from the sheep rumen are capable of detoxifying 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) into polar constituents. In this study, the dietary effects of TNT on the sheep rumen microbial community were evaluated using molecular microbiology ecology tools. Rumen samples were collected from sheep fed with and without TNT added to their diet, genomic DNA was extracted, and the 16S rRNA-V3 gene marker was used to quantify changes in the microbial population in the rumen. Control and treatment samples yielded 533 sequences. Phylogenetic analyses were performed to determine the microbial changes between the two conditions. Results indicated the predominant bacterial populations present in the rumen were comprised of the phyla Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, irrespective of presence/absence of TNT in the diet. Significant differences (P < 0.001) were found between the community structure of the bacteria under TNT (-) and TNT (+) diets. Examination of the TNT (+) diet showed an increase in the clones belonging to family Ruminococcaceae, which have previously been shown to degrade TNT in pure culture experiments.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
authors.forename: Sudeep
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Perumbakkam
authors.forename: Edward A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.forename: A Morrie
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Craig
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification* / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D044822:Biodiversity; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D004032:Diet / Q000379:methods*; D054892:Metagenome; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D012417:Rumen / Q000382:microbiology*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D012756:Sheep / Q000382:microbiology*; D014303:Trinitrotoluene / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D014303:Trinitrotoluene