title: Role of laparohysteroscopy in women with normal pelvic imaging and failed ovulation stimulation with intrauterine insemination.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Women with primary infertility and no obvious pelvic pathology on clinical evaluation and imaging are either treated empirically or further investigated by laparoscopy.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The role of diagnostic laparoscopy in women who fail to conceive after empirical treatment with ovulation induction and intrauterine insemination was evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective study at a private infertility center.
  
  
  METHODS
  A study of patients who underwent diagnostic laparoscopy between 1(st) January 2001 and 31(st) December 2008 was performed. Those patients who had no detectable pathology based on history, physical examination, and ultrasound and had treatment for three or more cycles in the form of ovulation induction and IUI were included in the study. Moderate and severe male factor infertility and history of any previous surgery were exclusion criteria.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were statistically analyzed using Statistics Package for Social Sciences (ver. 16.0; SPSS Inc., Chicago).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 127 women who underwent diagnostic laparoscopy and hysteroscopy, 87.4% (n = 111) of patients had positive findings. Significant pelvic pathology (moderate endometriosis, pelvic inflammatory disease, and tubal pathology) was seen in 26.8% of cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  One in four women had significant pelvic pathology where treatment could possibly improve future fertility. Diagnostic laparoscopy has a role in infertile women with no obvious abnormality before they proceed to more aggressive treatments.
authors.affiliation: Fertility Research and Gynecology Centre, KJK Hospital, Trivandrum - 695 015, Kerala, India.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jayakrishnan
authors.forename: Aby K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Koshy
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Raju