title: Microfluidic approach for fast labeling optimization and dose-on-demand implementation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The diffusion of PET as a pivotal molecular imaging modality has emphasized the need for new positron-emitting radiotracers to be used in diagnostic applications and research. Microfluidic represents an innovative approach, owing to its potential to increase radiochemical productivity in terms of yields, time reduction, precursor consumption and flexible experimental planning.
  
  
  METHODS
  We focused on fluorine-18 labeling and used a microfluidic platform to perform sequential reactions, by using the same batch of (18)F-labeling solution on one or more substrates, during the same experimental session. A solid-phase extraction (SPE) workup procedure was also implemented in the system to provide a repeatable purification step.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We were able to quickly optimize the conditions for labeling of ethyl and propyl ditosylate and of a new cannabinoid type 2 (CB2) receptor agonist, CB41. In all substrates, we obtained good incorporation yields (60% to 85%) in short (<90 s) reaction times. Single dosages of the CB2 ligand were sequentially prepared, upon request, in satisfactory quantities and purity for small animal PET scanning.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This work demonstrates the usefulness of a microfluidic-based system for a rapid optimization of temperature, flow rate of reactants and their relative ratio in the labeling of different precursors by using the same (18)F-fluoride batch. This approach was used to obtain in sequence several injectable doses of a novel CB2 ligand, thus providing the proof of principle that microfluidic systems permit a dose-on-demand production of new radiotracers.
authors.affiliation: Radiopharmacy Department, Institute of Clinical Physiology, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy. pascali@ifc.cnr.it
authors.forename: Giancarlo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pascali
authors.forename: Grazia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mazzone
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Saccomanni
authors.forename: Clementina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Manera
authors.forename: Piero A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Salvadori
mesh_terms: D063386:Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists; D017357:Cyclotrons; D005462:Fluorine Radioisotopes / Q000737:chemistry*; D007553:Isotope Labeling / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D008024:Ligands; D044085:Microfluidics / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D063386:Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists; D005462:Fluorine Radioisotopes; D008024:Ligands; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals