title: Low energy diet and intracranial pressure in women with idiopathic intracranial hypertension: prospective cohort study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To observe intracranial pressure in women with idiopathic intracranial hypertension who follow a low energy diet.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Outpatient department and the clinical research facility based at two separate hospitals within the United Kingdom.
  
  
  METHODS
  25 women with body mass index (BMI) >25, with active (papilloedema and intracranial pressure >25 cm H(2)O), chronic (over three months) idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Women who had undergone surgery to treat idiopathic intracranial hypertension were excluded.
  
  
  METHODS
  Stage 1: no new intervention; stage 2: nutritionally complete low energy (calorie) diet (1777 kJ/day (425 kcal/day)); stage 3: follow-up period after the diet. Each stage lasted three months.
  
  
  METHODS
  The primary outcome was reduction in intracranial pressure after the diet. Secondary measures included score on headache impact test-6, papilloedema (as measured by ultrasonography of the elevation of the optic disc and diameter of the nerve sheath, together with thickness of the peripapillary retina measured by optical coherence tomography), mean deviation of Humphrey visual field, LogMAR visual acuity, and symptoms. Outcome measures were assessed at baseline and three, six, and nine months. Lumbar puncture, to quantify intracranial pressure, was measured at baseline and three and six months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All variables remained stable over stage 1. During stage 2, there were significant reductions in weight (mean 15.7 (SD 8.0) kg, P<0.001), intracranial pressure (mean 8.0 (SD 4.2) cm H(2)O, P<0.001), score on headache impact test (7.6 (SD 10.1), P=0.004), and papilloedema (optic disc elevation (mean 0.15 (SD 0.23) mm, P=0.002), diameter of the nerve sheath (mean 0.7 (SD 0.8) mm, P=0.004), and thickness of the peripapillary retina (mean 25.7 (SD 36.1) micro, P=0.001)). Mean deviation of the Humphrey visual field remained stable, and in only five patients, the LogMAR visual acuity improved by one line. Fewer women reported symptoms including tinnitus, diplopia, and obscurations (10 v 4, P=0.004; 7 v 0, P=0.008; and 4 v 0, P=0.025, respectively). Re-evaluation at three months after the diet showed no significant change in weight (0.21 (SD 6.8) kg), and all outcome measures were maintained.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Women with idiopathic intracranial hypertension who followed a low energy diet for three months had significantly reduced intracranial pressure compared with pressure measured in the three months before the diet, as well as improved symptoms and reduced papilloedema. These reductions persisted for three months after they stopped the diet.
authors.affiliation: Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT.
authors.forename: Alexandra J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Sinclair
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Burdon
authors.forename: Peter G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Nightingale
authors.forename: Alexandra K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Ball
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Good
authors.forename: Timothy D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Matthews
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jacks
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lawden
authors.forename: Carl E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Clarke
authors.forename: Paul M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: Jeremy W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Tomlinson
authors.forename: Saaeha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rauz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004038:Diet, Reducing / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D020773:Headache Disorders / Q000178:diet therapy; D006801:Humans; D007427:Intracranial Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D010211:Papilledema / Q000178:diet therapy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011559:Pseudotumor Cerebri / Q000178:diet therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D015431:Weight Loss