title: Empowerment of nursing students in clinical practice: spheres of influence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This paper is a report of a study exploring the empowerment of nursing students in clinical practice.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  There is a great deal of literature regarding empowerment in nursing but most focuses on the empowerment of patients and registered nurses. There is very little regarding the empowerment of nursing students. Of the limited available studies, most explore empowerment in an academic, rather than a clinical context.
  
  
  METHODS
  This longitudinal study was underpinned by hermeneutic phenomenology. Thirteen first-year nursing students were recruited using a purposive sampling strategy. Annual, in-depth interviews were conducted with the students on their trajectory from the first to third year of the undergraduate programme. Data were collected between 2007 and 2009.
  
  
  RESULTS
  By the end of the study, most students felt more empowered than they had at the beginning. They attributed this to increased knowledge and confidence. Empowerment of nursing students in clinical practice can be represented in the form of 'spheres of influence'. Intrinsic, essential structures of having knowledge and confidence are at the core. External spheres influence the extent to which nursing students are likely to experience increased knowledge and confidence, and thus empowerment. However, nursing students use a number of strategies to promote their own empowerment in clinical practice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Efforts to promote the empowerment of nursing students in clinical practice need to be multi-layered and targeted at each of the spheres of influence.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing & Midwifery, University of Dundee, UK. c.bradburyjones@dundee.ac.uk
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bradbury-Jones
authors.forename: Fiona
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Irvine
authors.forename: Sally
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sambrook
mesh_terms: D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D002983:Clinical Competence / Q000592:standards; D004506:Education, Nursing / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008611:Mentors; D015402:Nursing Education Research; D011209:Power, Psychological; D036301:Qualitative Research; D013338:Students, Nursing / Q000523:psychology*; D006113:United Kingdom