title: Ecologically valid cognitive tests and everyday functioning in euthymic bipolar disorder patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In euthymic bipolar disorder patients, scores on the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) are not abnormal but general functioning remains impaired. Recent studies provide ample evidence that euthymic patients show significant impairment on more comprehensive neuropsychological test batteries. There is no definitive relationship between performance on neuropsychological test batteries and the ability to cope in everyday life. Ecologically valid tests of cognitive function aim to bridge this gap as they use everyday tasks to explore cognitive function. The aims of the study were to examine if euthymic bipolar disorder patients were impaired on ecologically valid tests of cognitive function and measures of general, social and occupational function. We examined the relationships between cognitive impairment and residual symptoms, clinical history, general functioning and employment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cognitive tasks, functional assessments and mood scales were administered to 29 euthymic bipolar disorder patients and 29 matched controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients were impaired on ecologically valid tests of attention, memory and executive function. Patients showed impairment in general, social and occupational functioning. Unemployment was associated with impairment in attention. Memory impairment correlated with number of previous manic episodes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All patients were on psychotropic medication, which may affect cognition. Traditional neuropsychological tests were not performed concurrently with ecologically valid tests.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ecologically valid tests of cognitive function are sensitive in detecting cognitive impairment in euthymic bipolar disorder. Clinicians should consider using these tests in the recovery phase of bipolar illness, as they may be particularly helpful in showing where rehabilitation should focus.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Wedgwood House, West Suffolk Hospital, Bury St. Edmunds, Suffolk IP33 2QZ, UK. rory.o'shea@ntw.nhs.uk
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: O'Shea
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Poz
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Michael
authors.forename: G E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Berrios
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Rubinsztein
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living / Q000523:psychology*; D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001288:Attention; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D004651:Employment; D056344:Executive Function; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011939:Mental Recall; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011594:Psychometrics; D012917:Social Adjustment; D012931:Social Environment