title: Diagnosing photosensitive epilepsy: fancy new versus old fashioned techniques in patients with different epileptic syndromes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To demonstrate the clinical importance of using a high quality photic stimulator for recording EEGs to diagnose photosensitivity.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed EEG examinations on 2 adult and 2 paediatric patients with a history of visually induced seizures; routinely we used a Grass PS 40 photic stimulator (rectangular Xenon lamp giving flashes of 10 μs duration, 0.7J, 1-30 Hz, width 7 cm, length 12 cm). We repeated the IPS with a Grass PS 33 plus stimulator (round Xenon lamp giving flashes of 10 μs duration, 1J, 1-60 Hz, diameter 14 cm).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients were affected by both benign and catastrophic epilepsies. They complained about episodes of dizziness (case 1), dizziness accompanied by a sensation in the arms and fear (case 2), absences (case 3), and myoclonic jerks (case 4). These symptoms occurred when working with neon lights, computers or ironing striped clothes (case 1), while driving (case 2), whenever there was sunlight (case 3 and 4). Only IPS performed with the Grass PS 33 plus stimulator evoked PPRs accompanied by their typical complaints. In all cases, the revised diagnosis led to changes in their treatment and the disappearance or diminishment of their complaints and PPR range.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A PPR can occur in various types of epilepsy, can have a different meaning, and requires a different therapeutic intervention. Only an appropriate photic stimulator with diffuse white light and a flash intensity level of 1J/flash, can reliably demonstrate whether a patient is photosensitive, or equally important exclude it.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy. nicola.specchio@opbg.net
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Specchio
authors.forename: Dorotheé G A
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Kasteleijn-Nolst Trenité
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Piccioli
authors.forename: Luigi M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Specchio
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Trivisano
authors.forename: Lucia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fusco
authors.forename: Carla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Buttinelli
authors.forename: Federico
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Vigevano
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods*; D020195:Epilepsy, Reflex / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*