title: The prognosis of chronic low back pain is determined by changes in pain and disability in the initial period.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The recovery of patients with chronic low back pain (LBP) is slow. Furthermore, it is recently proposed that chronic LBP needs a prognostic approach to determine who will develop clinically significant back pain. Therefore, it is imperative to identify prognostic factors that are mostly seen in chronic LBP patients at an early stage. This may give clinicians tailored advice to prevent chronicity or may refer to a specific intervention.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the contribution of demographic, work, clinical, and psychosocial variables, including new prognostic variables as changes in pain intensity and disability status, on the development of chronic LBP.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort data by merging data from three randomized trials (secondary analyses).
  
  
  METHODS
  Workers (n=628) on sick leave because of subacute nonspecific LBP.
  
  
  METHODS
  Chronic LBP for longer than 6 months (functional measure).
  
  
  METHODS
  Potential prognostic variables were demographic, work, clinical, and psychosocial characteristics (self-report measures). We also included as prognostic variables a clinically relevant change in pain intensity and disability status. For the selection of variables and prognostic models, bootstrapping techniques were used in combination with multivariable logistic regression. The explained variance and discrimination were used to evaluate the clinical performance of the models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The variables most strongly related to chronic LBP were as follows: no clinically relevant change in pain intensity and in disability status in the first 3 months, a higher pain intensity score at baseline, and a higher score for kinesiophobia. This prognostic model had a bootstrap-corrected explained variance of 37% and a discriminative ability (c index) of 0.80.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinical-, work-, and psychosocial-related variables contribute to the development of chronic LBP. The most promising variables are a clinically relevant decrease in pain intensity and in disability status in the first 3 months. These variables are relevant for clinicians to advise their patients with respect to preventive measures or treatment strategies.
authors.affiliation: The EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands. mw.heymans@vumc.nl
authors.forename: Martijn W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Heymans
authors.forename: Stef
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: van Buuren
authors.forename: Dirk L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Knol
authors.forename: Johannes R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Anema
authors.forename: Willem
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: van Mechelen
authors.forename: Henrica C W
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: de Vet
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002908:Chronic Disease; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology* / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D011379:Prognosis; D011584:Psychology; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D055815:Young Adult