title: Antihistamines used in addition to topical nasal steroids for intermittent and persistent allergic rhinitis in children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Allergic rhinitis is a very common chronic illness affecting 10% to 40% of children worldwide and its prevalence among children has significantly increased over the last two decades. Prevalence and severity are related to age, with children of school age most commonly affected.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effectiveness and adverse event profile of antihistamines (oral or topical) used as an adjunct to topical nasal steroids for intermittent and persistent allergic rhinitis in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the Cochrane Ear, Nose and Throat Disorders Group Trials Register; the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL); MEDLINE; EMBASE; CINAHL; Web of Science; BIOSIS Previews; Cambridge Scientific Abstracts; mRCT and additional sources for published and unpublished trials. The date of the most recent search was 21 September 2009.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in children under the age of 18 with a history of allergic rhinitis, with or without allergic conjunctivitis or asthma, comparing topical nasal steroids with antihistamines to topical nasal steroids only.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two review authors independently screened studies, extracted data and assessed risk of bias.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One study including 24 participants met the inclusion criteria for this review. This study compared the administration of topical nasal steroids with oral antihistamines to topical nasal steroids only in children, but it did not provide sufficient data to address the clinical question of this review.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In view of the lack of evidence for the benefit or lack of benefit of antihistamine add-on therapy with topical nasal steroids for children with intermittent or persistent allergic rhinitis, it is important that clinicians are mindful of the adverse effects of antihistamines and the additional costs that may be incurred.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Information, Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care, Dillenburger Street, 27, D-51105, Cologne, Germany, D-51105.
authors.forename: Mona
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nasser
authors.forename: Zbys
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Fedorowicz
authors.forename: Hamad
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Aljufairi
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: McKerrow
mesh_terms: D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002648:Child; D006633:Histamine Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012221:Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006255:Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D006633:Histamine Antagonists