title: Botulinum toxin assessment, intervention and aftercare for paediatric and adult drooling: international consensus statement.
abstract: Many individuals with neurological problems or anatomical abnormalities of the jaw, lips or oral cavity may drool, which can impact on health and quality of life. A thorough evaluation of the patient's history, examination of the oral region by a speech pathologist and, in individuals over 3 years, a dental examination is warranted. Questionnaires with established validity such as the Drooling Impact Scale are useful assessment tools. A hierarchical approach to treatment is taken from least invasive therapies, such as speech pathology, to more invasive, such as injection of botulinum neurotoxin type-A (BoNT-A) into the salivary glands (parotid and submandibular). The wishes of the individual and their carer are crucial considerations in determining the suitability of the intervention for the patient. In the presence of dysphagia and cerebral palsy (CP), careful assessment is required prior to the injection of BoNT-A. Favourable responses to intervention include a reduction in the secretion of saliva and in drooling, as well as psychosocial improvements. BoNT-A is usually well tolerated, although potential side effects should be discussed with the patient and carer.
authors.affiliation: Developmental Medicine, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. dinah.reddihough@rch.org.au
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Reddihough
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Erasmus
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: G M W
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: McKellar
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Jongerius
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D002547:Cerebral Palsy / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology; D002648:Child; D003680:Deglutition Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D038622:Internationality; D009498:Neurotoxins / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care / Q000592:standards; D010808:Physical Examination / Q000592:standards; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012469:Salivary Glands / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000294:innervation / Q000503:physiopathology; D012798:Sialorrhea / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology
chemical_list: D009498:Neurotoxins; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A