title: Registration-based segmentation with articulated model from multipostural magnetic resonance images for hand bone motion animation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The quantitative measurements of hand bones, including volume, surface, orientation, and position are essential in investigating hand kinematics. Moreover, within the measurement stage, bone segmentation is the most important step due to its certain influences on measuring accuracy. Since hand bones are small and tubular in shape, magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is prone to artifacts such as nonuniform intensity and fuzzy boundaries. Thus, greater detail is required for improving segmentation accuracy. The authors then propose using a novel registration-based method on an articulated hand model to segment hand bones from multipostural MR images.
  
  
  METHODS
  The proposed method consists of the model construction and registration-based segmentation stages. Given a reference postural image, the first stage requires construction of a drivable reference model characterized by hand bone shapes, intensity patterns, and articulated joint mechanism. By applying the reference model to the second stage, the authors initially design a model-based registration pursuant to intensity distribution similarity, MR bone intensity properties, and constraints of model geometry to align the reference model to target bone regions of the given postural image. The authors then refine the resulting surface to improve the superimposition between the registered reference model and target bone boundaries.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For each subject, given a reference postural image, the proposed method can automatically segment all hand bones from all other postural images. Compared to the ground truth from two experts, the resulting surface image had an average margin of error within 1 mm (mm) only. In addition, the proposed method showed good agreement on the overlap of bone segmentations by dice similarity coefficient and also demonstrated better segmentation results than conventional methods.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The proposed registration-based segmentation method can successfully overcome drawbacks caused by inherent artifacts in MR images and obtain more accurate segmentation results automatically. Moreover, realistic hand motion animations can be generated based on the bone segmentation results. The proposed method is found helpful for understanding hand bone geometries in dynamic postures that can be used in simulating 3D hand motion through multipostural MR images.
authors.affiliation: Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan 701, Taiwan, Republic of China. wale1212@gmail.com
authors.forename: Hsin-Chen
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: I-Ming
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Jou
authors.forename: Chien-Kuo
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Fong-Chin
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Su
authors.forename: Yung-Nien
authors.initials: YN
authors.lastname: Sun
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D003198:Computer Simulation; D050276:Hand Bones / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D008954:Models, Biological; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D010363:Pattern Recognition, Automated / Q000379:methods*; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013382:Subtraction Technique