title: Calorie restriction and endurance exercise share potent anti-inflammatory function in adipose tissues in ameliorating diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance in mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Calorie restriction (CR) and endurance exercise are known to attenuate obesity and improve the metabolic syndrome. The aim of this study was to directly compare the effects of CR and endurance exercise in a mouse model of diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult male C57BL/6N mice were randomly assigned and subjected to one of the six interventions for 8 weeks: low-fat diet (LC, 10% fat), low-fat diet with 30% calorie restriction (LR), high-fat diet (HC, 60% fat), high-fat diet with 30% calorie restriction (HR), high-fat diet with voluntary running exercise (HE), and high-fat diet with a combination of 30% calorie restriction and exercise (HRE). The impacts of the interventions were assessed by comprehensive metabolic analyses and pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Endurance exercise significantly attenuated high-fat diet-induced obesity. CR dramatically prevented high-fat diet-induced metabolic abnormalities. A combination of CR and endurance exercise further reduced obesity and insulin resistance under the condition of high-fat diet. CR and endurance exercise each potently suppressed the expression of inflammatory cytokines in white adipose tissues with additive effects when combined, but the effects of diet and exercise interventions in the liver were moderate to minimal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CR and endurance exercise share a potent anti-inflammatory function in adipose tissues in ameliorating diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences; Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences; Chinese Academy of Sciences, 294 Taiyuan Road, Shanghai 200031, China. zhen.yan@virginia.edu.
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Shoufeng
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Mengle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shao
authors.forename: Qibin
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Qi
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Jia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: You
authors.forename: Ting
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mao
authors.forename: Wenjun
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Zhen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu