title: Cloud point extraction of vanadium in pharmaceutical formulations, dialysate and parenteral solutions using 8-hydroxyquinoline and nonionic surfactant.
abstract: A cloud point extraction (CPE) method has been developed for the determination of trace quantity of vanadium ions in pharmaceutical formulations (PF), dialysate (DS) and parenteral solutions (PS). The CPE of vanadium (V) using 8-hydroxyquinoline (oxine) as complexing reagent and mediated by nonionic surfactant (Triton X-114) was investigated. The parameters that affect the extraction efficiency of CPE, such as pH of sample solution, concentration of oxine and Triton X-114, equilibration temperature and time period for shaking were investigated in detail. The validity of CPE of V was checked by standard addition method in real samples. The extracted surfactant-rich phase was diluted with nitric acid in ethanol, prior to subjecting electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. Under these conditions, the preconcentration of 50 mL sample solutions, allowed raising an enrichment factor of 125-fold. The lower limit of detection obtained under the optimal conditions was 42 ng/L. The proposed method has been successfully applied to the determination of trace quantity of V in various pharmaceutical preparations with satisfactory results. The concentration ranges of V in PF, DS and PS samples were found in the range of 10.5-15.2, 0.65-1.32 and 1.76-6.93 microg/L, respectively.
authors.affiliation: Center of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Pakistan. skhanzai@gmail.com
authors.forename: Sumaira
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Tasneem G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Kazi
authors.forename: Jameel A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Baig
authors.forename: Nida F
authors.initials: NF
authors.lastname: Kolachi
authors.forename: Hassan I
authors.initials: HI
authors.lastname: Afridi
authors.forename: Sham Kumar
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Wadhwa
authors.forename: Abdul Q
authors.initials: AQ
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Ghulam A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Kandhro
authors.forename: Faheem
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Shah
mesh_terms: D002138:Calibration; D002498:Centrifugation; D003956:Dialysis; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D015125:Oxyquinoline / Q000737:chemistry*; D057947:Parenteral Nutrition Solutions / Q000737:chemistry*; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000737:chemistry*; D012996:Solutions; D013054:Spectrophotometry, Atomic; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D013696:Temperature; D014639:Vanadium / Q000302:isolation & purification*
chemical_list: D057947:Parenteral Nutrition Solutions; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D012996:Solutions; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; D014639:Vanadium; D015125:Oxyquinoline