title: Early life disease programming during the preconception and prenatal period: making the link between stressful life events and type-1 diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To assess the risk of developing Type-1 diabetes among children who were exposed to maternal bereavement during the prenatal or 1-year preconception period.
  
  
  METHODS
  We identified N = 1,548,746 singleton births born in Denmark between January 1(st) 1979 through December 31(st) 2004, and their next of kin. Altogether, 39,857 children were exposed to bereavement during their prenatal life. The main outcome of interest was hospitalization for type-1 diabetes (ICD 8: 249; ICD 10: E10).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found the strongest association for type-1 diabetes among children exposed to traumatic father or sibling deaths (aIRR: 2.03, 1.22-3.38); the association was mainly seen for girls (aIRR: 2.91, 1.61-5.26).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found evidence to suggest that female fetuses exposed to severe prenatal stress are at increased risk for developing type-1 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America. jasvirk@ucla.edu
authors.forename: Jasveer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Virk
authors.forename: Jiong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Mogens
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vestergaard
authors.forename: Carsten
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Obel
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Jørn
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Olsen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001601:Bereavement; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005220:Fathers; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D008875:Middle Aged; D009035:Mothers; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D012737:Sex Factors; D055815:Young Adult