title: BiP binding to the ER-stress sensor Ire1 tunes the homeostatic behavior of the unfolded protein response.
abstract: The unfolded protein response (UPR) is an intracellular signaling pathway that counteracts variable stresses that impair protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). As such, the UPR is thought to be a homeostat that finely tunes ER protein folding capacity and ER abundance according to need. The mechanism by which the ER stress sensor Ire1 is activated by unfolded proteins and the role that the ER chaperone protein BiP plays in Ire1 regulation have remained unclear. Here we show that the UPR matches its output to the magnitude of the stress by regulating the duration of Ire1 signaling. BiP binding to Ire1 serves to desensitize Ire1 to low levels of stress and promotes its deactivation when favorable folding conditions are restored to the ER. We propose that, mechanistically, BiP achieves these functions by sequestering inactive Ire1 molecules, thereby providing a barrier to oligomerization and activation, and a stabilizing interaction that facilitates de-oligomerization and deactivation. Thus BiP binding to or release from Ire1 is not instrumental for switching the UPR on and off as previously posed. By contrast, BiP provides a buffer for inactive Ire1 molecules that ensures an appropriate response to restore protein folding homeostasis to the ER by modulating the sensitivity and dynamics of Ire1 activity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pincus
authors.forename: Michael W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Chevalier
authors.forename: Tomás
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Aragón
authors.forename: Eelco
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: van Anken
authors.forename: Simon E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Vidal
authors.forename: Hana
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: El-Samad
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Walter
mesh_terms: D019295:Computational Biology; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004721:Endoplasmic Reticulum / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology*; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D031541:Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D018840:HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D006706:Homeostasis; D007700:Kinetics; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D008954:Models, Biological; D011485:Protein Binding; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D020836:Protein Structure, Quaternary; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000201:enzymology*; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D013312:Stress, Physiological; D013997:Time Factors; D056811:Unfolded Protein Response
chemical_list: D005656:Fungal Proteins; D018840:HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins; C060153:KAR2 protein, yeast; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; C082863:IRE1 protein, S cerevisiae; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases