title: Noncredible effort during pediatric neuropsychological exam: a case series and literature review.
abstract: Neuropsychological test interpretation rests upon the assumption that the examinee has exerted full effort. If an individual provides inadequate effort during exam, the resulting data will be invalid and represent an underestimate of the person's true abilities. Although youth have been assumed historically to be less capable of deception than adults, acts of deception in childhood are not uncommon, even in normative populations. Yet, very few cases of children who have provided suboptimal effort during neuropsychological exam have appeared in the scientific literature. We present six clinical cases illustrating that children down to at least age 8 years can present with noncredible performance. The cases include those in which clear external incentives could be identified to those in which intrinsic or psychological factors were presumed to predominate. The fairly diverse nature of the presented cases, along with other recent work, suggests that suboptimal effort in children is apt to occur more frequently than previously recognized, even if it might occur less often than in comparable adult samples. In most of the presented cases, noncredible performance would not have been detected definitively by clinical judgment alone, reinforcing the value of routinely incorporating symptom validity tests into the neuropsychological assessment of school-aged children. The number of effort tests that have demonstrated utility in children pales in comparison to those available to the adult practitioner, although recent research now supports the use of several standalone measures with pediatric patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, The Children's Hospital, and University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA. kirkwood.michael@tchden.org
authors.forename: Michael W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Kirkwood
authors.forename: John W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Kirk
authors.forename: Robert Z
authors.initials: RZ
authors.lastname: Blaha
authors.forename: Pamela
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wilson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008306:Malingering / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D009042:Motivation; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D012307:Risk Factors