title: A field size specific backscatter correction algorithm for accurate EPID dosimetry.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Portal dose images acquired with an amorphous silicon electronic portal imaging device (EPID) suffer from artifacts related to backscattered radiation. The backscatter signal varies as a function of field size (FS) and location on the EPID. Most current portal dosimetry algorithms fail to account for the FS dependence. The ramifications of this omission are investigated and solutions for correcting the measured dose images for FS specific backscatter are proposed.
  
  
  METHODS
  A series of open field dose images were obtained for field sizes ranging from 2 x 2 to 30 x 40 cm2. Each image was analyzed to determine the amount of backscatter present. Two methods to account for the relationship between FS and backscatter are offered. These include the use of discrete FS specific correction matrices and the use of a single generalized equation. The efficacy of each approach was tested on the clinical dosimetric images for ten patients, 49 treatment fields. The fields were evaluated to determine whether there was an improvement in the dosimetric result over the commercial vendor's current algorithm.
  
  
  RESULTS
  It was found that backscatter manifests itself as an asymmetry in the measured signal primarily in the inplane direction. The maximum error is approximately 3.6% for 10 x 10 and 12.5 x 12.5 cm2 field sizes. The asymmetry decreased with increasing FS to approximately 0.6% for fields larger than 30 x 30 cm2. The dosimetric comparison between the measured and predicted dose images was significantly improved (p << .001) when a FS specific backscatter correction was applied. The average percentage of points passing a 2%, 2 mm gamma criteria increased from 90.6% to between 96.7% and 97.2% after the proposed methods were employed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The error observed in a measured portal dose image depends on how much its FS differs from the 30 x 40 cm2 calibration conditions. The proposed methods for correcting for FS specific backscatter effectively improved the ability of the EPID to perform dosimetric measurements. Correcting for FS specific backscatter is important for accurate EPID dosimetry and can be carried out using the methods presented within this investigation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA. berrys@mskcc.org
authors.forename: Sean L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Berry
authors.forename: Cynthia S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Polvorosa
authors.forename: Cheng-Shie
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Wuu
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D016477:Artifacts; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D011874:Radiometry / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D020266:Radiotherapy, Conformal / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012542:Scattering, Radiation; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014963:X-Ray Intensifying Screens