title: High-fat diet increases NF-κB signaling in the prostate of reporter mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  High-fat diet (HFD) is considered as a major risk factor for benign prostatic diseases and cancer in the Western world. Studies have shown an association between oxidative stress and prostatic diseases. NF-κB has been implicated in stress response and is deregulated in prostrate disorders; therefore, we sought to determine whether HFD could induce oxidative stress in the prostate which could contribute to prostatic diseases.
  
  
  METHODS
  Transgenic NF-κB-Luc-Tag mice were either fed with regular diet (RD) or HFD for 12 weeks. Serial, non-invasive molecular imaging was performed to study NF-κB activation in the whole body, and in various organs including thymus, spleen, and prostate. Western blotting was used to determine the expression of NF-κB, its upstream and downstream targets in the prostate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twofold increase in whole body NF-κB activity in vivo and two to threefold upregulated prostate NF-κB activity ex vivo were observed after HFD intake compared with RD controls. HFD-induced NF-κB activity was elevated remarkably in the abdominal cavity, thymus, spleen, and prostate with increase in prostrate weight. In the prostrate, an increase in the protein expression of gp91(phox) , p22(phox) , and p47(phox) NADPH oxidase subunits was observed suggesting the involvement of HFD in causing oxidative stress. Nuclear extracts from the prostrate tissue showed an increased expression of p65/RelA that corresponded with elevated cytosolic levels of p-IκBα, along with increased expression of downstream targets of NF-κB, nitric oxide synthase, and cyclooxygenase-2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that HFD-mediated oxidative stress and deregulation of NADPH oxidase leads to NF-κB activation in the prostrate.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University & University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA.
authors.forename: Eugene V
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: Vykhovanets
authors.forename: Eswar
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Shankar
authors.forename: Olena V
authors.initials: OV
authors.lastname: Vykhovanets
authors.forename: Sanjeev
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shukla
authors.forename: Sanjay
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gupta
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D019255:NADPH Oxidases / Q000378:metabolism; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism*; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology; D011467:Prostate / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats; D016328:NF-kappa B; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C077623:Ptgs2 protein, mouse; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D019255:NADPH Oxidases