title: Synergistic effect of the interaction between naproxen and citral on inflammation in rats.
abstract: The combination of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with herbs having analgesic effects can increase their antinociceptive activity and limit their side effects. The aim of the present study was to examine the effects on inflammation and gastric injury in rats resulting from the interaction between naproxen and citral. Naproxen, citral, or fixed-dose naproxen-citral combinations were administered orally and their anti-inflammation (carrageenan-induced paw edema) and gastric damage were assessed in rats. The pharmacological interaction type was evaluated by the isobolographic analysis. Naproxen, citral, or combinations of naproxen and citral produced anti-inflammatory effects. The sole administration of naproxen produced significant gastric damage, but this effect was not obtained with either citral or combinations. ED(30) values were estimated for the individual drugs, and isobolograms were constructed. The derived theoretical ED(30) for the anti-inflammatory effect was 504.4 mg/kg; this was significantly higher than the observed experimental value (190.6 mg/kg). These results indicate that a synergistic interaction underlies the anti-inflammatory effect. The data suggests that the naproxen-citral combination can interact and to produce minor gastric damage and may have therapeutic advantages for the clinical treatment of inflammation.
authors.affiliation: Area Académica de Medicina del Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Pachuca, Hidalgo, Mexico. mario_i_ortiz@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Mario I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Ortiz
authors.forename: Martha P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: González-García
authors.forename: Héctor A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Ponce-Monter
authors.forename: Gilberto
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Castañeda-Hernández
authors.forename: Paulina
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Aguilar-Robles
mesh_terms: D000080462:Acyclic Monoterpenes; D000700:Analgesics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002351:Carrageenan; D004357:Drug Synergism; D004487:Edema / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology; D041743:Herb-Drug Interactions; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D039821:Monoterpenes / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009288:Naproxen / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013272:Stomach Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D000080462:Acyclic Monoterpenes; D000700:Analgesics; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D039821:Monoterpenes; D010936:Plant Extracts; D009288:Naproxen; D002351:Carrageenan; C007076:citral