title: Developing combination immunotherapies for type 1 diabetes: recommendations from the ITN-JDRF Type 1 Diabetes Combination Therapy Assessment Group.
abstract: Like many other complex human disorders of unknown aetiology, autoimmune-mediated type 1 diabetes may ultimately be controlled via a therapeutic approach that combines multiple agents, each with differing modes of action. The numerous advantages of such a strategy include the ability to minimize toxicities and realize synergies to enhance and prolong efficacy. The recognition that combinations might offer far-reaching benefits, at a time when few single agents have yet proved themselves in well-powered trials, represents a significant challenge to our ability to conceive and implement rational treatment designs. As a first step in this process, the Immune Tolerance Network, in collaboration with the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation, convened a Type 1 Diabetes Combination Therapy Assessment Group, the recommendations of which are discussed in this Perspective paper.
authors.affiliation: Immune Tolerance Network, San Francisco, CA 94107, USA. jmatthews@immunetolerance.org
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Matthews
authors.forename: T P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Staeva
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Bernstein
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Peakman
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: von Herrath
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017951:Antigen Presentation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000276:immunology; D002985:Clinical Protocols / Q000592:standards; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy*; D017277:Drug Approval / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D015195:Drug Design; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D015507:Drugs, Investigational / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D007515:Islets of Langerhans / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D016131:Lymphocyte Subsets / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D051379:Mice; D016688:Mice, Inbred NOD; D014481:United States; D014486:United States Food and Drug Administration
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; D015507:Drugs, Investigational; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007155:Immunologic Factors; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents