title: Periodontal disease and risk for neuropathic foot ulceration in type 2 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Diabetic neuropathy (DN) has been associated with oral dryness, tooth loss and an increased risk for foot ulceration, but the association between periodontal problems and DN has not been fully elucidated. This study investigated whether the risk for neuropathic foot ulceration (DM-NFUR) was associated with periodontal disease (PD) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
  
  
  METHODS
  This cross-sectional study examined 122 patients with type 2 diabetes for PD; findings were compared with results for presence of DM-NFUR. PD severity was classified as none/mild (NM-PD), moderate/severe (MS-PD) and edentulous (E).
  
  
  RESULTS
  NM-PD was found in 40.2% patients; MS-PD, in 32.0%; and 27.8% were edentulous. DM-NFUR was detected in 18.4% of the patients in the NM-PD group, in 68.2% in the MS-PD group, and in 61.8% of completely edentulous individuals. PD was significantly correlated with DM-NFUR (p<or=0.001). After adjustment for sex, age, diabetes duration, dental health care and education, PD and edentulism were independently associated with DM-NFUR (odds ratio(adjusted); 6.6; 95% CI 2.3-18.8; p<or=0.001, and odds ratio(adjusted) 4.9; 95% CI 1.6-15.3; p<or=0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with DM-NFUR have substantially more MS-PD and edentulism. Further studies should evaluate whether diabetic neuropathy is a risk factor for PD.
authors.affiliation: Diabetes Education and Research Center, Hospital Santa Casa de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luciana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Abrao
authors.forename: Juliana Kliemann
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Chagas
authors.forename: Helena
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schmid
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications*; D017719:Diabetic Foot / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009066:Mouth, Edentulous / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D010044:Outpatient Clinics, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010510:Periodontal Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human