title: Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM): molecular insights lead to targeted therapies.
abstract: LAM is a rare lung disease, found primarily in women of childbearing age, characterized by cystic lung destruction and abdominal tumors (e.g., renal angiomyolipoma, lymphangioleiomyoma). The disease results from proliferation of a neoplastic cell, termed the LAM cell, which has mutations in either of the tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) 1 or TSC2 genes. Molecular phenotyping of LAM patients resulted in the identification of therapeutic targets for drug trials. Loss of TSC gene function leads to activation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and thereby, effects on cell size and number. The involvement of mTOR in LAM pathogenesis is the basis for initiation of therapeutic trials of mTOR inhibitors (e.g., sirolimus). Occurrence of LAM essentially entirely in women is consistent with the hypothesis that anti-estrogen agents might prevent disease progression (e.g., gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues). Levels of urinary matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) were elevated in LAM patients, and MMPs were found in LAM lung nodules. In part because of these observations, effects of doxycycline, an anti-MMP, and anti-angiogenic agent, are under investigation. The metastatic properties of LAM cells offer additional potential for targets. Thus, insights into the molecular and biological properties of LAM cells and molecular phenotyping of patients with LAM have led to clinical trials of targeted therapies. Funded by the Intramural Research Program, NIH/NHLBI.
authors.affiliation: Translational Medicine Branch, NHLBI, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-1590, USA. glasgowc@nih.gov
authors.forename: Connie G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Glasgow
authors.forename: Wendy K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Steagall
authors.forename: Angelo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Taveira-Dasilva
authors.forename: Gustavo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pacheco-Rodriguez
authors.forename: Xiong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.forename: Souheil
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: El-Chemaly
authors.forename: Marsha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moses
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Darling
authors.forename: Joel
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Moss
mesh_terms: D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21 / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D018192:Lymphangioleiomyomatosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D010641:Phenotype; D011379:Prognosis; D035583:Rare Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D000077004:Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 1 Protein; D000077005:Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 2 Protein; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; C000624653:TSC2 protein, human; D000077004:Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 1 Protein; D000077005:Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 2 Protein; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases