Nod-like receptors: sentinels at host membranes.
Innate immune detection of danger signals and microbial motifs is achieved by distinct families of pattern recognition molecules. These include the membrane-anchored Toll-like receptors (TLRs), as well as cytosolic Nod-like receptors (NLRs) and Rig-I-like receptors (RLRs). The precise mode of NLR activation in the host cytosol remains poorly defined, as evidence of direct interaction between NLRs and danger- or microbial-associated molecular patterns remains elusive. However, a number of convergent observations now suggest that activation of some NLRs occurs at the level of host membranes or as a consequence of membrane damage. This review focuses on this emerging theme and discusses the functional consequences of innate immune sensing at the vicinity of the membrane.
Philpott
Dana J
DJ
Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
Girardin
Stephen E
SE
D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000502:physiology*; D008024:Ligands; D053474:Nod1 Signaling Adaptor Protein / Q000502:physiology*; D053473:Nod2 Signaling Adaptor Protein / Q000502:physiology*
D008024:Ligands; D053474:Nod1 Signaling Adaptor Protein; D053473:Nod2 Signaling Adaptor Protein