title: Water-quality issues in the Niger Delta of Nigeria: a look at heavy metal levels and some physicochemical properties.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Water contamination is a notable environmental problem of the Niger Delta, Nigeria. The present work is an improved attempt at a scientific discourse of water-quality issues in the Niger Delta of Nigeria with respect to heavy metal levels in surface water in view of the hitherto dearth of scientific data.
  
  
  METHODS
  We have looked at the Fe, Mn, Cu, Cd, Cr, Pb, Ni, Zn (quantified by atomic absorption spectrophotometry) profiles and some physicochemical properties (pH and salinity) of some surface water used by the local population in the mid Niger Delta. Surface water samples were collected from these surface waters in the dry and rainy seasons.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Akiplai wellhead stream and Etebde River had the highest level of iron. In Delta State, high levels of cadmium were found in Ijala creek, Ubeji creek, Jeddo River, and Ekpan River, respectively. High lead levels were seen in Jeddo River, Ekurede-Itsekiri Creek, and Ughelli River. In River State, Tombia River had the highest levels of chromium, lead, and nickel. Ijala creek, Eja-Etan, Ifie-Kporo, Ubeji Creek, Jeddo, Ekpan Rivers, and Ekurede-Itsekiri Creek, all in Delta State, presented highest salinity levels. Orash River, Ughewhe stream, and Egbo stream have a lowest pH of 5.22, 5.32, and 5.53, respectively, while Ifie-Kporo River have a highest pH of 8.18.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most of the metal levels were above US EPA Maximum Contaminant Level MCL indicative of water pollution which may be of public health importance, and we, therefore, recommend water-quality monitoring.
authors.affiliation: Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology Research Unit, Pure and Industrial Chemistry Department, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, P.M.B. 5025, Nnewi, Awka Anambra State, Nigeria.
authors.forename: John Kanayochukwu
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Nduka
authors.forename: Orish Ebere
authors.initials: OE
authors.lastname: Orisakwe
mesh_terms: D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D006291:Health Policy; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D057230:Limit of Detection; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry*; D009549:Nigeria; D045483:Rivers / Q000737:chemistry; D054712:Salinity; D012621:Seasons; D013054:Spectrophotometry, Atomic; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry*; D014877:Water Pollution, Chemical / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014881:Water Supply / Q000032:analysis / Q000592:standards
chemical_list: D019216:Metals, Heavy; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical