title: Complex pediatric orbital fractures combined with traumatic brain injury: treatment and follow-up.
abstract: The treatment of orbital fractures aims at the restoration of orbital anatomy and prevention of posttraumatic sequels. The treatment of facial fractures in patients with traumatic brain injury may necessitate a postponement of fracture surgery to allow for brain recovery. However, such delay of reconstruction in complex orbital fractures may lead to inferior results. Fourteen pediatric patients with complex orbital fractures were retrospectively reviewed. Eleven patients (79%) had brain injury, with a mean Glasgow Coma Scale score of 8.6 at initial evaluation. Fracture patterns were highly complex with many bilateral and multiple orbital wall fractures. Six patients (43%) had injuries to the medial canthal tendon, as part of a naso-orbito-ethmoid fracture. Mean follow-up time was 4.7 years (range, 1.2-13.1 years). Eleven patients (79%) had reconstructive surgery early (within 3 weeks), and 3 (29%) patients had the surgery postponed. Four patients had secondary surgeries for enophthalmos and medial canthal dislocation. Eighty-two percent of patients with brain injury had a good overall neurologic outcome (Glasgow Outcome Scale score of 1 or 2). Sixty-seven percent of patients had a good aesthetic outcome without any need for revisional surgery. Medial canthal injury and late surgery both correlated with an inferior aesthetic result. In conclusion, good results with respect to mental outcome and aesthetics can be achieved in highly complex orbital fractures combined with brain injury. Delayed surgery and medial canthal tendon injury predispose for posttraumatic sequels and secondary surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, 75015 Paris, France.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nowinski
authors.forename: Frederico
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Di Rocco
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Roujeau
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.forename: Dominique
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Renier
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Arnaud
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005592:Fracture Fixation / Q000379:methods*; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009917:Orbital Fractures / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013997:Time Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome