title: Method of attempted suicide as predictor of subsequent successful suicide: national long term cohort study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the association between method of attempted suicide and risk of subsequent successful suicide.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cohort study with follow-up for 21-31 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Swedish national register linkage study.
  
  
  METHODS
  48,649 individuals admitted to hospital in 1973-82 after attempted suicide.
  
  
  METHODS
  Completed suicide, 1973-2003. Multiple Cox regression modelling was conducted for each method at the index (first) attempt, with poisoning as the reference category. Relative risks were expressed as hazard ratios with 95% confidence intervals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  5740 individuals (12%) committed suicide during follow-up. The risk of successful suicide varied substantially according to the method used at the index attempt. Individuals who had attempted suicide by hanging, strangulation, or suffocation had the worst prognosis. In this group, 258 (54%) men and 125 (57%) women later successfully committed suicide (hazard ratio 6.2, 95% confidence interval 5.5 to 6.9, after adjustment for age, sex, education, immigrant status, and co-occurring psychiatric morbidity), and 333 (87%) did so with a year after the index attempt. For other methods (gassing, jumping from a height, using a firearm or explosive, or drowning), risks were significantly lower than for hanging but still raised at 1.8 to 4.0. Cutting, other methods, and late effect of suicide attempt or other self inflicted harm conferred risks at levels similar to that for the reference category of poisoning (used by 84%). Most of those who successfully committed suicide used the same method as they did at the index attempt-for example, >90% for hanging in men and women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The method used at an unsuccessful suicide attempt predicts later completed suicide, after adjustment for sociodemographic confounding and psychiatric disorder. Intensified aftercare is warranted after suicide attempts involving hanging, drowning, firearms or explosives, jumping from a height, or gassing.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Division of Psychiatry, St Göran, SE-112 81 Stockholm, Sweden. bo.runeson@ki.se
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Runeson
authors.forename: Dag
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tidemalm
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dahlin
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lichtenstein
authors.forename: Niklas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Långström
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D013405:Suicide / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D013406:Suicide, Attempted / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult