title: Depressive symptoms and 10-year risk for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Depression is associated with increased physical morbidity and overall mortality. As less is known about how much depression increases the 10-year risk for fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular (CV) events, we evaluated the cross-sectional risk with two well-characterized risk functions measuring CV mortality and total CV event risk.
  
  
  METHODS
  The prevalence of increased depressive symptoms was measured with the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and the SCORE and Framingham risk functions were calculated in a middle-aged population-based sample (N=923). For metabolic syndrome (MetS), the modified National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel III criteria were employed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Depressive symptoms were associated with increased CV mortality and morbidity risk in men: OR for SCORE 2.9; 95%CI 1.4-5.7 and OR for Framingham function 2.2 (95%CI 1.1-4.2). In women, the corresponding figures were 1.4 (95%CI 0.3-6.9) and 1.3 (95%CI 0.7-2.6). The BDI scores showed significant correlations with SCORE (r=0.18 for men, P < 0.001; and r=0.14 for women, P=0.002), and Framingham function (for men r=0.16, P < 0.001; and for women r=0.13, P=0.005).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that screening and effective treatment of depression are important in the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular events, especially in males.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland. hannujuhani.koponen@uku.fi
authors.forename: Hannu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Koponen
authors.forename: Jari
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jokelainen
authors.forename: Sirkka
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi
authors.forename: Mauno
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vanhala
mesh_terms: D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012307:Risk Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis