title: The effect and fate of antibiotics during the anaerobic digestion of pig manure.
abstract: This work studies the inhibitory effects and fate of the antibiotics oxytetracycline (OTC) and chlortetracycline (CTC) during the anaerobic digestion of pig manure. Both substances were added together in batch assays at concentrations of 10, 50 and 100mgL(-1). Control assays only with antibiotics (abiotic) as well as without antibiotics (biotic) were also conducted. Methane production was reduced by 56%, 60% and 62% at OTC and CTC concentrations of 10, 50 and 100mgL(-1), respectively. The IC(50) level calculated from these experiments was estimated to be around 9mgL(-1), a significant value considering the reported concentrations of these compounds in pig manure samples (up to 136mgL(-1)). Strong adsorption to solid matter was observed, which increased the stability of both substances. Antibiotic degradation was thus much higher in control assays, without solids, than those determined from assays including inoculum and manure substrate.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Santiago de Compostela, Rúa Lope Gómez de Marzoa, Santiago de Compostela, Spain. juanantonio.alvarez@usc.es
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Alvarez
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Otero
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Lema
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Omil
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001421:Bacteria, Anaerobic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D008372:Manure / Q000382:microbiology*; D008697:Methane / Q000378:metabolism*; D012037:Refuse Disposal / Q000379:methods; D012722:Sewage / Q000382:microbiology*; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D008372:Manure; D012722:Sewage; D008697:Methane