title: Future directions in management of anemia in heart failure.
abstract: Anemia in patients with heart failure (HF) may be caused by several factors, including hemodilution, iron or erythropoietin deficiency, and chronic kidney disease. Published pilot studies of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) and intravenous iron therapy in anemic heart failure patients demonstrate improvement in surrogate markers of functional capacity and quality of life, and reasonable safety profile during short-term use. However, the long-term safety of ESA in treatment of anemia in patients with HF remains a concern due to documented harmful side effects of ESA in anemic patients with advanced chronic kidney disease and cancer. Ongoing prospective clinical outcomes studies of ESA and intravenous iron therapies will provide important data that may pave the way for new avenues in the treatment of anemia in the future.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, The Ohio State University, 395 West 12th Avenue, Ground Floor, Columbus, OH 43210, USA. anil.agarwal@osumc.edu
authors.forename: Anil K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Agarwal
authors.forename: Stuart D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Katz
mesh_terms: D018798:Anemia, Iron-Deficiency / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D023181:Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015415:Biomarkers; D004921:Erythropoietin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006397:Hematinics / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006438:Hemodilution; D064451:Hepcidins; D006801:Humans; D007501:Iron / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011788:Quality of Life; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D023181:Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides; D015415:Biomarkers; D006397:Hematinics; D064451:Hepcidins; D004921:Erythropoietin; D007501:Iron