title: Prescribing patterns and predictors of high-level polypharmacy in the elderly population: A prospective surveillance study from two teaching hospitals in India.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Polypharmacy has been reported to increase the risks for inappropriate prescribing, adverse drug reactions, geriatric syndromes, and morbidity and mortality in elderly populations in the United States and Europe. Data on prescribing patterns and polypharmacy in the elderly population in India are limited.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aims of this study were to assess prescribing patterns and to determine the predictors of high-level polypharmacy in the elderly population in 2 tertiary care hospitals in India.
  
  
  METHODS
  This prospective surveillance study used medical records from patients aged 60 to 95 years admitted to the medicine wards of the 2 tertiary care hospitals between January 2008 and June 2009. Data on medication prescribing from admission through discharge were reviewed. Diseases were coded using the World Health Organization (WHO) International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision, and medications were coded using the WHO Anatomical, Therapeutic, and Chemical classification. Concordance of prescribing with the indications in the product labeling as listed in the American Hospital Formulary Services Drug Information 2007 was determined. The prevalences of polypharmacy (5-9 medications) and high-level polypharmacy (>or=10 medications) were determined. Bivariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used to determine the influential predictors of high-level polypharmacy during hospital stays.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data from 814 patients were included (493 [60.6%] men, 321 [39.4%] women; median age, 66 years [range, 60-95 years]). Systemic antibacterials were the most commonly prescribed therapeutic class of medications (574 [70.5%]), and pantoprazole was the most commonly prescribed medication (498 [61.2%]). The majority (7/10 [70.0%]) of the most commonly prescribed medications were prescribed as indicated. Medications prescribed "off-label" included pantoprazole (432/498 [86.7%]), ceftriaxone (212/259 [81.9%]), and atorvastatin (109/237 [46.0%]). Polypharmacy and high-level polypharmacy were prescribed in 366 (45.0%) and 370 (45.5%) patients, respectively. On multivariate logistic regression analysis, multiple (>or=3) diagnoses (odds ratio [OR] = 1.55; 95% CI, 1.16-2.08; P = 0.003), angina pectoris (OR = 2.58; 95% CI, 1.50-4.37; P < 0.001), and a length of stay >or=10 days (10-<15 days, OR = 3.14; 95% CI, 2.09-4.71; P < 0.001; and >or=15 days, OR = 5.74; 95% CI, 2.43-13.51; P < 0.001) were found to be predictors of high-level polypharmacy during hospital stays.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The campaign for rational drug use in hospitalized elderly patients in India should promote pantoprazole, ceftriaxone, and atorvastatin prescribing in concordance with their indications. Interventions to reduce the high-level polypharmacy in the elderly during their stays in tertiary care hospitals in India should focus on patients with >/=3 diagnoses, angina pectoris, and/or >or=10 days of hospital stay.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy Practice, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeshwara (JSS) College of Pharmacy, JSS University, S.S. Nagara, Mysore, India.
authors.forename: Anand
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Harugeri
authors.forename: Jinta
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Joseph
authors.forename: Gurumurthy
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Parthasarathi
authors.forename: Madhan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ramesh
authors.forename: Shoba
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Guido
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; D005260:Female; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D007902:Length of Stay; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D019338:Polypharmacy; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care; D012306:Risk
chemical_list: D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations