title: Evaluation of the association of superficial dermatophytosis and athletic activities with special reference to its prevention and control.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was conducted to evaluate the association of superficial mycosis and athletic activities with special references to its prevention and control in Tehran. Participating in various kinds of sports can lead to direct and indirect exposures to and transmission of micro-organisms between athletes and also passive observers.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective study of superficial fungal infections in athletes was carried out during the period of March 2002 to December 2006 on 656 mycological proven cases of dermatophytosis found in athletes in Tehran. Mycologic examination consisted of culturing of pathologic material followed by direct microscopic observation. Mycologic cultures were carried out on Sabouraud Chloramphenicol Agar, Sabouraud Chloramphenicol and Cyclohexamide Agar, and Dermatophyte Agar incubated at 25 °C for at least 28 d. Diagnosis was based on macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of the colonies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 1075 athletes, from 201 institutions, suspected of cutaneous fungal infections were examined and 656 (61%) were found to be positive for fungal infections. The fungal isolates comprised Trichophyton tonsurans (56%), Epidermophyton floccosum (11.8%), Trichophyton mentagrophytes (8.9%), Trichophyton rubrum (8.3%), Trichophyton verrucosum (3.9%), Trichophyton violaceum (3.3%), Microsporum canis (2.5%), and Malassezia spp. (5.3%). The distribution of lesions on the body in decreasing order was as follows: trunk, groin, hair and scalp, sole, toe webs, finger nails, and toe nails. Fungal infections were more commonly seen in wrestlers and individuals that participate in aerobics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that athletic activity seems to be a predisposing factor, especially for fungal infections. Guidelines are provided regarding measures to prevent transmission of infectious diseases in athletic settings, including hygiene, infection control practices, and education of officials, coaches, trainers, and sports participants.
authors.affiliation: Medical Mycology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran. basiri@pasteur.ac.ir
authors.forename: Shahindokht
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bassiri-Jahromi
authors.forename: Golnar
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sadeghi
authors.forename: Farnoosh Asghari
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Paskiaee
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D056352:Athletes / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002648:Child; D003881:Dermatomycoses / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000517:prevention & control; D004821:Epidermophyton / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008290:Malassezia / Q000302:isolation & purification; D008297:Male; D008864:Microsporum / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013177:Sports / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014249:Trichophyton / Q000302:isolation & purification; D055815:Young Adult