title: Hepatic electrical stimulation reduces blood glucose in diabetic rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility and mechanisms of controlling blood glucose using hepatic electrical stimulation (HES).
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was performed in regular Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats, streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetic rats and Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats chronically implanted with one pair of stimulation electrodes on two lobes of the liver tissues.
  
  
  RESULTS
  (i) Hepatic electrical stimulation was effective in reducing blood glucose by 27%-31% at time points 60, 75 and 90 min after oral glucose in normal rats; (ii) HES reduced blood glucose in both fasting and fed states in both type 1 and type 2 diabetic rats; (iii) Chronic HES decreased the blood glucose level, and, delayed gastric empty and increased plasma glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) level; and (iv) No adverse events were noted in any rats during HES. Histopathological analyses and liver function tests revealed no electrode dislodgement, tissue damages or liver enzyme changes with HES.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hepatic electrical stimulation is capable of reducing both fasting and fed blood glucose in normal, and type 1 and type 2 diabetic rats and the effect may be partially mediated via an increase in GLP-1 release.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0655, USA. jianchen@utmb.edu
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Pasricha
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: J D Z
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000378:metabolism*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D005215:Fasting / Q000502:physiology; D005746:Gastric Emptying / Q000502:physiology; D005749:Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide / Q000378:metabolism; D005772:Gastrointestinal Transit / Q000502:physiology; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 / Q000502:physiology; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D008099:Liver / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D011924:Rats, Zucker
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D005749:Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1