title: The effect of proximity on open-loop accommodation responses measured with pinholes.
abstract: Open-loop accommodation levels were measured in 41 healthy, young subjects using a Shin-Nippon SRW-5000 autorefractor in the three viewing conditions: a small physical pinhole pupil (SP), an optically projected pinhole in Maxwellian view (MV) and in the dark (DF). The target viewed through the pinholes was a high-contrast letter presented at 0 D vergence in a +5 D Badal lens system. Overall, results showed that SP open-loop accommodation levels were significantly higher than MV and DF levels. Subjects could be divided into two distinct subgroups according to their response behaviour: responders to the proximal effect of the small physical pinhole (SP accommodation > MV accommodation) and non-responders to the proximal effect of the small physical pinhole (SP accommodation approximately MV accommodation). Correlation analysis demonstrated that open-loop accommodation for both pinhole conditions was correlated with DF for the responders, while for the non-responders SP and MV accommodation were correlated, but were not related to DF accommodation. This suggests that under open-loop conditions some individuals' accommodation levels are mainly affected by proximal and cognitive factors (responders) while others are guided primarily by the presence of the more distal target (non-responders). In conclusion, MV reduces the proximal effect of the physical pinhole and produces open-loop accommodation responses which are more consistent than SP and DF responses.
authors.affiliation: Vision Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Cowcaddens Road, Glasgow G4 0BA, UK. kmor@gcal.ac.uk
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Morrison
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Seidel
authors.forename: N C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Strang
authors.forename: L S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Gray
mesh_terms: D000065:Accommodation, Ocular / Q000502:physiology*; D000293:Adolescent; D003290:Convergence, Ocular / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D009907:Optometry / Q000379:methods; D055815:Young Adult