title: A radiobiological investigation on dose and dose rate for permanent implant brachytherapy of breast using 125I or 103Pd sources.
abstract: The present report addresses the question of what could be the appropriate dose and dose rate for 125I and 103PD permanent seed implants for breast cancer as monotherapy for early stage breast cancer. This is addressed by employing a radiobiological methodology, which is based on the linear quadratic model, to identify a biologically effective dose (BED) to the prescription point of the brachytherapy implant, which would produce equivalent cell killing (or same cell survival) when compared to a specified external radiotherapy scheme.
  
  
  
  In the present analysis, the tumor and normal tissue BED ratios of brachytherapy and external radiotherapy are examined for different combinations of tumor proliferation constant (K), alpha/beta ratios, initial dose rate (R0), and reference external radiotherapy scheme (50 or 60 Gy in 2 Gy per fraction). The results of the radiobiological analysis are compared against other reports and clinical protocols in order to examine possible opportunities of improvement.
  
  
  
  The analysis indicates that physical doses of approximately 100-110 Gy delivered with an initial dose rate of around 0.05 Gyh(-1) and 78-80 Gy delivered at 0.135 Gyh(-1) for 125I and 103Pd permanent implants, respectively, are equivalent to 50 Gy external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) in 2 Gy per fraction. Similarly, for physical doses of approximately 115-127 Gy delivered with an initia dose rate of around 0.059 Gyh(-1) and 92 Gy delivered at 0.157 Gyh(-1) for 125I and 103Pd, respectively, are equivalent to 60 Gy EBRT in 2 Gy per fraction. It is shown that the initial dose rate required to produce isoeffective tumor response with 50 or 60 Gy EBRT in 2 Gy per fraction increases as the repopulation factor K increases, even though repopulation is also considered in EBRT. Also, the initial dose rate increases as the value of the alpha/beta ratio decreases. The impact of the different alpha/beta ratios on the ratio of the tumor BEDs is significantly large for both the 125I and 103Pd implants with the deviation between the alpha/beta = 10.0 Gy ratios and those using the 4.0 and 3.5 Gy values ranging between 18% and 22% in most of the cases.
  
  
  
  For the cases of 125I and 103Pd, the equivalent physical doses to 50 Gy EBRT in 2 Gy per fraction are associated with an overdosage of the involved normal tissue in the range of 4%-16% and an underdosage by 10%-15% for a BED for normal tissue, using an alpha/beta value of 3.0 Gy (BEDNT,3 Gy) of 100 Gy. These values are lower by 10%-20% than the published value of 124 Gy for 125I and by about 13% when compared to the published isoeffective dose of 90 Gy for 103Pd. Similarly, the equivalent physical doses to 60 Gy EBRT in 2 Gy per fraction are associated with an overdosage of the involved normal tissue by 10%-20% and an underdosage by 4%-10% for BEDNT,3 Gy of 110 Gy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics and Engineering, Strahlenklinik, Klinikum Offenbach GmbH, 63069 Offenbach, Germany. dimos.baltas@klinikum-offenbach.de
authors.forename: Dimos
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Baltas
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics, Attikon University Hospital, 12462 Athens, Greece
authors.forename: Georgia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lymperopoulou
authors.affiliation: Ibt-Bebig, IBt s.a., 7180 Seneffe, Belgium.
authors.forename: Edgar
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Löffler
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Radiation Physics, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, S-17176 Stockholm, Sweden and Department of Medical Physics, Larissa University Hospital, 41110 Larissa, Greece.
authors.forename: Panayiotis
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mavroidis
mesh_terms: D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000379:methods*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007554:Isotopes / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010165:Palladium / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011874:Radiometry / Q000379:methods; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes; D007554:Isotopes; D010165:Palladium