title: Maternally transmitted and food-derived glycotoxins: a factor preconditioning the young to diabetes?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Proinflammatory advanced glycation end products (AGEs) found in thermally processed foods correlate with serum AGEs (sAGEs) and promote type 1 and type 2 diabetes in mice. Herein we assess the relationship of maternal blood and food AGEs to circulating glycoxidants, inflammatory markers, and insulin levels in infants up to age 1 year.
  
  
  METHODS
  AGEs (N(ε)-carboxymethyllysine [CML] and methylglyoxal derivatives) were tested in sera of healthy mothers in labor (n = 60), their infants, and infant foods. Plasma 8-isoprostane, fasting glucose, insulin, leptin, and adiponectin levels were assessed in 12-month-old infants.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant correlations were found between newborn and maternal serum CML (sCML) (r = 0.734, P = 0.001) serum methylglyoxal derivatives (sMGs) (r = 0.593, P = 0.001), and 8-isoprostanes (r = 0.644, P = 0.001). Infant adiponectin at 12 months negatively correlated with maternal sCML (r = -0.467, P = 0.011), whereas high maternal sMGs predicted higher infant insulin or homeostasis model assessment (P = 0.027). Infant sAGEs significantly increased with the initiation of processed infant food intake, raising daily AGE consumption by ∼7.5-fold in year 1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Maternal blood and food-derived AGEs prematurely raise AGEs in children to adult norms, preconditioning them to abnormally high oxidant stress and inflammation and thus possibly to early onset of disease, such as diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Maternal and Child Research, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Veronica
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mericq
authors.forename: Cecilia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Piccardo
authors.forename: Weijing
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.forename: Xue
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Gary E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Striker
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Vlassara
authors.forename: Jaime
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Uribarri
mesh_terms: D052242:Adiponectin / Q000097:blood; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007225:Infant Food / Q000032:analysis; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D028421:Isoprostanes / Q000097:blood; D008239:Lysine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood; D011765:Pyruvaldehyde / Q000097:blood; D012307:Risk Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D052242:Adiponectin; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced; D007328:Insulin; D028421:Isoprostanes; C048496:N(6)-carboxymethyllysine; D011765:Pyruvaldehyde; D008239:Lysine