title: Differential brain activation patterns in adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) associated with task switching.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The main aim of the study was to examine blood oxygen level-dependent response during task switching in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen male adults with ADHD and 14 controls participated and performed a task-switching paradigm.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Behaviorally, no specific executive control problems were observed in the ADHD participants, although they did display more errors in general. The neuroimaging data did show remarkable differences between the ADHD and control adults: Adults with ADHD engaged more strongly the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, middle temporal gyrus, precuneus, lingual gyrus, precentral gyrus, and insula than did the healthy controls during task switching. Controls displayed more task-related activity in the putamen, posterior cingulate gyrus, medial frontal gyrus, thalamus, orbitofrontal cortex, and postcentral gyrus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ADHD adults did not display specific executive control problems at a behavioral level, but did engage different brain areas during task switching compared with healthy controls. The results are discussed in the framework of the executive frontostriatal circuitry, conflict detection, and attentional networks.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, the Netherlands. Pauline.Dibbets@maastrichtuniversity.nl
authors.forename: Pauline
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dibbets
authors.forename: Elisabeth A T
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Evers
authors.forename: Petra P M
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Hurks
authors.forename: Katja
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bakker
authors.forename: Jelle
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jolles
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology*; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D056344:Executive Function / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen