title: Neurochemical evidence that phytanic acid induces oxidative damage and reduces the antioxidant defenses in cerebellum and cerebral cortex of rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In the present work we investigated the in vitro effects of phytanic acid (Phyt), that accumulates in Refsum disease and other peroxisomal diseases, on important parameters of oxidative stress in cerebellum and cerebral cortex from young rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  The parameters thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances levels (TBA-RS; lipid peroxidation), carbonyl formation and sulfhydryl oxidation (protein oxidative damage) and the concentrations of the most important nonenzymatic antioxidant defense reduced glutathione (GSH) were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  It was observed that Phyt significantly increased TBA-RS levels in both cerebral structures. This effect was prevented by the antioxidants alpha-tocopherol and melatonin, suggesting the involvement of free radicals. Phyt also provoked protein oxidative damage in both cerebellum and cerebral cortex, as determined by increased carbonyl content and sulfhydryl oxidation. Furthermore, Phyt significantly diminished the concentrations of GSH, while melatonin and alpha-tocopherol treatment totally blocked this effect. We also verified that Phyt does not behave as a direct acting oxidant, since Phyt did not oxidize commercial solutions of GSH and reduced cytochrome c to Phyt in a free cell medium.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data indicate that oxidative stress is elicited in vitro by Phyt, a mechanism that may contribute at least in part to the pathophysiology of Refsum disease and other peroxisomal disorders where Phyt is accumulated.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Guilhian
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Leipnitz
authors.forename: Alexandre U
authors.initials: AU
authors.lastname: Amaral
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zanatta
authors.forename: Bianca
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Seminotti
authors.forename: Carolina G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Fernandes
authors.forename: Lisiane A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Knebel
authors.forename: Carmen R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Vargas
authors.forename: Moacir
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wajner
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism*; D001923:Brain Chemistry / Q000187:drug effects*; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D010831:Phytanic Acid / Q000097:blood / Q000633:toxicity*; D050050:Protein Carbonylation; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012035:Refsum Disease / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds / Q000378:metabolism; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances; D010831:Phytanic Acid; D005978:Glutathione