title: Harmonic phase angle as a concentration-independent measure of nanoparticle dynamics.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The harmonic spectrum of magnetic nanoparticles contains valuable information about the quantity and environment of the particles. Harmonic amplitudes have been used to produce quantitative images and ratios of these amplitudes have been used to monitor changes in the particle environment. Harmonic phase angles have not yet been utilized in these pursuits. The authors explore harmonic phase angle as a concentration-independent means of remotely monitoring the dynamic magnetization of nanoparticles.
  
  
  METHODS
  A magnetic nanoparticle spectrometer was used to explore the impacts of viscosity and excitation frequency and amplitude on the phase angle of magnetization harmonics. A dynamic model, which accounts for particle relaxation times, was used to model some results.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Harmonic phase angle can undergo large changes when a nanoparticle's Brownian motion is altered. Excitation parameters and particle characteristics have a profound effect on the extent of these changes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Phase angle can allow for monitoring of various impacts on a nanoparticle's Brownian motion. When combined with other concentration-independent metrics, such as ratios of harmonic amplitudes, valuable information about the particle's environment can be gathered.
authors.affiliation: Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, 8000 Cummings Hall, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA.
authors.forename: Adam M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Rauwerdink
authors.forename: John B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Weaver
mesh_terms: D003198:Computer Simulation; D004574:Electromagnetic Fields; D008956:Models, Chemical; D009038:Motion; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000528:radiation effects* / Q000648:ultrastructure