title: Depressive symptoms of informal caregivers are associated with those of community-dwelling dependent care recipients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The relationship between care recipients' depressive symptoms and those of caregivers remains unknown. We evaluated the association between the depressive status of caregivers and that of community-dwelling disabled care recipients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective cohort study of 893 care recipients and paired caregivers was conducted. The care recipients were all eligible for a universal-coverage long-term care insurance program and their ages ranged from 65 to 104 years. They and their paired caregivers (age range 31-90 years) completed the 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15, score range: 0-15) assessment at baseline. The GDS-15 was used to measure the depression of caregivers and recipients with a threshold of <6/6+. The data included each care recipient's demographic characteristics, overall health status, basic activities of daily living, and comorbidities. The data also included the caregiver's demographic characteristics, including the caregiver's relationship to the recipient, and the caregiver's subjective burden as assessed by the Japanese version of the Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean GDS-15 scores of care recipients and caregivers were 6.7 points and 5.6 points, respectively. There was a positive correlation between the GDS-15 scores of caregivers and care recipients (r = 0.307, p<0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis adjusting for potential confounders including ZBI score indicated that the depressive symptoms of caregivers were associated with those whose care recipients were in the groups with moderate and high GDS-15 scores (OR: 1.97, 95% CI: 1.39-2.81, OR: 3.13, 95% CI: 1.87-5.24, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Caregivers' depressive symptoms are associated with the depressive mood of the care recipients even after adjusting for confounders including caregiver burden.
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
authors.forename: Sachiko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Izawa
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hasegawa
authors.forename: Hiromi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Enoki
authors.forename: Akihisa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Iguch
authors.forename: Masafumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kuzuya
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living / Q000523:psychology*; D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003156:Community Mental Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D007353:Insurance, Long-Term Care; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012923:Social Class