title: Breastfeeding is not associated with left cardiac structures and blood pressure during the first two years of life. The Generation R Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Shorter duration of breastfeeding in infancy has been suggested to be associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease in adulthood. Early cardiovascular adaptations due to breastfeeding may explain these associations.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether breastfeeding affects left cardiac structures and blood pressure development in early childhood.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort study from fetal life until the age of two years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Information about the duration and exclusivity of breastfeeding was collected by questionnaires at the ages of 2, 6 and 12 months in 933 children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Left cardiac structures (left atrial diameter, aortic root diameter and left ventricular mass), fractional shortening and blood pressure at the ages of 1.5, 6 and 24 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No differences in cardiac structures, fractional shortening and blood pressure were observed between breastfed and non-breastfed children. Duration and exclusivity of breastfeeding were not consistently associated with any cardiac structure, fractional shortening, or blood pressure until the age of 24 months. Also, there was no association of breastfeeding with cardiac growth between 6 months and 24 months. All analyses were adjusted for child age and sex. Additional adjustment for child anthropometrics, maternal age, anthropometrics, family history, maternal cardiovascular risk factors, pregnancy or delivery complications, parity, socio-economic status, smoking status and alcohol consumption during pregnancy did not materially change the effect estimates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results do not support the hypothesis that early postnatal cardiovascular adaptations underlie the previously shown associations between breastfeeding and cardiovascular disease in adulthood. Further studies are needed to investigate whether and at what age the associations appear.
authors.affiliation: The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Layla L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: de Jonge
authors.forename: Lennie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: van Osch-Gevers
authors.forename: J J Miranda
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Geelhoed
authors.forename: Albert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hofman
authors.forename: Eric A P
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Steegers
authors.forename: Willem A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Helbing
authors.forename: Vincent W V
authors.initials: VW
authors.lastname: Jaddoe
mesh_terms: D001794:Blood Pressure; D001942:Breast Feeding / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler; D005260:Female; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000502:physiology