title: Use of a condensation particle counter and an optical particle counter to assess the number concentration of engineered nanoparticles.
abstract: There is a need to evaluate nanoparticle (< 100 nm) exposures in occupational settings. However, portable instruments do not size segregate particles in that size range. A proxy method for determining nanoparticle count concentrations involves subtracting counts made with a condensation particle counter (CPC) from those of an optical particle counter/sizer (OPC), resulting in an estimation of "very fine" particles < 300 nm, where 300 nm is the OPC lower detection limit. However, to determine size distributions from which particles < 100 nm may be estimated, the resulting count of particles < 300 nm can be used as an additional channel of count data in addition to those obtained from the OPC. To test these methods, the very fine number concentrations determined using a CPC and OPC were compared with those from SMPS measurements and were used to verify the accuracy of a very fine particle number concentration determined by an OPC and CPC. Two "size-distribution" methods, weighted-average and log-probit, were applied to reproduce particle size distributions from OPC and CPC data and were then evaluated relative to their ability to accurately estimate the nanoparticle number concentrations. Various engineered nanoparticles were used to create test aerosols, including titanium dioxide (TiO(2)), silicon dioxide (SiO(2)), and iron oxide (Fe(2)O(3)). These materials were chosen because of their different refractive indices and therefore may be measured differently by the OPC. The count-difference method was able to estimate very fine particle number concentrations with an error between 10.9 to 58.4%. In estimating nanoparticle number concentrations using the size-distribution methods, the log-probit method resulted in the lowest percent errors that ranged from -42% to 1023%. Percent error was lower than the instrument manufacturer's indicated level of accuracy when the test aerosol refractive index was similar to that used for OPC calibration standards. Accuracy could be increased if there was an increase in the size resolution for number concentrations measured by the CPC of very fine particles and mitigation of optical effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.
authors.forename: Linda H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Schmoll
authors.forename: Thomas M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.forename: Patrick T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: O'Shaughnessy
mesh_terms: D000336:Aerosols / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D002138:Calibration; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D005290:Ferric Compounds / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D057230:Limit of Detection; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D010316:Particle Size; D012822:Silicon Dioxide / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D014025:Titanium / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational; D005290:Ferric Compounds; C009495:titanium dioxide; C000499:ferric oxide; D012822:Silicon Dioxide; D014025:Titanium