title: A mitochondrial revelation of early human migrations to the Tibetan Plateau before and after the last glacial maximum.
abstract: As the highest plateau surrounded by towering mountain ranges, the Tibetan Plateau was once considered to be one of the last populated areas of modern humans. However, this view has been tremendously changed by archeological, linguistic, and genetic findings in the past 60 years. Nevertheless, the timing and routes of entry of modern humans into the Tibetan Plateau is still unclear. To make these problems clear, we carried out high-resolution mitochondrial-DNA (mtDNA) analyses on 562 Tibeto-Burman inhabitants from nine different regions across the plateau. By examining the mtDNA haplogroup distributions and their principal components, we demonstrated that maternal diversity on the plateau reflects mostly a northern East Asian ancestry. Furthermore, phylogeographic analysis of plateau-specific sublineages based on 31 complete mtDNA sequences revealed two primary components: pre-last glacial maximum (LGM) inhabitants and post-LGM immigrants. Also, the analysis of one major pre-LGM sublineage A10 showed a strong signal of post-LGM population expansion (about 15,000 years ago) and greater diversity in the southern part of the Tibetan Plateau, indicating the southern plateau as a refuge place when climate dramatically changed during LGM.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
authors.forename: Zhendong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Qin
authors.forename: Yajun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Longli
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Shi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.forename: Kelly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: Xiaoyun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Hongxiang
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: Dongchen
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Dongmei
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fei
authors.forename: Shilin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000885:Anthropology, Physical; D022801:Complementarity Determining Regions; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics*; D004641:Emigration and Immigration / Q000266:history*; D014644:Genetic Variation; D006239:Haplotypes; D049690:History, Ancient; D006801:Humans; D010802:Phylogeny; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D018609:Tibet
chemical_list: D022801:Complementarity Determining Regions; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial