title: Enhanced repellency of binary mixtures of Zanthoxylum piperitum pericarp steam distillate or Zanthoxylum armatum seed oil constituents and Calophyllum inophyllum nut oil and their aerosols to Stomoxys calcitrans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The repellency to stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), of Zanthoxylum piperitum (L.) DC pericarp steam distillate (ZP-SD), Zanthoxylum armatum DC seed oil (ZA-SO) and their constituents alone or in combination with Calophyllum inophyllum L. nut oil (CI-NO), as well as six aerosol formulations containing ZP-SD or ZP-SO and CI-NO, was compared with that of a synthetic repellent, DEET, using an exposed human hand bioassay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At 0.20 mg cm(-2), ZP-SD treatments resulted in 91 and 68% repellency following 30 and 60 min exposure respectively, while DEET gave 100 and 84% repellency. ZA-SO was less effective than ZP-SD. At 0.2 mg cm(-2), the most active constituents, cuminaldehyde, cuminyl alcohol, limonene and methyl cinnamate, gave 82, 74, 74 and 64% repellency at 30 min respectively, but DEET gave 100 and 87% repellency at 30 and 60 min. An increase in effectiveness and duration of repellency was produced by binary mixtures of ZP-SD, ZA-SO or bioactive constituents (each 0.01 mg cm(-2)) and CI-NO (0.99 mg cm(-2)). The repellency of aerosols containing 2.5% ZP-SD or 2.5% ZA-SO and 2.5% CI-NO was comparable with that of 5% DEET aerosol.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mixtures formulated from ZP-SD, ZA-SO or bioactive constituents and CI-NO could be useful as potential repellents for the control of stable fly populations in light of global efforts to reduce the level of highly toxic synthetic repellents.
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Tran Trung
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Hieu
authors.forename: Soon-Il
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Hyung Wook
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.forename: Young-Joon
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Ahn
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D029759:Calophyllum / Q000737:chemistry*; D005260:Female; D007302:Insect Repellents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009117:Muscidae / Q000187:drug effects*; D009754:Nuts / Q000737:chemistry*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry; D010938:Plant Oils; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry*; D032106:Zanthoxylum / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D007302:Insect Repellents; D010936:Plant Extracts; D010938:Plant Oils