title: Carotid artery occlusive disease and ocular manifestations: Importance of identifying patients at risk.
abstract: Ocular manifestations of carotid artery occlusive disease, when present, warrant further systemic workup including carotid artery Doppler ultrasound scan. Vascular ocular pathology that may indicate underlying carotid artery disease includes amaurosis fugax, retinal emboli, ocular ischemic syndrome, retinal vascular occlusions, and glaucoma. Early atherosclerotic changes, however, may remain undetected with carotid artery Doppler ultrasound scan. Risk factors for atherosclerosis should be assessed, and additional imaging to detect underlying pathophysiology of carotid artery occlusive disease may also be indicated for preventative management. A review of the literature is conducted to determine the association of ocular sequelae with hemodynamically significant carotid artery stenosis. The role of brachial artery flow-mediated dilation as an independent predictor for cardiovascular disease is also discussed.
authors.affiliation: Dayton Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Dayton, OH, USA. racohen@alumni.iu.edu
authors.forename: Raneat
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Jaume
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Padilla
authors.forename: Dennis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Light
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Diller
mesh_terms: D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D001916:Brachial Artery / Q000503:physiopathology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000150:complications / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D016894:Endarterectomy, Carotid; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000503:physiopathology; D005128:Eye Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D018608:Ultrasonography, Doppler; D014664:Vasodilation