title: Long-term outcome for clinically localized prostate cancer treated with permanent interstitial brachytherapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To present the largest series of prostate cancer brachytherapy patients treated with modern brachytherapy techniques and postimplant day 0 dosimetric evaluation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between April 1995 and July 2006, 1,656 consecutive patients were treated with permanent interstitial brachytherapy. Risk group stratification was carried out according to the Mt. Sinai guidelines. Median follow-up was 7.0 years. The median day 0 minimum dose covering at least 90% of the target volume was 118.8% of the prescription dose. Cause of death was determined for each deceased patient. Multiple clinical, treatment, and dosimetric parameters were evaluated for impact on the evaluated survival parameters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At 12 years, biochemical progression-free survival (bPFS), cause-specific survival (CSS), and overall survival (OS) for the entire cohort was 95.6%, 98.2%, and 72.6%, respectively. For low-, intermediate-, and high-risk patients, bPFS was 98.6%, 96.5%, and 90.5%; CSS was 99.8%, 99.3%, and 95.2%; and OS was 77.5%, 71.1%, and 69.2%, respectively. For biochemically controlled patients, the median posttreatment prostate-specific antigen (PSA) concentration was 0.02 ng/ml. bPFS was most closely related to percent positive biopsy specimens and risk group, while Gleason score was the strongest predictor of CSS. OS was best predicted by patient age, hypertension, diabetes, and tobacco use. At 12 years, biochemical failure and cause-specific mortality were 1.8% and 0.2%, 5.1% and 2.1%, and 10.4% and 7.1% for Gleason scores 5 to 6 and 7 and ≥8, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Excellent long-term outcomes are achievable with high-quality brachytherapy for low-, intermediate-, and high-risk patients. These results compare favorably to alternative treatment modalities including radical prostatectomy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
authors.forename: Al V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Taira
authors.forename: Gregory S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Merrick
authors.forename: Wayne M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Butler
authors.forename: Robert W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Galbreath
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lief
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Adamovich
authors.forename: Kent E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Wallner
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000726:Androgen Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001706:Biopsy; D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000379:methods* / Q000401:mortality; D002423:Cause of Death; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011467:Prostate / Q000473:pathology; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012907:Smoking; D047368:Tumor Burden
chemical_list: D000726:Androgen Antagonists; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen