title: High-frequency oscillations after median-nerve stimulation do not undergo habituation: a new insight on their functional meaning?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Amplitude decrease of cortical responses after repeated stimuli ('habituation') is a well-known phenomenon, the functional meaning of which is to prevent sensory overflow and to save resources for meaningful and novel stimuli. It is known that the primary low-frequency N20 somatosensory evoked potential (SEP) undergoes habituation in healthy subjects. By contrast, the presence of this phenomenon has never been tested in High Frequency Oscillations (HFOs), which probably reflect the activity of a somatosensory arousal system.
  
  
  METHODS
  We recorded SEPs after right median nerve stimulation in 19 healthy volunteers. Six consecutive series of 500 sweeps were collected and averaged at a repetition rate of 5 Hz. SEPs were recorded by means of Erb'point-to-Fz, Cv6-to-AC and P3-to-F3 arrays. P3-to-F3 recording further underwent narrow-bandpass (400-800 Hz) digital filtering to selectively analyse high-frequency components.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Statistical analysis revealed a significant amplitude decrease of the primary N20 LF-SEP between the first and sixth block of stimuli. By contrast, HFO amplitudes remained substantially unchanged throughout the whole procedure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Differently from the N20 LF-SEP, scalp-recorded HFOs do not undergo habituation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings reinforce the view that HFOs reflect the activity of an arousal somatosensory system, which is able to signal novel stimuli, the relevance of which points out high synaptic efficacy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosciences, Catholic University, Rome, Italy. drestuccia@rm.unicatt.it
authors.forename: Domenico
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Restuccia
authors.forename: Ivana
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Del Piero
authors.forename: Lucia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Martucci
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zanini
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000344:Afferent Pathways / Q000502:physiology; D001143:Arousal / Q000502:physiology; D001683:Biological Clocks / Q000502:physiology*; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods; D005073:Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006185:Habituation, Psychophysiologic / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008475:Median Nerve / Q000502:physiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D008959:Models, Neurological; D009431:Neural Conduction / Q000502:physiology; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D013003:Somatosensory Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D055698:Touch Perception / Q000502:physiology