title: Antiangiogenic agents can increase lymphocyte infiltration into tumor and enhance the effectiveness of adoptive immunotherapy of cancer.
abstract: Adoptive cell transfer (ACT)-based immunotherapies can mediate objective cancer regression in animal models and in up to 70% of patients with metastatic melanoma; however, it remains unclear whether the tumor vasculature impedes the egress of tumor-specific T cells, thus hindering this immunotherapy. Disruption of the proangiogenic interaction of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) with its receptor (VEGFR-2) has been reported to "normalize" tumor vasculature, enhancing the efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents by increasing their delivery to the tumor intersitium. We thus sought to determine whether disrupting VEGF/VEGFR-2 signaling could enhance the effectiveness of ACT in a murine cancer model. The administration of an antibody against mouse VEGF synergized with ACT to enhance inhibition of established, vascularized, B16 melanoma (P = 0.009) and improve survival (P = 0.003). Additive effects of an antibody against VEGFR-2 in conjunction with ACT were seen in this model (P = 0.013). Anti-VEGF, but not anti-VEGFR-2, antibody significantly increased infiltration of transferred cells into the tumor. Thus, normalization of tumor vasculature through disruption of the VEGF/VEGFR-2 axis can increase extravasation of adoptively transferred T cells into the tumor and improve ACT-based immunotherapy. These studies provide a rationale for the exploration of combining antiangiogenic agents with ACT for the treatment of patients with cancer.
authors.affiliation: Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1201, USA.
authors.forename: Rajeev K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Shrimali
authors.forename: Zhiya
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Marc R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Theoret
authors.forename: Dhanalakshmi
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chinnasamy
authors.forename: Nicholas P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Restifo
authors.forename: Steven A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Rosenberg
mesh_terms: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000494:pharmacology; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D000068258:Bevacizumab; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D018984:Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte / Q000276:immunology; D016219:Immunotherapy, Adoptive / Q000379:methods*; D016246:Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology*; D008546:Melanoma, Experimental / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy*; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000276:immunology; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy*; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000276:immunology; D040301:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000276:immunology; D014916:Whole-Body Irradiation; D058951:gp100 Melanoma Antigen
chemical_list: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; C511761:DC101 monoclonal antibody; D018984:Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; C548642:Pmel protein, mouse; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D058951:gp100 Melanoma Antigen; D000068258:Bevacizumab; D040301:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2