title: Lucien Howe, hereditary blindness, and the eugenics movement.
abstract: Ophthalmologists admire Lucien Howe, MD (1848-1928) (Figure 1), for his leadership and philanthropy. During his presidency of the American Ophthalmological Society (AOS), the organization established an award for contributions to ophthalmology, now known as the Howe Medal (Figure 2), one of the highest honors in the specialty. In addition, there are 2 other Howe Medals and a Howe Award, each of which is given at irregular intervals. The American Medical Association's Lucien Howe Prize Medal in Ophthalmology was first given in 1926. The University of Buffalo (The State University of New York) and the Buffalo Ophthalmological Society have given a Lucien Howe Medal in Ophthalmology since 1928. The Medical Society of the State of New York's Lucien Howe Award was established in 1906.
authors.affiliation: Division of Ophthalmology, University of Toledo College of Medicine, 3000 Regency Ct., Toledo, OH 43623, USA. jamesravin@bex.net
authors.forename: James G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Ravin
authors.forename: Alexandra Minna
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Stern
mesh_terms: D001363:Awards and Prizes; D001766:Blindness / Q000235:genetics / Q000266:history*; D005053:Eugenics / Q000266:history*; D015785:Eye Diseases, Hereditary / Q000266:history*; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D009885:Ophthalmology / Q000266:history*; D014481:United States