title: Effect of earplugs on propofol requirement and awareness with recall during spinal anesthesia.
abstract: investigator either placed or did not place earplugs into the patients' ears (PLUG or noPLUG groups, respectively). Propofol requirements for stable sedation guided by the bispectral index and incidence of postoperative recall of intraoperative events were assessed in a double-blinded fashion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found high but comparable propofol requirements in both groups (PLUG 4.4+/-1.2 vs. noPLUG 4.2+/-1.0 mg kg-1 h-1, p=NS). The incidence of intraoperative awareness was lower in the PLUG compared to the noPLUG group (16 vs. 56%; P<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although no sedative-sparing effect could be found in patients who wore earplugs during elective orthopedic surgery under spinal anesthesia, we nevertheless recommend using single-use paraffin wax earplugs. Beside their beneficial effect against potential harmful intraoperative noise, they reduce the incidence of intraoperative awareness with recall.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care and Pain Management, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria. christopher.gonano@meduniwien.ac.at
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gonano
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Meitner
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Kettner
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chiari
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Marhofer
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000775:Anesthesia, Spinal; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004430:Ear Protective Devices; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D058926:Intraoperative Awareness / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D011939:Mental Recall; D015742:Propofol / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D015742:Propofol