title: In-vitro promoted differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells towards hepatocytes induced by salidroside.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study aimed to investigate whether salidroside can induce differentiation of rat mesenchymal stem cells (rMSCs) towards hepatocytes in vitro and the mechanism of hepatic differentiation of rMSCs.
  
  
  METHODS
  rMSCs were subject to hepatic differentiation. One, two and three weeks later, the expression of alpha fetoprotein (AFP) and albumin (ALB), cytochrome P450 (CYP450)-dependent activity and inducibility, cellular uptake of low density lipoprotein (LDL) and urea synthesis were assessed and the hepatic differentiation of rMSCs was evaluated. In order to unravel the mechanism of hepatic differentiation of rMSCs in vitro, inhibitors of extracellular regulated kinase1/2 (ERK1/2), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and p38 were applied. When the process of hepatic differentiation was completed, special proteins of hepatic differentiation were detected and blocking of inhibitors was evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Salidroside significantly induce differentiation of rMSCs towards hepatocytes. Differentiated rMSCs have typical functional hepatic characteristics. The results also showed that the ERK1/2 and PI3K signalling pathways play important roles in the regulatory effects of salidroside on hepatic differentiation of rMSCs and are involved in cell fate determinations, while the p38 signalling pathway does not.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Salidroside can induce differentiation of rMSCs towards hepatocytes in vivo, and the ERK1/2 or PI3K signalling pathway underlie the process of hepatic differentiation.
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Jing-Feng
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Ouyang
authors.forename: Jianguo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lou
authors.forename: Chen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.forename: Zi-Hua
authors.initials: ZH
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.forename: Hong-Xiang
authors.initials: HX
authors.lastname: Qiao
authors.forename: Dong-Sheng
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Hong
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000187:drug effects*; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005960:Glucosides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D010636:Phenols / Q000494:pharmacology*; D058539:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D029771:Rhodiola / Q000737:chemistry*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D005960:Glucosides; D010636:Phenols; D058539:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases; C009172:rhodioloside