title: Effects of fentanyl infusion on tracheal intubation and emergence agitation in preschool children anaesthetized with sevoflurane.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sevoflurane can be used as a sole agent for intubation in children, but studies have suggested that it is associated with emergence agitation. Fentanyl infusions can be used both to facilitate intubation and decrease emergence agitation. We investigated the effects of fentanyl on conditions at intubation and on emergence from sevoflurane anaesthesia without confounding nitrous oxide or premedication.
  
  
  METHODS
  IRB approval and informed consent were obtained. Subjects comprised 150 ASA physical status I or II (age, 2-6 yr). Anaesthesia was induced with sevoflurane in oxygen and maintained using a predetermined concentration of sevoflurane. Subjects were randomly allocated to receive one of three doses of fentanyl: vehicle only (control group), a bolus dose of 1 microg kg(-1) followed by a continuous infusion of 0.5 microg kg(-1) h(-1) (F1 group), or a bolus dose of 2 microg kg(-1) followed by a continuous infusion of 1 microg kg(-1) h(-1) (F2 group). Sevoflurane minimum alveolar concentration for tracheal intubation (MAC(TI)) and emergence agitation score were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MAC(TI) values were 2.49%, 1.61%, and 1.16% in control, F1, and F2 groups, respectively (P<0.05). Agitation scores were 11.5, 7.0, and 2.6 in control, F1, and F2 groups, respectively (P<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fentanyl infusion consisting of a bolus dose of 2 microg kg(-1) followed by a continuous infusion of 1 microg kg(-1) h(-1) facilitates tracheal intubation and smooth emergence in children anaesthetized using sevoflurane.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  this study was started in 2000 and was finished in 2008. We had no registration number. IRB approval was obtained.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan. inomatas@md.tsukuba.ac.jp
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Inomata
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Maeda
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Satsumae
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tanaka
mesh_terms: D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D017109:Akathisia, Drug-Induced / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000762:Anesthesia Recovery Period; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003371:Cough / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008738:Methyl Ethers / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000517:prevention & control; D000077149:Sevoflurane
chemical_list: D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D008738:Methyl Ethers; D000077149:Sevoflurane; D005283:Fentanyl