title: Risk factors for development and recurrence of primary breast abscesses.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We investigated risk factors that predispose to the development of primary breast abscesses and subsequent recurrence.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a case control study of patients with a primary or recurrent breast abscess, with recurrence defined by the need for repeated drainage within 6 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty-eight patients with a primary breast abscess were identified. Univariate analysis indicated that smoking (odds ratio [OR] 8.0 [95% CI 3.4 to 19.4]), obesity (OR 3.6 [95% CI 1.5 to 9.2]), diabetes mellitus (OR 5.7 [95% CI 1.1 to 54.9]), and nipple piercing (OR 10.2 [95% CI 1.3 to 454.4]) were significant risk factors for development of primary breast abscess. Multivariate logistic regression analysis confirmed smoking as a significant risk factor for the development of primary breast abscess (OR 6.15 [95% CI 2.65 to 14.29]) and in the subtype of subareolar breast abscess, nipple piercing was identified as a risk factor (OR 20.26 [95% CI 2.01 to 204.28]) in addition to smoking (OR 11.49 [95% CI 4.41 to 29.94]). Recurrent breast abscess occurred in 36 (53%) patients. Multivariate logistic regression identified significant OR for an increase in recurrence related to age (OR 1.08 [95% CI 1.01 to 1.15] per year), smoking (OR 14.73 [95% CI 3.18 to 68.22]), surgical treatment (11.94 [95% CI 1.08 to 131.72]), and a decrease in recurrence after MRSA infections (OR 0.02 [95% CI 0.00 to 0.72]).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results strongly suggest that tobacco smoking is significantly associated with primary breast abscess and its recurrence. Nipple piercing is associated with increased risk of developing subareolar breast abscess. Recurrence is associated with smoking, surgical treatment, and increased age and is less likely with MRSA infections.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242-1086, USA.
authors.forename: Vinod
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gollapalli
authors.forename: Junlin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.forename: Amela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dudakovic
authors.forename: Sonia L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Sugg
authors.forename: Carol E H
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Scott-Conner
authors.forename: Ronald J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Weigel
mesh_terms: D000038:Abscess / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D000328:Adult; D046288:Body Piercing / Q000009:adverse effects; D001941:Breast Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D048909:Diabetes Complications; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications; D012008:Recurrence; D012042:Registries; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects