title: Update on methodologies available for ciguatoxin determination: perspectives to confront the onset of ciguatera fish poisoning in Europe.
abstract: Ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) occurs mainly when humans ingest finfish contaminated with ciguatoxins (CTXs). The complexity and variability of such toxins have made it difficult to develop reliable methods to routinely monitor CFP with specificity and sensitivity. This review aims to describe the methodologies available for CTX detection, including those based on the toxicological, biochemical, chemical, and pharmaceutical properties of CTXs. Selecting any of these methodological approaches for routine monitoring of ciguatera may be dependent upon the applicability of the method. However, identifying a reference validation method for CTXs is a critical and urgent issue, and is dependent upon the availability of certified CTX standards and the coordinated action of laboratories. Reports of CFP cases in European hospitals have been described in several countries, and are mostly due to travel to CFP endemic areas. Additionally, the recent detection of the CTX-producing tropical genus Gambierdiscus in the eastern Atlantic Ocean of the northern hemisphere and in the Mediterranean Sea, as well as the confirmation of CFP in the Canary Islands and possibly in Madeira, constitute other reasons to study the onset of CFP in Europe [1]. The question of the possible contribution of climate change to the distribution of toxin-producing microalgae and ciguateric fish is raised. The impact of ciguatera onset on European Union (EU) policies will be discussed with respect to EU regulations on marine toxins in seafood. Critical analysis and availability of methodologies for CTX determination is required for a rapid response to suspected CFP cases and to conduct sound CFP risk analysis.
authors.affiliation: IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain. amandine.caillaud@irta.es
authors.forename: Amandine
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Caillaud
authors.forename: Pablo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: de la Iglesia
authors.forename: H Taiana
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Darius
authors.forename: Serge
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pauillac
authors.forename: Katerina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Aligizaki
authors.forename: Santiago
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fraga
authors.forename: Mireille
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chinain
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Diogène
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D036841:Ciguatera Poisoning / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002922:Ciguatoxins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity; D057231:Climate Change; D004141:Dinoflagellida / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D062665:Epidemiological Monitoring; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005399:Fishes / Q000254:growth & development; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000517:prevention & control; D005513:Food Inspection / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D058015:Health Communication; D006801:Humans; D038622:Internationality; D010839:Phytoplankton / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D018570:Risk Assessment; D017747:Seafood / Q000032:analysis / Q000592:standards
chemical_list: D002922:Ciguatoxins