title: A preliminary study of transcranial direct current stimulation for the treatment of refractory chronic pelvic pain.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The modulatory effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) appear beneficial for different chronic pain syndromes; however, it is unclear whether this method can be used to treat refractory chronic pelvic pain.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this preliminary study was to determine the efficacy and safety of tDCS for the management of refractory chronic pelvic pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven patients with chronic pelvic pain having failed standard medical or surgical therapy underwent a crossover, double-blind sham controlled tDCS treatment protocol consisting of 1 mA applied for 20 minutes on two consecutive days with 2 weeks of follow-up symptom recording. Symptoms were recorded using multiple scoring systems, including visual analog scales for different pains, as well as organ-specific symptom scales. Comparison between active and sham treatment was performed by using paired t tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall and pelvic pain scores were significantly lower after active compared with sham treatment, as were disability and traumatic stress scores. No patient discontinued the study because of side effects, which were infrequent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Active tDCS treatment induces a modest pain reduction in refractory chronic pelvic pain patients as compared with sham tDCS treatment. These results can guide the design and implementation of further studies investigating this method of neuromodulation for the treatment of refractory chronic pelvic pain.
authors.affiliation: Summa Health System Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Akron, Ohio, USA. fentonb@summa-health.org
authors.forename: Bradford W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Fenton
authors.forename: Patrick A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Palmieri
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Boggio
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fanning
authors.forename: Felipe
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fregni
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002908:Chronic Disease / Q000628:therapy; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D006801:Humans; D010147:Pain Measurement; D017699:Pelvic Pain / Q000628:therapy*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D013577:Syndrome; D004561:Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D017211:Treatment Failure; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult