title: Antagonism of vascular endothelial growth factor for macular edema caused by retinal vein occlusions: two-year outcomes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the long-term effects of intraocular antagonism of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in patients with macular edema caused by retinal vein occlusions (RVOs).
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective randomized trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty patients with macular edema caused by branch RVOs (BRVOs) and 20 patients with central RVOs (CRVOs).
  
  
  METHODS
  After the month 3 primary end point, patients were seen every 2 months and received injections of an anti-VEGF agent as needed for recurrent edema.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mean change from baseline best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) at month 24 with assessment of other parameters of visual function and center subfield thickness (foveal thickness [FTH]).
  
  
  RESULTS
  For 17 patients with BRVO who completed 2 years of follow-up, the mean improvement from baseline in BCVA at month 24 was 17.8 letters compared with 15.6 letters at month 3. Improvement by at least 6, 3, or 2 lines occurred in 18%, 59%, and 76% of patients, respectively. The Snellen equivalent BCVA at month 24 was 20/40 or better in 10 patients. With an average of 2 injections of ranibizumab during year 2, the mean FTH at month 24 was 245.8 μm compared with 217.1 μm at month 3 and 481.5 μm at baseline. For 14 patients with CRVO who completed 2 years of follow-up, the mean improvement in BCVA at month 24 was 8.5 letters compared with 12.0 letters at month 3. Improvement by at least 6, 3, or 2 lines occurred in 14%, 21%, and 43% of patients, respectively. The Snellen equivalent BCVA at month 24 was 20/40 or better in 4 patients. With an average of 3.5 injections of ranibizumab in year 2, mean FTH at month 24 was 338 μm compared with 278 μm at month 3 and 533 μm at baseline. Duration of RVO >1 year at study entry and nonperfusion of perifoveal capillaries for 360 degrees correlated with reduced visual outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Antagonism of VEGF provides substantial long-term benefit to patients with macular edema caused by RVO, but frequent injections are required in some patients with BRVO and most patients with CRVO.
authors.affiliation: The Department of Ophthalmology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287-9277, USA. pcampo@jhmi.edu
authors.forename: Peter A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Campochiaro
authors.forename: Gulnar
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hafiz
authors.forename: Roomasa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Channa
authors.forename: Syed M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Quan Dong
authors.initials: QD
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: Howard
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ying
authors.forename: Diana V
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Do
authors.forename: Ingrid
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Zimmer-Galler
authors.forename: Sharon D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Solomon
authors.forename: Jennifer U
authors.initials: JU
authors.lastname: Sung
authors.forename: Beena
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Syed
mesh_terms: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D005451:Fluorescein Angiography; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D058449:Intravitreal Injections; D008269:Macular Edema / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D000069579:Ranibizumab; D012008:Recurrence; D012170:Retinal Vein Occlusion / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D019233:Retreatment; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; C467484:VEGFA protein, human; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D000069579:Ranibizumab