title: Free triiodothyronine is associated with smoking habit, independently of obesity, body fat distribution, insulin, and metabolic parameters.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between thyroid hormones and smoking and several other parameters like age, gender, insulin, and anthropometric and metabolic parameters in subjects with a wide range of body mass index (BMI).
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 931 euthyroid normal weight (BMI<25.0 kg/m2), overweight and obese subjects (BMI ≥25.0 kg/m2), 663 women and 268 men, aged 18-68 yr, were investigated. Fasting TSH, free T3 (FT3), free T4 (FT4), insulin, glucose, and lipid serum levels were determined. Waist circumference was measured as an indirect parameter of central fat accumulation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Smokers were younger (p<0.001) and showed higher FT3 (p<0.01), and triglyceride (p<0.01) levels and lower glucose (p<0.01) and HDL (p<0.001) concentrations than non smoking subjects. FT3 levels were directly associated with BMI (p<0.001), waist circumference (p<0.001), insulin (p<0.001), and triglyceride (p<0.01) levels and negatively correlated with age (p<0.001) and HDL-cholesterol levels (p<0.001). When a multiple regression analysis was performed with FT3 levels as the dependent variable, and smoking, age, gender, and TSH, insulin, triglyceride, and HDL-cholesterol serum concentrations as independent variables, FT3 levels maintained an independent positive association with smoking (p<0.05), age (p<0.001), male sex (p<0.001), waist circumference (p<0.05), and insulin levels (p<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Smoking increases FT3 levels independently of age, gender, obesity, body fat distribution and metabolic parameters.
authors.affiliation: Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology, and Metabolic Disease, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, School of Medicine, Policlinico, Via Putignani 236, Bari, Italy. g.depergola@endo.uniba.it
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: De Pergola
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ciampolillo
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Alò
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sciaraffia
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Guida
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001823:Body Composition; D050218:Body Fat Distribution; D015992:Body Mass Index; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood; D050177:Overweight / Q000097:blood; D012907:Smoking / Q000097:blood*; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D014284:Triiodothyronine / Q000097:blood*; D055105:Waist Circumference
chemical_list: D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D007328:Insulin; D014280:Triglycerides; D014284:Triiodothyronine