title: Orthodontic forces released by low-friction versus conventional systems during alignment of apically or buccally malposed teeth.
abstract: The aim of the present study was to analyse the forces released by passive stainless steel self-ligating brackets (SLBs) and by a non-conventional elastomeric ligature-bracket system on conventional brackets ([slide ligatures on conventional brackets (SLCB)]) when compared with conventional elastomeric ligatures on conventional brackets (CLCB) during the alignment of apically or buccally malposed teeth in the maxillary arch. An experimental model consisting of five brackets was used to assess the forces released by the three different bracket-ligature systems with 0.012-inch super-elastic (SE) nickel-titanium (NiTi) wires in the presence of different amounts of apical or buccal canine misalignment of the canine (ranging from 1.5 to 6 mm). The forces released by each wire/bracket/ligature combination with the three different amounts of apical or buccal canine misalignment were tested 20 times. Comparisons between the different types of wire/bracket/ligature systems were carried out by means of analysis of variance on ranks with Dunnett's post hoc test (P < 0.05). No difference in the amount of force released in presence of a misalignment of 1.5 mm was recorded among the three systems. At 3 mm of apical misalignment a significantly greater amount of orthodontic force was released by SLB or SLCB when compared with CLCB, while no significant differences were found among the three systems at 3 mm of buccal canine displacement. When correction of a large amount of misalignment (6 mm) was attempted, a noticeable amount of force for alignment was still generated by the passive SLB and SLCB systems while no force was released in presence of CLCB.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, University of Florence, Italy.
authors.forename: Tiziano
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Baccetti
authors.forename: Lorenzo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Franchi
authors.forename: Matteo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Camporesi
authors.forename: Efisio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Defraia
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D003481:Cuspid / Q000473:pathology; D003722:Dental Alloys / Q000737:chemistry; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis / Q000295:instrumentation; D020724:Elastomers / Q000737:chemistry; D017276:Friction; D006801:Humans; D008310:Malocclusion / Q000145:classification / Q000628:therapy*; D008422:Materials Testing; D008437:Maxilla; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D009532:Nickel / Q000737:chemistry; D016910:Orthodontic Brackets; D009969:Orthodontic Wires; D013193:Stainless Steel / Q000737:chemistry; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013696:Temperature; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry; D014087:Tooth Movement Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation*
chemical_list: D003722:Dental Alloys; D020724:Elastomers; C040654:titanium nickelide; D013193:Stainless Steel; D009532:Nickel; D014025:Titanium