title: Convergence insufficiency and its current treatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Considerable uncertainty and controversy has existed concerning the management of convergence insufficiency. Only recently there have been significant scientific studies published that compare the effectiveness of the commonly prescribed treatments. This paper reviews the most recent research and literature on convergence insufficiency and its treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The first large-scale placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trials to study the various treatments of convergence insufficiency have recently been published. Current research compares the effectiveness of base-in prism glasses, pencil push-ups, and vision therapy in reducing the signs and symptoms of convergence insufficiency and suggests that orthoptic therapy is the most efficacious treatment for convergence insufficiency.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intensive orthoptic therapy is the treatment of choice for convergence insufficiency. Pencil push-ups and use of accommodative targets have a role in the treatment of convergence insufficiency when used as part of a more intensive orthoptic program. Base-in prism glasses should be reserved for reduction of symptoms in the presbyopic population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Wills Eye Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA. jbl123@verizon.net
authors.forename: Judith B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Lavrich
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001248:Asthenopia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D002648:Child; D003290:Convergence, Ocular; D005099:Exotropia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D009988:Orthoptics; D015348:Vision, Binocular