title: Deciphering the causes of cardiovascular and other complex diseases in populations: achievements, challenges, opportunities, and approaches.
abstract: This paper provides an overview of key achievements of the Framingham Heart Study and identifies areas and approaches for future research in cardiovascular disease epidemiology and prevention. There is a need for a range of different studies using diverse designs (i.e. case-control, cohort, multi-community, birth cohort, family-based cohorts and randomized trials) in different settings and involving multiple ethnic groups. Incorporation of a range of new disciplines, such as genetics, behavioural sciences, social epidemiology, measures of the environment, geography, and health policy are required to understand the root determinants of cardiovascular diseases.
authors.affiliation: Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. yusufs@mcmaster.ca
authors.forename: Salim
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yusuf
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Anand
mesh_terms: D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000266:history / Q000517:prevention & control; D015340:Epidemiologic Research Design; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006291:Health Policy; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049674:History, 21st Century; D006801:Humans; D009313:National Health Programs; D009316:National Institutes of Health (U.S.); D011159:Population Surveillance; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology