title: Characteristics of patients receiving vasopressors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients receiving intensive care frequently need pharmacologic support of their blood pressure because of shock. In some patients, shock is so severe that extremely high doses of vasopressors are needed to elevate their blood pressure.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We sought to ascertain the maximal dose of vasopressors administered to patients, and to describe the population of patients receiving vasopressors in one intensive care unit.
  
  
  METHODS
  All adult patients admitted in 2001 to a 10-bed surgical unit in a university hospital, and receiving a vasopressor agent for 1 hour or more, underwent recordings of their demographic data, diagnoses upon admission, Acute Physiological and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II scores, vasopressors (including type, initial dose, dose increases, and maximal dose), number of days administered, complications, and mortality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 689 patients whose charts were reviewed, 72 received vasopressors. The mean age was 65 ± 21.4 years, and 66% were male. The mean APACHE II scores were 24 ± 6.2. The administration of .5 μg/kg/minute of norepinephrine or epinephrine resulted in 96% sensitivity and a specificity of 76% for the likelihood of mortality. Using Kaplan-Meyer curves, those patients receiving less than .5 μg/kg/minute demonstrated an 80% 6-year survival. All 17 patients receiving more than 3.8 μg/kg/minute of norepinephrine, and all 5 patients receiving more than 9.6 μg/kg/minute of epinephrine, died. The length of time during which patients received less than their maximal dose of vasopressors had no influence on survival (P = .4). The elderly (aged ≥ 75 years) and the young (aged <75 years) had the same intensive care unit survival rates when receiving vasopressors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this study, little likelihood of intensive care unit survival was evident when patients received more than .5 μg/kg/minute of norepinephrine or epinephrine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel. julie@hadassah.org.il
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Benbenishty
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Weissman
authors.forename: Charles L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Sprung
authors.forename: Mali
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brodsky-Israeli
authors.forename: Yoram
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Weiss
mesh_terms: D018806:APACHE; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D007022:Hypotension / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality / Q000451:nursing*; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D007557:Israel; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D009730:Nursing Assessment; D012372:ROC Curve; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012769:Shock / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality / Q000451:nursing*; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D009638:Norepinephrine; D004837:Epinephrine