title: Prevalence, molecular typing and risk factor analysis for Giardia duodenalis infections in dogs in a central London rescue shelter.
abstract: A cross-sectional survey to investigate canine infections with Giardia duodenalis was undertaken at a central London rescue shelter between October 2006 and March 2007. The objectives of the study were to (i) estimate the prevalence of infection in dogs admitted to a London dog shelter using a commercially available ELISA-based test kit; (ii) identify the relative importance of potential dog level risk factors for infection; and (iii) identify the occurrence of different G. duodenalis assemblages present in this population in order to identify presence of any potentially zoonotic assemblages. A faecal sample was collected from each dog entering the shelter within 1 day of arrival. Each sample was tested for the presence of parasite cyst wall protein using the Giardia SNAP test kit (Idexx Laboratories). Samples were graded for faecal consistency on a standard scale and data on age, breed, categorized breed group, sex and neutered status were collected for each dog. Associations between infection status and each dog level variable were investigated using univariable and multivariable logistic regression. Selected G. duodenalis-positive samples were genotyped using previously described primers targeting the 18S rDNA gene and the beta-giardin gene. Samples from a total of 878 dogs were collected and the true prevalence found to be 21.0% (95% CI 16.7-25.4%). In the present study, the odds of infection decreased with increasing age (adjusted odds ratio 0.66, 95% CI 0.54-0.80, p<0.0001) and was increased for Rottweilers (adjusted odds ratio 2.12, 95% CI 1.03-4.34, p=0.04). Of the 51 samples selected for genotyping, 41 samples yielded a good amplification at one or both of the targeted genes, demonstrating the occurrence of mainly dog-specific assemblages C and D. The potentially zoonotic assemblage A and a mixed template C/D were found in two individual dogs. The results of the present study illustrate the high prevalence of G. duodenalis in shelter dogs. Although predominantly infected with dog-specific assemblages, the identification of assemblage A suggests that appropriate precautions should be taken to minimize the risk of transmission to staff.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK.
authors.forename: Melissa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Upjohn
authors.forename: Charlotte
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cobb
authors.forename: Joanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Monger
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Geurden
authors.forename: Edwin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Claerebout
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fox
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000469:parasitology*; D004285:Dogs; D005243:Feces / Q000469:parasitology; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D005872:Giardia / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D005873:Giardiasis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology / Q000662:veterinary*; D006799:Housing, Animal / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016015:Logistic Models; D008131:London; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D015995:Prevalence; D015800:Protozoan Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D012337:RNA, Ribosomal, 18S / Q000235:genetics; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins; D015800:Protozoan Proteins; D012337:RNA, Ribosomal, 18S; C038207:giardin protein, Giardia lamblia