title: The polarization of immune cells in the tumour environment by TGFbeta.
abstract: Transforming growth factor-beta (TGFbeta) is an immunosuppressive cytokine produced by tumour cells and immune cells that can polarize many components of the immune system. This Review covers the effects of TGFbeta on natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells, macrophages, neutrophils, CD8(+) and CD4(+) effector and regulatory T cells, and NKT cells in animal tumour models and in patients with cancer. Collectively, many recent studies favour the hypothesis that blocking TGFbeta-induced signalling in the tumour microenvironment enhances antitumour immunity and may be beneficial for cancer therapy. An overview of the current drugs and reagents available for inhibiting TGFbeta-induced signalling and their phase in clinical development is also provided.
authors.affiliation: Yale University School of Medicine, 300 Cedar Street, TAC S-569, PO BOX 208011, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA. richard.flavell@yale.edu
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Flavell
authors.forename: Shomyseh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sanjabi
authors.forename: Stephen H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Wrzesinski
authors.forename: Paula
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Licona-Limón
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D016764:Cell Polarity / Q000276:immunology*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000276:immunology; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000276:immunology; D006411:Hematopoiesis, Extramedullary; D006801:Humans; D007165:Immunosuppression Therapy; D007694:Killer Cells, Natural / Q000276:immunology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology* / Q000628:therapy; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000276:immunology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D016176:T-Lymphocyte Subsets / Q000276:immunology; D050378:T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory / Q000276:immunology; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D016207:Cytokines; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta