title: Replenishment of fish populations is threatened by ocean acidification.
abstract: There is increasing concern that ocean acidification, caused by the uptake of additional CO(2) at the ocean surface, could affect the functioning of marine ecosystems; however, the mechanisms by which population declines will occur have not been identified, especially for noncalcifying species such as fishes. Here, we use a combination of laboratory and field-based experiments to show that levels of dissolved CO(2) predicted to occur in the ocean this century alter the behavior of larval fish and dramatically decrease their survival during recruitment to adult populations. Altered behavior of larvae was detected at 700 ppm CO(2), with many individuals becoming attracted to the smell of predators. At 850 ppm CO(2), the ability to sense predators was completely impaired. Larvae exposed to elevated CO(2) were more active and exhibited riskier behavior in natural coral-reef habitat. As a result, they had 5-9 times higher mortality from predation than current-day controls, with mortality increasing with CO(2) concentration. Our results show that additional CO(2) absorbed into the ocean will reduce recruitment success and have far-reaching consequences for the sustainability of fish populations.
authors.affiliation: Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies and School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia. philip.munday@jcu.edu.au
authors.forename: Philip L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Munday
authors.forename: Danielle L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Dixson
authors.forename: Mark I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: McCormick
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Meekan
authors.forename: Maud C O
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Ferrari
authors.forename: Douglas P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Chivers
mesh_terms: D000143:Acids / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis; D005399:Fishes / Q000254:growth & development*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects; D009792:Oceans and Seas; D011157:Population Dynamics; D011235:Predatory Behavior / Q000187:drug effects; D012623:Seawater / Q000737:chemistry*; D012903:Smell / Q000187:drug effects; D016019:Survival Analysis
chemical_list: D000143:Acids; D002245:Carbon Dioxide