title: Dyad of CD40/CD40 ligand fosters neuroinflammation at the blood-brain barrier and is regulated via JNK signaling: implications for HIV-1 encephalitis.
abstract: Human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) infection may result in activation of peripheral monocytes followed by their infiltration into the CNS, where the release of proinflammatory mediators causes neurologic disease. Previously, we detected high levels of soluble CD40 ligand (CD40L) in CSF and plasma of HIV-infected patients with cognitive impairment. We now show that CD40, a receptor for CD40L, is highly expressed in brain endothelial cells of patients affected by HIV-1 encephalitis (HIVE), suggesting an important role for the CD40/CD40L dyad in regulating blood-brain barrier (BBB) functions. This concept was further supported by in vitro experiments. Exposure of primary human brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMVECs) to CD40L upregulated the expression of adhesion molecules intracellular adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, which caused a fourfold increase in monocyte adhesion to BMVECs and stimulated migration across an in vitro BBB model. Investigations into the intracellular signaling pathways that govern these events revealed that cJUN-N-terminal kinase (JNK) is critical to CD40 activation in the BMVECs. CD40L induced activation of mixed-lineage-kinase-3 and JNK, leading to the subsequent activation of cJUN/AP-1 (activating-protein-1). JNK inhibition in the BMVECs prevented CD40L-mediated induction of adhesion molecules, monocyte adhesion, and transendothelial migration. These new findings support the concept that the CD40/CD40L dyad plays an important role in HIVE neuroinflammation.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA.
authors.forename: Servio H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Ramirez
authors.forename: Shongshan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.forename: Holly
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dykstra
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Reichenbach
authors.forename: Luis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Del Valle
authors.forename: Raghava
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Potula
authors.forename: Richard P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Phipps
authors.forename: Sanjay B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Maggirwar
authors.forename: Yuri
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Persidsky
mesh_terms: D015526:AIDS Dementia Complex / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001812:Blood-Brain Barrier / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D015153:Blotting, Western; D019013:CD40 Antigens / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D023201:CD40 Ligand / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009000:Monocytes / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D019013:CD40 Antigens; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1; D023201:CD40 Ligand; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases