title: Treatment of chronic neuropathic pain by motor cortex stimulation: results of a bicentric controlled crossover trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic motor cortex stimulation (MCS) with surgically implanted epidural electrodes has been proposed as a treatment for neuropathic pain refractory compared with medical treatment. However, no prospective controlled trial has been published to provide convincing evidence of MCS analgesic efficacy.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare MCS analgesic efficacy between "ON"- and "OFF"-stimulation conditions in a double-blinded crossover trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten patients with chronic neuropathic pain of either peripheral or central origin underwent MCS implantation in two centers (Créteil, France, and Mexico City, Mexico). At the end of the second postoperative month, patients were randomly assigned into two groups. In the first group, the stimulator was switched "OFF" for two weeks and then was switched "ON" for the next 2 weeks. The opposite sequence was applied in the second group. Preoperative and postoperative assessment (until 1 year after surgery) was performed using visual analogue scale (VAS), verbal scale (VS), Wisconsin brief pain questionnaire (WBPQ), McGill pain questionnaire (MPQ), McGill quality of life scale, and medication quantification scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the crossover trial, VAS, VS, WBPQ, and MPQ scores were significantly reduced in the"ON"- compared with the "OFF"-stimulation condition. One year after surgery, all clinical scores were significantly reduced compared with preoperative values. In particular, MCS decreased the affective MPQ subscore relative to the sensory MPQ subscore. Six of the 10 patients clearly benefited from MCS treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results were in favor of real analgesic effects produced by MCS with no loss of benefit over time. The differential changes in MPQ subscores suggested that MCS relieved pain by acting predominantly on its affective aspect. The decrease in pain intensity was associated with improved daily living activities and quality of life and reduced consumption of analgesic medication.
authors.affiliation: Service de Neurochirurgie, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Créteil, France. jeanpaul.nguyen@chu-nantes.fr
authors.forename: Jean-Paul
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Velasco
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Brugières
authors.forename: Marcos
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Velasco
authors.forename: Yves
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Keravel
authors.forename: Bernardo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Boleaga
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Brito
authors.forename: Jean-Pascal
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Lefaucheur
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000698:Analgesia / Q000379:methods*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000502:physiology / Q000601:surgery; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D010146:Pain / Q000601:surgery*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome