title: Hypofractionated dose-painting intensity modulated radiation therapy with chemotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a prospective trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the feasibility of dose-painting intensity-modulated radiation therapy (DP-IMRT) with a hypofractionated regimen to treat nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) with concomitant toxicity reduction.
  
  
  METHODS
  From October 2002 through April 2007, 25 newly diagnosed NPC patients were enrolled in a prospective trial. DP-IMRT was prescribed to deliver 70.2 Gy using 2.34-Gy fractions to the gross tumor volume for the primary and nodal sites while simultaneously delivering 54 Gy in 1.8-Gy fractions to regions at risk of microscopic disease. Patients received concurrent and adjuvant platin-based chemotherapy similar to the Intergroup 0099 trial.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patient and disease characteristics are as follows: median age, 46; 44% Asian; 68% male; 76% World Health Organization III; 20% T1, 52% T2, 16% T3, 12% T4; 20% N0, 36% N1, 36% N2, 8% N3. With median follow-up of 33 months, 3-year local control was 91%, regional control was 91%, freedom from distant metastases was 91%, and overall survival was 89%. The average mean dose to each cochlea was 43 Gy. With median audiogram follow-up of 14 months, only one patient had clinically significant (Grade 3) hearing loss. Twelve percent of patients developed temporal lobe necrosis; one patient required surgical resection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Preliminary findings using a hypofractionated DP-IMRT regimen demonstrated that local control, freedom from distant metastases, and overall survival compared favorably with other series of IMRT and chemotherapy. The highly conformal boost to the tumor bed resulted low rates of severe ototoxicity (Grade 3-4). However, the incidence of in-field brain radiation necrosis indicates that 2.34 Gy per fraction is not safe in this setting.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
authors.forename: Richard L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Bakst
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: David G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Pfister
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Zelefsky
authors.forename: Margie A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Hunt
authors.forename: Dennis H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Kraus
authors.forename: Suzanne L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Wolden
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology / Q000528:radiation effects; D002277:Carcinoma; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; D003051:Cochlea / Q000528:radiation effects; D019583:Dose Fractionation, Radiation; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006309:Hearing / Q000528:radiation effects; D006801:Humans; D015182:Lymphatic Irradiation / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D000077274:Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma; D009303:Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy; D009336:Necrosis; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011832:Radiation Injuries; D050397:Radiotherapy, Intensity-Modulated / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods* / Q000401:mortality; D047368:Tumor Burden; D014987:Xerostomia / Q000209:etiology