title: Investigation of three radiation detectors for accurate measurement of absorbed dose in nonstandard fields.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To establish accurate experimental dosimetry techniques for reference dose measurements in nonstandard composite fields.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cylindrical PMMA phantom filled with water was constructed, at the center of which reference absorbed dose to water for a head and neck IMRT delivery was measured. Based on the proposed new formalism for reference dosimetry of nonstandard fields [Alfonso et al., Med. Phys. 35, 5179-5186 (2008)], a candidate plan-class specific reference (pcsr) field for a typical head and neck IMRT delivery was created on the CT images of the phantom. The absorbed dose to water in the pcsr field normalized to that in a reference 10 x 10 cm2 field was measured using three radiation detectors: Gafchromic EBT films, a diamond detector, and a guarded liquid-filled ionization chamber developed in-house (GLIC-03). Pcsr correction factors [formula in text] were determined for five different types of air-filled ionization chambers (Exradin A12, NE-2571, Exradin A1SL, Exradin A14, and PinPoint 31006) in a fully rotated delivery and in a delivery with the same MLC settings and weights but from a single gantry angle (a collapsed delivery).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The combined standard uncertainty in measuring the correction factor [formula in text] using the three dosimetry techniques was 0.3%. For all the air-filled ionization chambers and the pcsr field tested, the correction factor was not different from unity by more than +/- 0.8%. For the fully rotated delivery, the correction factors were in a narrow range of 0.9955-0.9986, while in the collapsed delivery, they were in a slightly broader range of 0.9922-1.0048. In the collapsed delivery, the Farmer-type chambers (Exradin A12 and NE2571) had very similar correction factors (0.9922 and 0.9931, respectively), whereas the correction factors for the smaller chambers showed more distinct chamber-type dependence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The authors have established three experimental dosimetry techniques that allow reference measurements of nonstandard field correction factors [formula in text] for air-filled ionization chambers at the 0.3% 1sigma uncertainty level. These techniques can be used to determine criteria for the selection of plan-class specific reference fields and ultimately improve clinical reference dosimetry of nonstandard fields.
authors.affiliation: Medical Physics Unit, McGill University, Montreal General Hospital (L5-113), 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1A4, Canada.
authors.forename: Eunah
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Hugo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bouchard
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Seuntjens
mesh_terms: D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D038622:Internationality; D011874:Radiometry / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000592:standards*; D012015:Reference Standards; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity