Active roles of electrically coupled bipolar cell network in the adult retina.
Gap junctions are frequently observed in the adult vertebrate retina. It has been shown that gap junctions function as passive electrotonic pathways and play various roles, such as noise reduction, synchronization of electrical activities, regulation of the receptive field size, and transmission of rod signals to cone pathways. The presence of gap junctions between bipolar cells has been reported in various species but their functions are not known. In the present study, we applied dual whole-cell clamp techniques to the adult goldfish retina to elucidate the functions of gap junctions between ON-type bipolar cells with a giant axon terminal (Mb1-BCs). Electrophysiological and immunohistochemical experiments revealed that Mb1-BCs were coupled with each other through gap junctions that were located at the distal dendrites. The coupling conductance between Mb1-BCs under light-adapted conditions was larger than that under dark-adapted conditions. The gap junctions showed neither rectification nor voltage dependence, and behaved as a low-pass filter. Mb1-BCs could generate Ca(2+) spikes in response to depolarization, especially under dark-adapted conditions. The Ca(2+) spike evoked electrotonic depolarization through gap junctions in neighboring Mb1-BCs, and the depolarization in turn could trigger Ca(2+) spikes with a time lag. A brief depolarizing pulse applied to an Mb1-BC evoked a long-lasting EPSC in the postsynaptic ganglion cell. The EPSC was shortened in duration when gap junctions were pharmacologically or mechanically impaired. These results suggest that the spread of Ca(2+) spikes through gap junctions between bipolar cells may play a key role in lateral interactions in the adult retina.
Arai
Itaru
I
Department of Psychology, Graduate School of Humanities and Sociology, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
Tanaka
Masashi
M
Tachibana
Masao
M
D000200:Action Potentials / Q000502:physiology; D000221:Adaptation, Ocular / Q000502:physiology; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001369:Axons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D055592:Biophysical Phenomena / Q000502:physiology; D001703:Biophysics; D001710:Biotin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D017630:Connexins / Q000378:metabolism; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D018756:GABA Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D017629:Gap Junctions / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D018684:Glycine Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D006054:Goldfish; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects; D018408:Patch-Clamp Techniques / Q000379:methods; D010852:Picrotoxin / Q000494:pharmacology; D011422:Propionates / Q000494:pharmacology; D051571:Protein Kinase C-alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D012160:Retina / Q000166:cytology*; D051245:Retinal Bipolar Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D012964:Sodium / Q000378:metabolism; D013331:Strychnine / Q000494:pharmacology; D055366:Synaptic Potentials / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*
D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D001710:Biotin; D002118:Calcium; D017630:Connexins; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; D018756:GABA Antagonists; D018684:Glycine Agents; D008012:Lidocaine; D010852:Picrotoxin; D011422:Propionates; D051571:Protein Kinase C-alpha; D012964:Sodium; D013331:Strychnine; C114785:2-amino-4-phosphono-propinate; C100585:connexin 35 protein, vertebrate; C070614:neurobiotin; C012647:QX-314