title: Liver involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus: incidence, clinical course and outcome of lupus hepatitis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aims of this study were to assess the spectrum of liver disease occurring in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), primarily the incidence, clinical course and outcome of lupus hepatitis (LH).
  
  
  METHODS
  The records of 283 SLE out-patients referred to our Unit between 1994 and 2008 were reviewed to identify clinical or laboratory evidence of liver involvement. Liver enzyme values were considered abnormal when a sustained increase in serum transaminase levels above the normal value was observed for a period of at least three months or when the increase was confirmed in two consecutive assessments. Study inclusion criteria were a follow-up of at least 12 months and three liver function tests per year over the course of disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 242 patients with a mean follow-up of 72.2+/-59.1 months were identified. Liver enzyme abnormalities were observed in 45 (18.6%) patients. Of these, only 14 cases (5.8%) could be attributed to LH. Clinical course and response to therapy enabled the identification of three different patterns: remitting, unremitting and relapsing forms. Acute hepatitis and liver failure were not observed. Low serum alanine transaminase levels at diagnosis and high doses of prednisone were associated to resolution of LH. Clinical course or response to therapy did not appear to be affected by liver histology or serological findings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LH is generally sub-clinical with a fluctuating course and responds well to moderate to high doses of prednisone without progression to end-stage liver disease.
authors.affiliation: Chair of Rheumatology and Rheumatology Unit, University and AOU of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy. matteopiga@alice.it
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Piga
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vacca
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Porru
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cauli
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mathieu
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000328:Adult; D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000097:blood; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007558:Italy; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008099:Liver / Q000201:enzymology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008111:Liver Function Tests; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000150:complications*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011241:Prednisone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D000410:Alanine Transaminase; D011241:Prednisone