title: Hepatocytes express functional NOD1 and NOD2 receptors: a role for NOD1 in hepatocyte CC and CXC chemokine production.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  NOD-like receptors are recently described cytosolic pattern recognition receptors. NOD1 and NOD2 are members of this family that recognize bacterial cell wall components, diaminopimelic acid and muramyl dipeptide, respectively. Both NOD1 and NOD2 have been associated with many inflammatory diseases, although their role in liver inflammation and infection has not been well studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated the role of NOD receptors in mouse liver by assessing expression and activation of NOD1 and NOD2 in liver and primary isolated hepatocytes from C57BL/6 mice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both NOD1 and NOD2 mRNA and protein were highly expressed in hepatocytes and liver. RIP2, the main signaling partner for NODs, was also expressed. Stimulation of hepatocytes with NOD1 ligand (C12-iEDAP) induced NFkappaB activation, activation of MAP kinases and expression of chemokines CCL5 (RANTES) and CXCL1 (KC). C12-iEDAP also synergized with interferon (IFN)gamma to increase iNOS expression and production of nitric oxide. Despite activating NFkappaB, NOD1 ligand did not upregulate hepatocyte production of the acute phase proteins lipopolysaccharide binding protein, serum amyloid A, or soluble CD14 in cell culture supernatants, or upregulate mRNA expression of lipopolysaccharide binding protein, serum amyloid A, C-reactive protein, or serum amyloid P. NOD2 ligand (MDP) did not activate hepatocytes when given alone, but did synergize with Toll-like receptor ligands, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and polyI:C to activate NFkappaB and MAPK.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All together these data suggest an important role for hepatocyte NOD1 in attracting leukocytes to the liver during infection and for hepatic NLRs to augment innate immune responses to pathogens.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, NW 607 MUH, 3459 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. scottm@upmc.edu
authors.forename: Melanie J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Qian
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Timothy R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Billiar
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019742:Chemokines, CC / Q000378:metabolism*; D019743:Chemokines, CXC / Q000378:metabolism*; D015870:Gene Expression; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D053474:Nod1 Signaling Adaptor Protein / Q000235:genetics*; D053473:Nod2 Signaling Adaptor Protein / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D019742:Chemokines, CC; D019743:Chemokines, CXC; D053474:Nod1 Signaling Adaptor Protein; C507873:Nod1 protein, mouse; D053473:Nod2 Signaling Adaptor Protein; C495945:Nod2 protein, mouse