title: Intake of fish and n-3 fatty acids and future risk of metabolic syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Whether or not fish and n-3 fatty acid intake is associated with the metabolic syndrome risk has not been carefully evaluated. This study investigated the effect of fish and n-3 fatty acid intake on the incidence of metabolic syndrome and on the individual risk factors for the syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  A population-based prospective cohort study included 3,504 male and female Koreans aged 40 to 69 years from the Korean Genome Epidemiology Study. At the beginning of follow-up, all individuals were free of metabolic syndrome and known cardiovascular disease. Each participant completed a food frequency questionnaire. Incident cases of metabolic syndrome were identified by biennial health examinations during a follow-up period between April 17, 2003, and November 17, 2006. Pooled logistic regression analysis was applied to obtain an odds ratio (OR) of metabolic syndrome with its 95% confidence interval (CI) for fish or n-3 fatty acid intake.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After controlling for potential cardiovascular risk factors, multivariate OR for metabolic syndrome was 0.43 (95% CI 0.23 to 0.83) for men who ate fish daily when compared with those eating fish less than once a week. Similarly, metabolic syndrome risk was halved for men in the top decile of n-3 fatty acid intake when compared with those in the bottom decile (OR 0.53, 95% CI 0.28 to 0.99). In particular, fish intake was significantly associated with triglyceride level and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level among the metabolic syndrome components. For women, apparent associations were not observed between fish intake or n-3 fatty acid intake and metabolic syndrome risk.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In a prospective study, high consumption of fish and n-3 fatty acids was significantly associated with a lower risk of metabolic syndrome among men, but not among women. Whether or not encouraging fish intake can help prevent the development of metabolic syndrome warrants further studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Foods and Nutrition, College of Natural Sciences, Kookmin University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Inkyung
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Baik
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Abbott
authors.forename: J David
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Curb
authors.forename: Chol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Shin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004042:Dietary Fats, Unsaturated / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007723:Korea / Q000453:epidemiology; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D008875:Middle Aged; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D017747:Seafood; D012737:Sex Factors
chemical_list: D004042:Dietary Fats, Unsaturated; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3