title: Watershed segmentation of dermoscopy images using a watershed technique.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Automatic lesion segmentation is an important part of computer-based image analysis of pigmented skin lesions. In this research, a watershed algorithm is developed and investigated for adequacy of skin lesion segmentation in dermoscopy images.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hair, black border and vignette removal methods are introduced as preprocessing steps. The flooding variant of the watershed segmentation algorithm was implemented with novel features adapted to this domain. An outer bounding box, determined by a difference function derived from horizontal and vertical projection functions, is added to estimate the lesion area, and the lesion area error is reduced by a linear estimation function. As a post-processing step, a second-order B-Spline smoothing method is introduced to smooth the watershed border.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using the average of three sets of dermatologist-drawn borders as the ground truth, an overall error of 15.98% was obtained using the watershed technique.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The implementation of the flooding variant of the watershed algorithm presented here allows satisfactory automatic segmentation of pigmented skin lesions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, USA.
authors.forename: Hanzheng
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Xiaohe
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Randy H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Moss
authors.forename: R Joe
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Stanley
authors.forename: William V
authors.initials: WV
authors.lastname: Stoecker
authors.forename: M Emre
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Celebi
authors.forename: Thomas M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Szalapski
authors.forename: Joseph M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Malters
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Grichnik
authors.forename: Ashfaq A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Marghoob
authors.forename: Harold S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Rabinovitz
authors.forename: Scott W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Menzies
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D046169:Dermoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D008545:Melanoma / Q000175:diagnosis*; D008954:Models, Biological; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012880:Skin Pigmentation; D012984:Software