title: Effects of electroacupuncture on local anaesthesia for inguinal hernia repair: a randomised placebo-controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effect of electroacupuncture (EA), akin to percutaneous electroneurostimulation, on pain and biochemical measures during and after inguinal hernia repair.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-three patients were randomised to EA (n=16) or sham transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) control (n=17). EA was applied at different frequencies, through needles inserted around the incision, over selected peripheral nerve branches and in the ear, from 30 min before surgery until the end of surgery, when needles were removed. All patients also received routine sedation and local anaesthesia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no difference between the pain scores in the groups receiving EA and sham TENS in the immediate postoperative period, which may be owing to adequate levels of analgesia from conventional techniques. On the fourth and seventh postoperative days, less pain and lower consumption of analgesic drugs were reported in the treatment group. Seroma occurred more frequently in the control group, which also had higher glucose blood levels in the immediate postoperative surgery period. The single case of chronic postoperative pain occurred in the control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The sample size was too small to draw any conclusions about the effect of EA on pain and other parameters following inguinal hernia surgery, but our observations suggest that future studies in this area are justified.
authors.affiliation: Community Health Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. mdiasmdias@gmail.com
authors.forename: Marcio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dias
authors.forename: Norton Moritz
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Carneiro
authors.forename: Luiz Antônio Vanni
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Guerra
authors.forename: Guillermo Coca
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Velarde
authors.forename: Pedro Assaf Teixeira
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: de Souza
authors.forename: Lidiane Luiz Damásio
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: da Silva
authors.forename: Rafael Ramalho
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: de Abreu e Souza
authors.forename: Roberta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nolasco
authors.forename: Beni
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Olej
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000772:Anesthesia, Local; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006552:Hernia, Inguinal / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods*; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000145:classification / Q000628:therapy*; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D004561:Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local