title: Smoothelin immunohistochemistry is a useful adjunct for assessing muscularis propria invasion in bladder carcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To prospectively evaluate the utility of smoothelin immunohistochemical expression for the evaluation of muscularis propria (MP) in diagnostic transurethral resection of bladder tumour (TURBT) specimens and cystectomies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Smoothelin immunohistochemistry was performed on a total of 26 TURBT and cystectomy specimens. All but two cases (24/26) demonstrated strong (3+) or moderate (2+) immunoreactivity of the MP with smoothelin. Muscularis mucosae (MM) never displayed strong (3+) reactivity, and in only one case did the MM have moderate (2+) reactivity; in this case the MP had strong (3+) reactivity. MM intensity mirrored the intensity of reactivity of blood vessels in all cases (26/26). Using moderate or strong immunoreactivity as a cut-off, smoothelin had a sensitivity of 92% for detecting MP and a specificity of 97% for distinguishing between MP and MM. In all unequivocal MP-invasive and lamina proporia-invasive cases by haematoxylin and eosin (H&E), smoothelin immunohistochemistry confirmed the original light microscopic diagnosis. In four cases in which there was equivocal MP involvement by H&E, smoothelin helped establish MP invasion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Smoothelin immunohistochemistry has diagnostic utility in the evaluation of MP invasion in urothelial carcinoma. Smoothelin could be used as an adjunct to traditional H&E-stained light microscopy and may help reduce the number of equivocal diagnoses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610-0275, USA.
authors.forename: Ian M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Bovio
authors.forename: Samer Z
authors.initials: SZ
authors.lastname: Al-Quran
authors.forename: Charles J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Rosser
authors.forename: Chester B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Algood
authors.forename: Peter A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Drew
authors.forename: Robert W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Allan
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D015653:Cystectomy; D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009092:Mucous Membrane / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D009124:Muscle Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D019459:Urothelium / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins; D009124:Muscle Proteins; C100762:SMTN protein, human