title: Anticipating maximal or submaximal exercise: no differences in cardiopulmonary responses.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Anticipation before the start of exercise may influence the cardiopulmonary responses during exercise. If anticipation influences the responses differently with maximal and submaximal exercises, normative values for submaximal responses will not be comparable unless exercise has been continued to the same end point.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve healthy subjects (five men) aged 18-27 years had a maximal exercise test and a submaximal exercise test on a cycle ergometer on different days and in random order. They were not aware of the specific purpose of the study and were informed 15 min before the tests whether it should be maximal or submaximal. Workload increased with 15 W min(-1) until exhaustion or to 80% of predicted maximal heart rate (HR). HR, oxygen uptake (VO(2)), carbon dioxide production (VCO(2)), minute ventilation (V(E)) and tidal volume (V(T)) were averaged over 20 s intervals. Linear regression of the HR-VO(2) relationship and quadratic regression of the V(T)-V(E) relationship were performed for each individual, and the regression coefficients for maximal and submaximal tests were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The regression models described the V(T)-V(E) responses with a R(2) > 0.85 in 23 of 24 tests, and the HR-VO(2) responses with a R(2) > 0.90 in all tests. The regression coefficients of the relationships were not significantly different with maximal and submaximal exercises.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Anticipation appears not to influence the responses to progressive maximal and submaximal exercise tests with the same rate of increase in load. Normative values at submaximal exercise levels are not influenced by the targeted end point of exercise.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen.
authors.forename: Ida
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kjelkenes
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen.|Department of occupational medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Einar
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Thorsen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D059031:Anticipation, Psychological; D015444:Exercise / Q000523:psychology*; D005080:Exercise Test; D005260:Female; D006321:Heart / Q000502:physiology*; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008168:Lung / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D009664:Norway; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D012123:Pulmonary Ventilation; D013990:Tidal Volume; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult