title: Effects of chitooligosaccharide lactate salt on sleep deprivation-induced fatigue in mice.
abstract: Chitooligosaccharides (COS), oligosaccharides composed of two to seven glucosamine residues, are known to exhibit various biological activities. In this study, we investigated the effects of COS in an in vivo mouse sleep deprivation-induced fatigue model in an effort to develop a functional food with anti-fatigue efficacy. Male Balb/c mice were orally administered 500 mg (kg d)(-1) of COS lactate or COS HCl for 2 weeks, and severe fatigue was induced by sleep deprivation. To evaluate the extent of fatigue, the swimming time, representing the immobility time, was measured in a forced swim test. As a result, oral intake of COS lactate-manifested anti-fatigue effects could be observed by the attenuation of fatigue-induced body weight loss and shorter immobility period. In addition, COS lactate was shown to alleviate the fatigue-induced increase in cortisol and lipid peroxidation and a decrease in superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. Of particular note, the oral administration of COS lactate increased the mitochondrial membrane potential and the mitochondrial number significantly, indicating that COS lactate may enhance mitochondrial function. In support of this, COS lactate increased the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1alpha (PGC-1alpha) and cytochrome c (Cyt C) mRNA, indicating that it may increase mitochondrial biogenesis. These results suggest that COS lactate can be an effective anti-fatigue functional food, and this anti-fatigue effect may result from, at least in part, the enhancement of mitochondrial biogenesis and the inhibition of free radical generation.
authors.affiliation: Food Research Institute, R&D Center, AmorePacific Corporation, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 446-729, Korea.
authors.forename: Si Young
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: Ji Hae
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Min Jeong
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Pil Joon
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Eui Seok
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.forename: Jong Hee
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Sohn
authors.forename: Dae-Bang
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Seo
authors.forename: Kyung Min
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: Wan Gi
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Sang-Jun
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D045304:Cytochromes c / Q000235:genetics; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005221:Fatigue / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000097:blood; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D009844:Oligosaccharides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000071248:Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha; D012892:Sleep Deprivation / Q000150:complications*; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000378:metabolism; D014157:Transcription Factors
chemical_list: D009844:Oligosaccharides; D000071248:Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha; C485290:Ppargc1a protein, mouse; D015534:Trans-Activators; D014157:Transcription Factors; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D045304:Cytochromes c; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D006854:Hydrocortisone