title: Effect of cardiopulmonary resuscitation on intubation using a Macintosh laryngoscope, the AirWay Scope, and the gum elastic bougie: A manikin study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Physicians could encounter difficult intubation during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in trauma patients due to the patient's movement from continuous chest compression and to cervical stabilisation. Therefore, first, we evaluated the impact of chest compression with or without cervical stabilisation on intubation with a Macintosh laryngoscope. Next, we compared difficulty in intubation among the Macintosh laryngoscope, AirWay Scope (AWS), and gum elastic bougie (GEB) with the Macintosh laryngoscope in three simulated CPR scenarios in a randomised, controlled, cross-over study design.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-three anaesthetists intubated the trachea of a manikin (ALS Skill Master, Laerdal Medical Japan, Tokyo, Japan) using the Macintosh laryngoscope, AWS, and GEB in the control scenario, chest compression scenario, and chest compression with cervical stabilisation scenario. Difficulty in intubation was rated on a 5-point scale and the intubation time was measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Continuous chest compression increased difficulty in intubation with the Macintosh laryngoscope, compared with the control scenario. Concurrent application of cervical stabilisation further increased the difficulty, compared with application of chest compression alone. Of the three devices compared, the AWS facilitated the easiest intubation, and the GEB facilitated the second-easiest intubation in all scenarios, though the intubation time was slightly longer with the GEB than with other devices.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CPR employing continuous chest compression with or without cervical stabilisation caused difficult intubation with the Macintosh laryngoscope. The AWS and GEB facilitated the easiest and second-easiest intubation, respectively, even during CPR employing continuous chest compression with or without cervical stabilisation in a manikin.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, International Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, 1397-1 Yamane, Hidaka, Saitama 350-1241, Japan. kmaruyam@saitama-med.ac.jp
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Maruyama
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tsukamoto
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ohno
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakagawa
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kitamura
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hayashida
mesh_terms: D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation / Q000379:methods*; D004548:Elasticity; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal / Q000295:instrumentation*; D020704:Laryngoscopes; D008348:Manikins; D012149:Restraint, Physical / Q000295:instrumentation*