title: Effect of dapagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes who have inadequate glycaemic control with metformin: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Correction of hyperglycaemia and prevention of glucotoxicity are important objectives in the management of type 2 diabetes. Dapagliflozin, a selective sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor, reduces renal glucose reabsorption in an insulin-independent manner. We assessed the efficacy and safety of dapagliflozin in patients who have inadequate glycaemic control with metformin.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this phase 3, multicentre, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled trial, 546 adults with type 2 diabetes who were receiving daily metformin (>/=1500 mg per day) and had inadequate glycaemic control were randomly assigned to receive one of three doses of dapagliflozin (2.5 mg, n=137; 5 mg, n=137; or 10 mg, n=135) or placebo (n=137) orally once daily. Randomisation was computer generated and stratified by site, implemented with a central, telephone-based interactive voice response system. Patients continued to receive their pre-study metformin dosing. The primary outcome was change from baseline in haemoglobin A(1c)(HbA(1c)) at 24 weeks. All randomised patients who received at least one dose of double-blind study medication and who had both a baseline and at least one post-baseline measurement (last observation carried forward) were included in the analysis. Data were analysed by use of ANCOVA models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00528879.
  
  
  RESULTS
  534 patients were included in analysis of the primary endpoint (dapagliflozin 2.5 mg, n=135; dapagliflozin 5 mg, n=133; dapagliflozin 10 mg, n=132; placebo, n=134). At week 24, mean HbA(1c) had decreased by -0.30% (95% CI -0.44 to -0.16) in the placebo group, compared with -0.67% (-0.81 to -0.53, p=0.0002) in the dapagliflozin 2.5 mg group, -0.70% (-0.85 to -0.56, p<0.0001) in the dapagliflozin 5 mg group, and -0.84% (-0.98 to -0.70, p<0.0001) in the dapagliflozin 10 mg group. Symptoms of hypoglycaemia occurred in similar proportions of patients in the dapagliflozin (2-4%) and placebo groups (3%). Signs, symptoms, and other reports suggestive of genital infections were more frequent in the dapagliflozin groups (2.5 mg, 11 patients [8%]; 5 mg, 18 [13%]; 10 mg, 12 [9%]) than in the placebo group (seven [5%]). 17 patients had serious adverse events (four in each of the dapagliflozin groups and five in the placebo group).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Addition of dapagliflozin to metformin provides a new therapeutic option for treatment of type 2 diabetes in patients who have inadequate glycaemic control with metformin alone.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Bristol-Myers Squibb and AstraZeneca.
authors.affiliation: Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK. c.j.bailey@aston.ac.uk
authors.forename: Clifford J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Bailey
authors.forename: Jorge L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Gross
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pieters
authors.forename: Arnaud
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bastien
authors.forename: James F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: List
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005960:Glucosides / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008687:Metformin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008875:Middle Aged; D000077203:Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors
chemical_list: D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D001786:Blood Glucose; D005960:Glucosides; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D008687:Metformin; D000077203:Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors; C529054:dapagliflozin