title: [Albuminuria during the screening for diabetes in a semi-rural area (Kisantu City, DR Congo)].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence of microalbuminuria, macroalbuminuria and renal insufficiency at the time of screening for diabetes and impaired fasting glucose in the semi-rural area of Kisantu/DR Congo, and to identify determinants of pathological urinary albumin excretion (UAE).
  
  
  METHODS
  Step 1: diabetes (81 cases) and impaired fasting glucose (148 cases) tracking in the population (1898 subjects selected by a systematic survey). Step 2: urinary albumin and serum creatinine were measured and glomerular filtration rate was estimated (modification of the diet in renal disease [MDRD] equation). The determinants of pathological UAE were assessed by logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of macroalbuminuria and microalbuminuria in diabetes was 12.0 and 45.2% respectively versus 0 and 13.7% in impaired fasting glucose. Determinants of pathological UAE were: diabetes (adjusted OR [aOR]: 7.01; 95% CI: 3.48-14.11), central obesity (aOR: 2.36 [1.16-4.80]), age less that 60 years (aOR: 2.12 [1.05-4.40]), hypertension [aOR: 3.30 (1.39-7.82)] and diabetic retinopathy (aOR: 3.12 [1.54-6.26]). Renal insufficiency (MDRD<60ml/min/1.73m(2)) prevalence was 21.4% in diabetes and 3.8% in impaired fasting glucose.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Microalbuminuria and macroalbuminuria are frequently detected during screening for diabetes and impaired fasting glucose in a semi-rural area in DR Congo. They are especially associated with age above 60 years, central obesity and hypertension. Early and integrated management of diabetes is essential to prevent renal failure in the population.
authors.affiliation: Service de néphrologie, cliniques universitaires de Kinshasa, Kinshasa, République démocratique du Congo. jrmakulo@yahoo.fr
authors.forename: Rissassi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Makulo
authors.forename: Mangani Nazaire
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Nseka
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jadoul
authors.forename: Moise
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mvitu
authors.forename: Muel Telo
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Muyer
authors.forename: Wivine
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kimenyembo
authors.forename: Makasa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mandja
authors.forename: Ebanz'Osongo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bieleli
authors.forename: Mala Ali
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Mapatano
authors.forename: François Bompeka
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Epira
authors.forename: Ernest Kiswaya
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Sumaili
authors.forename: W K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Kaimbo
authors.forename: Okwe
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Nge
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Buntinx
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Muls
mesh_terms: D000419:Albuminuria / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015023:Democratic Republic of the Congo / Q000453:epidemiology; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012424:Rural Population