title: Externalizing behavior in early childhood and body mass index from age 2 to 12 years: longitudinal analyses of a prospective cohort study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Some evidence suggests that obesity and behavior problems are related in children, but studies have been conflicting and have rarely included children under age 4. An association between behavior problems in early childhood and risk for obesity could suggest that a common set of factors contribute to both. Our research objectives were to determine the extent to which externalizing behavior in early childhood is related to body mass index (BMI) in early childhood and through age 12, and to evaluate whether these associations differ by sex and race.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from the NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development were analyzed. Externalizing behaviors at 24 months were assessed by mothers using the Child Behavior Checklist. BMI was calculated from measured height and weight assessed 7 times between age 2 and 12 years. Linear mixed effects models were used to assess associations between 24 month externalizing behavior and BMI from 2 to 12 years, calculate predicted differences in BMI, and evaluate effect modification.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Externalizing behavior at 24 months was associated with a higher BMI at 24 months and through age 12. Results from a linear mixed effects model, controlling for confounding variables and internalizing behavior, predicted a difference in BMI of approximately 3/4 of a unit at 24 months of age comparing children with high levels of externalizing behavior to children with low levels of externalizing behavior. There was some evidence of effect modification by race; among white children, the average BMI difference remained stable through age 12, but it doubled to 1.5 BMI units among children who were black or another race.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our analyses suggest that externalizing behaviors in early childhood are associated with children's weight status early in childhood and throughout the elementary school years, though the magnitude of the effect is modest.
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology, The Ohio State University College of Public Health, Columbus, Ohio, USA. sanderson@cph.osu.edu
authors.forename: Sarah E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schoppe-Sullivan
authors.forename: Aviva
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Must
mesh_terms: D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000150:complications*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology