title: Dynamic spasticity of plantar flexor muscles in cerebral palsy gait.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To quantify dynamic spasticity, i.e. the coupling between muscle-tendon stretch velocity and muscle activity during gait, of the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles in children with spastic cerebral palsy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventeen ambulatory children with cerebral palsy with spastic calf muscles, and 11 matched typically developing children.
  
  
  METHODS
  The children walked at 3 different speeds. Three-dimensional kinematic and electromyographic data were collected. Muscle-tendon velocities of the gastrocnemius medialis and soleus were calculated using musculoskeletal modelling.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In typically developing children, muscles were stretched fast in swing without subsequent muscle activity, while spastic muscles were stretched more slowly for the same walking speed, followed by an increase in muscle activity. The mean ratio between peak activity and peak stretch velocity in swing was approximately 4 times higher in spastic muscles, and increased with walking speed. In stance, the stretch of muscles in typically developing children was followed by an increase in muscle activity. Spastic muscles were stretched fast in loading response, but since muscle activity was already built up in swing, no clear dynamic spasticity effect was present.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Spastic calf muscles showed increased coupling between muscle-tendon stretch velocity and muscle activity, especially during the swing phase of gait.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. m.vanderkrogt@vumc.nl
authors.forename: Marjolein M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: van der Krogt
authors.forename: Caroline A M
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Doorenbosch
authors.forename: Jules G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Becher
authors.forename: Jaap
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Harlaar
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002547:Cerebral Palsy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004576:Electromyography; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D009128:Muscle Spasticity / Q000503:physiopathology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013710:Tendons / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology*