title: A review of international pharmacoeconomic models assessing the use of aspirin in primary prevention.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this narrative review was to summarise the cost analyses and supporting trial data for aspirin prophylaxis in primary prevention.
  
  
  METHODS
  A PubMed search using the term 'aspirin and cost-effective and primary prevention' was performed. Professional meetings (2009) were also searched for any relevant abstracts contacting the terms 'aspirin' and 'cost effectiveness'. Where possible, outcomes were discussed in terms of cost implications (expressed as quality-adjusted life-year [QALY], disability-adjusted life-year or incremental cost-effectiveness ratio) in relation to the annual risk of cardiovascular disease. Aspirin was included in cost-effectiveness models that determined direct cost savings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 67 papers were identified using PubMed, and 17 cost-effectiveness studies, which assessed aspirin in primary prevention (largely based on the key primary prevention studies), and two abstracts were included in the review. These analyses showed that low-dose aspirin was cost effective in a variety of scenarios. In the UK, Germany, Spain, Italy and Japan, the mean 10-year direct cost saving (including follow-up costs and aspirin costs) per patient was €201, €281, €797, €427 and €889 with aspirin use in patients with an annual coronary heart disease risk of 1.5%. Cost-effectiveness analyses were affected by age, risk level for stroke and myocardial infarction (MI), risk of bleeds and adherence to aspirin. Underutilisation is a major limiting factor, as the appropriate use of aspirin in an eligible population (n=301,658) based on the NHANES database would prevent 1273 MIs, 2184 angina episodes and 565 ischaemic strokes in patients without previous events; this would result in a direct cost saving of $79.6 million (€54.7 million; 2010 values), which includes aspirin costs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most analyses in primary prevention have shown that low-dose aspirin is a cost-effective option, and is likely to meet the willingness of a healthcare system to pay for any additional QALY gained in the majority of healthcare systems.
authors.affiliation: Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium and Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Lieven
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Annemans
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wittrup-Jensen
authors.forename: Héctor
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bueno
mesh_terms: D001241:Aspirin / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000191:economics* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D017850:Economics, Pharmaceutical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017059:Models, Econometric; D011322:Primary Prevention / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D001241:Aspirin