title: Efficacy of levetiracetam in children with refractory epilepsy as an add-on trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Epilepsy is a common disease of childhood, in which almost 25% of cases are resistant to common antiepileptic drugs. Uncontrolled epilepsy increases morbidity and mortality rates, adversely affects growth and development in these children and imposes heavy psychological stress and financial burdens on parents, health care and society, making it mandatory to find effective therapies for the condition. Our aim was to study the efficacy of levetiracetam, as an add-on therapy, in children suffering from refractory epilepsy.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this prospective add-on study, 45 children aged 0.6-15 years (median 5.9 years) with epilepsy not responding to most conventional or new antiepileptic drugs were treated by adding levetiracetam to their present antiepileptic regimen and followed for a minimum period of 12 weeks. The starting dose of 20mg/kg/day was increased at intervals of 1 week by 10mg/kg/day, if necessary, up to a maximum dose of 60mg/kg/day.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four children (8.7%) became seizure free, in 4 (8.7%), seizure frequency increased, and in 8 (17.4%) and 13 (28.3%) patients, seizure frequency decreased by 75-99% and 50-74% respectively. Overall levetiracetam was effective in 54.3% of patients, decreasing seizure frequency to at least 50% of baseline seizure frequency. Variables such as sex, age, duration of disease, type and cause of seizure, EEG and imaging data, also type of epileptic syndrome showed no statistically significant correlations with these results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Levetiracetam can be used as an effective add-on treatment in children with refractory epilepsy.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Neurology Research Center, Mofid Children's Hospital, Shaheed Beheshty Medical University, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Tonekaboni
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ghazavi
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Karimzadeh
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mahvelati
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ghofrani
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D000077287:Levetiracetam; D008297:Male; D010889:Piracetam / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D000077287:Levetiracetam; D010889:Piracetam