title: The impact of obesity on gynecologic cancer screening: an integrative literature review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Evidence indicates lower rates of breast and cervical cancer screening among obese compared to nonobese women. This integrative review examines the association between gynecologic cancer screening and body weight, as well as potential barriers to screening.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature search of standard computerized databases was conducted for peer-reviewed articles published between 1950 and January 2009.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-three studies met the criteria for review. Of the 17 studies that evaluated rates of cervical cancer screening, 13 found obese women significantly less likely than their nonobese counterparts to have had a recent Papanicolaou test, a trend that was stronger in white women when compared to African American women. Eight of the 15 studies examining routine mammography found an inverse association between increasing body weight and recent screening, although findings generally pertained only to women who were white and/or severely obese. Possible barriers to care included embarrassment and perceived weight stigma in the clinical setting, lack of appropriately sized examination equipment, and poor patient-provider communication.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Further research is needed to clarify the challenges that obese women face in accessing care and to evaluate strategies such as ensuring the availability of appropriate equipment and supplies, the use of alternative screening methodologies, and more culturally sensitive counseling approaches that may improve screening rates in obese women.
authors.forename: Tess
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Aldrich
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hackley
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000523:psychology; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D005260:Female; D005833:Genital Neoplasms, Female / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology*; D065006:Papanicolaou Test; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care; D011369:Professional-Patient Relations; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis*; D014626:Vaginal Smears / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D044465:White People / Q000523:psychology; D055815:Young Adult