title: No neurochemical evidence of brain injury after blast overpressure by repeated explosions or firing heavy weapons.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Psychiatric and neurological symptoms are common among soldiers exposed to blast without suffering a direct head injury. It is not known whether such symptoms are direct consequences of blast overpressure.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine if repeated detonating explosions or firing if of heavy weapons is associated with neurochemical evidence of brain damage.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three controlled experimental studies. In the first, army officers were exposed to repeated firing of a FH77B howitzer or a bazooka. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was taken post-exposure to measure biomarkers for brain damage. In the second, officers were exposed for up to 150 blasts by firing a bazooka, and in the third to 100 charges of detonating explosives of 180 dB. Serial serum samples were taken after exposure. Results were compared with a control group consisting of 19 unexposed age-matched healthy volunteers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The CSF biomarkers for neuronal/axonal damage (tau and neurofilament protein), glial cell injury (GFAP and S-100b), blood-brain barrier damage (CSF/serum albumin ratio) and hemorrhages (hemoglobin and bilirubin) and the serum GFAP and S-100b showed normal and stable levels in all exposed officers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Repeated exposure to high-impact blast does not result in any neurochemical evidence of brain damage. These findings are of importance for soldiers regularly exposed to high-impact blast when firing artillery shells or other types of heavy weapons.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden. kaj.blennow@neuro.gu.se
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Blennow
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jonsson
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Andreasen
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rosengren
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wallin
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Hellström
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zetterberg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001753:Blast Injuries / Q000097:blood* / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000097:blood* / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*; D005107:Explosions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D054041:Weapons