title: Dietary antioxidants and long-term risk of dementia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Rotterdam Study previously found that higher dietary intakes of vitamins E and C related to lower risk of dementia and Alzheimer disease (AD) over 6 years of follow-up.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To study consumption of major dietary antioxidants relative to long-term risk of dementia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Population-based prospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Rotterdam Study in the Netherlands.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 5395 participants, 55 years and older, who were free of dementia and provided dietary information at study baseline.
  
  
  METHODS
  Incidence of dementia and AD, based on internationally accepted criteria, relative to dietary intake of vitamin E, vitamin C, beta carotene, and flavonoids.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During a mean follow-up period of 9.6 years, dementia developed in 465 participants, of whom 365 were diagnosed as having AD. In multivariate models adjusted for age, education, apolipoprotein E epsilon4 genotype, total energy intake, alcohol intake, smoking habits, body mass index, and supplement use, higher intake of vitamin E at study baseline was associated with lower long-term risk of dementia (P = .02 for trend). Compared with participants in the lowest tertile of vitamin E intake, those in the highest tertile were 25% less likely to develop dementia (hazard ratio, 0.75; 95% confidence interval, 0.59-0.95 with adjustment for potential confounders). Dietary intake levels of vitamin C, beta carotene, and flavonoids were not associated with dementia risk after multivariate adjustment (P > .99 for trend for vitamin C and beta carotene and P = .60 for trend for flavonoids). Results were similar when risk for AD was specifically assessed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Higher intake of foods rich in vitamin E may modestly reduce long-term risk of dementia and AD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Elizabeth E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Devore
authors.forename: Francine
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Grodstein
authors.forename: Frank J A
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: van Rooij
authors.forename: Albert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hofman
authors.forename: Meir J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Stampfer
authors.forename: Jacqueline C M
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Witteman
authors.forename: Monique M B
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Breteler
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001057:Apolipoproteins E / Q000235:genetics; D015331:Cohort Studies; D018672:Community Health Planning; D003704:Dementia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000517:prevention & control*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005260:Female; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012307:Risk Factors; D014815:Vitamins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D019207:beta Carotene / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D001057:Apolipoproteins E; D005419:Flavonoids; D014815:Vitamins; D019207:beta Carotene