title: [Analysis of relationships between parenting stress, maternal depression, and behavioral problems in children at risk for Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In this study differences in behavioral problems between children at risk for Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD) and normally developing children were identified. Further, relationships between parental stress, depression, and child behavioral problems according to ADHD symptoms were explored.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were 222 elementary school children and their parents. The ADHD risk group was determined by the Korean-ADHD Rating Scale. Data were collected using the Korean-ADHD Rating Scale, Korean version of Child Behavior CheckList (K-CBCL), Parenting Stress Index, and Beck Depression Inventory. Data were analyzed using t-test, Pearson correlation coefficients, and regression analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  1) The ADHD risk group showed higher levels of behavioral problems, parenting stress, and maternal depression than the normal group. 2) There were significant relationships between ADHD scores and parenting stress (r=.66), maternal depression (r=.35), internal behavioral problems (r=.47), and external problems (r=.55), but, ADHD risk scores were negatively correlated with social competence (r=-.40). 3) The regression analysis revealed that ADHD levels affected the child's internal behavioral problems, mediated by maternal depression (beta=.29, p<.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study results show that higher risk scores for ADHD indicate a significant effect for behavioral problems. Also, parenting stress and depression influence child's behavioral problems. These results suggest that identification of children at risk for ADHD and development of parental education programs would contribute to the prevention of behavioral problems and aggravation of the ADHD symptoms.
authors.affiliation: The Environmental Health Center, Dankook University Medical Center, Department of Nursing, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea. sw724@dankook.ac.kr
authors.forename: Hee Sun
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.forename: Jeong Mee
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002648:Child; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003863:Depression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012306:Risk; D013315:Stress, Psychological