title: Assessment of the bilateral asymmetry of human femurs based on physical, densitometric, and structural rigidity characteristics.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to perform a comprehensive geometric, densitometric, biomechanical, and statistical analysis of paired femurs for an adult population over a wide age range using three imaging modalities to quantify the departure from symmetry in size, bone mineral density, and cross-sectional structural rigidities. Femur measurements were obtained from 20 pairs of cadaveric femurs. Dimensions of these anatomic sites were measured using calipers directly on the bone and plain radiographs. Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to measure bone mineral density. Bone mineral content and axial and bending rigidities were determined from the CT imaging. No differences were observed between the geometric measurements, DXA based bone mineral density and axial and bending rigidities of left and right femurs (P>0.05 for all cases). Left and right proximal femurs are not significantly different based on geometric, densitometric, and structural rigidity measurements. However, absolute left-right differences for individual patients can be substantial. When using the contralateral femur as a control, the number of femur pairs required to assess significant changes in anatomic dimensions and structural properties induced by a tumor, infection, fracture, or implanted device can range from 3 to 165 pairs depending on the desired effect size or sensitivity (5% or 10% difference). This information is important both for femoral arthroplasty implant design and the use of the contralateral femur as an intra-subject control for clinical assessment and research studies. In addition, our statistical analysis provides sample size estimates for planning future orthopedic research studies.
authors.affiliation: Center for Advanced Orthopaedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
authors.forename: Melissa A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Pierre
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zurakowski
authors.forename: Ara
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nazarian
authors.forename: Diana A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Hauser-Kara
authors.forename: Brian D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Snyder
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000375:Aging / Q000473:pathology* / Q000502:physiology*; D015519:Bone Density / Q000502:physiology*; D002102:Cadaver; D019245:Compressive Strength / Q000502:physiology; D055119:Elastic Modulus / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005269:Femur / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D013718:Tensile Strength / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult