title: Immunotherapy in renal cell carcinoma.
abstract: Treatment of metastatic renal cell cancer is still challenging due to its resistance to conventional therapies, such as radiotherapy or chemotherapy. Immunotherapeutic approaches with IL-2 and/or IFN-alpha have become standard regimens in treating metastatic renal cell cancer. Furthermore, molecularly targeted therapies, such as VEGF-pathway inhibition or use of mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors, have demonstrated promising results and might become even more important in the following years. Finally, vaccination therapies have gained increasing interest and have been tested in multiple clinical trials. There is a vast choice of different application and production types of these vaccines, ranging from dendritic cell-based principals to the application of naked RNA. The development of new immune-enhancing strategies led to the option of interesting, potent combination regimes. This review has a focus on vaccination therapies in renal cell cancer, especially dendritic cell-based principals, and aims to give an overview of this rapidly changing field of investigation.
authors.affiliation: University of Bonn, Department of Hematology & Oncology, Wilhelmstrasse 35-7, 53111 Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Annkristin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Heine
authors.forename: Tobias A W
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Holderried
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Brossart
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019496:Cancer Vaccines; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000639:trends*; D016898:Interferon-alpha / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D014611:Vaccination; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D019496:Cancer Vaccines; D016898:Interferon-alpha; D007376:Interleukin-2; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases