title: Both male and female sexual ornaments reflect offspring performance in a fish.
abstract: Secondary sexual characters are often expressed in both sexes (mutual ornamentation), but are less often studied simultaneously. We studied the adaptive signaling function of male and female ornamentation in a mutually ornamented fish, the whitefish Coregonus lavaretus. In an experimental design in which nongenetic environmental effects were minimized, we found that highly ornamented females, males, and their parental combinations had offspring with better swimming performance and predator-avoidance ability than less ornamented individuals or combinations. Furthermore, highly ornamented females had larger offspring that also had higher yolk volume than less ornamented individuals. Offspring swimming performance was not dependent on offspring size and was only weakly affected by yolk volume, which suggest that swimming performance and measured morphological traits are independent fitness measures. In conclusion, mutual ornamentation of whitefish may signal the quality of individuals in both sexes, which may indicate ongoing directional selection for these ornamental traits. However, offspring fitness traits were also dependent on parental combination, which suggests that genetic compatibility effects may weaken the directional selection and the indicator value of the ornamentation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, PO Box 35 YAC-315.2, FI-40014 University of Jyväskylä, Finland. jukka.s.kekalainen@uef.fi
authors.forename: Jukka
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kekäläinen
authors.forename: Hannu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Huuskonen
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tuomaala
authors.forename: Raine
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kortet
mesh_terms: D000819:Animal Communication; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D005075:Biological Evolution; D004777:Environment; D005260:Female; D005399:Fishes / Q000502:physiology*; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D008297:Male; D008957:Models, Genetic; D015233:Models, Statistical; D011235:Predatory Behavior; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D012726:Sexual Behavior, Animal; D013550:Swimming