title: Sensory retraining: burden in daily life related to altered sensation after orthognathic surgery, a randomized clinical trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Assess the long-term effect of sensory retraining exercises, age, gender, type of surgery, and pre-surgical psychological distress on patients' perception of the interference related to altered sensation 2 years after orthognathic surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 186 subjects with a developmental dentofacial disharmony were enrolled in a multicenter randomized clinical trial: one center was a community-based practice and the other a university-based center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were randomly allocated to two groups: standard of care mouth opening exercises after BSSO or a progressive series of sensory retraining facial exercises in addition to the opening exercises. At 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 months after surgery, subjects scored unusual feelings on the face, numbness, and loss of lip sensitivity from 'no problem (1)' to 'serious problem (7)'. A marginal proportional odds model was fit for each of the ordinal outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Up to 2 years after surgery, the opening exercise only group had a higher likelihood of reporting interference in daily activities related to numbness and loss of lip sensitivity than the sensory retraining exercise group. The difference between the two groups was relatively constant. Older subjects and those with elevated psychological distress before surgery reported higher burdens related to unusual facial feelings, numbness, and loss of lip sensitivity (p < 0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The positive effect of sensory retraining facial exercises observed after surgery is maintained over time. Clinicians should consider the patient's age and psychological well-being prior to providing pre-surgical counseling regarding the impact on daily life of persistent altered sensation following a mandibular osteotomy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA. ceib_phillips@dentistry.unc.edu
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tucker
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Turvey
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001290:Attitude; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005145:Face / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006987:Hypesthesia / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D008047:Lip Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D008334:Mandible / Q000601:surgery*; D008875:Middle Aged; D056948:Orthognathic Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010027:Osteotomy / Q000009:adverse effects; D012737:Sex Factors; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology; D013997:Time Factors; D014110:Touch; D055815:Young Adult