title: Seroconversion to avian influenza virus in free-range chickens in the Riverland region of Victoria.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Since 2005, H5N1 avian influenza (AI) has spread from South-East Asia to over 60 different countries, resulting in the direct death or slaughter of over 250,000,000 poultry. Migratory waterfowl have been implicated in this spread and in Australia there have been numerous isolations of low-pathogenicity AI virus from wild waterfowl and shorebirds. The Department of Human Services, Victoria maintains 10 sentinel free-range chicken flocks in the Riverland at locations that are populated by large numbers of waterfowl known to carry a range of strains of AI.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study analysed historical samples collected in 1991-94 and 2003-06 from the library of serum samples for antibodies against AI to assess the potential for transfer of AI virus from wild waterfowl to free-range poultry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 2000 serum samples analysed, 17 were positive for antibodies against AI and 87 were suspect, with a clustering of positive and suspect results in the years 1994, 2003 and 2004. There was also a clustering of positive samples at the site of the Barmah flock. Nine sequential sets of sera from individual chickens with at least one positive result were identified. Analysis of these sequential sets showed that infection was acquired on site but that the antibody response to AI infection was short-lived and was no longer detectable at 8 weeks after the positive finding.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The surveillance of sentinel chickens is a potential avenue for monitoring the circulation of AI viruses and could provide an early warning system for the commercial poultry industries.
authors.affiliation: Office of the Chief Veterinary Officer, Department of Agriculture Fisheries & Forestry, Canberra City, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia. iain.east@daff.gov.au
authors.forename: I J
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: East
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ainsworth
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Warner
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dunowska
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Azuolas
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000835:Animals, Wild / Q000821:virology; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood*; D002645:Chickens / Q000821:virology*; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000662:veterinary; D005260:Female; D053124:Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype / Q000276:immunology*; D005585:Influenza in Birds / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission; D008297:Male; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D014739:Victoria / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral