title: A novel xylene substitute for histotechnology and histochemistry.
abstract: Propylene glycol methyl ether (PGME) exhibits excellent solvent and coupling properties. A toxicity database provided evidence suggesting that PGME might be a useful substitute for xylene in histotechnology and histochemistry applications. Tissue specimens were fixed, cleared in either PGME or xylene, embedded in paraffin wax, then dewaxed in either PGME or xylene. Sections were treated with the following stains: hematoxylin & eosin (H & E), three special stains of the Gordon/Sweet silver staining method, PAS, and Masson's trichrome, and immunostains including actin, CD3, CD34, CK, CK7/CK9, Ki-67, and ER/PR. The sections were mounted in a resinous medium consisting of PGME and pinene copolymer, then examined under a microscope. Variables such as water tolerance, dimension change, organic solvency, and anti-fading efficacy also were assessed. Depending on the application, PGME performance was equal to or exceeded that of xylene. PGME provided better optical clarity and nuclear detail, did not harden the tissue samples, conserved tissue antigenicity, and was amenable to resinous mounting. Tissues not dehydrated with absolute ethanol also were processed properly. Tissues treated with PGME did not warp or contract compared to those treated with xylene (p < 0.0001). PGME, however, exhibited less organic solvency than xylene. There was no discernible change in the colors of stains in sections processed with PGME even after storage for two years. These results suggest that PGME is a novel xylene substitute for applications in histotechnology and histochemistry.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiotherapy, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, 5100060 Guangzhou, PR China.
authors.forename: C Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: X L
authors.initials: XL
authors.lastname: Mao
authors.forename: T E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Friis
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Qin
authors.forename: Y T
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Jian
mesh_terms: D004396:Coloring Agents; D007150:Immunohistochemistry / Q000379:methods*; D016612:Paraffin Embedding; D011409:Propylene Glycols; D013194:Staining and Labeling; D014992:Xylenes
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D011409:Propylene Glycols; D014992:Xylenes; C005216:propylene glycol methyl ether