title: Hepatic encephalopathy with reversible focal neurologic signs resembling acute stroke: case report.
abstract: A 64-year-old female with a history of primary biliary cirrhosis and esophageal varices starting at age 39 was brought to our Stroke Care Unit by ambulance with right-side weakness and speech difficulty. Physical examination revealed right hemiparesis (including the face), sensory disturbances, pathological reflexes, and slightly decreased consciousness, with a Glasgow Coma Scale rating of E3V4M6. Flapping tremors and speech disturbance, as well as anarithmia, construction apraxia, and ideomotor apraxia, were noted, and her National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score was 13. Initially, the patient was diagnosed with acute stroke and treated accordingly; however, subsequent findings from clinical images and electroencephalography led to a diagnosis of focal neurologic signs due to hepatic encephalopathy (HE). The patient had significantly reduced cerebral blood flow in the left side of the brain, probably due to microsurgical repair of an aneurysm done 2 years earlier. HE with exaggerated chronic liver damage might have made the previously silent ischemia clinically apparent. This interpretation is supported by the fact that the patient's neurologic deficits resolved once HE was adequately controlled. This case illustrates the need for careful assessment of background pathophysiology when diagnosing patients with stroke-like symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Hepatology, Geriatrics, and Integrated Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshiya
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: Yasuhiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nishiyama
authors.forename: Ken-Ichiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Katsura
authors.forename: Mineo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yamazaki
authors.forename: Yasuo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Katayama
mesh_terms: D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D003951:Diagnostic Errors; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005260:Female; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D006501:Hepatic Encephalopathy / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D008105:Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary / Q000150:complications*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008875:Middle Aged; D010808:Physical Examination; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D020521:Stroke / Q000175:diagnosis*; D015899:Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed