title: The combined effects of sidestream smoke extracts and glycated serum albumin on endothelial cells and platelets.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that sidestream tobacco smoke extracts would inhibit the culture of endothelial cells and enhance platelet aggregation under diabetic vascular conditions. Sidestream tobacco smoke and advanced glycation end products are known cardiovascular risk factors and we aimed to determine the combined interaction between these two risk factors to promote cardiovascular diseases associated with diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human umbilical vein endothelial cells were cultured in the presence of sidestream tobacco smoke extracts (SHS) or nicotine and glycated albumin (AGE) or non-glycated albumin. After 3 days, endothelial cell viability and density were investigated. Platelets were also incubated with these compounds for up to 6 hours. Platelet aggregation and the surface expression of CD41 and CD62P were examined. In some experiments, platelets were added to the endothelial cell culture to determine if an interaction between platelets and endothelial cells occurs that can alter the responses to SHS or AGE.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In general, the endothelial cell culture conditions were reduced in the presence of AGE and SHS. Nicotine, did not play a role in this reduction. Platelet aggregation proceeded faster in the presence of AGE and SHS. Interestingly, with the combined culture of endothelial cells and platelets, the endothelial cell culture conditions were improved and the platelet functional changes were diminished in the presence of SHS and AGE, as compared with the individual incubations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggests that diabetics that are exposed to SHS may have a higher likelihood for cardiovascular disease development through a diminished endothelial cell viability and an increased platelet activity, which are partially mediated by CD41 and not CD62P. This study provides support for an increased cardiovascular risk for diabetic patients that are exposed to SHS. This study also provides a new experimental technique to monitor platelet-endothelial cell interactions.
authors.affiliation: School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, USA. david.rubenstein@okstate.edu
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Rubenstein
authors.forename: Blake E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Morton
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Yin
mesh_terms: D001792:Blood Platelets / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D009538:Nicotine / Q000494:pharmacology; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D019007:P-Selectin / Q000097:blood; D010974:Platelet Aggregation / Q000187:drug effects; D040201:Platelet Membrane Glycoprotein IIb / Q000097:blood; D012710:Serum Albumin, Bovine / Q000378:metabolism*; D012906:Smoke; D013997:Time Factors; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists; D019007:P-Selectin; D040201:Platelet Membrane Glycoprotein IIb; D012906:Smoke; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution; C081628:advanced glycation end products-bovine serum albumin; D012710:Serum Albumin, Bovine; D009538:Nicotine