title: Update on orbital reconstruction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Orbital trauma is common and frequently complicated by ocular injuries. The recent literature on orbital fracture is analyzed with emphasis on epidemiological data assessment, surgical timing, method of approach and reconstruction materials.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Computed tomographic (CT) scan has become a routine evaluation tool for orbital trauma, and mobile CT can be applied intraoperatively if necessary. Concomitant serious ocular injury should be carefully evaluated preoperatively. Patients presenting with nonresolving oculocardiac reflex, 'white-eyed' blowout fracture, or diplopia with a positive forced duction test and CT evidence of orbital tissue entrapment require early surgical repair. Otherwise, enophthalmos can be corrected by late surgery with a similar outcome to early surgery. The use of an endoscope-assisted approach for orbital reconstruction continues to grow, offering an alternative method. Advances in alloplastic materials have improved surgical outcome and shortened operating time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this review of modern orbital reconstruction, several controversial issues such as surgical indication, surgical timing, method of approach and choice of reconstruction material are discussed. Preoperative fine-cut CT image and thorough ophthalmologic examination are key elements to determine surgical indications. The choice of surgical approach and reconstruction materials much depends on the surgeon's experience and the reconstruction area. Prefabricated alloplastic implants together with image software and stereolithographic models are significant advances that help to more accurately reconstruct the traumatized orbit. The recent evolution of orbit reconstruction improves functional and aesthetic results and minimizes surgical complications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Chang Gung University, Taipei, Taiwan. ctchenap@adm.cgmh.org.tw
authors.forename: Chien-Tzung
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Yu-Ray
authors.initials: YR
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D016025:Bone Transplantation; D006801:Humans; D013508:Ophthalmologic Surgical Procedures; D009915:Orbit / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000293:injuries / Q000601:surgery*; D009917:Orbital Fractures / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D010808:Physical Examination; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed