title: A large animal survival model (Sus scrofa) of extremity ischemia/reperfusion and neuromuscular outcomes assessment: a pilot study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Extremity ischemia/reperfusion has been studied mostly in small-animal models with limited characterization of neuromuscular or functional outcome. The objective of this experiment was to report a large-animal survival model of extremity ischemia/reperfusion using circulating, electromyographic (EMG), gate, and histologic measures of injury and limb recovery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sus scrofa swine (n = 6; mean, 83 kg) were randomized to iliac artery occlusion for 0 (control), 1 (1 HR), 3 (3 HR), or 6 (6 HR) hours. Restoration of flow after a standard large-vessel reconstructive technique (thrombectomy, heparin irrigation, and patch angioplasty) was performed in each of the control, 1HR, 3HR, and 6HR animals, whereas one animal had iliac artery segment excision with no restoration (NR) of axial flow. One animal had operative exposure but no intervention on the iliac artery (sham). Animals were recovered and closely monitored for 2 weeks. Indicators of ischemia/reperfusion and functional recovery, including circulating markers, EMG measures (complex motor action potential), and Tarlov gate scoring (0-4; 0, insensate/paralyzed to 4, normal posture and no gait abnormality) were measured at 24 hours and 72 hours and 7 days and 14 days. Muscle (peroneus) and nerve (peroneal) were collected during necropsy at 14 days to assess gross and histologic changes. Duplex ultrasound was performed serially during the recovery period to confirm patency of vascular reconstruction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no deaths or failures of vascular reconstruction. Control had a Tarlov score of 4 and normal EMG measures at each point during recovery (same as sham). Tarlov scores at 1, 3, and 14 days recovery in each of the animals were as follows: 1HR: 3, 3, and 4; 3HR: 1, 2, and 4; 6HR: 1, 2, and 3; and NR: 1, 2, and 4. Complex motor action potential as a percentage of baseline at 1, 2, and 14 days recovery was as follows: 1HR: 56%, 55%, and 84%; 3HR: 9%, 8%, and 57%; 6HR: 5%, 5%, and 16%; and NR: 22%, 28%, and 33%. Muscle and nerve histology was the same in sham, control, and 1HR animals. Moderate degeneration and necrosis was observed in peroneus muscle of the 3HR animals. The peroneal nerve in 3HR demonstrated minimal Wallerian degeneration. Severe necrosis was present, as was minimal regeneration, and peroneal nerve demonstrated moderate Wallerian degeneration in 6HR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study reports a new large-animal survival model of extremity ischemia/reperfusion using circulating, functional, and histologic markers of neuromuscular recovery. Findings provide insight into an extremity ischemic threshold after which functional neuromuscular recovery is lost. Additional study is necessary to define this threshold and factors that may move it to a more or less favorable position in the setting of extremity injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, San Antonio Military Medicine Center Consortium, Wilford Hall USAF Medical Center and the 59th Clinical Research Squadron, Lackland Air Force Base, Texas 78236, USA.
authors.forename: Gabriel E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Burkhardt
authors.forename: Jerry R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Spencer
authors.forename: Shaun M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Gifford
authors.forename: Brandon
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Propper
authors.forename: Lyell
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Nathan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sumner
authors.forename: Jerry
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cowart
authors.forename: Todd E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Rasmussen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004576:Electromyography; D019054:Evoked Potentials, Motor; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D035002:Lower Extremity / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000294:innervation*; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000098:blood supply / Q000294:innervation / Q000503:physiopathology; D010543:Peroneal Nerve / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D020427:Peroneal Neuropathies / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D010865:Pilot Projects; D020127:Recovery of Function; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality* / Q000503:physiopathology; D034421:Sus scrofa; D018616:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Duplex; D014661:Vasoconstriction / Q000502:physiology