title: Dasatinib induces autophagic cell death in human ovarian cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dasatinib, an inhibitor of Src/Abl family kinases, can inhibit tumor growth of several solid tumors. However, the effect and mechanism of action of dasatinib in human ovarian cancer cells remains unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dasatinib-induced autophagy was determined by acridine orange staining, punctate localization of GFP-LC3, LC3 protein blotting, and electron microscopy. Significance of beclin 1, AKT, and Bcl-2 in dasatinib-induced autophagy and growth inhibition was assayed by small interfering RNA (siRNA) silencing and/or overexpression of the gene of interest.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Dasatinib inhibited cell growth by inducing little apoptosis, but substantial autophagy in SKOv3 and HEY ovarian cancer cells. In vivo studies showed dasatinib inhibited tumor growth and induced both autophagy and apoptosis in a HEY xenograft model. Knockdown of beclin 1 and Atg12 expression with their respective siRNAs diminished dasatinib-induced autophagy, whereas knockdown of p27Kip1 with specific siRNAs did not. Small hairpin RNA knockdown of beclin 1 expression reduced dasatinib-induced autophagy and growth inhibition. Dasatinib reduced the phosphorylation of AKT, mTOR, p70S6K, and S6 kinase expression. Constitutive expression of AKT1 and AKT2 inhibited dasatinib-induced autophagy in both HEY and SKOv3 cells. Dasatinib also reduced Bcl-2 expression and activity. Overexpression of Bcl-2 partially prevented dasatinib-induced autophagy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dasatinib induces autophagic cell death in ovarian cancer that partially depends on beclin 1, AKT, and Bcl-2. These results may have implications for clinical use of dasatinib.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030-4009, USA. xfle@mdanderson.org
authors.forename: Xiao-Feng
authors.initials: XF
authors.lastname: Le
authors.forename: Weiqun
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Mao
authors.forename: Zhen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Bing Z
authors.initials: BZ
authors.lastname: Carter
authors.forename: Robert C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Bast
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D001343:Autophagy / Q000187:drug effects*; D000071192:Autophagy-Related Protein 12; D000071186:Beclin-1; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D000069439:Dasatinib; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology*; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism; D011743:Pyrimidines / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D025841:Small Ubiquitin-Related Modifier Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
chemical_list: C466624:ATG12 protein, human; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; D000071192:Autophagy-Related Protein 12; C491997:BECN1 protein, human; D000071186:Beclin-1; C484586:HRK protein, human; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D011743:Pyrimidines; D025841:Small Ubiquitin-Related Modifier Proteins; D013844:Thiazoles; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D000069439:Dasatinib