title: Local anesthetic sciatic nerve block and nerve fiber damage in diabetic rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A concern for anesthesiologists is whether local anesthetics are more toxic to peripheral nerves in diabetic patients. A previous study in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats showed that larger doses of lidocaine produce moderate nerve injury after nerve block in normal rats and worse injury in diabetic rats. However, it is not clear whether a smaller local anesthetic dose that produces negligible nerve fiber damage in normal rats will produce significant nerve damage in diabetic rats and if adding adjuvant drugs modulates this effect.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats were intravenously injected with 50 mg/kg streptozotocin to induce diabetes (blood glucose levels 9250 mg/dL) and diabetic neuropathy. After waiting 35 days, an injection (0.1 mL) of 1% lidocaine alone, or with 5 kg/mL epinephrine or 7.5 kg/mL clonidine added, or 0.5% ropivacaine alone was performed at the left sciatic notch in both diabetic and nondiabetic rats. The duration of sensory (pin prick) and motor (toe spreading reflex) nerve block in the hind paws was determined.For histologic controls, all rats also received saline vehicle injection into the right sciatic notch. Another group of uninjected rats was used as naive controls. Left and right nerves were removed 2 days after injection and fixed in situ with a 4% glutaraldehyde solution. Myelinated axon profiles suggestive of neuropathy (myelin figures, pale and swollen,or dark-staining axoplasm) were counted and expressed as a percentage of the total number of fibers in each rat sciatic nerve.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All streptozotocin-injected rats became diabetic and had pronounced tactile allodynia. All rats had sensory and motor nerve blocks lasting for at least 50 mins after injection of local anesthetic. The duration of sensory and motor nerve block was longer in diabetic rats than in nondiabetic rats for all drug groups tested. None of the sciatic nerves examined showed greater than 3% nerve fiber degeneration. Although lidocaine in diabetic rats did not produce nerve fiber damage,diabetic rats receiving lidocaine/clonidine or ropivacaine had more abnormal myelinated axon profiles than did nondiabetic rats receiving the same drug.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The duration of sciatic nerve block with local anesthetics is longer in diabetic compared with nondiabetic rats. A small, but statistically significant, increase in nerve damage occurred in diabetic rats after nerve block with ropivacaine alone or when duration of lidocaine block was extended with clonidine. These findings may have implications for dosing of local anesthetics in diabetic patients undergoing regional analgesia with nerve blocks.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
authors.forename: Jeffrey S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Kroin
authors.forename: Asokumar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Buvanendran
authors.forename: Dana K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wagenaar
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moric
authors.forename: Kenneth J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Tuman
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Kerns
mesh_terms: D000322:Adrenergic Agonists / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000577:Amides / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000633:toxicity; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000633:toxicity; D000818:Animals; D003000:Clonidine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D003929:Diabetic Neuropathies / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D007267:Injections; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000633:toxicity; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects; D009407:Nerve Block / Q000009:adverse effects; D009410:Nerve Degeneration / Q000139:chemically induced; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D000077212:Ropivacaine; D012584:Sciatic Nerve / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D012677:Sensation / Q000187:drug effects; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000322:Adrenergic Agonists; D000577:Amides; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D000077212:Ropivacaine; D008012:Lidocaine; D003000:Clonidine; D004837:Epinephrine