title: Assessment of left ventricular size and function in horses using anatomical M-mode echocardiography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the applicability of anatomical M-mode (AMM) for assessment of left ventricular (LV) size and function in horses, evaluate agreement with conventional M-mode (CMM), determine reliability, and establish reference intervals for AMM measurements.
  
  
  METHODS
  98 horses; 13.1 +/- 5.6 years; 538 +/- 78 kg.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two-dimensional and M-mode recordings were analyzed retrospectively. Standard LV dimensions and indices of LV function, including time intervals, were measured in CMM and compared with AMM studies in long-axis (lx) and short-axis (sx) views.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The percentages of measureable cycles were 99%, 97%, and 90% for routine LV studies in CMM(sx), AMM(sx), and AMM(lx) mode. For time intervals, >or= 93% of cycles could be measured using AMM compared to a maximum of 77% using CMM. AMM(sx) measurements agreed well with CMM(sx) measurements for LV studies; the agreement of AMM(lx) with CMM(sx) was markedly lower. The LV ejection time and the duration of electromechanical systole, but not the LV pre-ejection period and the index of myocardial performance, showed fair agreement between methods. Intraobserver and interobserver measurement variabilities were low for most variables.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  AMM can replace CMM for assessment of LV dimensions in horses, but is not recommended for measurement of time intervals.
authors.affiliation: Equine Department, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Patrizia A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Grenacher
authors.forename: Colin C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Schwarzwald
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000662:veterinary*; D005260:Female; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006736:Horses / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D015588:Observer Variation; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013318:Stroke Volume / Q000502:physiology; D013599:Systole / Q000502:physiology; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000502:physiology*