title: Consensus paper: combining transcranial stimulation with neuroimaging.
abstract: In the last decade, combined transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)-neuroimaging studies have greatly stimulated research in the field of TMS and neuroimaging. Here, we review how TMS can be combined with various neuroimaging techniques to investigate human brain function. When applied during neuroimaging (online approach), TMS can be used to test how focal cortex stimulation acutely modifies the activity and connectivity in the stimulated neuronal circuits. TMS and neuroimaging can also be separated in time (offline approach). A conditioning session of repetitive TMS (rTMS) may be used to induce rapid reorganization in functional brain networks. The temporospatial patterns of TMS-induced reorganization can be subsequently mapped by using neuroimaging methods. Alternatively, neuroimaging may be performed first to localize brain areas that are involved in a given task. The temporospatial information obtained by neuroimaging can be used to define the optimal site and time point of stimulation in a subsequent experiment in which TMS is used to probe the functional contribution of the stimulated area to a specific task. In this review, we first address some general methodologic issues that need to be taken into account when using TMS in the context of neuroimaging. We then discuss the use of specific brain mapping techniques in conjunction with TMS. We emphasize that the various neuroimaging techniques offer complementary information and have different methodologic strengths and weaknesses.
authors.affiliation: Danish Research Center for Magnetic Resonance, Copenhagen University Hospital-Hvidovre, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany. hartwig.siebner@drcmr.dk
authors.forename: Hartwig R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Siebner
authors.forename: Til O
authors.initials: TO
authors.lastname: Bergmann
authors.forename: Sven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bestmann
authors.forename: Marcello
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Massimini
authors.forename: Heidi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Johansen-Berg
authors.forename: Hitoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mochizuki
authors.forename: Daryl E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Bohning
authors.forename: Erie D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Boorman
authors.forename: Sergiu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Groppa
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Miniussi
authors.forename: Alvaro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pascual-Leone
authors.forename: Reto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Huber
authors.forename: Paul C J
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Risto J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Ilmoniemi
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: De Gennaro
authors.forename: Antonio P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Strafella
authors.forename: Seppo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kähkönen
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Klöppel
authors.forename: Giovanni B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Frisoni
authors.forename: Mark S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: George
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hallett
authors.forename: Stephan A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Brandt
authors.forename: Matthew F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Rushworth
authors.forename: Ulf
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Ziemann
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Rothwell
authors.forename: Nick
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.forename: Leonardo G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Baudewig
authors.forename: Tomás
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Paus
authors.forename: Yoshikazu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ugawa
authors.forename: Paolo M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Rossini
mesh_terms: D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D015225:Magnetoencephalography / Q000379:methods; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*