title: AFP, AFP-L3, DCP, and GP73 as markers for monitoring treatment response and recurrence and as surrogate markers of clinicopathological variables of HCC.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), lens culinaris agglutinin-reactive fraction of AFP (AFP-L3), des-γ-carboxy prothrombin (DCP), and Golgi protein-73 (GP73) have been used or proposed as tumor markers for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
  
  
  METHODS
  They were measured in 96 patients undergoing hepatectomy for HCC to investigate their treatment response and association with variables linked with tumor invasiveness and/or prognosis. Values at 1 month post-surgery in the 77 patients without recurrence within 6 postoperative months were adopted as those after surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  GP73 levels did not change after hepatectomy, but levels of other markers decreased and areas under receiver operating characteristic curves (95% CI) were: 0.64 (0.56-0.72), 0.63 (0.55-0.71), 0.79 (0.73-0.86), and 0.63 (0.55-0.71) for AFP, AFP-L3, DCP, and combination of AFP and AFP-L3, respectively. Cutoff points giving specificities of 96.1% (sensitivities at these points) were: 124 ng/mL (28.1%), 10% (21.9%), and 60 mAU/mL (52.1%), for AFP, AFP-L3, and DCP, respectively. The combination of AFP and AFP-L3 provided a sensitivity of 26.0% at a specificity of 96.1%. The increased DCP value was, or tended to be, associated with a larger tumor, vascular invasion, intrahepatic metastases, and a lower grade of tumor cell differentiation. Although similar associations were found between AFP and vascular invasion as well as a lower grade of tumor cell differentiation, no such relationship was found with AFP-L3.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DCP is a more effective tumor marker than AFP and AFP-L3. AFP-L3 showed comparable accuracy to AFP but no benefit was found in their combination. GP73 did not play a significant role in this context. Indices of tumor invasiveness were most closely associated with DCP.
authors.affiliation: Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery Division, Artificial Organ and Transplantation Division, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Kentaroh
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Imamura
authors.forename: Yutaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Matsuyama
authors.forename: Yukio
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kume
authors.forename: Hitoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ikeda
authors.forename: Gary L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Norman
authors.forename: Zakera
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Shums
authors.forename: Taku
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Aoki
authors.forename: Kiyoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hasegawa
authors.forename: Yoshifumi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Beck
authors.forename: Yasuhiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sugawara
authors.forename: Norihiro
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kokudo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood*; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006498:Hepatectomy / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000097:blood; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011498:Protein Precursors / Q000097:blood; D011516:Prothrombin; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult; D000509:alpha-Fetoproteins / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; C410824:GOLM1 protein, human; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D011498:Protein Precursors; D000509:alpha-Fetoproteins; C008208:acarboxyprothrombin; D011516:Prothrombin