title: Dropping macadamia nuts-in-shell reduces kernel roasting quality.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Macadamia nuts ('nuts-in-shell') are subjected to many impacts from dropping during postharvest handling, resulting in damage to the raw kernel. The effect of dropping on roasted kernel quality is unknown. Macadamia nuts-in-shell were dropped in various combinations of moisture content, number of drops and receiving surface in three experiments. After dropping, samples from each treatment and undropped controls were dry oven-roasted for 20 min at 130 °C, and kernels were assessed for colour, mottled colour and surface damage.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Dropping nuts-in-shell onto a bed of nuts-in-shell at 3% moisture content or 20% moisture content increased the percentage of dark roasted kernels. Kernels from nuts dropped first at 20%, then 10% moisture content, onto a metal plate had increased mottled colour. Dropping nuts-in-shell at 3% moisture content onto nuts-in-shell significantly increased surface damage. Similarly, surface damage increased for kernels dropped onto a metal plate at 20%, then at 10% moisture content.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Postharvest dropping of macadamia nuts-in-shell causes concealed cellular damage to kernels, the effects not evident until roasting. This damage provides the reagents needed for non-enzymatic browning reactions. Improvements in handling, such as reducing the number of drops and improving handling equipment, will reduce cellular damage and after-roast darkening.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Science, Health and Education, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, Queensland 4558, Australia. dwalton3@usc.edu.cn
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Walton
authors.forename: Helen M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Wallace
mesh_terms: D003116:Color; D005511:Food Handling / Q000379:methods*; D039106:Macadamia / Q000737:chemistry*; D015416:Maillard Reaction; D009754:Nuts / Q000737:chemistry*; D011786:Quality Control; D013499:Surface Properties; D014867:Water / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D014867:Water