title: Whether medically unexplained or not, three or more concurrent somatic symptoms predict psychopathology and service use in community populations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the frequency of somatic symptoms in a community population of various ethnic backgrounds and to identify correlates of these symptoms such as psychopathology, use of services, and personal distress.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a 14-symptom inventory with interviewer probes for somatic symptoms, we determined the presence of general physical symptoms (GPS) in a sample of 4864 white, Latino, and Asian US community respondents. Medically "edited" verbatim interview responses were used to decide whether or not physical symptoms would qualify as medically unexplained physical symptoms (MUPS). We then assessed the association between GPS and MUPS and psychiatric disorders, psychological distress, and use of services, in both unadjusted and multivariate regression analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One-third (33.6%) of the respondents reported at least one GPS and 11.1% reported at least one MUPS within the last year. 10.7% of respondents had three or more GPS and 1.5% had three or more MUPS. Three or more GPS and MUPS were positively associated with depressive, anxiety, and substance use disorders; service use; and psychological distress in unadjusted comparisons. In multivariate regressions, GPS persisted as a significant predictor, but there was no significant independent effect of MUPS, after controlling for GPS and other covariates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Regardless of the presence or absence of medical explanations, physical symptoms are an important component of common mental disorders such as depression and anxiety and predict service use in community populations. These results suggest that three or more current GPS can be used to designate a "case" and that detailed probes and procedures aimed at determining whether or not physical symptoms are medically unexplained may not be necessary for classification purposes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA. javierluzlotero@aol.com
authors.forename: Javier I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Escobar
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: Chi-Nan
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Gara
authors.forename: Margarita
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alegría
authors.forename: Alejandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Interian
authors.forename: Esperanza
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Diaz
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology; D001213:Asian / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003153:Community Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015897:Comorbidity; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D013001:Somatoform Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology*; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology; D014600:Utilization Review; D044465:White People / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055815:Young Adult