title: Biofeedback in headache: an overview of approaches and evidence.
abstract: Biofeedback-related approaches to headache therapy fall into two broad categories: general biofeedback techniques (often augmented by relaxation-based strategies) and methods linked more directly to the pathophysiology underlying headache. The use of general biofeedback-assisted relaxation techniques for headache has been evaluated extensively by expert panels and meta-analyses. Taken together, these reviews indicate that (1) various forms of biofeedback are effective for migraine and tension-type headache; (2) outcomes with biofeedback rival outcomes with medication therapy; (3) combining biofeedback with medication can enhance outcomes; and (4) despite efficacy in many patients, biofeedback fails to bring significant relief to a sizeable number of headache patients. Biofeedback methods that more directly target headache pathophysiology have focused chiefly on migraine. These headache-specific approaches include blood volume pulse biofeedback, which has considerable supportive evidence, and electroencephalographic feedback.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Florida Institute for Human & Machine Cognition, University of West Florida, Pensacola, FL, USA. fandrasik@uwf.edu
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Andrasik
mesh_terms: D001676:Biofeedback, Psychology / Q000379:methods; D004576:Electromyography; D006261:Headache / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008881:Migraine Disorders / Q000628:therapy*; D057240:Patient Preference; D012064:Relaxation Therapy; D016896:Treatment Outcome