title: Percent body fat, fractures and risk of osteoporosis in women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Globally, in an aging population, osteoporosis and fractures are emerging as major public health problems; accessible and affordable recognition, prevention and treatment strategies are needed. Percent body fat is known to be associated with bone mineral density and fractures. This paper uses an innovative, virtually cost-free method to estimate percent body fat from age, height and weight, and assesses its validity by examining the association between percent body fat and fractures among women 39 and older.
  
  
  METHODS
  An epidemiologic study.
  
  
  METHODS
  3940 college alumnae, median age 53.6, participated by responding to a mailed questionnaire covering medical history, behavioral factors, birth date, weight and height.
  
  
  METHODS
  T-tests, chi-square and multivariable logistic regression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Percent body fat estimated from age, weight, height and gender.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Associations of fractures with percent body fat are expressed as odds ratios: for osteoporotic (wrist, hip and/or x-ray confirmed vertebral), the adjusted OR = 2.41, 95% CI (1.65, 3.54), P < 0.0001; for wrist fractures, the adjusted OR = 2.56, 95% CI (1.65, 3.96), P < 0.0001; for x-ray confirmed vertebral fractures the adjusted OR = 4.69, 95% CI (2.05, 10.77), P=0.0003).; and for non-osteoporotic, he adjusted OR= 1.00, 95% CI (0.76 1.32), P=0.999.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings are consistent with methods using DXA and/or other technologies that show percent body fat is associated with fractures of the wrist and vertebrae. Identification of risk factors is necessary for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis and osteoporotic fractures. Estimation of percent body fat from age, height and weight may be a valid, cost-saving, and cost-effective alternative tool for screening and assessing risk of osteoporosis in settings where Dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) or other radiological techniques are too costly or unavailable.
authors.affiliation: Harvard Medical School and Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA. wyshak@hsph.harvard.edu
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wyshak
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000378:metabolism*; D000328:Adult; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology; D001823:Body Composition / Q000502:physiology*; D015519:Bone Density / Q000502:physiology; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015663:Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal / Q000453:epidemiology*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors