title: Adhesion pattern and growth of primary human osteoblastic cells on five commercially available titanium surfaces.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study is to analyze the morphology and proliferation of human osteoblastic cells in vitro on five commercially available titanium surfaces.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human primary cells of the osteoblastic lineage were obtained from bone explants. The cells were plated on polished (T1), machined (T2), sand-blasted/acid-etched (T3), sand-blasted/acid-etched, modified with hydrogen peroxide rinse (T4), and plasma-sprayed titanium (T5) disks. Cell morphology was studied after 6, 24, 72 h, 7 and 14 days of culture by scanning electron microscopy. The formation and distribution of focal adhesions was investigated by immunocytochemical staining at 3, 6 and 24 h. Cell growth was measured by an MTT assay after 3, 7 and 9 days of culture. Moreover, the production of osteocalcin and osteoprotegerin (OPG) was evaluated in the supernatants by ELISA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Morphological analysis revealed that substrate topography profoundly affected cells' shape and their anchoring structures. Large lamellipodia were formed on polished and machined surfaces, while thin filopodia were more frequently observed on T3 and T4 samples. Moreover, cells formed stronger focal adhesions on T3 and T4 surfaces, and cell proliferation was higher on rough surfaces. Osteocalcin production was higher on the T4 surface, whereas OPG steadily increased on every surface.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Taken together, these data show that all the surfaces allowed cell attachment, adhesion and proliferation, but T4 and T5 surfaces appeared to be a better substrate for the adhesion, proliferation and differentiation of cells of the osteoblastic lineage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Passeri
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cacchioli
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ravanetti
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Galli
authors.forename: Erida
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Elezi
authors.forename: Guido M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Macaluso
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000032:analysis; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002448:Cell Adhesion; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D048430:Cell Shape; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D003599:Cytoskeleton / Q000648:ultrastructure; D006801:Humans; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D049329:Nanostructures; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D015675:Osteocalcin / Q000096:biosynthesis; D053244:Osteoprotegerin / Q000096:biosynthesis; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium; D016596:Vinculin / Q000032:analysis; D015040:Zirconium
chemical_list: D000199:Actins; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D053244:Osteoprotegerin; D015675:Osteocalcin; D016596:Vinculin; D015040:Zirconium; D014025:Titanium; C028541:zirconium oxide