title: Hematoporphyrin monomethyl ether-mediated photodynamic effects on THP-1 cell-derived macrophages.
abstract: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been shown to attenuate atherosclerotic plaque progression and decrease macrophage-infiltration. The effectiveness of PDT depends strongly on the type of photosensitizers. Hematoporphyrin monomethyl ether (HMME) is a promising second-generation porphyrin-related photosensitizer for PDT. This study is designed to characterize effects of HMME-based PDT on THP-1 cell-derived macrophages and define the cell-death pathway. HMME was identified to accumulate in the macrophages by fluorescence microscopy and confocal scanning laser microscope. Our data demonstrated that the intensity of laser-induced HMME fluorescence in macrophages steadily increased with the increasing incubation concentration of HMME. The survival rate of macrophages determined by MTT assay decreased with the increasing HMME concentration and irradiation time. HMME-based PDT induced macrophage apoptosis via caspase-9 and caspase-3 activation pathway detected by caspase fluorescent assay kit and flow cytometer. The PDT increased the number of apoptotic macrophages by 14-fold at 12 h post irradiation by 9 J/cm(2) 635 nm diode laser. These results imply that photodynamic therapy with HMME may therefore be a useful clinical treatment for unstable atherosclerotic plaques.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, PR China.
authors.forename: Jiali
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Huijuan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.forename: Qingsong
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Chenghai
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.forename: Zhitao
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Sa
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: Liming
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Zhen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.forename: Ye
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.forename: Zhiguo
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Wenwu
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Cao
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D053453:Caspase 9 / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006415:Hematoporphyrins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D006801:Humans; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D009000:Monocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology; D010778:Photochemotherapy; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D058226:Plaque, Atherosclerotic / Q000188:drug therapy
chemical_list: D006415:Hematoporphyrins; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents; C494379:hematoporphyrin monomethyl ether; D053148:Caspase 3; D053453:Caspase 9