title: The impact of premenstrual dysphoric disorder among 92 bipolar patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the impact of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders-Fourth Edition (DSM-IV)-defined premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) lifetime co-morbidity among 92 bipolar patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety-two women with a lifetime diagnosis of DSM-IV-defined Bipolar Disorder (BD) either type I or type II were consecutively enrolled to determine co-morbidity rates with PMDD and associated clinical features. Measures included the Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID-I) and the Clinical Global Impression (CGI) rating scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In our sample, 25 (27.2%) patients reported a lifetime history of PMDD according to DSM-IV criteria (PMDD+). PMDD+ reported higher rates of Cyclothymia and BP-II than PMDD- (respectively 72% vs. 36% and 88% vs. 60%). On the contrary, the carbohydrate-craving feature was more represented among PMDD- than PMDD+ (25% vs. 4%). PMDD was also significantly associated with post-partum depression (36% vs. 15%), Obsessive-Compulsive (24% vs. 7.5%) and Body Dysmorphic Disorders (24% vs. 6%). Finally, PMDD+ reported higher total number of Axis I co-morbid disorders than PMDD-.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In our cohort of BD women, PMDD is a frequent co-morbid condition, in particular among patients with BD-II or Cyclothymia. Multiple co-morbidities also represent a clinical variable associated with PMDD. Further perspective studies are necessary to better define the relationships between PMDD and BD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, Section of Psychiatry, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fornaro
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Perugi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008875:Middle Aged; D011293:Premenstrual Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology