title: Chlorpyrifos induces apoptosis and DNA damage in Drosophila through generation of reactive oxygen species.
abstract: The present study investigated the apoptosis and DNA damage inducing potential of chlorpyrifos (CP) in Drosophila melanogaster. Third instar larvae of Drosophila were treated with different concentrations of CP (0.015-15.0 microg/L) for 2-48 h. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, oxidative stress markers, DNA damage and apoptotic cell death end points were measured in them. A significant increase in DNA damage was concomitant with apoptotic mode of cell death in 15.0 microg/L CP-treated organisms for 24 and 48 h. Depolarization in mitochondrial membrane potential and increased casapase-3 and caspase-9 activities in these organisms indicated both as potential targets of CP. A significant positive correlation was observed among ROS generation, apoptosis and DNA damage. The study suggests that (i) ROS may be involved in inducing apoptosis and DNA damage in the CP-exposed larvae of Drosophila and (ii) D. melanogaster may be used as an alternative in vivo animal model for xenobiotics hazard assessment.
authors.affiliation: Embryotoxicology Section, Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226 001, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Subash C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Manish
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mishra
authors.forename: Anurag
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: T G R
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Deepak Balaji
authors.forename: Rakesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Ranjit K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Mishra
authors.forename: Debapratim K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Chowdhuri
mesh_terms: D023401:Animal Use Alternatives; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D004390:Chlorpyrifos / Q000633:toxicity*; D004249:DNA Damage; D004331:Drosophila melanogaster / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D004390:Chlorpyrifos