title: Response to a Relational Agent by Hospital Patients with Depressive Symptoms.
abstract: Depression affects approximately 15% of the US population, and is recognized as an important risk factor for poor outcomes among patients with various illnesses. Automated health education and behavior change programs have the potential to help address many of the shortcomings in health care. However, the role of these systems in the care of patients with depression has been insufficiently examined. In the current study, we sought to evaluate how hospitalized medical patients would respond to a computer animated conversational agent that has been developed to provide information in an empathic fashion about a patient's hospital discharge plan. In particular, we sought to examine how patients who have a high level of depressive symptoms respond to this system. Therapeutic alliance-the trust and belief that a patient and provider have in working together to achieve a desired therapeutic outcome- was used as the primary outcome measure, since it has been shown to be important in predicting outcomes across a wide range of health problems, including depression. In an evaluation of 139 hospital patients who interacted with the agent at the time of discharge, all patients, regardless of depressive symptoms, rated the agent very high on measures of satisfaction and ease of use, and most preferred receiving their discharge information from the agent compared to their doctors or nurses in the hospital. In addition, we found that patients with symptoms indicative of major depression rated the agent significantly higher on therapeutic alliance compared to patients who did not have major depressive symptoms. We conclude that empathic agents represent a promising technology for patient assessment, education and counseling for those most in need of comfort and caring in the inpatient setting.
authors.affiliation: College of Computer and Information Science, Northeastern University 360 Huntington Ave, WVH202, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
authors.forename: Timothy W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Bickmore
authors.forename: Suzanne E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.forename: Brian W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Jack
authors.forename: Michael K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Paasche-Orlow
authors.forename: Laura M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Pfeifer
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Odonnell