title: Mild systemic hypoxia and photopic visual field sensitivity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Flickering stimuli increase the metabolic demand of the retina, making it a sensitive perimetric stimulus to the early onset of retinal disease. We determine whether flickering stimuli are a sensitive indicator of vision deficits resulting from acute, mild systemic hypoxia when compared to standard static perimetry.
  
  
  METHODS
  Static and flicker visual perimetry were performed in 14 healthy young participants while breathing 12% oxygen (hypoxia) under photopic illumination. The hypoxia visual field data were compared with the field data measured during normoxia. Absolute sensitivities (in dB) were analysed in seven concentric rings at 1°, 3°, 6°, 10°, 15°, 22° and 30° eccentricities as well as mean defect (MD) and pattern defect (PD) were calculated. Preliminary data are reported for mesopic light levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Under photopic illumination, flicker and static visual field sensitivities at all eccentricities were not significantly different between hypoxia and normoxia conditions. The mean defect and pattern defect were not significantly different for either test between the two oxygenation conditions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although flicker stimulation increases cellular metabolism, flicker photopic visual field impairment is not detected during mild hypoxia. These findings contrast with electrophysiological flicker tests in young participants that show impairment at photopic illumination during the same levels of mild hypoxia. Potential mechanisms contributing to the difference between the visual fields and electrophysiological flicker tests including variability in perimetric data, neuronal adaptation and vascular autoregulation are considered. The data have implications for the use of visual perimetry in the detection of ischaemic/hypoxic retinal disorders under photopic and mesopic light levels.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.
authors.forename: Beatrix
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Feigl
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Zele
authors.forename: Ian B
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: Stewart
mesh_terms: D055253:Color Vision; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000378:metabolism*; D008027:Light; D008297:Male; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology; D058609:Visual Field Tests; D014794:Visual Fields / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult