title: Congenital anophthalmia: a review of dealing with volume.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Anophthalmia in childhood whether congenital or acquired is not just a question of cosmesis. Loss of an eye can effect the maturation of the soft tissues and bony structure surrounding the affected orbit. Therefore, a comprehensive approach including medical and surgical interventions is required to rehabilitate a child early in life.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature survey of the past 40 years on the topic of congenital anophthalmia with focus on medical and surgical volume augmentation of the orbit was conducted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Newer technologies including hydrogel implants and saline-filled tissue expanders have allowed for more rapid expansion of the pediatric orbit often with minimally invasive surgical procedures. However, traditional approaches including conformer therapy are still the primary intervention in these complicated cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Anophthalmia in childhood requires a close interaction between ophthalmologist and ocularist as well as a motivated patient and family. With early intervention a good cosmetic outcome with periocular symmetry is obtainable.
authors.affiliation: Section of Ophthalmic Plastics and Orbital Surgery, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
authors.forename: C Robert
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Bernardino