title: Phrenic nerve transfer for elbow flexion and intercostal nerve transfer for elbow extension.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore long-term recovery of elbow flexion and extension after transferring the phrenic nerve and intercostal nerves, respectively, in adults with global brachial plexus avulsion injuries.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven adults with global brachial plexus avulsion injuries had the phrenic nerve transferred to the musculocutaneous nerve (or to the anterior division of upper trunk) and intercostal nerves transferred to the triceps branch of the radial nerve at our hospital 7 to 12 years ago. The results of elbow motor strength testing using the Medical Research Council grading scale, and electrodiagnostic findings using electromyogram examinations, were studied retrospectively. Pulmonary function tests were also performed at final visits.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Functional elbow flexion was obtained in most of the 7 cases (M2, 1; M3, 3; M4, 2; and M5, 1) but elbow extension was absent or insufficient in all subjects (M0, 1; M1, 3; and M2, 3). Electrical results showed successful biceps reinnervation in 6 patients and successful triceps reinnervation in 5. No patient experienced breathing problems, and pulmonary function results were within normal range.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the long term, after brachial plexus avulsion injury in most patients who underwent both phrenic nerve and intercostal nerve transfer to achieve elbow flexion and extension eventually obtained satisfactory elbow flexion but poor elbow extension. We recommend against transferring the intercostal nerves to the triceps branch of radial nerve in conjunction with primary phrenic to musculocutaneous nerve transfer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Therapeutic IV.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hand Surgery, Hua-Shan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Mou-Xiong
authors.initials: MX
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: Wen-Dong
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Yan-Qun
authors.initials: YQ
authors.lastname: Qiu
authors.forename: Jian-Guang
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Yu-Dong
authors.initials: YD
authors.lastname: Gu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001917:Brachial Plexus / Q000293:injuries*; D020516:Brachial Plexus Neuropathies / Q000601:surgery*; D004551:Elbow Joint / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004568:Electrodiagnosis; D006801:Humans; D007367:Intercostal Nerves / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000294:innervation; D009138:Musculocutaneous Nerve / Q000601:surgery*; D016067:Nerve Transfer; D010791:Phrenic Nerve / Q000601:surgery*; D011826:Radial Nerve / Q000601:surgery; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult