National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I football players' perceptions of women in the athletic training room using a role congruity framework.
BACKGROUND
Previous researchers have demonstrated that male and female athletes feel more comfortable with treatment by a same-sex athletic trainer for sex-specific injuries and conditions.


OBJECTIVE
To address football players' comfort with care provided by same-sex and opposite-sex athletic trainers for sex-specific and non-sex-specific injuries and conditions through the lens of role congruity theory.


METHODS
Cross-sectional study for the quantitative data and qualitative study for the qualitative data.


METHODS
Two National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I Football Bowl Series university football programs.


METHODS
Male football players within the 2 university programs.


METHODS
We replicated existing methods and an existing survey to address male football players' comfort levels. Additionally, an open-ended question was used to determine male football players' perceptions of female athletic trainers. Paired-samples t tests were conducted to identify differences between the responses for the care given by a male athletic trainer and for the care given by a female athletic trainer. Three categories were analyzed: general medical conditions, psychological conditions, and sex-specific injuries. The qualitative data were coded and analyzed using content analysis.


RESULTS
Male football players were more comfortable with treatment by a male athletic trainer (mean = 3.61 +/- 1.16) for sex-specific injuries and conditions than they were with treatment by a female athletic trainer (mean = 2.82 +/- 1.27; P < .001). No significant results were found for comfort with overall psychological conditions, although a female athletic trainer was preferred over a male athletic trainer for the treatment of depression (mean = 3.71 +/- 1.07 versus mean = 3.39 +/- 1.16, respectively; P < .001). Qualitative data provided support for role congruity theory.


CONCLUSIONS
Both quantitative and qualitative evidence were provided for the support of role congruity theory.
O'Connor
Caitlin
C
North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
Grappendorf
Heidi
H
Burton
Laura
L
Harmon
Sandra M
SM
Henderson
Angela C
AC
Peel
Judy
J
D000293:Adolescent; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression; D005260:Female; D005538:Football / Q000502:physiology / Q000523:psychology*; D005783:Gender Identity; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008960:Models, Psychological; D011582:Psychological Theory; D036301:Qualitative Research; D012933:Social Identification; D012938:Social Perception; D013178:Sports Medicine; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult