title: Adipokines, endothelial dysfunction and nutritional status in peritoneal dialysis patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Adipokines such as leptin and adiponectin are adipocyte-specific secretory proteins that play important roles in the metabolic regulation of body weight, insulin resistance and cardiovascular complications. The relationship between the malnutrition-inflammation complex syndrome and high levels of some adipokines in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients is still unclear. An association between high body mass index (BMI) and improved survival in PD patients has also been proposed. The purpose of this study was to investigate the levels of plasma adipokines and inflammation and oxidative stress markers in overweight and normal weight PD patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty PD patients (12 M, 18 F; mean age 57.3 ± 16.6 years) were examined and 23 healthy volunteers were included as a control group. The levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), tumour necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, leptin, the leptin receptor, adiponectin, malondialdehyde/4-hydroxynonenal, oxidized low-density lipoprotein, carbonyl groups and asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) were measured in both groups. The nutritional status of each patient was determined by albumin levels, BMI, percentage of body fat (%F), lean body mass (LBM) and the Subjective Global Assessment (SGA) score. The adequacy of dialysis was estimated by weekly Kt/V measurements.
  
  
  RESULTS
  According to the seven-point SGA scores and the albumin levels, the nutrition status of 15 patients was good (6-7 points), while 15 patients were mildly malnourished (3-5 points). The concentrations of hsCRP, leptin and adiponectin were statistically higher in the PD group than in the control group (p < 0.05). Markers of oxidative stress and inflammation were also higher in the PD group. The adiponectin level was inversely correlated with %F and BMI (Spearman's R = -0.3, p ≤ 0.05) and positively correlated with hsCRP level (R = -0.4). The level of leptin was positively correlated with %F, BMI and LBM (R = 0.4, p ≤ 0.05). Patients with normal BMI values had lower leptin concentrations (50.2 vs 242.8 μg/l) and higher adiponectin levels (30.0 vs 20.3 μg/ml) than overweight patients. The statistical analysis indicated that there were no differences in oxidative stress, inflammation and ADMA concentration between the lean and overweight PD patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The nutritional status of lean and overweight patients was comparable. Signs of malnutrition were detected in both groups. The severity of chronic inflammation and oxidative stress were not related to BMI in PD patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Nutrition, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland. sylwia@tetra.pl
authors.forename: Sylwia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Małgorzewicz
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lichodziejewska-Niemierko
authors.forename: Ewa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Aleksandrowicz-Wrona
authors.forename: Dariusz
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Świetlik
authors.forename: Boleslaw
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rutkowski
authors.forename: Wieslawa
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Łysiak-Szydłowska
mesh_terms: D052242:Adiponectin / Q000097:blood*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000447:Aldehydes / Q000097:blood; D001120:Arginine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood; D015415:Biomarkers; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D004727:Endothelium / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood*; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D044342:Malnutrition; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000097:blood; D008875:Middle Aged; D009752:Nutritional Status; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D010530:Peritoneal Dialysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D052242:Adiponectin; D000447:Aldehydes; D015415:Biomarkers; D015850:Interleukin-6; D020738:Leptin; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C099252:oxidized low density lipoprotein; D008315:Malondialdehyde; C018524:N,N-dimethylarginine; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D001120:Arginine; C027576:4-hydroxy-2-nonenal