title: End-of-life communication in the intensive care unit.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Because one in five Americans die in the intensive care unit (ICU), the potential role of palliative care is considerable. End-of-life (EOL) communication is essential for the implementation of ICU palliative care. The objective of this review was to summarize current research and recommendations for ICU EOL communication.
  
  
  METHODS
  For this qualitative, critical review, we searched PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, Ovid Medline, Cinahl and Psychinfo databases for ICU EOL communication clinical trials, systematic reviews, consensus statements and expert opinions. We also hand searched pertinent bibliographies and cross-referenced known EOL ICU communication researchers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Family-centered communication is a key component of implementing EOL ICU palliative care. The main forum for this is the family meeting, which is an essential platform for implementing shared decision making, e.g., transitioning from curative to EOL palliative goals of care. Better communication can improve patient outcomes such as reducing psychological trauma symptoms, depression and anxiety; shortening ICU length of stay; and improving the quality of death and dying. Communication strategies for EOL discussions focus on addressing family emotions empathically and discussing death and dying in an open and meaningful way. Central to this is viewing ICU EOL palliative care and withdrawal of life-extending treatment as predictable and not an unexpected emergency.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because the ICU is now a well-established site for death, ICU physicians should be trained with EOL communication skills so as to facilitate palliative care more hospitably in this challenging setting. Patient/family outcomes are important ways of measuring the quality of ICU palliative care and EOL communication.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA. levint@mskcc.org
authors.forename: Tomer T
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Levin
authors.forename: Beatriz
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Moreno
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Silvester
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Kissane
mesh_terms: D002983:Clinical Competence; D003142:Communication; D003144:Communication Barriers; D005190:Family / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D010166:Palliative Care / Q000523:psychology; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations / Q000941:ethics; D016414:Resuscitation Orders / Q000941:ethics; D013727:Terminal Care / Q000941:ethics / Q000523:psychology