title: Civilian gunshot wounds to the genitourinary tract: incidence, anatomic distribution, associated injuries, and outcomes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Gunshot wounds (GSW) affecting the genitourinary (GU) system in civilians are uncommon. This study describes the incidence, anatomic distribution, demographics, associated injuries, management, and outcomes after civilian GU GSW.
  
  
  METHODS
  A Level 1 Trauma Center Registry was used to retrospectively identify all patients who sustained GU GSW (January 1997-December 2008). Patient information was abstracted from the Registry, medical, and autopsy records. Multivariate regression detected significant factors associated with mortality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 2941 civilian GSW patients, 309 (10.5%) sustained GU injury with/without associated injuries. Mean age was 30.4 ± 11.9 years (range 6.6-80.6 years); 289 patients (93.5%) were male. Mean Injury Severity Score (ISS) 22.2 ± 15.4 (1-75). Incidence of GU GSW increased during the study period. GSW affected the kidneys (55%), scrotum (21%), bladder (19%), testicle (12%), penis (8%), some patients having more than 1 GU organ injured. A total of 284 patients (92%) experienced at least 1 other organ injury. Most GU GSW were managed surgically (mean 2.2 ± 2.0; 0-13 surgeries/patient). There was a 27% (n = 84) overall mortality, with 16% (n = 50) dead on arrival. Mortality and ISS were correlated (P = 0.002; hazard ratio = 3.0; 95% confidence interval 3.0-3.0CI). Large vessel, head/neck, kidney, vascular, heart, lung, spine, and spinal cord injury were statistically significant risk factors for death.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  GU injury occurred in 10.5% of 2941 civilian GSW patients. Associated injuries were very common, with many cases involving multiple organs. Most injuries (90%) were managed surgically. Mortality is usually the result of associated nongenitourinary injuries. A high index of suspicion for injuries affecting other organs is necessary in managing GU GSW trauma patients.
authors.affiliation: Hip and Pelvis Institute, Saint John's Hospital, Santa Monica, California, USA.
authors.forename: Soheil
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Najibi
authors.forename: Moritz
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tannast
authors.forename: Jerilyn M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Latini
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007668:Kidney / Q000293:injuries; D008297:Male; D008824:Michigan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009104:Multiple Trauma / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014193:Trauma Centers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015599:Trauma Severity Indices; D014505:Urban Population; D013519:Urogenital Surgical Procedures; D014566:Urogenital System / Q000293:injuries*; D014948:Wounds, Gunshot / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000601:surgery; D055815:Young Adult