title: Depression strongly influences postconcussion symptom reporting following mild traumatic brain injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the influence of depression on postconcussion symptom reporting in patients following mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty patients referred to a specialty clinic following MTBI, 58 outpatients with Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-diagnosed depression, and 72 healthy community control participants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants with MTBI were divided into 2 subgroups on the basis of self-reported symptoms of depression (23 MTBI-depressed, 37 MTBI-not depressed). All participants completed a postconcussion symptom questionnaire.
  
  
  METHODS
  British Columbia Post-concussion Symptom Inventory.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were significant differences in total reported postconcussion symptoms among all 4 groups (all P < .002; Cohen's d = 0.68-3.24, large to very large effect sizes; MTBI-depressed > depressed outpatients > MTBI-no depression > healthy controls). There were significant differences in the number of symptoms endorsed (P < .05), with the highest number of symptoms endorsed by the MTBI-depressed group, followed by depressed outpatients, MTBI-no depression, and healthy controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients who experience MTBIs and who have a postinjury recovery course complicated by significant depression report more postconcussion symptoms, and more severe symptoms, than (a) outpatients with depression, and (b) patients with MTBIs who do not have significant symptoms of depression.
authors.affiliation: British Columbia Mental Health and Addiction Services and University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. rael.lange@gmail.com
authors.forename: Rael T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Lange
authors.forename: Grant L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Iverson
authors.forename: Alice
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rose
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D038223:Post-Concussion Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D012737:Sex Factors; D055815:Young Adult