title: Toxoplasma gondii: the effects of infection at different stages of pregnancy on the offspring of mice.
abstract: Congenital toxoplasmosis can cause fetal damage in humans and domestic animals. This study was focused on the effects of Toxoplasma gondii (Prugniaud strain) infection at different stages of pregnancy on the offspring of mice. Results showed that newborn mice from all infected groups were significantly lower in weight than those from the control group but significant difference was not found among these groups at day 60 after birth. The survival rate of the offspring from the group of mice infected at the earlier stage of pregnancy was significantly lower than those of infected and control groups. The positive offspring (with cysts found in their brain tissues) born from the mice infected at the earlier and intermediate stages of pregnancy showed a shorter latency and greater number of errors in the step-through passive avoidance test than those born from the mice infected at the late stage of pregnancy, the control group and the negative offspring from the infected groups. The number of cysts in the brain tissue was significantly higher in the offspring born from the groups of mice infected at the earlier and intermediate stages of pregnancy than those from the group of mice infected at the late stage of pregnancy. In addition, our results indicated that a high congenital transmission rate (90%) occurred in this NIH mouse model. In conclusion, the earlier and intermediate maternal infection of T. gondii can result in severe congenital toxoplasmosis, exhibiting conditions such as stillbirth or non-viability, and learning or memory capability damage in this mouse model. These results not only provide useful data for better understanding the effects of T. gondii infection on the offspring of mice infected at different stages of pregnancy but also for better consideration of the effect of this infection on other mammalian hosts including humans.
authors.affiliation: Center for Parasitic Organisms, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, The Ministry of Education, Zhongshan Medical College, Sun Yat-Sen Zhongshan University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China.
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Xiao-Jie
authors.initials: XJ
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Zhi-Jun
authors.initials: ZJ
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Xiao-Guang
authors.initials: XG
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Zhao-Rong
authors.initials: ZR
authors.lastname: Lun
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn / Q000254:growth & development / Q000469:parasitology; D001724:Birth Weight; D001835:Body Weight; D001921:Brain / Q000469:parasitology; D005260:Female; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; D007858:Learning; D008568:Memory; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D011247:Pregnancy; D015597:Pregnancy Complications, Parasitic / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015996:Survival Rate; D014124:Toxoplasmosis, Animal / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000635:transmission*; D014125:Toxoplasmosis, Congenital / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology*