title: Should providers give women advance provision of emergency contraceptive pills? A cost-effectiveness analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We sought to determine the potential effect and cost-effectiveness of different means of accessing emergency contraceptive pills (ECP) on unintended pregnancy rates in sexually active women.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used a computer simulation model to compare the effects of advance provision, on-demand provision, and no use of ECP on unintended pregnancies and costs of care in three hypothetical cohorts of 1 million sexually active women. Data on effectiveness of ECP from the single-use clinical trials, and costs from Medi-Cal, California's Medicaid program were used for the model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Advance provision of ECP is projected to avert a greater or the same percentage of unintended pregnancies compared with on-demand provision, with the greatest percentage of pregnancies averted (66%) in low-risk women with advance provision. In the simulation model, the percentage of pregnancies averted decreases as the frequency of unprotected intercourse increases and ECP use decreases. In all scenarios, the cost-savings ratio--the number of dollars saved on averted pregnancy expenditures for each dollar spent on advance ECP--is greater than one.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Advance provision of ECP has the potential to avert unintended pregnancies and reduce medical expenditures. The most likely reason that the advance provision trials fail to demonstrate reductions in pregnancy rates is a result of a combination of small study sizes, the use of ECP in both treatment and control groups, and a failure to take into account a realistic range of rates of unprotected intercourse and imperfect ECP use.
authors.affiliation: Bixby Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA. greened@obgyn.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: Diana G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Foster
authors.forename: Tina R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Raine
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Brindis
authors.forename: Daria P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Rostovtseva
authors.forename: Philip D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Darney
mesh_terms: D002140:California; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003281:Contraceptives, Postcoital / Q000191:economics*; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D005260:Female; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000191:economics*; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D049168:Pregnancy, Unplanned; D012725:Sexual Behavior
chemical_list: D003281:Contraceptives, Postcoital