title: PC-3 prostate carcinoma cells release signal substances that influence the migratory activity of cells in the tumor's microenvironment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tumor cells interact with the cells of the microenvironment not only by cell-cell-contacts but also by the release of signal substances. These substances are known to induce tumor vascularization, especially under hypoxic conditions, but are also supposed to provoke other processes such as tumor innervation and inflammatory conditions. Inflammation is mediated by two organ systems, the neuroendocrine system and the immune system. Therefore, we investigated the influence of substances released by PC-3 human prostate carcinoma cells on SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells as well as neutrophil granulocytes and cytotoxic T lymphocytes, especially with regard to their migratory activity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PC-3 cells express several cytokines and growth factors including vascular endothelial growth factors, fibroblast growth factors, interleukins and neurotrophic factors. SH-SY5Y cells are impaired in their migratory activity by PC-3 cell culture supernatant, but orientate chemotactically towards the source. Neutrophil granulocytes increase their locomotory activity only in response to cell culture supernantant of hypoxic but not of normoxic PC-3 cells. In contrast, cytotoxic T lymphocytes do not change their migratory activity in response to either culture supernatant, but increase their cytotoxicity, whereas supernatant of normoxic PC-3 cells leads to a stronger increase than that of hypoxic PC-3 cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PC-3 cells release several signal substances that influence the behavior of the cells in the tumor's microenvironment, whereas no clear pattern towards proinflammatory or immunosuppressive conditions can be seen.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Immunology, ZBAF, Witten/Herdecke University, Stockumer Str, 10, 58448 Witten, Germany. entschladen@uni-wh.de.
authors.forename: Melanie J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Voss
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Niggemann
authors.forename: Kurt S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Zänker
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Entschladen