title: Muscle strain injuries of the hindlimb in eight horses: diagnostic imaging, management and outcomes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the clinical presentation, ultrasound findings, management and outcome in horses with muscle tear injuries of the hindlimbs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective case series Procedure Medical records of eight horses were reviewed and information on signalment, history, presenting complaint, physical examination findings and further diagnostic tests were recorded. Diagnosis of muscle injury was determined by the presence of abnormal ultrasound findings, compared with the contralateral limb, and, when required, nuclear scintigraphy. Follow-up information was obtained via telephone interviews with owners, trainers and referring veterinarians.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Muscle tears causing lameness were identified in the middle gluteal (3), semitendinosus (1), semimembranosus (2) and gracilis (2) muscles. Tears were classified by ultrasound imaging as partial (6) or complete (2). The degree of lameness did not appear to be indicative of the extent of injury or of completion of healing. Long-term follow-up was available for seven horses and the outcome was favourable in six cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ultrasonography is useful in the diagnosis and assessment of moderate to severe muscle strain injuries. The prognosis appears to be favourable in most cases, although recurrence of injury and lameness can delay the return to athletic activity and an inferior outcome with persistent gait abnormality may occur.
authors.affiliation: Equine Department, University of Melbourne Veterinary Clinic and Hospital, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia. eawa@unimelb.edu.au
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Walmsley
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Steel
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Hesse
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Whitton
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006614:Hindlimb; D006736:Horses / Q000293:injuries*; D007794:Lameness, Animal / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000293:injuries*; D011379:Prognosis; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D012008:Recurrence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014463:Ultrasonography