title: The thoracic muscular system and its innervation in third instar Calliphora vicina Larvae. I. Muscles of the pro- and mesothorax and the pharyngeal complex.
abstract: An anatomical description is given by the muscles in the pro- and mesothorax, and those associated with the feeding apparatus (cephalopharyngeal skeleton, CPS) that participate in feeding behavior in third instar Calliphora larvae. The body wall muscles in the pro- and mesothoracic segments are organized in three layers: internal, intermedial, and external. The muscles were labeled with roman numerals according to the nomenclature in use for the abdominal segments. Muscles associated with the CPS are labeled according to their function. The prothorax bears five pairs of lateral symmetrically longitudinal segmental body wall muscles and lacks the transversal muscle group present in the mesothorax and abdominal segments. Additionally, four pairs of intersegmental muscles project from the prothorax to the second, fourth, and fifth segment. The mesothorax bears 15 pairs of segmental longitudinal and 18 pairs of transversal muscles. The accessory pharyngeal muscles span the CPS and the cuticle. Three pairs of protractors and retractors and two pairs of mouth hook accessors (MH(AC)) exist, which move the CPS relative to the body. The pharyngeal muscles are exclusively attached to the structures of the CPS. The mouth hook elevators and depressors, which mediate the hooks rotation are attached to the ventral arm of the CPS and project to a dorsal (elevators) or ventral (depressors) protuberance of the mouth hooks. The cibarial dilator muscles (CDM) span the dorsal arms of the CPS and the dorsal surface of the esophagus and mediate food ingestion. The labial retractors (LRs) lack antagonists and project from the ventral surface of the CPS to the unpaired labium. Contractions of these muscles open the mouth cavity.
authors.affiliation: Universität Bonn, Institut für Zoologie, Abteilung Neurobiologie, Poppelsdorfer Schloss, 53115 Bonn, Germany. ulrike.hanslik@hotmail.de
authors.forename: Ulrike
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Hanslik
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schoofs
authors.forename: Senta
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Niederegger
authors.forename: Hans-Georg
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Heinzel
authors.forename: Roland
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Spiess
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004175:Diptera / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D007814:Larva / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D009055:Mouth / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D009132:Muscles / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000294:innervation