title: The Audio Recorded Cognitive Screen (ARCS) in patients with multiple sclerosis: a practical tool for multiple sclerosis clinics.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cognitive impairment is a common complication of multiple sclerosis, even in early stage disease, with significant impacts on life quality and social interaction. However, its detection is highly test-dependent.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To validate a recently described screening tool, the ARCS, for detecting cognitive impairment in a multiple sclerosis population.
  
  
  METHODS
  The ARCS administers tests of executive function, memory, visual spatial construction and language via an audio device to unsupervised patients who write their responses for later scoring. Some 127 patients with a wide variety of disease course and severity were assessed by ARCS, of whom 87 also completed the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT) and 45 underwent formal ('gold standard') neuropsychological testing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with PASAT, we found that the ARCS showed better sensitivity (86% versus 68%) at equivalent specificity (71%) for detection of impairment in any cognitive domain, and superiority in the detection of memory and executive impairments. Acceptance and completion rates for the ARCS were as good or better than for the PASAT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ARCS is sensitive, well-tolerated, easy to administer and facilitates comprehensive cognitive assessment in less than 5 min of clinician time. It has several advantages over the PASAT for detecting cognitive impairment in patients with multiple sclerosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology Neurosurgery and Neurophysiology, John Hunter Hospital, Hunter Region Mail Centre, Newcastle, Australia. Jeannette.Lechner-Scott@hnehealth.nsw.gov.au
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lechner-Scott
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kerr
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Spencer
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Agland
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lydon
authors.forename: P W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Schofield
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001288:Attention; D001307:Auditory Perception; D001315:Australia; D003071:Cognition; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D056344:Executive Function; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods*; D008568:Memory; D008875:Middle Aged; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D015588:Observer Variation; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013028:Space Perception; D014796:Visual Perception; D055815:Young Adult