title: Regulation of apoptosis and priming of neutrophil oxidative burst by diisopropyl fluorophosphate.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP) is a serine protease inhibitor that is widely used as an inhibitor of endogenous proteases in in vitro neutrophil studies. Its effects on neutrophil function are unclear. We sought to determine the biological effects of DFP on human neutrophil apoptosis and oxidative burst.
  
  
  METHODS
  We isolated neutrophils from healthy volunteers, incubated them with DFP (2.5 mM), and evaluated neutrophil elastase (NE) activity, neutrophil degranulation, apoptosis as reflected in hypodiploid DNA formation and exteriorization of phosphatidylserine (PS), processing and activity of caspases-3 and -8, oxidative burst activity and hydrogen peroxide release.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Consistent with its activity as a serine protease inhibitor, DFP significantly inhibited NE activity but not the degranulation of azurophilic granules. DFP inhibited constitutive neutrophil apoptosis as reflected in DNA fragmentation, and the processing and activity of caspases-3 and -8. DFP also inhibited priming of neutrophils for oxidative burst activity and hydrogen peroxide release. However, DFP enhanced the exteriorization of PS in a dose-dependent manner.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that DFP exerts significant effects on neutrophil inflammatory function that may confound the interpretation of studies that use it for its antiprotease activity. We further conclude that endogenous proteases play a role in the biology of constitutive neutrophil apoptosis.
authors.affiliation: Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. marshallj@smh.ca.
authors.forename: Jennifer Ly
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Tsang
authors.forename: Jean C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Parodo
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Marshall