title: Gynaecologic challenging issues in the management of BRCA mutation carriers: oral contraceptives, prophylactic salpingo-oophorectomy and hormone replacement therapy.
abstract: BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers have a 54-85% and 45% lifetime risk of developing breast cancer, respectively, and a 18-60% and 11-27% lifetime risk of developing ovarian cancer, respectively. Oral contraceptives (OCs) significantly reduce the risk of ovarian cancer also in BRCA1/BRCA2 mutation carriers. The association between OC use and breast cancer risk in these women is controversial. Some studies showed a modestly increased risk especially among BRCA1 mutation carriers. The risk appears to be greater for women who took OCs for at least 5 years and who took OCs before the age of 30 years. Other studies reported that duration of use before first full-term pregnancy has a positive association with breast cancer risk. Salpingo-oophorectomy reduces the risk of coelomic epithelial cancer of 80-95% and the risk of breast cancer of approximately 50%. BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers should be encouraged to undergo prophylactic bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy at the age of 35-40 years or when childbearing is complete. Short-term use of hormone replacement therapy may relieve menopausal symptoms and does not appear to affect the breast cancer risk reduction obtained with salpingo-oophorectomy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Procreative Medicine, Division of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy. a.gadducci@obgyn.med.unipi.it
authors.forename: Angiolo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gadducci
authors.forename: Nicoletta
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Biglia
authors.forename: Stefania
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cosio
authors.forename: Piero
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sismondi
authors.forename: Andrea Riccardo
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Genazzani
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics; D003276:Contraceptives, Oral / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy; D005260:Female; D019398:Genes, BRCA1; D024522:Genes, BRCA2; D006801:Humans; D009154:Mutation; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000517:prevention & control; D010052:Ovariectomy
chemical_list: D003276:Contraceptives, Oral