title: Intact learning and memory in rats following treatment with the dual orexin receptor antagonist almorexant.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Orexins play a key role in the maintenance of alertness and are implicated in the modulation of diverse physiological processes, including cognitive function. Almorexant, a dual orexin receptor antagonist, transiently and reversibly blocks the action of orexin peptides at both OX(1) and OX(2) receptors and increases time spent in rapid eye movement (REM) and non-REM sleep.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We explored the direct effects on learning and memory of single and repeated administration of almorexant in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Following administration of high doses of almorexant (300 mg/kg, p.o.), scopolamine (0.8 mg/kg, i.p.), combination almorexant-scopolamine, or vehicle alone, rats were trained on a Morris water maze spatial navigation task, or on a passive avoidance task.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Rats treated with almorexant learned the spatial navigation task with similar efficacy as vehicle-treated animals. After 4 days, almorexant-but not vehicle-treated rats had established spatial memory; after 8 days, spatial memory had been established in both vehicle-and almorexant-treated rats. Scopolamine-treated rats failed to learn the spatial task. Both vehicle-and almorexant-but not scopolamine-treated rats demonstrated passive avoidance learning. Almorexant did not ameliorate scopolamine-induced impairment of learning in either task.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rats treated with almorexant are fully capable of spatial and avoidance learning.
authors.affiliation: Research and Development, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Gewerbestrasse 16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland. hendrik.dietrich@actelion.com
authors.forename: Hendrik
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dietrich
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Jenck
mesh_terms: D000081:Acetamides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001362:Avoidance Learning / Q000187:drug effects; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D007546:Isoquinolines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D018782:Maze Learning / Q000187:drug effects*; D008568:Memory / Q000187:drug effects*; D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists / Q000633:toxicity; D064446:Orexin Receptors; D051381:Rats; D020318:Rats, Long-Evans; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D018013:Receptors, Neuropeptide / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D012601:Scopolamine / Q000633:toxicity; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000081:Acetamides; D007546:Isoquinolines; D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists; D064446:Orexin Receptors; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; D018013:Receptors, Neuropeptide; C519150:almorexant; D012601:Scopolamine