title: Similarity of pharmacodynamic effects of a single injection of insulin glargine, insulin detemir and NPH insulin on glucose metabolism assessed by 24-h euglycaemic clamp studies in healthy humans.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Two long-acting insulin analogues, insulin glargine and insulin detemir, have been developed as alternatives to neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH) insulin, which has been the preferred basal insulin preparation for decades. The aim was to directly compare the pharmacodynamic properties of the long-acting insulin analogues and NPH insulin after a single subcutaneous injection.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted as a double-blind, controlled, three-arm, crossover study including 10 healthy lean male volunteers. On three different occasions, each subject was challenged with 0.4 U kg(-1) of either insulin glargine, insulin detemir or NPH insulin. Plasma glucose was maintained at 0.3 mmol l(-1) below fasting level by glucose clamping for 24 h. C-peptide, insulin, free fatty acids (FFAs) and counter regulatory hormones were measured throughout the clamp period, whereas endogenous glucose release (EGR) was assessed by isotope dilution technique (3-(3)H-glucose).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean glucose infusion rate (GIR)-time profiles revealed no significant differences between the three preparations in the primary endpoints: Maximal GIR of approximately 3.4 mg kg(-1) min(-1) (P = 0.68), time to maximal GIR of approximately 10 h (TR(max)) (P = 0.35) and area under the GIR curve (GIR(AUC)) (P = 0.81). Compared with the other insulin preparations, EGR (see above)was lower for insulin detemir at the beginning of the clamp period (330-360 min) (P = 0.007) while GIR was lower (P = 0.005) and FFA concentrations were higher (P = 0.005) during the last 4 h of the clamp.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this experimental design, only minor pharmacodynamic differences were demonstrated between insulin detemir, insulin glargine and NPH insulin.
authors.affiliation: Aarhus University Hospital-Department M (Endocrinology and Diabetes), Aarhus, Denmark.
authors.forename: L P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Sørensen
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Brock
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mengel
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rungby
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Moller
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vølund
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Schmitz
mesh_terms: D015992:Body Mass Index; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D015309:Glucose Clamp Technique / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D000069057:Insulin Detemir; D000069036:Insulin Glargine; D007336:Insulin, Isophane / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D049528:Insulin, Long-Acting / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D049528:Insulin, Long-Acting; D000069036:Insulin Glargine; D000069057:Insulin Detemir; D007336:Insulin, Isophane; D005947:Glucose