title: Two systems of spatial representation underlying navigation.
abstract: We review evidence for two distinct cognitive processes by which humans and animals represent the navigable environment. One process uses the shape of the extended 3D surface layout to specify the navigator's position and orientation. A second process uses objects and patterns as beacons to specify the locations of significant objects. Although much of the evidence for these processes comes from neurophysiological studies of navigating animals and neuroimaging studies of human adults, behavioral studies of navigating children shed light both on the nature of these systems and on their interactions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Harvard University, 11th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. sangah@gmail.com
authors.forename: Sang Ah
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Elizabeth S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Spelke
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology; D003463:Cues; D004777:Environment; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods; D009949:Orientation / Q000502:physiology*; D013028:Space Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D013037:Spatial Behavior / Q000502:physiology*