title: Diagnosis and localisation of flexor tendon injuries by surgeon-performed ultrasound: A cadaveric study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Flexor tendon injuries are common problems faced by hand surgeons. To minimise the surgical trauma associated with localisation and retrieval of the proximal tendon end, we investigated the use of surgeon-performed ultrasound in the evaluation of injured flexor tendons in a cadaver model. Our goal was to use surgeon-performed ultrasound: (1) to correctly diagnose flexor tendon injuries and (2) to correctly localise the proximal tendon ends within 1cm.
  
  
  METHODS
  Flexor tendon injuries with varying degrees of retraction were randomly created in individual digits of cadaver upper extremities, with a number of tendons left uninjured. A surgeon, blinded to the injury status of each digit, imaged each tendon by ultrasound. Predicted injury status of each tendon and localisation of the proximal stump was recorded. A total of 81 tendons were studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Correct diagnosis of flexor tendon injury was made in 78 of 81 tendons (96.2% success). Correct localisation of the proximal tendon stump was made in 39 of 50 lacerated tendons (78% success). Small finger injuries were most difficult to assess (66.7% success). With the small finger excluded from our analysis, the localisation success rate increased to 86.8%. The average time taken to image each digit was just under 2.5min.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Surgeon-performed ultrasound evaluation of the hand is a reliable means to diagnose flexor tendon injuries and to accurately localise the proximal tendon ends. This imaging modality may limit the need for extensive surgical exploration during flexor tendon repair. We do not recommend using this technique to image flexor tendon injuries of the small finger at this time.
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, 545 Barnhill Drive, Emerson Hall 232, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
authors.forename: Dino J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Ravnic
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Galiano
authors.forename: Venkata
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bodavula
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Friedman
authors.forename: Roberto L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Flores
mesh_terms: D002102:Cadaver; D005383:Finger Injuries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures; D013708:Tendon Injuries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014463:Ultrasonography