title: A modern perspective on the differential diagnosis between encephalitis lethargica or anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis.
abstract: Two cases initially diagnosed as "encephalitis lethargica" are discussed. Both cases satisfied the published diagnostic criteria for encephalitis lethargica, with neuropsychiatric features including complex movement disorder, hypoventilation and altered conscious state. On later investigation N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antibodies were detected in both cases. With the recent descriptions of tumour related antibodies to neuronal surface antigens in NMDA-receptor encephalitis, we highlight the importance of revisiting a diagnosis which may have prognostic significance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosciences, Box Hill Hospital (Monash University), Nelson Road, Box Hill, Victoria 3128, Australia.
authors.forename: Aaron
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: Neil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shuey
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bladin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000097:blood*; D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000276:immunology; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D010301:Parkinson Disease, Postencephalitic / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000276:immunology; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000276:immunology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate