title: Oral squamous cell carcinoma and cultural oral risk habits in Vietnam.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In South-Central Asia, 80% of head and neck cancers are found in the oral cavity and oropharynx. In Vietnam, oral cancer is often not being detected until people experience debilitating circumstances to normal oral function. The aims of the study were to explore the patterns of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and its risk indicators, the structure of oral health care in Vietnam and trends in prevalence of cultural risk habits in southern Vietnamese patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective clinical study was performed from 1 July 2005 to 1 April 2006 at Ho Chi Minh City Oncology hospital in Vietnam. Of the 161 cases, 147 subjects were diagnosed with OSCC, including 100 male and 47 female adults aged 24-85 years. Data were collected by a structured interview and clinical examination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over 40% of the women with OSCC reported chewing betel quid and the most prevalent risk habit in males was smoking (91.0%). Daily alcohol use was reported by 79.0% of males and 2.1% of females. Two-thirds of the cases of OSCC were diagnosed at the 2nd and 3rd stage of cancer. The more advanced stages of cancer were observed in males than in females. The prevalence of tobacco and alcohol use in males with OSCC was higher in this study than in the previous Vietnamese studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High frequency of risk habits in both genders was reported in OSCC Vietnamese patients. A trend of increased tobacco and alcohol use was observed in male OSCC patients. A lower prevalence of later staging in Vietnam was observed in this study than in earlier studies.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. spriebe@shaw.ca
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Priebe
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Aleksejūniene
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zed
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dharamsi
authors.forename: D H Q
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Thinh
authors.forename: N T
authors.initials: NT
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: T T K
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Cuc
authors.forename: N T P
authors.initials: NT
authors.lastname: Thao
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects; D001114:Areca / Q000009:adverse effects; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003466:Cultural Characteristics; D003729:Dental Care / Q000458:organization & administration; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014744:Vietnam; D055815:Young Adult