title: Extracts from the Mongolian traditional medicinal plants Dianthus versicolorFisch. and Lilium pumilum Delile stimulate bile flow in an isolated perfused rat liver model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Dianthus versicolor (Caryophyllaceae) and Lilium pumilum (Liliaceae) are two medicinal plants used in traditional Mongolian medicine to treat hepatic and gastrointestinal disorders. In this study aqueous (AE) and methanolic (ME) extracts of Dianthus versicolor and Lilium pumilum were investigated for their influence on the bile flow. The aqueous extracts of both plants were tested in absence and presence of 10 μM taurocholic acid at three different concentrations (100, 250, and 500 mg/L). The aqueous extract of Dianthus versicolor was further purified in order to locate the active principles. Two resulting fractions, one enriched in flavonoids and the other in sugars, were investigated for their influence on the bile flow in absence of taurocholic acid at 10, 20, and 40 mg/L. The aqueous extracts of both plants were analysed qualitatively by LC-MS(n) and quantitatively by UV-spectrophotometry.
  
  
  METHODS
  The bile flow experiments were performed in the isolated perfused rat liver. The compounds were identified by LC-DAD-MS(n) and TLC using references. The UV-spectrophotometric analysis was based on the monograph "Passiflorae herba" of the European Pharmacopoeia, and the total flavonoid contents were calculated and expressed as vitexin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  AE and ME of both plants increased the bile flow dose-dependently (between 9% and 30%), and no hepatotoxic effect was seen even during longer perfusions. Stimulation of bile secretion was comparable in the presence and in the absence of taurocholic acid. The flavonoid fraction of Dianthus versicolor increased the bile flow by 18% (p<0.05) at 40 mg/L, which was comparable to the positive control cynarin. The phytochemical investigations of the Dianthus versicolor AE (total flavonoid content 1.78%) revealed the presence of the isovitexin derivative saponarin. In the AE of Lilium pumilum (total flavonoid content 1.04%) the flavonoids rutoside, kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside, and isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside were detected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results show that choleresis under extract application is due to a stimulation of the bile-salt-independent bile flow which might be caused by the osmotic power of the extracts (hydrocholeresis). The flavonoids seem to contribute to the bile-flow-stimulating effect of Dianthus versicolor. Both plants exhibit a considerable choleretic effect that contributes to their use in traditional Mongolian medicine against gastrointestinal disorders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Astrid
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Obmann
authors.forename: Damba
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tsendayush
authors.forename: Theresia
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Thalhammer
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zehl
authors.forename: Thanh Phuong Nha
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Vo
authors.forename: Sodnomtseren
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Purevsuren
authors.forename: Damdinsuren
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Natsagdorj
authors.forename: Samdan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Narantuya
authors.forename: Christa
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kletter
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Glasl
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001646:Bile / Q000378:metabolism; D002756:Cholagogues and Choleretics / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D029749:Dianthus / Q000737:chemistry*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D027762:Lilium / Q000737:chemistry*; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D008519:Medicine, Traditional; D008986:Mongolia; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013656:Taurocholic Acid / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D002756:Cholagogues and Choleretics; D005419:Flavonoids; D010936:Plant Extracts; D013656:Taurocholic Acid