title: Serotonin transporter gene moderates the development of emotional problems among children following bullying victimization.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Bullying is the act of intentionally and repeatedly causing harm to someone who has difficulty defending him- or herself, and is a relatively widespread school-age phenomenon. Being the victim of bullying is associated with a broad spectrum of emotional problems; however, not all children who are bullied go on to develop such problems.
  
  
  METHODS
  We tested the hypothesis that the relationship between bullying victimization and emotional problems was moderated by variation in the serotonin transporter (5-HTT) gene in 2,232 British children comprising the Environmental Risk (E-Risk) study cohort.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our data supported the hypothesis that children's bullying victimization leads to their developing emotional problems, and that genetic variation in the 5-HTTLPR moderates this relationship. Specifically, frequently bullied children with the SS genotype were at greater risk for developing emotional problems at age 12 than were children with the SL or LL genotype. Furthermore, we demonstrated that this genetic moderation persisted (a) after controlling for children's previctimization emotional problems by assessing intraindividual change in problems between ages 5 and 12 years, and (b) after controlling for other risk factors shared by children growing up in the same family by comparing emotional problems in twins discordant for bullying victimization.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings are further evidence that the 5-HTTLPR moderates the risk of emotional disturbance after exposure to stressful events.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, 2020 West Main Street, Suite 201, Box 104410, Durham, NC 27708, USA. karen.sugden@duke.edu
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sugden
authors.forename: Louise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Arseneault
authors.forename: HonaLee
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Harrington
authors.forename: Terrie E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Moffitt
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Avshalom
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Caspi
mesh_terms: D000342:Affective Symptoms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology; D058445:Bullying / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D019548:Crime Victims / Q000523:psychology*; D004200:Diseases in Twins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology; D004739:England; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000235:genetics*; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008957:Models, Genetic; D012307:Risk Factors; D050486:Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D012931:Social Environment; D014852:Wales
chemical_list: C493230:SLC6A4 protein, human; D050486:Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins