title: Operative failure in the era of focused parathyroidectomy: a contemporary series of 845 patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Focused parathyroidectomy guided by intraoperative parathyroid hormone monitoring (IPM) may lead to higher failure rates because of missed multiglandular disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective review of prospectively collected data.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tertiary referral center.
  
  
  METHODS
  From September 8, 1993, through January 30, 2009, a total of 845 consecutive patients with sporadic primary hyperparathyroidism underwent focused parathyroidectomy guided by IPM at a single institution.
  
  
  METHODS
  Parathyroid hormone dynamics and perioperative data were analyzed for factors affecting outcome. Operative failure was defined as hypercalcemia with elevated parathyroid hormone levels within 6 months after parathyroidectomy. Detailed intraoperative data from the failed operations were also reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 723 patients followed up for at least 6 months, 702 (97.1%) had successful parathyroidectomy, and 21 (2.9%) had failed parathyroidectomy. The major cause of operative failure was the surgeon's inability to find the abnormal parathyroid gland (16 of 21 patients [76.2%]). In the remaining patients, IPM results were false-positive in 5 of 21 patients (23.8%) or 0.7% overall. Among the cohort, IPM correctly identified missed multiglandular disease in 33 of 38 patients (86.8%). Patients having operative failure were more likely to have a history of thyroidectomy or parathyroidectomy and were less likely to have correct findings on technetium Tc 99m sestamibi or ultrasonographic localizing studies compared with patients having operative success.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Inability of the surgeon to find the abnormal parathyroid gland-not missed multiglandular disease-is the main cause of operative failure in focused parathyroidectomy guided by IPM.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrine Surgery, DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, 1475 NW 12th Avenue, Miami, FL 33136, USA. JLew@med.miami.edu
authors.forename: John I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Lew
authors.forename: Mariela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rivera
authors.forename: George L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Irvin
authors.forename: Carmen C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Solorzano
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006934:Hypercalcemia / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis*; D049950:Hyperparathyroidism, Primary / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000379:methods*; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone / Q000097:blood*; D016105:Parathyroidectomy / Q000379:methods*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D017211:Treatment Failure
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone