Convergence in pigmentation at multiple levels: mutations, genes and function.
Convergence--the independent evolution of the same trait by two or more taxa--has long been of interest to evolutionary biologists, but only recently has the molecular basis of phenotypic convergence been identified. Here, we highlight studies of rapid evolution of cryptic coloration in vertebrates to demonstrate that phenotypic convergence can occur at multiple levels: mutations, genes and gene function. We first show that different genes can be responsible for convergent phenotypes even among closely related populations, for example, in the pale beach mice inhabiting Florida's Gulf and Atlantic coasts. By contrast, the exact same mutation can create similar phenotypes in distantly related species such as mice and mammoths. Next, we show that different mutations in the same gene need not be functionally equivalent to produce similar phenotypes. For example, separate mutations produce divergent protein function but convergent pale coloration in two lizard species. Similarly, mutations that alter the expression of a gene in different ways can, nevertheless, result in similar phenotypes, as demonstrated by sister species of deer mice. Together these studies underscore the importance of identifying not only the genes, but also the precise mutations and their effects on protein function, that contribute to adaptation and highlight how convergence can occur at different genetic levels.
Manceau
Marie
M
Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and The Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
Domingues
Vera S
VS
Linnen
Catherine R
CR
Rosenblum
Erica Bree
EB
Hoekstra
Hopi E
HE
D000220:Adaptation, Biological / Q000235:genetics*; D054366:Agouti Signaling Protein / Q000235:genetics; D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D005431:Florida; D008116:Lizards; D051379:Mice; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D009516:New Mexico; D010641:Phenotype; D010858:Pigmentation / Q000235:genetics*; D044102:Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 1 / Q000235:genetics; D012641:Selection, Genetic
D054366:Agouti Signaling Protein; D044102:Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 1; C515183:a protein, mouse