title: Therapy for naming difficulties in bilingual aphasia: which language benefits?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The majority of the world's population is bilingual. Yet, therapy studies involving bilingual people with aphasia are rare and have produced conflicting results. One recent study suggested that therapy can assist word retrieval in bilingual aphasia, with effects generalizing to related words in the untreated language. However, this cross-linguistic generalisation only occurred into the person's stronger language (L1). While indicative, these findings were derived from just three participants, and only one received therapy in both languages.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study addressed the following questions. Do bilingual people with aphasia respond to naming therapy techniques developed for the monolingual population? Do languages respond differently to therapy and, if so, are gains influenced by language dominance? Does cross-linguistic generalisation occur and does this depend on the therapy approach? Is cross-linguistic generalisation more likely following treatment in L2 or L1?
  
  
  METHODS
  The study involved five aphasic participants who were bilingual in English and Bengali. Testing showed that their severity and dominance patterns varied, so the study adopted a case series rather than a group design. Each person received two phases of naming therapy, one in Bengali and one in English. Each phase treated two groups of words with semantic and phonological tasks, respectively. The effects of therapy were measured with a picture-naming task involving both treated and untreated (control) items. This was administered in both languages on four occasions: two pre-therapy, one immediately post-therapy and one 4 weeks after therapy had ceased. Testing and therapy in Bengali was administered by bilingual co-workers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four of the five participants made significant gains from at least one episode of therapy. Benefits arose in both languages and from both semantic and phonological tasks. There were three instances of cross-linguistic generalisation, which occurred when items had been treated in the person's dominant language using semantic tasks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that 'typical' naming treatments can be effective for some bilingual people with aphasia, with both L1 and L2 benefiting. It offers evidence of cross-linguistic generalisation, and suggests that this is most likely to arise from semantic therapy approaches. In contrast to some results in the academic literature, the direction of generalisation was from LI to L2. The theoretical implications of these findings are considered. Finally, the results support the use of bilingual co-workers in therapy delivery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Language and Communication Science, City University, London, UK.
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Croft
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Marshall
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pring
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hardwick
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000849:Anomia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D001039:Aphasia, Broca / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D001041:Aphasia, Wernicke / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D005260:Female; D005793:Generalization, Psychological; D006801:Humans; D007808:Language Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019303:Multilingualism; D010364:Pattern Recognition, Visual; D012660:Semantics; D013068:Speech Production Measurement; D020521:Stroke / Q000175:diagnosis; D000071939:Stroke Rehabilitation