title: The Gonococcus fights back: is this time a knock out?
abstract: Since the introduction of antibiotics in the 1930s, Neisseria gonorrhoeae has exhibited a remarkable ability to acquire novel genetic resistance determinants. Initially, sulphonamides were replaced by penicillin, while tetracyclines were prescribed for penicillin-allergic patients. With the advent of penicillinase-producing gonococci, spectinomycin was only briefly useful as alternative treatment and plasmid-mediated tetracycline resistance spread rapidly from the mid-1980s onwards. The fluoroquinolones followed but chromosomally mediated resistance appeared after only a decade of use. Seventy years on, we now face a global public health challenge of immense significance--the emergence of resistance to cephalosporins. With lack of investment in the search for new anti-gonococcal antimicrobial agents or vaccine research, the global spread of multiresistant gonococci can be seen. The impact of untreatable gonorrhoea on HIV transmission could be enormous in high-prevalence countries. This threat comes at a time when many national STI control programmes are weak. To delay the emergence of extensively drug-resistant gonorrhoea, public health systems require strengthening and novel strategies need implementing to enhance the therapeutic lifespan of the few antimicrobial agents that we have left.
authors.affiliation: STI Reference Centre, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Private Bag X4, Sandringham 2131, Johannesburg, South Africa. davidl@nicd.ac.za
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Lewis
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D005544:Forecasting; D006069:Gonorrhea / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D009344:Neisseria gonorrhoeae / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents