title: Reduced resource optimization in male alcoholics: N400 in a lexical decision paradigm.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Event Related Potential (ERP) studies have highlighted some measures, notably P3 amplitude, that are associated with both state and trait deficits in alcoholism, while studies examining N400 amplitude in alcoholism are few. The present study aims to examine differences in the N400 component, an electrophysiological correlate of semantic priming, in event-related potentials from a lexical decision task in 87 alcohol dependent subjects and 57 community controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Each subject was presented with 300 stimuli sequentially in a quasi-randomized design, where 150 stimuli were words and 150 were non-words. The subjects made a lexical decision indicating the word/non-word status with a button press. Among the words, 50 words (primed) were always preceded by their antonyms (prime, n=50), whereas the remaining 50 words were unrelated. N400 amplitude and latency measures were compiled from ERPs to the primed and unprimed words. Corresponding reaction time (RT) and response characteristics were also analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Control subjects revealed a significant attenuation of the N400 response to the primed word when compared to the unprimed word. Significantly less attenuation was observed in alcohol dependent subjects. No significant group differences were seen for latency and behavioral measures. All subjects had slower RT for unprimed words compared to primed words; however significantly less RT savings between the unprimed and primed condition was noted for alcoholics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest a reduced flexibility in the cognitive networks and a lack of resource optimization in alcoholics. The reduced attenuation of N400 during the primed condition in the alcohol dependent subjects may reflect an inability to engage similar neuronal substrates associated with semantic relatedness as seen in the controls. As diminished N400 attenuation during priming is observed in both alcoholics and high risk subjects, it may be a marker of risk and a good endophenotype for alcoholism.
authors.affiliation: Henri Begleiter Neurodynamics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York 11203, USA.
authors.forename: Bangalore N
authors.initials: BN
authors.lastname: Roopesh
authors.forename: Madhavi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rangaswamy
authors.forename: Chella
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kamarajan
authors.forename: David B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Chorlian
authors.forename: Ashwini K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Pandey
authors.forename: Bernice
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Porjesz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D003463:Cues; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D003657:Decision Making / Q000187:drug effects*; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011578:Psycholinguistics; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000187:drug effects; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000187:drug effects; D011932:Reading; D055815:Young Adult