title: Effects of titanocene dichloride derivatives on prostate cancer cells, specifically DNA damage-induced apoptosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  While locally advanced prostate cancer is initially treatable with androgen ablation, eventually cells develop a castrate-resistant phenotype. Currently, there are no effective treatments for this form of the disease with Docetaxel only providing a small survival advantage. In this study, the effects of novel derivatives of titanocene dichloride on prostate cancer cell lines has been investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cellular effects were assessed using the crystal violet assay and the clonogenic survival assay. Cell cycle and apoptosis were assessed by propidium iodide staining. DNA damage was analyzed by comet assay and Western analysis. DNA damage response inhibition was achieved by pre-incubation with an ATM/ATR inhibitor; CGK733 and DNA-PK inhibitor; DMNB.
  
  
  RESULTS
  These analogs caused a reduction in cell number. In particular titanocene Y and C had significant effects in all cell lines. A reduction in clonogenic survival was found in response to titanocene Y in three cell lines while the PC-3 cells exhibited increased resistance.Further analysis showed no effect on cell cycle however, the analogs were found to induce apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner in all cell lines. These analogs associate with DNA, induce DNA damage and a differential damage response. Inhibition of key regulators of this DNA damage response sensitized the PC-3 cell line to titanocene-induced apoptosis and significantly reduced the clonogenic capacity of the cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate the mechanism of action of these novel titanocene dichloride analogs and their potential use in castrate-independent advanced prostate cancer.
authors.affiliation: UCD School of Medicine and Medical Science, UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland. sandra.cuffe@ucd.ie
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cuffe
authors.forename: Catherine M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Dowling
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Claffey
authors.forename: Clara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pampillón
authors.forename: Megan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hogan
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Fitzpatrick
authors.forename: Michael P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Carty
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tacke
authors.forename: R William G
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Watson
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D015153:Blotting, Western; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D020552:Comet Assay; D004249:DNA Damage; D005840:Gentian Violet / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009376:Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D009942:Organometallic Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D009942:Organometallic Compounds; C518838:Titanocene Y; C551172:bis-N,N-dimethylamino-2-(N-methylpyrrolyl)methyl cyclopentadienyl titanium (IV); D014025:Titanium; D005840:Gentian Violet; C020528:titanocene dichloride