title: A systematic review of the effectiveness of smoking relapse prevention interventions for abstinent smokers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To carry out a systematic review of the effectiveness of relapse prevention interventions (RPIs) among abstinent smokers who had completed an initial course of treatment or who had abstained unassisted, pooling only outcome data from similar follow-up time points.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used the same search strategy as was used in Cochrane reviews of RPIs to identify randomized trials of behavioural and pharmacological studies of smoking RPIs published up to July 2008. Abstinence from smoking was defined as either continuous abstinence or point prevalence abstinence, measured at three follow-up time points: short term (1-3 months post randomization), medium term (6-9 months) and long term (12-18 months). Abstinence among pregnant/postpartum women was also measured at delivery or the last follow-up prior to delivery. Random effect meta-analysis was used to estimate pooled odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-six studies randomizing abstainers were included. Self-help materials appeared to be effective in preventing relapse at long-term follow up in initially unaided quitters (pooled OR 1.52; 95% CI 1.15 to 2.01, I2 = 0%, NNT = 11, 3 studies). Other behavioural interventions for relapse prevention appeared effective in the short term only. There were positive results for the use of pharmacotherapies for relapse prevention. Bupropion was effective at long-term follow-up (pooled OR 1.49; 95% CI 1.10 to 2.01; I2 = 0%; NNT = 11; 4 studies). Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) was effective at medium-term (pooled OR 1.56; 95% CI 1.16 to 2.11; I2 = 37%; NNT = 14; 4 trials) and long-term follow-ups (pooled OR 1.33; 95% CI 1.08 to 1.63; I2 = 0%; NNT = 20; 4 trials). Single trials of extended treatment of Varenicline and rimonabant were also found to be effective at short-term and medium-term follow-ups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Self-help materials appear to prevent relapse in initially unaided quitters. Use of NRT, bupropion and varenicline appears to be effective in preventing relapse following an initial period of abstinence or an acute treatment episode. There is currently no good evidence that behavioural support prevents relapse after initial unaided abstinence or following an acute treatment period.
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, UK Centre for Tobacco Control Studies, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK. shade.agboola@nottingham.ac.uk
authors.forename: Shade
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Agboola
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: McNeill
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Coleman
authors.forename: Jo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Leonardi Bee
mesh_terms: D016642:Bupropion / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003376:Counseling / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D018765:Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D010880:Piperidines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011181:Postnatal Care / Q000379:methods; D011247:Pregnancy; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D000077285:Rimonabant; D055502:Secondary Prevention; D012648:Self Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D018765:Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists; D010880:Piperidines; D011720:Pyrazoles; D016642:Bupropion; D000077285:Rimonabant