title: Multipotent drugs with cholinergic and neuroprotective properties for the treatment of Alzheimer and neuronal vascular diseases. I. Synthesis, biological assessment, and molecular modeling of simple and readily available 2-aminopyridine-, and 2-chloropyridine-3,5-dicarbonitriles.
abstract: The synthesis, molecular modeling, and pharmacological analysis of new multipotent simple, and readily available 2-aminopyridine-3,5-dicarbonitriles (3-20), and 2-chloropyridine-3,5-dicarbonitriles (21-28), prepared from 2-amino-6-chloropyridine-3,5-dicarbonitrile (1) and 2-amino-6-chloro-4-phenylpyridine-3,5-dicarbonitrile (2) is described. The biological evaluation showed that some of these molecules were modest inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE), in the micromolar range. The 2-amino (3, 4), and 2-chloro derivatives 21-23, 25, 26 were AChE selective inhibitors, whereas 2-amino derivatives 5, 14 proved to be selective for BuChE. Only inhibitor 24 was equipotent for both cholinesterases. Kinetic studies on compound 23 showed that this compound is a mixed-type inhibitor of AChE showing a K(i) of 6.33 microM. No clear SAR can be obtained form these data, but apparently, compounds bearing small groups such as the N,N'-dimethylamino or the pyrrolidino, regardless of the presence of a 2-amino, or 6-chloro substituent in the pyridine ring, preferentially inhibit AChE. Molecular modeling on inhibitors 4, 5, 22, and 23 has been carried out to give a better insight into the binding mode on the catalytic active site (CAS), and peripheral anionic site (PAS) of AChE. The most important differences in the observed binding relay on the modifications of the group at C2, as the amino group forms two hydrogen bonds that direct the binding mode, while in the case of compounds with a chlorine atom, this is not possible. The neuroprotective profile of these molecules has been investigated. In the LDH test, only compounds 26, 3, 22, and 24 showed neuroprotection with values in the range 37.8-31.6% in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells stressed with a mixture of oligomycin-A/rotenone, but in the MTT test only compound 17 (32.9%) showed a similar profile. Consequently, these compounds can be considered as attractive multipotent therapeutic molecules on two key pharmacological receptors playing key roles in the progress of Alzheimer, that is, cholinergic dysfunction and oxidative stress, and neuronal vascular diseases.
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Radicales Libres y Química Computacional (IQOG, CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Abdelouahid
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Samadi
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Marco-Contelles
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Soriano
authors.forename: Mónica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alvarez-Pérez
authors.forename: Mourad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chioua
authors.forename: Alejandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Romero
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: González-Lafuente
authors.forename: Luis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gandía
authors.forename: José M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Roda
authors.forename: Manuela G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: López
authors.forename: Mercedes
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Villarroya
authors.forename: Antonio G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: García
authors.forename: Cristóbal de Los
authors.initials: Cde L
authors.lastname: Ríos
mesh_terms: D000110:Acetylcholinesterase / Q000378:metabolism; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000188:drug therapy; D000631:Aminopyridines / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D002091:Butyrylcholinesterase / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D018678:Cholinergic Agents / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004593:Electrophorus; D006736:Horses; D006801:Humans; D008958:Models, Molecular; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009570:Nitriles / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011725:Pyridines / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014652:Vascular Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy
chemical_list: D000631:Aminopyridines; D018678:Cholinergic Agents; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D009570:Nitriles; D011725:Pyridines; D000110:Acetylcholinesterase; D002091:Butyrylcholinesterase; C032439:alpha-aminopyridine