title: Scaled, patient-specific 3D vertebral model reconstruction based on 2D lateral fluoroscopy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Accurate three-dimensional (3D) models of lumbar vertebrae are required for image-based 3D kinematics analysis. MRI or CT datasets are frequently used to derive 3D models but have the disadvantages that they are expensive, time-consuming or involving ionizing radiation (e.g., CT acquisition). An alternative method using 2D lateral fluoroscopy was developed.
  
  
  METHODS
  A technique was developed to reconstruct a scaled 3D lumbar vertebral model from a single two-dimensional (2D) lateral fluoroscopic image and a statistical shape model of the lumbar vertebrae. Four cadaveric lumbar spine segments and two statistical shape models were used for testing. Reconstruction accuracy was determined by comparison of the surface models reconstructed from the single lateral fluoroscopic images to the ground truth data from 3D CT segmentation. For each case, two different surface-based registration techniques were used to recover the unknown scale factor, and the rigid transformation between the reconstructed surface model and the ground truth model before the differences between the two discrete surface models were computed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Successful reconstruction of scaled surface models was achieved for all test lumbar vertebrae based on single lateral fluoroscopic images. The mean reconstruction error was between 0.7 and 1.6 mm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A scaled, patient-specific surface model of the lumbar vertebra from a single lateral fluoroscopic image can be synthesized using the present approach. This new method for patient-specific 3D modeling has potential applications in spine kinematics analysis, surgical planning, and navigation.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Surgical Technology and Biomechanics, University of Bern, Stauffacherstrasse 78, Bern, 3014, Switzerland. guoyan.zheng@ieee.org
authors.forename: Guoyan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: Lutz-P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Nolte
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Ferguson
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002102:Cadaver; D005471:Fluoroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D015233:Models, Statistical; D011857:Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed