title: Exposing rodents to a combination of tobacco smoke and lipopolysaccharide results in an exaggerated inflammatory response in the lung.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which are often associated with respiratory infections, are defined as a worsening of symptoms that require a change in medication. Exacerbations are characterized by a reduction in lung function, quality of life and are associated with increased pro-inflammatory mediators in the lung. Our aim was to develop an animal model to mimic aspects of this exaggerated inflammatory response by combining key etiological factors, tobacco smoke (TS) and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats were exposed to TS for 30 min twice a day for 2 days. On day 3 animals were exposed to LPS for 30 min followed by exposure to TS 5 h later. Inflammation, mucus and lung function were assessed 24 h after LPS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Neutrophils, mucus, oedema and cytotoxicity in lung and/or bronchoalveolar lavage was increased in animals exposed to combined LPS and TS, compared with either stimulus alone. Lung function was impaired in animals exposed to combined LPS and TS. Inflammatory cells, oedema and mucus were unaffected by pretreatment with the corticosteroid, budesonide, but were reduced by the phosphodiesterase 4 selective inhibitor roflumilast. Additionally, lung function was improved by roflumilast.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have established an in vivo model mimicking characteristic features of acute exacerbations of COPD including lung function decline and increased lung inflammation. This model may be useful to investigate molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying such exacerbations, to identify new targets and to discover novel therapeutic agents.
authors.affiliation: Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Horsham, UK. liz.hardaker@novartis.com
authors.forename: E L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Hardaker
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Freeman
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Dale
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bahra
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Raza
authors.forename: K H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Banner
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Poll
mesh_terms: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000494:pharmacology; D000631:Aminopyridines / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001549:Benzamides / Q000494:pharmacology; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / Q000276:immunology; D019819:Budesonide / Q000494:pharmacology; D003521:Cyclopropanes / Q000494:pharmacology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D008168:Lung / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D009093:Mucus / Q000378:metabolism; D020556:Neutrophil Infiltration; D058988:Phosphodiesterase 4 Inhibitors; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology* / Q000276:immunology; D011654:Pulmonary Edema / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013997:Time Factors; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D000631:Aminopyridines; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D001549:Benzamides; D003521:Cyclopropanes; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D058988:Phosphodiesterase 4 Inhibitors; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution; C440499:lipopolysaccharide, Escherichia coli O111 B4; C424423:Roflumilast; D019819:Budesonide