title: Identification of ubiquitin in bovine milk and its growth inhibitory effects on human cancer cell lines.
abstract: Bovine milk is associated with improved health and reduced risk of several diseases, among them cancer. Milk is a complex mixture of known and unknown components. The components and the mechanisms that contribute to the cancer-preventive effects are largely unknown. We set out to find new peptides in milk and identified ubiquitin (Ub) using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry and Western blot. Using quantitative Western blot, we estimated the Ub concentration to be about 0.003 micromol/L in milk. We then decided to investigate the effect of treating human colon cancer CaCo-2 cells with Ub, using higher concentrations than in milk. CaCo-2 cells treated with 0.02 to 2.0 micromol/L Ub showed significantly decreased proliferation compared with untreated control cells. A higher growth inhibitory effect than in CaCo-2 cells was found in the neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y treated with 0.02 to 0.2 micromol/L Ub. A bromodeoxyuridine DNA flow cytometric method was used to study cell cycle kinetics in Ub-treated CaCo-2 cells. The data point toward a prolongation of the G(1) phase. The levels of several cell cycle regulatory proteins were affected. Our data point to Ub possibly being one of the components in milk reducing the risk of cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Technology, Engineering and Nutrition, Lund University, PO Box 124, 22100 Lund, Sweden. catja.freiburghaus@food.lth.se
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Freiburghaus
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Welinder
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Tjörnstad
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lindmark-Månsson
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Paulsson
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Oredsson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D002417:Cattle; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D006131:Growth Inhibitors / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry*; D025801:Ubiquitin / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D006131:Growth Inhibitors; D025801:Ubiquitin