title: TNFα-exposed bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells promote locomotion of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells through transcriptional activation of CXCR3 ligand chemokines.
abstract: Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) are often recruited to solid tumors, integrate into the tumor stroma, and contribute to tumor development. TNFα is a major inflammatory cytokine present in the tumor microenvironment and has a profound influence on the progression of tumor development. This study was aimed to investigate the role of BM-MSCs in tumor promotion in response to TNFα. Quantitative real-time PCR arrays show that diverse cytokines/chemokines were induced in TNFα-treated BM-MSCs; in particular, CXCR3 ligand chemokines, including CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11, were potently induced. A serial and site-directed mutation analysis in the CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 promoters revealed that NF-κB binding elements were responsible for TNFα-induced promoter activation of CXCR3 ligand chemokines. TNFα stimulated NF-κB activity, and ectopic expression of NF-κB enhanced TNFα-induced promoter activities of the CXCR3 ligand chemokines. Gel shift and supershift assays showed that NF-κB was associated with CXCR3 ligand chemokine promoters in response to TNFα treatment. All three CXCR3 ligand chemokines enhanced the migration and invasive motility of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells expressing CXCR3. Treatment of MDA-MB-231 cells with CXCL10 activated small GTPase of Rho family proteins, such as RhoA and Cdc42. CXCL9-, CXCL10-, or CXCL11-induced invasive capability of MDA-MB-231 cells was completely abrogated in the presence of a neutralizing anti-CXCR3 antibody in the culture medium. Moreover, CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 stimulated the expression of MMP-9, but not MMP-2, in MDA-MB-231 cells. These results suggest that BM-MSCs promote the locomotion of breast cancer cells through CXCR3 ligand-mediated actin rearrangement by TNFα in the tumor microenvironment.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, Konkuk University Hospital, Seoul 143-729, Korea.
authors.forename: Soon Young
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.forename: Jeong-Seok
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Nam
authors.forename: Yoongho
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: Young Han
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002465:Cell Movement; D019743:Chemokines, CXC / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D018920:Coculture Techniques; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D008024:Ligands; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D054367:Receptors, CXCR3 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D020218:Response Elements / Q000235:genetics; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: C515187:CXCR3 protein, human; D019743:Chemokines, CXC; D008024:Ligands; D016328:NF-kappa B; D054367:Receptors, CXCR3; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C522361:MMP2 protein, human; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9