title: Semantic relations for problem-oriented medical records.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We describe semantic relation (SR) classification on medical discharge summaries. We focus on relations targeted to the creation of problem-oriented records. Thus, we define relations that involve the medical problems of patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We represent patients' medical problems with their diseases and symptoms. We study the relations of patients' problems with each other and with concepts that are identified as tests and treatments. We present an SR classifier that studies a corpus of patient records one sentence at a time. For all pairs of concepts that appear in a sentence, this SR classifier determines the relations between them. In doing so, the SR classifier takes advantage of surface, lexical, and syntactic features and uses these features as input to a support vector machine. We apply our SR classifier to two sets of medical discharge summaries, one obtained from the Beth Israel-Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC), Boston, MA and the other from Partners Healthcare, Boston, MA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On the BIDMC corpus, our SR classifier achieves micro-averaged F-measures that range from 74% to 95% on the various relation types. On the Partners corpus, the micro-averaged F-measures on the various relation types range from 68% to 91%. Our experiments show that lexical features (in particular, tokens that occur between candidate concepts, which we refer to as inter-concept tokens) are very informative for relation classification in medical discharge summaries. Using only the inter-concept tokens in the corpus, our SR classifier can recognize 84% of the relations in the BIDMC corpus and 72% of the relations in the Partners corpus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results are promising for semantic indexing of medical records. They imply that we can take advantage of lexical patterns in discharge summaries for relation classification at a sentence level.
authors.affiliation: University at Albany, State University of New York, 135 Western Ave., Draper 114A, Albany, NY 12222, USA. ouzuner@albany.edu
authors.forename: Ozlem
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Uzuner
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mailoa
authors.forename: Russell
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ryan
authors.forename: Tawanda
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sibanda
mesh_terms: D001185:Artificial Intelligence; D006801:Humans; D016347:Medical Records Systems, Computerized / Q000295:instrumentation*; D008501:Medical Records, Problem-Oriented; D010347:Patient Care Planning; D010351:Patient Discharge; D012660:Semantics