title: Cognitive control associated with irritability induction: an autobiographical recall fMRI study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Despite the relevance of irritability emotions to the treatment, prognosis and classification of psychiatric disorders, the neurobiological basis of this emotional state has been rarely investigated to date. We assessed the brain circuitry underlying personal script-driven irritability in healthy subjects (n = 11) using functional magnetic resonance imaging.
  
  
  METHODS
  Blood oxygen level-dependent signal changes were recorded during auditory presentation of personal scripts of irritability in contrast to scripts of happiness or neutral emotional content. Self-rated emotional measurements and skin conductance recordings were also obtained. Images were acquired using a 1,5T magnetic resonance scanner. Brain activation maps were constructed from individual images, and between-condition differences in the mean power of experimental response were identified by using cluster-wise nonparametric tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to neutral scripts, increased blood oxygen level-dependent signal during irritability scripts was detected in the left subgenual anterior cingulate cortex, and in the left medial, anterolateral and posterolateral dorsal prefrontal cortex (cluster-wise p-value < 0.05). While the involvement of the subgenual cingulate and dorsal anterolateral prefrontal cortices was unique to the irritability state, increased blood oxygen level-dependent signal in dorsomedial and dorsal posterolateral prefrontal regions were also present during happiness induction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Irritability induction is associated with functional changes in a limited set of brain regions previously implicated in the mediation of emotional states. Changes in prefrontal and cingulate areas may be related to effortful cognitive control aspects that gain salience during the emergence of irritability.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. carlostclabneuropq@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Carlos T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Cerqueira
authors.forename: Jorge R C
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Almeida
authors.forename: João R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: Clarice
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gorenstein
authors.forename: Valentim
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gentil
authors.forename: Claudia C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Leite
authors.forename: Edson
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Amaro
authors.forename: Geraldo F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Busatto
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000502:physiology; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology; D006240:Happiness; D006801:Humans; D007508:Irritable Mood / Q000502:physiology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D011939:Mental Recall; D008875:Middle Aged; D019964:Mood Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D057566:Self Report; D055815:Young Adult