title: The improper use of research placebos.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Reasons given for the routine use of placebos in Phase III clinical research are not convincing. Ethically inadequate strategies such as using placebos and recruiting the mentally incompetent for non-therapeutic research are allegedly permissible because research is purportedly aimed at benefiting the common weal.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A review of current literature concludes that placebos are not equivalent to inactive substances, as has been amply shown in clinical use; in research settings they may actually be harmful, for patients recruited as research subjects often develop expectations that are all the more frustrated if they receive a control substance that is not therapeutic but may show unexpected side effects. Supposedly inert control substances have met with strong opposition, for patients are placed at risk of becoming therapeutic orphans when their current medication is withdrawn and they have a 50% chance of being randomized to the inactive control arm. Using placebos, it is claimed, increase the internal validity of a study, but this concern appears misplaced when scant attention to external validity is given.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although rejected and disregarded by many investigators, it is an accepted practice that control groups should receive the best treatment in existence, not what is locally available nor a placebo. Inactive comparators should only be used when no effective medications exists for the disease under scrutiny. Bioethics should be wary of the tenuous justifications presented, as researchers rarely resort to placebos in their own sponsor countries, while actively endorsing them in Third World nations where most of their trials are being located.
authors.affiliation: Universidad de Chile, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile. mkottow@gmail.com
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kottow
mesh_terms: D017326:Clinical Trials, Phase III as Topic / Q000941:ethics* / Q000379:methods; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006801:Humans; D010919:Placebos / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012107:Research Design; D012196:Review Literature as Topic
chemical_list: D010919:Placebos