title: Human rabies transmitted by vampire bats: antigenic and genetic characterization of rabies virus isolates from the Amazon region (Brazil and Ecuador).
abstract: Since 2004, the main transmitter of human rabies in Latin America has been the vampire bat (Desmodus rotundus). Based on the nucleoprotein of the rabies virus (RV), we analyzed antigenic and genetic profiles of isolates from 29 samples taken from humans living in different areas of the Amazon region. Two isolates were from Ecuador and 27 from the Northern and Northeastern regions of Brazil, which were obtained during outbreaks in various municipalities in the states of Pará and Maranhão in the years 2004 and 2005. The partial N gene (nt 104-1477) of the 29 isolates was sequenced, and the sequences were used to build a neighbor-joining tree with the Kimura-2 parameter model. All 29 human RV isolates were identified as belonging to antigenic variant 3 (AgV3) and were genetically grouped into the D. rotundus cluster, which was divided into two subclusters (A and B), subcluster A in turn being divided into four genetic groups (A1, A2, A3 and A4). Genetic and molecular markers characterizing these genetic lineages were also identified. The results of this study show that the isolates belong to the same rabies cycle as that of the vampire bat D. rotundus. However, the division of clusters within the lineage associated with D. rotundus shows that different genetic sublineages of the virus were circulating in the Amazon region during the study period. Our findings suggest that there are phylogeographic differences between isolates obtained over a short period.
authors.affiliation: Pasteur Institute, Av. Paulista 393, Zip Code 01311-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. juliana.castilho@uol.com.br
authors.forename: Juliana Galera
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Castilho
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Carnieli
authors.forename: Ekaterina A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Durymanova
authors.forename: Willian de Oliveira
authors.initials: Wde O
authors.lastname: Fahl
authors.forename: Rafael de Novaes
authors.initials: Rde N
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.forename: Carla Isabel
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Macedo
authors.forename: Elizabeth Salbe Travassos
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: da Rosa
authors.forename: Anibal
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mantilla
authors.forename: Maria Luiza
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Carrieri
authors.forename: Ivanete
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kotait
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001938:Brazil; D002685:Chiroptera / Q000821:virology*; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D004484:Ecuador; D019084:Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D019590:Nucleocapsid Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology*; D010802:Phylogeny; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D011818:Rabies / Q000635:transmission* / Q000821:virology*; D011820:Rabies virus / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D019590:Nucleocapsid Proteins; D012367:RNA, Viral; C099601:nucleocapsid protein, Rabies virus