title: Classification of proximal endovenous closure levels and treatment algorithm.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Endovenous closure is a common method to treat saphenous vein incompetence. Despite attempts to prevent it, some patients have extension of thrombus above the ideal site of closure immediately below the epigastric vein. We have developed a classification system for the level of saphenous vein closure to guide further therapy after endovenous treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  A six-tier classification system was developed, based on thrombus proximity to the epigastric or femoral vein, and an algorithm for treatment, based on level of closure was applied to all patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five hundred consecutive patients underwent radio-frequency ablation of the saphenous vein; it was successfully closed in 498 (99.6%) patients. Thirteen patients (2.6%) experienced thrombus bulging into the femoral vein or adherent to its wall, which was treated with anticoagulation. All of these patients had thrombus retraction to the level of the saphenofemoral junction (SFJ) in an average of 16 days with concurrent anticoagulation. No femoral deep venous thrombosis (DVT) occurred in the series. There was a significantly higher rate of proximal thrombus extension in those patients with a history of DVT and those with a great saphenous vein (GSV) diameter of >8 mm (P < .02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A classification system for saphenous endovenous closure which extends above the epigastric vein has been helpful in guiding management. A GSV diameter at the SFJ of >8 mm and a history of DVT results in significantly higher rates of proximal thrombus extension into the femoral vein. A short course of LMWH, until clot retracts back into the saphenous vein, is therapeutic. Management of the patients with thrombus flush with the femoral vein wall still needs to be defined, but the outcome from these patients is generally benign.
authors.affiliation: Division of Vascular Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, Calif 90095-6908, USA. pflawrence@mednet.ucla.edu
authors.forename: Peter F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Lawrence
authors.forename: Ankur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chandra
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rigberg
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: DeRubertis
authors.forename: Hugh
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gelabert
authors.forename: Juan Carlos
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Jimenez
authors.forename: Vicki
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Carter
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000465:Algorithms; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000009:adverse effects; D019091:Critical Pathways; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012501:Saphenous Vein / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D018616:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Duplex; D014656:Vascular Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects; D014689:Venous Insufficiency / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants