title: HK-2 human renal proximal tubule cells as a model for G protein-coupled receptor kinase type 4-mediated dopamine 1 receptor uncoupling.
abstract: HK-2 human renal proximal tubule cells (RPTC) are commonly used in the in vitro study of "normal" RPTCs. We discovered recently that HK-2 cells are uncoupled from dopamine 1 receptor (D(1)R) adenylyl cyclase (AC) stimulation. We hypothesized that G protein-coupled receptor kinase type 4 (GRK4) single nucleotide polymorphisms may be responsible for the D(1)R/AC uncoupling in HK-2. This hypothesis was tested by genotyping GRK4 single nucleotide polymorphisms, measuring D(1)-like receptor agonist (fenoldopam)-stimulated cAMP accumulation, quantifying D(1)R inhibition of sodium transport, and testing the ability of GRK4 small interfering RNA to reverse the D(1)R/AC uncoupling. We compared HK-2 with 2 normally coupled human RPTC cell lines and 2 uncoupled RPTC cell lines. The HK-2 cell line was found to have 4 of 6 potential GRK4 single nucleotide polymorphisms known to uncouple the D(1)R from AC (namely, R65L, A142V, and A486V). AC response to fenoldopam stimulation was increased in the 2 normally coupled human RPTC cell lines (FEN: 2.02+/-0.05-fold and 2.33+/-0.19-fold over control; P<0.001; n=4) but not in the 2 uncoupled or HK-2 cell lines. GRK4 small interfering RNA rescued the fenoldopam-mediated AC stimulation in the uncoupled cells, including HK-2. The expected fenoldopam-mediated inhibition of sodium hydrogen exchanger type 3 was absent in HK-2 (n=6) and uncoupled RPTC cell lines (n=6) but was observed in the 2 normally coupled human RPTC cell lines (-25.41+/-4.7% and -27.36+/-2.70%; P<0.001; n=6), which express wild-type GRK4. Despite the fact that HK-2 cells retain many functional characteristics of RPTCs, they are not normal from the perspective of dopaminergic function.
authors.affiliation: University of Virginia, PO Box 801400, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
authors.forename: John J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Gildea
authors.forename: Ishan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Ryan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Weiss
authors.forename: Nicholas D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Casscells
authors.forename: Helen E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: McGrath
authors.forename: Jin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: John E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Robin A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Felder
mesh_terms: D000262:Adenylyl Cyclases / Q000378:metabolism*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002460:Cell Line; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D031541:Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D054771:G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 4 / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D017447:Receptors, Dopamine D1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D000074083:Sodium-Hydrogen Exchanger 3; D017923:Sodium-Hydrogen Exchangers / Q000378:metabolism; D000254:Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase / Q000378:metabolism; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D017447:Receptors, Dopamine D1; D000074083:Sodium-Hydrogen Exchanger 3; D017923:Sodium-Hydrogen Exchangers; D054771:G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 4; C517855:GRK4 protein, human; D000262:Adenylyl Cyclases; D000254:Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase