title: Protamine 1 to protamine 2 ratio correlates with dynamic aspects of DNA fragmentation in human sperm.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the relationship between the protamine 1 to protamine 2 (P1/P2) ratio and the rate of sperm DNA fragmentation in sperm samples from human males with proven fertility and three different cohorts of male patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  P1/P2 ratio was analyzed using acid-urea polyacrylamide acid-urea gels electrophoresis (PAGE). Sperm DNA fragmentation using sperm chromatin dispersion methodology was analyzed after 0, 4, 8, and 24 hours of incubation at 37°C.
  
  
  METHODS
  University medical school and hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 32 human males: six with proven fertility, seven carriers of chromosome reorganizations, nine clinical varicocele patients, and ten subclinical varicocele patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  None.
  
  
  METHODS
  P1/P2 ratio, sperm DNA fragmentation (SDF) and the rate of sperm DNA fragmentation (rSDF).
  
  
  RESULTS
  P1/P2 ratio correlated with SDF and rSDF. Statistical differences were detected between fertile controls and patients for the three pathologies studied. rSDF yielded information that differed from baseline SDF. No differences were detected for P1/P2 ratio among patient groups, in reference to the three pathologies studied.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SDF and rSDF correlates with P1/P2 ratio in human sperm, and statistical differences were detected when fertile controls were compared with three different cohorts of patients.
authors.affiliation: Departament de Biologia Cellular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Càtedra de Recerca Eugin-UAB, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain. agusti.garcia@uab.es
authors.forename: Agustín
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: García-Peiró
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Martínez-Heredia
authors.forename: María
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oliver-Bonet
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Abad
authors.forename: María José
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Amengual
authors.forename: Joaquima
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Navarro
authors.forename: Celine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Coward
authors.forename: Jaime
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gosálvez
authors.forename: Jordi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Benet
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism*; D053938:DNA Fragmentation; D006801:Humans; D007248:Infertility, Male / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D011479:Protamines / Q000378:metabolism*; D020554:Sperm Injections, Intracytoplasmic; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D014646:Varicocele / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; C082073:PRM1 protein, human; D011479:Protamines; C068621:protamine 2