title: Desmoglein 3 and keratin 10 expressions are reduced by chronic exposure to cigarette smoke in human keratinised oral mucosa explants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Oral mucosa is a physiological barrier against several exogenous stimuli, among which cigarette smoke represents a source of reactive oxidizing compounds. No morphological evidences exist on the smoke effects induced in the human oral epithelium. In this study we performed a preliminary light and transmission electron microscopy morphological evaluation focussing in particular on keratinocyte intercellular adhesion and terminal differentiation in chronic smokers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human biopsies were obtained from healthy young chronic smoker women (n=5) compared with a parallel group of non-smoker healthy volunteers (n=5), as the smoking habit among women is ever more spreading. Samples were processed for light and transmission electron microscopy. On paraffin sections Masson's and Dane and Herman's histochemical staining were performed. Biomarker expressions of intercellular adhesion (desmoglein 3, Dsg3), terminal differentiation (keratin 10, K10 and keratin 14, K14), and basal membrane preservation (laminin) were investigated by immunofluorescence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In both groups the epithelial structural integrity, homeostasis, and the basal membrane were comparable. Dsg3 and K10 expressions were affected in smokers with the former significantly reduced (p<0.05). Ultrastructural analysis showed hypertrophic keratinocytes in the upper spinous layer and morphologically preserved desmosomes throughout the epithelial compartment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The reduction of Dsg3 and K10 expressions indicates that the overall process of keratinocyte terminal differentiation was altered. These preliminary results strongly suggest that Dsg3 and K10 can represent valuable immunomarkers to evaluate the tissue attempt to respond to an exogenous stress such as chronic cigarette smoke, but further samples need to be analysed.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Morfologia Umana e Scienze Biomediche "Città Studi", Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 31, 20133 Milan, Italy. elena.donetti@unimi.it
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Donetti
authors.forename: Alice
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gualerzi
authors.forename: Marzia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bedoni
authors.forename: Tatiana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Volpari
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sciarabba
authors.forename: Gianluca
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tartaglia
authors.forename: Chiarella
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sforza
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001485:Basement Membrane / Q000473:pathology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002448:Cell Adhesion; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002908:Chronic Disease; D051182:Desmogleins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D003896:Desmosomes / Q000473:pathology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D053550:Keratin-10 / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D053547:Keratin-14 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D012906:Smoke / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D051182:Desmogleins; D053547:Keratin-14; D012906:Smoke; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution; D053550:Keratin-10