title: Antifungal efficacy of ten selected South African plant species against Cryptococcus neoformans.
abstract: Fungal infections are a major threat to public health care. Cryptococcosis in humans and animals, caused by Cryptococcus neoformans, is a life-threatening disease. In a random antifungal screening of acetone leaf extracts of 400 tree species against Cryptococcus neoformans, the following plant species had good activity: Zanthoxylum capense (Thunb.) Harv. (Rutaceae), Morusmesozygia Stapf (Moraceae), Calodendrum capense (L.f.) Thunb. (Rutaceae), Catha transvaalensis Codd (Celastraceae), Cussonia zuluensis Strey (Araliaceae), Ochna natalitia (Meisn.) Walp. (Ochnaceae), Croton sylvaticus Hochst. ex C. Krauss (Euphorbiaceae), Maytenus undata (Thunb.) Blakelock (Celastraceae), Celtis africana Burm.f. (Ulmaceae), and Cassine aethiopica Thunb. (Celastraceae). Hexane, dichloromethane, acetone, and methanol extracts of these 10 plants were tested against Cryptococcus neoformans using bioautography and microdilution assays. Acetone extracted the highest quantity of plant material. Dichloromethane and hexane extracts of Maytenus undata showed clear bands in bioautography while the other species did not produce good results in bioautography. Maytenus undata extracts had promising antifungal activity against C. neoformans, with average minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.09 mg/mL after 24 h and 0.18 mg/mL after 48 h incubation. Croton sylvaticus and Catha transvaalensis extracts also had good activity, with average MIC values of 0.07 mg/mL and 0.09 mg/mL, respectively. Because of the clear bands on bioautograms and low MIC values compared to the other plant species investigated, M. undata was identified as a good candidate for further studies.
authors.affiliation: Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa.
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Mokoka
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: McGaw
authors.forename: J N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Eloff
mesh_terms: D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003455:Cryptococcus neoformans / Q000187:drug effects*; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010946:Plants, Medicinal / Q000737:chemistry*; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry; D013019:South Africa
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012997:Solvents