title: Diabetic foot biomechanics and gait dysfunction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Diabetic foot complications represent significant morbidity and precede most of the lower extremity amputations performed. Peripheral neuropathy is a frequent complication of diabetes shown to affect gait. Glycosylation of soft tissues can also affect gait. The purpose of this review article is to highlight the changes in gait for persons with diabetes and highlight the effects of glycosylation on soft tissues at the foot-ground interface.
  
  
  METHODS
  PubMed, the Cochrane Library, and EBSCOhost on-line databases were searched for articles pertaining to diabetes and gait. Bibliographies from relevant manuscripts were also searched.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with diabetes frequently exhibit a conservative gait strategy where there is slower walking speed, wider base of gait, and prolonged double support time. Glycosylation affects are observed in the lower extremities. Initially, skin thickness decreases and skin hardness increases; tendons thicken; muscles atrophy and exhibit activation delays; bones become less dense; joints have limited mobility; and fat pads are less thick, demonstrate fibrotic atrophy, migrate distally, and may be stiffer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, there do appear to be gait changes in patients with diabetes. These changes, coupled with local soft tissue changes from advanced glycosylated end products, also alter a patient's gait, putting them at risk of foot ulceration. Better elucidation of these changes throughout the entire spectrum of diabetes disease can help design better treatments and potentially reduce the unnecessarily high prevalence of foot ulcers and amputation.
authors.affiliation: Center for Lower Extremity Ambulatory Research at Scholl College of Podiatric Medicine, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, USA. James.wrobel@rosalindfranklin.edu
authors.forename: James S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Wrobel
authors.forename: Bijan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Najafi
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000473:pathology; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001831:Body Temperature / Q000502:physiology; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000473:pathology; D017719:Diabetic Foot / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology*; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007596:Joints / Q000473:pathology; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology; D009069:Movement Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D011312:Pressure; D012867:Skin / Q000473:pathology; D013710:Tendons / Q000473:pathology; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced