title: Neuroprotective effect of ginsenoside Rb1 on glutamate-induced neurotoxicity: with emphasis on autophagy.
abstract: Ginsenoside Rb1 has been demonstrated with neuroprotective effects, but the mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed to probe the effects and mechanisms of ginsenoside Rb1 on activation of autophagy in glutamate-injured neurons. Ginsenoside Rb1 of exponential concentrations (1.2, 12, 120 microM) or autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (5mM) was added to culture medium for cortical neurons after being treated with glutamate. Cell viability was measured by MTT assay. Autophagosomes formation was observed with transmission electron microscope. Autophagy marked protein LC3 was detected with immunofluorescence and visualized under laser confocal microscopy. Changes of autophagy related protein Beclin-1 were measured with Western blot. We found that ginsenoside Rb1 protected cortical neurons from glutamate-induced cell injury. Autophagy was activated after glutamate treatment, with both autophagosomes and punctate LC3 increased significantly compared with control. Beclin-1 was elevated in glutamate-treated cells. Formation of autophagosome and punctate LC3 was attenuated by ginsenoside Rb1. The level of Beclin-1 in ginsenoside Rb1 treated cells was simultaneously decreased compared with glutamate-treated cells. These results suggested that inhibition of autophagy could be responsible for neuroprotective effects of ginsenoside Rb1 in glutamate-induced injury. Down-regulation of Beclin-1 may play an important role in this process.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, 305# East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210002, Jiangsu Province, China.
authors.forename: Zhaoyao
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Tingting
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Xuanye
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yue
authors.forename: Ning
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.forename: Yongjun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Maogang
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Guanzhong
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ni
authors.forename: Xinfeng
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Gelin
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D001343:Autophagy / Q000187:drug effects*; D000071186:Beclin-1; D015153:Blotting, Western; D036145:Ginsenosides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000633:toxicity; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; D000071186:Beclin-1; C512829:Becn1 protein, rat; D036145:Ginsenosides; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D018698:Glutamic Acid; C442759:ginsenoside Rb1