title: Pharmacological protection of hearing loss in the mouse model of endolymphatic hydrops.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Excitotoxic and related inflammatory injury are implicated in the spiral ganglion degeneration seen with Meniere's disease and endolymphatic hydrops (ELH). Excitotoxicity is initiated with glutamate elevation and associated with downstream increases in reactive oxygen species resulting in inflammation-mediated neuronal degeneration. This study tests the hypothesis that interruption of the initial and/or downstream aspects of excitotoxicity should provide hearing protection in ELH-associated hearing loss.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study tests whether riluzole, a glutamate release inhibitor, and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant solvent with favorable properties at the level of glutamate receptors, can protect against early-stage hearing loss in a mouse model of ELH.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Phex(Hyp-Duk) mouse spontaneously develops ELH and postnatal hearing loss. Starting at postnatal day 6 (P6), daily injections of riluzole + DMSO or just DMSO were administered. Untreated mutants served as controls. At P21, P25, and P30, hearing function was assessed by recording auditory brainstem responses. A cochlear function index was developed to assess global cochlear function at each time point.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to no treatment, DMSO provided significant hearing protection (P < .05). The riluzole + DMSO also showed protection, but it was statistically indistinguishable from DMSO alone; a synergistic increase in protection with riluzole was not observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates pharmacological hearing protection in an animal model of ELH. The results support the assertion that inflammatory (reactive oxygen species) injury, which is part of the excitotoxic pathway, contributes to the development of ELH-associated hearing loss.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Sami J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Melki
authors.forename: Chris M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Heddon
authors.forename: Jonathan K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Frankel
authors.forename: Alex H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Levitt
authors.forename: Suhael R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Momin
authors.forename: Kumar N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Alagramam
authors.forename: Cliff A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Megerian
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004121:Dimethyl Sulfoxide / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D018159:Endolymphatic Hydrops / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D034381:Hearing Loss / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D051379:Mice; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000009:adverse effects; D019782:Riluzole / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D019782:Riluzole; D004121:Dimethyl Sulfoxide