title: Biochemical and molecular analysis of carboxylesterase-mediated hydrolysis of cocaine and heroin.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Carboxylesterases (CEs) metabolize a wide range of xenobiotic substrates including heroin, cocaine, meperidine and the anticancer agent CPT-11. In this study, we have purified to homogeneity human liver and intestinal CEs and compared their ability with hydrolyse heroin, cocaine and CPT-11.
  
  
  METHODS
  The hydrolysis of heroin and cocaine by recombinant human CEs was evaluated and the kinetic parameters determined. In addition, microsomal samples prepared from these tissues were subjected to chromatographic separation, and substrate hydrolysis and amounts of different CEs were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In contrast to previous reports, cocaine was not hydrolysed by the human liver CE, hCE1 (CES1), either as highly active recombinant protein or as CEs isolated from human liver or intestinal extracts. These results correlated well with computer-assisted molecular modelling studies that suggested that hydrolysis of cocaine by hCE1 (CES1), would be unlikely to occur. However, cocaine, heroin and CPT-11 were all substrates for the intestinal CE, hiCE (CES2), as determined using both the recombinant protein and the tissue fractions. Again, these data were in agreement with the modelling results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that the human liver CE is unlikely to play a role in the metabolism of cocaine and that hydrolysis of this substrate by this class of enzymes is via the human intestinal protein hiCE (CES2). In addition, because no enzyme inhibition is observed at high cocaine concentrations, potentially this route of hydrolysis is important in individuals who overdose on this agent.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Pharmacology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105-2794, USA.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Hatfield
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tsurkan
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Hyatt
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.forename: L D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Hicks
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Wadkins
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Potter
mesh_terms: D002166:Camptothecin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D043182:Carboxylesterase / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D002265:Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D002845:Chromatography; D003042:Cocaine / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D003932:Heroin / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D006868:Hydrolysis; D007422:Intestines / Q000201:enzymology*; D000077146:Irinotecan; D007700:Kinetics; D008099:Liver / Q000201:enzymology*; D008958:Models, Molecular; D015394:Molecular Structure; D011487:Protein Conformation; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D013379:Substrate Specificity
chemical_list: D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D003932:Heroin; D000077146:Irinotecan; D002265:Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases; C474609:CES1 protein, human; C517204:CES2 protein, human; D043182:Carboxylesterase; D003042:Cocaine; D002166:Camptothecin