title: Analysis of birth-related medical malpractice litigation cases in Japan: review and discussion towards implementation of a no-fault compensation system.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We examined birth-related malpractice civil litigation cases in Japan to clarify the actual status related to the implementation of an obstetrical no-fault compensation system in 2009.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this retrospective review, we analyzed legal and medical information from 64 cases with a delivery date after 1987 and a judgment date between April 1997 and March 2007.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The malpractice claim was accepted in 44 cases and rejected in 20 cases. The period from the delivery to the judgment date was lengthy (90.1 months overall). The average amount of damages awarded was yen97 810,000 for cases of cerebral palsy (CP). Preterm births and less than 2500 g infants represented a higher incidence rate in the rejected cases. There were 32 cases (50.0%) with CP, 18 (28.1%) with infant death, 10 (15.6%) with neonatal death, and 4 (6.3%) with fetal death. Twenty-three of 44 accepted cases (52.3%) and 11/20 rejected cases (55.0%) had a gestational age of more than 33 weeks at birth and weighed more than 2000 g. Forced deliveries were performed in 45/64 cases (70.3%), and augmentation/induction of labor was performed in 28/64 cases (43.8%). There were 13/16 (81.3%) accepted cases that underwent vacuum and/or forceps extraction after labor augmentation/induction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  More than half of our cases could be sufficient for a no-fault compensation system in Japan. Though the system is considered to have some problems that need to be solved, this finding suggests that many children and their families may benefit from the new system without having to file.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Molecular Reproductive Science, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Japan.
authors.forename: Nana
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Uesugi
authors.forename: Michiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yamanaka
authors.forename: Toshihiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Fumiki
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hirahara
mesh_terms: D035881:Compensation and Redress / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D036861:Delivery, Obstetric / Q000191:economics / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D016365:Liability, Legal / Q000191:economics*; D008318:Malpractice / Q000191:economics / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D009774:Obstetrics / Q000191:economics / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D011247:Pregnancy; D012189:Retrospective Studies