title: Cerebrovascular accidents in adult patients with congenital heart disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the prevalence and characteristics of cerebrovascular accidents (CVA) in a large population of adults with congenital heart disease (CHD).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In a retrospective analysis of aggregated European and Canadian databases a total population of 23 153 patients with CHD was followed up to the age of 16-91 years (mean 36.4 years). Among them, 458 patients (2.0%) had one or more CVA, with an estimated event rate of 0.05% per patient-year. Permanent neurological sequelae were noted in 116 patients (25.3%). The prevalence of CVA in selected diagnostic categories was as follows: open atrial septal defect 93/2351 (4.0%); closed atrial or ventricular septal defect 57/4035 (1.4%); corrected tetralogy of Fallot 52/2196 (2.4%); Eisenmenger physiology 24/467 (5.1%); other cyanotic 50/215 (23.3%); mechanical prostheses (29/882 (3.3%). Associated conditions in patients with CVA were absence of sinus rhythm (25%), transvenous pacemakers (7%), endocarditis (2%), cardiac surgery (11%) and catheter intervention (2%), but with the exception of absent sinus rhythm these were not significantly more prevalent in patients with CVA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CVA are a major contributor to morbidity in this young population despite absence of classical cardiovascular risk factors. Although the prevalence of CVA in patients with CHD appears low, it is 10-100 times higher than expected in control populations of comparable age. Residua occur in a strong minority of patients. The subjects at highest risk are those patients with CHD with cyanotic lesions, in whom the prevalence is over 10-fold above the average.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland. andreas.hoffmann@unibas.ch
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chockalingam
authors.forename: O H
authors.initials: OH
authors.lastname: Balint
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dadashev
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dimopoulos
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Engel
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schmid
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schwerzmann
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Gatzoulis
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mulder
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Oechslin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009864:Ontario / Q000453:epidemiology; D020521:Stroke / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*