title: Association of blood lead (Pb) and plasma homocysteine: a cross sectional survey in Karachi, Pakistan.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  High blood lead (Pb) and hyperhomocysteinemia have been found to be associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD). Mean blood Pb and mean plasma homocysteine levels have been reported to be high in Pakistani population. The objective of the present study was to assess the relationship of blood Pb to the risk of hyperhomocysteinemia in a low income urban population of Karachi, Pakistan.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In a cross sectional survey, 872 healthy adults (355 males, 517 females; age 18-60 years) were recruited from a low income urban population of Karachi. Fasting venous blood was obtained and assessed for blood Pb and plasma/serum homocysteine, folate, pyridoxal phosphate (PLP, a coenzymic form of vitamin B6) and vitamin B12. The study population had median (IQR) blood Pb of 10.82 microg/dL (8.29-13.60). Prevalence of high blood Pb (levels>10 microg/dL) was higher in males compared to females (62.5% males vs 56% females; p value=0.05). Mean+/-SD/median (IQR) value of plasma homocysteine was significantly higher in the highest quartile of blood Pb compared to the lowest quartile 16.13+/-11.2 micromol/L vs 13.28+/-9.7micromol/L/13.15 (10.33-17.81) micromol/L vs 11.09 (8.65 14.31) micromol/L (p value<0.001). Daily consumption of fruit juice had a positive influence on both levels of plasma homocysteine and blood Pb. Compared with the lowest quartile of blood Pb, the OR for hyperhomocysteinemia was 1.69 (95% CI, 1.00 to 2.85) for the fourth quartile when the model was adjusted for age, gender, folate and vitamin B12.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study showed a relationship between blood Pb and hyperhomocysteinemia in a general population of Karachi, Pakistan. The harmful effect of Pb on cardiovascular system could be due to its association with hyperhomocysteinemia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan. mohsin.yakub@aku.edu
authors.forename: Mohsin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yakub
authors.forename: Mohammad Perwaiz
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Iqbal
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000097:blood; D006710:Homocysteine / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D020138:Hyperhomocysteinemia / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D007854:Lead / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010154:Pakistan / Q000453:epidemiology; D011732:Pyridoxal Phosphate / Q000097:blood; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D006710:Homocysteine; D007854:Lead; D011732:Pyridoxal Phosphate; D005492:Folic Acid