title: Pharmacological properties of lichen Cladonia clathrata.
abstract: Cladonia clathrata Ahti & L. Xavier-Filho (Cladoniaceae) is a lichen; several Cladonia species extracts have been used for various remedies in folk medicine. In order to evaluate the actions of this lichen, studies were performed on antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. The hydroalcoholic extract (HE) of C. clathrata stems was used in the following experiments. Oral treatment with the HE of C. clathrata elicited inhibitory activity (p < 0.001) on acetic acid-induced abdominal writhes at 100 (47.2%), 200 (47.2%), and 400 mg/kg (86.4%), and reduced the formalin-induced nociception on both the neurogenic (400 mg/kg, p < 0.01) and inflammatory phases (200 and 400 mg/kg, p < 0.01). It was not associated with non-specific effects, such as muscle relaxation or sedation. The HE reduced the carrageenan-induced edema formation at 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg (p < 0.05) and inhibited neutrophil migration into the peritoneal cavity at 400 mg/kg (p < 0.001). The HE of C. clathrata reacted with the DPPH radical and reduced the same by 50.19%, and exhibited an IC(50) value of 69.25 +/- 0.65 mug/mL. The HE of C. clathrata stems shows antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities, with a moderate antioxidant potential.
authors.affiliation: Pharmacology of Inflammation Laboratory, Federal University of Sergipe, 49100-000, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil.
authors.forename: José Alexandre  da Costa
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: Rangel Rodrigues
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Bomfim
authors.forename: Charles dos Santos
authors.initials: Cdos S
authors.lastname: Estevam
authors.forename: Angelo Roberto
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Antoniolli
authors.forename: Adriano Antunes de Souza
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Araújo
authors.forename: Sara Maria
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Thomazzi
mesh_terms: D000700:Analgesics / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001203:Ascomycota; D001572:Benzofurans / Q000378:metabolism; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds / Q000378:metabolism; D002351:Carrageenan; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D008011:Lichens; D051379:Mice; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects; D020556:Neutrophil Infiltration / Q000187:drug effects; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010851:Picrates / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D001572:Benzofurans; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D010851:Picrates; C073339:usnic acid; D002351:Carrageenan; C004931:1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl