title: Calcium and vitamin D in sarcoidosis: how to assess and manage.
abstract: The synthesis of vitamin D is altered by the granulomatous inflammation of sarcoidosis leading to increased production of 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D. Mounting evidence suggests that vitamin D is an immunomodulating hormone that inhibits both antigen presentation by cells of the innate immune system, and the cytokine release and proliferation of Th1 cells. These and other extraskeletal health benefits have led to an increase in vitamin D assessment and pharmacological supplementation in the general population. This review highlights the altered synthesis and general immunomodulating properties of vitamin D with a special emphasis on known interactions with sarcoidosis. In addition, the assessment of vitamin D nutritional status, its pharmacological supplementation, and the management of bone health in patients with sarcoidosis are reviewed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48202, USA. Rburke1@hfhs.org
authors.forename: Robert R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Burke
authors.forename: Benjamin A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Rybicki
authors.forename: D Sudhaker
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Rao
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D009752:Nutritional Status; D012507:Sarcoidosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000276:immunology; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D014807:Vitamin D; C097949:1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D; D002118:Calcium