title: Intratumoral immunotherapy of established solid tumors with chitosan/IL-12.
abstract: IL-12 is a potent antitumor cytokine that exhibits significant clinical toxicities after systemic administration. We hypothesized that intratumoral (i.t.) administration of IL-12 coformulated with the biodegradable polysaccharide chitosan could enhance the antitumor activity of IL-12 while limiting its systemic toxicity. Noninvasive imaging studies monitored local retention of IL-12, with and without chitosan coformulation, after i.t. injection. Antitumor efficacy of IL-12 alone and IL-12 coformulated with chitosan (chitosan/IL-12) was assessed in mice bearing established colorectal (MC32a) and pancreatic (Panc02) tumors. Additional studies involving depletion of immune cell subsets, tumor rechallenge, and CTL activity were designed to elucidate mechanisms of regression and tumor-specific immunity. Coformulation with chitosan increased local IL-12 retention from 1 to 2 days to 5 to 6 days. Weekly i.t. injections of IL-12 alone eradicated ≤10% of established MC32a and Panc02 tumors, while i.t. chitosan/IL-12 immunotherapy caused complete tumor regression in 80% to 100% of mice. Depletion of CD4(+) or Gr-1(+) cells had no impact on chitosan/IL-12-mediated tumor regression. However, CD8(+) or NK cell depletion completely abrogated antitumor activity. I.t. chitosan/IL-12 immunotherapy generated systemic tumor-specific immunity, as >80% of mice cured with i.t. chitosan/IL-12 immunotherapy were at least partially protected from tumor rechallenge. Furthermore, CTLs from spleens of cured mice lysed MC32a and gp70 peptide-loaded targets. Chitosan/IL-12 immunotherapy increased local retention of IL-12 in the tumor microenvironment, eradicated established, aggressive murine tumors, and generated systemic tumor-specific protective immunity. Chitosan/IL-12 is a well-tolerated, effective immunotherapy with considerable potential for clinical translation.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA. zaharoff@uark.edu
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Zaharoff
authors.forename: Kenneth W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Hance
authors.forename: Connie J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Rogers
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schlom
authors.forename: John W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Greiner
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000818:Animals; D002272:Carcinoembryonic Antigen / Q000235:genetics; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D048271:Chitosan / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy*; D003602:Cytotoxicity, Immunologic / Q000187:drug effects; D007156:Immunologic Memory; D007167:Immunotherapy; D018664:Interleukin-12 / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D008212:Lymphocyte Depletion; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy*; D012074:Remission Induction; D047368:Tumor Burden / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D002272:Carcinoembryonic Antigen; D018664:Interleukin-12; D048271:Chitosan