title: Sensitive real-time measurement of the refractive index and attenuation coefficient of milk and milk-cream mixtures.
abstract: We demonstrate a first simultaneous measurement of both the refractive index and the attenuation coefficient (defined as the sum of the scattering and absorption coefficients) of highly turbid milk and milk-cream mixtures. We achieve this by observing the real-time reflectance profile of a divergent laser beam made incident on the surface of the milk sample. The experiments were carried out on commercial milk samples with fat volume concentrations of 0.5 or less, 1.6, and 3.3%, and on milk-cream mixtures with fat volume concentrations of 10 and 33.3%, without any dilutions of these samples. We find that the reflectance data are well described, for the first time without any empirical fit-parameters, by Fresnel theory that correctly includes the effect of angle-dependent penetration into the turbid medium on the total internally reflected signal. Therefore, our method provides the most accurate determination to date of the refractive index and attenuation coefficient of milk and milk-cream mixtures. Our sensor is compact, portable, and inexpensive.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond 23298, USA.
authors.forename: W R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Calhoun
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Maeta
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Roy
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Bali
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bali
mesh_terms: D000042:Absorption; D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry*; D009391:Nephelometry and Turbidimetry; D012031:Refractometry / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012542:Scattering, Radiation