title: Mechanisms to explain the poor results of carotid artery stenting (CAS) in symptomatic patients to date and options to improve CAS outcomes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Carotid artery stenting (CAS) is considered by many as an alternative to carotid endarterectomy (CEA) for the management of carotid artery stenosis. However, recent trials demonstrated inferior results for CAS in symptomatic patients compared with CEA. We reviewed the literature to evaluate the appropriateness of CAS for symptomatic carotid artery stenosis and to determine the pathogenetic mechanism(s) associated with stroke following the treatment of such lesions. Based on this, we propose steps to improve the results of CAS for the treatment of symptomatic carotid stenosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  PubMed/Medline was searched up to March 25, 2010 for studies investigating the efficacy of CAS for the management of symptomatic carotid stenosis. Search terms used were "carotid artery stenting," "symptomatic carotid artery stenosis," "carotid endarterectomy," "stroke," "recurrent carotid stenosis," and "long-term results" in various combinations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Current data suggest that CAS is not equivalent to CEA for the treatment of symptomatic carotid stenosis. Differences in carotid plaque morphology and a higher incidence of microemboli and cerebrovascular events during and after CAS compared with CEA may account for these inferior results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Currently, most symptomatic patients are inappropriate candidates for CAS. Improved CAS technology referable to stent design and embolic protection strategies may alter this conclusion in the future.
authors.affiliation: Department of Vascular Surgery, Red Cross Hospital, Athens, Greece. paraskevask@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Kosmas I
authors.initials: KI
authors.lastname: Paraskevas
authors.forename: Dimitri P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Mikhailidis
authors.forename: Frank J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Veith
mesh_terms: D017130:Angioplasty / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000295:instrumentation*; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D016894:Endarterectomy, Carotid; D006801:Humans; D018579:Patient Selection; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D015607:Stents; D020521:Stroke / Q000209:etiology*; D016896:Treatment Outcome