title: Is the interferon-α-triggered depressive episode a self-limited kind of depression? Four cases of persistent affective symptoms after antiviral treatment in HCV-infected individuals.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To discuss relevant aspects in a series of cases in which interferon-α-triggered depressive symptoms persisted up to 4 years after therapy cessation in HCV-infected patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two experienced psychiatrists (AGA and LCQ) identified these four cases in a systematic evaluation program of HCV patients in the Hepatology Unit of the Teaching Hospital at the Federal University of Bahia, Brazil. Lifetime psychiatric diagnoses were confirmed by the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI Plus), and a questionnaire was submitted in order to gather clinical and sociodemographic characteristics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In three out of the four cases identified, major depression diagnosis was reached after more than 12 months of interferon-α therapy interruption and, in one case, depression recurred 6 months after antiviral treatment cessation in a patient on antidepressants. The only case that referred a past history of psychiatric diagnosis reported no offer of mental health care despite the presence of a major depressive episode with psychotic features and suicidal behaviour during the cytokine usage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Interferon-α-triggered depression may remain undiagnosed even in tertiary university hospitals, may persist years after the antiviral therapy cessation, and may recur even in patients on adequate antidepressant treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Teaching Hospital - Psychiatry Service, Bahia, Brazil. amandacgalvao@yahoo.com.br
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Galvão-de Almeida
authors.forename: Lucas C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Quarantini
authors.forename: Susana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Batista-Neves
authors.forename: André C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Lyra
authors.forename: Raymundo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Paraná
authors.forename: Irismar R
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: de Oliveira
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Miranda-Scippa
authors.forename: Camila
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Guindalini
mesh_terms: D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D019698:Hepatitis C, Chronic / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006785:Hospitals, University; D006801:Humans; D000077190:Interferon alpha-2; D016898:Interferon-alpha / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008134:Long-Term Care; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D012008:Recurrence; D012254:Ribavirin / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012307:Risk Factors; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D000077190:Interferon alpha-2; D016898:Interferon-alpha; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D012254:Ribavirin; C100416:peginterferon alfa-2a