title: Pediatric emergency physician opinions on ankle radiograph clinical decision rules.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The Low Risk Ankle Rule (LRAR) is a validated clinical decision rule (CDR) about the indications for ankle radiographs in children with acute blunt ankle trauma. Although application of the LRAR has the potential to safely reduce the rate of ankle radiography by 60%, current x-ray rates in most emergency departments (EDs) in the United States and Canada remain unnecessarily high (85%-100%). To evaluate this gap between knowledge and practice, physicians who treat pediatric ankle injuries in EDs were surveyed to determine physician awareness and use of the LRAR, acceptability of the LRAR as measured by the Ottawa Acceptability for Decision Rules Scale (OADRS), and perceived barriers to the use of a validated pediatric ankle x-ray rule.
  
  
  METHODS
  An on-line survey of members of two national pediatric emergency medicine (PEM) physician associations in the United States and Canada was conducted using a modified Dillman technique.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Response rates were 75.6% (149/197) in Canada and 45.7% (352/770) in the United States, yielding an aggregate rate of 51.8%. Only 119 of 478 respondents (24.9%) had heard of the LRAR, and 53 of 432 (12.3%) were sufficiently familiar with the LRAR to apply it. The LRAR scored a mean (+/- standard deviation [SD]) OADRS score of 4.28 out of 6 (+/-0.67), comparable to published OADRS scores for two well-known CDRs used in adults. Of the respondents, 434 of 471 (92.1%) at least "slightly agreed" that ankle x-ray CDRs would be useful in their practice, with no significant differences between the two sides of the border (p = 0.28). Ankle x-ray rules were felt to save time by 342 (72.6%) of the participants, and the pediatric ankle exam was considered easy enough to apply a CDR by 306 (65.0%). The most common barriers reported for use of any ankle x-ray rule included perceived reduction in family satisfaction without imaging in 380 (80.7%), nurse-initiated x-ray protocols not based on ankle x-ray rules in 285 (60.5%), concerns about missing a significant fracture in 248 (52.7%), and a preference for own clinical judgment in 246 (52.2%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the LRAR had a high acceptability score among respondents in this survey, this validated CDR is not widely known and is even less frequently applied by PEM physicians in the United States and Canada. Barriers were identified that will guide efforts to improve the knowledge translation of the LRAR into pediatric EDs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. boutis@pol.net
authors.forename: Kathy
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Boutis
authors.forename: Erika
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Constantine
authors.forename: Suzanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schuh
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pecaric
authors.forename: Derek
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Stephens
authors.forename: Unni G
authors.initials: UG
authors.lastname: Narayanan
mesh_terms: D016512:Ankle Injuries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D002170:Canada; D002648:Child; D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D004635:Emergency Medicine / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011859:Radiography; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States