title: Protective effects of the immunopotentiator from Pantoea agglomerans 1 on chemotherapeutic agent-induced macrophage growth inhibition.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The immunopotentiator from Pantoea agglomerans 1 (IP-PA1) is an edible lipopolysaccharide (LPS) derived from symbiotic bacteria found in crops. IP-PA1 is known to ameliorate chemotherapy-induced immunosuppression; therefore, its macrophage-activating effect in the presence of chemotherapeutic agents was evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation in IP-PA1-treated RAW264 and J774.1 cells was examined using Western blot analyses; Griess assay and ELISA were used to examine the production of nitric oxide and tumour necrosis factor alpha, respectively. The expression of apoptosis-related proteins was also assessed using Western blot analyses. The effect of IP-PA1 on doxorubicin-induced apoptosis was analyzed by flow cytometry after annexin-V staining. The growth of macrophages treated with chemotherapeutic agents and IP-PA1 was analyzed using an MTT assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  IP-PA1 activated NF-kappaB and ameliorated chemotherapy induced growth inhibition in the cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  IP-PA1 is an edible drug that can potentially support chemotherapy by ameliorating chemotherapy-induced immunosuppression.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Division of Animal Life Science, Graduate School, Institute of Symbiotic Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-0859, Japan.
authors.forename: Takehisa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hebishima
authors.forename: Yasunobu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Matsumoto
authors.forename: Gen
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: Gen-ichiro
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Soma
authors.forename: Chie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kohchi
authors.forename: Kazuyoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Taya
authors.forename: Yoshihiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hayashi
authors.forename: Yoshikazu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hirota
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000633:toxicity*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D002460:Cell Line; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D051379:Mice; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D020636:Pantoea / Q000737:chemistry*; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000032:analysis; D051020:bcl-X Protein / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; C494812:Bcl2l1 protein, mouse; D016328:NF-kappa B; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D051020:bcl-X Protein