title: Monitoring the colonization of sugarcane and rice plants by the endophytic diazotrophic bacterium Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus marked with gfp and gusA reporter genes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the colonization process of sugarcane plantlets and hydroponically grown rice seedlings by Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus strain PAL5 marked with the gusA and gfp reporter genes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sugarcane plantlets inoculated in vitro with PAL5 carrying the gfp::gusA plasmid pHRGFPGUS did not present green fluorescence, but beta-glucuronidase (GUS)-stained bacteria could be observed inside sugarcane roots. To complement this existing inoculation methodology for micropropagated sugarcane with a more rapid colonization assay, we employed hydroponically grown gnotobiotic rice seedlings to study PAL5-plant interaction. PAL5 could be isolated from the root surface (10(8) CFU g(-1)) and from surface-disinfected root and stem tissues (10(4) CFU g(-1)) of inoculated plants, suggesting that PAL5 colonized the internal plant tissues. Light microscopy confirmed the presence of bacteria inside the root tissue. After inoculation of rice plantlets with PAL5 marked with the gfp plasmid pHRGFPTC, bright green fluorescent bacteria could be seen colonizing the rice root surface, mainly at the sites of lateral root emergence, at root caps and on root hairs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The plasmids pHRGFPGUS and pHRGFPTC are valid tools to mark PAL5 and monitor the colonization of micropropagated sugarcane and hydroponic rice seedlings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These tools are of use to: (i) study PAL5 mutants affected in bacteria-plant interactions, (ii) monitor plant colonization in real time and (iii) distinguish PAL5 from other bacteria during the study of mixed inoculants.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Genetics and Biochemistry, Embrapa Agrobiologia, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil. lucrouws@hotmail.com
authors.forename: L F M
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Rouws
authors.forename: C H S G
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Meneses
authors.forename: H V
authors.initials: HV
authors.lastname: Guedes
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Vidal
authors.forename: J I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Baldani
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schwab
mesh_terms: D017930:Genes, Reporter; D041821:Gluconacetobacter / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005966:Glucuronidase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008853:Microscopy; D012275:Oryza / Q000382:microbiology*; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000382:microbiology; D018547:Plant Stems / Q000382:microbiology; D010957:Plasmids; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D031786:Saccharum / Q000382:microbiology*; D013194:Staining and Labeling / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D005966:Glucuronidase