title: [Spina bifida occulta associated with environmental arsenic exposure in a prehispanic sample from northern Chile].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Camarones River Valley, located in the extreme north of Chile, is characterized by high environmental arsenic levels and an arid desert. It has been inhabited by humans for the past 7,000 years. Evidence exists for chronic arsenic poisoning in both prehispanic and present populations residing in the area. Chronic arsenic exposure causes multi-systemic problems and can induce congenital malformations, in particular neural tube development defects such as spina bifida.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To study the prevalence of spina bifida among prehispanic mummies of the area.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and twenty prehistoric adult individuals were analyzed for evidence of spina bifda occulta of the sacrum in skeletal samples from the sites of Camarones 8, Camarones 9, Azapa 140 and Lluta 54, held in repository at the Museo Universidad de Tarapacá de Arica- San Miguel de Azapa. A diagnosis was considered positive when at least S1, S2 or S3 were affected. As controls, mummies of individuals that resided in Lluta and Azapa valley, with a low arsenic exposure, were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The frequency of spina bifida occulta among samples from the Camarones coast and Lluta and Azapa Valley were 13.5 and 2.4% respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Considering these were contemporaneous samples, and are believed to have had no other differences in diet or other factors, the differential exposures to arsenic could have produced the observed differences in spina bifida frequencies.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Antropología, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales y Jurídicas, Universidad de Tarapacá, Chile. vsilvap@uta.cl
authors.forename: Verónica
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Silva-Pinto
authors.forename: Bernardo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Arriaza
authors.forename: Vivien
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Standen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000365:Age Determination by Skeleton; D020261:Arsenic Poisoning / Q000209:etiology / Q000266:history* / Q000473:pathology; D002677:Chile; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000266:history*; D005260:Female; D049690:History, Ancient; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009106:Mummies; D010164:Paleopathology; D012447:Sacrum / Q000473:pathology; D016136:Spina Bifida Occulta / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000266:history* / Q000473:pathology