title: Influence of national culture on the adoption of integrated medical curricula.
abstract: Integrated curricula have been implemented in medical schools all over the world. However, among countries different relative numbers of schools with integrated curricula are found. This study aims to explore the possible correlation between the percentage of medical schools with integrated curricula in a country and that country's cultural characteristics. Curricula were defined as not integrated if in the first 2 years of the program at least two out of the three monodisciplinary courses Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry were identified. Culture was defined using Hofstede's dimensions Power distance, Uncertainty avoidance, Masculinity/Femininity, and Individualism/Collectivism. Consequently, this study had to be restricted to the 63 countries included in Hofstede's studies which harbored 1,195 medical schools. From each country we randomly sampled a maximum of 15 schools yielding 484 schools to be investigated. In total 91% (446) of the curricula were found. Correlation of percent integrated curricula and each dimension of culture was determined by calculating Spearman's Rho. A high score on the Power distance index and a high score on the Uncertainty avoidance index correlated with a low percent integrated curricula; a high score on the Individualism index correlated with a high percent integrated curricula. The percentage integrated curricula in a country did not correlate with its score on the Masculinity index. National culture is associated with the propensity of medical schools to adopt integrated medical curricula. Consequently, medical schools considering introduction of integrated and problem-based medical curricula should take into account dimensions of national culture which may hinder the innovation process.
authors.affiliation: Department of Educational Development and Research FHML, Maastricht University, POB 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands. mjippes@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Mariëlle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jippes
authors.forename: Gerard D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Majoor
mesh_terms: D003469:Culture; D003479:Curriculum; D004059:Diffusion of Innovation; D004501:Education, Medical / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D057228:Masculinity; D011209:Power, Psychological; D011594:Psychometrics; D012577:Schools, Medical; D012933:Social Identification; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D035501:Uncertainty