title: Damage of Streptococcus mutans biofilms by carolacton, a secondary metabolite from the myxobacterium Sorangium cellulosum.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Streptococcus mutans is a major pathogen in human dental caries. One of its important virulence properties is the ability to form biofilms (dental plaque) on tooth surfaces. Eradication of such biofilms is extremely difficult. We therefore screened a library of secondary metabolites from myxobacteria for their ability to damage biofilms of S. mutans.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Here we show that carolacton, a secondary metabolite isolated from Sorangium cellulosum, has high antibacterial activity against biofilms of S. mutans. Planktonic growth of bacteria was only slightly impaired and no acute cytotoxicity against mouse fibroblasts could be observed. Carolacton caused death of S. mutans biofilm cells, elongation of cell chains, and changes in cell morphology. At a concentration of 10 nM carolacton, biofilm damage was already at 35% under anaerobic conditions. A knock-out mutant for comD, encoding a histidine kinase specific for the competence stimulating peptide (CSP), was slightly less sensitive to carolacton than the wildtype. Expression of the competence related alternate sigma factor ComX was strongly reduced by carolacton, as determined by a pcomX luciferase reporter strain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Carolacton possibly interferes with the density dependent signalling systems in S. mutans and may represent a novel approach for the prevention of dental caries.
authors.affiliation: Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.
authors.forename: Brigitte
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kunze
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Reck
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dötsch
authors.forename: André
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lemme
authors.forename: Dietmar
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schummer
authors.forename: Herbert
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Irschik
authors.forename: Heinrich
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Steinmetz
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Wagner-Döbler
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects*; D002460:Cell Line; D006801:Humans; D018942:Macrolides / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051379:Mice; D009231:Myxococcales / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D013290:Streptococcal Infections / Q000382:microbiology; D013295:Streptococcus mutans / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D018942:Macrolides; C553423:carolacton