title: Dual-tropic HIV type 1 isolates vary dramatically in their utilization of CCR5 and CXCR4 coreceptors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Dual HIV-1 utilizes cellular CCR5 and CXCR4 coreceptors to enter host cells. Recent studies indicate that the ability of these viruses to use both coreceptors varies significantly in cell lines expressing CXCR4 or CCR5; however, it is not clear whether differences in coreceptor mediated infection in vitro reflect infection of primary cells in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated coreceptor usage of dual envelope clones from patient viruses using a single-cycle pseudovirus assay conducted in cell lines and a replication-competent assay performed using peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Dual envelope clones were selected and classified into three groups, R5>X4, R5 approximately X4, and X4>R5, based on their ability to mediate entry by using CXCR4 and CCR5 in a pseudovirus assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We observed a high degree of concordance between measurements of coreceptor-mediated entry in pseudovirus and peripheral blood mononuclear cell assays. R5>X4 viruses were efficiently inhibited by a CCR5 antagonist, but not a CXCR4 antagonist, whereas X4>R5 viruses were efficiently inhibited by a CXCR4 antagonist, but not a CCR5 antagonist. R5 approximately X4 viruses were not inhibited, or only partially inhibited, by either a CCR5 or a CXCR4 antagonist alone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These observations indicate that measurements of coreceptor use determined using pseudoviruses and coreceptor-expressing cell lines are generally concordant with the results obtained using replication-competent assays and peripheral blood mononuclear cell. This suggests that a considerable fraction of dual viruses preferentially infect either CCR5 or CXCR4 target cells in vivo. The clinical implications of preferential coreceptor utilization by dual viruses, that is, HIV-1 pathogenesis and response to coreceptor antagonists, require additional studies.
authors.affiliation: Monogram Biosciences, South San Francisco, California, USA.
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Toma
authors.forename: Jeannette M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Whitcomb
authors.forename: Christos J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Petropoulos
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D065100:CCR5 Receptor Antagonists; D002460:Cell Line; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D019713:Receptors, CCR5 / Q000502:physiology*; D019718:Receptors, CXCR4 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology*; D014759:Viral Envelope Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D065100:CCR5 Receptor Antagonists; D019713:Receptors, CCR5; D019718:Receptors, CXCR4; D014759:Viral Envelope Proteins