title: Unpredicted trajectories: the relationship between race/ethnicity, pregnancy during adolescence, and young women's outcomes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Adolescents who become pregnant in the United States are at higher risk for a myriad of health concerns. One would predict even more adverse health outcomes among pregnant adolescents who are from disadvantaged racial/ethnic groups; however, previous studies indirectly suggest the opposite. This study examines whether adolescents from racial/ethnic minority groups are less affected by adolescent pregnancy compared to white adolescents.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used data from 1,867 adolescents participating in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (1995-2001). Our predictor variable was self-reported race/ethnicity. Self-perception of health, educational attainment, and public assistance use in young adulthood were outcome measures. We conducted weighted multivariate logistic regressions and analyzed how adolescent pregnancy modified the relationship between our predictor and outcome variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Black and American Indian young women had significantly higher odds than white young women of receiving public assistance (OR, 2.6 and 2.7, respectively; p <.01) and even higher odds if ever pregnant in adolescence (OR, 4.2 and 19.0, respectively; p = .03). White young women had significantly lower odds of high educational attainment if they had a live birth in adolescence as compared to those who had not (OR, 0.1; CI = 0.1-0.4).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings support studies that found adolescent pregnancy increases the risk of public assistance use and low educational attainment. The study shows that, for educational attainment, black young women who become pregnant may not be as disadvantaged as their peers, whereas white young women who become pregnant are more disadvantaged.
authors.affiliation: Pediatrics Residency Program, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA. wcasares@stanford.edu
authors.forename: Whitney N
authors.initials: WN
authors.lastname: Casares
authors.forename: Maureen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lahiff
authors.forename: Brenda
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Eskenazi
authors.forename: Bonnie L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Halpern-Felsher
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D001294:Attitude to Health; D002648:Child; D004522:Educational Status; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011247:Pregnancy; D011253:Pregnancy in Adolescence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011632:Public Assistance; D044469:Racial Groups / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult