title: When is a soil remediated? Comparison of biopiled and windrowed soils contaminated with bunker-fuel in a full-scale trial.
abstract: A six month field scale study was carried out to compare windrow turning and biopile techniques for the remediation of soil contaminated with bunker C fuel oil. End-point clean-up targets were defined by human risk assessment and ecotoxicological hazard assessment approaches. Replicate windrows and biopiles were amended with either nutrients and inocula, nutrients alone or no amendment. In addition to fractionated hydrocarbon analysis, culturable microbial characterisation and soil ecotoxicological assays were performed. This particular soil, heavy in texture and historically contaminated with bunker fuel was more effectively remediated by windrowing, but coarser textures may be more amendable to biopiling. This trial reveals the benefit of developing risk and hazard based approaches in defining end-point bioremediation of heavy hydrocarbons when engineered biopile or windrow are proposed as treatment option.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Resource Management and Efficiency, Sustainable Systems Department, School of Applied Sciences, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK.
authors.forename: Frédéric
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Coulon
authors.forename: Mohammed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Al Awadi
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Cowie
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mardlin
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pollard
authors.forename: Colin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cunningham
authors.forename: Graeme
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Risdon
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Arthur
authors.forename: Kirk T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Semple
authors.forename: Graeme I
authors.initials: GI
authors.lastname: Paton
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D052918:Environmental Restoration and Remediation / Q000379:methods*; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000378:metabolism; D005648:Fuel Oils / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D018525:Germination / Q000187:drug effects; D006838:Hydrocarbons / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity; D009149:Mustard Plant / Q000187:drug effects; D009835:Oligochaeta / Q000187:drug effects; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012639:Seeds / Q000187:drug effects; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry*; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D005648:Fuel Oils; D006838:Hydrocarbons; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants