title: Treatment options for hyponatremia in heart failure.
abstract: Hyponatremia is independently associated with adverse outcomes in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF). The primary cause of hyponatremia in CHF is the inappropriate secretion of the antidiuretic hormone arginine vasopressin (AVP). The binding of AVP to V(2) receptors in the renal collecting duct promotes water retention, a process that can lead to dilutional hyponatremia as well as increased ventricular preload. Conventional treatment of hyponatremia in CHF is largely based on water restriction, which is neither effective nor well-tolerated. V(2)- and dual V(1a)/V(2)-receptor antagonists offer physiologically based treatment for dilutional hyponatremia. Clinical trials in patients with hyponatremia including those with CHF using both selective and nonselective vasopressin antagonists have demonstrated the effectiveness and safety of these agents in correcting this common electrolyte abnormality.
authors.affiliation: From the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota, and the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55415, USA. srg_hcmc@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Steven R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Goldsmith
mesh_terms: D065092:Antidiuretic Hormone Receptor Antagonists; D001552:Benzazepines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015415:Biomarkers; D001810:Blood Volume / Q000502:physiology; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007010:Hyponatremia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D007177:Inappropriate ADH Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D015398:Signal Transduction; D000077602:Tolvaptan
chemical_list: D065092:Antidiuretic Hormone Receptor Antagonists; D001552:Benzazepines; D015415:Biomarkers; D000077602:Tolvaptan