title: Chrousos syndrome: a seminal report, a phylogenetic enigma and the clinical implications of glucocorticoid signalling changes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Glucocorticoids regulate a broad spectrum of physiologic functions and play important roles in resting and stress homeostasis. Their actions are mediated by the nuclear glucocorticoid receptor (GR).
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a patient as a stimulus, we reviewed briefly the area of Primary Generalized Glucocorticoid Resistance in man and nonhuman primates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In man, Primary Generalized Glucocorticoid Resistance is a rare sporadic or familial syndrome characterized by target-tissue insensitivity to glucocorticoids and compensatory elevations in adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), leading to increased secretion of cortisol and adrenal steroids with mineralocorticoid and/or androgenic activity, and causing hypermineralocorticoidism and hyperandrogenism without Cushing stigmata. The presentation, diagnosis and therapy of this condition are summarized. Many or, most likely, all New World primates have markedly elevated cortisol and ACTH, and resistance to dexamethasone suppression, without any pathology. These primates in fact have 'pan-steroid/sterol' resistance, including all five steroid hormones and 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D. In humans, the molecular basis of Primary Generalized Glucocorticoid Resistance has been mainly ascribed to recent mutations in the GR gene, which impair glucocorticoid signal transduction. In contrast, in the primates, steroid/sterol signalling systems have adapted under yet unknown selective pressures or genetic drift over many million years. Of course, other molecules of the signaling pathways may also be involved in both states. There are now a host of human states associated with tissue-specific pathologic glucocorticoid target tissue changes. These include allergic, autoimmune, inflammatory and lymphoproliferative disorders.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In recognition of Professor George P. Chrousos' extensive ground-breaking research in this field, and for the sake of brevity, we propose that 'Chrousos syndrome' is used instead of 'Primary Generalized Familial or Sporadic Glucocorticoid Resistance'.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Clinical Research Center, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece. evangelia.charmandari@googlemail.com
authors.forename: Evangelia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Charmandari
authors.forename: Tomoshige
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kino
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D009154:Mutation; D011965:Receptors, Glucocorticoid / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D005938:Glucocorticoids; D011965:Receptors, Glucocorticoid