title: Complete nucleotide sequence of the IncN plasmid pKOX105 encoding VIM-1, QnrS1 and SHV-12 proteins in Enterobacteriaceae from Bolzano, Italy compared with IncN plasmids encoding KPC enzymes in the USA.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We determined the complete nucleotide sequence of pKOX105, a 54 641 bp plasmid from a Klebsiella oxytoca strain that was isolated from a resident of a long-term-care facility in Bolzano, Italy.
  
  
  METHODS
  The plasmid was sequenced using a shotgun approach. Combinatorial PCRs, directed PCRs and walking reads were used to assemble the contigs and to fill in gaps. Gene sequences were compared with reference plasmids and aligned with GenBank data using BLAST and CLUSTAL W software.
  
  
  RESULTS
  pKOX105 belonged to incompatibility group IncN, harboured bla(VIM-1), bla(SHV-12), qnrS1, aacA4 and dfrA14 and conferred resistance to carbapenems, oxyimino-cephalosporins, quinolones, aminoglycosides and trimethoprim. It was highly related to the p9 and p12 plasmids from Klebsiella pneumoniae and K. oxytoca strains isolated at a New York City hospital in 2005 carrying bla(KPC-2) and bla(KPC-3), respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  IncN plasmids are broad host-range plasmids that have contributed significantly to the worldwide dissemination of many different resistance genes in Enterobacteriaceae from animal and human sources. This plasmid family is now playing a crucial role in the global spread of diverse carbapenemase genes in Klebsiella spp.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Rome, Italy. alecara@iss.it
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Carattoli
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Aschbacher
authors.forename: Albert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: March
authors.forename: Clara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Larcher
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Livermore
authors.forename: Neil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Woodford
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D016386:Chromosome Walking; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy; D007710:Klebsiella Infections / Q000382:microbiology; D041121:Klebsiella oxytoca / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D007711:Klebsiella pneumoniae / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics; D008134:Long-Term Care; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010957:Plasmids; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015363:Quinolones / Q000494:pharmacology; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D014481:United States; D001618:beta-Lactamases / Q000235:genetics*; D047090:beta-Lactams / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D015363:Quinolones; D047090:beta-Lactams; D001618:beta-Lactamases