title: When decisions of others matter to me: an electrophysiological analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Actions of others may have immediate consequences for oneself. We probed the neural responses associated with the observation of another person's action using event-related potentials in a modified gambling task. In this task a "performer" bet either a higher or lower number and could win or lose this amount. Three different groups of "observers" were also studied. The first (neutral) group simply observed the performer's action, which had no consequences for the observers. In the second (parallel) group, wins/losses of the performer were paralleled by similar wins and losses by the observer. In the third (reverse) group, wins of the performer led to a loss of the observer and vice versa.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ERPs of the performers showed a mediofrontal feedback related negativity (FRN) to losses. The neutral and parallel observer groups did similarly show an FRN response to the performer's losses with a topography indistinguishable from that seen in the performers. In the reverse group, however, the FRN occurred for wins of the performer which translated to losses for the observer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Taking into account previous experiments, we suggest that the FRN response in observers is driven by two evaluative processes (a) related to the benefit/loss for oneself and (b) related to the benefit/loss of another person.
authors.affiliation: Dept of Neuropsychology, Otto von Guericke University, Universitätsplatz 2, Gebäude 24, Magdeburg 39106, Germany.
authors.forename: Josep
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Marco-Pallarés
authors.forename: Ulrike M
authors.initials: UM
authors.lastname: Krämer
authors.forename: Saskia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Strehl
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schröder
authors.forename: Thomas F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Münte
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D003657:Decision Making / Q000502:physiology*; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005071:Evoked Potentials / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005715:Gambling; D005717:Games, Experimental; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012201:Reward; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted