title: Gender-specific neuromuscular activity of the M. peroneus longus in healthy runners - A descriptive laboratory study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Gender-specific neuromuscular activity for the ankle (e.g., peroneal muscle) is currently not known. This knowledge may contribute to the understanding of overuse injury mechanisms. The purpose was therefore to analyse the neuromuscular activity of the peroneal muscle in healthy runners.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-three male and 54 female competitive runners were tested on a treadmill at 3.33 m s(-1). Neuromuscular activity of the M. peroneus longus was measured by electromyography and analysed in the time domain (onset of activation, time of maximum of activation, total time of activation) in % of stride time in relation to touchdown (=1.0). Additionally, mean amplitudes for the gait cycle phases preactivation, weight acceptance and push-off were calculated and normalised to the mean activity of the entire gait cycle.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Onset of activation (mean; female: 0.86/male: 0.90, p<0.0001) and time of maximum of activation (female: 1.13/male: 1.16, p<0.0001) occurred earlier in female compared to male and the total time of activation was longer in women (female: 0.42/male: 0.39, p=0.0036). In preactivation, women showed higher amplitudes (+21%) compared to men (female: 1.16/male: 0.92, p<0.0001). Activity during weight acceptance (female: 2.26/male: 2.41, p=0.0039) and push-off (female: 0.93/male: 1.07, p=0.0027) were higher in men.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Activation strategies of the peroneal muscle appear to be gender-specific. Higher preactivation amplitudes in females indicate a different neuromuscular control in anticipation of touchdown ("pre-programmed activity"). These data may help interpret epidemiologically reported differences between genders in overuse injury frequency and localisation.
authors.affiliation: University Outpatient Clinic, Sports Medicine and Sports Orthopaedics, University of Potsdam, Am Neuen Palais 10, Haus 12, 14469 Potsdam, Germany. heiner.baur@uni-potsdam.de
authors.forename: Heiner
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Baur
authors.forename: Anja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hirschmüller
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cassel
authors.forename: Steffen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mayer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000842:Ankle / Q000502:physiology; D000843:Ankle Joint / Q000502:physiology; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004576:Electromyography / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005684:Gait; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000294:innervation* / Q000502:physiology*; D012420:Running; D012737:Sex Factors