title: Colorectal cancer in the cotton top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus): how do they evade liver metastasis?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A major cause of cancer-related deaths is the development of liver metastasis. To better understand the metastatic process, we studied the cotton top tamarin as an animal model, which spontaneously develops colorectal cancer but rarely liver metastasis.
  
  
  METHODS
  DNA was extracted from primates and Hot-Start PCR was performed. Sequencing was achieved with Big-Dye Terminator™ Sequencing Kit. Tissue expression and glycosylation studies were also performed for carcinoembryonic antigen family proteins.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty-three percent of tamarin carcinoembryonic antigen had PELPK changes essential for carcinoembryonic antigen hepatic uptake. Tamarin carcinoembryonic antigen showed minimal glycosylation. Cotton top tamarin livers showed reduced carcinoembryonic antigen-receptor expression and were devoid of CEACAM1 (BGP) as compared to human liver despite positive expression in cotton top tamarin gallbladder mucosa. Peritumoral regions showed more CEACAM1 in human hepatocyte cytoplasm than in biliary canaliculi (P < 0.05). Therefore, tamarins may evade liver metastasis through mechanisms of decreased hepatic uptake by altered PELPK sequences, reduced glycosylation and reduced carcinoembryonic antigen-receptor expression. Furthermore, the absence of cotton top tamarin hepatocyte CEACAM1 may lead to alteration of the liver milieu creating an inhospitable "infertile-field" for metastases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Four hypotheses explain a complex mechanism for the lack of liver metastasis: (1) carcinoembryonic antigen PELPK-encoding nucleotide sequence changes, (2) minimal carcinoembryonic antigen glycosylation, (3) reduced carcinoembryonic antigen-receptor expression, and (4) reduced CEACAM1 distribution, a putative vascular endothelial growth factor. While these hypotheses are not necessarily causal they are testable and therefore are feasible targets for prevention of hepatic metastasis in man.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Pathology, VAMC and Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA. martin.tobi@va.gov
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tobi
authors.forename: Mijin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Regis
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zimmer
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hatfield
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kam
authors.forename: Nabiha
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Khoury
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Carville
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Lawson
authors.forename: William P
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Schiemann
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Thomas
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000378:metabolism; D002272:Carcinoembryonic Antigen / Q000378:metabolism; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules / Q000378:metabolism; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D004247:DNA / Q000235:genetics; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000502:physiology; D023281:Genomics; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000556:secondary*; D008992:Monkey Diseases / Q000473:pathology*; D012452:Saguinus
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; C069847:CD66 antigens; D002272:Carcinoembryonic Antigen; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules; D004247:DNA