title: [Frequency and characteristics of metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance in the first-degree relatives of persons with type 1 diabetes].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the frequency of metabolic syndrome (MS) and insulin resistance (IR) in first-degree relatives of type 1 diabetic patients (FDR1) and to study the relationship between these two disorders and some clinical, biochemical and immunological characteristics.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 289 persons, of which 193 were children/adolescents and 96 were adults. Weight, height, waist and hip circumference, blood pressure, blood glucose, insulin, cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibodies (GADA) and tyrosine phosphatase autoantibodies were determined. IR was assessed through the insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR). The criteria of the World Health Organization for adults and the Cuban consensus for children and adolescents were used to define MS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of MS in child and adolescent FDR1 was 5.7% (11/193) while IR was found in 24.9% (48/193). For adult FDR1, the frequency of MS was 6.2% (6/96) and that of IR was 14.6% (14/96). Interestingly, an association was found between IR and MS in adults but not in children and adolescents. IR was more frequent in children and adolescents than in adults (p<0.05). The presence of GADA was associated with IR but not with MS (p<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The frequency of MS in child and adolescent FDR1 was similar to that found in the general population according to studies using similar definitions of MS. In contrast, the frequency of MS in adults was lower than that reported in Cuba for the first-degree relatives of patients with type 2 diabetes. IR was not only associated with MS in first-degree relatives. The association of IR with the presence of GADA may reflect the fact that beta cell hyperactivity increases autoantigen expression.
authors.affiliation: Instituto Nacional de Endocrinología, La Habana, Cuba. diabetes@infomed.sld.cu
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cabrera-Rode
authors.forename: Sigrid
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Marichal
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Parlá
authors.forename: Celeste
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Arranz
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: González
authors.forename: Cecilia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pérez
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: González
authors.forename: Manuel L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Vera
authors.forename: Oscar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Díaz-Horta
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D055815:Young Adult