title: The importance of microjet vs shock wave formation in sonophoresis.
abstract: Low-frequency ultrasound application has been shown to greatly enhance transdermal drug delivery. Skin exposed to ultrasound is affected in a heterogeneous manner, thus mass transport through the stratum corneum occurs mainly through highly permeable localized transport regions (LTRs). Shock waves and microjets generated during inertial cavitations are responsible for the transdermal permeability enhancement. In this study, we evaluated the effect of these two phenomena using direct and indirect methods, and demonstrated that the contribution of microjets to skin permeability enhancement is significantly higher than shock waves.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel.
authors.forename: Lior
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wolloch
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kost
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000818:Animals; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods*; D019220:High-Energy Shock Waves; D045423:Microbubbles; D010316:Particle Size; D010539:Permeability; D015612:Phonophoresis; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism*; D012869:Skin Absorption; D013552:Swine; D013696:Temperature; D014465:Ultrasonics