title: Role of NAD(P)H oxidase in superoxide generation and endothelial dysfunction in Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats as a model of nonobese NIDDM.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of mortality in diabetics, and it has a complex etiology that operates on several levels. Endothelial dysfunction and increased generation of reactive oxygen species are believed to be an underlying cause of vascular dysfunction and coronary artery disease in diabetes. This impairment is likely the result of decreased bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO) within the vasculature. However, it is unclear whether hyperglycemia per se stimulates NADPH oxidase-derived superoxide generation in vascular tissue.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This study focused on whether NADPH oxidase-derived superoxide is elevated in vasculature tissue evoking endothelial/smooth muscle dysfunction in the hyperglycemic (169+/-4 mg%) Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rat. By dihydroethidine fluorescence staining, we determined that aorta superoxide levels were significantly elevated in 9 month-old GK compared with age matched Wistar (GK; 195+/-6%, Wistar; 100+/-3.5%). Consistent with these findings, 10(-6) mol/L acetylcholine-induced relaxation of the carotid artery was significantly reduced in GK rats compared with age matched Wistar (GK; 41+/-7%, Wistar; 100+/-5%) and measurements in the aorta showed a similar trend (p = .08). In contrast, relaxation to the NO donor SNAP was unaltered in GK compared to Wistar. Endothelial dysfunction was reversed by lowering of superoxide with apocynin, a specific Nox inhibitor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The major findings from this study are that chronic hyperglycemia induces significant vascular dysfunction in both the aorta and small arteries. Hyperglycemic induced increases in NAD(P)H oxidase activity that did not come from an increase in the expression of the NAD(P)H oxidase subunits, but more likely as a result of chronic activation via intracellular signaling pathways.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, United States of America.
authors.forename: Sachin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gupte
authors.forename: Nazar
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Labinskyy
authors.forename: Rakhee
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gupte
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Csiszar
authors.forename: Zoltan
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ungvari
authors.forename: John G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Edwards
mesh_terms: D000098:Acetophenones / Q000494:pharmacology; D000109:Acetylcholine / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000187:drug effects; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D008297:Male; D019255:NADPH Oxidases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D026423:S-Nitroso-N-Acetylpenicillamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D013481:Superoxides / Q000378:metabolism*; D014664:Vasodilation / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000098:Acetophenones; D013481:Superoxides; D026423:S-Nitroso-N-Acetylpenicillamine; C056165:acetovanillone; D019255:NADPH Oxidases; D000109:Acetylcholine