title: Potential role for peptidylarginine deiminase 2 (PAD2) in citrullination of canine mammary epithelial cell histones.
abstract: Peptidylarginine Deiminases (PADs) convert arginine residues on substrate proteins to citrulline. Previous reports have documented that PAD2 expression and activity varies across the estrous cycle in the rodent uterus and pituitary gland, however, the expression and function of PAD2 in mammary tissue has not been previously reported. To gain more insight into potential reproductive roles for PAD2, in this study we evaluated PAD2 expression and localization throughout the estrous cycle in canine mammary tissue and then identified possible PAD2 enzymatic targets. Immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence analysis found PAD2 expression is low in anestrus, limited to a distinct, yet sparse, subset of epithelial cells within ductal alveoli during estrus/early diestrus, and encompasses the entire epithelium of the mammary duct in late diestrus. At the subcellular level, PAD2 is expressed in the cytoplasm, and to a lesser extent, the nucleus of these epithelial cells. Surprisingly, stimulation of canine mammary tumor cells (CMT25) shows that EGF, but not estrogen or progesterone, upregulates PAD2 transcription and translation suggesting EGF regulation of PAD2 and possibly citrullination in vivo. To identify potential PAD2 targets, anti-pan citrulline western blots were performed and results showed that citrullination activity is limited to diestrus with histones appearing to represent major enzymatic targets. Use of site-specific anti-citrullinated histone antibodies found that the N-terminus of histone H3, but not H4, appears to be the primary target of PAD activity in mammary epithelium. This observation supports the hypothesis that PAD2 may play a regulatory role in the expression of lactation related genes via histone citrullination during diestrus.
authors.affiliation: J.A. Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America.
authors.forename: Brian D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Cherrington
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Morency
authors.forename: Angela M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Struble
authors.forename: Scott A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Coonrod
authors.forename: Joseph J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Wakshlag
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D002956:Citrulline / Q000378:metabolism*; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000378:metabolism; D004285:Dogs; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor / Q000494:pharmacology; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D030762:Estrous Cycle / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D006657:Histones / Q000378:metabolism*; D006867:Hydrolases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008321:Mammary Glands, Animal / Q000201:enzymology*; D015674:Mammary Neoplasms, Animal / Q000378:metabolism; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D000076342:Protein-Arginine Deiminases
chemical_list: D006657:Histones; D002956:Citrulline; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor; D006867:Hydrolases; D000076342:Protein-Arginine Deiminases