title: hnRNP A1 interacts with the genomic and subgenomic RNA promoters of Sindbis virus and is required for the synthesis of G and SG RNA.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sindbis virus (SV) is the prototype of alphaviruses which are a group of widely distributed human and animal pathogens. Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) A1 is an RNA-binding protein that shuttles between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. Our recent studies found that hnRNP A1 relocates from nucleus to cytoplasm in Sindbis virus (SV)-infected cells. hnRNP A1 binds to the 5' UTR of SV RNA and facilitates the viral RNA replication and translation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Making use of standard molecular techniques, virology methods and an in vitro system developed by our lab to assess the role of hnRNP A1 in SV positive strand RNA synthesis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  hnRNP A1 interacted with the genomic (G) and subgenomic (SG) RNA promoters. Knockdown of hnRNP A1 resulted in markedly decrease in the synthesis of G and SG RNA both in infected cells and in vitro.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study provides the first direct evidence that hnRNP A1 actively participates in viral RNA replication and is required for the synthesis of G and SG RNA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Genetics, Microbiology & Immunology, UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
authors.forename: Hongxing
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gui
authors.forename: Chi-Wei
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.forename: Victor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Stollar
authors.forename: Mei-Ling
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D020121:5' Untranslated Regions / Q000235:genetics*; D021581:Active Transport, Cell Nucleus / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002460:Cell Line; D002642:Chick Embryo; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D015967:Gene Expression Regulation, Viral / Q000235:genetics*; D055785:Gene Knockdown Techniques; D000076245:Heterogeneous Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein A1; D034481:Heterogeneous-Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein Group A-B / Q000378:metabolism*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000235:genetics; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D012845:Sindbis Virus / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D020121:5' Untranslated Regions; D000076245:Heterogeneous Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein A1; D034481:Heterogeneous-Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein Group A-B; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D012367:RNA, Viral