title: Expression of a protein involved in bone resorption, Dkk1, is activated by HTLV-1 bZIP factor through its activation domain.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the etiologic agent of adult T-cell leukemia, a malignancy characterized by uncontrolled proliferation of virally-infected CD4+ T-cells. Hypercalcemia and bone lesions due to osteoclast-mediated bone resorption are frequently associated with more aggressive forms of the disease. The HTLV-1 provirus contains a unique antisense gene that expresses HTLV-1 basic leucine zipper (bZIP) factor (HBZ). HBZ is localized to the nucleus where it regulates levels of transcription by binding to certain cellular transcriptional regulators. Among its protein targets, HBZ forms a stable complex with the homologous cellular coactivators, p300 and CBP, which is modulated through two N-terminal LXXLL motifs in the viral protein and the conserved KIX domain in the coactivators.
  
  
  RESULTS
  To determine the effects of these interactions on transcription, we performed a preliminary microarray analysis, comparing levels of gene expression in cells with wild-type HBZ versus cells with HBZ mutated in its LXXLL motifs. DKK1, which encodes the secreted Wnt signaling inhibitor, Dickkopf-1 (Dkk1), was confirmed to be transcriptionally activated by HBZ, but not its mutant. Dkk1 plays a major role in the development of bone lesions caused by multiple myeloma. In parallel with the initial findings, activation of Dkk1 expression by HBZ was abrogated by siRNA-mediated knockdown of p300/CBP or by a truncated form of p300 containing the KIX domain. Among HTLV-1-infected T-cell lines tested, the detection of Dkk1 mRNA partially correlated with a threshold level of HBZ mRNA. In addition, an uninfected and an HTLV-1-infected T-cell line transfected with an HBZ expression vector exhibited de novo and increased DKK1 transcription, respectively. In contrast to HBZ, The HTLV-1 Tax protein repressed Dkk1 expression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data indicate that HBZ activates Dkk1 expression through its interaction with p300/CBP. However, this effect is limited in HTLV-1-infected T-cell lines, which in part, may be due to suppression of Dkk1 expression by Tax. Consequently, the ability of HBZ to regulate expression of Dkk1 and possibly other cellular genes may only be significant during late stages of ATL, when Tax expression is repressed.
authors.affiliation: East Carolina University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, Greenville, NC 27834, USA. polakowskin@ecu.edu
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Polakowski
authors.forename: Heather
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gregory
authors.forename: Jean-Michel
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Mesnard
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Lemasson
mesh_terms: D050976:Basic-Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D001862:Bone Resorption; D002460:Cell Line; D016356:Gene Products, tax / Q000378:metabolism; D020868:Gene Silencing; D015368:Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D006801:Humans; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D050505:Mutant Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D012191:Retroviridae Proteins; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000821:virology; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D050880:p300-CBP Transcription Factors / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D050976:Basic-Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors; C501126:DKK1 protein, human; D016356:Gene Products, tax; C479751:HBZ protein, human T-cell leukemia virus type I; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D050505:Mutant Proteins; D012191:Retroviridae Proteins; D014764:Viral Proteins; C514970:tax protein, Human T-lymphotrophic virus 1; D050880:p300-CBP Transcription Factors