title: The NANETS consensus guidelines for the diagnosis and management of gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors (nets): well-differentiated nets of the distal colon and rectum.
abstract: Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) of the distal colon and rectum are also known as hindgut carcinoids based on their common embryologic derivation. Their annual incidence in the United States is rising, primarily as a result of increased incidental detection. Symptoms of rectal NETs include hematochezia, pain, and change in bowel habits. Most rectal NETs are small, submucosal in location, and associated with a very low malignant potential. Tumors larger than 2 cm or those invading the muscularis propria are associated with a significantly higher risk of metastatic spread. Colonic NETs proximal to the rectum are rarer and tend to behave more aggressively. The incidence of rectal NETs in African Americans and Asians is substantially higher than in Caucasians. Colorectal NETs are generally not associated with a hormonal syndrome such as flushing or diarrhea. A multidisciplinary approach is recommended in diagnosing and managing hindgut NETs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Louisiana State University Medical Center, New Orleans, LA, USA.
authors.forename: Lowell B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Anthony
authors.forename: Jonathan R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Strosberg
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Klimstra
authors.forename: William J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Maples
authors.forename: Thomas M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: O'Dorisio
authors.forename: Richard R P
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Warner
authors.forename: Gregory A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Wiseman
authors.forename: Al B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Benson
authors.forename: Rodney F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Pommier
mesh_terms: D003106:Colon / Q000473:pathology; D005770:Gastrointestinal Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D018358:Neuroendocrine Tumors / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy*; D012007:Rectum / Q000473:pathology