title: Pharmacologic inhibition of COX-1 and COX-2 in influenza A viral infection in mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We previously demonstrated that cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 deficiency results in greater morbidity and inflammation, whereas COX-2 deficiency leads to reduced morbidity, inflammation and mortality in influenza infected mice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We investigated the effects of COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitors in influenza A viral infection. Mice were given a COX-1 inhibitor (SC-560), a COX-2 inhibitor (celecoxib) or no inhibitor beginning 2 weeks prior to influenza A viral infection (200 PFU) and throughout the course of the experiment. Body weight and temperature were measured daily as indicators of morbidity. Animals were sacrificed on days 1 and 4 post-infection and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid was collected or daily mortality was recorded up to 2 weeks post-infection. Treatment with SC-560 significantly increased mortality and was associated with profound hypothermia and greater weight loss compared to celecoxib or control groups. On day 4 of infection, BAL fluid cells were modestly elevated in celecoxib treated mice compared to SC-560 or control groups. Viral titres were similar between treatment groups. Levels of TNF-alpha and G-CSF were significantly attenuated in the SC-560 and celecoxib groups versus control and IL-6 levels were significantly lower in BAL fluid of celecoxib treated mice versus control and versus the SC-560 group. The chemokine KC was significantly lower in SC-560 group versus control.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Treatment with a COX-1 inhibitor during influenza A viral infection is detrimental to the host whereas inhibition of COX-2 does not significantly modulate disease severity. COX-1 plays a critical role in controlling the thermoregulatory response to influenza A viral infection in mice.
authors.affiliation: Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America.
authors.forename: Michelle A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Carey
authors.forename: J Alyce
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Bradbury
authors.forename: Yvette D
authors.initials: YD
authors.lastname: Rebolloso
authors.forename: Joan P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Graves
authors.forename: Darryl C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Zeldin
authors.forename: Dori R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Germolec
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000068579:Celecoxib; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D009980:Influenza A virus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D051379:Mice; D009976:Orthomyxoviridae Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000821:virology; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D011720:Pyrazoles; C115461:SC 560; D013449:Sulfonamides; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D000068579:Celecoxib