title: Staphylococcus aureus bacteriuria as a prognosticator for outcome of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: a case-control study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  When Staphylococcus aureus is isolated in urine, it is thought to usually represent hematogenous spread. Because such spread might have special clinical significance, we evaluated predictors and outcomes of S. aureus bacteriuria among patients with S. aureus bacteremia.
  
  
  METHODS
  A case-control study was performed at John H. Stroger Jr. Hospital of Cook County among adult inpatients during January 2002-December 2006. Cases and controls had positive and negative urine cultures, respectively, for S. aureus, within 72 hours of positive blood culture for S. aureus. Controls were sampled randomly in a 1:4 ratio. Univariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were done.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 59% of patients were African-American, 12% died, 56% of infections had community-onset infections, and 58% were infected with methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA). Among 61 cases and 247 controls, predictors of S. aureus bacteriuria on multivariate analysis were urological surgery (OR = 3.4, p = 0.06) and genitourinary infection (OR = 9.2, p = 0.002). Among patients who died, there were significantly more patients with bacteriuria than among patients who survived (39% vs. 17%; p = 0.002). In multiple Cox regression analysis, death risks in bacteremic patients were bacteriuria (hazard ratio 2.9, CI 1.4-5.9, p = 0.004), bladder catheter use (2.0, 1.0-4.0, p = 0.06), and Charlson score (1.1, 1.1-1.3, p = 0.02). Neither length of stay nor methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection was a predictor of S. aureus bacteriuria or death.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among patients with S. aureus bacteremia, those with S. aureus bacteriuria had 3-fold higher mortality than those without bacteriuria, even after adjustment for comorbidities. Bacteriuria may identify patients with more severe bacteremia, who are at risk of worse outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi, Japan. shingo_chihara@rush.edu
authors.forename: Shingo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chihara
authors.forename: Kyle J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Popovich
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Weinstein
authors.forename: Bala
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hota
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016470:Bacteremia / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology / Q000401:mortality; D001437:Bacteriuria / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000382:microbiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology / Q000401:mortality; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D016896:Treatment Outcome