title: Targeted exercise against osteoporosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis for optimising bone strength throughout life.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Exercise is widely recommended to reduce osteoporosis, falls and related fragility fractures, but its effect on whole bone strength has remained inconclusive. The primary purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the effects of long-term supervised exercise (> or =6 months) on estimates of lower-extremity bone strength from childhood to older age.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched four databases (PubMed, Sport Discus, Physical Education Index, and Embase) up to October 2009 and included 10 randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that assessed the effects of exercise training on whole bone strength. We analysed the results by age groups (childhood, adolescence, and young and older adulthood) and compared the changes to habitually active or sedentary controls. To calculate standardized mean differences (SMD; effect size), we used the follow-up values of bone strength measures adjusted for baseline bone values. An inverse variance-weighted random-effects model was used to pool the results across studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our quality analysis revealed that exercise regimens were heterogeneous; some trials were short in duration and small in sample size, and the weekly training doses varied considerably between trials. We found a small and significant exercise effect among pre- and early pubertal boys [SMD, effect size, 0.17 (95% CI, 0.02-0.32)], but not among pubertal girls [-0.01 (-0.18 to 0.17)], adolescent boys [0.10 (-0.75 to 0.95)], adolescent girls [0.21 (-0.53 to 0.97)], premenopausal women [0.00 (-0.43 to 0.44)] or postmenopausal women [0.00 (-0.15 to 0.15)]. Evidence based on per-protocol analyses of individual trials in children and adolescents indicated that programmes incorporating regular weight-bearing exercise can result in 1% to 8% improvements in bone strength at the loaded skeletal sites. In premenopausal women with high exercise compliance, improvements ranging from 0.5% to 2.5% have been reported.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings from our meta-analysis of RCTs indicate that exercise can significantly enhance bone strength at loaded sites in children but not in adults. Since few RCTs were conducted to investigate exercise effects on bone strength, there is still a need for further well-designed, long-term RCTs with adequate sample sizes to quantify the effects of exercise on whole bone strength and its structural determinants throughout life.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Western Hospital, Australia. riku.nikander@uta.fi
authors.forename: Riku
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nikander
authors.forename: Harri
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sievänen
authors.forename: Ari
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Heinonen
authors.forename: Robin M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Daly
authors.forename: Kirsti
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Uusi-Rasi
authors.forename: Pekka
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kannus
mesh_terms: D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000502:physiology*; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000628:therapy*