title: Low toxic dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction using halosolvents for extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water samples.
abstract: A low toxic dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (LT-DLLME) combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) had been developed for the extraction and determination of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in water samples. In normal DLLME assay, chlorosolvent had been widely used as extraction solvents; however, these solvents are environmental-unfriendly. In order to solve this problem, we proposed to use low toxic bromosolvent (1-bromo-3-methylbutane, LD(50) 6150mg/kg) as the extraction solvent. In this study we compared the extraction efficiency of five chlorosolvents and thirteen bromo/iodo solvents. The results indicated that some of the bromo/iodo solvents showed better extraction and had much lower toxicity than chlorosolvents. We also found that propionic acid is used as the disperser solvent, as little as 50microL is effective. Under optimum conditions, the range of enrichment factors and extraction recoveries of tap water samples are ranging 372-1308 and 87-105%, respectively. The linear range is wide (0.01-10.00microgL(-1)), and the limits of detection are between 0.0003 and 0.0078microgL(-1) for most of the analytes. The relative standard deviations (RSD) for 0.01microgL(-1) of PAHs in tap water were in the range of 5.1-10.0%. The performance of the method was gauged by analyzing samples of tap water, sea water and lake water samples.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Sec. 2, Kung Fu Rd., 101, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Mei-I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Leong
authors.forename: Chu-Chi
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Ming-Ren
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Fuh
authors.forename: Shang-Da
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D005591:Chemical Fractionation / Q000379:methods*; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000737:chemistry; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006842:Hydrocarbons, Brominated / Q000737:chemistry*; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated / Q000737:chemistry*; D006878:Hydroxides / Q000737:chemistry; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D017680:Potassium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D011422:Propionates / Q000737:chemistry; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000737:chemistry; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification*
chemical_list: D006842:Hydrocarbons, Brominated; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; D006878:Hydroxides; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D017680:Potassium Compounds; D011422:Propionates; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D012965:Sodium Chloride; C029658:propionic acid; C029943:potassium hydroxide