title: A new allele of flower color gene W1 encoding flavonoid 3'5'-hydroxylase is responsible for light purple flowers in wild soybean Glycine soja.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Glycine soja is a wild relative of soybean that has purple flowers. No flower color variant of Glycine soja has been found in the natural habitat.
  
  
  RESULTS
  B09121, an accession with light purple flowers, was discovered in southern Japan. Genetic analysis revealed that the gene responsible for the light purple flowers was allelic to the W1 locus encoding flavonoid 3'5'-hydroxylase (F3'5'H). The new allele was designated as w1-lp. The dominance relationship of the locus was W1 >w1-lp >w1. One F2 plant and four F3 plants with purple flowers were generated in the cross between B09121 and a Clark near-isogenic line with w1 allele. Flower petals of B09121 contained lower amounts of four major anthocyanins (malvidin 3,5-di-O-glucoside, petunidin 3,5-di-O-glucoside, delphinidin 3,5-di-O-glucoside and delphinidin 3-O-glucoside) common in purple flowers and contained small amounts of the 5'-unsubstituted versions of the above anthocyanins, peonidin 3,5-di-O-glucoside, cyanidin 3,5-di-O-glucoside and cyanidin 3-O-glucoside, suggesting that F3'5'H activity was reduced and flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase activity was increased. F3'5'H cDNAs were cloned from Clark and B09121 by RT-PCR. The cDNA of B09121 had a unique base substitution resulting in the substitution of valine with methionine at amino acid position 210. The base substitution was ascertained by dCAPS analysis. The polymorphism associated with the dCAPS markers co-segregated with flower color in the F2 population. F3 progeny test, and dCAPS and indel analyses suggested that the plants with purple flowers might be due to intragenic recombination and that the 65 bp insertion responsible for gene dysfunction might have been eliminated in such plants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  B09121 may be the first example of a flower color variant found in nature. The light purple flower was controlled by a new allele of the W1 locus encoding F3'5'H. The flower petals contained unique anthocyanins not found in soybean and G. soja. B09121 may be a useful tool for studies of the structural and functional properties of F3'5'H genes as well as investigations on the role of flower color in relation to adaptation of G. soja to natural habitats.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Crop Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8518 Japan. masako@affrc.go.jp
authors.forename: Ryoji
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: Joseph G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Dubouzet
authors.forename: Hisakazu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Matsumura
authors.forename: Kentaro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yasuda
authors.forename: Tsukasa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Iwashina
mesh_terms: D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D035264:Flowers / Q000737:chemistry / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics; D005960:Glucosides / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010860:Pigments, Biological / Q000378:metabolism; D013025:Glycine max / Q000737:chemistry / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D000872:Anthocyanins; D005960:Glucosides; D010860:Pigments, Biological; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; C084258:flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylase