title: Detection of lung, breast, colorectal, and prostate cancers from exhaled breath using a single array of nanosensors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tumour growth is accompanied by gene and/or protein changes that may lead to peroxidation of the cell membrane species and, hence, to the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). In this study, we investigated the ability of a nanosensor array to discriminate between breath VOCs that characterise healthy states and the most widespread cancer states in the developed world: lung, breast, colorectal, and prostate cancers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Exhaled alveolar breath was collected from 177 volunteers aged 20-75 years (patients with lung, colon, breast, and prostate cancers and healthy controls). Breath from cancerous subjects was collected before any treatment. The healthy population was healthy according to subjective patient's data. The breath of volunteers was examined by a tailor-made array of cross-reactive nanosensors based on organically functionalised gold nanoparticles and gas chromatography linked to the mass spectrometry technique (GC-MS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results showed that the nanosensor array could differentiate between 'healthy' and 'cancerous' breath, and, furthermore, between the breath of patients having different cancer types. Moreover, the nanosensor array could distinguish between the breath patterns of different cancers in the same statistical analysis, irrespective of age, gender, lifestyle, and other confounding factors. The GC-MS results showed that each cancer could have a unique pattern of VOCs, when compared with healthy states, but not when compared with other cancer types.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The reported results could lead to the development of an inexpensive, easy-to-use, portable, non-invasive tool that overcomes many of the deficiencies associated with the currently available diagnostic methods for cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hakim
authors.forename: Y Y
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Broza
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Billan
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Abdah-Bortnyak
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kuten
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Tisch
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Haick
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis*; D001944:Breath Tests / Q000295:instrumentation*; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis*; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis; D005260:Female; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D036103:Nanotechnology; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis*; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds / Q000032:analysis; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds