title: Efficiency clustering for low-density microarrays and its application to QPCR.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pathway-targeted or low-density arrays are used more and more frequently in biomedical research, particularly those arrays that are based on quantitative real-time PCR. Typical QPCR arrays contain 96-1024 primer pairs or probes, and they bring with it the promise of being able to reliably measure differences in target levels without the need to establish absolute standard curves for each and every target. To achieve reliable quantification all primer pairs or array probes must perform with the same efficiency.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our results indicate that QPCR primer-pairs differ significantly both in reliability and efficiency. They can only be used in an array format if the raw data (so called CT values for real-time QPCR) are transformed to take these differences into account. We developed a novel method to obtain efficiency-adjusted CT values. We introduce transformed confidence intervals as a novel measure to identify unreliable primers. We introduce a robust clustering algorithm to combine efficiencies of groups of probes, and our results indicate that using n < 10 cluster-based mean efficiencies is comparable to using individually determined efficiency adjustments for each primer pair (N = 96-1024).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Careful estimation of primer efficiency is necessary to avoid significant measurement inaccuracies. Transformed confidence intervals are a novel method to assess and interpret the reliability of an efficiency estimate in a high throughput format. Efficiency clustering as developed here serves as a compromise between the imprecision in assuming uniform efficiency, and the computational complexity and danger of over-fitting when using individually determined efficiencies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Statistics and Operations Research, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Eric F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Lock
authors.forename: Ryan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ziemiecke
authors.forename: Js
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Marron
authors.forename: Dirk P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Dittmer
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000235:genetics; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods*; D012044:Regression Analysis
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers