Toll-like receptor 4 and hepatic fibrogenesis.
Inflammation is strongly associated with chronic hepatic injury and the ensuing wound-healing process. Recent evidence from mouse models and human studies implicates Toll-like receptors (TLRs) as important regulators of the inflammatory response and a functional link between inflammation and fibrosis in the chronically injured liver. Here, we review mechanisms by which TLR4 and TLR4 ligands from the intestinal microbiota contribute to hepatic injury, inflammation, hepatic stellate cell activation, and fibrosis.
Pradere
Jean-Philippe
JP
Department of Medicine, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA.
Troeger
Juliane S
JS
Dapito
Dianne H
DH
Mencin
Ali A
AA
Schwabe
Robert F
RF
D000818:Animals; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000378:metabolism; D055166:Hepatic Stellate Cells / Q000276:immunology; D006505:Hepatitis / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism*; D008024:Ligands; D008099:Liver / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D015398:Signal Transduction; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4 / Q000378:metabolism*
D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D008024:Ligands; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4