title: Free radical scavenging and anti-acne activities of mangosteen fruit rind extracts prepared by different extraction methods.
abstract: The ethanol extracts of mangosteen fruit rinds prepared by several extraction methods were examined for their contents of bioactive compounds, DPPH-scavenging activity, and anti-acne producing bacteria against Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis. The dried powder of the fruit rind was extracted with 95% ethanol by maceration, percolation, Soxhlet extraction, ultrasonic extraction, and extraction using a magnetic stirrer. Soxhlet extraction promoted the maximum contents of crude extract (26.60% dry weight) and alpha-mangostin (13.51%, w/w of crude extract), and also gave the highest anti-acne activity with MIC 7.81 and 15.63 microg/mL and MBC 15.53 and 31.25 microg/mL against P. acnes and S. epidermidis, respectively. Ethanol 70% and 50% (v/v) were also compared in Soxhlet extraction. Ethanol 50% promoted the extract with maximum amounts of total phenolic compounds (26.96 g gallic acid equivalents/100 g extract) and total tannins (46.83 g tannic acid equivalents/100 g extract), and also exhibited the most effective DPPH-scavenging activity (EC(50) 12.84 microg/mL). Considering various factors involved in the process, Soxhlet extraction carried a low cost in terms of reagents and extraction time. It appears to be the recommended extraction method for mangosteen fruit rind. Ethanol 50% should be the appropriate solvent for extracting free radical-scavenging components, phenolic compounds, and tannins, while 95% ethanol is recommended for extraction of alpha-mangostin, a major anti-acne component from this plant.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Werayut
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Pothitirat
authors.forename: Mullika Traidej
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Chomnawang
authors.forename: Roongtawan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Supabphol
authors.forename: Wandee
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Gritsanapan
mesh_terms: D000152:Acne Vulgaris / Q000188:drug therapy; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry; D029762:Garcinia mangostana / Q000737:chemistry*; D008519:Medicine, Traditional; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010851:Picrates / Q000737:chemistry; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011425:Propionibacterium acnes / Q000187:drug effects*; D012997:Solvents; D013212:Staphylococcus epidermidis / Q000187:drug effects*; D013634:Tannins / Q000032:analysis; D044004:Xanthones / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D010636:Phenols; D010851:Picrates; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012997:Solvents; D013634:Tannins; D044004:Xanthones; C004931:1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl; C021053:mangostin