title: A practical approach to testicular biopsy interpretation for male infertility.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The combination of testicular biopsy and clinical evaluation for male infertility is becoming progressively more important because new technologies allow men previously considered infertile to father children. Although most general pathologists are experienced with normal, neoplastic, and cryptorchid testicular specimens, the testicular biopsy for infertility requires understanding of a different set of diagnostic categories not otherwise commonly encountered.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To highlight a standardized nomenclature for germ cell abnormalities allowing for effective communication with the urologist and maximal clinical benefit from the biopsy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Previously published consensus statements, review articles, peer-reviewed research publications, and abstracts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A practical approach to evaluating testicular biopsies for fertility and the clinical implications for each abnormality are herein outlined.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA. lcerilli@salud.unm.edu
authors.forename: Lisa A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Cerilli
authors.forename: Wayne
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kuang
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rogers
mesh_terms: D016477:Artifacts; D053713:Azoospermia / Q000175:diagnosis*; D001706:Biopsy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D013048:Specimen Handling; D009626:Terminology as Topic; D013733:Testicular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D013737:Testis / Q000473:pathology*