title: TGF-β inhibits metastasis in late stage human squamous cell carcinoma of the skin by a mechanism that does not involve Id1.
abstract: It is now generally accepted that TGF-β acts as a pro-metastatic factor in advanced human breast cancer. However, it is well documented, that TGF-β is context dependent, and whether the TGF-β pathway switches to promote metastasis during the progression of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is unknown. This study examined the role of TGF-β signalling in SCC using a series of genetically related keratinocyte cell lines representing later stages of the disease, stably transduced with a dominant negative TβRII cDNA (dnTβRII). We demonstrated that clones expressing dnTβRII lost their growth inhibitory response to TGF-βin vitro, while ligand expression remained unchanged. Following transplantation of transduced cells to athymic mice in vivo, we showed that attenuation of the TGF-β signal resulted in a loss of differentiation and increased metastasis. In human tissue samples loss of TGF-β signal transduction as measured by pSmad2 activity also correlated with a loss of differentiation. Id1, previously shown to be down regulated by TGF-β, an inhibitor of differentiation and associated with metastasis, was weakly expressed in focal areas of a small number of human tumours but expression did not correlate with low levels of pSmad2. Our data demonstrate that TGF-β does not switch to promote metastasis in late stage human SCC of the skin and that inhibition of TGF-β signalling results in a loss of differentiation and increased metastasis in the later stages of this disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Dental Science, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 2LY, UK; Department of Clinical Sciences, South Bristol, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
authors.forename: Anu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ganapathy
authors.forename: Ian C
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Paterson
authors.forename: Stephen S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Prime
authors.forename: John W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Eveson
authors.forename: Miranda
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pring
authors.forename: Nicky
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Price
authors.forename: Suzy P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Threadgold
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Davies
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D051798:Inhibitor of Differentiation Protein 1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D015398:Signal Transduction; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D014162:Transfection; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: C497455:Idb1 protein, mouse; D051798:Inhibitor of Differentiation Protein 1; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta