title: Expressive language profiles of verbally expressive adolescents and young adults with Down syndrome or fragile X syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In this study, the authors examined the expressive language abilities of a subset of highly verbally expressive adolescents and young adults with Down syndrome (DS) and those with fragile X syndrome (FXS) for evidence of syndrome-related differences. FXS gender differences were also examined in an exploratory fashion.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors evaluated 24 adolescents and young adults with DS, 17 adolescents and young adults with FXS, and 21 children with typical development (TD), with the groups matched on nonverbal mental age. Language ability was examined using the Oral and Written Language Scales (OWLS; Carrow-Woolfolk, 1995) and Developmental Sentence Scoring (DSS; Lee, 1974) scores derived from an oral narrative language sample.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Study analyses revealed the following group differences: The FXS group outperformed the DS and TD groups on the OWLS measure; the TD group outperformed both other groups on some of the DSS measures; the FXS group outperformed the DS group on the DSS Sentence Point measure; and females with FXS outperformed males with FXS on several measures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results contribute to the ongoing construction of the language phenotypes of individuals with DS and individuals with FXS and support the conclusion that there are quantitative rather than qualitative differences in their expressive language profiles.
authors.affiliation: University of Minnesota, Department of Speech-Language-Hearing Sciences, 164 Pillsbury Drive SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA. finestack@umn.edu
authors.forename: Lizbeth H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Finestack
authors.forename: Leonard
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Abbeduto
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D003142:Communication; D004314:Down Syndrome / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D005600:Fragile X Syndrome / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D007360:Intelligence; D007802:Language; D008297:Male; D016555:Matched-Pair Analysis; D012016:Reference Values; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014705:Verbal Behavior; D014825:Vocabulary; D055815:Young Adult