title: Rhino-sinus involvement in children with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is commonly associated with adenotonsillar hypertrophy. We hypothesized that respiratory perturbations extend to other regions of the upper respiratory tract in such children, particularly to rhino-sinus regions.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective case control study using Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of the upper airway and surrounding tissues of OSAS and controls. Magnetic resonance imaging was used to evaluate radiographic changes within the: paranasal sinuses, middle ear and mastoid air cells, and the nasal passages.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We studied 54 OSAS (age 5.7 ± 3.0 years) and 54 controls (age 6.2 ± 2.0 years, P = NS). Children with OSAS had significantly more opacification of: maxillary sinuses (P < 0.05), sphenoid sinuses (P < 0.01), and mastoid air cells (P < 0.01). They also had significantly more: middle ear effusions, (P < 0.001), prominence of inferior nasal turbinate(s) (P < 0.05), and deviation of the nasal septum (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Childhood OSAS is associated with a wide range of upper respiratory tract perturbations and is not limited to adenoid and tonsillar hypertrophy.
authors.affiliation: Division of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, The Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10467, USA. rarens@montefiore.org
authors.forename: Raanan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Arens
authors.forename: Sanghun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sin
authors.forename: Seth
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Willen
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bent
authors.forename: Sanjay R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Parikh
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Freeman
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Wootton
authors.forename: Joseph M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: McDonough
authors.forename: Keivan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shifteh
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004432:Ear, Middle; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009666:Nose; D010256:Paranasal Sinuses; D020181:Sleep Apnea, Obstructive / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis*