title: White tea extract induces apoptosis in non-small cell lung cancer cells: the role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-{gamma} and 15-lipoxygenases.
abstract: Emerging preclinical data suggests that tea possess anticarcinogenic and antimutagenic properties. We therefore hypothesize that white tea extract (WTE) is capable of favorably modulating apoptosis, a mechanism associated with lung tumorigenesis. We examined the effects of physiologically relevant doses of WTE on the induction of apoptosis in non-small cell lung cancer cell lines A549 (adenocarcinoma) and H520 (squamous cell carcinoma) cells. We further characterized the molecular mechanisms responsible for WTE-induced apoptosis, including the induction of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma) and the 15-lipoxygenase (15-LOX) signaling pathways. We found that WTE was effective in inducing apoptosis in both A549 and H520 cells, and inhibition of PPAR-gamma with GW9662 partially reversed WTE-induced apoptosis. We further show that WTE increased PPAR-gamma activation and mRNA expression, concomitantly increased 15(S)-hydroxy-eicosatetraenoic acid release, and upregulated 15-LOX-1 and 15-LOX-2 mRNA expression by A549 cells. Inhibition of 15-LOX with nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NGDA), as well as caffeic acid, abrogated WTE-induced PPAR-gamma activation and upregulation of PPAR-gamma mRNA expression in A549 cells. WTE also induced cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A mRNA expression and activated caspase-3. Inhibition of caspase-3 abrogated WTE-induced apoptosis. Our findings indicate that WTE is capable of inducing apoptosis in non-small cell lung cancer cell lines. The induction of apoptosis seems to be mediated, in part, through the upregulation of the PPAR-gamma and 15-LOX signaling pathways, with enhanced activation of caspase-3. Our findings support the future investigation of WTE as an antineoplastic and chemopreventive agent for lung cancer.
authors.affiliation: Pulmonary and Critical Care Section, New Mexico VA Health Care System, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA. jenny.mao@va.gov
authors.forename: Jenny T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Mao
authors.forename: Wen-Xian
authors.initials: WX
authors.lastname: Nie
authors.forename: I-Hsien
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Tsu
authors.forename: Yu-Sheng
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: Jian Yu
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.forename: Qing-Yi
authors.initials: QY
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Zuo-Feng
authors.initials: ZF
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Vay Liang W
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Go
authors.forename: Kenneth J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Serio
mesh_terms: D000813:Anilides / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D001093:Arachidonate 15-Lipoxygenase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D002392:Catechin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic / Q000187:drug effects; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects; D006727:Hormone Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D006893:Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013662:Tea / Q000737:chemistry; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: C457499:2-chloro-5-nitrobenzanilide; D000813:Anilides; D006727:Hormone Antagonists; D006893:Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acids; D047495:PPAR gamma; D010936:Plant Extracts; D013662:Tea; C025984:15-hydroxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid; D002392:Catechin; C045651:epigallocatechin gallate; D001093:Arachidonate 15-Lipoxygenase