title: Cochlear implants in children: surgical site infections and prevention and treatment of acute otitis media and meningitis.
abstract: The use of cochlear implants is increasingly common, particularly in children younger than 3 years. Bacterial meningitis, often with associated acute otitis media, is more common in children with cochlear implants than in groups of control children. Children with profound deafness who are candidates for cochlear implants should receive all age-appropriate doses of pneumococcal conjugate and Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccines and appropriate annual immunization against influenza. In addition, starting at 24 months of age, a single dose of 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine should be administered. Before implant surgery, primary care providers and cochlear implant teams should ensure that immunizations are up-to-date, preferably with completion of indicated vaccines at least 2 weeks before implant surgery. Imaging of the temporal bone/inner ear should be performed before cochlear implantation in all children with congenital deafness and all patients with profound hearing impairment and a history of bacterial meningitis to identify those with inner-ear malformations/cerebrospinal fluid fistulas or ossification of the cochlea. During the initial months after cochlear implantation, the risk of complications of acute otitis media may be higher than during subsequent time periods. Therefore, it is recommended that acute otitis media diagnosed during the first 2 months after implantation be initially treated with a parenteral antibiotic (eg, ceftriaxone or cefotaxime). Episodes occurring 2 months or longer after implantation can be treated with a trial of an oral antimicrobial agent (eg, amoxicillin or amoxicillin/clavulanate at a dose of approximately 90 mg/kg per day of amoxicillin component), provided the child does not appear toxic and the implant does not have a spacer/positioner, a wedge that rests in the cochlea next to the electrodes present in certain implant models available between 1999 and 2002. "Watchful waiting" without antimicrobial therapy is inappropriate for children with implants with acute otitis media. If feasible, tympanocentesis should be performed for acute otitis media, and the material should be sent for culture, but performance of this procedure should not result in an undue delay in initiating antimicrobial therapy. For patients with suspected meningitis, cerebrospinal fluid as well as middle-ear fluid, if present, should be sent for culture. Empiric antimicrobial therapy for meningitis occurring within 2 months of implantation should include an agent with broad activity against Gram-negative bacilli (eg, meropenem) plus vancomycin. For meningitis occurring 2 months or longer after implantation, standard empiric antimicrobial therapy for meningitis (eg, ceftriaxone plus vancomycin) is indicated. For patients with meningitis, urgent evaluation by an otolaryngologist is indicated for consideration of imaging and surgical exploration.
authors.forename: Lorry G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Rubin
authors.forename: Blake
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Papsin
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D016667:Bacterial Capsules / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002648:Child; D003054:Cochlear Implants / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D018073:Haemophilus Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D016920:Meningitis, Bacterial / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010033:Otitis Media / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000601:surgery*; D022242:Pneumococcal Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage; D011300:Preoperative Care; D013530:Surgical Wound Infection / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: C414006:23-valent pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide vaccine; D018073:Haemophilus Vaccines; C044237:Haemophilus influenzae type b polysaccharide vaccine; D022242:Pneumococcal Vaccines