title: Modelling cognitive decline in the Hypertension in the Very Elderly Trial [HYVET] and proposed risk tables for population use.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although, on average, cognition declines with age, cognition in older adults is a dynamic process. Hypertension is associated with greater decline in cognition with age, but whether treatment of hypertension affects this is uncertain. Here, we modelled dynamics of cognition in relation to the treatment of hypertension, to see if treatment effects might better be discerned by a model that included baseline measures of cognition and consequent mortality
  
  
  RESULTS
  This is a secondary analysis of the Hypertension in the Very Elderly Trial (HYVET), a double blind, placebo controlled trial of indapamide, with or without perindopril, in people aged 80+ years at enrollment. Cognitive states were defined in relation to errors on the Mini-Mental State Examination, with more errors signifying worse cognition. Change in cognitive state was evaluated using a dynamic model of cognitive transition. In the model, the probabilities of transitions between cognitive states is represented by a Poisson distribution, with the Poisson mean dependent on the baseline cognitive state. The dynamic model of cognitive transition was good (R(2) = 0.74) both for those on placebo and (0.86) for those on active treatment. The probability of maintaining cognitive function, based on baseline function, was slightly higher in the actively treated group (e.g., for those with the fewest baseline errors, the chance of staying in that state was 63% for those on treatment, compared with 60% for those on placebo). Outcomes at two and four years could be predicted based on the initial state and treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A dynamic model of cognition that allows all outcomes (cognitive worsening, stability improvement or death) to be categorized simultaneously detected small but consistent differences between treatment and control groups (in favour of treatment) amongst very elderly people treated for hypertension. The model showed good fit, and suggests that most change in cognition in very elderly people is small, and depends on their baseline state and on treatment. Additional work is needed to understand whether this modelling approach is well suited to the valuation of small effects, especially in the face of mortality differences between treatment groups.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  ClinicalTrials.gov NCT0012281.
authors.affiliation: Imperial Clinical Trials Unit, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom. r.peters@imperial.ac.uk
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.forename: Nigel
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Beckett
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Beardmore
authors.forename: Rafael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Peña-Miller
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rockwood
authors.forename: Arnold
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mitnitski
authors.forename: Shahrul
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mt-Isa
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bulpitt
mesh_terms: D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007190:Indapamide / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D020913:Perindopril / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D007190:Indapamide; D020913:Perindopril