title: Population-based risk factors and resource utilization for HCC: US perspective.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a deadly cancer with limited treatment options. HCC cases in the United States (US) were identified from a claims database to analyze the risk factors, the health care provider referral patterns, and treatment options in actual (real-world) clinical settings.
  
  
  METHODS
  MarketScan, a health care claims database from Thomas Reuters covering 18 million lives yearly and all US census regions from 2002 to 2008, was used to identify HCC patients and obtain data on patient characteristics, health care providers, and treatment utilization (i.e., medications, interventions).
  
  
  RESULTS
  HCC cases (n = 4406) were identified with an annual incidence of 0.4 per 1000 covered lives (i.e., those currently enrolled in a health care plan) from 2002 to 2008. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) was the most common underlying etiologic risk factor (59%), followed by diabetes (36%) and hepatitis C virus infection (22%). Primary care/internal medicine providers managed the majority of cases (55%); a minority were seen by an oncologist (24%). Only 22% of cases known to have cirrhosis were undergoing HCC screening prior to diagnosis. Type of provider did not change significantly after the diagnosis was made. Systemic chemotherapy was the most commonly used treatment (32.8%); however, only 6% received sorafenib, the only approved drug for HCC. Limitations include lack of patient records and potential for physician coding variances.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The incidence of HCC in the database was 0.4 per 1000 persons. NAFLD/NASH and type 2 diabetes mellitus, along with hepatitis C virus infection, were the major etiologic risk factors associated with HCC. This claims database analysis suggests a gap exists between screening and treatment guidelines and practice patterns, implying a need for greater health care provider awareness and education.
authors.affiliation: Virginia Commonwealth University Healthcare System, Richmond, VA 23298-0341, USA. asanyal@mcvh-vcu.edu
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sanyal
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Poklepovic
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Moyneur
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Barghout
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D005843:Geography; D006282:Health Personnel; D006295:Health Resources / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011153:Population; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States