title: Cadmium regulates copper homoeostasis by inhibiting the activity of Mac1, a transcriptional activator of the copper regulon, in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
abstract: Cadmium is a toxic metal and the mechanism of its toxicity has been studied in various model systems from bacteria to mammals. We employed Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model system to study cadmium toxicity at the molecular level because it has been used to identify the molecular mechanisms of toxicity found in higher organisms. cDNA microarray and Northern blot analyses revealed that cadmium salts inhibited the expression of genes related to copper metabolism. Western blotting, Northern blotting and chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments indicated that CTR1 expression was inhibited at the transcriptional level through direct inhibition of the Mac1 transcriptional activator. The decreased expression of CTR1 results in cellular copper deficiency and inhibition of Fet3 activity, which eventually impairs iron uptake. In this way, cadmium exhibits a negative effect on both iron and copper homoeostasis.
authors.affiliation: School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University Anam-dong, Sungbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Dong-Hyuk
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Heo
authors.forename: In-Joon
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Baek
authors.forename: Hyun-Jun
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Ji-Hyun
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Miwha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Mi-Young
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Jeong
authors.forename: Tae-Hyoung
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Il-Dong
authors.initials: ID
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Cheol-Won
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Yun
mesh_terms: D002104:Cadmium / Q000633:toxicity*; D003300:Copper / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D015966:Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal / Q000187:drug effects; D005800:Genes, Fungal / Q000235:genetics; D006706:Homeostasis / Q000187:drug effects*; D007501:Iron / Q000378:metabolism; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D011485:Protein Binding / Q000187:drug effects; D021381:Protein Transport / Q000187:drug effects; D018085:Regulon / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: C084954:MAC1 protein, S cerevisiae; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; D015534:Trans-Activators; D014157:Transcription Factors; D002104:Cadmium; D003300:Copper; D007501:Iron