title: Racial and sex differences in emergency department triage assessment and test ordering for chest pain, 1997-2006.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study assessed whether sociodemographic differences exist in triage assignment and whether these differences affect initial diagnostic testing in the emergency department (ED) for patients presenting with chest pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  A nationally representative ED data sample for all adults (>or=18 years) was obtained from the National Hospital Ambulatory Health Care Survey of EDs for 1997-2006. Weighted logistic regression was used to examine the associations between race and presenting symptom, triage assignment, and test ordering, adjusting for patient and hospital characteristics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over 10 years, an estimated 78 million visits to the ED presented with a complaint of chest pain. Of those presenting with chest pain, African Americans (odds ratio [OR] = 0.70; 99% confidence interval [CI] = 0.53 to 0.92), Hispanics (OR = 0.74; 99% CI = 0.51 to 0.99), Medicaid patients (OR = 0.72; 99% CI = 0.54 to 0.94), and uninsured patients (OR = 0.65; 99% CI = 0.51 to 0.84) were less likely to be triaged emergently. African Americans (OR = 0.86; 99% CI = 0.70 to 0.99), Medicaid patients (OR = 0.70; 99% CI = 0.55 to 0.88), and uninsured patients (OR = 0.70; 99% CI = 0.55 to 0.89) were less likely to have an electrocardiogram (ECG) ordered. African Americans (OR = 0.69; 99% CI = 0.49 to 0.97), Medicaid patients (OR = 0.67; 99% CI = 0.47 to 0.95), and uninsured patients (OR = 0.66; 99% CI = 0.44 to 0.96) were less likely to have cardiac enzymes ordered. Similarly, African Americans and Hispanics were less likely to have a cardiac monitor and pulse oximetry ordered, and Medicaid and uninsured patients were less likely to have a cardiac monitor ordered.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Persistent racial, sex, and insurance differences in triage categorization and basic cardiac testing exist. Eliminating triage disparities may affect "downstream" clinical care and help eliminate observed disparities in cardiac outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Mongan Institute for Health Policy, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. llopez1@partners.org
authors.forename: Lenny
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: López
authors.forename: Andrew P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Wilper
authors.forename: Marina C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Cervantes
authors.forename: Joseph R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Betancourt
authors.forename: Alexander R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Green
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000368:Aged; D002637:Chest Pain / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000209:etiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000458:organization & administration*; D005260:Female; D054625:Healthcare Disparities; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000208:ethnology; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008484:Medicaid; D017057:Medically Uninsured / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011203:Poverty / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012737:Sex Factors; D014218:Triage / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult