title: Multiple genetic copy number alterations in oral squamous cell carcinoma: study of MYC, TP53, CCDN1, EGFR and ERBB2 status in primary and metastatic tumours.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Oncogenesis in the oral cavity is believed to result from genetic alterations that cause a stepwise transformation of the mucosa to invasive carcinoma. In oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) multiple cytogenetic abnormalities have been reported, but their practical significance remains uncertain.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the usefulness of the assessment of CCND1, MYC, EGFR, ERBB2 and TP53 in OSCC and lymph node metastases.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-one consecutive samples of OSCC, nine lymph node biopsies showing metastatic spread from OSCC, 16 biopsies diagnosed as oral leucoplakia (OLK), 13 samples corresponding to oral lichen planus (OLP) and 14 samples from normal oral mucosa were included in the study. Clinical and histopathological characteristics were reviewed. The genetic and protein status of the CCND1, MYC, EGFR, ERBB2 oncogenes and the TP53 tumour suppressor gene were assessed by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and immunohistochemistry (IHC). The obtained results were compared with the clinical characteristics and the outcome of the OSCCs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TP53 gene losses and MYC, ERBB2, CCND1 and EGFR copy number gains and amplifications were detected in a higher proportion in OSCC and lymph node samples than in OLK and OLP samples (P < 0·005). Overexpression of p53, Myc, Cyclin D1, c-erbB-2 and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) was more prevalent in malignant samples than benign samples (P < 0·05). Correlation between FISH and IHC results was demonstrated in MYC, EGFR and CCND1 studies. The presence of two or more genetic abnormalities in the studied loci was exclusively detected in primary and metastatic OSCC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In our series, genetic abnormalities in TP53, MYC, CCND1, ERBB2 and EGFR detected by FISH were absent in inflammatory lesions, infrequent in precursor lesions and common in tumoral lesions. Evaluation of the genetic status of TP53, MYC, CCND1, ERBB2 and EGFR may be an additional diagnostic tool in distinguishing benign from malignant oral lesions in histopathologically challenging cases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicina i Dermatologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Passeig Marítim 25-29, 08003 Barcelona, Spain. gmartin@parcdesalutmar.cat
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Martín-Ezquerra
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Salgado
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Toll
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gilaberte
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Baró
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Alameda Quitllet
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yébenes
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Solé
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Garcia-Muret
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Espinet
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Pujol
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D001706:Biopsy; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000235:genetics*; D019938:Cyclin D1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D018628:Gene Dosage; D016158:Genes, p53 / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D008198:Lymph Nodes; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics*; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis / Q000235:genetics; D009857:Oncogenes / Q000235:genetics*; D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D019938:Cyclin D1; D066246:ErbB Receptors; D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases; C530104:CCND1 protein, human; C489427:MYC protein, human; C508053:ERBB2 protein, human