title: Long-term results after a telephone intervention in chronic heart failure: DIAL (Randomized Trial of Phone Intervention in Chronic Heart Failure) follow-up.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to assess the rate of death and hospitalization for heart failure (HF) 1 and 3 years after a randomized trial of telephone intervention aimed to improve education and compliance in stable patients with HF ended.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The long-term effects of HF programs are not well known.
  
  
  METHODS
  In all, 1,518 patients with HF were randomized into the DIAL (Randomized Trial of Phone Intervention in Chronic Heart Failure). After completion of the trial, patients were followed up to 3 years to assess major outcomes. Compliance with diet, weight control, and treatment was evaluated. The effect of the intervention on mortality and HF hospitalizations was assessed using relative risk (RR), relative risk reduction, and Cox proportional hazards model for adjusting by potential confounders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The rate of death or hospitalization for HF was lower in the intervention group (37.2% vs. 42.6%, RR: 0.81, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.69 to 0.96; p = 0.013) 1 and 3 years (55.7% vs. 57.5%, RR: 0.88, 95% CI: 0.77 to 1.00; p = 0.05) after the intervention ended. This benefit was mainly caused by a reduction in admission for HF (28.5% vs. 35.1% after 3 years, RR: 0.72, 95% CI: 0.60 to 0.87; p = 0.0004). Patients who showed improvement in 1 or more of 3 key compliance indicators (diet, weight control, and medication) had lower risks of events.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The benefit observed during the intervention period persisted and was sustained 1 and 3 years after the intervention ended. This effect may be explained by the impact of the educational intervention on patients' behavior and habits.
authors.affiliation: GESICA (Grupo de Estudio en Investigación Clínica en Argentina) Foundation, Buenos Aires 1034, Argentina. dferrante@fundaciongesica.org
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ferrante
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Varini
authors.forename: Alejandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Macchia
authors.forename: Saúl
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Soifer
authors.forename: Raul
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Badra
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nul
authors.forename: Hugo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Grancelli
authors.forename: Hernán
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Doval
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010349:Patient Compliance; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012107:Research Design; D017216:Telemedicine / Q000379:methods*; D013689:Telephone; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome