title: Differentiating normal and basal cell carcinoma human skin tissues in vitro using dispersive Raman spectroscopy: a comparison between principal components analysis and simplified biochemical models.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Raman spectroscopy has been used to detect spectral differences between normal and basocellular cell carcinoma (BCC) skin tissues that are related to biochemical alterations between tissues.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Raman spectroscopy is an analytic tool that could detect biochemical alterations in tissues, and its use would lead to real-time and less-invasive cancer diagnosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Raman spectra from human tissue fragments (normal and BCC) were obtained in a dispersive, near-infrared Raman spectrometer (laser parameters: 830 nm, 80 mW) with a CCD detector. Spectral changes between normal and BCC were analyzed with a principal components analysis (PCA) algorithm and a simplified biochemical model based on the relative amount of collagen and cell fat extracted from tissue Raman spectra.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Main spectral differences between these samples were in the region of 800 to 1,000 per centimeter and 1,200 to 1,300 per centimeter, corresponding to vibrational bands from lipids and proteins (C-C bonds and amide III, respectively). The diagnostic algorithm based on PCA and Mahalanobis distance applied to the scores of principal components vectors PC1 and PC2 could identify tissue with sensitivity and specificity of 89% and 93%, respectively, for the training group and 96% and 92% for the prospective group. The simplified biochemical model for collagen amount had sensitivity and specificity of 95% and 83% for the training group and 87% and 92% for the prospective group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Raman spectroscopy could differentiate between normal and BCC tissues in both the PCA and biochemical models, showing higher sensitivity and specificity for the PCA model, although the simplified biochemical model is easier to implement.
authors.affiliation: Health Sciences Center-CCS, Universidade Comunitária Regional de Chapecó-UNOCHAPECO, Chapecó, SC, Brazil.
authors.forename: Benito
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bodanese
authors.forename: Landulfo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Silveira
authors.forename: Regiane
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Albertini
authors.forename: Renato Amaro
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Zângaro
authors.forename: Marcos Tadeu Tavares
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Pacheco
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D002280:Basal Cell Carcinoma / Q000737:chemistry / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003094:Collagen / Q000032:analysis; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D016018:Least-Squares Analysis; D008055:Lipids / Q000032:analysis; D025341:Principal Component Analysis / Q000379:methods; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000737:chemistry / Q000175:diagnosis*; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman / Q000379:methods*; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D008055:Lipids; D014280:Triglycerides; D003094:Collagen