title: A proof-of-concept study for measuring gait speed, steadiness, and dynamic balance under various footwear conditions outside of the gait laboratory.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This pilot study examined the effect of custom and prefabricated foot orthoses on self-selected walking speed, walking speed variability, and dynamic balance in the mediolateral direction.
  
  
  METHODS
  The gait of four healthy participants was analyzed with a body-worn sensor system across a distance of at least 30 m outside of the gait laboratory. Participants walked at their habitual speed in four conditions: barefoot, regular shoes, prefabricated foot orthoses, and custom foot orthoses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the custom foot orthoses condition, gait speed was improved on average 13.5% over the barefoot condition and 9.8% over the regular shoe condition. The mediolateral range of motion of center of mass was reduced 55% and 56% compared with the shoes alone and prefabricated foot orthoses conditions, respectively. This may suggest better gait efficiency and lower energy cost with custom foot orthoses. This tendency remained after normalizing center of mass by gait speed, suggesting that irrespective of gait speed, custom foot orthoses improve center of mass motion in the mediolateral direction compared with other footwear conditions. Gait intercycle variability, measured by intercycle coefficient of variation of gait speed, was decreased on average by 25% and 19% compared with the barefoot and shoes-alone conditions, respectively. The decrease in gait unsteadiness after wearing custom foot orthoses may suggest improved proprioception from the increased contact area of custom foot orthoses versus the barefoot condition.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings may open new avenues for objective assessment of the impact of prescribed footwear on dynamic balance and spatiotemporal parameters of gait and assess gait adaptation after use of custom foot orthoses.
authors.affiliation: Center for Lower Extremity Ambulatory Research, William M. Scholl College of Podiatric Medicine at Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA.
authors.forename: James S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Wrobel
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Edgar
authors.forename: Dana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cozzetto
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Maskill
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Peterson
authors.forename: Bijan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Najafi
mesh_terms: D000054:Acceleration; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009989:Orthotic Devices; D010865:Pilot Projects; D004856:Postural Balance / Q000502:physiology*; D012775:Shoes; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology