title: Estrogen administration during superovulation increases oocyte quality and expressions of vascular endothelial growth factor and nitric oxide synthase in the ovary.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study investigated whether estrogen administration during superovulation enhances oocyte quality using a mice model. We also investigated whether this estrogen treatment regulates the expressions of angiogenic factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), in the ovary.
  
  
  METHODS
  Female mice were co-injected with various doses of estrogen (1 microM, 10 microM and 100 microM) and pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin during superovulation, followed by human chorionic gonadotrophin injection 48 hours later. Then they were mated with individual males. After 18 hours, zygotes were flushed and cultured to blastocyst. The expression of VEGF and eNOS in the ovary was examined using Western blot and immunohistochemistry. The control group was superovulated without estrogen.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both numbers of ovulated zygotes and the rate of embryo development to blastocyst were significantly increased in the 1-microM estrogen dose compared to the control group. VEGF and eNOS expressions were stimulated by estrogen treatment. In particular, VEGF expression was significantly increased at 1-microM estrogen concentration, whereas, eNOS expression was significantly increased in all estrogen concentrations compared to controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study showed that estrogen co-injection during superovulation increased the ovarian response, embryo developmental competence and expressions of VEGF and eNOS in the ovary.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University, Good Moonhwa Hospital, Busan, Korea.
authors.forename: Choong-Sik
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Ha
authors.forename: Bo-Sun
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Joo
authors.forename: Seung-Chul
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Jong-Kil
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Joo
authors.forename: Hwi-Gon
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Kyu-Sup
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001755:Blastocyst / Q000378:metabolism; D015153:Blotting, Western; D046149:Embryo Culture Techniques; D004958:Estradiol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D006064:Gonadotropins, Equine / Q000494:pharmacology; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D051379:Mice; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III / Q000378:metabolism*; D009865:Oocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D010053:Ovary / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D013480:Superovulation / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D006064:Gonadotropins, Equine; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D004958:Estradiol; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III