title: Thoracoscopic surgical approaches for treating various thoracic spinal region diseases.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Minimally invasive surgery is currently a goal for surgical intervention in the spine. The effectiveness of endoscopic thoracic spine surgery and technological improvements are two factors that are always under consideration in the practice of spinal surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  We present twenty-five patients whose thoracoscopic spinal surgeries were performed between 2002 and 2008 for the treatment of various spinal diseases. Eleven patients with thoracic disc herniation, five patients with traumatic thoracic spinal compressive fracture, six patients with metastatic thoracic spinal tumors and three patients with tubercular spondylitis underwent thoracoscopic spine surgery. Clinical evaluations were performed at 3, 6,12 and 24 months post-surgery. The Oswestry disability questionnaire and linear visual analog scale (VAS) were used for the evaluation of pain.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Postoperatively, two patients had lung contusions, one patient had pneumonia and one patient had instability. There were significant initial improvements in both the Oswestry score and the VAS pain score up to 6 months (p<0.05). The average relative difference in pain scores in all groups was not significant at 12 and 24 months (p>0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The favorable results of thoracoscopic spinal surgery encourage its application to situations in which a conventional thoracic approach is indicated. Thoracoscopic spine surgery is applicable to all patients with various spinal diseases.
authors.affiliation: American Hospital, Neurosurgery Department, Istanbul, Turkey. sasanim@gmail.com
authors.forename: Mehdi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sasani
authors.forename: Ali Fahir
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Ozer
authors.forename: Tunc
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Oktenoglu
authors.forename: Tuncay
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kaner
authors.forename: Sabri
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Aydin
authors.forename: Nazan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Canbulat
authors.forename: Senol
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Carilli
authors.forename: Ali Cetin
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Sarioglu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001416:Back Pain / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain; D020335:Paraparesis / Q000601:surgery; D010264:Paraplegia / Q000601:surgery; D013117:Spinal Cord Compression / Q000601:surgery; D016103:Spinal Fractures / Q000601:surgery*; D013125:Spinal Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery; D013131:Spine / Q000601:surgery*; D013166:Spondylitis / Q000601:surgery; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013906:Thoracoscopy / Q000379:methods