title: Up-regulation of activation-induced cytidine deaminase causes genetic aberrations at the CDKN2b-CDKN2a in gastric cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The DNA/RNA editing enzyme activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) is mutagenic and has been implicated in human tumorigenesis. Helicobacter pylori infection of gastric epithelial cells leads to aberrant expression of AID and somatic gene mutations. We investigated whether AID induces genetic aberrations at specific chromosomal loci that encode tumor-related proteins in gastric epithelial cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human gastric epithelial cell lines that express activated AID and gastric cells from AID transgenic mice were examined for DNA copy number changes and nucleotide alterations. Copy number aberrations in stomach cells of H pylori-infected mice and gastric tissues (normal and tumor) from H pylori-positive patients were also analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In human gastric cells, aberrant AID activity induced copy number changes at various chromosomal loci. In AID-expressing cells and gastric mucosa of AID transgenic mice, point mutations and reductions in copy number were observed frequently in the tumor suppressor genes CDKN2A and CDKN2B. Oral infection of wild-type mice with H pylori reduced the copy number of the Cdkn2b-Cdkn2a locus, whereas no such changes were observed in the gastric mucosa of H pylori-infected AID-deficient mice. In human samples, the relative copy numbers of CDKN2A and CDKN2B were reduced in a subset of gastric cancer tissues compared with the surrounding noncancerous region.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  H pylori infection leads to aberrant expression of AID and might be a mechanism of the accumulation of submicroscopic deletions and somatic mutations in gastric epithelial cells. AID-mediated genotoxic effects appear to occur frequently at the CDKN2b-CDKN2a locus and contribute to malignant transformation of the gastric mucosa.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Matsumoto
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Marusawa
authors.forename: Kazuo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kinoshita
authors.forename: Yoko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Niwa
authors.forename: Yoshiharu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sakai
authors.forename: Tsutomu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chiba
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D002869:Chromosome Aberrations; D050762:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p15 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D003564:Cytidine Deaminase / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology*; D018628:Gene Dosage; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic / Q000502:physiology; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000502:physiology; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D016480:Helicobacter pylori; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D013270:Stomach / Q000473:pathology; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: C493966:CDKN2B protein, human; C417743:Cdkn2a protein, mouse; C493968:Cdkn2b protein, mouse; D050762:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p15; D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16; D003564:Cytidine Deaminase