title: Laparoscopic extended cardiomyotomy in children: an effective procedure for the treatment of esophageal achalasia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Achalasia of the esophagus is characterized by aperistalsis and incomplete relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter in response to swallowing. The objective of the present study is to present the experience of a modified Heller myotomy via a laparoscopic approach for the treatment of children who had this condition.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review of medical records of all patients who underwent this procedure from 2000 to 2009 was performed. The procedure consisted of an extended esophagomyotomy beginning on the lower part of the lower esophageal sphincter and continuing 5 to 6 cm above on the lower third of the esophagus, and then extended 3 to 4 cm below to the stomach, associated with an anterior 180-degree hemi-fundoplication according to Dor's technique.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifteen patients were included in the study. There were 8 female and 7 male patients. Mean operating time was 190 minutes with no intraoperative complications and 1 conversion to open surgery because of difficulty in dissecting an inflamed distal esophagus. In a mean follow-up period of 32.3 months, 2 patients had recurrence of mild dysphagia that disappeared spontaneously, and 1 required a single botulinum toxin injection with complete resolution of symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that the laparoscopic extended Heller myotomy with Dor fundoplication is a safe and effective method for the treatment for achalasia in the pediatric population even in advanced cases.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Surgery Division, Pediatric Liver Transplantation Unit and Laboratory of Research in Pediatric Surgery (LIM 30), University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ana Cristina Aoun
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Tannuri
authors.forename: Uenis
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Tannuri
authors.forename: Manoel Carlos Prieto
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Velhote
authors.forename: Rodrigo Luiz Pinto
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Romão
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002299:Cardia / Q000601:surgery*; D002648:Child; D004931:Esophageal Achalasia / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D018662:Fundoplication; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy; D008297:Male; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures; D012189:Retrospective Studies