title: In vitro comparisons of debris removal of the EndoActivator system, the F file, ultrasonic irrigation, and NaOCl irrigation alone after hand-rotary instrumentation in human mandibular molars.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this in vitro study was to compare the debris removal efficacy of the EndoActivator system, the F file, ultrasonic irrigation, or 6% NaOCl irrigation alone in human mandibular molars after hand-rotary instrumentation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A custom brass cube (K-Kube) was used to create a sealed canal system, allowing each tooth to serve as its own control. Forty extracted mandibular molars were randomly divided into 4 equal experimental groups. Each tooth was mounted, sectioned at 1, 3, and 5 mm from the working length, and then reassembled into the K-Kube, and the mesial roots were similarly prepared by using hand-rotary instrumentation. For final debridement, group 1 used F file for 30 seconds, group 2 used EndoActivator system for 30 seconds, group 3 used ultrasonic irrigation for 30 seconds, and group 4 used irrigation with 6% NaOCl within 1 mm of working length. All groups received a final irrigation with 6% NaOCl in each canal. Specimens were evaluated at 1, 3, and 5 mm from the working length for cleanliness by capturing a digital image with a stereomicroscope. All specimens had the percent cleanliness for each canal and isthmus calculated both before and after final debridement. Statistical analysis was completed by using a repeated-measures analysis of variance with Tukey post hoc tests.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results showed no statistically significant difference in canal or isthmus cleanliness among the 4 groups, but there was a statistically significant difference (P < .001) in canal cleanliness between the 1-mm level versus the 3-mm and 5-mm levels for all of the groups.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endodontics, 10th Dental Squadron, United States Air Force Academy, Colorado, USA.
authors.forename: Steven L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Klyn
authors.forename: Timothy C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Kirkpatrick
authors.forename: Richard E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Rutledge
mesh_terms: D002614:Chelating Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003786:Dental Pulp Cavity / Q000187:drug effects / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D003804:Dentin / Q000187:drug effects / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004492:Edetic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008334:Mandible; D008422:Materials Testing; D008963:Molar / Q000187:drug effects / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D018915:Root Canal Preparation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D013010:Sonication / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D007507:Therapeutic Irrigation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D013997:Time Factors; D019227:Tooth Apex / Q000187:drug effects / Q000648:ultrastructure; D014465:Ultrasonics
chemical_list: D002614:Chelating Agents; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants; D004492:Edetic Acid; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite