title: PAX-2 is a helpful marker for diagnosing metastatic renal cell carcinoma: comparison with the renal cell carcinoma marker antigen and kidney-specific cadherin.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The diagnosis of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) remains problematic.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the role of PAX-2, a renal tubular cell transcription factor, in the diagnosis of metastatic RCC. PAX-2 expression in metastatic RCC was compared with that of the renal cell carcinoma marker antigen (RCCM) and kidney-specific cadherin (KSC), which are 2 known markers for RCC.
  
  
  METHODS
  Immunostaining for PAX-2, RCCM, and KSC was performed on consecutive tissue sections of 95 metastatic RCCs (77 clear cell, 8 papillary, 5 sarcomatoid, and 5 collecting duct) and 183 metastatic tumors other than RCC.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For PAX-2, positive immunoreactivity was detected in 77% clear cell, 75% papillary, 100% collecting duct, and 0% sarcomatoid metastatic RCCs. For RCCM, positive immunoreactivity was detected in 49% clear cell, 75% papillary, 0% collecting duct, and 0% sarcomatoid metastatic RCCs. For KSC, only 2 metastatic clear cell RCCs (3%) were positive. In combination, all markers were positive in 0% of cases; all markers were negative in 23% of cases (17 clear cell, 1 papillary, and for all 5 sarcomatoid); and at least 1 marker was positive in 76% of cases (PAX-2 only in 28% of cases [21 clear cell, 1 papillary, and 5 collecting duct] and RCCM only in 3% of cases [2 clear, 1 papillary]). Of 183 metastatic tumors other than RCC, 14 were positive for PAX-2 (nodal metastasis of carcinoma of colon [1], breast [1], endometrium [1], and ovary [1]; and omental metastasis of carcinoma of uterus or ovary [10]).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PAX-2 is a sensitive and specific marker for metastatic RCC. The diagnostic yield would be marginally increased by adding RCCM, but not KSC, as an immunomarker.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, The Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Ayhan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ozcan
authors.forename: Qihui
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhai
authors.forename: Rehana
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Javed
authors.forename: Steven S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Donna
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Coffey
authors.forename: Bhuvaneswari
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Krishnan
authors.forename: Luan D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Truong
mesh_terms: D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm / Q000378:metabolism*; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism*; D015820:Cadherins / Q000378:metabolism*; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D051762:PAX2 Transcription Factor / Q000378:metabolism*; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D015820:Cadherins; D051762:PAX2 Transcription Factor; C497318:PAX2 protein, human; C498978:MOK protein, human; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; C087310:K cadherin