title: Percutaneous plating of the distal tibia and fibula: risk of injury to the saphenous and superficial peroneal nerves.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the risk of injury to the superficial peroneal nerve, saphenous nerve, and saphenous vein in percutaneous fixation of the distal fibula and tibia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten adult cadaver lower extremities were instrumented with precontoured periarticular plates for the distal tibia and fibula. Plates were inserted percutaneously along the medial distal tibia and lateral fibula. Smooth wires were inserted percutaneously into each screw hole. Dissection of the superficial peroneal nerve, saphenous nerve, and saphenous vein was performed along their respective course. The position of the neurovascular structures relative to the smooth wires was recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The saphenous nerve and vein had a predictable course along the medial aspect of the ankle. Both structures were injured in every specimen. This occurred consistently at 2.0 to 4.7 cm from the tip of the medial malleolus. The superficial peroneal nerve demonstrated large variance in the exit point from the lateral compartment crural fascia, exiting at an average of 11.6 cm from the tip of the lateral malleolus. Injury occurred in a single specimen at 11.5 cm from this point.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The superficial peroneal nerve, saphenous nerve, and saphenous vein are at risk during percutaneous submuscular plating of the distal fibula and tibia. Careful dissection proximally for the fibula and distally for the tibia can minimize the risk of damage to these structures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics & Rehabilitation, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA. mirzaa@ohsu.edu
authors.forename: Amer
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mirza
authors.forename: Allison M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Moriarty
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Probe
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Ellis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001860:Bone Plates / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002102:Cadaver; D005360:Fibula / Q000293:injuries / Q000601:surgery*; D005593:Fracture Fixation, Internal / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000295:instrumentation*; D006801:Humans; D010543:Peroneal Nerve / Q000293:injuries*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012501:Saphenous Vein / Q000293:injuries*; D013977:Tibia / Q000293:injuries / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome