title: Acquired urinary incontinence in the bitch: update and perspectives from human medicine. Part 2: The urethral component, pathophysiology and medical treatment.
abstract: Various pathologies can affect the bladder and/or urethral contractility causing signs of urinary incontinence. In this second part of a three-part review, the pathophysiology of impaired urethral contractility (including urethral hyper- and hypotonicity) in the bitch and in women is discussed. Urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence (USMI) is the most common form of acquired urinary incontinence in bitches and is characterized by a decreased urethral tone. The pathophysiology and current recommended medical treatment options for USMI and cases of modified urethral tonicity due to a neurological disorder or functional outlet obstruction are discussed. Treatment options in human medicine in cases of impaired urethral contractility are described.
authors.affiliation: Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences B44, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
authors.forename: Stéphanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Noël
authors.forename: Stéphanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Claeys
authors.forename: Annick
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hamaide
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009119:Muscle Contraction; D014521:Urethra / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014522:Urethral Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy / Q000662:veterinary*