title: Ureteroscopic stone management in prepubertal children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We retrospectively assessed our experience with ureteroscopy (URS) for ureteric calculi in prepubertal children.
  
  
  METHODS
  The records of all children who underwent URS at our institution for ureteral calculi between September 2007 and July 2009 were retrospectively reviewed. Patient demographics, stone location and size, pre- and postoperative stenting, intraoperative active dilatation, stone-free rates and complications were noted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 26 patients (20 males and 6 females; mean age 59.9 months) underwent 30 URS procedures with rigid ureteroscopes for 31 ureteral calculi. The mean size of ureteral stones was 8.6 mm. A total of 18 URS procedures were performed without any active ureteral dilatation, and 8 patients underwent 12 passive dilatations of initially inaccessible ureters. Stents remained in place for 2-4 weeks. The stone-free rate was 84.6% for all patients and all procedures. Postoperatively, 12 patients (46%) had stent placement for 2-5 days because of stone burden, edema of the ureteral orifice and hematuria.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  URS treatment of ureteral stones without active dilatation can be performed safely and effectively in prepubertal children. Passive ureteral dilatation might be necessary in some cases to enable ureteral access.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Medical Faculty, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Kahramanmaras, Turkey. ozekan @ hotmail.com
authors.forename: Keramettin Uğur
authors.initials: KU
authors.lastname: Ozkan
authors.forename: Vedat
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bakan
authors.forename: Ayhan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mil
authors.forename: Senol
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ozturk
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020702:Hysteroscopes; D008297:Male; D010372:Pediatrics / Q000379:methods; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000379:methods; D014514:Ureteral Calculi / Q000601:surgery* / Q000628:therapy*; D018666:Ureteroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D014572:Urology / Q000379:methods