title: Biomarkers predicting outcome in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma: Results from sorafenib phase III Treatment Approaches in Renal Cancer Global Evaluation Trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Plasma proteins [vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), soluble VEGF receptor 2 (sVEGFR-2), carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1), and Ras p21] and one tumor gene (VHL) were analyzed to identify prognostic biomarkers or indicators of response to sorafenib in a subset of patients enrolled in the Treatment Approaches in Renal Cancer Global Evaluation Trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine hundred three patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) were randomized to 400 mg sorafenib twice a day or placebo. Samples collected at baseline and after 3 and 12 weeks were subjected to enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. VHL exons were sequenced from tumor biopsies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Baseline biomarker data were available for VEGF (n = 712), sVEGFR-2 (n = 713), CAIX (n = 128), TIMP-1 (n = 123), Ras p21 (n = 125), and VHL mutational status (n = 134). Higher Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (ECOG PS) score correlated with elevated baseline VEGF (P < 0.0001) and a higher incidence of VHL mutations (P = 0.008), whereas higher Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) score correlated with elevated VEGF (P < 0.0001), CAIX (P = 0.027), and TIMP-1 (P = 0.0001). Univariable analyses of baseline levels in the placebo cohort identified VEGF (P = 0.0024), CAIX (P = 0.034), TIMP-1 (P = 0.001), and Ras p21 (P = 0.016) as prognostic biomarkers for survival. TIMP-1 remained prognostic for survival in a multivariable analysis model (P = 0.002) that also included ECOG PS, MSKCC score, and the other biomarkers assayed. In the placebo cohort, TIMP-1 (P < 0.001) and Ras p21 (P = 0.048) levels increased at 12 weeks. In the sorafenib cohort, VEGF levels increased at 3 and 12 weeks of treatment (both weeks P < 0.0001), whereas sVEGFR-2 (both weeks P < 0.0001) and TIMP-1 levels (P = 0.002, week 3; P = 0.006, week 12) decreased.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  VEGF, CAIX, TIMP-1, and Ras p21 levels were prognostic for survival in RCC patients. Of these, TIMP-1 has emerged as being independently prognostic.
authors.affiliation: Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals, Montville, New Jersey 07045-1000, USA. carol.pena@bayer.com
authors.forename: Carol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Peña
authors.forename: Chetan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lathia
authors.forename: Minghua
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shan
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Escudier
authors.forename: Ronald M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Bukowski
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D001557:Benzenesulfonates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood*; D000071231:Carbonic Anhydrase IX; D002256:Carbonic Anhydrases / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D018450:Disease Progression; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D009536:Niacinamide / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D010671:Phenylurea Compounds; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D016283:Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras) / Q000097:blood; D011725:Pyridines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000077157:Sorafenib; D016019:Survival Analysis; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1 / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000097:blood; D040301:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2 / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm; D001557:Benzenesulfonates; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D010671:Phenylurea Compounds; D011725:Pyridines; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D009536:Niacinamide; D000077157:Sorafenib; D040301:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2; D016283:Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras); C089226:CA9 protein, human; D000071231:Carbonic Anhydrase IX; D002256:Carbonic Anhydrases