title: DeltaNp63 transcriptionally regulates ATM to control p53 Serine-15 phosphorylation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  DeltaNp63alpha is an epithelial progenitor cell marker that maintains epidermal stem cell self-renewal capacity. Previous studies revealed that UV-damage induced p53 phosphorylation is confined to DeltaNp63alpha-positive cells in the basal layer of human epithelium.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We now report that phosphorylation of the p53 tumour suppressor is positively regulated by DeltaNp63alpha in immortalised human keratinocytes. DeltaNp63alpha depletion by RNAi reduces steady-state ATM mRNA and protein levels, and attenuates p53 Serine-15 phosphorylation. Conversely, ectopic expression of DeltaNp63alpha in p63-null tumour cells stimulates ATM transcription and p53 Serine-15 phosphorylation. We show that ATM is a direct DeltaNp63alpha transcriptional target and that the DeltaNp63alpha response element localizes to the ATM promoter CCAAT sequence. Structure-function analysis revealed that the DeltaNp63-specific TA2 transactivation domain mediates ATM transcription in coordination with the DNA binding and SAM domains.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Germline p63 point mutations are associated with a range of ectodermal developmental disorders, and targeted p63 deletion in the skin causes premature ageing. The DeltaNp63alpha-ATM-p53 damage-response pathway may therefore function in epithelial development, carcinogenesis and the ageing processes.
authors.affiliation: Cell Signalling Unit, Cancer Research Center, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK.
authors.forename: Ashley L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Craig
authors.forename: Jitka
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Holcakova
authors.forename: Lee E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Finlan
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nekulova
authors.forename: Roman
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hrstka
authors.forename: Nuri
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gueven
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: DiRenzo
authors.forename: Graeme
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Ted R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Hupp
authors.forename: Borivoj
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Vojtesek
mesh_terms: D064007:Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Proteins; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D002461:Cell Line, Transformed; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D012694:Serine / Q000378:metabolism*; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000737:chemistry / Q000502:physiology*; D014157:Transcription Factors; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000502:physiology*; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C115051:TP63 protein, human; D015534:Trans-Activators; D014157:Transcription Factors; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D012694:Serine; C576324:ATM protein, human; D064007:Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Proteins; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases