title: Brachmann-de Lange syndrome: definition of prenatal sonographic features to facilitate definitive prenatal diagnosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective was to improve the prenatal diagnosis of Brachmann-de Lange syndrome (BDLS) by defining the sonographic criteria.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective review of Fetal Medicine Unit (FMU) notes from 1998 to 2009 to identify all cases seen with a final diagnosis of BDLS. Literature review undertaken to ascertain all cases where sonographic features of BDLS had been described. Information was pooled to define the most common features.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seven cases were identified from review of FMU records. The diagnosis was suspected prenatally in four of the seven. All had asymmetrical forearm defects with oligodactyly/polydactyly, five had intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and five had abnormal facial features including micrognathia and/or a long overhanging philtrum. A further 28 cases were identified in the literature, but the diagnosis was only suspected prenatally in nine. Overall the most common feature was IUGR (80%); upper limb anomalies were detected in nearly half of cases. Other common features included facial anomalies (40%), diaphragmatic hernia (34%), increased nuchal translucency/fold (37%) and cardiac anomalies (14%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Identification of asymmetrical oligodactyly with or without forearm anomalies associated with microcephaly and/or IUGR or diaphragmatic hernia are findings that should arouse suspicion of BDLS, although definitive diagnosis at present would have to await delivery in the majority of cases.
authors.affiliation: Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pajkrt
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Griffin
authors.forename: L S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Chitty
mesh_terms: D003635:De Lange Syndrome / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005260:Female; D005317:Fetal Growth Retardation / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005542:Forearm / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006548:Hernia, Diaphragmatic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D017880:Limb Deformities, Congenital / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008831:Microcephaly / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D011247:Pregnancy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal