title: An effective immunotherapy regimen for VGKC antibody-positive limbic encephalitis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Voltage-gated potassium channel antibody-positive limbic encephalitis (VGKC+LE) frequently improves with immunotherapy, although the optimum regimen is unknown. The effectiveness of a combination immunomodulatory regimen was tested in consecutive VGKC+LE patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was an open-label prospective study of nine VGKC+LE patients. All patients had plasma exchange (50 ml/kg), intravenous immunoglobulin (2 g/kg) and intravenous methylprednisolone (1 g×3), followed by maintenance oral prednisolone (1 mg/kg/day). Mycophenolate (2 g/day) was used in the first three patients. Assessments included serial clinical, cognitive, brain MRI and VGKC antibody testing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Within 1 week, seizures and hyponatraemia remitted in all affected patients. Cognitive function improved in all patients within 3 months. MRI appearances improved substantially within 9 months, with remission of inflammation in the majority of patients. All achieved immunological remission with normal VGKC antibody titres within 1-4 months. Major adverse events of therapy included one septicaemia and one thrombosis on plasma exchange and one death from sepsis after incidental bowel surgery. One patient remains in remission after 40 months of follow up, 26 months after being off all treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our immunotherapy regimen was effective for the treatment of the clinical, cognitive and immunological features of VGKC+LE. Radiological improvement was seen in the majority. Pending randomised controlled trials, this regimen is proposed for the treatment of VGKC+LE.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, The Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Liverpool, UK. suiwong@doctors.org.uk
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Saunders
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Larner
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Das
authors.forename: I K
authors.initials: IK
authors.lastname: Hart
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007136:Immunoglobulins / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000008:administration & dosage; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D020363:Limbic Encephalitis / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008775:Methylprednisolone / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009173:Mycophenolic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D024642:Potassium Channels, Voltage-Gated / Q000276:immunology*; D011239:Prednisolone / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012703:Serotyping
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D007136:Immunoglobulins; D007155:Immunologic Factors; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D024642:Potassium Channels, Voltage-Gated; D011239:Prednisolone; D009173:Mycophenolic Acid; D008775:Methylprednisolone