title: The role of NELL-1, a growth factor associated with craniosynostosis, in promoting bone regeneration.
abstract: Efforts to enhance bone regeneration in orthopedic and dental cases have grown steadily for the past decade, in line with increasingly sophisticated regenerative medicine. To meet the unprecedented demand for novel osteospecific growth factors with fewer adverse effects compared with those of existing adjuncts such as BMPs, our group has identified a craniosynostosis-associated secreted molecule, NELL-1, which is a potent growth factor that is highly specific to the osteochondral lineage, and has demonstrated robust induction of bone in multiple in vivo models from rodents to pre-clinical large animals. NELL-1 is preferentially expressed in osteoblasts under direct transcriptional control of Runx2, and is well-regulated during skeletal development. NELL-1/Nell-1 can promote orthotopic bone regeneration via either intramembranous or endochondral ossification, both within and outside of the craniofacial complex. Unlike BMP-2, Nell-1 cannot initiate ectopic bone formation in muscle, but can induce bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) to form bone in a mouse muscle pouch model, exhibiting specificity that BMPs lack. In addition, synergistic osteogenic effects of Nell-1 and BMP combotherapy have been observed, and are likely due to distinct differences in their signaling pathways. NELL-1's unique role as a novel osteoinductive growth factor makes it an attractive alternative with promise for future clinical applications. [Note: NELL-1 and NELL-1 indicate the human gene and protein, respectively; Nell-1 and Nell-1 indicate the mouse gene and protein, respectively.]
authors.affiliation: Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, CHS 73-060, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. xzhang@dentistry.ucla.edu
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zara
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Siu
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ting
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Soo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001846:Bone Development / Q000502:physiology*; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000187:drug effects; D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 / Q000502:physiology; D001861:Bone Regeneration / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins / Q000502:physiology*; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000166:cytology; D050659:Core Binding Factor Alpha 1 Subunit / Q000502:physiology; D003398:Craniosynostoses / Q000378:metabolism; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D051379:Mice; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology*; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins; D050659:Core Binding Factor Alpha 1 Subunit; D006023:Glycoproteins; C104144:NELL1 protein, human; C513122:Nell1 protein, mouse; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins