title: Labile anger during interferon alfa treatment is associated with a polymorphism in tumor necrosis factor alpha.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Inflammatory cytokines may influence both labile anger and depression. Both psychiatric conditions can occur during interferon alfa-based treatments. Evidence also indicates a central nervous system role for tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), whose expression may be increased by interferon alfa. A polymorphism in the promoter region of TNF-alpha has been associated with various inflammatory illnesses. We therefore hypothesized that this TNF-alpha polymorphism would influence susceptibility to psychiatric symptoms during interferon alfa therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred five patients with hepatitis C, initially without active major depression (major depressive disorder), were treated with interferon alfa and then prospectively monitored using the Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, the Beck Depression Inventory II, the Anger Irritability and Assault Questionnaire, and circulating TNF-alpha levels. The A-308G polymorphism (rs1800629) was determined using the 5'-nuclease assay. Repeated-measure mixed-effect analyses compared changes in symptoms over time.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Beck Depression Inventory II score increased during interferon alfa therapy (F = 6.2; P < 0.001), with 27% developing MDD. The TNF-alpha A allele was associated with worsened labile anger (F = 2.5; P < 0.05) and fatigue (F = 2.9; P < 0.05) during treatment but not with major depression incidence (chi = 0.0; P = 0.99) or increased Beck Depression Inventory II (F = 1.2; P = 0.31). Labile anger was not predicted by the serotonin transporter polymorphism (F = 0.8; P = 0.59).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  During treatment with an exogenous cytokine, vulnerability to worsening labile anger-distinct from major depression-is associated with genetic variability in TNF-alpha. This has implications both for patients being treated with interferon alfa and our understanding of genetic vulnerability for different subtypes of dysphoric and mood disorders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. lotrichfe@upmc.edu
authors.forename: Francis E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Lotrich
authors.forename: Robert E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Ferrell
authors.forename: Mordechai
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rabinovitz
authors.forename: Bruce G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Pollock
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000786:Anger; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005221:Fatigue / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D000077190:Interferon alpha-2; D016898:Interferon-alpha / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D050486:Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D000077190:Interferon alpha-2; D016898:Interferon-alpha; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; C493230:SLC6A4 protein, human; D050486:Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha