title: Plasmodium falciparum accompanied the human expansion out of Africa.
abstract: Plasmodium falciparum is distributed throughout the tropics and is responsible for an estimated 230 million cases of malaria every year, with a further 1.4 billion people at risk of infection. Little is known about the genetic makeup of P. falciparum populations, despite variation in genetic diversity being a key factor in morbidity, mortality, and the success of malaria control initiatives. Here we analyze a worldwide sample of 519 P. falciparum isolates sequenced for two housekeeping genes (63 single nucleotide polymorphisms from around 5000 nucleotides per isolate). We observe a strong negative correlation between within-population genetic diversity and geographic distance from sub-Saharan Africa (R(2) = 0.95) over Africa, Asia, and Oceania. In contrast, regional variation in transmission intensity seems to have had a negligible impact on the distribution of genetic diversity. The striking geographic patterns of isolation by distance observed in P. falciparum mirror the ones previously documented in humans and point to a joint sub-Saharan African origin between the parasite and its host. Age estimates for the expansion of P. falciparum further support that anatomically modern humans were infected prior to their exit out of Africa and carried the parasite along during their colonization of the world.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Malariology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan. kztanabe@biken.osaka-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Kazuyuki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tanabe
authors.forename: Toshihiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mita
authors.forename: Thibaut
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jombart
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Eriksson
authors.forename: Shun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Horibe
authors.forename: Nirianne
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Palacpac
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ranford-Cartwright
authors.forename: Hiromi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sawai
authors.forename: Naoko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sakihama
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ohmae
authors.forename: Masatoshi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: Marcelo U
authors.initials: MU
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.forename: Ananias A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Escalante
authors.forename: Franck
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Prugnolle
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Björkman
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Färnert
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kaneko
authors.forename: Toshihiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Horii
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Manica
authors.forename: Hirohisa
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kishino
authors.forename: Francois
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Balloux
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000235:genetics; D003710:Demography; D004641:Emigration and Immigration; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005828:Genetics, Population; D005843:Geography; D006801:Humans; D016778:Malaria, Falciparum / Q000635:transmission*; D008957:Models, Genetic; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics; D011157:Population Dynamics; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers