title: Use of gloves and reduction of risk of injury caused by needles or sharp medical devices in healthcare workers: results from a case-crossover study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Standard precautions are advocated for reducing the number of injuries caused by needles and sharp medical devices ("sharps injuries"), but the effectiveness of gloves in preventing such injuries has not been established. We evaluated factors associated with gloving practices and identified associations between gloving practices and sharps-injury risk.
  
  
  METHODS
  Usual-frequency case-crossover study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirteen medical centers in the United States and Canada.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six hundred thirty-six healthcare workers who presented to employee health clinics after sharps injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Structured telephone questionnaires were administered to assess usual behaviors and circumstances at the time of injury.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 636 injured healthcare workers, 195 were scrubbed in an operating room or procedure suite when injured, and 441 were injured elsewhere. Nonscrubbed individuals were more commonly gloved when treating patients who were perceived to have a high risk of human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus, or hepatitis C virus infection than when treating other patients (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 2.53 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.30-4.91]). Nurses (aOR, 0.11 [95% CI, 0.04-0.32]) and other employees (aOR, 0.24 [95% CI, 0.07-0.77]) were less commonly gloved at injury than were physicians and physician trainees. Gloves reduced injury risk in case-crossover analyses (incidence rate ratio [IRR], 0.33 [95% CI, 0.22-0.50]). In scrubbed individuals, involvement in an orthopedic procedure was associated with double gloving at injury (aOR, 13.7 [95% CI, 4.55-41.3]); this gloving practice was associated with decreased injury risk (IRR, 0.20 [95% CI, 0.10-0.42]).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the use of gloves reduces the risk of sharps injuries in health care, use among healthcare workers is inconsistent and may be influenced by risk perception and healthcare culture. Glove use should be emphasized as a key element of multimodal sharps-injury reduction programs.
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Laura M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Kinlin
authors.forename: Murray A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Mittleman
authors.forename: Anthony D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Rubin
authors.forename: David N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Fisman
mesh_terms: D000046:Academic Medical Centers; D000062:Accidents, Occupational / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000328:Adult; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D005260:Female; D017575:Gloves, Protective; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016602:Needlestick Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010564:Personnel, Hospital; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology