title: Overview of subtalar arthrodesis techniques: options, pitfalls and solutions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Subtalar arthrodesis (SA) is the preferred treatment for painful isolated subtalar disease. Although results are generally favourable, analysis of current operative techniques will help optimizing this treatment. The aim was to give an overview of SA-techniques and their pitfalls. Possible solutions were identified.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature search was performed for papers that presented SA operative techniques. The general technique was divided into phases: surgical approach, cartilage removal, bone graft selection, hindfoot deformity correction and fixation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The published series were invariably retrospective reviews of small heterogenous groups of different hindfoot pathologies. The weighted outcome rate for SA was 85% (68-100%) performed in 766 feet and for SA requiring correction of malalignment 65% (36-96%) in 1001 feet. Non-union (weighted percentage 12%), malalignment (18%), and screw removal (17%) were the prevailing late complications.
  The following pitfalls were identified: 1) early complications related to the incisions made in open approaches, 2) insufficient cartilage removal, improper bone graft selection and fixation techniques, all possibly leading to non-union, 3) morbidity caused by bone graft harvesting and secondary screw removal, 4) under- or overcorrection of the hindfoot possibly due to improper intraoperative verification and 5) inadequate assessment of bony fusion.
  
  
  METHODS
  The review provides solutions to possibly overcome some pitfalls: 1) if applicable use an arthroscopic approach in combination with distraction devices and new burrs, 2) if possible use local bone graft or allografts, 3) use two screws for fixation to prevent rotational micromotion, and 4) improve assessment of operative outcome by application of appropriate assessment of bony fusion and alignment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The review provides practical suggestions to optimize SA-techniques.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Orthopedic Research Center Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands. g.j.tuijthof@amc.uva.nl
authors.forename: Gabriëlle J M
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Tuijthof
authors.forename: Lijkele
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Beimers
authors.forename: Gino M M J
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Kerkhoffs
authors.forename: Jenny
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dankelman
authors.forename: C Niek van
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Dijk
mesh_terms: D000843:Ankle Joint / Q000601:surgery*; D001174:Arthrodesis / Q000379:methods*; D001182:Arthroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D013639:Tarsal Bones