title: Red blood cell membrane fragments but not intact red blood cells promote calcium oxalate monohydrate crystal growth and aggregation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cell membranes are thought to promote calcium oxalate kidney stone formation but to our knowledge the modulating effect of red blood cell membranes on calcium oxalate crystals has not been previously investigated. Thus, we examined the effects of red blood cell membrane fragments on calcium oxalate monohydrate and calcium oxalate dihydrate crystal growth and aggregation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Calcium oxalate monohydrate and calcium oxalate dihydrate crystals were treated with red blood cell membrane fragments or intact red blood cells from a healthy donor. Phase contrast microscopy was performed to evaluate crystal morphology and aggregation. We used ImageMaster 2D Platinum software to evaluate crystal size and spectrophotometric oxalate depletion assay to monitor crystal growth.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Red blood cell membrane fragments had significant promoting activity on calcium oxalate monohydrate crystal growth with an approximately 75% increase in size and aggregation with an approximately 2.5-fold increase in aggregate number compared to the control without membrane fragments or cells. Approximately 50% of calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals were adhered by red blood cell membrane fragments. Intact red blood cells had no significant effect on calcium oxalate monohydrate crystal growth or aggregation but they could transform calcium oxalate monohydrate to calcium oxalate dihydrate crystals. Red blood cell membrane fragments and intact red blood cells had no effect on calcium oxalate dihydrate crystals. The promoting activity of red blood cell membrane fragments on calcium oxalate monohydrate crystal growth was successfully confirmed by spectrophotometric oxalate depletion assay.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To our knowledge our data provide the first direct evidence that red blood cell membrane fragments are a promoting factor for calcium oxalate monohydrate crystal growth and aggregation. Thus, they may aggravate calcium oxalate stone formation.
authors.affiliation: Medical Proteomics Unit, Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital and Center for Research in Complex Systems Sciences, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Somchai
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chutipongtanate
authors.forename: Visith
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Thongboonkerd
mesh_terms: D002129:Calcium Oxalate / Q000378:metabolism*; D003460:Crystallization; D004910:Erythrocyte Membrane / Q000502:physiology*; D004912:Erythrocytes; D006801:Humans
chemical_list: D002129:Calcium Oxalate