title: Integrated preclinical and clinical development of mTOR inhibitors in pancreatic cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this work was to determine the efficacy of inhibiting mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) in pancreatic cancer preclinical models and translate preclinical observations to the clinic.
  
  
  METHODS
  Temsirolimus (20 mg Kg(-1) daily) was administered to freshly generated pancreatic cancer xenografts. Tumour growth inhibition was determined after 28 days. Xenografts were characterised at baseline by gene expression and comparative genomic hybridisation. Patients with advanced, gemcitabine-resistant pancreatic cancer were treated with sirolimus (5 mg daily). The primary end point was 6-month survival rate (6mSR). Correlative studies included immunohistochemistry assessment of pathway expression in baseline tumours, drug pharmacokinetics (PKs), response assessment by FDG-PET and pharmacodynamic effects in peripheral-blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all, 4 of 17 xenografts (23%) responded to treatment. Sensitive tumours were characterised by gene copy number variations and overexpression of genes leading to activation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. Activation of p70S6K correlated with drug activity in the preclinical studies. Sirolimus was well tolerated in the clinic, showed predictable PKs, exerted pathway inhibition in post-treatment PBMCs and resulted in a 6mSR of 26%. No correlation, however, was found between activated p70S6K in tumour tissues and anti-tumour effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sirolimus activity in pancreatic cancer was marginal and not predicted by the selected biomarker.
authors.affiliation: The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Centre at Johns Hopkins and the Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Garrido-Laguna
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Uson
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Angenendt
authors.forename: W W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Villaroel
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: N V
authors.initials: NV
authors.lastname: Rajeshkumar
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jimeno
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Donehower
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Iacobuzio-Donahue
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Barrett
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Rudek
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rubio-Viqueira
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Laheru
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hidalgo
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000188:drug therapy*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006801:Humans; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D020123:Sirolimus / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
chemical_list: D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; C546842:MTOR protein, human; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; D020123:Sirolimus