title: Changes in bone mineral density in response to 24 weeks of resistance training in college-age men and women.
abstract: Osteoporosis is a chronic disease of major public health concern. Characterized by low bone mass and increasing risk for fracture, osteoporosis occurs to a greater extent in women. Resistance training is a mode of exercise that can be used to build peak bone mass during youth, thereby preventing osteoporosis later in life. Our aim was to evaluate the effectiveness of a resistance training protocol designed to apply loads to the hip and spine in men and women. We recruited recreationally active men (n = 12) and women (n = 12), ages of 18-23. An additional 10 participants (5 men, 5 women) served as controls. Volunteers completed questionnaires to assess health history, physical activity, dietary intake, and menstrual history. The training program was performed for 24 weeks, on 3 nonconsecutive days per week, including exercises for the upper, lower, and core musculature, marked by an undulating periodization varying between 67 and 95% of 1 repetition maximum (1RM) on the multijoint exercises of bench press, squats, and deadlifts. Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (Hologic Explorer, Waltham, MA, USA) was used to assess bone mineral density (BMD, g · cm(-2)). A 2-tailed analysis of covariance, controlling for body mass index, revealed that in comparison to women, men had significantly greater increases in BMD at the lateral spine and femoral neck. Male exercisers were found to increase BMD by 2.7-7.7%, whereas percent change in women ranged from -0.8 to 1.5%, depending on the bone site. Both male and female controls demonstrated about 1% change at any bone site. Results indicate that 24 weeks of resistance training, including squat and deadlift exercises, is effective in increasing BMD in young healthy men. Similar benefits were not derived by women who followed the same protocol.
authors.affiliation: Department of Natural Science, Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, California, USA. halmstedt@lmu.edu
authors.forename: Hawley C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Almstedt
authors.forename: Jacqueline A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Canepa
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Ramirez
authors.forename: Todd C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Shoepe
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D000293:Adolescent; D015519:Bone Density / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005272:Femur Neck / Q000502:physiology; D006615:Hip / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology; D055070:Resistance Training; D012737:Sex Factors; D013131:Spine / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult