title: Smaller prostate size predicts high grade prostate cancer at final pathology.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Prostate size may influence the likelihood of detecting high grade prostate cancer at final pathology. We evaluated the association between prostate size and high grade (Gleason score 7 or greater) cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed data from 2,880 patients who underwent surgical treatment of prostate cancer between January 2000 and June 2008. Prostate size measured at prostatectomy was compared across a strata of clinical variables (age, body mass index, prostate specific antigen, biopsy Gleason score, clinical stage and year of surgery) and pathological outcomes (final Gleason score, extraprostatic extension, positive surgical margin, seminal vesicle invasion and lymph node involvement). Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess prostate size as a predictor of high grade cancer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Older age, higher prostate specific antigen and later year of surgery were associated with larger gland size. Small prostate size was associated with high grade prostate cancer as well as extraprostatic extension and positive surgical margins on univariate and adjusted analysis. The probability of high grade disease decreased approximately 15% across the lowest vs highest prostate sizes. On multivariate analysis adjusted for age, race, prostate specific antigen, clinical stage, biopsy Gleason score and date of surgery prostate size was an important predictor of high grade disease (OR 0.94; 95% CI 0.92, 0.97 per 2 gm increments, p <0.001). The area under the ROC curve was 0.82 (95% CI 0.81, 0.84).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prostate size was inversely associated with the risk of high grade cancer at final pathology. The ability to predict high grade disease could have implications for the management of prostate cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
authors.forename: Mark R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Newton
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: Sam S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Peter E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Cookson
authors.forename: Rodney
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: Jay H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Fowke
authors.forename: S Duke
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Herrell
authors.forename: Roxelyn
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Baumgartner
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Vineet
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mishra
authors.forename: Jeffrey D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Blume
authors.forename: Joseph A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Daniel A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Barocas
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009929:Organ Size; D011379:Prognosis; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000145:classification* / Q000473:pathology*; D012306:Risk