title: [Experimental studies on the wounding capacity of recently developed shuriken/throwing stars and their legal categorization--an interdisciplinary view].
abstract: Shuriken/throwing stars are traditional Japanese weapons for close combat situations. They vary greatly in shape and mode of action. Due to their wounding capacity traditional shuriken made of steel were prohibited in Germany in the 1980's. In the present study three recently developed types of shuriken were examined to determine their wounding capacity. Type 1 was made of plastic, whereas type 2 was a so-called cyclone shuriken equipped with three knives protruding from a discoidal center due to centrifugal force during the flight. Type 3 consisted of three traditional metal shuriken with blunt edges and peaks produced for decorative purposes. Experiments using pig carcasses were carried out for types 1 and 2. An experiment using human skin was performed with type 3 shuriken. An experienced thrower performed throws from a distance of 1, 2, 3, and 4 m with the shuriken made of plastic. For the cyclone shuriken a distance of 4 m was chosen to ensure the unfolding of the shuriken during flight. Type 3 shuriken were tested using a distance of 2 m. Penetration depths of the shuriken made of plastic reached up to 8 mm in pig skin. The experiment with the cyclone shuriken revealed a penetration depth of up to 2.5 cm cutting through the entire abdominal tissue and opening up an intestinal loop whereas type 3 shuriken yielded maximal penetration depths between 0.9 and 2.3 cm. This study indicates that all three types of shuriken may inflict lethal wounds upon opponents in close combat. The findings of this study should promote a public discussion whether the ban on traditional shuriken should be extended to the recently developed types.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Rechtsmedizin der Universität Frankfurt am Main.
authors.forename: Mattias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kettner
authors.forename: Gunther
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gade
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ramsthaler
authors.forename: Sanjai
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pape
authors.forename: Alf
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Theisen
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schmidt
mesh_terms: D000007:Abdominal Injuries / Q000473:pathology; D034861:Abdominal Wall / Q000473:pathology; D000818:Animals; D003617:Dangerous Behavior; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D008670:Metals; D010969:Plastics; D012867:Skin / Q000293:injuries / Q000473:pathology; D013552:Swine; D054041:Weapons / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D014951:Wounds, Stab / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D008670:Metals; D010969:Plastics