title: Varenicline treatment for smoking cessation in Asian populations: a pooled analysis of placebo-controlled trials conducted in six Asian countries.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A pooled analysis to evaluate the efficacy and safety of varenicline versus placebo for smoking cessation in Asian populations. A secondary objective was to compare the data to pooled trials among predominantly Western populations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Smokers (n = 893) in three randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter, phase IIb or III trials conducted in six Asian countries (Japan, Taiwan, Korea, China, Singapore, and Thailand), received varenicline (1 mg twice daily; n = 447) or placebo (n = 446) for 12 weeks. Non-treatment follow-up lasted 12 weeks (40 weeks in Japan). Primary endpoint was the carbon monoxide-confirmed continuous abstinence rate (CAR) for weeks 9-12 (last 4 weeks of treatment). Secondary endpoint was CAR for weeks 9-24.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CAR was higher for varenicline than placebo during weeks 9-12 (58.6 vs. 34.3%; odds ratio [OR]: 2.74; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.08-3.60; p < 0.0001), and through 12 weeks of follow-up (CAR weeks 9-24; 41.4 vs. 25.3%; OR: 2.08; 95% CI: 1.56-2.77; p < 0.0001). The most frequent adverse events (AEs) in the varenicline group (greater incidence than the placebo group) were: nausea (31.5%), headache (8.5%), dizziness (7.8%), insomnia (7.4%), and upper abdominal pain (5.4%). Serious AEs occurred in four varenicline and five placebo participants. Discontinuations due to AEs occurred in 3.6% of varenicline and 1.6% of placebo participants. Compared with the Western studies, abstinence rates for both varenicline and placebo were numerically higher in the Asian studies, although treatment effects were similar between the two populations. AEs reported in the Asian trials were largely similar to those in the Western populations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Varenicline significantly improved smoking abstinence in Asian populations from six countries. AEs were predominantly of mild or moderate intensity. These data were largely the same as those seen in Western populations, but the studies were not designed to explore racial or cultural differences.
authors.affiliation: Smokers Information Centre, Fagerström Consulting AB, Helsingborg, Sweden. karl.fagerstrom@swipnet.se
authors.forename: Karl
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fagerström
authors.forename: Masakazu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: Hong-Jun
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: Shih-Tzu
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: Chen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.forename: Wendy
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Theodore C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Russ
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001208:Asia; D044466:Asian People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001552:Benzazepines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015337:Multicenter Studies as Topic; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010919:Placebos; D011153:Population; D011810:Quinoxalines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D000068580:Varenicline
chemical_list: D001552:Benzazepines; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists; D010919:Placebos; D011810:Quinoxalines; D000068580:Varenicline