title: Sustained growth of the ex vivo ablation zones' critical short axis using gas-cooled radiofrequency applicators.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the ablation zones created with a gas-cooled bipolar radiofrequency applicator performed on ex vivo bovine liver tissue.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 320 ablations with an internally gas-cooled bipolar radiofrequency applicator were performed on fresh ex vivo bovine liver tissue, varying the ablation time (5, 10, 15, and 20 min), power (20, 30, 40, and 50 W), and gas pressure of the CO(2) used for cooling (585, 600, 615, 630, 645 psi), leading to a total of 80 different parameter combinations. Size and shape of the white coagulation zone were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The largest complete ablation zone was achieved after 20 min of implementing 50 W and 645 psi, resulting in a short axis of mean 46 ± 1 mm and a long axis of 56 ± 2 mm (mean ± standard deviation). Short-axis diameters increased between 5 and 20 min of ablation time at 585 psi (increase of the short axis was 45% at 30 W, 29% at 40 W, and 39% at 50 W). This increase was larger at 645 psi (113% at 30 W, 67% at 40 W, and 70% at 50 W). Macroscopic assessment and NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) staining revealed incompletely ablated tissue along the needle track in 18 parameter combinations including low-power settings (20 and 30 W) and different cooling levels and ablation times.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gas-cooled radiofrequency applicators increase the short-axis diameter of coagulation in an ex vivo setting if appropriate parameters are selected.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Straße 3, 72076, Tübingen, Germany. hansjoerg.rempp@med.uni-tuebingen.de
authors.forename: Hansjörg
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rempp
authors.forename: Marcus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Scharpf
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Voigtlaender
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schraml
authors.forename: Diethard
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: Falko
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fend
authors.forename: Claus D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Claussen
authors.forename: Markus D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Enderle
authors.forename: Philippe L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Clasen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000295:instrumentation*; D002417:Cattle; D003080:Cold Temperature; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008099:Liver / Q000601:surgery*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric