title: Retroviral restriction factors and infectious risk in xenotransplantation.
abstract: The clinical application of xenotransplantation poses immunologic, ethical, and microbiologic challenges. Significant progress has been made in the investigation of each of these areas. Among concerns regarding infectious risks for human xenograft recipients is the identification in swine of infectious agents including porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERV) that are capable of replication in some human cell lines. PERV replication has, however, been difficult to demonstrate in primate-derived cell lines and in preclinical studies of non-human primates receiving porcine xenografts. Endogenous 'retroviral restriction factors' are intracellular proteins and components of the innate immune system that act at various steps in retroviral replication. Recent studies suggest that some of these factors may have applications in the management of endogenous retroviruses in xenotransplantation. The risks of PERV infection and the potential role of retroviral restriction factors in xenotransplantation are reviewed in detail.
authors.affiliation: Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Meije
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Tönjes
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Fishman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000502:physiology; D020077:Endogenous Retroviruses / Q000472:pathogenicity; D058851:GPI-Linked Proteins; D016679:Genome, Viral; D006801:Humans; D007239:Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008018:Life Cycle Stages; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000502:physiology; D012190:Retroviridae / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000502:physiology; D012192:Retroviridae Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D012307:Risk Factors; D013552:Swine; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D000074010:Bone Marrow Stromal Antigen 2
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D058851:GPI-Linked Proteins; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; C094572:BST2 protein, human; D000074010:Bone Marrow Stromal Antigen 2