title: Root and canal morphology of mandibular second molars in an Indian population.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There are no reports on the root canal anatomy of Indian mandibular second molars. The aim of this study was to investigate the root and canal morphology of Indian mandibular second molars by a canal staining and tooth clearing technique.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mandibular second molars (345) were collected for analyzing the morphology of the roots and root canal systems. The teeth were subjected to a canal staining and clearing technique; after which, the following features were examined under magnification: number and morphology of roots, number of root canals, root canal system configurations (Vertucci's classification and Gulabivala's additional classes), number of apical foramina, and intercanal communications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most of the second molars had two separate roots (87.8%) with three canals. C-shaped canal morphology was observed in 7.5% of the teeth examined. Both the mesial and distal roots of two rooted molars showed wide variations in canal number and configuration. Type IV and type I canal anatomies were most common in the mesial and distal roots of two rooted second molars, respectively. Approximately 54.84% of the teeth showed two apical foramina, and one specimen (3.8%) of the C-shaped roots showed three apical foramina.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The most common root morphology in Indian second molars is the two rooted morphology with three canals. Both the mesial and distal roots showed wide variations in canal anatomy with type IV and type I canal configuration predominating in the mesial and distal roots, respectively.
authors.affiliation: Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha University, Chennai, India. prasu_endo@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Prasanna
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Neelakantan
authors.forename: Chandana
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Subbarao
authors.forename: Chandragiri Venkata
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Subbarao
authors.forename: Mithun
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ravindranath
mesh_terms: D002965:Classification; D004396:Coloring Agents; D003786:Dental Pulp Cavity / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D016591:Histocytological Preparation Techniques; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D008334:Mandible; D008963:Molar / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D019227:Tooth Apex / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D014092:Tooth Root / Q000033:anatomy & histology*
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents