Proteomic technologies for the discovery of type 1 diabetes biomarkers.
In this review, we discuss several important issues concerning the discovery of protein biomarkers for complex human diseases, with a focus on type 1 diabetes. Serum or plasma is the first choice of specimen due to its richness in biological information and relatively easy availability. It is a challenging task to comprehensively characterize the serum/plasma proteome because of the large dynamic range of protein concentration. Therefore, sample pretreatment is required in order to explore the low- to medium-abundance proteins contained in serum/plasma. In this regard, enrichment of low-abundance proteins using random hexapeptide library beads has distinct advantages over the traditional immune-depletion methods, including higher efficiency, higher binding capacity, and lower cost. In-depth mining of serum/plasma proteome using different separation techniques have also been evaluated and are discussed in this review. Overall, the shotgun proteomics-multidimensional separation of digested peptides followed by mass spectrometry analysis--is highly efficient and therefore has become a preferred method for protein biomarker discovery.
Zhi
Wenbo
W
Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA.
Purohit
Sharad
S
Carey
Colleen
C
Wang
Meiyao
M
She
Jin-Xiong
JX
D015415:Biomarkers; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011506:Proteins / Q000737:chemistry; D040901:Proteomics
D015415:Biomarkers; D011506:Proteins