title: [Alternatives to animal testing].
abstract: The use of alternative methods to animal testing are an integral part of the 3Rs concept (refine, reduce, replace) defined by Russel & Burch in 1959. These approaches include in silico methods (databases and computer models), in vitro physicochemical analysis, biological methods using bacteria or isolated cells, reconstructed enzyme systems, and reconstructed tissues. Emerging "omic" methods used in integrated approaches further help to reduce animal use, while stem cells offer promising approaches to toxicologic and pathophysiologic studies, along with organotypic cultures and bio-artificial organs. Only a few alternative methods can so far be used in stand-alone tests as substitutes for animal testing. The best way to use these methods is to integrate them in tiered testing strategies (ITS), in which animals are only used as a last resort.
authors.affiliation: Unité de Biologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des produits de Santé, Site Montpellier-Vendargues, 635 rue de la Garenne, 34740 Vendargues. isabelle.fabre@afssaps.sante.fr
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Fabre
mesh_terms: D032761:Animal Experimentation; D000826:Animal Testing Alternatives; D000818:Animals; D000830:Animals, Laboratory; D006801:Humans