title: Enterococcus species composition determined by capillary electrophoresis of the groESL gene spacer region DNA.
abstract: Marine recreational beaches are monitored for fecal contamination by Enterococcus spp. (ENT) counts. Although different ENT species in the environment tend to thrive in and originate from distinct hosts, the current monitoring method does not differentiate among species. Time-consuming isolation-based species identification precludes routine analysis of environmental ENT communities. Therefore, an isolation-independent DNA fingerprinting method was developed to characterize environmental ENT communities using DNA length polymorphism of the spacer region between the groES and groEL genes common to most ENT species. Capillary electrophoresis resulted in distinct peak sizes of PCR products that carried polymorphic groESL spacers (300-335 bp in length) among 8 different ENT species (Enterococcus avium, Enterococcus gallinarum, Enterococcus casseliflavus, Enterococcus mundtii, Enterococcus hirae, Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus durans, and Enterococcus faecalis). Distortions in true species ratios observed in electropherograms were caused by PCR biases arising in a mixed ENT community DNA template. E. faecalis was overestimated and E. avium and E. faecium were underestimated compared to the original species ratios in the mixed community. The PCR product bias was constant between species, so good approximation of the species ratio in ENT communities is possible. In environmental samples, a high percentage of E. faecalis (96%) together with high total ENT counts were observed in samples collected from a sewer line and from several sites in a storm drain system where sewage leaks were suspected. In contrast, samples with <400 CFU 100 ml-1 ENT were either dominated by E. mundtii or had 4 or more ENT species. The latter ENT community profiles are considered to be signatures of enterococci rarely associated with animals with low or of non-fecal origin.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Blvd., Boston, MA 02125, USA. michie.yasuda@umb.edu
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yasuda
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Paar
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Doolittle
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brochi
authors.forename: O C
authors.initials: OC
authors.lastname: Pancorbo
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Stoner
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Shiaris
mesh_terms: D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D018833:Chaperonins / Q000235:genetics*; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D055867:Cyclonic Storms; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000378:metabolism; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics*; D021901:DNA, Intergenic / Q000235:genetics*; D019075:Electrophoresis, Capillary / Q000379:methods*; D016983:Enterococcus / Q000235:genetics*; D005798:Genes, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics*; D010802:Phylogeny; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012722:Sewage / Q000382:microbiology; D013045:Species Specificity; D014871:Water Microbiology
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D017931:DNA Primers; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D021901:DNA, Intergenic; C097970:GroESL protein, Bacteria; D012722:Sewage; D018833:Chaperonins