title: Urothelial cancer stem cells.
abstract: There is mounting evidence supporting the idea that tumors, similar to normal adult tissues, arise from a specific stem-like cell population, the cancer stem cells (CSCs), which are considered as the real driving force behind tumor growth, the ability to metastasize, as well as resistance to conventional antitumor therapy. The concept that cancer growth recapitulates normal proliferative and/or regenerative processes, even though in very dysfunctional ways, has tremendous implications for cancer therapy. The rapid development of the CSC field, shoulder to shoulder with powerful genome-wide screening techniques, has provided cause for optimism for the development of more reliable therapies in the future. However, several important issues still lie ahead. Recent identification of a highly tumorigenic stem-like compartment and existence of urothelial differentiation programs in urothelial cell carcinomas (UCCs) raised important questions about UCC initiation and development. This review examines the present knowledge on CSCs in UCCs regarding the similarities between CSCs and the adult urothelial stem cells, potential origin of urothelial CSCs, main regulatory pathways, surface markers expression, and the current state of CSC-targeting therapeutic strategies.
authors.affiliation: University of Nis School of Medicine, Nis, Serbia.
authors.forename: Irena
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Dimov
authors.forename: Milan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Visnjic
authors.forename: Vladisav
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Stefanovic
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D053263:Gene Regulatory Networks; D006801:Humans; D014411:Neoplastic Stem Cells / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D019459:Urothelium / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor