title: Infection risk by dermatophytes during storage and after domestic laundry and their temperature-dependent inactivation.
abstract: In the developed countries infections of the feet (tinea pedis, athlete's foot) and nails (onychomycosis) with the anthropophile fungus Trichophyton rubrum are most common. We examined the propagation of dermatophytes before and during domestic laundering. About 10% of the infectious material was transferred from contaminated textiles to sterile textiles during storage in a clothes basket simulation indicating a high infection risk during storage. This was evaluated with two quantification techniques: cultivation with subsequent colony counting and tracing of radioactively labelled propagating units. Both approaches reliably revealed similar results with the latter method reducing experimental time to few minutes compared to 2 weeks with the traditional method. The tracer technique allowed favourably to directly reflect the textile-bound infectious material at the moment of skin contact. To address the infection risk during domestic laundry, bioindicators with T. rubrum or the yeast Candida albicans were introduced into common domestic washing procedures with different temperature courses. While C. albicans did not survive any of the tests, T. rubrum could be recovered after washing at 30°C, indicating the risk potential of dermatophyte infections at home. Up to 16% of the initial fungus load was detected in the rinsing water. Washing at 60°C however, eliminated both pathogens, T. rubrum and C. albicans.
authors.affiliation: Hohenstein Institutes, Institute for Hygiene and Biotechnology, Schlosssteige 1, 74357, Boennigheim, Germany. t.hammer@hohenstein.de
authors.forename: Timo R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Hammer
authors.forename: Helmut
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mucha
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hoefer
mesh_terms: D003883:Arthrodermataceae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D003020:Clothing; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial / Q000379:methods; D004203:Disinfection / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007846:Laundering / Q000379:methods*; D050296:Microbial Viability; D013696:Temperature; D013784:Textiles / Q000382:microbiology*