title: Variations of atrioventricular septal defects predisposing to regurgitation and stenosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An additional malformation of the atrioventricular valve is occasionally encountered in patients with complete atrioventricular septal defect, and this may compromise accurate correction.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed 138 patients undergoing complete repair with two-patch technique between 1992 and 2008. The mean age was 7.1 + or - 8.3 months, and the mean body weight was 5.1 + or - 2.1 kg. Preceding pulmonary arterial banding was performed in 23 patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The operative record delineated additional malformations of the atrioventricular valve that posed difficulty in positioning the ventricular septal patch and in accurately approximating the cleft in 45 patients. Of them, four types (n = 40) were associated with increased incidence of postoperative left valvular problems (moderate or worse regurgitation or stenosis). These included abnormalities of the papillary muscles that accompanied hypoplastic mural leaflet or incomplete opening of one commissure in (n = 15; p = 0.0054), dense insertion of the chords of the superior leaflet that obscured the right side of the ventricle septal crest in (n = 13; p = 0.0004), double orifice valve (n = 7; p = 0.0225), and severe length disparities of the cleft that resulted from either disproportional size of superior against inferior leaflets or redundant chord supporting the left extremity of one of these leaflets (n = 5; p < 0.0001). Neither greater age at operation (more than 6 months) nor preceding pulmonary arterial band reduced the incidence of left valvular problems in the malformation group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An individualized technique is required to maintain coaptation of the atrioventricular valve, but in many cases, they are not completely correctable. Deferring complete repair by placing a pulmonary arterial band did not reduce left valvular problems.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, Sakakibara Heart Institute, 3-16-1 Asahi-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-0003, Japan. maando@shi.heart.or.jp
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ando
authors.forename: Yukihiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takahashi
mesh_terms: D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D015984:Causality; D005260:Female; D006344:Heart Septal Defects, Atrial / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery*; D006345:Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008944:Mitral Valve Insufficiency / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D008946:Mitral Valve Stenosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014262:Tricuspid Valve Insufficiency / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D014264:Tricuspid Valve Stenosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology