title: Predictors for hemodynamic improvement with temporary pacing after pediatric cardiac surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Temporary epicardial pacing wires are commonly placed during pediatric cardiac surgery. Data are sparse on postoperative pacing in this population. The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of use and identify predictors for the use of temporary epicardial pacing wires.
  
  
  METHODS
  Perioperative data were prospectively collected on all patients who underwent cardiac surgery at our institution (n = 162).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 117 (72%) patients had temporary epicardial pacing wires placed. Postoperatively, 23 (20%) of 117 patients had hemodynamic improvement with the use of temporary epicardial pacing wires. Indications for pacing were slow junctional rhythm (11/23 [48%]), junctional ectopic tachycardia (7/23 [31%]), pace termination of supraventricular tachycardia (3/23 [13%]) and atrial flutter (1/23 [4%]), and complete heart block (1/23 [4%]). By using univariate analysis, single-ventricle anatomy, heterotaxy, the Fontan procedure, use of circulatory arrest, intraoperative arrhythmia, pacing in the operating room, and use of vasoactive medications were predictors for hemodynamic improvement with the use of temporary epicardial pacing wires (P < .05). On multivariate analysis, the Fontan procedure, circulatory arrest, and intraoperative arrhythmias were independent predictors (P < .01). When excluding all patients with any of these 3 risk factors, only 2% were paced. Patients with clinically significant pacing had longer chest tube drainage (P < .01) and intensive care unit length of stay (P < .01). There were no complications associated with temporary epicardial pacing wires.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Fontan procedure, use of circulatory arrest, and intraoperative arrhythmias were associated with hemodynamic improvement with postoperative pacing and might represent indications for empiric intraoperative placement of temporary epicardial pacing wires. Patients without these risk factors were less likely to require pacing. Temporary epicardial pacing wires were safe and useful in the management of arrhythmias after pediatric cardiac surgery.
authors.affiliation: Divisions of Pediatric Cardiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery, New York Presbyterian Hospital-Columbia, New York, NY 10467, USA. ceresnak@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Scott R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Ceresnak
authors.forename: Robert H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Pass
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Starc
authors.forename: Allan J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Hordof
authors.forename: William J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Bonney
authors.forename: Ralph S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Mosca
authors.forename: Leonardo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liberman
mesh_terms: D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial / Q000009:adverse effects; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D018729:Fontan Procedure / Q000009:adverse effects; D006324:Heart Arrest, Induced / Q000009:adverse effects; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D009518:New York; D010496:Pericardium / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D020127:Recovery of Function; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome