title: Regional brain atrophy and functional disconnection across Alzheimer's disease evolution.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the contribution of regional grey matter (GM) atrophy and functional disconnection in determining the level of cognitive decline in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) at different clinical stages.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten patients with amnesic mild cognitive impairment (a-MCI), 11 patients with probable AD and 10 healthy controls were recruited. T1 volumes were obtained from each subject and postprocessed according to an optimised voxel based morphometry protocol. Resting state functional MRI data were also collected from the same individuals and analysed to produce connectivity maps after identification of the default mode network (DMN) by independent component analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with healthy controls, both AD and a-MCI patients showed a similar regional pattern of brain disconnection between the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) and the medial prefrontal cortex and the rest of the brain. Conversely, the distribution of GM atrophy was significantly more restricted in a-MCI than in AD patients. Interestingly, the PCC showed reduced connectivity in a-MCI patients in the absence of GM atrophy, which was, in contrast, detectable at the stage of fully developed AD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study indicates that disconnection precedes GM atrophy in the PCC, which is a critical area of the DMN, and supports the hypothesis that GM atrophy in specific regions of AD brains likely reflects a long term effect of brain disconnection. In this context, our study indicates that GM atrophy in PCC accompanies the conversion from MCI to AD.
authors.affiliation: Marbilab, Enrico Fermi Centre, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gili
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cercignani
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Serra
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Perri
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Giove
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Maraviglia
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Caltagirone
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bozzali
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000473:pathology* / Q000523:psychology; D000647:Amnesia / Q000473:pathology / Q000523:psychology; D001284:Atrophy; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000473:pathology / Q000523:psychology; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000473:pathology; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000473:pathology*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests