title: External costs of risky health behaviors associated with leading actual causes of death in the U.S.: a review of the evidence and implications for future research.
abstract: This paper reviews the evidence on external costs of risky behaviors in the U.S. and provides a framework for estimating them. External costs arise when a person does not bear all the costs of his or her behavior. They provide one of the strongest rationales for government interventions. Although the earlier estimates of external costs no longer have policy relevance, they demonstrated that the existence of external costs was an empirical question. We recommend that the estimates of external costs be updated as insurance structures, environments, and knowledge about these behaviors change. The general aspects of external costs may apply to countries other than the U.S. after taking into account differences in institutional, policy and epidemiological characteristics.
authors.affiliation: Division of Adult and Community Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 3005 Chamblee-Tucker Road, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA. arminehz@gmail.com
authors.forename: Armineh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zohrabian
authors.forename: Tomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Philipson
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000191:economics; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000150:complications; D002423:Cause of Death / Q000639:trends*; D004032:Diet; D015438:Health Behavior; D017048:Health Care Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005102:Health Expenditures; D006801:Humans; D009043:Motor Activity; D009752:Nutritional Status; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications / Q000191:economics; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000191:economics; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution