title: Managing postmenopausal bleeding revisited: what is the best first line investigation and who should be seen within 2 weeks? A cross-sectional study of 326 women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The management strategies of postmenopausal bleeding (PMB) vary between different centres. This study was conducted to (1) evaluate the performance of a "One Stop PMB Clinic" that uses trans-vaginal ultrasound scanning (TVS) ± Pipelle(®) endometrial biopsy (EB) as the first line investigation, and (2) identify the risk factors for endometrial cancer to help setting criteria to prioritize clinic slots.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective data review of 326 women seen in the period from 1 August 2005 until 31 August 2009 at Ipswich Hospital, UK.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median primary referral interval was 30 days. The prevalence of endometrial cancer and atypical hyperplasia was 5.5% (n = 18) and 1.8% (n = 6), respectively. One case with endometrial thickness (ET) of < 5mm and negative Pipelle(®) EB was found to have cancer on a curettage specimen taken for persistent bleeding. Statistical analysis revealed an association between endometrial cancer and increased ET (p < 0.0001), increased age (p = 0.004) and multiple episodes of bleeding (p=0.04). There was no evidence of an association with parity (p = 0.64) or severity of bleeding (p = 0.46). There was no case of endometrial cancer in HRT users.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TVS ± Pipelle(®) EB may be a safe first line investigation in managing PMB. Accepting that all investigations have a false negative rate, women with persistent bleeding should be re-investigated. Given the ever-increasing workload, the priority for urgent appointments may be given to the older women, non-users of HRT and those with multiple episodes rather than heavy bleeding.
authors.affiliation: The Ipswich Hospital NHS Trust, Ipswich IP4 5PD, Suffolk, UK. aymanewies@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Ayman A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Ewies
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Musonda
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001706:Biopsy; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004714:Endometrial Hyperplasia / Q000175:diagnosis; D016889:Endometrial Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis; D004717:Endometrium / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D017698:Postmenopause; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014592:Uterine Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology*