title: Differential inflammatory responses in aging and disease: TNF-alpha and IL-6 as possible biomarkers.
abstract: Oxidative stress has been reported to increase during aging and conditions of hypoxia. Although low oxygen saturation has a key role in the development of several age-related diseases, the underlying mechanisms are still unknown. We analyzed the relationship between aging and hypoxia by examining oxidative stress and inflammation-related cytokines. We collected blood samples from three volunteer experimental groups, consisting of one group of normoxic middle-aged people and two groups of individuals older than 75 years, which comprised a subgroup of normoxic subjects and another with oxyhemoglobin saturation lower than 95% (hypoxic). Our results showed a fall in antioxidant defenses in older people with hypoxia. TNF-alpha, the first element in the cytokine cascade, was significantly increased in the aged population, implying that aging is accompanied by a gradual increase in this inflammatory biomarker. IL-6 was not associated with aging, but it was highly elevated under hypoxia conditions in elderly subjects. Thus, these parameters could be used as biological markers of different inflammatory processes triggered by oxidative stress induced by a decrease in antioxidant defenses in the elderly population, with TNF-alpha as an indicator of chronic processes, such as aging, and IL-6 as a marker for acute responses, such as hypoxia.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: de Gonzalo-Calvo
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Neitzert
authors.forename: María
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fernández
authors.forename: Ignacio
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Vega-Naredo
authors.forename: Beatriz
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Caballero
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: García-Macía
authors.forename: Francisco Manuel
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Suárez
authors.forename: María Josefa
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Colunga
authors.forename: Juan José
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Solano
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Coto-Montes
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000097:blood* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004194:Disease; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; C508600:IL6 protein, human; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha