title: Congenital ureteral ectopia in continent and incontinent-related Entlebucher mountain dogs: 13 cases (2006-2009).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ectopic ureters (EUs) associated with varying combinations of urinary incontinence, hydronephrosis, and urinary tract infection have been identified in related North American Entlebucher Mountain Dogs.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To characterize the disease phenotype in affected dogs and evaluate possible modes of inheritance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty client-owned Entlebucher Mountain Dogs. Nine dogs had clinical signs of urinary tract disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective case series in which 17 dogs were evaluated with excretory urography, ultrasonography, and urethrocystoscopy. Three additional dogs were evaluated by necropsy alone. Clinical and pedigree histories from 165 North American Entlebuchers were compiled for analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eleven female and 2 male dogs were found to have EUs. Six females and 1 male were continent. Bilateral intravesicular ectopic ureters (IVEUs) were identified in 9 dogs, bilateral extravesicular ectopic ureters (EVEUs) in 3 dogs, and 1 dog had IVEU and EVEU. Hydronephrosis was identified in 5 dogs, 3 of which had bilateral IVEUs. Two necropsied dogs had bilateral hydronephrosis with presumed ureterovesical junction obstruction associated with chronic granulation tissue or lymphoplasmacytic inflammation. Twenty-six dogs with EUs were identified in the pedigree. Because of incomplete penetrance, mode of inheritance could not be determined.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ureteral ectopia is common in North American Entlebucher Mountain Dogs and clinical signs alone could not reliably predict disease phenotype. EVEUs were associated with urinary incontinence and occasionally hydronephrosis. IVEUs were clinically silent or associated with hydronephrosis. Further analyses are necessary to confirm and characterize the hereditary nature of the disorder.
authors.affiliation: Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: North
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Kruger
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Venta
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Rosenstein
authors.forename: E K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Randall
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Fitzgerald
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000151:congenital* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D008297:Male; D010375:Pedigree; D014515:Ureteral Diseases / Q000151:congenital / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*