title: Antimicrobial activity of simulated solar disinfection against bacterial, fungal, and protozoan pathogens and its enhancement by riboflavin.
abstract: Riboflavin significantly enhanced the efficacy of simulated solar disinfection (SODIS) at 150 watts per square meter (W m(-2)) against a variety of microorganisms, including Escherichia coli, Fusarium solani, Candida albicans, and Acanthamoeba polyphaga trophozoites (>3 to 4 log(10) after 2 to 6 h; P < 0.001). With A. polyphaga cysts, the kill (3.5 log(10) after 6 h) was obtained only in the presence of riboflavin and 250 W m(-2) irradiance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Medical Sciences Building, P.O. Box 138, University Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom. wh12@le.ac.uk
authors.forename: Wayne
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Heaselgrave
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kilvington
mesh_terms: D000048:Acanthamoeba / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D000818:Animals; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000494:pharmacology; D004203:Disinfection / Q000379:methods; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D005658:Fungi / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D005670:Fusarium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D050296:Microbial Viability / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D012256:Riboflavin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays
chemical_list: D004202:Disinfectants; D012256:Riboflavin