title: [Historical evolution of utensils used to feed non breastfed infants].
abstract: The objective of this article is to describe the utensils used throughout history to feed non breastfed infants. The method used was article review, reference search on the MEDLINE, LILACS and SciELO databases from 1966 to 2007 and documental analysis based on data from the internet, encyclopedias, art and history books, and museums. Utensils manufactured in a variety of materials and shapes, depending on availability, purchasing power and culture have been used since early history to feed babies who for different reasons were not breastfed. Many objects coexisted at the same time and place, others at distant sites and times. New alternatives have been accepted without evidence to prove or point toward the benefits of the change. Some of these alternatives were adopted again, even if infant mortality was high at the time in which they were used at first. In the beginning of the 20th century, bottles became conic-cylindrical. Technology brought about progress as to improve hygiene and enable contamination control. Glass gave way to plastic, and rubber nipples to silicone ones, but the bottle as we know it today is still the same of a 100 years ago.
authors.affiliation: Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas, SP, Brazil. sdiezcast@puc-campinas.edu.br
authors.forename: Silvia Diez
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Castilho
authors.forename: Antonio de Azevedo
authors.initials: Ade A
authors.lastname: Barros Filho
authors.forename: Monize
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cocetti
mesh_terms: D003297:Cooking and Eating Utensils / Q000266:history*; D005248:Feeding Methods / Q000295:instrumentation*; D049668:History, 15th Century; D049669:History, 16th Century; D049670:History, 17th Century; D049671:History, 18th Century; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049690:History, Ancient; D049691:History, Medieval; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant