title: Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis after gender reassignment surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Many factors have been implicated in the etiology of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVT). These include head injury, cancer, infections (sepsis, sinusitis, and mastoiditis), coagulopathies, pregnancy, systemic lupus erythematosus, and dehydration.
  
  
  METHODS
  We present the case of a patient who received long-term estrogen therapy for approximately 15 years after feminizing genitoplasty. The patient experienced a CVT with an excellent clinical outcome. A similar case has not been reported in the literature.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because CVT may be associated with morbidity, mortality, and risks from the complications and treatments of the condition, further research is needed to clarify the factors that may contribute to the long-term risk of CVT in patients receiving long-term estrogen therapy after feminizing genitoplasty.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Lahey Clinic Medical Center, 41 Mall Road, Burlington, MA 01805, USA. Joel.M.Oster@lahey.org
authors.forename: Joel M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Oster
authors.forename: Priya
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Shastri
authors.forename: Carl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Geyer
mesh_terms: D004967:Estrogens / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D020249:Hormone Replacement Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D018810:Magnetic Resonance Angiography; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D057830:Gender-Affirming Surgery / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012851:Sinus Thrombosis, Intracranial / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014189:Transsexualism / Q000150:complications*
chemical_list: D004967:Estrogens