title: Ulcerated plaques in the aortic arch contribute to symptomatic multiple brain infarction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The configuration of aortic plaque appears to be as important as its thickness when it acts as an embolic source to the brain. The frequency and clinical predictors of ulcerated plaque at the aortic arch identified using transoesophageal echocardiography (TOE) in patients with stroke were determined, and the association between the ulcer and recent ischaemic stroke, particularly multiple brain infarcts, which appear to indicate embolic stroke, was examined.
  
  
  METHODS
  Aortic and cardiac embolic sources were evaluated using TOE in 360 patients with fresh ischaemic stroke proven by diffusion-weighted MRI, including 210 patients with a single infarct and 150 with multiple infarcts, as well as in 101 non-stroke control patients. An ulcer was defined as a crater on the plaque ≥2.0 mm in depth and width.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An ulcerated plaque was identified in 10.6% of patients with stroke versus 2.0% of non-stroke patients, showing a 5.11-fold higher frequency in patients with stroke (95% CI 1.51 to 31.96) after adjustment for age and sex. After multivariate adjustment for clinical and ultrasonographic features, multiple-infarct patients had a 7.61-fold higher risk (95% CI 1.99 to 50.43) of having an ulcer than control patients and a 3.32-fold higher risk (95% CI 1.61 to 7.18) of having an ulcer than single-infarct patients. Diabetes mellitus and drinking habit were independently related to the presence of ulcerated plaque in patients with stroke.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ulcerated plaque in the aortic arch was associated with the development of ischaemic stroke, especially multiple brain infarcts, probably involving, at least in part, an embolic mechanism.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Sohei
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yoshimura
authors.forename: Kazunori
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Toyoda
authors.forename: Takahiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kuwashiro
authors.forename: Masatoshi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Koga
authors.forename: Ryoichi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Otsubo
authors.forename: Kuni
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Konaka
authors.forename: Masaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Naganuma
authors.forename: Hideki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Matsuoka
authors.forename: Hiroaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Naritomi
authors.forename: Kazuo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Minematsu
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001013:Aorta, Thoracic; D001018:Aortic Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology; D015984:Causality; D002544:Cerebral Infarction / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020766:Intracranial Embolism / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D058226:Plaque, Atherosclerotic / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology*