title: c- and N-myc regulate neural precursor cell fate, cell cycle, and metabolism to direct cerebellar development.
abstract: Separate murine knockout (KO) of either c- or N-myc genes in neural stem and precursor cells (NSC) driven by nestin-cre causes microcephaly. The cerebellum is particularly affected in the N-myc KO, leading to a strong reduction in cerebellar granule neural progenitors (CGNP) and mature granule neurons. In humans, mutation of N-myc also causes microcephaly in Feingold Syndrome. We created a double KO (DKO) of c- and N-myc using nestin-cre, which strongly impairs brain growth, particularly that of the cerebellum. Granule neurons were almost absent from the Myc DKO cerebellum, and other cell types were relatively overrepresented, including astroglia, oligodendrocytes, and Purkinje neurons. These findings are indicative of a profound disruption of cell fate of cerebellar stem and precursors. DKO Purkinje neurons were strikingly lacking in normal arborization. Inhibitory neurons were ectopic and exhibited very abnormal GAD67 staining patterns. Also consistent with altered cell fate, the adult DKO cerebellum still retained a residual external germinal layer (EGL). CGNP in the DKO EGL were almost uniformly NeuN and p27KIP1 positive as well as negative for Math1 and BrdU at the peak of normal cerebellar proliferation at P6. The presence of some mitotic CGNP in the absence of S phase cells suggests a possible arrest in M phase. CGNP and NSC metabolism also was affected by loss of Myc as DKO cells exhibited weak nucleolin staining. Together these findings indicate that c- and N-Myc direct cerebellar development by maintaining CGNP and NSC populations through inhibiting differentiation as well as directing rapid cell cycling and active cellular metabolism.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
authors.forename: Alice
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wey
authors.forename: Veronica
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Martinez Cerdeno
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pleasure
authors.forename: Paul S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Knoepfler
mesh_terms: D015087:2',3'-Cyclic-Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases / Q000378:metabolism; D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D001921:Brain / Q000166:cytology / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D001973:Bromodeoxyuridine / Q000378:metabolism; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000502:physiology*; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000166:cytology / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental / Q000235:genetics*; D005968:Glutamate Decarboxylase / Q000378:metabolism; D007381:Intermediate Filament Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D064231:Nestin; D058953:Neural Stem Cells / Q000502:physiology*; D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc / Q000172:deficiency / Q000378:metabolism*; D014404:Tubulin / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015087:2',3'-Cyclic-Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases; D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins; D001973:Bromodeoxyuridine; D005968:Glutamate Decarboxylase; D007381:Intermediate Filament Proteins; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D064231:Nestin; D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc; D014404:Tubulin; C500943:Atoh1 protein, mouse; C577484:NES protein, human; C577485:Nes protein, mouse; C462941:beta3 tubulin, mouse; C402565:glutamate decarboxylase 1