title: The decline of pneumococcal resistance after cessation of mass antibiotic distributions for trachoma.
abstract: After 6 biannual mass distributions of oral azithromycin for trachoma in Ethiopian communities, 76.8% (95% confidence interval [CI], 66.3%-85.1%) of nasopharyngeal Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates from children aged 1-5 years were resistant to macrolides. Twelve and 24 months after the last azithromycin treatment, resistance decreased to 30.6% (95% CI, 18.8%-40.4%; P <.001 ) and 20.8% (95% CI, 12.7%-30.7%; P < .001), respectively. Macrolide resistance decreases after antibiotic pressure is removed.
authors.affiliation: FI Proctor Foundation, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143-0944, USA.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Haug
authors.forename: Takele
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lakew
authors.forename: Gabremaskal
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Habtemariam
authors.forename: Wondu
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Alemayehu
authors.forename: Vicky
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Cevallos
authors.forename: Zhaoxia
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Jenafir
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: House
authors.forename: Kathryn
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ray
authors.forename: Travis
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Porco
authors.forename: Tina
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rutar
authors.forename: Jeremy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Keenan
authors.forename: Thomas M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Lietman
authors.forename: Bruce D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Gaynor
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005002:Ethiopia / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D011008:Pneumococcal Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000187:drug effects*; D014141:Trachoma / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents