title: HFE gene variants modify the association between maternal lead burden and infant birthweight: a prospective birth cohort study in Mexico City, Mexico.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Neonatal growth is a complex process involving genetic and environmental factors. Polymorphisms in the hemochromatosis (HFE) iron regulatory genes have been shown to modify transport and toxicity of lead which is known to affect birth weight.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated the role of HFE C282Y, HFE H63 D, and transferrin (TF) P570 S gene variants in modifying the association of lead and infant birthweight in a cohort of Mexican mother-infant pairs. Subjects were initially recruited between 1994-1995 from three maternity hospitals in Mexico City and 411 infants/565 mothers had archived blood available for genotyping. Multiple linear regression models, stratified by either maternal/infant HFE or TF genotype and then combined with interaction terms, were constructed examining the association of lead and birthweight after controlling for covariates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  3.1%, 16.8% and 17.5% of infants (N=390) and 1.9%, 14.5% and 18.9% of mothers (N=533) carried the HFE C282Y, HFE H63D, and TF P570 S variants, respectively. The presence of infant HFE H63 D variants predicted 110.3 g (95% CI -216.1, -4.6) decreases in birthweight while maternal HFE H63 D variants predicted reductions of 52.0 g (95% CI -147.3 to 43.2). Interaction models suggest that both maternal and infant HFE H63 D genotype may modify tibia lead's effect on infant birthweight in opposing ways. In our interaction models, maternal HFE H63 D variant carriers had a negative association between tibia lead and birthweight.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that the HFE H63 D genotype modifies lead's effects on infant birthweight in a complex fashion that may reflect maternal-fetal interactions with respect to the metabolism and transport of metals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. dcantonw@umich.edu
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cantonwine
authors.forename: Howard
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Martha Maria
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Téllez-Rojo
authors.forename: Brisa N
authors.initials: BN
authors.lastname: Sánchez
authors.forename: Héctor
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lamadrid-Figueroa
authors.forename: Adrienne S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Ettinger
authors.forename: Adriana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mercado-García
authors.forename: Mauricio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hernández-Avila
authors.forename: Robert O
authors.initials: RO
authors.lastname: Wright
mesh_terms: D001724:Birth Weight / Q000187:drug effects*; D001822:Body Burden; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005838:Genotype; D006432:Hemochromatosis / Q000235:genetics; D000071020:Hemochromatosis Protein; D015395:Histocompatibility Antigens Class I / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007501:Iron / Q000378:metabolism*; D007854:Lead / Q000633:toxicity*; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D008800:Mexico; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014168:Transferrin / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: C103673:HFE protein, human; D000071020:Hemochromatosis Protein; D015395:Histocompatibility Antigens Class I; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D014168:Transferrin; D007854:Lead; D007501:Iron