title: Symptomatic and neuroprotective effects following activation of nigral group III metabotropic glutamate receptors in rodent models of Parkinson's disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Increased glutamatergic innervation of the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNpr) and pars compacta (SNpc) may contribute to the motor deficits and neurodegeneration, respectively, in Parkinson's disease (PD). This study aimed to establish whether activation of pre-synaptic group III metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors reduced glutamate release in the SN, and provided symptomatic or neuroprotective relief in animal models of PD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Broad-spectrum group III mGlu receptor agonists, O-phospho-l-serine (l-SOP) and l-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate (l-AP4), were assessed for their ability to inhibit KCl-evoked [(3)H]-d-aspartate release in rat nigral prisms or inhibit KCl-evoked endogenous glutamate release in the SNpr in vivo using microdialysis. Reversal of akinesia in reserpine-treated rats was assessed following intranigral injection of l-SOP and l-AP4. Finally, the neuroprotective effect of 7 days' supra-nigral treatment with l-AP4 was examined in 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-lesioned rats.
  
  
  RESULTS
  l-SOP and l-AP4 inhibited [(3)H]-d-aspartate release by 33 and 44% respectively. These effects were blocked by the selective group III mGlu antagonist (RS)-alpha-cyclopropyl-4-phosphonophenylglycine (CPPG). l-SOP also reduced glutamate release in the SNpr in vivo by 48%. Injection of l-SOP and l-AP4 into the SNpr reversed reserpine-induced akinesia. Following administration above the SNpc, l-AP4 provided neurochemical, histological and functional protection against 6-OHDA lesion of the nigrostriatal tract. Pretreatment with CPPG inhibited these effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings highlight group III mGlu receptors in the SN as potential targets for providing both symptomatic and neuroprotective relief in PD, and indicate that inhibition of glutamate release in the SN may underlie these effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Histology, Anderson Stuart Building, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Austin
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Betts
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Broadstock
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: O'Neill
authors.forename: S N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Duty
mesh_terms: D000613:Aminobutyrates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000818:Animals; D001224:Aspartic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D018690:Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D017551:Microdialysis; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D010768:Phosphoserine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D018094:Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate / Q000819:agonists*; D013378:Substantia Nigra / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000613:Aminobutyrates; D018690:Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D018094:Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate; C102718:metabotropic glutamate receptor 3; D010768:Phosphoserine; D001224:Aspartic Acid; D018698:Glutamic Acid; C012729:2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid