title: Evaluating the clinical usefulness of structured questions in parosmia assessment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Parosmia and phantosmia relate to distorted odor perceptions. Little is known about their clinical significance. Measuring phantosmia and parosmia is still not possible. Today, assessment of parosmia or phantosmia relies mainly upon the patient's interview and the physician's experience. Therefore, we investigated the clinical usefulness of four structured questions in comparison to the patient's history regarding their accuracy in terms of the presence of odor distortions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tertiary care center outpatient clinic analyses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Responses from 193 patients were analyzed. All patients underwent full olfactory work-up (ear, nose, and throat examination, Sniffin' Sticks testing, structural brain imaging) and filled in a questionnaire with four parosmia questions and six questions regarding characteristics and severity of the parosmia. These responses formed the bases of a numerical parosmia score.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with parosmia showed significantly lower parosmia scores (P <.001) when compared to either patients with phantosmia or patients without odor distortions. Two questions could be identified that showed a high association to the presence or absence of parosmia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present results confirm reports on the high frequency of parosmia and phantosmia among patients suffering from olfactory disorders. A parosmia score could be established that distinguishes between patients with or without odor distortions. The score provides valuable information regarding the presence or absence of parosmia, thus helping the physician during the patient's evaluation.
authors.affiliation: Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Dresden Medical School, Dresden, Germany. bnlandis@yahoo.co.uk
authors.forename: Basile N
authors.initials: BN
authors.lastname: Landis
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Frasnelli
authors.forename: Ilona
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Croy
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hummel
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D000857:Olfaction Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires