title: Retinoic acid regulates myelin formation in the peripheral nervous system.
abstract: Understanding the mechanisms that control myelin formation is essential for the development of demyelinating diseases treatments. All-trans-retinoic acid (RA) plays an essential role during the development of the nervous system as a potent regulator of morphogenesis, cell growth, and differentiation. In this study, we show that RA is also a potent inhibitor of peripheral nervous system (PNS) myelination. RA acts through its binding to RA receptors (RAR) and retinoid X receptors (RXR), two members of the superfamily of nuclear receptors that act as ligand-dependent transcription factors. Schwann cells (SCs) express all retinoid receptors during the relevant stages of myelin formation. Through the activation of RXR, RA produces an upregulation of Krox20, a SC-specific regulatory transcription factor that plays a central role during myelination. Krox20 upregulation translates into Mbp and Mpz overexpression, therefore blocking myelin formation. This increase in myelin protein expression is accompanied by the induction of an adaptive ER stress response. At the same time, through a RAR-dependent mechanism, RA downregulates myelin-associated glycoprotein, which also contributes to the dysmyelinating effect of the retinoid.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrine and Nervous System Physiopathology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Maria-Jesus
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Latasa
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ituero
authors.forename: Alejandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moran-Gonzalez
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aranda
authors.forename: Jose Miguel
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Cosgaya
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001391:Azo Compounds; D001565:Benzoates / Q000494:pharmacology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D018920:Coculture Techniques; D051767:Early Growth Response Protein 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian; D005727:Ganglia, Spinal / Q000166:cytology; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D009185:Myelin Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009186:Myelin Sheath / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D009281:Naphthalenes; D016900:Neurofilament Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D009474:Neurons / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D009539:Nicotinic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D009842:Oligopeptides / Q000378:metabolism; D011485:Protein Binding / Q000187:drug effects; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D047488:Retinoid X Receptors / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D012176:Retinoids / Q000494:pharmacology; D012583:Schwann Cells / Q000187:drug effects*; D012584:Sciatic Nerve / Q000166:cytology* / Q000254:growth & development; D013764:Tetrahydronaphthalenes / Q000494:pharmacology; D051742:Transcription Factor CHOP / Q000378:metabolism; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D001391:Azo Compounds; C539791:Bax-inhibiting peptide, BIP; D001565:Benzoates; D051767:Early Growth Response Protein 2; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D009185:Myelin Proteins; D009281:Naphthalenes; D016900:Neurofilament Proteins; D009539:Nicotinic Acids; D009842:Oligopeptides; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid; D047488:Retinoid X Receptors; D012176:Retinoids; D013764:Tetrahydronaphthalenes; C051774:neurofilament protein H; D051742:Transcription Factor CHOP; D014212:Tretinoin; C038864:4-(2-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-naphthalenyl)-1-propenyl)benzoic acid; C016118:Sudan Black B; C095104:LG 100268