title: Estimated glomerular filtration rate and albuminuria are independent predictors of cardiovascular events and death in type 2 diabetes mellitus: the Fenofibrate Intervention and Event Lowering in Diabetes (FIELD) study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated effects of renal function and albuminuria on cardiovascular outcomes in 9,795 low-risk patients with diabetes in the Fenofibrate Intervention and Event Lowering in Diabetes (FIELD) study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Baseline and year 2 renal status were examined in relation to clinical and biochemical characteristics. Outcomes included total cardiovascular disease (CVD), cardiac and non-cardiac death over 5 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lower estimated GFR (eGFR) vs eGFR ≥90 ml min⁻¹ 1.73 m⁻² was a risk factor for total CVD events: (HR [95% CI] 1.14 [1.01-1.29] for eGFR 60-89 ml min⁻¹ 1.73 m⁻²; 1.59 [1.28-1.98] for eGFR 30-59 ml min⁻¹ 1.73 m⁻²; p < 0.001; adjusted for other characteristics). Albuminuria increased CVD risk, with microalbuminuria and macroalbuminuria increasing total CVD (HR 1.25 [1.01-1.54] and 1.19 [0.76-1.85], respectively; p = 0.001 for trend) when eGFR ≥90 ml min⁻¹ 1.73 m⁻². CVD risk was further modified by renal status changes over the first 2 years. In multivariable analysis, 77% of the effect of eGFR and 81% of the effect of albumin:creatinine ratio were accounted for by other variables, principally low HDL-cholesterol and elevated blood pressure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reduced eGFR and albuminuria are independent risk factors for cardiovascular events and mortality rates in a low-risk population of mainly European ancestry. While their independent contributions to CVD risk appear small when other risk factors are considered, they remain excellent surrogate markers in clinical practice because they capture risk related to a number of other characteristics. Therefore, both should be considered when assessing prognosis and treatment strategies in patients with diabetes, and both should be included in risk models.
authors.affiliation: Auckland Diabetes Centre, New Zealand. pauld@xtra.co.nz
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Drury
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ting
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zannino
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ehnholm
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Flack
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Whiting
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fassett
authors.forename: J-C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Ansquer
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dixon
authors.forename: T M E
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pardy
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Colman
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Keech
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D011345:Fenofibrate / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents; D011345:Fenofibrate