title: Comparison of SAR calculation algorithms for the finite-difference time-domain method.
abstract: Finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations of specific-absorption rate (SAR) have several uncertainty factors. For example, significantly varying SAR values may result from the use of different algorithms for determining the SAR from the FDTD electric field. The objective of this paper is to rigorously study the divergence of SAR values due to different SAR calculation algorithms and to examine if some SAR calculation algorithm should be preferred over others. For this purpose, numerical FDTD results are compared to analytical solutions in a one-dimensional layered model and a three-dimensional spherical object. Additionally, the implications of SAR calculation algorithms for dosimetry of anatomically realistic whole-body models are studied. The results show that the trapezium algorithm-based on the trapezium integration rule-is always conservative compared to the analytic solution, making it a good choice for worst-case exposure assessment. In contrast, the mid-ordinate algorithm-named after the mid-ordinate integration rule-usually underestimates the analytic SAR. The linear algorithm-which is approximately a weighted average of the two-seems to be the most accurate choice overall, typically giving the best fit with the shape of the analytic SAR distribution. For anatomically realistic models, the whole-body SAR difference between different algorithms is relatively independent of the used body model, incident direction and polarization of the plane wave. The main factors affecting the difference are cell size and frequency. The choice of the SAR calculation algorithm is an important simulation parameter in high-frequency FDTD SAR calculations, and it should be explained to allow intercomparison of the results between different studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radio Science and Engineering, Aalto University, Otakaari 5 A, 02150 Espoo, Finland. ilkka.laakso@tkk.fi
authors.forename: Ilkka
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Laakso
authors.forename: Tero
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Uusitupa
authors.forename: Sami
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ilvonen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011874:Radiometry; D013997:Time Factors