title: Fetal alcohol exposure increases mammary tumor susceptibility and alters tumor phenotype in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Altered fetal programming because of a suboptimal in utero environment has been shown to increase susceptibility to many diseases later in life. This study examined the effect of alcohol exposure in utero on N-nitroso-N-methylurea (NMU)-induced mammary cancer risk during adulthood.
  
  
  METHODS
  Study 1: Pregnant Sprague Dawley rats were fed a liquid diet containing 6.7% ethanol (alcohol-fed), an isocaloric liquid diet (pair-fed), or rat chow ad libitum (ad lib-fed) from day 11 to 21 of gestation. At birth, female pups were cross-fostered to ad lib-fed control dams. Adult offspring were given an I.P. injection of NMU at a dose of 50 mg/kg body weight. Mammary glands were palpated for tumors twice a week, and rats were euthanized at 23 weeks postinjection. Study 2: To investigate the role of estradiol (E2), animals were exposed to the same in utero treatments but were not given NMU. Serum was collected during the preovulatory phase of the estrous cycle.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At 16 weeks postinjection, overall tumor multiplicity was greater in the offspring from the alcohol-fed group compared to the control groups, indicating a decrease in tumor latency. At study termination, 70% of all animals possessed tumors. Alcohol-exposed animals developed more malignant tumors and more estrogen receptor-α-negative tumors relative to the control groups. In addition, IGF-binding protein-5 (IGFBP-5) mRNA and protein were decreased in tumors of alcohol-exposed animals. Study 2 showed that alcohol-fed animals had significantly increased circulating E2 when compared to either control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data indicate that alcohol exposure in utero increases susceptibility to mammary tumorigenesis in adulthood and suggest that alterations in the IGF and E2 systems may play a role in the underlying mechanism.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
authors.forename: Tiffany A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Polanco
authors.forename: Catina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Crismale-Gann
authors.forename: Kenneth R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Reuhl
authors.forename: Dipak K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Sarkar
authors.forename: Wendie S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Cohick
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants / Q000633:toxicity*; D018450:Disease Progression; D004958:Estradiol / Q000502:physiology; D000431:Ethanol / Q000633:toxicity*; D005260:Female; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D018975:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 5 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000378:metabolism; D015674:Mammary Neoplasms, Animal / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000473:pathology*; D010641:Phenotype; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000473:pathology*; D012313:RNA / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013002:Somatomedins / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants; D018975:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 5; D013002:Somatomedins; D000431:Ethanol; D004958:Estradiol; D012313:RNA; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I