title: Molecular therapy of breast cancer: progress and future directions.
abstract: Breast cancer is a major cause of death in Western women, with a 10% lifetime risk of the disease. Most breast cancers are estrogen-dependent. Molecular therapies for breast cancer have developed rapidly in the past few decades and future treatment strategies are being investigated. The selective estrogen receptor (ER) modulator tamoxifen, which until now has served as a standard therapy, functions not only as an estrogen antagonist but also as an estrogen agonist in terms of bone maintenance. Aromatase inhibitors have performed well in international trials and have become a new standard therapy for estrogen-dependent breast cancer. The systematic study of estrogen activation pathways suggests that the enzymes steroid sulfatase and 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1, which both have pivotal roles in estrogen biosynthesis, are promising targets; the results of a phase I trial of steroid sulfatase inhibitors are encouraging. The activity of the human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER) pathway correlates negatively with that of the ER. HER2 is overexpressed in 22% of all breast cancers. In the decade since HER2 began being targeted, the monoclonal antibody trastuzumab has been used as well as pertuzumab and HER2 vaccines. Among the estrogen-independent breast cancers, the basal-like subtype has low survival, and therapeutic improvement is a priority. Crosstalk between ER and HER2 signaling pathways means that combinatory therapies may hold the key to enhancement of treatment responses. Other molecular therapies involving functional genomics and RNA interference studies also hold promise.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology and Oncology, CHUL (CHUQ) Research Center and Laval University, 2705 Boulevard Laurier, QC G1V 4G2, Canada. sheng-xiang.lin@crchul.ulaval.ca
authors.forename: Sheng-Xiang
authors.initials: SX
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Jiong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Mausumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mazumdar
authors.forename: Donald
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Poirier
authors.forename: Cheng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Arezki
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Azzi
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhou
mesh_terms: D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy*; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy*; D004965:Estrogen Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends*; D034622:RNA Interference / Q000502:physiology; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; D004965:Estrogen Antagonists; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases