title: Postoperative pain after the application of two different irrigation devices in a prospective randomized clinical trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The extrusion of irrigation solutions beyond the apical constriction may result in postoperative pain. Sodium hypochlorite can cause severe tissue irritation and necrosis outside the root canal system if extruded into the periodontal ligament (PDL) space. Different delivery techniques were discussed to reduce this potential risk. The aim of this study was to compare the postoperative level of pain after root canal therapy using either endodontic needle irrigation or a negative apical pressure device.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a prospective randomized clinical trial, 110 asymptomatic single-rooted anterior and premolar teeth were treated endodontically with two different irrigation techniques. The teeth were randomly assigned to two groups. In the MP group (n = 55), procedures were performed using an endodontic irrigating syringe (Max-i-Probe; Dentsply Rinn, Elgin, IL). The EV group (n = 55) used an irrigation device based on negative apical pressure (EndoVac; Discus Dental, Culver City, CA). Postoperatively, the patients were prescribed ibuprofen 200 mg to take every 8 hours if required. Pain levels were assessed by an analog scale questionnaire after 4, 24, and 48 hours. The amount of ibuprofen taken was recorded at the same time intervals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the 0- to 4-, 4- to 24-, and 24- to 48-hour intervals after treatment, the pain experience with the negative apical pressure device was significantly lower than when using the needle irrigation (p < 0.0001 [4, 24, 48 hours]). Between 0 and 4 and 4 and 24 hours, the intake of analgesics was significantly lower in the group treated by the negative apical pressure device (p < 0.0001 [0-4 hours], p = 0.001 [4-24 hours]). The difference for the 24- to 48-hour period was not statistically different (p = 0.08). The Pearson correlation coefficient revealed a strongly positive and significant relationship for the MP group (r = 0.851, p < 0.001) and the EV group (r = 0.596, p < 0.0001) between pain intensity and the amount of analgesics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The outcome of this investigation indicates that the use of a negative apical pressure irrigation device can result in a significant reduction of postoperative pain levels in comparison to conventional needle irrigation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
authors.forename: Eudes
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gondim
authors.forename: Frank C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Setzer
authors.forename: Carla Bertelli
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Dos Carmo
authors.forename: Syngcuk
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003791:Dental Pulp Test; D004492:Edetic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007052:Ibuprofen / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009339:Needles; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000209:etiology*; D011312:Pressure; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011671:Pulpitis / Q000628:therapy; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D018915:Root Canal Preparation / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite / Q000008:administration & dosage; D013594:Syringes; D007507:Therapeutic Irrigation / Q000295:instrumentation; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants; D004492:Edetic Acid; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite; D007052:Ibuprofen