title: Varicocele and nutcracker syndrome: sonographic findings.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Varicocele is a vascular lesion commonly associated with infertility. Its etiology is only partly understood; hence, the purpose of the study was to establish its correlation with intrinsic anatomic differences and nutcracker syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 93 patients with varicocele and 76 patients without varicocele were enrolled. The diagnosis of varicocele was based on physical examination, followed by sonographic evaluation of the hilar portion and aortomesenteric portion (AMP) of the left renal vein (LRV). The anteroposterior diameter in millimeters and peak flow in centimeters per second in each region were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 28 patients with the nutcracker syndrome were identified in the study group (30.10%), and 2 were identified in the control group (2.63%). The mean diameters of the hilar portion and AMP of the LRV were significantly different in varicocele-affected patients compared with the control group (P < .0001 for both). The mean peak velocities in the hilar portion and AMP were significantly different in patients with varicocele (P < .0001). Patients with varicocele and nutcracker syndrome did not have a significant difference in either the hilar or AMP diameter compared with patients with varicocele without nutcracker syndrome. They had a significant difference in both the hilar and AMP peak flow velocity (P = .0001 for both).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings indicate that nutcracker syndrome is a frequent finding in varicocele-affected patients and should be routinely excluded as a possible cause of varicocele. In addition, intrinsic anatomic differences in the AMP and hilar portion of the LRV could be directly responsible for the onset of varicocele.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, West-Azerbaijan, Iran.
authors.forename: Afshin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mohammadi
authors.forename: Afshin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mohamadi
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ghasemi-Rad
authors.forename: Nikol
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mladkova
authors.forename: Sima
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Masudi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D013085:Spermatic Cord / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000379:methods*; D014646:Varicocele / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*