title: Treatment of hyperthyroidism in pregnancy and birth defects.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Clinical hyperthyroidism is not uncommon in pregnancy, with a reported prevalence of 0.1 to 0.4%. The available antithyroid drugs are propylthiouracil and methimazole/carbimazole.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In this report we examined the association of both drugs with congenital malformations using data from the International Clearinghouse for Birth Defects Surveillance and Research.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study used a case-affected control analysis and included 18,131 cases with malformations and reported first-trimester exposure to medication. A total of 127 subjects were born to mothers with known first-trimester antithyroid drug exposure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the 52 groups of malformations that were analyzed, situs inversus ± dextrocardia, isolated unilateral kidney a/dysgenesis, and cardiac outflow tract defects were associated with prenatal exposure to propylthiouracil based on three, two, and five cases, respectively. Prenatal exposure to methimazole/carbimazole was significantly associated with choanal atresia, omphalocele, and total situs inversus ± dextrocardia (P < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Further studies are required to exhaustively evaluate the associations between propylthiouracil and birth defects because of the low number, the lack of biological plausibility, and the possibility of underdiagnosis. Association between methimazole/carbimazole exposure and omphalocele and choanal atresia is consistent with previous reports and definitely suggests that these malformations could be part of a specific, even if rare, embryopathy.
authors.affiliation: Servizio di Informazione Teratologica, Genetica Clinica, Department of Pediatrics, University of Padova, Padova, Italy. maurizio.clementi@unipd.it
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Clementi
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Di Gianantonio
authors.forename: Matteo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cassina
authors.forename: Emanuele
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Leoncini
authors.forename: Lorenzo D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Botto
authors.forename: Pierpaolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mastroiacovo
mesh_terms: D000014:Abnormalities, Drug-Induced / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D013956:Antithyroid Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002231:Carbimazole / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006980:Hyperthyroidism / Q000188:drug therapy*; D015994:Incidence; D008713:Methimazole / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011441:Propylthiouracil / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D013956:Antithyroid Agents; D008713:Methimazole; D011441:Propylthiouracil; D002231:Carbimazole