title: Effects of brief and sham mindfulness meditation on mood and cardiovascular variables.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although long-term meditation has been found to reduce negative mood and cardiovascular variables, the effects of a brief mindfulness meditation intervention when compared to a sham mindfulness meditation intervention are relatively unknown. This experiment examined whether a 3-day (1-hour total) mindfulness or sham mindfulness meditation intervention would improve mood and cardiovascular variables when compared to a control group.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty-two (82) undergraduate students (34 males, 48 females), with no prior meditation experience, participated in three sessions that involved training in either mindfulness meditation, sham mindfulness meditation, or a control group. Heart rate, blood pressure, and psychologic variables (Profile of Mood States, State Anxiety Inventory) were assessed before and after the intervention.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The meditation intervention was more effective at reducing negative mood, depression, fatigue, confusion, and heart rate, when compared to the sham and control groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that brief meditation training has beneficial effects on mood and cardiovascular variables that go beyond the demand characteristics of a sham meditation intervention.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA. fzeidan@wfubmc.edu
authors.forename: Fadel
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zeidan
authors.forename: Susan K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Nakia S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Gordon
authors.forename: Paula
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Goolkasian
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D001007:Anxiety / Q000517:prevention & control; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D002320:Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena; D003863:Depression / Q000517:prevention & control; D005221:Fatigue / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D019122:Meditation / Q000379:methods*; D026441:Mind-Body Therapies; D015990:Placebo Effect; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000517:prevention & control; D055815:Young Adult