title: Association of early repolarization pattern on ECG with risk of cardiac and all-cause mortality: a population-based prospective cohort study (MONICA/KORA).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Early repolarization pattern (ERP) on electrocardiogram was associated with idiopathic ventricular fibrillation and sudden cardiac arrest in a case-control study and with cardiovascular mortality in a Finnish community-based sample. We sought to determine ERP prevalence and its association with cardiac and all-cause mortality in a large, prospective, population-based case-cohort study (Monitoring of Cardiovascular Diseases and Conditions [MONICA]/KORA [Cooperative Health Research in the Region of Augsburg]) comprised of individuals of Central-European descent.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Electrocardiograms of 1,945 participants aged 35-74 y, representing a source population of 6,213 individuals, were analyzed applying a case-cohort design. Mean follow-up was 18.9 y. Cause of death was ascertained by the 9th revision of the International Classification of Disease (ICD-9) codes as documented in death certificates. ERP-attributable effects on mortality were determined by a weighted Cox proportional hazard model adjusted for covariables. Prevalence of ERP was 13.1% in our study. ERP was associated with cardiac and all-cause mortality, most pronounced in those of younger age and male sex; a clear ERP-age interaction was detected (p = 0.005). Age-stratified analyses showed hazard ratios (HRs) for cardiac mortality of 1.96 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.05-3.68, p = 0.035) for both sexes and 2.65 (95% CI 1.21-5.83, p = 0.015) for men between 35-54 y. An inferior localization of ERP further increased ERP-attributable cardiac mortality to HRs of 3.15 (95% CI 1.58-6.28, p = 0.001) for both sexes and to 4.27 (95% CI 1.90-9.61, p<0.001) for men between 35-54 y. HRs for all-cause mortality were weaker but reached significance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found a high prevalence of ERP in our population-based cohort of middle-aged individuals. ERP was associated with about a 2- to 4-fold increased risk of cardiac mortality in individuals between 35 and 54 y. An inferior localization of ERP was associated with a particularly increased risk. Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary.
authors.affiliation: University Hospital Munich, Campus Grosshadern, Medical Department I, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Moritz F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Sinner
authors.forename: Wibke
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Reinhard
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: Britt-Maria
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Beckmann
authors.forename: Eimo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Martens
authors.forename: Siegfried
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Perz
authors.forename: Arne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pfeufer
authors.forename: Janina
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Winogradow
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Stark
authors.forename: Christa
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Meisinger
authors.forename: H-Erich
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Wichmann
authors.forename: Annette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.forename: Günter A J
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Riegger
authors.forename: Gerhard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Steinbeck
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hengstenberg
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kääb
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002423:Cause of Death; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011153:Population; D011159:Population Surveillance / Q000379:methods; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012306:Risk; D013997:Time Factors