title: Intracapsular organization of ciliary zonules in monkey eyes.
abstract: Ciliary zonules are responsible for changing the curvature of a lens in the dioptric focus of an eye. Present established theory is based on the relaxation of zonular superficial fasciculi affixed to the capsular surface, thereby inducing the change of anterior- and posterior lens curvature causing spontaneous liquid movement of lens material. To achieve precise focusing at any distance, a more active functional organization should exist. The present studies were performed to determine not only the surface attachment but also the intracapsular affix of zonules on monkey eyes. In addition, the development of focusing in newborn and presbyopia is analyzed. Histology was prepared by conventional and molecular immunofluorescence stainings on the compositions of zonules with fibrillin-1 (FBN 1) and lens capsule with collagen IV (COL IV), and in situ hybridization (ISH) analyses on frozen sections. Superficial circumferential attachments of zonule were found radially oriented between ciliary processes and anterior/posterior lens capsules forming a triangular figure. Two functional intralayer integrations were found above them; anterior-posterior crossed fibers over the equator and radial fibers distributed toward the anterior or posterior polar areas. These fibers were bound tightly to the deep layer connective tissues close to the lens epithelium. Fine zonular fibers were aggregated, gradually forming bundles and bifurcated again on the way to the capsule. The lateral striped staining pattern in bundles suggested their elastic nature. Response of α-helixes of collagen IV immunostaining was more positive on α-1,2,4 than α-3,5,6 on anterior- and posterior lens capsules. Newborn eyes revealed not fascicular but fine membranous zonules on the lens surface and small ciliary processes. ISH analysis revealed high synthetic expression of FBN 1 mRNA in cytoplasm of nonpigmented epithelial cells of ciliary processes. The synthetic expression of FBN 1 declined with aging. According to the mechanism of accommodation, active dynamic movement of anterior or posterior capsules play the main role of changing the lens configuration by two intralayer zonular integrations, including anterior-posterior crossed fibers over the equator and radial fibers toward anterior or posterior polar areas acting with coordinated contraction of circular or longitudinal ciliary muscles. The developmental change on focusing is brought about by synthesis of FBN 1 in the newborn eye.
authors.affiliation: Department of System Neuroscience, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Neuroscience, Tokyo Metropolitan Organization for Medical Research, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan. mari9190@true.ocn.ne.jp
authors.forename: Mari
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hiraoka
authors.forename: Ken-Ichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.forename: Chiaki
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ohtaka-Maruyama
authors.forename: Shunji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ohsako
authors.forename: Naosuke
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kojima
authors.forename: Haruki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Senoo
authors.forename: Masahiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Takada
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D002924:Ciliary Body / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000378:metabolism; D024141:Collagen Type IV / Q000378:metabolism; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000071837:Fibrillins; D015870:Gene Expression; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D007903:Lens Capsule, Crystalline / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000378:metabolism; D008251:Macaca / Q000502:physiology*; D008840:Microfilament Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D024141:Collagen Type IV; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins; D000071837:Fibrillins; D008840:Microfilament Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger