title: Elucidating the CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling network in chronic lymphocytic leukemia through phosphoproteomics analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) pathogenesis has been linked to the prolonged survival and/or apoptotic resistance of leukemic B cells in vivo, and is thought to be due to enhanced survival signaling responses to environmental factors that protect CLL cells from spontaneous and chemotherapy-induced death. Although normally associated with cell migration, the chemokine, CXCL12, is one of the factors known to support the survival of CLL cells. Thus, the signaling pathways activated by CXCL12 and its receptor, CXCR4, were investigated as components of these pathways and may represent targets that if inhibited, could render resistant CLL cells more susceptible to chemotherapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  To determine the downstream signaling targets that contribute to the survival effects of CXCL12 in CLL, we took a phosphoproteomics approach to identify and compare phosphopeptides in unstimulated and CXCL12-stimulated primary CLL cells. While some of the survival pathways activated by CXCL12 in CLL are known, including Akt and ERK1/2, this approach enabled the identification of additional signaling targets and novel phosphoproteins that could have implications in CLL disease and therapy. In addition to the phosphoproteomics results, we provide evidence from western blot validation that the tumor suppressor, programmed cell death factor 4 (PDCD4), is a previously unidentified phosphorylation target of CXCL12 signaling in all CLL cells probed. Additionally, heat shock protein 27 (HSP27), which mediates anti-apoptotic signaling and has previously been linked to chemotherapeutic resistance, was detected in a subset (approximately 25%) of CLL patients cells examined.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Since PDCD4 and HSP27 have previously been associated with cancer and regulation of cell growth and apoptosis, these proteins may have novel implications in CLL cell survival and represent potential therapeutic targets. PDCD4 also represents a previously unknown signaling target of chemokine receptors; therefore, these observations increase our understanding of alternative pathways to migration that may be activated or inhibited by chemokines in the context of cancer cell survival.
authors.affiliation: Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Morgan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: O'Hayre
authors.forename: Catherina L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Salanga
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Kipps
authors.forename: Davorka
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Messmer
authors.forename: Pieter C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Dorrestein
authors.forename: Tracy M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Handel
mesh_terms: D015153:Blotting, Western; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000502:physiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D054377:Chemokine CXCL12 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D055551:HSP27 Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D015451:Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D008954:Models, Biological; D010766:Phosphorylation; D040901:Proteomics / Q000379:methods*; D019718:Receptors, CXCR4 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D054377:Chemokine CXCL12; D055551:HSP27 Heat-Shock Proteins; D019718:Receptors, CXCR4