title: Familial prevalence of autoimmune disorders in multiple sclerosis in Northern Greece.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to evaluate for up to 7 years the prevalence of autoimmune disorders among naïve (untreated) multiple sclerosis family members compared with a contemporary general control population in Northern Greece, in a prospective case-control study, and to examine the possible relationship between immunomodulatory treatment and the appearance of additional autoimmune disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  The patients and controls enrolled comprised 1383 patients with definite MS and 4392 relatives in their families and a total of 452 controls families with 1652 members.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline, 891 multiple sclerosis families with 3112 members (73 multiplex multiple sclerosis families with 292 members and 818 simplex families with 2820 members) and 355 control families with 1580 members were examined regarding whether they had any of 12 autoimmune diseases. The baseline affected multiplex plus simplex multiple sclerosis families, the family members and the coexistent additional autoimmune disorders were higher compared with controls. There was an increase in longitudinally affected multiple sclerosis families, multiple sclerosis family members and coexistent additional autoimmune disorders compared with respective findings at the baseline observation. Comparison analysis between two time point observations (after a mean 7.1 +/- 2.2 years) for each autoimmune disorder in overall multiple sclerosis family members revealed increased rates for longitudinal autoimmune Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Graves' disease, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, psoriasis and vitiligo (p = 0.02, p = 0.006, p = 0.0004, p = 0.05, and p = 0.05, respectively). Some 145 newly developed, longitudinally definite autoimmune cases were recognized in multiplex plus simplex multiple sclerosis families; 116 (80%) of these disorders were observed in patients with multiple sclerosis treated with immunomodulatory medications, and 68 of these 116 (58.6%) cases exhibited baseline positive autoreactive antibodies. Binary logistic regression analysis revealed that immunotherapy predisposes to autoimmunity (odds ratio 2.8, p < 0.001) independently of the presence of baseline autoantibodies and patients' gender.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a longitudinally increased frequency of additional autoimmune disorders among multiple sclerosis family members, probably related to immunomodulatory therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Papageorgiou General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece. gderetzi@gmail.com
authors.forename: Georgia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Deretzi
authors.forename: Jannis
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kountouras
authors.forename: Evangelos
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Koutlas
authors.forename: Christos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zavos
authors.forename: Stergios
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Polyzos
authors.forename: Jobst
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rudolf
authors.forename: Nikolaos
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Grigoriadis
authors.forename: Emmanuel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gavalas
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Boziki
authors.forename: Iakovos
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Tsiptsios
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006115:Greece / Q000453:epidemiology; D040941:Heredity; D006801:Humans; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000009:adverse effects; D016015:Logistic Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010375:Pedigree; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D007155:Immunologic Factors