title: Central vein stenosis or occlusion associated with cardiac rhythm management device leads in hemodialysis patients with ipsilateral arteriovenous access: a retrospective study of treatment using stents or stent-grafts.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Symptomatic central vein stenosis commonly occurs when cardiac rhythm management device (CRMD) leads are placed via the subclavian vein ipsilateral to arteriovenous (AV) hemodialysis (HD) access. The purposes of this study were to determine the outcomes, complications, and patency following stenting of CRMD lead-associated central vein stenosis or occlusion, and to determine the effect of stents on CRMD function.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourteen HD patients with AV access and an ipsilateral CRMD were treated with stents for symptomatic central vein stenosis or occlusion following inadequate response to angioplasty from January 2005 to December 2009. Subsequent access interventions, complications, and outcomes were reviewed retrospectively. Cardiology records were examined to assess CRMD function.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Treatment of stenosis or occlusion with angioplasty and stenting resulted in 100% procedural success and no complications. At 6 and 12 months, respectively, primary patency rates were 45.5% and 9.0%; primary-assisted patency rates were 90.9% and 80.0%; secondary patency rates were 100% and 90.0%. There were 42 repeat interventions performed in 12 patients; five received additional stents. The mean number of subsequent interventions was 3.2 per patient (2.1 per patient-year). All CRMD testing demonstrated normal function with no device or lead failure. Seven of the 14 subjects died resulting in a 35.3% annual mortality rate. No deaths were attributable to dysrhythmia or CRMD failure and no patient required CRMD removal or exchange.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Placement of stents for CRMD lead-associated stenosis or occlusion yields high success and low complication rates with no effect on CRMD function. Patency rates are similar to those reported in other series of central venous stents.
authors.affiliation: Nephrology Associates, PA, Newark, DE 19713, USA. tsaad@delawarekidney.com
authors.forename: Theodore F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Saad
authors.forename: G Robert
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Myers
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cicone
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000800:Angioplasty, Balloon / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation*; D001166:Arteriovenous Shunt, Surgical / Q000009:adverse effects; D019917:Blood Vessel Prosthesis Implantation / Q000009:adverse effects; D016121:Brachiocephalic Veins / Q000503:physiopathology; D003251:Constriction, Pathologic; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009515:New Jersey; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015607:Stents; D013350:Subclavian Vein / Q000503:physiopathology; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014652:Vascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D014654:Vascular Patency