title: Bladder cancer risk in painters: a meta-analysis.
abstract: The International Agency for Research on Cancer has classified occupational exposure as a painter as 'carcinogenic to humans', largely based on increased risks of bladder and lung cancer. A meta-analysis, including more than 2900 incident cases or deaths from bladder cancer among painters reported in 41 cohort (n=2), record linkage (n=9) and case-control (n=30) studies, was conducted to quantitatively compare the results of the different study designs and the potential confounding effect of smoking as well as other occupational exposures. The summary relative risk (meta-RR, random effects) for bladder cancer in painters was 1.25 (95% CI 1.16 to 1.34; 41 studies) overall and 1.28 (95% CI 1.15 to 1.43; 27 studies) when including only smoking adjusted risk estimates. The elevated risk persisted when restricted to studies that adjusted for other occupational exposures (meta-RR 1.27; 95% CI 0.99 to 1.63; 4 studies). The results remained robust when stratified by study design, gender and study location. Furthermore, exposure-response analyses suggested that the risk increased with duration of employment. There was no evidence of publication bias. Taken together, these results support the conclusion that occupational exposures in painters are causally associated with the risk of bladder cancer.
authors.affiliation: Section of IARC Monographs, 150 cours Albert Thomas, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France. guhan@iarc.fr
authors.forename: Neela
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Guha
authors.forename: Nelson Kyle
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Steenland
authors.forename: Franco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Merletti
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Altieri
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Cogliano
authors.forename: Kurt
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Straif
mesh_terms: D005602:France / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D019570:Inhalation Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010150:Paint / Q000633:toxicity*; D012307:Risk Factors; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology