title: Diagnosis and treatment of snoring in adults--S1 guideline of the German Society of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Snoring has received increased attention over the last years. Given its high prevalence and its impact on quality of life, diagnosis and treatment of snoring are of major importance.
  This guideline aims to promote high-quality care by medical specialists for adults who snore.
  Before every intervention, a medical history, clinical examination and sleep test need to be performed.
  
  
  METHODS
  There is no need to treat snoring unless requested by the snorer. Invasive treatments should be selected with care; for surgical treatment, minimally invasive procedures are preferred. Weight reduction; the avoidance of sleeping pills, alcohol and nicotine; and a regular sleep-wake cycle can be recommended, although convincing evidence is lacking. Since currently, there is not enough evidence to confirm the effectiveness of muscle stimulation or other forms of muscle training, these treatments cannot be recommended. Snoring can be treated successfully with intraoral devices, but it is essential to select suitable subjects. Devices preventing sleep in the supine position can also be helpful in selected cases. The data on the success rates of surgical intervention are often limited to short-term follow-up studies, and not all interventions have been sufficiently evaluated. The techniques used to treat nasal obstruction in snorers are identical to those used for general nasal obstruction. Nasal surgery is only indicated when subjects complain about nasal obstruction. A significant amount of data is available for laser-assisted resection of excessive mucosa; however, resections can be performed with other tools. The efficacy of radiofrequency surgery at the soft palate has been documented in placebo-controlled trials. Soft palate implants can reduce snoring. Tonsillectomy or uvulopalatopharyngoplasty should be selected with care, especially as less invasive alternatives are available.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Mannheim, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany. boris.stuck@umm.de
authors.forename: Boris A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Stuck
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Abrams
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: de la Chaux
authors.forename: Alfred
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dreher
authors.forename: Clemens
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Heiser
authors.forename: Winfried
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hohenhorst
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kühnel
authors.forename: Joachim T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Maurer
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Pirsig
authors.forename: Armin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Steffen
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Verse
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017115:Catheter Ablation; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures; D015508:Nasal Obstruction / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D017090:Occlusal Splints; D010160:Palate, Soft / Q000601:surgery; D012913:Snoring / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy*; D015431:Weight Loss