title: A membrane protease regulates energy production in macrophages by activating hypoxia-inducible factor-1 via a non-proteolytic mechanism.
abstract: Most cells produce ATP in the mitochondria by oxidative phosphorylation. However, macrophages, which are major players in the innate immune system, use aerobic glycolysis to produce ATP. HIF-1 (hypoxia-inducible factor-1) regulates expression of glycolysis-related genes and maintains macrophage glycolytic activity. However, it is unclear how HIF-1 activity is maintained in macrophages during normoxia. In this study, we found that macrophages lacking membrane type 1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP/MMP-14), a potent invasion-promoting protease, exhibited considerably lower ATP levels than wild-type cells. HIF-1 was activated by an unanticipated function of MT1-MMP, which led to the stimulation of ATP production via glycolysis. The cytoplasmic tail of MT1-MMP bound to FIH-1 (factor inhibiting HIF-1), which led to the inhibition of the latter by its recently identified inhibitor, Mint3/APBA3. We have thus identified a new function of MT1-MMP to mediate production of ATP so as to support energy-dependent macrophage functions by a previously unknown non-proteolytic mechanism.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Cell Research, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.
authors.forename: Takeharu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sakamoto
authors.forename: Motoharu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Seiki
mesh_terms: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000502:physiology*; D006019:Glycolysis / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D051793:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000378:metabolism*; D053511:Matrix Metalloproteinase 14 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011506:Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C117536:APBA3 protein, human; D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; C485530:Apba3 protein, mouse; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D051793:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1; C507096:Mmp14 protein, mouse; D011506:Proteins; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases; C551240:factor inhibiting hypoxia-inducible factor 1, mouse; C439790:HIF1AN protein, human; C507086:MMP14 protein, human; D053511:Matrix Metalloproteinase 14