title: Interaction between Mutualisms: Ant-tended butterflies exploit enemy-free space provided by ant-treehopper associations.
abstract: Although mutualisms have been intensively investigated, demonstration of indirect effects between co-occurring mutualistic systems is rare. For instance, the ecological consequences of co-occurrence of ant-tended insects on a plant have never been examined for survival effects on either trophobiont species. Here, we assess the selective pressures mediating co-occurrence of a facultative ant-tended butterfly (Parrhasius polibetes) with ant-tended treehoppers (Guayaquila xiphias) on Schefflera vinosa shrubs. We evaluated host plant selection and caterpillar survival in P. polibetes in the presence and absence of ant-treehopper associations. Paired trials revealed that butterflies preferably oviposit on branches hosting ant-tended treehoppers when they had a choice between those and branches without this interaction. Presence of ant-tended treehoppers on a branch reduced the abundance of P. polibetes' natural enemies and improved caterpillar survival in both premyrmecophylic and ant-tended phases. Thus ant-tended treehoppers create an enemy-free space on foliage that butterflies exploit to protect larval offspring. These findings connect two widely documented ant-trophobiont mutualisms and highlight the importance of considering multiple interactions for a proper understanding of ant-plant-herbivore systems. Detection of other ant-based mutualisms on oviposition to improve offspring survival may have represented an important evolutionary step in the process of host plant selection in facultative myrmecophilous butterflies.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Lucas A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Kaminski
authors.forename: André V L
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Freitas
authors.forename: Paulo S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Oliveira
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001000:Ants / Q000502:physiology*; D027481:Araliaceae / Q000502:physiology; D002080:Butterflies / Q000502:physiology*; D006430:Hemiptera / Q000502:physiology*; D007814:Larva; D011156:Population Density; D012641:Selection, Genetic; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013559:Symbiosis