title: Cox-2 inhibition can lead to adverse effects in a rat model for temporal lobe epilepsy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Status epilepticus (SE) leads to upregulation of pro-inflammatory proteins including cyclooxygenase-2 (cox-2) which could be implicated in the epileptogenic process and epileptic seizures. Recent studies show that cox-2 can regulate expression of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) during epileptogenesis and epilepsy. P-gp could cause pharmacoresistance by reducing brain entry of anti-epileptic drugs such as phenytoin (PHT). Here we have investigated the effects of cox-2 inhibition on epileptogenesis, spontaneous seizures and PHT treatment in a rat model for temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE).
  
  
  METHODS
  A 3-day treatment with the cox-2 inhibitor SC-58236 (SC) was started 1 day before electrically induced SE. Chronic epileptic rats were treated with SC for 14 days, which was followed by a 7-day period of SC/PHT combination treatment. Seizure activity was monitored continuously using electroencephalography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SC treatment did not affect SE duration, but led to an increased number of rats that died during the first 2 weeks after SE. Cox-2 inhibition during the chronic period led to an increased number of seizures in the 2nd week of treatment in 50% of the rats. SC/PHT treatment reduced seizures significantly for only 2 days.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both SC treatment that started before SE and the 14-day treatment in chronic epileptic rats led to adverse effects in the TLE rat model. Despite a temporal reduction in seizure frequency with SC/PHT treatment, SC does not seem to be a suitable approach for anti-epileptogenic or anti-epileptic therapy.
authors.affiliation: Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Holtman
authors.forename: Erwin A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: van Vliet
authors.forename: Peter M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Edelbroek
authors.forename: Eleonora
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Aronica
authors.forename: Jan A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Gorter
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002908:Chronic Disease; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000187:drug effects; D004833:Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000401:mortality* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000009:adverse effects; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000009:adverse effects; D000096926:Benzenesulfonamides
chemical_list: D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D011720:Pyrazoles; D013449:Sulfonamides; C119130:4-(5-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)benzenesulfonamide; D000096926:Benzenesulfonamides