title: Thyroid dysfunction in patients with diabetes: clinical implications and screening strategies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients with diabetes mellitus are at an increased risk of thyroid disease. The frequency of thyroid dysfunction in diabetic patients is higher than that of the general population and up to a third of patients with type-1 diabetes (T1DM) ultimately develop thyroid dysfunction. Unrecognised thyroid dysfunction may impair metabolic control and add to cardiovascular disease risk in diabetic patients.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Our aims were to review the current literature on the association between thyroid dysfunction and diabetes mellitus, to highlight relevant clinical implications, and to examine present thyroid disease screening strategies in routine diabetes care.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The pleiotropic effects of thyroid hormones on various metabolic processes are now better understood. Uncontrolled hyperthyroidism in diabetic patients may trigger hyperglycaemic emergencies while recurrent hypoglycaemic episodes have been reported in diabetic patients with hypothyroidism. Furthermore, thyroid dysfunction may amplify cardiovascular disease risk in diabetic patients through inter-relationships with dyslipidaemia, insulin resistance and vascular endothelial dysfunction. However, the significance of subclinical degrees of thyroid dysfunction remains to be clarified. While these developments have implications for diabetic patients a consensus is yet to be reached on optimal thyroid screening strategies in diabetes management.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The increased frequency of thyroid dysfunction in diabetic patients and its likely deleterious effects on cardiovascular and metabolic function calls for a systematic approach to thyroid disease screening in diabetes. Routine annual thyroid testing should be targeted at diabetic patients at risk of thyroid dysfunction such as patients with T1DM, positive thyroid autoantibodies or high-normal TSH concentrations.
authors.affiliation: Prince Charles Hospital, Cwm Taf Local Health Board, Merthyr Tydfil, UK.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kadiyala
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Peter
authors.forename: O E
authors.initials: OE
authors.lastname: Okosieme
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D012307:Risk Factors; D013959:Thyroid Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D013960:Thyroid Function Tests
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose