title: In vivo magnetic resonance imaging of the distribution pattern of gadonanotubes released from a degrading poly(lactic-co-glycolic Acid) scaffold.
abstract: To improve the mechanical properties of polymers used in bone repair, it has been suggested to incorporate single-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs). However, concern exists about the biosafety of the CNTs in vivo. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop a magnetic resonance imaging technique to examine the distribution pattern of CNTs after release from a degrading poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) scaffold in vivo. Five rats received a PLGA scaffold with incorporated gadolinium-labeled single-walled CNTs ("gadonanotubes") subcutaneously. The rats were analyzed up to 5 weeks, subsequently euthanized, followed by histological evaluation of the explanted scaffolds with their surrounding tissue. A significant increase in intensity of the scaffold surrounding tissue was shown in the time period around 3 weeks, as compared to internal control areas. The intensity declined soon thereafter. This is suggested to be caused by the release of gadonanotubes from the degrading scaffold into the surrounding tissue. Histological imaging showed encapsulation by connective fibrous tissue and some mild inflammation around the scaffolds. In conclusion, magnetic resonance imaging is an excellent technique to study the biological fate of gadonanotubes. However, to formulate solid conclusions on the distribution pattern of gadonanotubes in vivo the experimental setup requires further optimization.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Biomaterials, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre , Nijmegen, The Netherlands .
authors.forename: Meike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van der Zande
authors.forename: Balaji
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sitharaman
authors.forename: X Frank
authors.initials: XF
authors.lastname: Walboomers
authors.forename: Lesa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tran
authors.forename: Jeyarama S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Ananta
authors.forename: Andor
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Veltien
authors.forename: Lon J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Jose Iñaki
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Alava
authors.forename: Arend
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Heerschap
authors.forename: Antonios G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Mikos
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Jansen
mesh_terms: D000362:Agar / Q000737:chemistry; D000818:Animals; D016477:Artifacts; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry; D005682:Gadolinium / Q000737:chemistry*; D007249:Inflammation; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000737:chemistry*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D036103:Nanotechnology / Q000379:methods; D043942:Nanotubes / Q000737:chemistry*; D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon / Q000737:chemistry; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011100:Polyglycolic Acid / Q000737:chemistry*; D000077182:Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon; D000077182:Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer; D011100:Polyglycolic Acid; D019344:Lactic Acid; D000362:Agar; D005682:Gadolinium