title: Migraine is the most prevalent primary headache in individuals with temporomandibular disorders.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the prevalence of primary headaches (HA) in adults with temporomandibular disorders (TMD) who were assessed in a specialty orofacial pain clinic, as well as in controls without TMD.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample consisted of 158 individuals with TMD seen at a university-based specialty clinic, as well as 68 controls. The Research Diagnostic Criteria for TMD were used to diagnose the TMD patients. HAs were assessed using a structured interview and classified according to the Second Edition of the International Classification for Headache Disorders. Data were analyzed by chi-square tests with a significance level of 5% and odds ratio (OR) tests with a 95% confidence interval (CI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  HAs occurred in 45.6% of the control group (30.9% had migraine and 14.7% had tension-type headache [TTH]) and in 85.5% of individuals with TMD. Among individuals with TMD, migraine was the most prevalent primary HA (55.3%), followed by TTH (30.2%); 14.5% had no HA. In contrast to controls, the odds ratio (OR) for HA in those with TMD was 7.05 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.65-13.61; P = .000), for migraine, the OR was 2.76 (95% CI = 1.50-5.06; P = .001), and for TTH, the OR was 2.51 (95% CI = 1.18-5.35; P = .014). Myofascial pain/arthralgia was the most common TMD diagnosis (53.2%). The presence of HA or specific HAs was not associated with the time since the onset of TMD (P = .714). However, migraine frequency was positively associated with TMD pain severity (P = .000).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TMD was associated with increased primary HA prevalence rates. Migraine was the most common primary HA diagnosis in individuals with TMD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista, Campus Araraquara, Brazil. analu.franco@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Ana L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Franco
authors.forename: Daniela A G
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Gonçalves
authors.forename: Sabrina M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Castanharo
authors.forename: José G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Speciali
authors.forename: Marcelo E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Bigal
authors.forename: Cinara M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Camparis
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D018771:Arthralgia / Q000150:complications; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008881:Migraine Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D013705:Temporomandibular Joint Disorders / Q000145:classification / Q000150:complications*; D013706:Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction Syndrome / Q000150:complications; D018781:Tension-Type Headache / Q000209:etiology; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult