title: Lifestyle and metabolic factors in relation to shoulder pain and rotator cuff tendinitis: a population-based study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Shoulder pain is a common health problem. The purpose of this study was to assess the associations of lifestyle factors, metabolic factors and carotid intima-media thickness with shoulder pain and chronic (> 3 months) rotator cuff tendinitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this cross-sectional study, the target population consisted of subjects aged 30 years or older participating in a national Finnish Health Survey during 2000-2001. Of the 7,977 eligible subjects, 6,237 (78.2%) participated in a structured interview and clinical examination. Chronic rotator cuff tendinitis was diagnosed clinically. Weight-related factors, C-reactive protein and carotid intima-media thickness were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of shoulder joint pain during the preceding 30 days was 16% and that of chronic rotator cuff tendinitis 2.8%. Smoking, waist circumference and waist-to-hip ratio were related to an increased prevalence of shoulder pain in both genders. Metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus and carotid intima-media thickness were associated with shoulder pain in men, whereas high level of C-reactive protein was associated with shoulder pain in women. Increased waist circumference and type 1 diabetes mellitus were associated with chronic rotator cuff tendinitis in men.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings showed associations of abdominal obesity, some other metabolic factors and carotid intima-media thickness with shoulder pain. Disturbed glucose metabolism and atherosclerosis may be underlying mechanisms, although not fully supported by the findings of this study. Prospective studies are needed to further investigate the role of lifestyle and metabolic factors in shoulder disorders.
authors.affiliation: Centre of Expertise for Health and Work Ability, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Finland. martti.rechardt@ttl.fi
authors.forename: Martti
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rechardt
authors.forename: Rahman
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shiri
authors.forename: Jaro
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Karppinen
authors.forename: Antti
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jula
authors.forename: Markku
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Heliövaara
authors.forename: Eira
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Viikari-Juntura
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000378:metabolism; D002908:Chronic Disease; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D056128:Obesity, Abdominal / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000378:metabolism*; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D017006:Rotator Cuff / Q000503:physiopathology*; D057185:Sedentary Behavior; D020069:Shoulder Pain / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D052256:Tendinopathy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism*