title: Activation of hypoxia inducible factor 1 is a general phenomenon in infections with human pathogens.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1 is the key transcriptional factor involved in the adaptation process of cells and organisms to hypoxia. Recent findings suggest that HIF-1 plays also a crucial role in inflammatory and infectious diseases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using patient skin biopsies, cell culture and murine infection models, HIF-1 activation was determined by immunohistochemistry, immunoblotting and reporter gene assays and was linked to cellular oxygen consumption. The course of a S. aureus peritonitis was determined upon pharmacological HIF-1 inhibition. Activation of HIF-1 was detectable (i) in all ex vivo in biopsies of patients suffering from skin infections, (ii) in vitro using cell culture infection models and (iii) in vivo using murine intravenous and peritoneal S. aureus infection models. HIF-1 activation by human pathogens was induced by oxygen-dependent mechanisms. Small colony variants (SCVs) of S. aureus known to cause chronic infections did not result in cellular hypoxia nor in HIF-1 activation. Pharmaceutical inhibition of HIF-1 activation resulted in increased survival rates of mice suffering from a S. aureus peritonitis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Activation of HIF-1 is a general phenomenon in infections with human pathogenic bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoa. HIF-1-regulated pathways might be an attractive target to modulate the course of life-threatening infections.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Eberhard-Karls-Universität, Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Nadine
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Werth
authors.forename: Christiane
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Beerlage
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rosenberger
authors.forename: Amir S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Yazdi
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Edelmann
authors.forename: Amro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Amr
authors.forename: Wanja
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Bernhardt
authors.forename: Christof
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: von Eiff
authors.forename: Karsten
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schäfer
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Peschel
authors.forename: Volkhard A J
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Kempf
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015687:Cell Hypoxia / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D002460:Cell Line; D005260:Female; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D051793:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D051379:Mice; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D010538:Peritonitis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012874:Skin Diseases, Infectious / Q000378:metabolism; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000472:pathogenicity; D015533:Transcriptional Activation / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D051793:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1