title: [Cannabis and mood].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Evaluate the relationship between acute and chronic use of cannabis and mood changes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Articles were selected by electronic search in PubMed. Chapters in books and reference lists of selected articles were also reviewed. As the research did not involve humans, there was no evaluation by a Research Ethics Committee.
  
  
  RESULTS
  High rates of comorbidity between use/abuse/dependence of cannabis and affective disorders in longitudinal studies and in clinical samples were observed. Longitudinal studies indicate that, in long-term, the higher use of cannabis is associated with an increased risk of developing bipolar disorder, and probably, major depression in subjects initially without affective disorder, but was not found increased risk of cannabis use among those initially only with mania or depression. Another important observation is that substance abuse in bipolar patients may be associated with a number of negative characteristics, such as difficulty in recovering the affective symptoms, more hospitalizations, poor compliance with treatment, increased risk of suicide, aggression and a poor response to lithium. Psychosocial and pharmacological treatments are indicated for the management of comorbidity between cannabis and affective disorders.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The relationship between cannabis use and mood changes are observed both in the epidemiological research and in the clinical settings.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Neurociências e Ciências do Comportamento, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. dos Bandeirantes 3.900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil. rfsanches@uol.com.br
authors.forename: Rafael Faria
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Sanches
authors.forename: João Mazzoncini de Azevedo
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Marques
mesh_terms: D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000523:psychology; D002188:Cannabis / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003863:Depression / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006801:Humans; D002189:Marijuana Abuse / Q000150:complications*; D008385:Marijuana Smoking / Q000523:psychology; D019964:Mood Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis