title: Cost effectiveness of pharmacotherapy for the prevention of migraine: a Markov model application.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There are few data about the cost effectiveness of prophylactic medications for migraine. Clinical trials have shown several preventive agents to be useful in reducing the frequency of migraine attack while having tolerable side effects.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare the cost effectiveness of adding preventive treatment to abortive therapy for acute migraine with abortive therapy for acute migraine alone in the primary care setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  A Markov decision analytic model with a cycle length of 1 day, a time horizon of 365 days and three health states was used to perform an analysis comparing the cost effectiveness and utility of five treatments for migraine prophylaxis (amitriptyline 75 mg/day, topiramate 100 and 200 mg/day, timolol 20 mg/day, divalproex sodium 1000 mg/day or propranolol 160 mg/day) with treatment of acute migraine alone for the management of migraine in the primary care setting. One-way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were performed to test the robustness of the results.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The expected total annual cost for the use of preventive agents ranged from $US2932 to $US3887, compared with $US3960 for the use of abortive medications only. In the baseline analysis, use of each of the five preventive agents generated more quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) and incurred lower costs compared with abortive medications only. Monte Carlo Simulation suggested that amitriptyline 75 mg/day was most likely to be considered a cost-effective option versus the other five therapies, followed by timolol 20 mg/day, topiramate 200 mg/day, topiramate 100 mg/day, divalproex sodium 1000 mg/day and propranolol 160 mg/day when the willingness-to-pay (WTP) for society is <$US18 000 per QALY gained.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Preventive medications appear to be a cost-effective approach to the management of migraine in the primary care setting compared with the approach of abortive treatment only. Among those preventive agents, probabilistic sensitivity analysis suggests that, when the societal WTP is <$US18 000 per QALY gained, amitriptyline 75 mg/day is most likely to be considered a cost-effective option.
authors.affiliation: University of Utah Pharmacotherapy Outcomes Research Center, Salt Lake City, 84112, USA.
authors.forename: Junhua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Kenneth J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Diana I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Brixner
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000929:Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D017850:Economics, Pharmaceutical; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008390:Markov Chains; D008881:Migraine Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000191:economics / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D000929:Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents