title: Female X-chromosome mosaicism for gp91phox expression diversifies leukocyte responses during endotoxemia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the hypothesis, using an animal model, whether female X-chromosome mosaicism for inflammatory gene expression could contribute to the gender dimorphic response during the host response. X-chromosome-linked genetic polymorphisms present a unique biological condition because females display heterozygous cellular mosaicism, due to the fact that either the maternal or the paternal X chromosomes are inactivated in each individual cell in females. This is in contrast with the conditions in males who carry exclusively the maternal X chromosome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, randomized, laboratory investigation.
  
  
  METHODS
  University research laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Female mice deficient, heterozygous (mosaic) or WT for the X-linked gp91phox.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared selected inflammatory markers among heterozygous (mosaics), WT and homozygous deficient animals in response to in vivo lipopolysaccharide (Escherichia coli, 20 mg/kg body weight). To test individual mosaic subpopulations of polymorphonuclear neutrophil responses, we also developed a flow cytometry assay that identifies the active parental X chromosomes in individual cells, using gp91phox expression as a marker.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Heterozygous mosaic mice presented white blood cell trafficking patterns similar to that observed in WT mice, despite the fact that the deficient subpopulation in mosaic animals displayed increased cell activation as reflected in elevated neutrophil CD11b expression and splenic infiltration. Mosaic animals also displayed splenic neutrophil infiltration, which was skewed toward the deficient subpopulation. Observations on splenic T-cell depletion and post lipopolysaccharide interleukin-10 responses indicated that the inflammatory response in mosaic animals does not simply display an average of the deficient and WT responses, but the mosaic subjects display a uniquely characteristic response.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study supports the notion that female X chromosome mosaicism for polymorphic gene expression represents a unique condition, which may contribute to the gender dimorphic character of the inflammatory response. Mosaicism for X-linked polymorphisms may have clinical significance and needs consideration in genetic association or gender-related clinical studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Rachna
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chandra
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Federici
authors.forename: György
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Haskó
authors.forename: Edwin A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Deitch
authors.forename: Zoltán
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Spolarics
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000097:blood; D019446:Endotoxemia / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D050172:Genes, X-Linked / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D005838:Genotype; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000097:blood; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000235:genetics*; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000235:genetics*; D051379:Mice; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D009030:Mosaicism; D000074662:NADPH Oxidase 2; D019255:NADPH Oxidases / Q000235:genetics*; D012729:Sex Chromosome Aberrations; D014960:X Chromosome / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: C491768:Ccl2 protein, mouse; D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D015850:Interleukin-6; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D016753:Interleukin-10; C488842:Cybb protein, mouse; D000074662:NADPH Oxidase 2; D019255:NADPH Oxidases