title: Racial differences in admissions to high-quality hospitals for coronary heart disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Research increasingly shows that blacks with coronary heart disease (CHD) are treated at lower-quality hospitals. Little is known about racial differences in admission to high-quality hospitals.
  
  
  METHODS
  We identified all black and white Medicare patients with acute myocardial infarction and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) admitted during 2002 through 2005 to hospitals located in markets with top-ranked cardiac hospitals, as ascertained from the US News and World Report "America's Best Hospitals" annual rankings. The relationship between race and admission to top-ranked hospitals was estimated using multinomial conditional logit models to account for distance from patient residence to all available hospitals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In unadjusted analyses, blacks with AMI or undergoing CABG, compared with whites, were more likely to be admitted to top-ranked hospitals (18.3% vs 10.5% and 34.4% vs 22.7% [P < .001]) but also more likely to bypass top-ranked hospitals (25.8% vs 14.7% and 37.5% vs 26.3% [P < .001]). In models accounting for distance, blacks with acute myocardial infarction were more likely (odds ratio [OR], 1.12; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.08-1.16 [P < .001]), whereas blacks undergoing CABG were equally likely (OR, 1.05; 95% CI, 0.97-1.13; P = .27) to be admitted to top-ranked hospitals compared with whites. However, within socially disadvantaged zip codes, blacks undergoing CABG were less likely to receive care at top-ranked hospitals (OR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.64-0.86 [P < .001]) compared with whites and more likely to bypass top-ranked hospitals located closer to their residence (OR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.02-1.30 [P = .03]).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Black Medicare patients with acute myocardial infarction or undergoing CABG were equally or more likely to be admitted to top-ranked hospitals, except for socially disadvantaged black patients undergoing CABG.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA 52240, USA. Ioana-popescu@uiowa.edu
authors.forename: Ioana
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Popescu
authors.forename: Brahmajee K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Nallamothu
authors.forename: Mary S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Vaughan-Sarrazin
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cram
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016507:Cardiology Service, Hospital / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass; D003325:Coronary Care Units / Q000592:standards; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D006278:Medicare / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care; D010343:Patient Admission / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*