title: Anti-inflammatory effects of excessive weight loss: potent suppression of adipose interleukin 6 and tumour necrosis factor alpha expression.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Severe obesity is a chronic inflammatory disease where various cytokines/adipocytokines play a key role. Pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) are produced by human adipose tissue dependent on the degree of obesity. Mouse studies suggest a key role of adipose tissue-derived IL-6 in hepatic insulin resistance via modification of liver suppressor of cytokine signalling 3 (SOCS-3) expression.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined the effect of excessive weight loss on systemic levels, subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue and liver expression of IL-6 and TNFalpha in 20 severely obese patients undergoing laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB). Furthermore, we studied liver expression of SOCS3, an important regulator of insulin resistance, and fat tissue expression of the anti-inflammatory adipocytokine adiponectin and its receptors. Serum and tissue samples were collected before and 6 months after LAGB surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  IL-6/TNFalpha mRNA expression before weight loss were similar in subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue and much higher compared to hepatic expression. Subcutaneous adipose tissue mRNA expression of both pro-inflammatory cytokines, but especially of IL-6 decreased dramatically after extensive weight loss whereas expression of adiponectin and its receptors increased. Weight loss also led to a significant reduction in liver IL-6 expression, whereas liver TNFalpha mRNA expression did not change. IL-6 and C-reactive protein serum levels decreased after weight loss whereas TNFalpha serum levels were below the detection limit before and after surgery. These effects were paralleled by reduced hepatic SOCS3 expression and improved insulin resistance 6 months after LAGB surgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Expression of IL-6 and TNFalpha mRNA is more pronounced in adipose compared to liver tissue in patients with severe obesity. Our results highlight excessive weight loss as a successful anti-inflammatory strategy.
authors.affiliation: Christian Doppler Research Laboratory for Gut Inflammation and Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
authors.forename: Alexander R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Moschen
authors.forename: Clemens
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Molnar
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Geiger
authors.forename: Ivo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Graziadei
authors.forename: Christoph F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Ebenbichler
authors.forename: Helmut
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Weiss
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kaser
authors.forename: Arthur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kaser
authors.forename: Herbert
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tilg
mesh_terms: D052242:Adiponectin / Q000096:biosynthesis; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D015391:Gastroplasty / Q000379:methods; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics; D010535:Laparoscopy; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000601:surgery; D011184:Postoperative Period; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D050151:Subcutaneous Fat / Q000378:metabolism*; D000071223:Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 3 Protein; D050826:Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics; D015431:Weight Loss / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D052242:Adiponectin; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D015850:Interleukin-6; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C106644:SOCS3 protein, human; D000071223:Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 3 Protein; D050826:Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling Proteins; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha