title: Stillbirth and neonatal death in relation to radiation exposure before conception: a retrospective cohort study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The reproductive implications of mutagenic treatments given to children with cancer are not clear. By studying the risk of untoward pregnancy outcomes, we indirectly assessed the risk of transmission of germline damage to the offspring of survivors of childhood cancer who were given radiotherapy and chemotherapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  We did a retrospective cohort analysis, within the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study (CCSS), of the risk of stillbirth and neonatal death among the offspring of men and women who had survived childhood cancer. Patients in CCSS were younger than 21 years at initial diagnosis of an eligible cancer, were treated at 25 US institutions and one Canadian institution, and had survived for at least 5 years after diagnosis. We quantified the chemotherapy given to patients, and the preconception radiation doses to the testes, ovaries, uterus, and pituitary gland, and related these to the risk of stillbirth or neonatal death using Poisson regression analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 1148 men and 1657 women who had survived childhood cancer, there were 4946 pregnancies. Irradiation of the testes (16 [1%] of 1270; adjusted relative risk 0.8 [95% CI 0.4-1.6]; mean dose 0.53 Gy [SD 1.40]) and pituitary gland (17 [3%] of 510, 1.1 [0.5-2.4] for more than 20.00 Gy; mean dose 10.20 Gy [13.0] for women), and chemotherapy with alkylating drugs (26 [2%] of 1195 women, 0.9 [0.5-1.5]; ten [1%] of 732 men, 1.2 [0.5-2.5]) were not associated with an increased risk of stillbirth or neonatal death. Uterine and ovarian irradiation significantly increased risk of stillbirth and neonatal death at doses greater than 10.00 Gy (five [18%] of 28, 9.1 [3.4-24.6]). For girls treated before menarche, irradiation of the uterus and ovaries at doses as low as 1.00-2.49 Gy significantly increased the risk of stillbirth or neonatal death (three [4%] of 69, 4.7 [1.2-19.0]).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings do not support concern about heritable genetic changes affecting the risk of stillbirth and neonatal death in the offspring of men exposed to gonadal irradiation. However, uterine and ovarian irradiation had serious adverse effects on the offspring that were probably related to uterine damage. Careful management is warranted of pregnancies in women given high doses of pelvic irradiation before puberty.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Westlakes Research Institute, National Cancer Institute, and Children's Cancer Research Fund.
authors.affiliation: International Epidemiology Institute, Rockville, MD 20850, USA. lisa@iei.us
authors.forename: Lisa B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Signorello
authors.forename: John J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Mulvihill
authors.forename: Daniel M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: Heather M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Munro
authors.forename: Marilyn
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stovall
authors.forename: Rita E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Weathers
authors.forename: Ann C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Mertens
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Whitton
authors.forename: Leslie L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Robison
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Boice
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D005306:Fertilization; D006801:Humans; D007226:Infant Mortality; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D018811:Maternal Exposure; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D010053:Ovary / Q000528:radiation effects; D011247:Pregnancy; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D050497:Stillbirth; D017741:Survivors; D013737:Testis / Q000528:radiation effects; D014599:Uterus / Q000528:radiation effects