title: Single-phase CT aligned to gated PET for respiratory motion correction in cardiac PET/CT.
abstract: Respiratory motion can induce artifacts in cardiac PET/CT because of the misregistration of the CT attenuation map and emission data. Some solutions to the respiratory motion problem use 4-dimensional CT, but this increases patient radiation exposure. Realignment of 3-dimensional CT and PET images can remove apparent uptake defects caused by mispositioning of the PET emission data into the lung regions on the CT scan. This realignment is typically done as part of regular clinical quality assurance. We evaluated a method to improve on this standard approach, without increasing the radiation exposure to the patient, by acquiring a respiration-gated PET scan and separately aligning the 3-dimensional CT scan to each phase of the PET study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three hundred ten clinical PET perfusion scans ((82)Rb [n = 187] and (13)N-ammonia [n = 123]) were retrospectively assessed. Studies were respiration-gated, and motion was measured between inspiration and expiration phases. Those studies with motion > or = 8 mm were evaluated for significant differences between inspiration and expiration. Studies with significant differences were reprocessed with the phase-alignment approach. The observed motion with (82)Rb and (13)N-ammonia for rest and stress imaging was also compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-three scans (7.41%) had motion > or = 8 mm, and 9 of these had significant differences between inspiration and expiration, suggesting the presence of respiratory artifacts. Phase-aligned respiratory motion compensation reduced this difference in 8 of 9 cases (89%). No significant differences were observed between (82)Rb and (13)N-ammonia, and motion during stress imaging was correlated with motion at rest (r = 0.61, P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Phase-aligned correction improves the consistency of PET/CT perfusion images by reducing discrepancies caused by respiratory motion. This new approach to CT-based attenuation correction has no additional patient radiation exposure and may improve the specificity of PET perfusion imaging.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. gwells@ottawaheart.ca
authors.forename: R Glenn
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Wells
authors.forename: Terrence D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Ruddy
authors.forename: Rob A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: DeKemp
authors.forename: Jean N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: DaSilva
authors.forename: Rob S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Beanlands
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000641:Ammonia; D016477:Artifacts; D016208:Databases, Factual; D005260:Female; D006321:Heart / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009038:Motion; D009590:Nitrogen Radioisotopes; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D015656:Respiratory Mechanics / Q000502:physiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012414:Rubidium Radioisotopes; D014055:Tomography, Emission-Computed
chemical_list: D009590:Nitrogen Radioisotopes; D012414:Rubidium Radioisotopes; D000641:Ammonia