title: Sniffing enables communication and environmental control for the severely disabled.
abstract: Paradoxically, improvements in emergency medicine have increased survival albeit with severe disability ranging from quadriplegia to "locked-in syndrome." Locked-in syndrome is characterized by intact cognition yet complete paralysis, and hence these individuals are "locked-in" their own body, at best able to communicate using eye blinks alone. Sniffing is a precise sensory-motor acquisition entailing changes in nasal pressure. The fine control of sniffing depends on positioning the soft palate, which is innervated by multiple cranial nerves. This innervation pattern led us to hypothesize that sniffing may remain conserved following severe injury. To test this, we developed a device that measures nasal pressure and converts it into electrical signals. The device enabled sniffs to control an actuator with speed similar to that of a hand using a mouse or joystick. Functional magnetic resonance imaging of device usage revealed a widely distributed neural network, allowing for increased conservation following injury. Also, device usage shared neural substrates with language production, rendering sniffs a promising bypass mode of communication. Indeed, sniffing allowed completely paralyzed locked-in participants to write text and quadriplegic participants to write text and drive an electric wheelchair. We conclude that redirection of sniff motor programs toward alternative functions allows sniffing to provide a control interface that is fast, accurate, robust, and highly conserved following severe injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurobiology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
authors.forename: Anton
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Plotkin
authors.forename: Lee
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sela
authors.forename: Aharon
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Weissbrod
authors.forename: Roni
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kahana
authors.forename: Lior
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Haviv
authors.forename: Yaara
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yeshurun
authors.forename: Nachum
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Soroker
authors.forename: Noam
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sobel
mesh_terms: D000399:Air Pressure; D020526:Brain Stem Infarctions / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D003143:Communication Devices for People with Disabilities; D006233:Persons with Disabilities; D006801:Humans; D001239:Inhalation; D009666:Nose; D011782:Quadriplegia / Q000628:therapy*; D014160:Transducers, Pressure