title: Effect of different classes of gadolinium-based contrast agents on control and nephrogenic systemic fibrosis-derived fibroblast proliferation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the ability of different types of gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) to stimulate fibroblast proliferation in monolayer cell culture.
  
  
  METHODS
  The National Health Service West Glasgow Ethics Committee granted approval for this study. Fibroblasts established from healthy volunteers (control subjects) and from lesional skin of patients with nephrogenic systemic fibrosis were exposed to a range of concentrations of ionic and nonionic linear and macrocyclic contrast agents over 4 days, and the effect on growth was determined. The lowest concentration of contrast agent that stimulated the maximum effect on fibroblast growth was selected for determination of its effect on fibroblast growth over 8 days. The effect of contrast agents on hyaluronan and collagen synthesis was determined with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Responses were assessed with analysis of variance (general linear model).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The linear gadolinium contrast agents (gadodiamide, gadoversetamide, gadopentetate dimeglumine, and gadobenate dimeglumine) produced a maximum stimulation of fibroblast proliferation at a concentration of 0.1 mmol/L, with cell numbers increasing up to 2.3-fold. The macrocyclic contrast agents (gadoteric acid and gadoteridol) produced a maximum stimulation of fibroblast proliferation at a concentration of 5 mmol/L. The reference gadolinium agents (N-methylglucamine gadolinium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and gadolinium trichloride) stimulated fibroblast proliferation at a concentration of 0.01 mmol/L and were toxic at a concentration greater than 1 mmol/L. Growth curves supported the dose-response observations. Hyaluronan synthesis was stimulated by gadoversetamide, gadobenate dimeglumine, gadodiamide, and gadopentetate dimeglumine at a concentration of 0.1 mmol/L and by gadolinium trichloride at a concentration of 0.01 mmol/L, whereas collagen synthesis was unaffected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides evidence that different classes of gadolinium chelates stimulate human fibroblast proliferation.
authors.affiliation: Section of Dermatology, Division of Cancer Sciences, and Glasgow Cardiovascular Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland. m.edward@clinmed.gla.ac.uk
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Edward
authors.forename: Jean A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Quinn
authors.forename: A David
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Burden
authors.forename: Ben B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Newton
authors.forename: Alan G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Jardine
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D003094:Collagen / Q000096:biosynthesis; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004492:Edetic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D005682:Gadolinium / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019786:Gadolinium DTPA / Q000494:pharmacology; D006571:Heterocyclic Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid / Q000096:biosynthesis; D016014:Linear Models; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008536:Meglumine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D008875:Middle Aged; D054989:Nephrogenic Fibrosing Dermopathy / Q000139:chemically induced; D009942:Organometallic Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D006571:Heterocyclic Compounds; D009942:Organometallic Compounds; C062402:gadoteridol; C041365:gadolinium EDTA; C064572:gadobenic acid; D008536:Meglumine; C064925:gadodiamide; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid; D003094:Collagen; C050823:gadolinium 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-N,N',N'',N'''-tetraacetate; D004492:Edetic Acid; D005682:Gadolinium; D019786:Gadolinium DTPA; C112666:gadoversetamide