title: Comparison of personal radio frequency electromagnetic field exposure in different urban areas across Europe.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Only limited data are available on personal radio frequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) exposure in everyday life. Several European countries performed measurement studies in this area of research. However, a comparison between countries regarding typical exposure levels is lacking.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare for the first time mean exposure levels and contributions of different sources in specific environments between different European countries.
  
  
  METHODS
  In five countries (Belgium, Switzerland, Slovenia, Hungary, and the Netherlands), measurement studies were performed using the same personal exposure meters. The pooled data were analyzed using the robust regression on order statistics (ROS) method in order to allow for data below the detection limit. Mean exposure levels were compared between different microenvironments such as homes, public transports, or outdoor.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Exposure levels were of the same order of magnitude in all countries and well below the international exposure limits. In all countries except for the Netherlands, the highest total exposure was measured in transport vehicles (trains, car, and busses), mainly due to radiation from mobile phone handsets (up to 97%). Exposure levels were in general lower in private houses or flats than in offices and outdoors. At home, contributions from various sources were quite different between countries.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Highest total personal RF-EMF exposure was measured inside transport vehicles and was well below international exposure limits. This is mainly due to mobile phone handsets. Mobile telecommunication can be considered to be the main contribution to total RF-EMF exposure in all microenvironments.
authors.affiliation: Department of Information Technology, Ghent University/IBBT Gaston Crommenlaan 8, B-9050 Ghent, Belgium. wout.joseph@intec.UGent.be
authors.forename: Wout
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Joseph
authors.forename: Patrizia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Frei
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Roösli
authors.forename: György
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Thuróczy
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gajsek
authors.forename: Tomaz
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Trcek
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bolte
authors.forename: Günter
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vermeeren
authors.forename: Evelyn
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mohler
authors.forename: Péter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Juhász
authors.forename: Viktoria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Finta
authors.forename: Luc
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Martens
mesh_terms: D004574:Electromagnetic Fields; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005060:Europe; D006801:Humans; D011846:Radio Waves; D014505:Urban Population