title: Sweet liking and high novelty seeking: independent phenotypes associated with alcohol-related problems.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We tested the hypothesis that high novelty seeking (NS; a trait that promotes experimentation) and hedonic response to sweet taste (a trait that may reflect processing of hedonic stimuli) act independently to increase the risk for having alcohol-related problems in young adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted in 158 healthy subjects (age 20-25 years) with no lifetime history of alcohol and/or drug abuse/dependence. NS was evaluated using the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire. Pleasurable response to sweet taste was tested, using a sweet taste test to identify sweet likers (SL; those preferring the strongest offered sucrose solution) and sweet dislikers (SDL; those preferring weaker sucrose solutions).
  
  
  RESULTS
  NS score, but not SL/SDL status, was positively correlated with drinks per month (P = 0.0054) and drinks per drinking day (P = 0.021). When tested individually, both NS and SL/SDL status predict having alcohol-related problems (NS: odds ratio [OR] = 5.3, P = 0.0016 and SL/SDL: OR = 5.8, P = 0.0001) with an OR similar to positive family history of alcoholism status (OR = 5.7, P = 0.0007). The combination of SL status and high NS score (greater than gender-specific 70th percentile) greatly increased the estimated odds of having alcohol-related problems (OR 27.5, P < 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results support the hypothesis that high NS and SL phenotypes are independently associated with risk of alcohol-related problems. The combination of both phenotypes greatly increases the likelihood of alcohol-related problems. Although confirmation is necessary, this suggests that these phenotypes could contribute to improved methods to assess risk for alcohol-related problems and provide additional insight into processes underlying progression to alcohol-related problems.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Leslie A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Lange
authors.forename: Alexey B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Kampov-Polevoy
authors.forename: James C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Garbutt
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology; D005106:Exploratory Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005518:Food Preferences / Q000502:physiology* / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010641:Phenotype; D013395:Sucrose / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D013649:Taste / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D013395:Sucrose