title: Cryo-survival, fertilization and early embryonic development of vitrified oocytes derived from mice of different reproductive age.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  to evaluate the effect of female reproductive age on oocyte cryo-survival, fertilization and the subsequent embryonic development following vitrification using the mouse model in order to address the question of how maternal reproductive age is related to fertility preservation.
  
  
  METHODS
  oocytes were collected from mice of different reproductive age: (1) 8-10 weeks, (2) 16-20 weeks, (3) 32-36 weeks, and (4) 44-48 weeks. Following vitrification and warming, the oocytes in each group were assessed for cryo-survival, fertilization and embryonic development as well as for the quality of blastocysts. Fresh oocytes without undergoing vitrification were used in each age group as controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  the mean number of oocytes retrieved following superovulation was found to reduce significantly (P < 0.05) in mice from 32-36 weeks of age (18.1 ± 8.5) compared with 8-10 weeks of age (26.8 ± 9.8) and 16-20 weeks of age (23.9 ± 4.2) respectively. The cryo-survival rate of oocytes was reduced significantly (P < 0.05) in mice of 44-48 weeks of age (90.4% ± 7.9) compared with the other 3 groups (98.8% ± 2.1, 98.0% ± 3.3 and 98.5% ± 2.2, respectively). The cleavage rate of vitrified oocytes declined significantly following the increase in maternal age in mice of 32-36 weeks of age (69.7% ± 20.8) forward (63.6% ± 9.2). However, no significant difference in the cleavage rate was found among the control groups of different maternal ages. The rate of embryo development to the blastocyst stage in the vitrified oocytes also significantly declined following the increase in maternal age (71.8% ± 8.8, 66.4% ± 10.7, 64.2% ± 17.4 and 4.1% ± 8.3 respectively). There were no such differences in the rates of embryo development to the blastocyst stage among the control groups following the increase in maternal age (75.9% ± 12.2, 79.5% ± 28.9, 70.2% ± 17.4 and 69.3% ± 19.0 respectively). However, the quality of blastocysts produced from 32-36 weeks and 44-48 weeks of ages was significantly poor in term of total cell numbers and the ratio of inner cell mass(ICM) / trophectoderm (TE) compared to younger age in both vitrified and control groups
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  cryo-survival of oocytes following vitrification and warming procedures is associated with female reproductive age. There is a more negative impact on the oocytes following vitrification and warming with the increase of maternal age.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.forename: Joao
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Xiaomin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Frederick W K
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Kan
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Qiao
authors.forename: Ri-Cheng
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Chian
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D001755:Blastocyst / Q000166:cytology; D015925:Cryopreservation; D046149:Embryo Culture Techniques; D047108:Embryonic Development; D005307:Fertilization in Vitro; D051379:Mice; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D009865:Oocytes; D010062:Ovulation Induction