title: Flavonoids exert distinct modulatory actions on cyclooxygenase 2 and NF-kappaB in an intestinal epithelial cell line (IEC18).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) is involved in inflammatory bowel disease, but the effect of flavonoids at the intestinal epithelial level is unknown. We aimed to characterize the effect and structure-activity relationship of nine selected flavonoids on COX-2 expression in intestinal epithelial cell (IEC)18 cells. We also investigated the signal transduction pathway(s) responsible for the effects observed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Intestinal epithelial cell 18, a non-tumour cell line with intestinal epithelial phenotype, was used. COX-2 was measured by Western blot and the involvement of the NF-kappaB pathway assessed by Western blot, pharmacological inhibition, luciferase reporter assays and nuclear translocation experiments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The effect of flavonoids on COX-2 expression depended on the experimental conditions tested [non-stimulated and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated]. Flavonoids caused an increase in COX-2 expression and NF-kappaB-dependent gene transcription under basal conditions. Conversely, under LPS stimulation flavonoids increased, decreased or did not affect COX-2 levels depending on the specific type. Variable effects were observed on extracellular signal regulated kinase/p38/c-Jun N-terminal kinase phosphorylation and p50/65 nuclear translocation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The effect of flavonoids on COX-2 expression depended on the balance of the interference with IkappaB-alpha phosphorylation and other signalling targets, and therefore depends on the experimental conditions and on the type of flavonoids. This is expected to result in different effects in inflammatory conditions. In general, flavonoids may limit epithelial COX-2 expression in inflammatory conditions while favouring it when inflammation is not present.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: López-Posadas
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ballester
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mascaraque
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Suárez
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zarzuelo
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Martínez-Augustin
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sánchez de Medina
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002460:Cell Line; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism*; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000276:immunology; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000276:immunology; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008156:Luciferases / Q000235:genetics; D015394:Molecular Structure; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010957:Plasmids; D021381:Protein Transport; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D005419:Flavonoids; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D016328:NF-kappa B; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D008156:Luciferases; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2