title: Assessment of computerized treatment planning system accuracy in calculating wedge factors of physical wedged fields for 6 MV photon beams.
abstract: Wedge filters are commonly used in external beam radiotherapy to achieve a uniform dose distribution within the target volume. The main objective of this study was to investigate the accuracy of the beam modifier algorithm of Theraplan plus (TPP version 3.8) treatment planning system and to confirm that either the beam hardening, beam softening and attenuation coefficients along with wedge geometry and measured wedge factor at single depth and multiple fields sizes can be the replacement of wedged profile and wedged cross-sectional data or not. In this regard the effect of beam hardening and beam softening was studied with physical wedges for 6 MV photons. The Normalized Wedge Factors (NWFs) were measured experimentally as well as calculated with the Theraplan plus, as a function of depth and field size in a water phantom for 15°, 30°, 45°, and 60° wedge filters. The beam hardening and softening was determined experimentally by deriving the required coefficients for all wedge angles. The TPP version 3.8 requires wedge transmission factor at single depth and multiple field sizes. Without incorporating the hardening and softening coefficients the percent difference between measured and calculated NFWs was as high as 7%. After the introduction of these parameters into the algorithm, the agreement between measured and TPP (V 3.8) calculated NWFs were improved to within 2 percent for various depths. Similar improvement was observed in TPP version 3.8 while calculating NWFs for various field sizes when the required coefficients were adjusted. In conclusion, the dose calculation algorithm of TPP version 3.8 showed good accuracy for a 6 MV photon beam provided beam hardening and softening parameters are taken into account. From the results, it is also concluded that, the beam hardening, beam softening and attenuation coefficients along with wedge geometry and measured wedge factor at single depth and multiple fields sizes can be the replacement of wedged profile and wedged cross-sectional data in the TPS. The study also indicated that by ignoring the beam softening and beam hardening will result in an inaccurate dose to the target volume of the patient.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea. wazir90@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Wazir
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Muhammad
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maqbool
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shahid
authors.forename: Amjad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hussain
authors.forename: Sajjad
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tahir
authors.lastname: Matiullah
authors.forename: Gul
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rooh
authors.forename: Tanveer
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ahmad
authors.forename: Sang Hoon
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D006801:Humans; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D017785:Photons / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018570:Risk Assessment