title: Routine opt-out rapid HIV screening and detection of HIV infection in emergency department patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends routine (nontargeted) opt-out HIV screening in health care settings, including emergency departments (EDs), where the prevalence of undiagnosed infection is 0.1% or greater. The utility of this approach in EDs remains unknown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether nontargeted opt-out rapid HIV screening in the ED was associated with identification of more patients with newly diagnosed HIV infection than physician-directed diagnostic rapid HIV testing.
  
  
  METHODS
  Quasi-experimental equivalent time-samples design in an urban public safety-net hospital with an approximate annual ED census of 55,000 patient visits. Patients were 16 years or older and capable of providing consent for rapid HIV testing.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nontargeted opt-out rapid HIV screening and physician-directed diagnostic rapid HIV testing alternated in sequential 4-month time intervals between April 15, 2007, and April 15, 2009.
  
  
  METHODS
  Number of patients with newly identified HIV infection and the association between nontargeted opt-out rapid HIV screening and identification of HIV infection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the opt-out phase, of 28,043 eligible ED patients, 6933 patients (25%) completed HIV testing (6702 patients were screened; 231 patients were diagnostically tested). Ten of 6702 patients (0.15%; 95% CI, 0.07%-0.27%) who did not decline HIV screening in the opt-out phase had new HIV diagnoses, and 5 of 231 patients (2.2%; 95% CI, 0.7%-5.0%) who were diagnostically tested during the opt-out phase had new HIV diagnoses. In the diagnostic phase, of 29,925 eligible patients, 243 (0.8%) completed HIV testing. Of these, 4 patients (1.6%; 95% CI, 0.5%-4.2%) had new diagnoses. The prevalence of new HIV diagnoses in the opt-out phase (including those diagnostically tested) and in the diagnostic phase was 15 in 28,043 (0.05%; 95% CI, 0.03%-0.09%) and 4 in 29,925 (0.01%; 95% CI, 0.004%-0.03%), respectively. Nontargeted opt-out HIV screening was independently associated with new HIV diagnoses (risk ratio, 3.6; 95% CI, 1.2-10.8) when adjusting for patient demographics, insurance status, and whether diagnostic testing was performed in the opt-out phase. The median CD4 cell count for those with new HIV diagnoses in the opt-out phase (including those diagnostically tested) and in the diagnostic phase was 69/microL (IQR, 17-430) and 13/microL (IQR, 11-15) , respectively (P = .02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nontargeted opt-out rapid HIV screening in the ED, vs diagnostic testing, was associated with identification of a modestly increased number of patients with new HIV diagnoses, most of whom were identified late in the course of disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, Colorado, USA. jason.haukoos@dhha.org
authors.forename: Jason S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Haukoos
authors.forename: Emily
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hopkins
authors.forename: Amy A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Conroy
authors.forename: Morgan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Silverman
authors.forename: Richard L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Byyny
authors.forename: Sheri
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Eisert
authors.forename: Mark W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Thrun
authors.forename: Michael L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Angela B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Hutchinson
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Forsyth
authors.forename: Steven C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: James D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Heffelfinger
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003120:Colorado / Q000453:epidemiology; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D007258:Informed Consent; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010349:Patient Compliance; D014505:Urban Population