title: Application of 3-dimensional ultrasonography to imaging the fetal anal canal.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Ultrasonography has been applied previously to the assessment of the fetal anal canal. We aimed to examine the potential of 3-dimensional ultrasonography (3DUS) in the evaluation of the fetal anal canal and to obtain normal fetal anal canal measurements.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were recruited from an unselected population of gravidas with known gestational age (by dates or first-trimester ultrasonography) and without known fetal anomalies presenting for fetal evaluation in the ultrasound units of 2 tertiary care centers between 16 and 39 gestational weeks. In addition to the ordered scan, 3DUS imaging of the fetal anal canal was performed. Transverse and sagittal views and volumes were obtained. Measurements of the fetal anal canal anteroposterior diameter, lateral diameter, and length were performed in transverse and sagittal planes, respectively, and scatterplots of these dimensions were created. Measurements were performed and repeated on raw data sets by 2 independent observers, and the results were analyzed to estimate interobserver and intraobserver reliability.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 186 patients were examined for this study at 16 to 39 weeks' gestation (mean, 27.4 weeks). The anteroposterior diameter of the fetal anal canal in this study group ranged from 4 to 21 mm (mean, 11.2 mm; SD, +/-3.5 mm), whereas the lateral diameter ranged from 7 to 18 mm (mean, 9.1 mm; SD, +/-3.0 mm). The length of the fetal anal canal in this study group ranged from 3 to 24 mm (mean, 14.3 mm; SD, +/-3.8 mm).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ultrasonographic assessment of the fetal anal canal with 3DUS is feasible. Scatterplots were created for internal anal sphincter width and length measurements from 16 to 39 weeks' gestation. Larger studies are necessary to establish nomograms of these measurements and their application to the evaluation of pathologic cases. We speculate that 3DUS assessment of the fetal anal canal may improve detection rates of disorders involving this system.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel. uriele@ekmd.huji.ac.il
authors.forename: Uriel
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Elchalal
authors.forename: Nili
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yanai
authors.forename: Dan V
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Valsky
authors.forename: Hen Y
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Sela
authors.forename: Yair
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Erez
authors.forename: Simcha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yagel
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nadjari
mesh_terms: D001003:Anal Canal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D011247:Pregnancy; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal / Q000379:methods*