title: 2-Phenyl-5-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)-1-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-1H-benzimidazole, a benzimidazole derivative, inhibits growth of human prostate cancer cells by affecting tubulin and c-Jun N-terminal kinase.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and tubulin are, frequently, targets for developing anti-cancer drugs. A major obstacle to successful development is P-glycoprotein (P-gp)-mediated resistance. Here, we have assessed a compound that inhibited growth of cancer cells, for effects on JNK and tubulin and as a substrate for P-gp.
  
  
  METHODS
  Several pharmacological and biochemical assays were used to characterize signalling pathways of 2-phenyl-5-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)-1-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-1H-benzimidazole (PPTMB), a benzimidazole analogue, in prostate cancer cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PPTMB inhibited proliferation of several human prostate cancer cell lines. It displayed similar activity against a P-gp-rich cell line, indicating that PPTMB was not a substrate for P-gp. PPTMB induced G2/M arrest of the cell cycle and subsequent apoptosis, using flow cytometry. Tubulin polymerization assays and Western blot analysis showed that PPTMB directly acted on tubulin and caused disruption of microtubule dynamics, inducing mitotic arrest and sustained high levels of cyclin B1 expression and Cdk1 activation. Subsequently, mitochondria-related apoptotic cascades were induced, including Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL phosphorylation, Mcl-1 down-regulation, truncated Bad formation and activation of caspase-9 and -3. PPTMB stimulated JNK phosphorylation at Thr(183)/Tyr(185). SP600125, a specific JNK inhibitor, significantly inhibited apoptotic signalling, indicating that JNK plays a key role in PPTMB action. PPTMB showed a 10-fold higher potency against prostate cancer cells than normal prostate cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PPTMB is an effective anti-cancer agent. It disrupted microtubule dynamics, leading to mitotic arrest of the cell cycle and JNK activation, which in turn stimulated the mitochondria-related apoptotic cascades in prostate cancer cells.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Wei-Ling
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Chih-Shiang
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Po-Cheng
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Chiang
authors.forename: Yunn-Fang
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: Ju-Fang
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Kai-Wei
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Jih-Hwa
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Guh
mesh_terms: D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D000840:Anisoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D001562:Benzimidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects*; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm / Q000187:drug effects; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D008297:Male; D008870:Microtubules / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D015394:Molecular Structure; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008941:Spindle Apparatus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D013379:Substrate Specificity; D014404:Tubulin / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: C553743:2-phenyl-5-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)-1-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-1H-benzimidazole; D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1; D000840:Anisoles; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D001562:Benzimidazoles; D014404:Tubulin; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases