title: Monitoring mitochondrial [Ca(2+)] dynamics with rhod-2, ratiometric pericam and aequorin.
abstract: The dynamics of mitochondrial [Ca(2+)] ([Ca(2+)](M)) plays a key role in a variety of cellular processes. The most important methods available to monitor [Ca(2+)](M) are fluorescent dyes such as rhod-2 and specifically targeted proteins such as aequorin and pericam. However, significant discrepancies, both quantitative and qualitative, exist in the literature between the results obtained with different methods. We have made here a systematic comparison of the response of several fluorescent dyes, rhod-2 and rhod-FF, and two Ca(2+)-sensitive proteins, aequorin and pericam. Our results show that measurements obtained with aequorin and pericam are consistent in terms of dynamic Ca(2+) changes. Instead, fluorescent dyes failed to follow Ca(2+) changes adequately, especially during repetitive stimulation. In particular, measures obtained with rhod-2 or rhod-FF evidenced the previously reported Ca(2+)-dependent inhibition of mitochondrial Ca(2+) uptake, but data obtained with aequorin or pericam under the same conditions did not. The reason for the loss of response of fluorescent dyes is unclear. Loading with these dyes produced changes in mitochondrial morphology and membrane potential, which were small and reversible at low concentrations (1-2 microM), but produced large and prolonged damage at higher concentrations. In addition, cells loaded with low concentrations of rhod-2 suffered large changes in mitochondrial morphology after light excitation. Our results suggest that [Ca(2+)](M) data obtained with these dyes should be taken with care.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (IBGM), Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valladolid and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ramón y Cajal, 7, E-47005 Valladolid, Spain.
authors.forename: Rosalba I
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Fonteriz
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: de la Fuente
authors.forename: Alfredo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moreno
authors.forename: Carmen D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Lobatón
authors.forename: Mayte
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Montero
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Alvarez
mesh_terms: D000331:Aequorin; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D002259:Carbonyl Cyanide p-Trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone / Q000494:pharmacology; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006575:Heterocyclic Compounds, 3-Ring; D006801:Humans; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D024101:Mitochondrial Proteins
chemical_list: D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D006575:Heterocyclic Compounds, 3-Ring; D024101:Mitochondrial Proteins; C068483:rhod-2; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D002259:Carbonyl Cyanide p-Trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone; D000331:Aequorin; D002118:Calcium