title: Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm in children: diagnostic features and clinical implications.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm is a rare malignancy that typically follows a highly aggressive clinical course in adults, whereas experience in children with this disease is very limited.
  
  
  METHODS
  This retrospective study analyzed the pathological and clinical findings of nine cases of blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm presenting in patients under the age of 18 years who were reviewed at our institution. We also identified 20 well-documented additional pediatric cases in the literature.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the combined analysis, the overall survival rate among the 25 patients with available follow-up, all having received chemotherapy, was 72% (follow-up ranging from 9 months to 13 years, with a median of 30 months). The event-free survival rate was 64%. Nine patients were alive 5 years after the original diagnosis, although only three of them had undergone hematopoietic stem cell transplantation--one in first complete remission and two in second remission. Of the seven patients who lacked cutaneous disease at presentation, 100% survived, including five who were alive more than 5 years after diagnosis, although only two had undergone stem cell transplantation. Among the 18 patients who presented with cutaneous disease and for whom follow-up data were available, only 11 survived (61%). Detailed immunophenotypic characterization and clinical features of all cases are presented. Unexpectedly, three of four cases of blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm tested showed focal positivity for S-100. S-100 was negative in 28 cases of acute myeloid leukemia evaluated for this marker.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In contrast to adult cases, in which long-term survival depends on stem cell transplantation in first complete remission, blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasms in children are clinically less aggressive. Treatment with high-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia-type chemotherapy appears to be effective, and stem cell transplantation may be reserved for children who relapse and achieve a second remission. Outcomes were more favorable in cases that lacked cutaneous disease at presentation, although a comparison of cutaneous and non-cutaneous cases might be confounded by differences in treatment regimens. Focal expression of S-100 may be seen in concert with other markers of plasmacytoid dendritic cells.
authors.affiliation: Hematopathology Section, Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
authors.forename: Armin G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Jegalian
authors.forename: Nataliya P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Buxbaum
authors.forename: Fabio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Facchetti
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Raffeld
authors.forename: Stefania
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pittaluga
authors.forename: Alan S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Wayne
authors.forename: Elaine S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Jaffe
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D018380:Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation; D006801:Humans; D010954:Plasmacytoma / Q000378:metabolism / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D012008:Recurrence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D009418:S100 Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D015996:Survival Rate; D013997:Time Factors; D014184:Transplantation, Homologous
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D009418:S100 Proteins