title: A critical review of the American Pain Society clinical practice guidelines for interventional techniques: part 2. Therapeutic interventions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Clinical guidelines are a constructive response to the reality that practicing physicians require assistance in assimilating and applying the exponentially expanding, often contradictory, body of medical knowledge. They attempt to define practices that meet the needs of most patients under most circumstances. Ideally, specific clinical recommendations contained within practice guidelines are systematically developed by expert panels who have access to all the available evidence, have an understanding of the clinical problem, and have clinical experience with the procedure being assessed, as well as knowledge of relevant research methods. The recent development of American Pain Society (APS) guidelines has created substantial controversy because of their perceived lack of objective analysis and recommendations perceived to be biased due to conflicts of interest.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To formally and carefully assess the APS guidelines' evidence synthesis for low back pain for therapeutic interventions using the same methodology utilized by the APS authors. The interventions examined were therapeutic interventions for managing low back pain, including epidural injections, adhesiolysis, facet joint interventions, and spinal cord stimulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature search by 2 authors was carried out utilizing appropriate databases from 1966 through July 2008. Articles in which conflicts arose were reviewed and mediated by a third author to arrive at a consensus. Selections of manuscripts and methodologic quality assessment was also performed by at least 2 authors utilizing the same criteria applied in the APS guidelines. The guideline reassessment process included the evaluation of individual studies and systematic reviews and their translation into practice recommendations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The conclusions of APS and our critical assessment based on grading of good, fair, and poor, agreed that there is fair evidence for spinal cord stimulation in post lumbar surgery syndrome, and poor evidence for lumbar intraarticular facet joint injections, lumbar interlaminar epidural injections, caudal epidural steroids for conditions other than disc herniation or radiculitis, sacroiliac joint injections, intradiscal electrothermal therapy, endoscopic adhesiolysis, and intrathecal therapy. However, our assessment of APS guidelines for other interventional techniques, utilizing their own criteria, showed fair evidence for therapeutic lumbar facet joint nerve blocks, caudal epidural injections in disc herniation or radiculitis, percutaneous adhesiolysis in post lumbar surgery syndrome, radiofrequency neurotomy, and transforaminal epidural injections in radiculitis. Also it is illustrated that inclusion of latest literature will change the conclusions, with improved grading - caudal epidural, adhesiolysis, and lumbar facet joint nerve blocks from fair to good or poor to fair. The present critical assessment review illustrates that APS guidelines have utilized multiple studies inappropriately and have excluded appropriate studies. Our integrity assessment shows deep concerns that the APS guidelines illustrating significant methodologic failures which raise concerns about transparency, accountability, consistency, and independence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current reassessment, using appropriate methodology, shows evidence similar to APS guidelines for several procedures, but differs extensively from published APS guidelines for multiple other procedures including caudal epidural injections, lumbar facet joint nerve blocks, lumbar radiofrequency neurotomy, and percutaneous adhesiolysis.
authors.affiliation: Pain Management Center of Paducah, Paducah, KY, USA. drlm@thepainmd.com
authors.forename: Laxmaiah
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Manchikanti
authors.forename: Sukdeb
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Datta
authors.forename: Sanjeeva
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Rajesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Munglani
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Bryce
authors.forename: Stephen P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.forename: Ramsin M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Benyamin
authors.forename: Manohar Lal
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: Standiford
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Helm
authors.forename: Bert
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Fellows
authors.forename: Joshua A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Hirsch
mesh_terms: D002985:Clinical Protocols / Q000592:standards*; D019983:Guideline Adherence / Q000592:standards* / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000628:therapy*; D009462:Neurology / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards* / Q000639:trends; D009493:Neurosurgery / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards* / Q000639:trends; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic / Q000592:standards*; D012955:Societies, Medical / Q000592:standards