title: Coverage of nevirapine-based services to prevent mother-to-child HIV transmission in 4 African countries.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Few studies have objectively evaluated the coverage of services to prevent transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) from mother to child.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To measure the coverage of services to prevent mother-to-child HIV transmission in 4 African countries.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional surveillance study of mother-infant pairs using umbilical cord blood samples collected between June 10, 2007, and October 30, 2008, from 43 randomly selected facilities (grouped as 25 service clusters) providing delivery services in Cameroon, Côte d'Ivoire, South Africa, and Zambia. All sites used at least single-dose nevirapine to prevent mother-to-child HIV transmission and some sites used additional prophylaxis drugs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Population nevirapine coverage, defined as the proportion of HIV-exposed infants in the sample with both maternal nevirapine ingestion (confirmed by cord blood chromatography) and infant nevirapine ingestion (confirmed by direct observation).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 27,893 cord blood specimens were tested, of which 3324 were HIV seropositive (12%). Complete data for cord blood nevirapine results were available on 3196 HIV-seropositive mother-infant pairs. Nevirapine coverage varied significantly by site (range: 0%-82%). Adjusted for country, the overall coverage estimate was 51% (95% confidence interval [CI], 49%-53%). In multivariable analysis, failed coverage of nevirapine-based services was significantly associated with maternal age younger than 20 years (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 1.44; 95% CI, 1.18-1.76) and maternal age between 20 and 25 years (AOR, 1.28; 95% CI, 1.07-1.54) vs maternal age of older than 30 years; 1 or fewer antenatal care visits (AOR, 2.91; 95% CI, 2.40-3.54), 2 or 3 antenatal care visits (AOR, 1.93; 95% CI, 1.60-2.33), and 4 or 5 antenatal care visits (AOR, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.34-1.80) vs 6 or more antenatal care visits; vaginal delivery (AOR, 1.22; 95% CI, 1.03-1.44) vs cesarean delivery; and infant birth weight of less than 2500 g (AOR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.11-1.62) vs birth weight of 3500 g or greater.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this random sampling of sites with services to prevent mother-to-child HIV transmission, only 51% of HIV-exposed infants received the minimal regimen of single-dose nevirapine.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Plot 1275 Lubutu Rd, PO Box 34681, Lusaka, Zambia.
authors.forename: Elizabeth M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Stringer
authors.forename: Didier K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Ekouevi
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Coetzee
authors.forename: Pius M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Tih
authors.forename: Tracy L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Creek
authors.forename: Kathryn
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Stinson
authors.forename: Mark J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Giganti
authors.forename: Thomas K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Welty
authors.forename: Namwinga
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chintu
authors.forename: Benjamin H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Chi
authors.forename: Catherine M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Wilfert
authors.forename: Nathan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shaffer
authors.forename: Francois
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dabis
authors.forename: Jeffrey S A
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Stringer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000349:Africa; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005312:Fetal Blood / Q000737:chemistry; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000635:transmission*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical / Q000517:prevention & control*; D019829:Nevirapine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011159:Population Surveillance; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000517:prevention & control*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D019829:Nevirapine