title: Simultaneous determination of triazines and their main transformation products in surface and urban wastewater by ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.
abstract: This work describes the optimization, validation and application of an ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method for the quantification and confirmation of 11 compounds (atrazine, simazine, terbuthylazine, terbumeton, terbutryn and their main transformation products) in surface and wastewater samples. Several of these analytes are included in the list of priority substances in the framework on European Water Policy. The application of this method to water samples reveals that the most relevant transformation products (TPs) should be incorporated into current analytical methods to obtain a more realistic knowledge of water quality regarding pesticide contamination. TPs are generally more polar and mobile than parents and can be transported to the aquatic environment more easily than their precursors. This can explain their concentrations found in water, which in many cases are much higher than intact triazines. To efficiently combine UHPLC with MS/MS, a fast-acquisition triple quadrupole mass analyser was used. Working in selected reaction monitoring mode, up to three simultaneous transitions per compound were acquired, allowing a reliable quantification and confirmation at nanogram per litre levels. The method developed includes a pre-concentration step based on solid-phase extraction (OASIS HLB cartridges). Satisfactory recoveries (70-120%) and relative standard deviations (<20%) were obtained for all compounds in different water sample types spiked at two concentrations (0.025 and 0.1 microg/L in surface water; 0.25 and 1.0 microg/L in effluent wastewater; 0.5 and 2.0 microg/L in influent wastewater). The optimized method was found to have excellent sensitivity with instrumental detection limits as low as 0.03 pg. In addition, the influence of the matrix constituents on the ionization efficiency and the extraction recovery was studied in different types of Italian and Spanish surface and urban wastewater. Signal suppressions were observed for all compounds, especially for influent wastewater. The use of isotope-labelled internal standards was found to be the best approach to assure an accurate quantification in all matrix samples.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, P. za della Scienza, 1, 20126 Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Federica
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Benvenuto
authors.forename: José M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Marín
authors.forename: Juan V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Sancho
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Canobbio
authors.forename: Valeria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mezzanotte
authors.forename: Félix
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hernández
mesh_terms: D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D057230:Limit of Detection; D015394:Molecular Structure; D010575:Pesticides / Q000737:chemistry*; D012722:Sewage / Q000032:analysis*; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D014227:Triazines / Q000737:chemistry*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D010575:Pesticides; D012722:Sewage; D014227:Triazines; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical