title: Molecular and cellular mechanisms of pancreatic injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This review focuses on studies from the past year that highlight molecular and cellular mechanisms of pancreatic injury arising from acute and chronic pancreatitis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Factors that induce or ameliorate injury as well as cellular pathways involved have been examined. Causative or sensitizing factors include refluxed bile acids, hypercalcemia, ethanol, hypertriglyceridemia, and acidosis. In addition, the diabetes drug exendin-4 has been associated with pancreatitis, whereas other drugs may reduce pancreatic injury. The intracellular events that influence disease severity are better understood. Cathepsin-L promotes injury through an antiapoptotic effect, rather than by trypsinogen activation. In addition, specific trypsinogen mutations lead to trypsinogen misfolding, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and injury. Endogenous trypsin inhibitors and upregulation of proteins including Bcl-2, fibroblast growth factor 21, and activated protein C can reduce injury. Immune cells, however, have been shown to increase injury via an antiapoptotic effect.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current findings are critical to understanding how causative factors initiate downstream cellular events resulting in pancreatic injury. Such knowledge will aid in the development of targeted treatments for pancreatitis. This review will first discuss factors influencing pancreatic injury, and then conclude with studies detailing the cellular mechanisms involved.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
authors.forename: Edwin C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Thrower
authors.forename: Fred S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Gorelick
authors.forename: Sohail Z
authors.initials: SZ
authors.lastname: Husain
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D004721:Endoplasmic Reticulum / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D010179:Pancreas / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D019283:Pancreatitis, Acute Necrotizing / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D050500:Pancreatitis, Chronic / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D014357:Trypsin / Q000378:metabolism; D014362:Trypsinogen / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D014362:Trypsinogen; D014357:Trypsin