title: Nongenetic factors influence severity of episodic ataxia type 1 in monozygotic twins.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Episodic ataxia type 1 (EA1) is a monogenic channelopathy caused by mutations of the potassium channel gene KCNA1. Affected individuals carrying the same mutation can exhibit considerable variability in the severity of ataxia, neuromyotonia, and other associated features. We investigated the phenotypic heterogeneity of EA1 in 2 sets of identical twins to determine the contribution of environmental factors to disease severity. One of the mutations was also found in a distantly related family, providing evidence of the influence of genetic background on the EA1 phenotype.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated 3 families with an EA1 phenotype, 2 of which included monozygotic twins. We sequenced the KCNA1 gene and studied the biophysical consequences of the mutations in HEK cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified a new KCNA1 mutation in each pair of twins. Both pairs reported striking differences in the clinical severity of symptoms. The F414S mutation identified in one set of twins also occurred in a distantly related family in which seizures complicated the EA1 phenotype. The other twins had an R307C mutation, the first EA1 mutation to affect an arginine residue in the voltage-sensor domain. Both mutants when expressed exerted a dominant-negative effect on wild-type channels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results broaden the range of KCNA1 mutations and reveal an unexpectedly large contribution of nongenetic factors to phenotypic variability in EA1. The occurrence of epilepsy in 1 of 2 families with the F414S mutation suggests an interplay of KCNA1 with other genetic factors.
authors.affiliation: MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: T D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Graves
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rajakulendran
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Zuberi
authors.forename: H R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schorge
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Hanna
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Kullmann
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001259:Ataxia / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology; D005192:Family Health; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D051662:Kv1.1 Potassium Channel / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010375:Pedigree; D010641:Phenotype; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014430:Twins, Monozygotic; D014743:Videotape Recording; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: C496946:KCNA1 protein, human; D051662:Kv1.1 Potassium Channel