title: Evaluation of a multifaceted social marketing campaign to increase awareness of and screening for oral cancer in African Americans.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A 2-year social marketing media campaign and community education activities were organized to promote screening for oral cancer in a high-risk population in Detroit/Wayne County, Michigan. Long-term goals of the campaign were to reduce the oral cancer death rate, increase the proportion of oral cancers detected at an early stage, and increase the proportion of adults who report having been screened. The intermediate goals of the campaign were to increase awareness of oral cancer and of oral cancer screening. This article presents outcomes related to the intermediate goals of the campaign.
  
  
  METHODS
  The intermediate goals of the campaign were assessed by the number of calls to a toll-free hotline, which media venues led to calls, number of screenings conducted by the free screening clinic, number of precancers and cancers detected, and the number of sessions conducted, organizations involved, and persons participating in the community education program. The costs per screened case and cancers detected were also evaluated. The media campaign promoted screening using billboards, radio and newspaper ads, and a toll-free hotline. Culturally relevant messages were developed collaboratively with focus groups representing the target audience. Billboards were placed in highly visible locations around Detroit, Michigan. Sixty-second messages on the impact of oral cancer and that screening is 'painless and free' were aired on radio stations popular with the target audience. Ads displaying the hotline were placed in two local newspapers. Callers to the hotline were scheduled for a free screening with a clinic operated by the project. Referral to an oral surgeon was scheduled if a suspicious lesion was found. Free education sessions were also conducted with community-based organizations. Costs associated with the campaign and hotline were totaled, and the cost per screening and cancer detected were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the campaign, 1327 radio spots aired; 42 billboards were displayed; two newspaper ads were printed; and 242 education sessions were conducted. The hotline received 1783 calls. The majority of callers reported that their call was prompted by a radio ad (57%). The clinic screened 1020 adults and referred 78 for further examination. Three cancers, two precancers, and 12 benign tumors were detected. The total cost associated with the campaign and toll-free hotline was $795,898.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A multifaceted social marketing campaign including radio ads, billboards, and education sessions can effectively target a high-risk population and that given an outlet could result in a significant number of people getting screened at a relatively low cost.
authors.affiliation: Detroit Oral Cancer Prevention Project, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, 1011 N. University Ave, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. jwillem@umich.edu
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Jedele
authors.forename: A I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Ismail
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000329:Advertising / Q000191:economics; D001741:Black or African American / Q000193:education* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D003151:Community Health Centers; D019058:Community Networks; D003159:Community-Institutional Relations; D055088:Early Detection of Cancer; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006040:Goals; D006267:Health Education, Dental / Q000191:economics; D006293:Health Promotion; D015277:Hotlines / Q000191:economics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008824:Michigan; D008875:Middle Aged; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000191:economics / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009524:Newspapers as Topic; D011230:Precancerous Conditions / Q000191:economics / Q000517:prevention & control; D011845:Radio; D012017:Referral and Consultation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking; D040241:Social Marketing