title: [Nephrotic syndrome complicated with intracranial venous thrombosis treated with urokinase: report of 5 cases].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the effect of urokinase and low molecular weight heparin in children with nephrotic syndrome complicated with intracranial venous thrombosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Urokinase and low molecular weight heparin were administered to the 5 patients intravenously. The initial dose of urokinase was 2000 - 4000 U/(kg.d), the initial pulse dose was 20 000 - 40 000 U given within 15 - 30 minutes, and the left was infused by using a pump, from the second day 2000 U/(kg.d) urokinase was infused daily for 3 to 7 days. During the treatment thrombin time (TT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) were tested 3 times every week, with particular attention to bleeding. Low molecular weight heparin 100 - 120 AXaIU/kg, 1 or 2 times per day was hypodermally injected for a course of two weeks. Anti-platelet drugs: long-term oral administration of dipyridamole 3 - 5 mg/(kg.d) was applied 2 - 3 times every day for 3 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The clinical symptoms disappeared after one month of the combined therapy of urokinase, low molecular weight heparin and dipyridamole in 5 cases of nephrotic syndrome complicated with intracranial venous thrombosis in children, the plasma viscosity returned to normal in 1 month, activated partial thromboplastin time, prothrombin time, fibrinogen degradation products returned to normal in 1 to 2 months, venous thrombosis disappeared after 1 to 3 months in head CT or MRI examination, showing the cerebral venous sinus thrombosis complete recanalization without relapse cases in follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The early application of urokinase and low molecular heparin and anti-platelet coagulation drugs was effective. The early diagnosis, treatment and prevention of intracranial vein thrombosis in patients with nephrotic syndrome is important.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Nanjing Military Command General Hospital, Nanjing 210002, China.
authors.forename: Zheng-kun
authors.initials: ZK
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.forename: Xu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Zhong-min
authors.initials: ZM
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.forename: Guang-ling
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Yuan-fu
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.forename: Xian-guo
authors.initials: XG
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.forename: Song
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mao
authors.forename: Qian
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009404:Nephrotic Syndrome / Q000150:complications*; D011379:Prognosis; D012851:Sinus Thrombosis, Intracranial / Q000150:complications*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator