title: Mutations in the spike glycoprotein of human coronavirus OC43 modulate disease in BALB/c mice from encephalitis to flaccid paralysis and demyelination.
abstract: The etiology of most neurodegenerative diseases of the central nervous system remains unknown and likely involves a combination of genetic susceptibility and environmental triggering factors. Given that exposure to numerous infectious pathogens occurs during childhood, and that some viral infections can lead to neurodegeneration and demyelination, it is conceivable that some viruses may act as triggering factors in neuropathogenesis. We have previously shown that the prototype OC43 strain of the common cold-associated human respiratory coronavirus has the capacity to infect human neuronal and glial cells and does persist in human brains. Moreover, it has neuroinvasive properties in susceptible BALB/c mice, where it leads to a chronic encephalitis with accompanying disabilities. Here, we show that mutations in the viral spike glycoprotein, reproducibly acquired during viral persistence in human neural cell cultures, led to a drastically modified virus-induced neuropathology in BALB/c mice, characterized by flaccid paralysis and demyelination. Even though infection by both mutated and wild-type viruses led to neuroinflammation, the modified neuropathogenesis induced by the mutated virus was associated with increased viral spread and significantly more CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocyte infiltration into the central nervous system, as well as significantly increased levels of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-6 and the chemokine CCL2 (monocyte chemoattractant protein [MCP]-1). Moreover, recombinant virus harboring the S glycoprotein mutations retained its neurotropism, productively infecting neurons. Therefore, interaction of a human respiratory coronavirus with the central nervous system may modulate virus and host factors resulting in a modified neuropathogenesis in genetically susceptible individuals.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Neuroimmunovirology, INRS-Institute Armand-Frappier, Laval, Québec, Canada.
authors.forename: Hélène
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jacomy
authors.forename: Julien R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: St-Jean
authors.forename: Elodie
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Brison
authors.forename: Gabriel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Marceau
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Desforges
authors.forename: Pierre J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Talbot
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018352:Coronavirus Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D028962:Coronavirus OC43, Human / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D003711:Demyelinating Diseases / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology*; D018792:Encephalitis, Viral / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000235:genetics*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D009154:Mutation; D010264:Paraplegia / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology*; D064370:Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus; D014759:Viral Envelope Proteins / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D064370:Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus; D014759:Viral Envelope Proteins