title: Effect of six different peri-implantitis disinfection methods on in vivo human oral biofilm.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this human in vivo pilot study was to evaluate the efficacy of six antimicrobial agents on the surface decontamination of an oral biofilm attached to titanium implants.
  
  
  METHODS
  For in vivo biofilm formation, we fixed titanium specimens to individual removable acrylic upper jaw splints (14 specimens in every splint), which were worn by four volunteers overnight for 12 h. The specimens were then treated with different antimicrobial agents for 1 min (Sodium hypochlorite, Hydrogen peroxide 3%, Chlorhexidingluconate 0.2%, Plax, Listerine, citric acid 40%). Afterwards, we quantified the total bacterial load and the viability of adhering bacteria by live or dead cell labelling in combination with fluorescence microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The total bacterial load on the titanium surfaces was significantly higher after incubation in the control solution phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) than after disinfection in sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, chlorhexidine, Plax, Listerine, and citric acid. Furthermore, a significantly lower ratio between dead and total adhering bacteria (bactericidal effect) was found after incubation in control PBS, Plax mouth rinse, and citric acid than after incubation in sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, chlorhexidine, and Listerine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All tested antiseptics seem to be able to reduce the total amount of microorganisms accumulating on titanium surfaces. Furthermore, sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, chlorhexidine, and Listerine showed a significant bactericidal effect against adhering bacteria.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany. martin.gosau@klinik.uni-regensburg.de
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gosau
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hahnel
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Schwarz
authors.forename: Till
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gerlach
authors.forename: Torsten E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Reichert
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bürgers
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001422:Bacterial Adhesion; D001565:Benzoates / Q000494:pharmacology; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects*; D002710:Chlorhexidine / Q000494:pharmacology; D019343:Citric Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D019551:Dental Disinfectants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015921:Dental Implants; D004203:Disinfection / Q000379:methods*; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D008334:Mandible; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012459:Salicylates / Q000494:pharmacology; D012967:Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate / Q000494:pharmacology; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite / Q000494:pharmacology; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013499:Surface Properties; D013729:Terpenes / Q000494:pharmacology; D014025:Titanium
chemical_list: D001565:Benzoates; D019551:Dental Disinfectants; D015921:Dental Implants; D004338:Drug Combinations; C070868:Plax; D012459:Salicylates; D013729:Terpenes; D019343:Citric Acid; D012967:Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; C057473:Listerine; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D014025:Titanium; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite; D002710:Chlorhexidine