title: Cardiovascular risk evaluation and antiretroviral therapy effects in an HIV cohort: implications for clinical management: the CREATE 1 study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study is to determine the cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk profile of a large UK HIV cohort and how highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) affects this.
  
  
  METHODS
  It is a cross-sectional study within a large inner city hospital and neighbouring district hospital. A total of 1021 HIV positive outpatients representative of the complete cohort and 990 who had no previous CVD were included in CVD risk analysis. We recorded demographics, HAART history and CVD risk factors. CVD and coronary heart disease (CHD) risks were calculated using the Framingham (1991) algorithm adjusted for family history.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The non-CVD cohort (n = 990) was 74% men, 51% Caucasian and 73.1% were on HAART. Mean age was 41 +/- 9 years, systolic blood pressure 120 +/- 14 mmHg, total cholesterol 4.70 +/- 1.05 mmol/l, high-density lipoprotein-C 1.32 +/- 0.48 mmol/l and 37% smoked. Median CVD risk was 4 (0-56) % in men and 1.4 (0-37) % in women; CHD risks were 3.5 (0-36) % and 0.6 (0-16) %. CVD risk was > 20% in 6% of men and 1% of women and > 10% in 12% of men and 4% of women. CVD risk was higher in Caucasians than other ethnicities; the risk factor contributing most was raised cholesterol. For patients on their first HAART, increased CHD risk (26.2% vs. 6.5%; odds ratio 4.03, p < 0.001) was strongly related to the duration of therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Modifiable risk factors, especially cholesterol, and also duration of HAART, were key determinants of CVD risk.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Regular CHD and/or CVD risk assessment should be performed on patients with HIV, especially during HAART therapy. The effect of different HAART regimens on CHD risk should be considered when selecting therapy.
authors.affiliation: HIV Medicine, Guy's & St Thomas' Hospitals, London, UK.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aboud
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Elgalib
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pomeroy
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Panayiotakopoulos
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Skopelitis
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kulasegaram
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dimian
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: C Lampe
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Duncan
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Wierzbicki
authors.forename: B S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Peters
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced*; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000139:chemically induced; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D002784:Cholesterol