title: Self-rated quality of life and school performance in relation to helminth infections: case study from Yunnan, People's Republic of China.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Expert opinion-derived disability weights are widely employed for estimating the global burden of diseases and injuries. For chronic diseases such as soil-transmitted helminthiasis and schistosomiasis, it has been suggested that a patient-based quality of life (QoL) approach should be considered for a more accurate appraisal of disability weights.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We carried out a cross-sectional survey and assessed the prevalence and intensity of soil-transmitted helminth infections as well as self-rated QoL indicators among 252 students attending grades 5-8 in two schools (Bulangshan and Pu'er) in Yunnan province, People's Republic of China. Each student provided a single stool sample, which was subjected to duplicate Kato-Katz thick smear readings and a single FLOTAC examination for parasitological diagnosis. Prevalence rates for hookworm, Trichuris trichiura and Ascaris lumbricoides were high in Bulangshan (75.9%, 70.0% and 68.2%), while the respective prevalence rates in Pu'er were 66.9%, 56.5% and 9.2%. Students were interviewed with two standardised questionnaires, the EuroQoL-5 Dimensions (EQ-5D) and ShortForm-12 (SF-12) Health Survey. Impairment in any of the five dimensions of the EQ-5D was reported by 87% of the students. However, no clear differences could be observed between individuals with and those without helminth infections, and there were discrepancies between the two schools. A multivariate logistic regression model revealed no differences between students with varying infection status in the domains of the SF-12 (odds ratio close to 1.0). Somewhat more pronounced, yet not statistically significant differences were observed when end-of-school-term marks were compared with students' helminth infection status: infected individuals had lower marks in Chinese, English and mathematics, but not in sports, compared to their helminth-free counterparts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results point to unresolved issues and challenges regarding the cultural appropriateness of the widely used standard QoL questionnaires. Hence, new research is needed to further develop these instruments and to validate them in connection with chronic parasitic diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, P,O, Box, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland. juerg.utzinger@unibas.ch.
authors.forename: Kathrin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ziegelbauer
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Steinmann
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Zun-Wei
authors.initials: ZW
authors.lastname: Du
authors.forename: Jin-Yong
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fürst
authors.forename: Tie-Wu
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Jia
authors.forename: Xiao-Nong
authors.initials: XN
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Jürg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Utzinger