title: Improving the visualization of fluorescently tagged nanoparticles and fluorophore-labeled molecular probes by treatment with CuSO(4) to quench autofluorescence in the rat inner ear.
abstract: Fluorescent tags and fluorophore-conjugated molecular probes have been extensively employed in histological studies to demonstrate nanoparticle distribution in inner ear cell populations. However, autofluorescence that exists in the rodent cochleae disturbs visualization of the fluorescent tags and fluorophore labeling. In the present work, we aimed to improve the visualization of fluorescently tagged nanoparticles and fluorophore-labeled molecular probes by treatment with CuSO(4) to quench autofluorescence in the rat inner ear. The in vivo study was performed on eight- to nine-month-old rats using confocal laser scanning microscopy, and the in vitro study was carried out with DiI-tagged poly(ethylene glycol) and poly(capro-lactone) polymersomes and different fluorescent-labeling agents using a spectrofluorometer. The nanoparticles were intratympanically administered using either an osmotic pump or transtympanic injection. Abundant autofluorescence was detected in spiral ganglion cells (SGCs), stria marginal cells, spiral ligament fibrocytes (SL) and the subcuticular cytoplasm of inner hair cells (IHCs). Sparsely distributed faint autofluorescence was also visualized in outer hair cells (OHCs). The autofluorescence was eliminated by treatment with 1 mM CuSO(4) (in 0.01 M ammonium acetate buffer) for 70-90 min, while the fluorescent tag in the nanoparticle was absolutely preserved and the labeling fluorescence signals of the molecular probes were mostly retained.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: Ya
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Weikai
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Alexander H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Johnston
authors.forename: Tracey A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Newman
authors.forename: Ilmari
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Pyykkö
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zou
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019327:Copper Sulfate / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007758:Ear, Inner / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D016650:Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate; D005453:Fluorescence; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal / Q000379:methods*; D023421:Models, Animal; D015335:Molecular Probes; D041681:NIH 3T3 Cells; D053758:Nanoparticles; D011091:Polyesters; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012235:Rhodamines
chemical_list: D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D015335:Molecular Probes; D011091:Polyesters; D012235:Rhodamines; C016240:polycaprolactone; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; C009434:tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate; D016650:Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate; D019327:Copper Sulfate