title: Effect of road transport for up to 24 hours followed by twenty-four hour recovery on live weight and physiological responses of bulls.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The transport of livestock can have major implications for their welfare, and there is strong public interest and scientific endeavour aimed at ensuring that the welfare of transported animals is optimal. The objective of the study was to investigate the effect of transport on live weight, physiological and haematological responses of bulls after road transport of 0, 6, 9, 12, 18 and 24 hours (h). Seventy-two Charolais bulls (mean weight (s.d.) 367 (35) kg), naïve to transport, were randomly assigned to one of six journey (J) times of 0 h, 6 h, 9 h, 12 h, 18 h and 24 h transport (n = 12 animals/treatment) at a stocking density of 1.02 m2/bull. Blood samples were collected by jugular venipuncture before transport (-0.25 h), immediately after (0 h) and at 1 h, 2 h, 4 h, 6 h, 8 h, 12 h and 24 h relative to time 0 h. The bulls were weighed before transport (- 24 h and - 0.25 h), immediately after (0 h), and at 4 h, 12 h and 24 h relative to time 0 h. Control animals were blood sampled before assignment (-0.25 h) to novel pens, after (24 h), and at 1 h, 2 h, 4 h, 6 h, 8 h, 12 h and 24 h relative to the 24 h sampling time point.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bulls travelling for 6 h (280 km), 9 h (435 km), 12 h (582 km), 18 h (902 km) and 24 h (1192 km) lost 4.7, 4.5, 5.7 (P < 0.05), 6.6 (P < 0.05) and 7.5 (P < 0.05) percentage (%) live weight compared with baseline. Live weight re-gained to pre-transport levels during the 24 h recovery period. Lymphocyte percentages were lower (P < 0.05) and neutrophil percentages were greater (P < 0.05) in all animals. Blood protein, glucose and NEFA concentrations and creatine kinase activity were greater (P < 0.05) in the bulls following transport and returned to baseline within 24 h.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Under the conditions of the present study, transport of bulls on journeys by road, ranging from 6 h (280 km) to 24 h (1192 km) duration, affected live weight, haematological and physiological measurements of metabolism and inflammation. Our findings showed that live weight and some physiological and haematological responses of bulls returned to pre-transport levels within 24 h with animals having had access to feed and water.
authors.affiliation: Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland. bernadette.earley@teagasc.ie
authors.forename: Bernadette
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Earley
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Prendiville
mesh_terms: D020155:3-Hydroxybutyric Acid / Q000097:blood; D000827:Animal Welfare; D000818:Animals; D001772:Blood Cell Count / Q000662:veterinary; D001831:Body Temperature / Q000502:physiology; D001835:Body Weight / Q000502:physiology*; D002417:Cattle / Q000502:physiology*; D003402:Creatine Kinase / Q000097:blood; D004326:Drinking / Q000502:physiology; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / Q000097:blood; D005916:Globulins / Q000032:analysis; D006242:Haptoglobins / Q000032:analysis; D006400:Hematocrit / Q000662:veterinary; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D011897:Random Allocation; D012709:Serum Albumin / Q000032:analysis; D014186:Transportation / Q000379:methods*; D014508:Urea / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D005916:Globulins; D006242:Haptoglobins; D006454:Hemoglobins; D012709:Serum Albumin; D014508:Urea; D003402:Creatine Kinase; D020155:3-Hydroxybutyric Acid