title: Urokinase-type plasminogen activator inhibits efferocytosis of neutrophils.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Phagocytosis of apoptotic cells, also called efferocytosis, plays an essential role in the resolution of inflammation. Urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) is a multifunctional protein that has been implicated in inflammatory conditions, including pneumonia and severe infection, which are often accompanied by the development of acute lung injury. However, the role of uPA in modulating efferocytosis of apoptotic neutrophils has not been defined.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To characterize the role of uPA in regulation of efferocytosis and to delineate the underlying mechanisms involved in this process.
  
  
  METHODS
  In vitro and in vivo phagocytosis, immunoprecipitation, and Western blotting assays.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The phagocytosis of apoptotic neutrophils by macrophages was significantly inhibited by uPA. Mutant uPA lacking the growth factor domain and catalytically inactive uPA had similar inhibitory effects on efferocytosis, as did wild-type uPA. In contrast, absence of the kringle domain abrogated the ability of uPA to diminish efferocytosis. Both the α(V)β₃ integrin and vitronectin seemed to be involved in the inhibition of efferocytosis by uPA. Incubation of macrophages with uPA also diminished activation of the small GTPase Rac-1, which normally occurs during ingestion of apoptotic neutrophils. Under in vivo conditions in the lungs, uPA decreased the uptake of apoptotic neutrophils by alveolar macrophages.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data demonstrate a novel role for uPA in which it is able to diminish the uptake of apoptotic neutrophils by macrophages under both in vitro and in vivo conditions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35294, USA.
authors.forename: Yanping
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Arnaud
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Friggeri
authors.forename: Sami
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Banerjee
authors.forename: Khalil
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bdeir
authors.forename: Douglas B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Cines
authors.forename: Gang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Abraham
mesh_terms: D055371:Acute Lung Injury / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D047468:Immunoprecipitation; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000473:pathology*; D010587:Phagocytosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator