title: A scoring system for elective triage of referrals: Spine Severity Score.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Spine Severity Score (SSS) is a 15-point scoring system devised for the purpose of triaging elective surgical spine referrals. From the referral letter and the accompanying radiology report, a total score is calculated based on clinical, pathological, and radiological criteria; a maximum score of 5 can be obtained within each category. A higher total score represents a referral that should be seen more urgently.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To report interrater and intrarater reliability for the SSS and compare the scoring system against the traditional system for triage, that is, the surgeon's clinical experience.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective cross-comparison design was used to evaluate the reliability and convergent validity of the SSS using spine case referrals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four spine surgeons (experts) and three administrative assistants (nonexperts) at the University of Calgary scored 25 referrals. A second iteration of scoring was performed with a minimum time interval elapsed of 6 weeks. Raters were instructed to choose the most concerning (the one with the highest associated score) descriptor in each category that was thought relevant to the individual referral. No further instructions were given on how to interpret the referral letter or the radiology report. The surgeons also scored the referrals using their own preexisting four-point scoring systems. The results were analyzed with independent and dependent t tests, Pearson product moment correlation coefficient, and generalizability and decision analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An independent-measures t test (p>.05) revealed no statistical differences between experts and nonexperts (ie, interrater reliability) for both Iterations 1 and 2 on total scores of the SSS and a moderately strong relationship between their ratings across iterations (r=0.79, p<.001). Similarly, a paired-samples t test (p>.05) indicated a nonsignificant mean difference between Total SSS ratings at Time 1 and Time 2 (ie, intrarater reliability) and a high degree of agreement (r=0.96, p<.001) between the two iterations. These results were confirmed with correlational analyses. Pearson product moment correlation coefficients between the gold standard and the mean score were calculated from expert ratings on Total SSS at Time 1 (r=0.71, p<.001) and at Time 2 (r=0.69, p<.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The SSS is a reliable scoring system for triage of elective spine referrals, even among nonexperts. We have been able to demonstrate strong interrater and intrarater reliability for the SSS and moderately strong correlation with the traditional triage system.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 2T9. shellylwu@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Shelly
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lwu
authors.forename: Elizabeth Oddone
authors.initials: EO
authors.lastname: Paolucci
authors.forename: R John
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Hurlbert
authors.forename: Ken C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Thomas
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012017:Referral and Consultation; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013122:Spinal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D014218:Triage / Q000379:methods*