title: In vitro levels of cytokines in response to purified protein derivative (PPD) antigen in a population with high prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis.
abstract: The control of mycobacterial infection by the host depends on cell-mediated immunity (CMI), involving activated macrophages, T cells, and type 1 cytokines (Th1). Here we evaluated the capacity of antigen-induced proliferation by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and the production of proinflammatory tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 12 (IL-12p40). The Th1 cytokine interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and Th2 cytokines interleukin 4 (IL-4) and interleukin 5 (IL-5) in 62 pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) patients (40 Warao indigenous patients [WP] and 22 Creole non-indigenous patients [CP]) and 24 healthy controls (12 Warao indigenous controls [WC] and 12 Creole non-indigenous controls [CC]) at 24 and 48 hours in response to purified protein derivative (PPD) from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The overall results revealed that testing of CP and CC' PBMCs for TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-12p40 production was higher compared with WP and WC' PBMCs after stimulating for 24 and 48 hours (p < 0.0001), within the WP group, the lower productions of IL-12p40 and IFN-γ significantly correlated (r(2) = 0.91, p < 0.01). Although in general there was interindividual variability in the observed responses of Th2 cytokines, especially with IL-4, there was a trend to produce higher PPD-induced IL-5 by WP' PBMCs compared with WC' PBMCs and CP' PBMCs at 24 and 48 hours, respectively. High IL-5 production correlated inversely with low IFN-γ production (r(2) = -0.97, p < 0.002). In conclusion, our results suggest that PPD-induced responses observed in patients from both populations can be divided into two groups: one group that activates Creole' PBMCs to preferentially secrete TNF-α, IL-12p40 and IFN-γ and another group that activates preferential secretion of IL-5 in Warao' PBMCs.
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Inmunología de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Biomedicina, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela.
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Giampietro
authors.forename: Jacobus H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: de Waard
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rivas-Santiago
authors.forename: José Antonio
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Enciso-Moreno
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Salgado
authors.forename: Zaida
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Araujo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000276:immunology* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D044382:Population Groups; D015995:Prevalence; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D058408:Th1-Th2 Balance / Q000187:drug effects; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D014373:Tuberculin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology*; D014687:Venezuela
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D014373:Tuberculin