title: Study of shape memory alloy fibers for the development of artificial myocardium.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Circulatory support devices are employed to treat heart failure. Such a device could be made from shape memory alloy (SMA) fibers. These Ni-Ti fibers contract when electric current flows through them, thus resembling artificial muscles. An artificial myocardium device made from SMA fibers can directly compress the epicardial surface of a failing heart, thus contributing to the pumping action. Unlike modern mechanical circulatory support devices, there is no blood-contacting surface to provoke thromboembolism, hemorrhage, inflammatory response or hemolysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  The experimental setup permitted a detailed study of a sample SMA fiber with great accuracy while the ambient temperature was controlled to resemble that of the human body. The current profile through the fiber was controlled (current shaping, CS) by a microcontroller and a portable computer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Parameters such as strain, contraction and relaxation velocities and the effect of ambient temperature were measured. The contraction and relaxation velocities were measured after applying various effective currents. It was found that the contraction velocity could be manipulated to reach that of the healthy myocardium through CS. On the other hand, the relaxation velocity was independent of the contraction velocity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A cardiac assist device can be made from SMA fibers. More studies need to be conducted in this direction.
authors.affiliation: Cardiac Surgery Department, University of Crete, Faculty of Medicine, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
authors.forename: Ioannis A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Hassoulas
authors.forename: Vlassios S
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Ladopoulos
authors.forename: Paris-Dimitrios K
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Kalogerakos
mesh_terms: D000497:Alloys / Q000737:chemistry; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004560:Electricity; D006353:Heart-Assist Devices; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D008961:Models, Structural; D009532:Nickel / Q000737:chemistry; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000497:Alloys; C040654:titanium nickelide; D009532:Nickel; D014025:Titanium