title: Thyroid eye disease.
abstract: Thyroid eye disease (TED) is the most common cause of proptosis in adults, and should always be a consideration in patients with unexplained diplopia, pain, or optic nerve dysfunction. At least 80% of TED is associated with Graves disease (GD), and at least 50% of patients with GD develop clinically evident symptomatic TED. The most confusing patients for doctors of all subspecialties are the patients with eye symptoms and signs that precede serum evidence of a thyroid imbalance. Management of TED may include immunosuppressive medications, radiation, or surgery. Although the prognosis for optic nerve function is excellent, the restrictive dysmotility can result in permanent disability. Orbit and eyelid reconstruction are reserved for stable, inactive patients and are the final steps in minimizing facial alterations and enhancing the patient's daily functioning.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. dr@cockerhammd.com
authors.forename: Kimberly P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Cockerham
authors.forename: Stephanie S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Chan
mesh_terms: D004172:Diplopia; D005128:Eye Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D049970:Graves Ophthalmopathy / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D056747:Immunomodulation / Q000502:physiology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D013959:Thyroid Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D015898:Tomography Scanners, X-Ray Computed