title: Promoter methylation status of hMLH1, MGMT, and CDKN2A/p16 in colorectal adenomas.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate aberrant DNA methylation of CpG islands and subsequent low- or high-level DNA microsatellite instability (MSI) which is assumed to drive colon carcinogenesis.
  
  
  METHODS
  DNA of healthy individuals, adenoma (tubular or villous/tubulovillous) patients, and colorectal carcinoma patients who underwent colonoscopy was used for assessing the prevalence of aberrant DNA methylation of human DNA mismatch repair gene mutator L homologue 1 (hMLH1), Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (CDKN2A/p16), and O-6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT), as well as their relation to MSI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The frequency of promoter methylation for each locus increased in the sequence healthy tissue/adenoma/carcinoma. MGMT showed the highest frequency in each group. MGMT and CDKN2A/p16 presented a statistically significant increase in promoter methylation between the less and more tumorigenic forms of colorectal adenomas (tubular vs tubullovillous and villous adenomas). All patients with tubulovillous/villous adenomas, as well as all colorectal cancer patients, showed promoter methylation in at least one of the examined loci. These findings suggest a potentially crucial role for methylation in the polyp/adenoma to cancer progression in colorectal carcinogenesis. MSI and methylation seem to be interdependent, as simultaneous hMLH1, CDKN2A/p16, and MGMT promoter methylation was present in 8/9 colorectal cancer patients showing the MSI phenotype.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Methylation analysis of hMLH1, CDKN2A/p16, and MGMT revealed specific methylation profiles for tubular adenomas, tubulovillous/villous adenomas, and colorectal cancers, supporting the use of these alterations in assessment of colorectal tumorigenesis.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, University of Ioannina Medical School, 45500 Ioannina, Greece.
authors.forename: Vasiliki
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Psofaki
authors.forename: Chryssoula
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kalogera
authors.forename: Nikolaos
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tzambouras
authors.forename: Dimitrios
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Stephanou
authors.forename: Epameinondas
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tsianos
authors.forename: Konstantin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Seferiadis
authors.forename: Georgios
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kolios
mesh_terms: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing / Q000235:genetics*; D000236:Adenoma / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology; D000368:Aged; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology; D018899:CpG Islands / Q000235:genetics; D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16 / Q000235:genetics*; D019175:DNA Methylation / Q000502:physiology*; D015254:DNA Modification Methylases / Q000235:genetics*; D045643:DNA Repair Enzymes / Q000235:genetics*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats / Q000235:genetics; D008875:Middle Aged; D000070957:MutL Protein Homolog 1; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16; C501486:MLH1 protein, human; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D015254:DNA Modification Methylases; C515491:MGMT protein, human; D000070957:MutL Protein Homolog 1; D045643:DNA Repair Enzymes