title: Penicillium araracuarense sp. nov., Penicillium elleniae sp. nov., Penicillium penarojense sp. nov., Penicillium vanderhammenii sp. nov. and Penicillium wotroi sp. nov., isolated from leaf litter.
abstract: Several species of the genus Penicillium were isolated during a survey of the mycobiota of leaf litter and soil in Colombian Amazon forest. Five species, Penicillium penarojense sp. nov. (type strain CBS 113178(T) = IBT 23262(T)), Penicillium wotroi sp. nov. (type strain CBS 118171(T) = IBT 23253(T)), Penicillium araracuarense sp. nov. (type strain CBS 113149(T) = IBT 23247(T)), Penicillium elleniae sp. nov. (type strain CBS 118135(T) = IBT 23229(T)) and Penicillium vanderhammenii sp. nov. (type strain CBS 126216(T) = IBT 23203(T)) are described here as novel species. Their taxonomic novelty was determined using a polyphasic approach, combining phenotypic, molecular (ITS and partial β-tubulin sequences) and extrolite data. Phylogenetic analyses showed that each novel species formed a unique clade for both loci analysed and that they were most closely related to Penicillium simplicissimum, Penicillium janthinellum, Penicillium daleae and Penicillium brasilianum. An overview of the phylogeny of this taxonomically difficult group is presented, and 33 species are accepted. Each of the five novel species had a unique extrolite profile of known and uncharacterized metabolites and various compounds, such as penicillic acid, andrastin A, pulvilloric acid, paxillin, paspaline and janthitrem, were commonly produced by these phylogenetically related species. The novel species had a high growth rate on agar media, but could be distinguished from each other by several macro- and microscopical characteristics.
authors.affiliation: CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, PO Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jos
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Houbraken
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Taxonomia y Ecología de Hongos (TEHO), Instituto de Biología, Universidad de Antioquia, PO Box 1226, calle 67 # 53-108 Medellin, Colombia.
authors.forename: Carlos A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: López-Quintero
authors.affiliation: Center for Microbial Biotechnology, Department of Systems Biology, Building 221, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
authors.forename: Jens C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Frisvad
authors.affiliation: CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, PO Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Teun
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Boekhout
authors.affiliation: CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, PO Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Bart
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Theelen
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Taxonomia y Ecología de Hongos (TEHO), Instituto de Biología, Universidad de Antioquia, PO Box 1226, calle 67 # 53-108 Medellin, Colombia.
authors.forename: Ana Esperanza
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Franco-Molano
authors.affiliation: CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, PO Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Samson
mesh_terms: D016000:Cluster Analysis; D003105:Colombia; D004271:DNA, Fungal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D021903:DNA, Ribosomal Spacer / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D055442:Metabolome; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010407:Penicillium / Q000737:chemistry / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D010802:Phylogeny; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000382:microbiology*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D014404:Tubulin / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D004271:DNA, Fungal; D021903:DNA, Ribosomal Spacer; D014404:Tubulin