title: Bothrops snake myotoxins induce a large efflux of ATP and potassium with spreading of cell damage and pain.
abstract: Myotoxins play a major role in the pathogenesis of the envenomations caused by snake bites in large parts of the world where this is a very relevant public health problem. We show here that two myotoxins that are major constituents of the venom of Bothrops asper, a deadly snake present in Latin America, induce the release of large amounts of K(+) and ATP from skeletal muscle. We also show that the released ATP amplifies the effect of the myotoxins, acting as a "danger signal," which spreads and causes further damage by acting on purinergic receptors. In addition, the release of ATP and K(+) well accounts for the pain reaction characteristic of these envenomations. As Bothrops asper myotoxins are representative of a large family of snake myotoxins with phospholipase A(2) structure, these findings are expected to be of general significance for snake bite envenomation. Moreover, they suggest potential therapeutic approaches for limiting the extent of muscle tissue damage based on antipurinergic drugs.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Universitá di Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: Mariana
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cintra-Francischinelli
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Caccin
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chiavegato
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pizzo
authors.forename: Giorgio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Carmignoto
authors.forename: Yamileth
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Angulo
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lomonte
authors.forename: José María
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Gutiérrez
authors.forename: Cesare
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Montecucco
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D017837:Bothrops; D003435:Crotalid Venoms / Q000378:metabolism*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism*; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology; D054467:Phospholipases A2; D011188:Potassium / Q000378:metabolism*; D011983:Receptors, Purinergic
chemical_list: D003435:Crotalid Venoms; D011983:Receptors, Purinergic; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D054467:Phospholipases A2; D011188:Potassium