title: The impact of vocal hyperfunction on relative fundamental frequency during voicing offset and onset.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study tested the hypothesis that individuals with vocal hyperfunction would show decreases in relative fundamental frequency (RFF) surrounding a voiceless consonant.
  
  
  METHODS
  This retrospective study of 2 clinical databases used speech samples from 15 control participants and women with hyperfunction-related voice disorders: 82 prior to treatment (muscle tension dysphonia, n=22; vocal fold nodules, n=30; vocal fold polyps, N=30) and 18 before and after surgical removal of vocal fold nodules or polyps. Acoustic samples were analyzed with respect to the RFF at the offset and onset of voicing surrounding a voiceless consonant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Individuals with vocal hyperfunction in a large clinical sample showed significant lowering of offset and onset RFF compared with controls. Voicing offset and onset RFFs were not significantly changed by the removal of vocal fold lesions in the surgical group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Altered offset and onset RFF in patients with hyperfunction-related voice disorders can be interpreted as a by-product of heightened levels of laryngeal muscle tension. Measurement of RFF during voice offset and onset has potential for use as a simple, noninvasive measure of vocal hyperfunction.
authors.affiliation: Harvard-MIT Division of Health Science and Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. cstepp@alum.mit.edu
authors.forename: Cara E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Stepp
authors.forename: Robert E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Hillman
authors.forename: James T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Heaton
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007821:Laryngeal Muscles / Q000503:physiopathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D010699:Phonation / Q000502:physiology*; D012016:Reference Values; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013018:Sound Spectrography; D013060:Speech / Q000502:physiology*; D013061:Speech Acoustics; D013068:Speech Production Measurement; D013637:Tape Recording; D014827:Vocal Cords / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D014831:Voice / Q000502:physiology*; D014832:Voice Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D055815:Young Adult