title: Using digital colour to increase the realistic appearance of SEM micrographs of bloodstains.
abstract: Although in the scientific-research literature the micrographs from scanning electron microscopes (SEMs) are usually displayed in greyscale, the potential of colour resources provided by the SEM-coupled image-acquiring systems and, subsidiarily, by image-manipulation free softwares deserves be explored as a tool for colouring SEM micrographs of bloodstains. After acquiring greyscale SEM micrographs of a (dark red to the naked eye) human blood smear on grey chert, they were manually obtained in red tone using both the SEM-coupled image-acquiring system and an image-manipulation free software, as well as they were automatically generated in thermal tone using the SEM-coupled system. Red images obtained by the SEM-coupled system demonstrated lower visual-discrimination capability than the other coloured images, whereas those in red generated by the free software rendered better magnitude of scopic information than the red images generated by the SEM-coupled system. Thermal-tone images, although were further from the real sample colour than the red ones, not only increased their realistic appearance over the greyscale images, but also yielded the best visual-discrimination capability among all the coloured SEM micrographs, and fairly enhanced the relief effect of the SEM micrographs over both the greyscale and the red images. The application of digital colour by means of the facilities provided by an SEM-coupled image-acquiring system or, when required, by an image-manipulation free software provides a user-friendly, quick and inexpensive way of obtaining coloured SEM micrographs of bloodstains, avoiding to do sophisticated, time-consuming colouring procedures. Although this work was focused on bloodstains, well probably other monochromatic or quasi-monochromatic samples are also susceptible of increasing their realistic appearance by colouring them using the simple methods utilized in this study.
authors.affiliation: Area of Prehistory, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, and Institut Català de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social (CSIC Associate Research Unit), Plaça Imperial Tàrraco 1, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain. policarp@prehistoria.urv.cat
authors.forename: Policarp
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hortolà
mesh_terms: D001801:Blood Stains; D003116:Color; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning / Q000379:methods*