title: Racial and gender differences in arteriovenous fistula use among incident hemodialysis patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Arteriovenous fistula (AVF) use is reported to differ among racial and gender groups. We sought to identify risk factors associated with incident AVF and whether racial and gender differences in AVF use persist after controlling for these factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated 28,712 incident adult hemodialysis patients (age ≥ 18) from five ESRD networks starting dialysis between June 1, 2005 and May 31, 2006. Data were obtained from the Center for Medicaid and Medicare Services 2728 form.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Incident AVF use was reported for 11% of black and 12% of white patients [OR = 0.89 (95% CI: 0.83, 0.96)], and for 9% of females and 13% of males [OR = 0.66 (0.62-0.71)]. After adjusting for facility clustering, blacks were as likely as whites to use an AVF [OR = 1.00 (0.92-1.09)], while gender differences persisted [OR = 0.64 (0.59-0.69)]. Compared to patients with no renal care prior to dialysis initiation, incident AVF use was 16-fold greater among those with ≥ 12 months of nephrology care [OR = 15.99 (13.25-19.29)], 9-fold greater among those with 6-12 months of care [OR = 9.00 (7.45-10.88)] and 7-fold greater among those with at least 6 months of care [OR = 7.13 (5.73-8.88)].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Racial, but not gender, differences in incident AVF use were eliminated after accounting for clustering within facilities.
authors.forename: Haimanot
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wasse
authors.forename: Sari D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Hopson
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: McClellan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001166:Arteriovenous Shunt, Surgical / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D044383:Black People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002408:Catheters, Indwelling; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000379:methods*; D012737:Sex Factors; D014481:United States; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055815:Young Adult; D001741:Black or African American