title: Effect of acute hyperglycaemia, long-term glycaemic control and insulin on endothelial dysfunction and inflammation in Type 1 diabetic patients with different characteristics.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the possibility of reversing endothelial dysfunction and inflammation by glucose normalization, antioxidants and insulin per se, in different subgroups of Type 1 diabetic patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three subgroups of Type 1 diabetic patients were studied: patients within 1 month of diagnosis (subgroup 1); patients with approximately 5 years' disease duration and with glycated haemoglobin (HbA(1c)) <or= 7.0% (subgroup 2) or > 7.0% since diagnosis (subgroup 3). Participants underwent four procedures: 2-h hyperglycaemic clamp followed by: (A) 12 h near-normalization of blood glucose, with the addition of vitamin C during the last 6 h; (B) 12-h vitamin C and near-normalization of blood glucose for the last 6 h; (C) both vitamin C and near-normalization of blood glucose for 12 h; (D) hyperglycaemic-hyperinsulinaemic clamp for 12 h, with the addition of vitamin C during the last 6 h.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After 2 h of hyperglycaemia, markers of endothelial dysfunction, nitrotyrosine, 8-iso prostaglandin F2alpha, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1, soluble vascular adhesion molecule-1, interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-18 were increased in all the subgroups. Levels were normalized, at all time points, by treatments A, B and C in the subgroups 1 and 2. In the third subgroup, levels were normalized only by the simultaneous normalization of blood glucose and vitamin C treatment. During treatment D, the levels were improved at 6 h in all the subgroups, but normalized at 12 h only after vitamin C in subgroups 1 and 2, but not in subgroup 3.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that different subgroups of Type 1 diabetic patients react identically to acute hyperglycaemia and insulin, but differently to glucose normalization.
authors.affiliation: Insititut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain. aceriell@clinic.ub.es
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ceriello
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Esposito
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ihnat
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Thorpe
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Giugliano
mesh_terms: D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood*; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D001205:Ascorbic Acid