title: Antibiotic resistance of conjunctiva and nasopharynx evaluation study: a prospective study of patients undergoing intravitreal injections.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the baseline antibiotic susceptibility patterns of conjunctival and nasopharyngeal flora isolated from patients undergoing intravitreal (IVT) injections for choroidal neovascularization (CNV).
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, observational study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-eight eyes of 24 patients undergoing unilateral IVT injections for CNV.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bilateral conjunctival and unilateral nasopharyngeal cultures on the treatment side were taken before application of any topical medications.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bacterial isolates were identified and tested for antibiotic susceptibility to 16 different antibiotics using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 57 bacterial isolates were obtained from the conjunctiva of 48 eyes. Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) accounted for 37 of the 57 isolates (65%). The most common CNS organisms were Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus lugdunensis accounting for 73% and 11% of CNS isolates, respectively. More than half of S. epidermidis isolates demonstrated some level of resistance to ofloxacin and levofloxacin, and 33% and 37% of isolates showed some level of resistance against gatifloxacin and moxifloxacin, respectively. Some 60% and 30% of CNS isolates were resistant to ≥ 3 and ≥ 5 antibiotics, respectively. Among the 24 nasopharyngeal cultures, 8 (33%) grew Staphylococcus aureus, and 1 of the 8 isolates (13%) was resistant to all penicillin, cephalosporin, macrolide, and fluoroquinolone antibiotics tested.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results demonstrate subtantial levels of resistance to third- and fourth-generation fluoroquinolones and multiresistance among ocular CNS isolated from patients undergoing IVT injections for CNV.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA. skim30@gmail.com
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Hassanain S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Toma
authors.forename: Narinder K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Midha
authors.forename: Edward F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Cherney
authors.forename: Franco M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Recchia
authors.forename: Terrence J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Doherty
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D020256:Choroidal Neovascularization / Q000188:drug therapy; D003228:Conjunctiva / Q000382:microbiology*; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D058449:Intravitreal Injections; D008297:Male; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008875:Middle Aged; D009305:Nasopharynx / Q000382:microbiology*; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents