title: Associations of disease activity and treatments with mortality in men with rheumatoid arthritis: results from the VARA registry.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the all-cause mortality rate and factors associated with mortality in US veteran men with RA.
  
  
  METHODS
  Men with RA were enrolled and followed until death or censoring. Vital status was ascertained through systematic record review and standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) were calculated using US life tables for men. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression was used to examine the independent associations of patient factors including socio-demographics, comorbidity, measures of RA disease activity/severity and medication use with mortality. Measures of RA disease activity and medications were examined as time-varying factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 138 deaths were observed during 2314 patient-years of follow-up (n=1015 patients), corresponding to a crude morality rate of 5.9 deaths per 100 patient-years (95% CI 5.0, 7.0) and an SMR of 2.1 (95% CI 1.8, 2.5). After multivariate adjustment, factors independently associated with higher mortality risk in men with RA included older age, Caucasian race, low body weight, an increased frequency of rheumatology visits, higher ESR and RF concentrations, increased DAS28, subcutaneous nodules and prednisone use. In contrast, MTX use [hazard ratio (HR) 0.63; 95% CI 0.42, 0.96] was associated with ∼40% lower mortality risk.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mortality rates among US male veterans with RA are more than twice those of age-matched men in the general population. These results suggest that optimizing disease control, particularly with regimens that include MTX and minimize glucocorticoid exposure, could improve long-term survival in this population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Omaha Veterans Affairs Medical Center (VAMC), University of Nebraska, Omaha, NE 68198-6270, USA. tmikuls@unmc.edu
authors.forename: Ted R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Mikuls
authors.forename: Brian T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Fay
authors.forename: Kaleb
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Michaud
authors.forename: Harlan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sayles
authors.forename: Geoffrey M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Thiele
authors.forename: Liron
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Caplan
authors.forename: Dannette
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: John S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Richards
authors.forename: Gail S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Kerr
authors.forename: Grant W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Cannon
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Reimold
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D018501:Antirheumatic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008727:Methotrexate / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012042:Registries; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014481:United States; D014728:Veterans
chemical_list: D018501:Antirheumatic Agents; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D008727:Methotrexate