title: Communication practices in physician decision-making for an unstable critically ill patient with end-stage cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Shared decision-making has become the standard of care for most medical treatments. However, little is known about physician communication practices in the decision making for unstable critically ill patients with known end-stage disease.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe communication practices of physicians making treatment decisions for unstable critically ill patients with end-stage cancer, using the framework of shared decision-making.
  
  
  METHODS
  Analysis of audiotaped encounters between physicians and a standardized patient, in a high-fidelity simulation scenario, to identify best practice communication behaviors. The simulation depicted a 78-year-old man with metastatic gastric cancer, life-threatening hypoxia, and stable preferences to avoid intensive care unit (ICU) admission and intubation. Blinded coders assessed the encounters for verbal communication behaviors associated with handling emotions and discussion of end-of-life goals. We calculated a score for skill at handling emotions (0-6) and at discussing end of life goals (0-16).
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-seven hospital-based physicians.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Independent variables included physician demographics and communication behaviors. We used treatment decisions (ICU admission and initiation of palliation) as a proxy for accurate identification of patient preferences. Eight physicians admitted the patient to the ICU, and 16 initiated palliation. Physicians varied, but on average demonstrated low skill at handling emotions (mean, 0.7) and moderate skill at discussing end-of-life goals (mean, 7.4). We found that skill at discussing end-of-life goals was associated with initiation of palliation (p = 0.04).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is possible to analyze the decision making of physicians managing unstable critically ill patients with end-stage cancer using the framework of shared decision-making.
authors.affiliation: Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15231, USA.
authors.forename: Deepika
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mohan
authors.forename: Stewart C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Alexander
authors.forename: Sarah K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Garrigues
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Arnold
authors.forename: Amber E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Barnato
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D032722:Advance Care Planning / Q000458:organization & administration; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D002983:Clinical Competence; D003142:Communication; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D016638:Critical Illness / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D003657:Decision Making; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008505:Medical Staff, Hospital / Q000523:psychology*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D010358:Patient Participation / Q000523:psychology; D010414:Pennsylvania; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D010865:Pilot Projects; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000458:organization & administration*; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013637:Tape Recording; D013727:Terminal Care / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000523:psychology