title: Estimating and modelling bias of the hierarchical partitioning public-domain software: implications in environmental management and conservation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hierarchical partitioning (HP) is an analytical method of multiple regression that identifies the most likely causal factors while alleviating multicollinearity problems. Its use is increasing in ecology and conservation by its usefulness for complementing multiple regression analysis. A public-domain software "hier.part package" has been developed for running HP in R software. Its authors highlight a "minor rounding error" for hierarchies constructed from >9 variables, however potential bias by using this module has not yet been examined. Knowing this bias is pivotal because, for example, the ranking obtained in HP is being used as a criterion for establishing priorities of conservation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using numerical simulations and two real examples, we assessed the robustness of this HP module in relation to the order the variables have in the analysis. Results indicated a considerable effect of the variable order on the amount of independent variance explained by predictors for models with >9 explanatory variables. For these models the nominal ranking of importance of the predictors changed with variable order, i.e. predictors declared important by its contribution in explaining the response variable frequently changed to be either most or less important with other variable orders. The probability of changing position of a variable was best explained by the difference in independent explanatory power between that variable and the previous one in the nominal ranking of importance. The lesser is this difference, the more likely is the change of position.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HP should be applied with caution when more than 9 explanatory variables are used to know ranking of covariate importance. The explained variance is not a useful parameter to use in models with more than 9 independent variables. The inconsistency in the results obtained by HP should be considered in future studies as well as in those already published. Some recommendations to improve the analysis with this HP module are given.
authors.affiliation: School of Biology, IE University, Segovia, Spain. pedro.perez@ie.edu
authors.forename: Pedro P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Olea
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mateo-Tomás
authors.forename: Angel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: de Frutos
mesh_terms: D015982:Bias; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources / Q000379:methods*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D012984:Software