title: Enhancing the fever workup utilizing a multi-technique modeling approach to diagnose infections more accurately.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Differentiation between infectious and non-infectious etiologies of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) in trauma patients remains elusive. We hypothesized that mathematical modeling in combination with computerized clinical decision support would assist with this differentiation. The purpose of this study was to determine the capability of various mathematical modeling techniques to predict infectious complications in critically ill trauma patients and compare the performance of these models with a standard fever workup practice (identifying infections on the basis of fever or leukocytosis).
  
  
  METHODS
  An 18-mo retrospective database was created using information collected daily from critically ill trauma patients admitted to an academic surgical and trauma intensive care unit. Two hundred forty-three non-infected patient-days were chosen randomly to combine with the 243 infected-days, which created a modeling sample of 486 patient-days. Utilizing ten variables known to be associated with infectious complications, decision trees, neural networks, and logistic regression analysis models were created to predict the presence of urinary tract infections (UTIs), bacteremia, and respiratory tract infections (RTIs). The data sample was split into a 70% training set and a 30% testing set. Models were compared by calculating sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, overall accuracy, and discrimination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Decision trees had the best modeling performance, with a sensitivity of 83%, an accuracy of 82%, and a discrimination of 0.91 for identifying infections. Both neural networks and decision trees outperformed logistic regression analysis. A second analysis was performed utilizing the same 243 infected days and only those non-infected patient-days associated with negative microbiologic cultures (n = 236). Decision trees again had the best modeling performance for infection identification, with a sensitivity of 79%, an accuracy of 83%, and a discrimination of 0.87.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of mathematical modeling techniques beyond logistic regression can improve the robustness and accuracy of predicting infections in critically ill trauma patients. Decision tree analysis appears to have the best potential to use in assisting physicians in differentiating infectious from non-infectious SIRS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Computer and Information Science, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Adam M A
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Fadlalla
authors.forename: Joseph F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Golob
authors.forename: Jeffrey A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Claridge
mesh_terms: D016470:Bacteremia / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003422:Critical Care; D016638:Critical Illness; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000175:diagnosis; D003663:Decision Trees; D005260:Female; D005334:Fever / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D007964:Leukocytosis / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D018746:Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome / Q000209:etiology; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000175:diagnosis*; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000150:complications*