title: Rituximab versus cyclophosphamide in ANCA-associated renal vasculitis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cyclophosphamide induction regimens for antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis are effective in 70 to 90% of patients, but they are associated with high rates of death and adverse events. Treatment with rituximab has led to remission rates of 80 to 90% among patients with refractory ANCA-associated vasculitis and may be safer than cyclophosphamide regimens.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared rituximab with cyclophosphamide as induction therapy in ANCA-associated vasculitis. We randomly assigned, in a 3:1 ratio, 44 patients with newly diagnosed ANCA-associated vasculitis and renal involvement to a standard glucocorticoid regimen plus either rituximab at a dose of 375 mg per square meter of body-surface area per week for 4 weeks, with two intravenous cyclophosphamide pulses (33 patients, the rituximab group), or intravenous cyclophosphamide for 3 to 6 months followed by azathioprine (11 patients, the control group). Primary end points were sustained remission rates at 12 months and severe adverse events.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median age was 68 years, and the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was 18 ml per minute per 1.73 m(2) of body-surface area. A total of 25 patients in the rituximab group (76%) and 9 patients in the control group (82%) had a sustained remission (P=0.68). Severe adverse events occurred in 14 patients in the rituximab group (42%) and 4 patients in the control group (36%) (P=0.77). Six of the 33 patients in the rituximab group (18%) and 2 of the 11 patients in the control group (18%) died (P=1.00). The median increase in the GFR between 0 and 12 months was 19 ml per minute in the rituximab group and 15 ml per minute in the control group (P=0.14).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A rituximab-based regimen was not superior to standard intravenous cyclophosphamide for severe ANCA-associated vasculitis. Sustained-remission rates were high in both groups, and the rituximab-based regimen was not associated with reductions in early severe adverse events. (Funded by Cambridge University Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust and F. Hoffmann-La Roche; Current Controlled Trials number, ISRCTN28528813.)
authors.affiliation: Vasculitis and Lupus Clinic, Renal Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom. rbjones@doctors.org.uk
authors.forename: Rachel B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Jan Willem Cohen
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Tervaert
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hauser
authors.forename: Raashid
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Luqmani
authors.forename: Matthew D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Morgan
authors.forename: Chen Au
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Peh
authors.forename: Caroline O
authors.initials: CO
authors.lastname: Savage
authors.forename: Mårten
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Segelmark
authors.forename: Vladimir
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Tesar
authors.forename: Pieter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: van Paassen
authors.forename: Dorothy
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Walsh
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Walsh
authors.forename: Kerstin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Westman
authors.forename: David R W
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Jayne
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D056648:Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-Associated Vasculitis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D058846:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015994:Incidence; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D057194:Intention to Treat Analysis; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality; D008297:Male; D008775:Methylprednisolone / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008875:Middle Aged; D012074:Remission Induction; D000069283:Rituximab
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D058846:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D000069283:Rituximab; D003520:Cyclophosphamide; D008775:Methylprednisolone