title: Contributions of wastewater, runoff and sewer deposit erosion to wet weather pollutant loads in combined sewer systems.
abstract: An observatory of urban pollutants was created in Paris for the purpose of assessing the dynamics of wastewater and wet weather flow (WW and WWF) pollutant loads within combined sewers. This observatory is composed of six urban catchments, covering land areas ranging in size from 42 ha to 2581 ha. For a wide array of parameters including total suspended solids (TSS), chemical and biochemical oxygen demand (COD and BOD(5)), total organic carbon (TOC), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), heavy metals (Cu and Zn) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), this article is intended to evaluate the contributions of wastewater, runoff and in-sewer processes to WWF pollutant loads through the use of an entry-exit mass balance approach. To achieve this objective, a total of 16 rain events were sampled on these sites between May 2003 and February 2006. This study has confirmed that at the considered catchment scale (i.e. from 42 ha to 2581 ha) the production and transfer processes associated with WWF pollutant loads do not vary with basin scale. Entry-exit chemical mass balances over all catchments and for a large number of rain events indicate that wastewater constitutes the main source of organic and nitrogenous pollution, while runoff is the predominant source of Zn. For Cu, PAHs and TSS, the calculation underscores the major role played by in-sewer processes, specifically by sediment erosion, as a source of WWF pollution. A significant loss of dissolved metals was also observed during their transfer within the sewer network, likely as a consequence of the adsorption of dissolved metals on TSS and/or on sewer deposits. Moreover, the nature of eroded particles was examined and compared to the various sewer deposits. This comparison has highlighted that such particles exhibit similar organic and PAH contents to those measured in the organic layer, thus suggesting that the deposit eroded during a wet weather period is organic and of a nature comparable to the organic layer. Despite the extent of initial field investigations, no organic deposit was observed to be present on sewer lines within the catchments, which implies that this organic deposit is probably present in another form or to be found elsewhere in the main trunks.
authors.affiliation: Université Paris-Est, LEESU, UMR MA 102 - AgroParisTech, 6-8 Avenue Blaise Pascal, Champs-sur-Marne, F77455 Marne-la-Vallée Cedex 2, France. gasperi@univ-paris12.fr
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gasperi
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Gromaire
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kafi
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Moilleron
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chebbo
mesh_terms: D002244:Carbon / Q000032:analysis; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000032:analysis; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000032:analysis; D011891:Rain / Q000737:chemistry*; D012722:Sewage / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry*; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*; D014876:Water Pollution / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D019216:Metals, Heavy; D012722:Sewage; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D002244:Carbon; D009584:Nitrogen