title: Physical activity interventions to improve daily walking activity in cancer survivors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cancer patients may benefit from physical exercise programs. It is unclear, however, how sustained levels of physical activity are best achieved in this population. A systematic review was performed to summarize the current evidence of the effect of physical activity interventions on daily walking activity enhancement in cancer survivors, and to review the literature for its methodological quality.
  
  
  METHODS
  A search in Medline, PEDro and the Cochrane databases was performed for English literature citations (randomized controlled trials; 'RCTs'). In a first step, one reviewer abstracted data from the included studies on patients, physical activity interventions and outcomes. Two independent reviewers reviewed the methodological quality of these studies. Data were pooled using random-effects calculations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our search identified 201 citations. Five RCTs that reported changes in daily step activity over time were identified, and were reviewed for methodological quality and substantive results. The median score across studies for methodological quality based on the PEDro criteria was 8. These 5 RCTs evaluated 660 participants with a mean age of 53.6 (SD 4.2) years. The mean change in daily step activity for patients with a physical exercise intervention was 526 daily steps (SD 537), with a range from -92 to 1299 daily steps. The data of three studies reporting the effect of combined physical activity and counseling on daily walking activity in breast cancer survivors were pooled, however; the I(2) was 79%, indicating statistical heterogeneity between the three trials.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The 5 RCTs reviewed were of good methodological quality. Together they suggest that combined physical activity and counseling improves daily step activity in (breast) cancer survivors. Studies that define a step goal appear to be more effective in improving daily walking activity than studies that do not do so. However, the current results should be interpreted with caution because of the observed clinical and statistical heterogeneity. Future studies are warranted to evaluate the effects of goal targeted physical activity, with or without counseling, on daily walking in various cancer populations.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Ruud H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Knols
authors.forename: Eling D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: de Bruin
authors.forename: Kei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shirato
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Uebelhart
authors.forename: Neil K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Aaronson
mesh_terms: D005081:Exercise Therapy; D006293:Health Promotion; D006801:Humans; D015201:Meta-Analysis as Topic; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D017741:Survivors / Q000523:psychology*; D016138:Walking