title: Artificial lighting as a vector attractant and cause of disease diffusion.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Traditionally, epidemiologists have considered electrification to be a positive factor. In fact, electrification and plumbing are typical initiatives that represent the integration of an isolated population into modern society, ensuring the control of pathogens and promoting public health. Nonetheless, electrification is always accompanied by night lighting that attracts insect vectors and changes people's behavior. Although this may lead to new modes of infection and increased transmission of insect-borne diseases, epidemiologists rarely consider the role of night lighting in their surveys.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We reviewed the epidemiological evidence concerning the role of lighting in the spread of vector-borne diseases to encourage other researchers to consider it in future studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We present three infectious vector-borne diseases-Chagas, leishmaniasis, and malaria-and discuss evidence that suggests that the use of artificial lighting results in behavioral changes among human populations and changes in the prevalence of vector species and in the modes of transmission.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite a surprising lack of studies, existing evidence supports our hypothesis that artificial lighting leads to a higher risk of infection from vector-borne diseases. We believe that this is related not only to the simple attraction of traditional vectors to light sources but also to changes in the behavior of both humans and insects that result in new modes of disease transmission. Considering the ongoing expansion of night lighting in developing countries, additional research on this subject is urgently needed.
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Estudos Evolutivos Humanos, Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil. barghini@iee.usp.br
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Barghini
authors.forename: Bruno A S
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: de Medeiros
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001519:Behavior; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D014355:Chagas Disease / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission*; D006801:Humans; D007303:Insect Vectors; D007896:Leishmaniasis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission*; D008029:Lighting / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008288:Malaria / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission*; D012307:Risk Factors