title: Incidence of malaria and efficacy of combination antimalarial therapies over 4 years in an urban cohort of Ugandan children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Combination therapies are now recommended to treat uncomplicated malaria. We used a longitudinal design to assess the incidence of malaria and compare the efficacies of 3 combination regimens in Kampala, Uganda.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Children aged 1-10 years were enrolled from randomly selected households in 2004-05 and 2007, and were followed at least monthly through 2008. Insecticide-treated bednets (ITNs) were provided in 2006. Children were randomized upon their first episode, and then treated for all episodes of uncomplicated malaria with amodiaquine/sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (AQ/SP), artesunate/amodiaquine (AS/AQ), or artemether/lumefantrine (AL). Risks of parasitological failure were determined for each episode of uncomplicated malaria and clinical parameters were followed. A total of 690 children experienced 1464 episodes of malaria. 96% of these episodes were uncomplicated malaria and treated with study drugs; 94% were due to Plasmodium falciparum. The rank order of treatment efficacy was AL > AS/AQ > AQ/SP. Failure rates increased over time for AQ/SP, but not the artemisinin-based regimens. Over the 4-year course of the study the prevalence of asymptomatic parasitemia decreased from 11.8% to 1.4%, the incidence of malaria decreased from 1.55 to 0.32 per person year, and the prevalence of anemia (hemoglobin <10 gm/dL) decreased from 5.9% to 1.0%. No episodes of severe malaria (based on WHO criteria) and no deaths were seen.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With ready access to combination therapies and distribution of ITNs, responses were excellent for artemisinin-containing regimens, severe malaria was not seen, and the incidence of malaria and prevalence of parasitemia and anemia decreased steadily over time.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  isrctn.org ISRCTN37517549.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Tamara D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: Denise
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Njama-Meya
authors.forename: Bridget
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Nzarubara
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Maiteki-Sebuguzi
authors.forename: Bryan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Greenhouse
authors.forename: Sarah G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Staedke
authors.forename: Moses R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Kamya
authors.forename: Grant
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dorsey
authors.forename: Philip J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Rosenthal
mesh_terms: D000655:Amodiaquine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000077549:Artemether; D037621:Artemisinins / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000077332:Artesunate; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004983:Ethanolamines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D005449:Fluorenes / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D000078102:Lumefantrine; D008288:Malaria / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D011739:Pyrimethamine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013413:Sulfadoxine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014454:Uganda / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000962:Antimalarials; D037621:Artemisinins; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004983:Ethanolamines; D005449:Fluorenes; D000655:Amodiaquine; C001205:fanasil, pyrimethamine drug combination; D000077332:Artesunate; D013413:Sulfadoxine; D000077549:Artemether; D000078102:Lumefantrine; D011739:Pyrimethamine