title: The active core in a triazole peptide dual-site antagonist of HIV-1 gp120.
abstract: In an effort to identify broadly active inhibitors of HIV-1 entry into host cells, we previously reported a family of dodecamer triazole-peptide conjugates with nanomolar affinity for the viral surface protein gp120. This peptide class exhibits potent antiviral activity and the capacity to simultaneously inhibit interaction of the viral envelope protein with both CD4 and co-receptor. In this investigation, we minimized the structural complexity of the lead triazole inhibitor HNG-156 (peptide 1) to explore the limits of the pharmacophore that enables dual antagonism and to improve opportunities for peptidomimetic design. Truncations of both carboxy- and amino-terminal residues from the parent 12-residue peptide 1 were found to have minimal effects on both affinity and antiviral activity. In contrast, the central triazole(Pro)-Trp cluster at residues 6 and 7 with ferrocenyl-triazole(Pro) (Ftp) was found to be critical for bioactivity. Amino-terminal residues distal to the central triazole(Pro)-Trp sequence tolerated decreasing degrees of side chain variation upon approaching the central cluster. A peptide fragment containing residues 3-7 (Asn-Asn-Ile-Ftp-Trp) exhibited substantial direct binding affinity, antiviral potency, dual receptor site antagonism, and induction of gp120 structuring, all properties that define the functional signature of the parent compound 1. This active core contains a stereochemically specific hydrophobic triazole(Pro)-Trp cluster, with a short N-terminal peptide extension providing groups for potential main chain and side chain hydrogen bonding. The results of this work argue that the pharmacophore for dual antagonism is structurally limited, thereby enhancing the potential to develop minimized peptidomimetic HIV-1 entry inhibitors that simultaneously suppress binding of envelope protein to both of its host cell receptors. The results also argue that the target epitope on gp120 is relatively small, pointing to a localized allosteric inhibition site in the HIV-1 envelope that could be targeted for small-molecule inhibitor discovery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA.
authors.forename: Muddegowda
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Umashankara
authors.forename: Karyn
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: McFadden
authors.forename: Isaac
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Zentner
authors.forename: Arne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schön
authors.forename: Srivats
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rajagopal
authors.forename: Ferit
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tuzer
authors.forename: Syna A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Kuriakose
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Contarino
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lalonde
authors.forename: Ernesto
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Freire
authors.forename: Irwin
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Chaiken
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015704:CD4 Antigens / Q000378:metabolism; D020134:Catalytic Domain; D015699:HIV Envelope Protein gp120 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006860:Hydrogen Bonding; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D007700:Kinetics; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010455:Peptides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D020349:Surface Plasmon Resonance; D013816:Thermodynamics; D014230:Triazoles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D015704:CD4 Antigens; D015699:HIV Envelope Protein gp120; D010455:Peptides; D014230:Triazoles