title: Basal ganglia and frontal/parietal cortical atrophy is associated with fatigue in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Fatigue is one of the most frequent symptoms suffered by patients affected by multiple sclerosis. The patho-physiological basis of multiple sclerosis-related fatigue remains to be elucidated.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Our aim was to investigate whether a particular pattern of deep and/or cortical grey matter atrophy is associated with fatigue in patients with multiple sclerosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 152 patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis were evaluated with the Expanded Disability Status Scale, the Fatigue Severity Status Scale (FSS), the Modified Fatigue Impact Scale and the Beck Depression Inventory. The thalamic and basal ganglia volume and the regional cortical thickness were analysed by means of FreeSurfer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Based on Fatigue Severity Status Scale score, patients were divided into fatigued (FSS ≥ 4, 71 patients, 46.6%) and non-fatigued (FSS < 4, 81 patients, 53.4%). A significant atrophy of striatum, thalamus, superior frontal gyrus and inferior parietal gyrus was observed in fatigued patients compared with non-fatigued patients. The cognitive domain of Modified Fatigue Impact Scale significantly correlated with the volume of the striatum and with the cortical thickness of the posterior parietal cortex and middle frontal gyrus (R = 0.51-0.61), while the physical domain of Modified Fatigue Impact Scale significantly correlated with striatum volume and superior frontal gyrus cortical thickness (R = 0.50-0.54).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The regional analysis of deep and cortical grey matter atrophy suggests an association between the neurodegenerative process taking place in the striatum-thalamus-frontal cortex pathway and the development of fatigue in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. The inclusion of the posterior parietal cortex as one of the best predictors of the Modified Fatigue Impact Scale cognitive domain suggests the major role of the posterior attentional system in determining cognitive fatigue in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis.
authors.affiliation: The Multiple Sclerosis Centre of Veneto Region - First Neurology Clinic, Department of Neurosciences, University Hospital of Padua, Italy. calabresem@hotmail.it
authors.forename: Massimiliano
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Calabrese
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rinaldi
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Grossi
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Mattisi
authors.forename: Valentina
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bernardi
authors.forename: Alice
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Favaretto
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Perini
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gallo
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D001284:Atrophy; D001479:Basal Ganglia / Q000473:pathology*; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005221:Fatigue / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000473:pathology*; D000068717:Glatiramer Acetate; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020529:Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000523:psychology; D000069442:Natalizumab; D010296:Parietal Lobe / Q000473:pathology*; D010455:Peptides / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D000069442:Natalizumab; D010455:Peptides; D000068717:Glatiramer Acetate