title: Norcantharidin inhibits growth of human gallbladder carcinoma xenografted tumors in nude mice by inducing apoptosis and blocking the cell cycle in vivo.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Gallbladder carcinoma, a lethal malignant neoplasm with poor prognosis, has dismal results of surgical resection and chemoradiotherapy. We previously reported that norcantharidin (NCTD) is useful against growth, proliferation, and invasion of human gallbladder carcinoma GBC-SD cells in vitro. In this study, we further studied the inhibitory effect of NCTD on the growth of xenografted tumors of human gallbladder carcinoma in nude mice in vivo and the underlying mechanisms.
  
  
  METHODS
  The tumor xenograft model of human gallbladder carcinoma in nude mice in vivo was established with subcutaneous GBC-SD cells. The experimental mice were randomly divided into control, 5-FU, NCTD, and NCTD+5-FU groups which were given different treatments. Tumor growth in terms of size, growth curve, and inhibitory rate was evaluated. Cell cycle, apoptosis, and morphological changes of the xenografted tumors were assessed by flow cytometry and light/electron microscopy. The expression of the cell cycle-related proteins cyclin-D1 and p27 as well as the apoptosis-related proteins Bcl-2, Bax, and survivin were determined by the streptavidin-biotin complex (SABC) method and RT-PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  NCTD inhibited the growth of the xenografted tumors in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Tumor volume decreased (5.61+/-0.39 vs. 9.78+/-0.61 cm3, P=0.000) with an increased tumor inhibitory rate (42.63% vs. 0%, P=0.012) in the NTCD group compared with the control group. The apoptosis rate increased (15.08+/-1.49% vs. 5.49+/-0.59%, P=0.0001) along with a decreased percentage of cells in S phase (43.47+/-2.83% vs. 69.85+/-1.96%, P=0.0001) in the NTCD group compared with the control group. The morphological changes of apoptosis such as nuclear shrinkage, chromatin aggregation, chromosome condensation, and typical apoptosis bodies in the xenografted tumor cells induced by NCTD were observed by light and electron microscopy. The expression of cyclin-D1, Bcl-2 and survivin proteins/mRNAs decreased significantly, with increased expression of p27 and Bax proteins/mRNAs in the NCTD group compared with the control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NCTD inhibits the growth of xenografted tumors of human gallbladder carcinoma in nude mice by inducing apoptosis and blocking the cell cycle in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. fanyuezu_shtj@yahoo.com.cn
authors.forename: Yue-Zu
authors.initials: YZ
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.forename: Ze-Ming
authors.initials: ZM
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Jin-Ye
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.forename: Chun-Qiu
authors.initials: CQ
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Sun
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D019086:Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects*; D002843:Chromatin / Q000187:drug effects / Q000648:ultrastructure; D019938:Cyclin D1 / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D005706:Gallbladder Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008819:Mice, Nude; D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen / Q000378:metabolism; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D019086:Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic; D002843:Chromatin; D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; C413374:p27 antigen; D019938:Cyclin D1; C069741:norcantharidin