title: Endotoxin levels correlate positively with a sedentary lifestyle and negatively with highly trained subjects.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A sedentary lifestyle increases the risk of developing cardiovascular disease, obesity, and diabetes. This phenomenon is supported by recent studies suggesting a chronic, low-grade inflammation status. Endotoxin derived from gut flora may be key to the development of inflammation by stimulating the secretion of inflammatory factors. This study aimed to examine plasma inflammatory markers and endotoxin levels in individuals with a sedentary lifestyle and/or in highly trained subjects at rest.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourteen male subjects (sedentary lifestyle n = 7; highly trained subjects n = 7) were recruited. Blood samples were collected after an overnight fast (approximately 12 h). The plasmatic endotoxin, plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP1), ICAM/CD54, VCAM/CD106 and lipid profile levels were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Endotoxinemia was lower in the highly trained subject group relative to the sedentary subjects (p < 0.002). In addition, we observed a positive correlation between endotoxin and PAI-1 (r = 0.85, p < 0.0001), endotoxin and total cholesterol (r = 0.65; p < 0.01), endotoxin and LDL-c (r = 0.55; p < 0.049) and endotoxin and TG levels (r = 0.90; p < 0.0001). The plasma levels of MCP-1, ICAM/CD54 and VCAM/CD106 did not differ.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that a lifestyle associated with high-intensity and high-volume exercise induces favorable changes in chronic low-grade inflammation markers and may reduce the risk for diseases such as obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Division of Nutrition Physiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. lira@unifesp.br
authors.forename: Fabio S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Lira
authors.forename: Jose C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Rosa
authors.forename: Gustavo D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Pimentel
authors.forename: Hélio A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Souza
authors.forename: Erico C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Caperuto
authors.forename: Luiz C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Carnevali
authors.forename: Marília
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Seelaender
authors.forename: Ana R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Damaso
authors.forename: Lila M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Oyama
authors.forename: Marco T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: de Mello
authors.forename: Ronaldo V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Santos
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D056352:Athletes; D001642:Bicycling; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000097:blood; D019446:Endotoxemia / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000097:blood; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000097:blood; D015228:Hypertriglyceridemia / Q000097:blood; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000097:blood; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 / Q000097:blood*; D057185:Sedentary Behavior; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000097:blood; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; C111835:CCL2 protein, human; D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D004731:Endotoxins; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D008055:Lipids; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1; C051321:SERPINE1 protein, human; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1