title: Activation of the nuclear receptor PPARγ by metabolites isolated from sage (Salvia officinalis L.).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Salvia officinalis has been used as a traditional remedy against diabetes in many countries and its glucose-lowering effects have been demonstrated in animal studies. The active compounds and their possible mode of action are still unknown although it has been suggested that diterpenes may be responsible for the anti-diabetic effect of Salvia officinalis.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether the reported anti-diabetic effects of Salvia officinalis are related to activation of the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ and to identify the bioactive constituents.
  
  
  METHODS
  From a dichloromethane extract of Salvia officinalis able to activate PPARγ several major metabolites were isolated by chromatographic techniques. To assess bioactivity of the isolated metabolites a PPARγ transactivation assay was used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eight diterpenes were isolated and identified including a new abietane diterpene being the epirosmanol ester of 12-O-methyl carnosic acid and 20-hydroxyferruginol, which was isolated from Salvia officinalis for the first time, as well as viridiflorol, oleanolic acid, and α-linolenic acid. 12-O-methyl carnosic acid and α-linolenic acid were able to significantly activate PPARγ whereas the remaining metabolites were either unable to activate PPARγ or yielded insignificant activation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Selected metabolites from Salvia officinalis were able to activate PPARγ and hence, the anti-diabetic activity of this plant could in part be mediated through this nuclear receptor.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Environmental Technology, University of Southern Denmark, Niels Bohrs Allé 1, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark. kbch@kbm.sdu.dk
authors.forename: K B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Christensen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jørgensen
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kotowska
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Petersen
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kristiansen
authors.forename: L P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Christensen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001892:Camphanes; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004224:Diterpenes / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D051379:Mice; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000819:agonists* / Q000235:genetics; D053723:Panax notoginseng; D027561:Salvia miltiorrhiza; D027543:Salvia officinalis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D001892:Camphanes; D004224:Diterpenes; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal; D047495:PPAR gamma; C000604051:danshen dripping pill