title: Candida albicans AGE3, the ortholog of the S. cerevisiae ARF-GAP-encoding gene GCS1, is required for hyphal growth and drug resistance.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hyphal growth and multidrug resistance of C. albicans are important features for virulence and antifungal therapy of this pathogenic fungus.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Here we show by phenotypic complementation analysis that the C. albicans gene AGE3 is the functional ortholog of the yeast ARF-GAP-encoding gene GCS1. The finding that the gene is required for efficient endocytosis points to an important functional role of Age3p in endosomal compartments. Most C. albicans age3Delta mutant cells which grew as cell clusters under yeast growth conditions showed defects in filamentation under different hyphal growth conditions and were almost completely disabled for invasive filamentous growth. Under hyphal growth conditions only a fraction of age3Delta cells shows a wild-type-like polarization pattern of the actin cytoskeleton and lipid rafts. Moreover, age3Delta cells were highly susceptible to several unrelated toxic compounds including antifungal azole drugs. Irrespective of the AGE3 genotype, C-terminal fusions of GFP to the drug efflux pumps Cdr1p and Mdr1p were predominantly localized in the plasma membrane. Moreover, the plasma membranes of wild-type and age3Delta mutant cells contained similar amounts of Cdr1p, Cdr2p and Mdr1p.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate that the defect in sustaining filament elongation is probably caused by the failure of age3Delta cells to polarize the actin cytoskeleton and possibly of inefficient endocytosis. The high susceptibility of age3Delta cells to azoles is not caused by inefficient transport of efflux pumps to the cell membrane. A possible role of a vacuolar defect of age3Delta cells in drug susceptibility is proposed and discussed. In conclusion, our study shows that the ARF-GAP Age3p is required for hyphal growth which is an important virulence factor of C. albicans and essential for detoxification of azole drugs which are routinely used for antifungal therapy. Thus, it represents a promising antifungal drug target.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lettner
authors.forename: Ute
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Zeidler
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gimona
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hauser
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Breitenbach
authors.forename: Arnold
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bito
mesh_terms: D008841:Actin Cytoskeleton / Q000378:metabolism; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001393:Azoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000166:cytology / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000502:physiology; D003599:Cytoskeleton / Q000378:metabolism; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D025141:Drug Resistance, Fungal / Q000235:genetics; D004705:Endocytosis / Q000235:genetics; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D020690:GTPase-Activating Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D017353:Gene Deletion; D015966:Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal; D016681:Genome, Fungal / Q000235:genetics; D004693:Glucan Endo-1,3-beta-D-Glucosidase / Q000378:metabolism; D025301:Hyphae / Q000166:cytology / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000502:physiology; D021962:Membrane Microdomains / Q000378:metabolism; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D009154:Mutation; D021381:Protein Transport; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000235:genetics*; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D012689:Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D001393:Azoles; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D005656:Fungal Proteins; C089147:GCS1 protein, S cerevisiae; D020690:GTPase-Activating Proteins; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; D004693:Glucan Endo-1,3-beta-D-Glucosidase