title: Prediction of human voluntary movement before it occurs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Human voluntary movement is associated with two changes in electroencephalography (EEG) that can be observed as early as 1.5 s prior to movement: slow DC potentials and frequency power shifts in the alpha and beta bands. Our goal was to determine whether and when we can reliably predict human natural movement BEFORE it occurs from EEG signals ONLINE IN REAL-TIME.
  
  
  METHODS
  We developed a computational algorithm to support online prediction. Seven healthy volunteers participated in this study and performed wrist extensions at their own pace.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average online prediction time was 0.62±0.25 s before actual movement monitored by EMG signals. There were also predictions that occurred without subsequent actual movements, where subjects often reported that they were thinking about making a movement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Human voluntary movement can be predicted before movement occurs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The successful prediction of human movement intention will provide further insight into how the brain prepares for movement, as well as the potential for direct cortical control of a device which may be faster than normal physical control.
authors.affiliation: EEG & BCI Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284-3067, USA. obai@vcu.edu
authors.forename: Ou
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Bai
authors.forename: Varun
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Rathi
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Dandan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Harsha
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Battapady
authors.forename: Ding-Yu
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Fei
authors.forename: Logan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: Elise
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Houdayer
authors.forename: Xuedong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hallett
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D059031:Anticipation, Psychological / Q000502:physiology*; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005544:Forecasting; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult