title: Application of touch FISH in the study of mosaic tetraploidy and maternal cell contamination in pregnancy losses.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  karyotype is a well established technique in the study of spontaneous miscarriages but is associated with selective overgrowth of maternal cells and other culture artefact (spp) such as tetraploidy, which could mask the true karyotype of the conceptus.
  
  
  METHODS
  328 cases of pregnancy losses were studied by karyotype and Multiplex Ligation Dependent Probe Amplification technique. Touch FISH performed in non-cultured cells was used to evaluate the ploidy complement and sex discrepancies using centromeric probes for chromosomes X, Y and 18.
  
  
  RESULTS
  touch FISH confirmed 13 cases of maternal contamination, identified a triploidy and a monosomy X. True tetraploidy was confirmed in 7/14 cases studied.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  touch FISH protocol is extremely accurate in the distinction of genuine mosaicism from tissue culture artifacts namely in cases with suspicion of tetraploidy and can be used to confirm maternal cell contamination in cases with sex discrepancy between karyotype and MLPA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal. sdoria@med.up.pt
authors.forename: Sofia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dória
authors.forename: Vera
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Lima
authors.forename: Berta
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.forename: Maria Lina
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Moreira
authors.forename: Mário
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sousa
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Barros
authors.forename: Filipa
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Carvalho
mesh_terms: D000022:Abortion, Spontaneous / Q000235:genetics*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D059018:DNA Contamination; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence / Q000379:methods*; D007621:Karyotyping; D009030:Mosaicism; D011247:Pregnancy; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D057891:Tetraploidy