title: Frequency of cardiovascular risk factors and metabolic syndrome in patients with chronic kidney disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Metabolic syndrome is a clustering of cardio-metabolic risk factors. Cardiovascular disease is the main cause of morbidity and mortality in end-stage renal disease. The aim of this study was to elucidate the frequency of traditional and novel cardiovascular and metabolic syndrome risk factors in patients with chronic kidney disease. Identification of these risk factors will allow for precautions to be taken earlier to prevent cardiovascular diseases and metabolic syndrome in chronic kidney disease patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 214 patients (91 females, 123 males, mean age 56.1 ± 14.4 years) with chronic kidney disease who were followed in the Nephrology Department of Istanbul Goztepe Training and Research Hospital were included in the study. Anthropometric and biochemical measurements for cardiovascular risk factors and metabolic syndrome parameters were recorded. Glomerular filtration rates (GFR) were estimated using the Cockroft Gault formula. Metabolic syndrome was defined according to International Diabetes Federation criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-seven percent of patients with chronic renal failure were found to have three or more major cardiovascular risk factors. Seventy percent of patients were found to have metabolic syndrome. The mean numbers of major cardiovascular risk factors and metabolic syndrome parameters in patients with different GFR stages were: 1.8 ± 1.0, 2.6 ± 1.2 (GFR <15 mL/min per 1.73 m(2), n = 102); 2.4 ± 1.0, 3.0 ± 1.0 (GFR 15-29 mL/min per 1.73 m(2), n = 51 ); 2.5 ± 1.1, 3.3 ± 1.0 (GFR 30-59 mL/min per 1.73 m(2), n = 39); 2.4 ± 1.1, 3.5 ± 0.7 (GFR 60-89 mL/min per 1.73 m(2), n = 22), respectively (P = .001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the frequency of cardiovascular risk factors and metabolic syndrome were high in patients with chronic kidney disease, they were negatively correlated with the stage of renal failure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Goztepe Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey. gulsagun@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Gul
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sagun
authors.forename: Gulcin
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kantarci
authors.forename: Banu
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mesci
authors.forename: Sinem
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gungor
authors.forename: Funda
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Turkoglu
authors.forename: Elif
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Yorulmaz
authors.forename: Aytekin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Oguz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014421:Turkey / Q000453:epidemiology