title: Development of efficient plant regeneration and transformation system for impatiens using Agrobacterium tumefaciens and multiple bud cultures as explants.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Impatiens (Impatiens walleriana) is a top selling floriculture crop. The potential for genetic transformation of Impatiens to introduce novel flower colors or virus resistance has been limited by its general recalcitrance to tissue culture and transformation manipulations. We have established a regeneration and transformation system for Impatiens that provides new alternatives to genetic improvement of this crop.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In a first step towards the development of transgenic INSV-resistant Impatiens, we developed an efficient plant regeneration system using hypocotyl segments containing cotyledonary nodes as explants. With this regeneration system, 80% of explants produced an average of 32.3 elongated shoots per initial explant plated, with up to 167 elongated shoots produced per explant. Rooting efficiency was high, and 100% of shoots produced roots within 12 days under optimal conditions, allowing plant regeneration within approximately 8 weeks. Using this regeneration system, we developed an efficient Agrobacterium-mediated Impatiens transformation method using in vitro multiple bud cultures as explants and a binary plasmid (pHB2892) bearing gfp and nptII genes. Transgenic Impatiens plants, with a frequency up to 58.9%, were obtained within 12 to 16 weeks from inoculation to transfer of transgenic plants to soil. Transgenic plants were confirmed by Southern blot, phenotypic assays and T1 segregation analysis. Transgene expression was observed in leaves, stems, roots, flowers, and fruit. The transgenic plants were fertile and phenotypically normal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We report the development of a simple and efficient Agrobacterium-mediated transformation system for Impatiens. To the best of our knowledge, there have been no reports of Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Impatiens with experimental evidence of stable integration of T-DNA and of Agrobacterium-mediated transformation method for plants using in vitro maintained multiple bud cultures as explants. This transformation system has the advantages of 1) efficient, simple and rapid regeneration and transformation (with no need for sterilization or a greenhouse to grow stock plants), 2) flexibility (available all the time) for in vitro manipulation, 3) uniform and desirable green tissue explants for both nuclear and plastid transformation using Agrobacterium-mediated and biolistics methods, 4) no somaclonal variation and 5) resolution of necrosis of Agrobacterium-inoculated tissues.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Sustainable and Renewable Resources, Institute for Advanced Learning and Research, 150 Slayton Avenue, Danville, VA 24540, USA. Yinghui.dan@ialr.org
authors.forename: Yinghui
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Dan
authors.forename: Aaron
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Baxter
authors.forename: Song
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Pantazis
authors.forename: Richard E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Veilleux
mesh_terms: D016960:Agrobacterium tumefaciens / Q000235:genetics*; D015139:Blotting, Southern; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D029069:Impatiens / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000382:microbiology; D007612:Kanamycin / Q000494:pharmacology; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified; D011500:Protein Synthesis Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D012038:Regeneration / Q000235:genetics*; D014170:Transformation, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D011500:Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; C036483:T-DNA; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D007612:Kanamycin