title: Outcomes and mechanisms of ischemic preconditioning in liver transplantation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Liver transplantation is so far the most effective therapeutic modality for end-stage liver diseases, but ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury represents a critical barrier to liver transplantation. Primary graft dysfunction and small-for-size syndrome are closely associated with I/R injury. Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) is defined as a brief period of liver ischemia followed by reperfusion, and has demonstrated protections against a prolonged I/R injury and improved the capacity of regeneration. The article aimed to review IPC literatures for the understanding of the effects of IPC on I/R injury involving in the procurement of donor liver and protective mechanisms.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature search of MEDLINE and Web of Science databases using "liver transplantation", "liver regeneration", "hepatectomy", "ischemia/reperfusion" and "ischemic preconditioning" was performed, and then a large amount of related data was collected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The literature search provided a huge amount of evidence for the protective effects of IPC on I/R injury in liver transplantation, including reduction of blood loss in hepatectomy, intraoperative hemodynamic stability and its significant role in liver regeneration. The mechanism involves in balancing inflammatory cytokines, enhancing energy status and mitigating microcirculatory disturbance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  IPC plays an essential role in hepatectomy before and after harvest of living donor liver and implantation of liver graft.
authors.affiliation: First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Sheng
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.forename: Li-Ming
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: Yuan-Xing
authors.initials: YX
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Hai-Yang
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: Shu-Sen
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Zheng
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D019194:Ischemic Preconditioning; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D016031:Liver Transplantation; D019520:Living Donors; D011379:Prognosis; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000517:prevention & control; D016896:Treatment Outcome