title: Effects of a brief intervention for reducing violence and alcohol misuse among adolescents: a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Emergency department (ED) visits present an opportunity to deliver brief interventions to reduce violence and alcohol misuse among urban adolescents at risk of future injury.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the efficacy of brief interventions addressing violence and alcohol use among adolescents presenting to an urban ED.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between September 2006 and September 2009, 3338 patients aged 14 to 18 years presenting to a level I ED in Flint, Michigan, between 12 pm and 11 pm 7 days a week completed a computerized survey (43.5% male; 55.9% African American). Adolescents reporting past-year alcohol use and aggression were enrolled in a randomized controlled trial (SafERteens).
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients underwent a computerized baseline assessment and were randomized to a control group that received a brochure (n = 235) or a 35-minute brief intervention delivered by either a computer (n = 237) or therapist (n = 254) in the ED, with follow-up assessments at 3 and 6 months. Combining motivational interviewing with skills training, the brief intervention for violence and alcohol included review of goals, tailored feedback, decisional balance exercise, role plays, and referrals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Self-report measures included peer aggression and violence, violence consequences, alcohol use, binge drinking, and alcohol consequences.
  
  
  RESULTS
  About 25% (n = 829) of screened patients had positive results for both alcohol and violence; 726 were randomized. Compared with controls, participants in the therapist intervention showed self-reported reductions in the occurrence of peer aggression (therapist, -34.3%; control, -16.4%; relative risk [RR], 0.74; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.61-0.90), experience of peer violence (therapist, -10.4%; control, +4.7%; RR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.52-0.95), and violence consequences (therapist, -30.4%; control, -13.0%; RR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.64-0.90) at 3 months. At 6 months, participants in the therapist intervention showed self-reported reductions in alcohol consequences (therapist, -32.2%; control, -17.7%; odds ratio, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.34-0.91) compared with controls; participants in the computer intervention also showed self-reported reductions in alcohol consequences (computer, -29.1%; control, -17.7%; odds ratio, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.34-0.95).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among adolescents identified in the ED with self-reported alcohol use and aggression, a brief intervention resulted in a decrease in the prevalence of self-reported aggression and alcohol consequences.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00251212.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. waltonma@umich.edu
authors.forename: Maureen A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Walton
authors.forename: Stephen T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Chermack
authors.forename: Jean T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Shope
authors.forename: C Raymond
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Bingham
authors.forename: Marc A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Zimmerman
authors.forename: Frederic C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Blow
authors.forename: Rebecca M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Cunningham
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior; D000374:Aggression; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D037001:Directive Counseling; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008824:Michigan; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D014193:Trauma Centers; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014505:Urban Population; D014584:User-Computer Interface; D014754:Violence / Q000517:prevention & control*