title: S100b immunoassay: an assessment of diagnostic utility in minor head trauma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Over 1.4 million patients present annually to United States (US) emergency departments with minor head trauma. Many undergo unnecessary head computed tomography (HCT).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We sought to determine the diagnostic accuracy of S100B, a central nervous system peptide, to screen for HCT+ head injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was a prospective observational study of adults with minor head trauma. Patients presenting within 6h of injury and undergoing HCT for evaluation were eligible. All HCTs were blindly reviewed for presence of a priori defined intracranial injury (HCT+). Quantitative S100B levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 346 patients were enrolled over 12 months, mean age 48 years (± 23 years), 62% male. Twenty-two (6.4%) were HCT+. Vomiting, headache, anterograde amnesia, Glasgow Coma Scale score<15, nausea, and loss of consciousness were associated with HCT+ results. Median S100B levels were significantly elevated in HCT+ (115 ng/dL) vs. HCT- (56.0 ng/dL) patients (p=0.032). Receiver operator characteristic analysis demonstrated an area under the curve of 0.643. Sensitivity and specificity were 86% (95% confidence interval [CI] 67-96) and 37% (95% CI 29-45%) at 42 ng/dL, 91% (95% CI 72-98%) and 24% (95% CI 17-31%) at 32 ng/dL, and 96% (95% CI 78-100%) and 13% (95% CI 9-20%) at 24 ng/dL, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study demonstrates that S100B may be a sensitive but non-specific marker of HCT+ injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06519, USA.
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kotlyar
authors.forename: Gregory L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Larkin
authors.forename: Christopher L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Gail
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: D'Onofrio
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D016489:Head Injuries, Closed / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors / Q000097:blood*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D064568:S100 Calcium Binding Protein beta Subunit; D009418:S100 Proteins / Q000097:blood*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors; D064568:S100 Calcium Binding Protein beta Subunit; D009418:S100 Proteins; C579160:S100B protein, human