title: Fusarium mycotoxins in various barley cultivars and their transfer into malt.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Fusarium toxins, secondary metabolites of toxinogenic Fusarium species, are found in a range of cereal grains. In this study the occurrence of the most commonest Fusarium toxins, namely nivalenol (NIV), deoxynivalenol (DON), deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside, fusarenon-X, 3- and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol, HT-2 and T-2 toxins and zearalenone, in various barley cultivars harvested in 2005-2008 was monitored. The impact of weather, locality, fungicide treatment and barley cultivar (hulless or covered) on contamination was evaluated. The transfer of these mycotoxins into malt was assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The most prevalent toxin was DON, which was found in 83% of samples (maximum level 180 µg kg(-1)), while HT-2 was detected in 62% of samples (maximum level 716 µg kg(-1)). Using analysis of covariance, weather was found to be the key factor in all years (P < 0.001). A relationship between cultivar and contamination was confirmed only for HT-2 (P < 0.001) and T-2 (P = 0.037), with higher levels of these toxins being observed in hulless cultivars. With the exception of NIV (P = 0.008), no significant relationship was found between fungicide treatment and contamination. No distinct trend regarding DON levels in malt was found, with both decreases and increases occurring.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results show an inter-annual variation in mycotoxin occurrence in barley cultivars as well as differences in contamination of malt produced from fungicide-treated and untreated barley.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Chemistry and Analysis, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Prague, Technicka 3, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Malachova
authors.forename: Radim
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cerkal
authors.forename: Jaroslava
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ehrenbergerova
authors.forename: Zbynek
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Dzuman
authors.forename: Katerina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Vaculova
authors.forename: Jana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hajslova
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002523:Edible Grain / Q000382:microbiology*; D005516:Food Microbiology; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000494:pharmacology; D005670:Fusarium / Q000737:chemistry*; D001467:Hordeum / Q000145:classification / Q000382:microbiology*; D009183:Mycotoxins / Q000032:analysis*; D013045:Species Specificity; D014887:Weather
chemical_list: D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D009183:Mycotoxins