title: Chemistry, pharmacology, and metabolism of emerging drugs of abuse.
abstract: In recent years, besides the classic designer drugs of the amphetamine type, a series of new drug classes appeared on the illicit drugs market. The chemistry, pharmacology, toxicology, metabolism, and toxicokinetics is discussed of 2,5-dimethoxy amphetamines, 2,5-dimethoxy phenethylamines, beta-keto-amphetamines, phencyclidine derivatives as well as of herbal drugs, ie, Kratom. They have gained popularity and notoriety as rave drugs. The metabolic pathways, the involvement of cytochrome P450 isoenzymes in the main pathways, and their roles in hepatic clearance are also summarized.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University, Homburg (Saar), Germany. hans.maurer@uks.eu
authors.forename: Hans H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Maurer
mesh_terms: D000662:Amphetamines / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D002186:Cannabinoids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D015198:Designer Drugs / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D053593:Forensic Toxicology / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D032065:Mitragyna; D010622:Phencyclidine / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D010627:Phenethylamines / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D010879:Piperazines / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D046948:Secologanin Tryptamine Alkaloids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection / Q000379:methods; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000662:Amphetamines; D002186:Cannabinoids; D015198:Designer Drugs; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal; D013287:Illicit Drugs; D010627:Phenethylamines; D010879:Piperazines; D046948:Secologanin Tryptamine Alkaloids; C001801:mitragynine; D010622:Phencyclidine