title: Serosurveillance for Japanese encephalitis and West Nile viruses in resident birds in Hawai'i.
abstract: Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) and West Nile virus (WNV) are emerging zoonotic arboviruses that have recently undergone intercontinental expansion. Both JEV and WNV are naturally transmitted between mosquito vectors and vertebrate reservoir hosts, including birds. A potential route of JEV introduction from Asia to western North America is via the Hawaiian archipelago, while the spread of WNV from mainland North America to Hawai'i is also considered an impending threat. We surveyed resident, non-native bird sera for antibodies to JEV and WNV on two Hawaiian Islands from 2004-2005. Three of 1,835 birds (0.16%) had evidence of antiflavivirus antibodies, demonstrating neutralizing activity to JEV and St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV). These detections could represent a limited transmission focus of either, or both, JEV and SLEV, or cross-reactive antibodies due to primary infection with an alternate flavivirus. Frequent air traffic from both Asia and North America to Hawai'i, along with the presence of probable competent vectors and amplifying vertebrate hosts in Hawai'i, increases the likelihood of introduction and maintenance of novel flaviviruses. Therefore, it is important to monitor for the presence of these viruses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, 3801 W. Rampart Road, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA. nnemeth@colostate.edu
authors.forename: Nicole M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Nemeth
authors.forename: Angela M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Bosco-Lauth
authors.forename: Rebecca H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Sciulli
authors.forename: Remedios B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Gose
authors.forename: Mark T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Nagata
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Bowen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000835:Animals, Wild / Q000821:virology; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood*; D001715:Bird Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission / Q000821:virology*; D001717:Birds; D004664:Encephalitis Virus, Japanese / Q000276:immunology*; D004672:Encephalitis, Japanese / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission / Q000662:veterinary; D005260:Female; D006254:Hawaii / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D014901:West Nile Fever / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission / Q000662:veterinary; D014902:West Nile virus / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral