title: Ecological risk of long-term chlorimuron-ethyl application to soil microbial community: an in situ investigation in a continuously cropped soybean field in Northeast China.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chlorimuron-ethyl has been widely used for the soybean production of China, but less information is available on the possible risk of long-term application of this herbicide.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this paper, soil samples were collected from the plots having been received 30 g active component of chlorimuron-ethyl/ha per year for 5 and 10 years in a continuously cropped soybean field of Northeast China, with their microbial community analyzed by plate counting, PCR-DGGE, and cloning library. Chlorimuron-ethyl had a higher accumulation in test soils, and the accumulation decreased the CFU of soil bacteria and increased the CFU of soil fungi significantly. The CFU of soil actinomycetes only had a significant decrease in the plot having been received chlorimuron-ethyl for 10 years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Under the long-term stress of chlorimuron-ethyl, the diversity and evenness of soil microbial community decreased, and more importantly, some bacterial and fungal species that possibly benefited soybean's growth, e.g., Acidobacteria, γ-proteobacteria, Cortinarius violaceu, Acarospora smaragdula, and Xerocomus chrysenteron decreased or demised, while some species that could induce the obstacle of soybean's continuous cropping, e.g., Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizoctonia solani, and Phytophthora sojae, increased or appeared. Some actinomycetes were inhibited having negative effects on the antagonism between soil microbes. It is considered that due to the longer half-life of chlorimuron-ethyl in soil and the resistance and resilience of soil microbes to short-term environmental stress, long-term in situ investigation rather than laboratory microcosm test or short-term field experiment would be more appropriate to the accurate assessment of the ecological risk of long-term chlorimuron-ethyl application. Further studies should be made on the application mode and duration of chlorimuron-ethyl to reduce the possible ecological risk of applying this herbicide on continuously cropped soybean field.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Terrestrial Ecological Process, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China. xiaoli1010@163.com
authors.forename: Xiaoli
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Xu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Chenggang
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Xinyu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Huiwen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D001483:Base Sequence; D044822:Biodiversity; D002681:China; D004587:Electrophoresis, Agar Gel; D005658:Fungi / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D006540:Herbicides / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010573:Pesticide Residues / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D010802:Phylogeny; D011743:Pyrimidines / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D013025:Glycine max / Q000254:growth & development; D013453:Sulfonylurea Compounds / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D058728:Weed Control / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D006540:Herbicides; D010573:Pesticide Residues; D011743:Pyrimidines; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D013453:Sulfonylurea Compounds; C112343:chlorimuron ethyl