title: The occipital lateral plate mesoderm is a novel source for vertebrate neck musculature.
abstract: In vertebrates, body musculature originates from somites, whereas head muscles originate from the cranial mesoderm. Neck muscles are located in the transition between these regions. We show that the chick occipital lateral plate mesoderm has myogenic capacity and gives rise to large muscles located in the neck and thorax. We present molecular and genetic evidence to show that these muscles not only have a unique origin, but additionally display a distinct temporal development, forming later than any other muscle group described to date. We further report that these muscles, found in the body of the animal, develop like head musculature rather than deploying the programme used by the trunk muscles. Using mouse genetics we reveal that these muscles are formed in trunk muscle mutants but are absent in head muscle mutants. In concordance with this conclusion, their connective tissue is neural crest in origin. Finally, we provide evidence that the mechanism by which these neck muscles develop is conserved in vertebrates.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Anatomy, University of Freiburg, Freiburg i. Br., Germany.
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Theis
authors.forename: Ketan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Petr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Valasek
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Otto
authors.forename: Qin
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Pu
authors.forename: Itamar
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Harel
authors.forename: Eldad
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tzahor
authors.forename: Shahragim
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tajbakhsh
authors.forename: Bodo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Christ
authors.forename: Ruijin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D030801:Animals, Genetically Modified; D030161:Avian Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D005075:Biological Evolution; D002642:Chick Embryo; D003370:Coturnix; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D008648:Mesoderm / Q000196:embryology*; D051379:Mice; D024510:Muscle Development / Q000235:genetics; D009154:Mutation; D009334:Neck Muscles / Q000196:embryology*; D009432:Neural Crest / Q000196:embryology; D051761:Paired Box Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics; D019170:Somites / Q000196:embryology; D018183:Transplantation Chimera / Q000196:embryology / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D030161:Avian Proteins; D051761:Paired Box Transcription Factors