title: A disposable system for rapid purification of autologous plasmin as an adjunct to vitrectomy - performance and safety profile.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The generation of an atraumatic posterior vitreous detachment (PVD), a common goal in vitreoretinal surgery, is a challenge particularly in children and young trauma patients. Plasmin has been proposed as a surgical adjunct to enzymatically generate a PVD. This study assesses the performance and safety of a new system for rapid purification of plasmin as an adjunct to vitrectomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Plasminogen was isolated from human plasma by affinity chromatography using a disposable rapid purification kit, and activated to plasmin with streptokinase. Activities were assessed spectrophotometrically. For safety studies, 38 rabbits received intravitreal injections of one of the following compounds in 0.1 ml respectively: 4.7, 12.7 and 24 IU plasmin, 15 mg dextran, 4,100 U streptokinase, 500 μg ε-aminocaproic acid, 0.1 M potassium phosphate or balanced salt solution (BSS). Thirty min after injection, a two-port vitrectomy was performed. Rabbits were followed clinically and with bright flash electroretinography (ERG) for up to 9 months. The eyes were investigated by light and transmission electron microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The specific plasmin activity obtained from blood of healthy volunteers averaged 42.3 ± 6.6 IU/ml (range 21.6 IU/ml to 54.5 IU/ml). The identity and purity of the enzyme was confirmed by several methods. Clinically, a mild to moderate inflammatory response was seen in most eyes on day 1, but had disappeared by day 7. ERG showed moderate depressions of a- and b-wave amplitudes on day 2, particularly in the potassium phosphate (a: -29.16 ± 4.56, b: -21.23 ± 6.31), 4.7 (a: -34.38 ± 6.64, b: -26.66 ± 6.06) and 24 IU (a: -38.25 ± 4.05, b: -23.38 ± 4.29) plasmin groups, but also in the BSS- (a: -11.19 ± 21.78, b: -11.41 ± 15.47) and dextran- (a: -17.86 ± 14.18, b: -6.67 ± 18.14) treated eyes. ERG changes recovered during follow-up. One rabbit each from the 12.7 and the 24 IU plasmin groups showed a minimal discoloration of one medullary ray after 9 months. Histology did not reveal morphologic signs of toxicity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The isolation system generated plasmin with a high degree of purity. A failure-mode analysis did not reveal significant risks of toxicity. A single preparation can provide a maximum dose of 10.9 IU/200 μl, the likely target clinical dose being 1.88 IU. Plasmin doses of at least 12.7 IU appear be safe when injected into rabbit eyes, followed by vitrectomy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany. mhermel@ukaachen.de
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hermel
authors.forename: Wendelin
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Dailey
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Trese
authors.forename: Michael K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Hartzer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002846:Chromatography, Affinity; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D004209:Disposable Equipment; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D004596:Electroretinography; D005341:Fibrinolysin / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000633:toxicity*; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000633:toxicity*; D006801:Humans; D011817:Rabbits; D011933:Reagent Kits, Diagnostic; D014821:Vitrectomy; D057586:Vitreoretinal Surgery; D014822:Vitreous Body / Q000187:drug effects; D020255:Vitreous Detachment / Q000601:surgery*
chemical_list: D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D011933:Reagent Kits, Diagnostic; D005341:Fibrinolysin