title: Hyperopic refractive error and shorter axial length are associated with age-related macular degeneration: the Singapore Malay Eye Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the association between refractive errors, ocular biometry, and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in an Asian Malay population in Singapore.
  
  
  METHODS
  A population-based study of 3280 Malay individuals aged 40 to 80 years was conducted in Singapore. Early- and late-AMD signs were graded from retinal photographs according to the Wisconsin grading system. Autorefraction, followed by subjective refraction, was performed to obtain spherical equivalent refraction (SER) in diopters, with emmetropia defined as SER -0.5 to +0.5 D, hyperopia as > +0.5 D, and myopia as < -0.5 D. Partial coherence laser interferometry was used to measure axial length, anterior chamber depth, and corneal curvature. The association between refractive status, ocular biometry and the prevalence of both early and late AMD were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hyperopic refractive error (odds ratio [OR] 1.54; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.00-2.36; compared with myopia, P = 0.05), shorter axial length (OR, 1.91; CI, 1.05-3.46, comparing 1st vs. 4th quartiles; P = 0.03), and steeper corneal curvature (OR, 1.93; CI, 1.16-3.20, comparing 1st vs. 4th quartiles, P = 0.01) were significantly associated with early AMD, after adjustment for age, sex, smoking, education, height, and systolic blood pressure. Each diopter increase in hyperopic refraction and each millimeter decrease in axial length was associated with an 8% (OR, 1.08; CI, 1.01-1.16; P = 0.03) and 29% (OR, 1.29; CI, 1.06-1.57; P = 0.01) increased risk of early AMD, respectively. No significant association was noted of refractive error and ocular biometry with late AMD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hyperopic refractive error and shorter axial length are associated with early AMD in Asian eyes.
authors.affiliation: Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore.
authors.forename: Raghavan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lavanya
authors.forename: Ryo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kawasaki
authors.forename: Wan Ting
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Tay
authors.forename: Gemmy C M
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Cheung
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.forename: Seang-Mei
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Saw
authors.forename: Tin
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Aung
authors.forename: Tien Y
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Wong
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000867:Anterior Chamber / Q000473:pathology; D044466:Asian People / Q000208:ethnology*; D058452:Axial Length, Eye / Q000473:pathology*; D001699:Biometry; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D058453:Emmetropia / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006956:Hyperopia / Q000208:ethnology*; D007368:Interferometry; D008027:Light; D008268:Macular Degeneration / Q000145:classification / Q000208:ethnology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009216:Myopia / Q000208:ethnology; D015995:Prevalence; D012029:Refraction, Ocular / Q000502:physiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012846:Singapore / Q000453:epidemiology