title: Extraction and preconcentration of beta-blockers in human urine for analysis with high performance liquid chromatography by means of carrier-mediated liquid phase microextraction.
abstract: A novel method was developed for the analysis of four beta-blockers, namely sotalol, carteolol, bisoprolol, and propranolol, in human urine by coupling carrier-mediated liquid phase microextraction (CM-LPME) to high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). By adding an appropriate carrier in organic phase, simultaneous extraction and enrichment of hydrophilic (sotalol, carteolol, and bisoprolol) and hydrophobic (propranolol) drugs were achieved. High enrichment factors were obtained by optimizing the compositions of the organic phase, the acceptor solution, the donor solution, the stirring rate, and the extraction time. The linear ranges were from 0.05 to 10.0 mg L(-1) for sotalol and carteolol, and from 0.05 to 8.0 mg L(-1) for bisoprolol and propranolol. The limits of detection (S/N=3) were 0.01 mg L(-1) for sotalol, carteolol, and bisoprolol, and 0.005 mg L(-1) for propranolol. The relative standard deviations were lower than 6%. The developed method exhibited high analyte preconcentration and excellent sample clean-up effects with little solvent consumption and was found to be sensitive and suitable for simultaneous determination of the above four drugs spiked in human urine. Furthermore, the successful analysis of propranolol in real urine specimens revealed that the determination of beta-blockers in human urine is feasible using the present method.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, PR China.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Xiaoli
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Su
authors.forename: Chenggong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ouyang
authors.forename: Qingji
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Shouzhuo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yao
mesh_terms: D058671:Adrenergic beta-1 Receptor Antagonists / Q000032:analysis* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000652:urine; D017298:Bisoprolol / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000652:urine; D002354:Carteolol / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000652:urine; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D057230:Limit of Detection; D011433:Propranolol / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000652:urine; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013015:Sotalol / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000652:urine
chemical_list: D058671:Adrenergic beta-1 Receptor Antagonists; D002354:Carteolol; D011433:Propranolol; D013015:Sotalol; D017298:Bisoprolol