title: Physical methods for preventing deep vein thrombosis in stroke.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and resulting pulmonary embolism (PE) are important complications of stroke. Physical methods to reduce the risk of DVT and PE, such as graduated compression stockings (GCS) or intermittent pneumatic compression (IPC) applied to the legs, do not appear to be associated with any bleeding risk and reduce the risk of DVT in some categories of surgical patients. We sought to assess their effects in stroke patients.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effectiveness and safety of physical methods of reducing the risk of DVT, fatal or non-fatal PE and death in patients with recent stroke.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the Cochrane Stroke Group Trials Register (last searched November 2009), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library Issue 4, 2009), MEDLINE (1966 to November 2009), EMBASE (1980 to November 2009), CINAHL (1982 to November 2009) and The British Nursing Index (1985 to November 2009). We screened reference lists of all relevant papers, searched ongoing trials registers (November 2009) and contacted experts in the field.
  
  
  METHODS
  Unconfounded randomised controlled trials comparing physical methods for reducing the risk of DVT with control and in which prophylaxis was started within seven days of the onset of stroke.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two review authors searched for trials and extracted data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified two trials of GCS that included 2615 patients and two small studies of IPC that included 177 patients. Overall, physical methods were not associated with a significant reduction in DVTs during the treatment period (odds ratio (OR) 0.85, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.70 to 1.04) or deaths (OR 1.12, 95% CI 0.87 to 1.45). Use of GCS was not associated with any significant reduction in risk of DVT (OR 0.88, 95% CI 0.72 to 1.08) or death (OR 1.13, 95% CI 0.87 to 1.47) at the end of follow up. IPC was associated with a non-significant trend towards a lower risk of DVTs (OR 0.45, 95% CI 0.19 to 1.10) with no evidence of an effect on deaths (OR 1.04, 95% CI 0.37 to 2.89).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Evidence from randomised trials does not support the routine use of GCS to reduce the risk of DVT after acute stroke. There is insufficient evidence to support the routine use of IPC to reduce the risk of DVT in acute stroke and further larger randomised studies of IPC are needed to reliably assess the balance of risks and benefits of this intervention.
authors.affiliation: U.C.O. Clinica Neurologica, University of Trieste, Ospedale di Cattinara, Trieste, Italy, 34100.
authors.forename: Marcello
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Naccarato
authors.forename: Fabio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Chiodo Grandi
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dennis
authors.forename: Peter Ag
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Sandercock
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D048228:Intermittent Pneumatic Compression Devices; D011655:Pulmonary Embolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D053828:Stockings, Compression / Q000009:adverse effects; D020521:Stroke / Q000150:complications*; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000517:prevention & control*