title: Nonoptimal lipids commonly present in young adults and coronary calcium later in life: the CARDIA (Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults) study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dyslipidemia causes coronary heart disease in middle-aged and elderly adults, but the consequences of lipid exposure during young adulthood are unclear.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess whether nonoptimal lipid levels during young adulthood cause atherosclerotic changes that persist into middle age.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  4 cities in the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  3258 participants from the 5115 black and white men and women recruited at age 18 to 30 years in 1985 to 1986 for the CARDIA (Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults) study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, triglycerides, and coronary calcium. Time-averaged cumulative exposures to lipids between age 20 and 35 years were estimated by using repeated serum lipid measurements over 20 years in the CARDIA study; these measurements were then related to coronary calcium scores assessed later in life (45 years [SD, 4]).
  
  
  RESULTS
  2824 participants (87%) had nonoptimal levels of LDL cholesterol (>or=2.59 mmol/L [>or=100 mg/dL]), HDL cholesterol (<1.55 mmol/L [<60 mg/dL]), or triglycerides (>or=1.70 mmol/L [>or=150 mg/dL]) during young adulthood. Coronary calcium prevalence 2 decades later was 8% in participants who maintained optimal LDL levels (<1.81 mmol/L [<70 mg/dL]), and 44% in participants with LDL cholesterol levels of 4.14 mmol/L (160 mg/dL) or greater (P < 0.001). The association was similar across race and sex and strongly graded, with odds ratios for coronary calcium of 1.5 (95% CI, 0.7 to 3.3) for LDL cholesterol levels of 1.81 to 2.56 mmol/L (70 to 99 mg/dL), 2.4 (CI, 1.1 to 5.3) for levels of 2.59 to 3.34 mmol/L (100 to 129 mg/dL), 3.3 (CI, 1.3 to 7.8) for levels of 3.37 to 4.12 mmol/L (130 to 159 mg/dL), and 5.6 (CI, 2.0 to 16) for levels of 4.14 mmol/L (160 mg/dL) or greater, compared with levels less than 1.81 mmol/L (<70 mg/dL), after adjustment for lipid exposure after age 35 years and other coronary risk factors. Both LDL and HDL cholesterol levels were independently associated with coronary calcium after participants who were receiving lipid-lowering medications or had clinically abnormal lipid levels were excluded.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Coronary calcium, although a strong predictor of future coronary heart disease, is not a clinical outcome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nonoptimal levels of LDL and HDL cholesterol during young adulthood are independently associated with coronary atherosclerosis 2 decades later.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94107, USA. mpletcher@epi.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: Mark J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Pletcher
authors.forename: Kirsten
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bibbins-Domingo
authors.forename: Kiang
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sidney
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vittinghoff
authors.forename: Stephen B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Hulley
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D050171:Dyslipidemias / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D014280:Triglycerides