title: Assessing multimodal spoken word-in-sentence recognition in children with normal hearing and children with cochlear implants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine multimodal spoken word-in-sentence recognition in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two experiments were undertaken. In Experiment 1, the youngest age with which the multimodal sentence recognition materials could be used was evaluated. In Experiment 2, lexical difficulty and presentation modality effects were examined, along with test-retest reliability and validity in normal-hearing children and those with cochlear implants.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Normal-hearing children as young as 3.25 years and those with cochlear implants just under 4 years who have used their device for at least 1 year were able to complete the multimodal sentence testing. Both groups identified lexically easy words in sentences more accurately than lexically hard words across modalities, although the largest effects occurred in the auditory-only modality. Both groups displayed audiovisual integration with the highest scores achieved in the audiovisual modality, followed sequentially by auditory-only and visual-only modalities. Recognition of words in sentences was correlated with recognition of words in isolation. Preliminary results suggest fair-to-good test-retest reliability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that children's audiovisual word-in-sentence recognition can be assessed using the materials developed for this investigation. With further development, the materials hold promise for becoming a test of multimodal sentence recognition for children with hearing loss.
authors.affiliation: Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA. raholt@indiana.edu
authors.forename: Rachael Frush
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Holt
authors.forename: Karen Iler
authors.initials: KI
authors.lastname: Kirk
authors.forename: Marcia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hay-McCutcheon
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003054:Cochlear Implants; D003638:Deafness / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D006309:Hearing / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D009622:Noise; D010700:Phonetics; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013063:Speech Discrimination Tests / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards*; D013067:Speech Perception; D055815:Young Adult