title: Efficacy of the addition of prokinetics for proton pump inhibitor (PPI) resistant non-erosive reflux disease (NERD) patients: significance of frequency scale for the symptom of GERD (FSSG) on decision of treatment strategy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Non-erosive reflux disease (NERD) is a more difficult to treat than reflux esophagitis (RE) due to the high prevalence of PPI resistance. Consequently, the treatment strategy for NERD is yet to be established.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were 467 GERD patients (NERD 349, RE 118, 47.4 +/- 16.7 years) with reflux symptoms such as heartburn. PPI was administered for 2 weeks, and total score (TS) of symptoms, seven items of reflux symptoms e.g. heartburn (reflux score: RS), and five items of dyspeptic symptoms e.g. heavy stomach (dyspeptic score: DS) were assessed using the frequency scale for the symptoms of GERD (FSSG), a GERD-specific questionnaire developed in Japan. Improvement <50% in TS was defined as non-responder. Patients' background, and pretreatment TS, RS, DS, and 12 items of FSSG were assessed. Furthermore, the effect of additional prokinetics (4 weeks) for 117 PPI non-response NERD patients was also examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Younger age, constipation, higher TS, DS, F2 (bloated stomach), 3 (heavy stomach), 5 (sick feeling after meal), 8 (satiety during meal) in FSSG were factors to be PPI non-responders in NERD. Significant improvement in TS were observed (pretreatment: 17.4 +/- 7.7 vs. 2 weeks 14.6 +/- 6.0 vs. 6 weeks 7.7 +/- 5.2, p<0.0001) after the addition of prokinetics in PPI non-response NERD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Younger age, constipation, dysmotility were factors of PPI non-response in NERD. As high DS is correlated with PPI non-response, it is indicated that patients with strong dysmotility and functional dyspepsia complication might be PPI resistant. The efficacy of additional prokinetics for PPI non-response NERD was observed.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Internal Medicine, Prefectural Hiroshima Hospital, Hiroshima. mykmiya@f2.dion.ne.jp
authors.forename: Masaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miyamoto
authors.forename: Noriaki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Manabe
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Haruma
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D003248:Constipation / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D004351:Drug Resistance / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D004357:Drug Synergism; D005260:Female; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005765:Gastrointestinal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005769:Gastrointestinal Motility / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D006356:Heartburn / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D005765:Gastrointestinal Agents; D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors