title: Mechanistic study of the stereoselective polymerization of D,L-lactide using indium(III) halides.
abstract: We report the results of a comprehensive investigation of the recently discovered stereoselective and controlled polymerization of racemic lactide (D,L-LA) using an initiator prepared in situ from indium(III) chloride (InCl(3)), benzyl alcohol (BnOH), and triethylamine (NEt(3)). Linear relationships between number-average molecular weight (M(n)) and both monomer to alcohol concentration ratio and monomer conversion are consistent with a well-controlled polymerization. Studies on polymerization kinetics show the process to be first-order in [InCl(3)](0) and zero-order in both [BnOH](0) and [NEt(3)](0). The rate of D,L-LA conversion is also dependent on the indium(III) halide (i.e., t(1/2)(InCl(3)) approximately = 43 min versus t(1/2)(InBr(3)) approximately = 7.5 h, 21 degrees C, CD(2)Cl(2), [D,L-LA](0)/[BnOH](0) approximately = 100, [D,L-LA](0) = 0.84 M, [InX(3)](0)/[BnOH](0) = 1) and lactide stereoisomer (i.e., k(obs)(D,L-LA) approximately = k(obs)(meso-LA) > k(obs)(L-LA)). A model system that polymerizes D,L-LA with the same high degree of stereoselectivity was developed using 3-diethylamino-1-propanol (deapH) in lieu of BnOH and NEt(3). The product of the reaction of deapH with InCl(3) was identified as [InCl(3)(deapH)(H(2)O)](2) by elemental analysis, X-ray crystallography, and NMR and FTIR spectroscopies. An anhydrous version of the complex was also isolated when care was taken to avoid adventitious water, and was shown by pulsed gradient spin-echo (PGSE) NMR experiments to adopt a dinuclear structure in CD(2)Cl(2) solution under conditions identical to those used in its stereoselective polymerization of D,L-LA. The combined data suggest that the initiating species for the InCl(3)/BnOH/NEt(3) system is similar to [InCl(3)(deapH)(H(2)O)](2) and of the type [InCl((3-n))(OBn)(n)](m). With this information we propose a mechanism that rationalizes the observed stereocontrol in D,L-LA polymerizations. Finally, in an exploration of the scope of the InCl(3)/BnOH/NEt(3) system, we found this system to be effective for the polymerization of other cyclic esters, including epsilon-caprolactone and several substituted derivatives.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Center for Sustainable Polymers, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455-0431, USA.
authors.forename: Agostino
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pietrangelo
authors.forename: Spencer C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Knight
authors.forename: Aalo K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Letitia J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.forename: Marc A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Hillmyer
authors.forename: William B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Tolman
mesh_terms: D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D004146:Dioxanes / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry; D007204:Indium / Q000737:chemistry*; D007700:Kinetics; D008958:Models, Molecular; D008968:Molecular Conformation; D008970:Molecular Weight; D013237:Stereoisomerism
chemical_list: D004146:Dioxanes; D007204:Indium; C020758:indium trichloride; C091880:dilactide