title: Distance measurements via the morphogen gradient of Bicoid in Drosophila embryos.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patterning along the anterior-posterior (A-P) axis in Drosophila embryos is instructed by the morphogen gradient of Bicoid (Bcd). Despite extensive studies of this morphogen, how embryo geometry may affect gradient formation and target responses has not been investigated experimentally.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this report, we systematically compare the Bcd gradient profiles and its target expression patterns on the dorsal and ventral sides of the embryo. Our results support a hypothesis that proper distance measurement and the encoded positional information of the Bcd gradient are along the perimeter of the embryo. Our results also reveal that the dorsal and ventral sides of the embryo have a fundamentally similar relationship between Bcd and its target Hunchback (Hb), suggesting that Hb expression properties on the two sides of the embryo can be directly traced to Bcd gradient properties. Our 3-D simulation studies show that a curvature difference between the two sides of an embryo is sufficient to generate Bcd gradient properties that are consistent with experimental observations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings described in this report provide a first quantitative, experimental evaluation of embryo geometry on Bcd gradient formation and target responses. They demonstrate that the physical features of an embryo, such as its shape, are integral to how pattern is formed.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science Institute of Biophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences 15 Datun Road Beijing 100101, China.
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wen
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cheung
authors.forename: Jingyuan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.forename: Long J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Renjie
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jiao
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ma
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019521:Body Patterning; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D029721:Drosophila Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D004331:Drosophila melanogaster / Q000196:embryology* / Q000378:metabolism; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000378:metabolism*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D015534:Trans-Activators; D014157:Transcription Factors; C056478:bcd protein, Drosophila; C061245:hb protein, Drosophila