title: Serum bilirubin and genes controlling bilirubin concentrations as biomarkers for cardiovascular disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Serum bilirubin has been consistently shown to be inversely related to cardiovascular disease (CVD). Recent studies showed serum bilirubin to be associated with CVD-related factors such as diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and body mass index. Although the association of serum bilirubin with CVD has been found in both retrospective and prospective studies, less information is available on the role of genes that control bilirubin concentrations and their association with CVD.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  In this review, we provide detailed information on the identity of the major genes that control bilirubin concentrations and their association with serum bilirubin concentrations and CVD risk. We also update the results of the major studies that have been performed on the association between serum bilirubin, CVD, and CVD-related diseases such as diabetes or metabolic syndrome. Studies consistently indicate that bilirubin concentrations are inversely associated with different types of CVD and CVD-related diseases. A conditional linkage study indicates that UGT1A1 is the major gene controlling serum bilirubin concentrations, and this finding has been confirmed in recent genomewide association studies. Studies also indicate that individuals homozygous for UGT1A1*28 have a significantly lower risk of developing CVD than carriers of the wild-type alleles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Serum bilirubin has a protective effect on CVD and CVD-related diseases, and UGT1A1 is the major gene controlling serum bilirubin concentrations. Pharmacologic, nonpharmacologic, or genetic interventions that increase serum bilirubin concentrations could provide more direct evidence on the role of bilirubin in CVD prevention.
authors.affiliation: Office of Biostatistics Research, Division of Cardiovascular Science, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Jing-Ping
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Libor
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vitek
authors.forename: Harvey A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Schwertner
mesh_terms: D001663:Bilirubin / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood* / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology; D004198:Disease Susceptibility; D055106:Genome-Wide Association Study; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology; D016491:Peripheral Vascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology; D044967:Serum; D020521:Stroke / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001663:Bilirubin