title: Influence of contingency awareness on neural, electrodermal and evaluative responses during fear conditioning.
abstract: In an fMRI study, effects of contingency awareness on conditioned responses were assessed in three groups comprising 118 subjects. A differential fear-conditioning paradigm with visual conditioned stimuli, an electrical unconditioned stimulus and two distractors was applied. The instructed aware group was informed about the contingencies, whereas the distractors prevented contingency detection in the unaware group. The third group (learned aware) was not informed about the contingencies, but learned them despite the distractors. Main effects of contingency awareness on conditioned responses emerged in several brain structures. Post hoc tests revealed differential dorsal anterior cingulate, insula and ventral striatum responses in aware conditioning only, whereas the amygdala was activated independent of contingency awareness. Differential responses of the hippocampus were specifically observed in learned aware subjects, indicating a role in the development of contingency awareness. The orbitofrontal cortex showed varying response patterns: lateral structures showed higher responses in instructed aware than unaware subjects, the opposite was true for medial parts. Conditioned subjective and electrodermal responses emerged only in the two aware groups. These results confirm the independence of conditioned amygdala responses from contingency awareness and indicate specific neural circuits for different aspects of fear acquisition in unaware, learned aware and instructed aware subjects.
authors.affiliation: Bender Institute of Neuroimaging, Otto-Behaghel-Strasse 10 H, 35394 Giessen, Germany. tabbert@bion.de
authors.forename: Katharina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tabbert
authors.forename: Christian J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Merz
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Klucken
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schweckendiek
authors.forename: Dieter
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vaitl
authors.forename: Oliver T
authors.initials: OT
authors.lastname: Wolf
authors.forename: Rudolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Stark
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001364:Awareness / Q000502:physiology*; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D003213:Conditioning, Psychological / Q000502:physiology*; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D005239:Fear / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000502:physiology; D005712:Galvanic Skin Response / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007858:Learning / Q000502:physiology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009778:Occipital Lobe / Q000502:physiology; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D055815:Young Adult