title: Maximal adamantyl-substituted retinoid-related molecule-induced apoptosis requires NF-κB noncanonical and canonical pathway activation.
abstract: NF-κB transcription factors have a critical role in regulating cell survival and apoptosis. We have previously shown that 4-(3-Cl-(1-adamantyl)-4-hydroxyphenyl)-3-chlorocinnamic acid (3-Cl-AHPC), an adamantyl-substituted retinoid molecule, induced apoptosis and required NF-κB activation in prostate and breast carcinoma cells. Here, we show that 3-Cl-AHPC activated both IκB kinase (IKK)α and IKKβ with subsequent activation of the canonical and noncanonical NF-κB pathways in the human breast carcinoma and leukemia cell lines. 3-Cl-AHPC-mediated activation of the NF-κB canonical pathway occurred within 6 h, whereas maximal activation of the NF-κB noncanonical pathway required 48 h. Knockout of IKKα or IKKβ expression in mouse embryonic fibroblast cells and knockdown of IKKα or IKKβ in MDA-MB-468 cells resulted in the inhibition of 3-Cl-AHPC-mediated apoptosis, indicating that activation of canonical and noncanonical pathways are required for maximal 3-Cl-AHPC-mediated apoptosis. 3-Cl-AHPC activation of the noncanonical pathway was preceded by caspase-mediated decrease in the E3-ligase c-IAP1 with subsequent stabilization of NF-κB-inducing kinase (NIK) expression, increased binding of NIK by TRAF3, activation of IKKα, and the resultant increased levels of RelB and p52. Increased expression of c-IAP1 blocked 3-Cl-AHPC-mediated stabilization of NIK levels and 3-Cl-AHPC-mediated apoptosis. Cdc37 expression was required for activation of IKKα and IKKβ by 3-Cl-AHPC. These findings suggest that NF-κB pathways have an important role in 3-Cl-AHPC-mediated apoptosis.
authors.affiliation: Deparment of Medicine, John D Dingell VA Medical Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA. Joseph.Fontana@va.gov
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Farhana
authors.forename: M I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Dawson
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Murshed
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Fontana
mesh_terms: D000218:Adamantane / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D018833:Chaperonins / Q000378:metabolism; D002934:Cinnamates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000378:metabolism; D055785:Gene Knockdown Techniques; D006801:Humans; D051550:I-kappa B Kinase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051034:Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism*; D052003:NF-kappa B p52 Subunit / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D048008:TNF Receptor-Associated Factor 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors; D051841:Transcription Factor RelB / Q000378:metabolism; D000097782:NF-kappaB-Inducing Kinase
chemical_list: D000218:Adamantane; D020169:Caspases; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D018833:Chaperonins; D002934:Cinnamates; D051550:I-kappa B Kinase; D051034:Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins; D016328:NF-kappa B; D052003:NF-kappa B p52 Subunit; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D048008:TNF Receptor-Associated Factor 3; D051841:Transcription Factor RelB; D000097782:NF-kappaB-Inducing Kinase; C480030:4-(3-(1-adamantyl)-4-hydroxyphenyl)-3-chlorocinnamic acid; C498362:CDC37 protein, human