title: Emerging, novel, and known influenza virus infections in humans.
abstract: Influenza viruses continue to cause yearly epidemics and occasional pandemics in humans. In recent years, the threat of a possible influenza pandemic arising from the avian influenza A(H5N1) virus has prompted the development of comprehensive pandemic preparedness programs in many countries. The recent emergence of the pandemic influenza A(H1N1) 2009 virus from the Americas in early 2009, although surprising in its geographic and zoonotic origins, has tested these preparedness programs and revealed areas in which further work is necessary. Nevertheless, the plethora of epidemiologic, diagnostic, mathematical and phylogenetic modeling, and investigative methodologies developed since the severe acute respiratory syndrome outbreak of 2003 and the subsequent sporadic human cases of avian influenza have been applied effectively and rapidly to the emergence of this novel pandemic virus. This article summarizes some of the findings from such investigations, including recommendations for the management of patients infected with this newly emerged pathogen.
authors.affiliation: Division of Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore 119074, Singapore. julian_wt_tang@nuhs.edu.sg
authors.forename: Julian W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Nandini
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shetty
authors.forename: Tommy T Y
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Lam
authors.forename: K L Ellis
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Hon
mesh_terms: D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D021821:Communicable Diseases, Emerging / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology*; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology*; D009975:Orthomyxoviridae / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000472:pathogenicity*
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents