title: Diastolic dysfunction is associated with sedentary leisure time physical activity and smoking in females only.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction with preserved systolic function (DD-PSF) is associated with an increased risk of morbidity and mortality. Population-based surveys studying the associations between DD-PSF and lifestyle-associated risk factors, such as leisure time physical activity (LTPA) and smoking, are scarce. Thus, the aims were to explore the associations between DD-PSF and LTPA and smoking, employing optimal echocardiographic techniques.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study conducted from 2001 to 2003.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted in a random sample of a rural Swedish population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Men and women of 30-75 years of age were consecutively invited for conventional echocardiography and tissue velocity imaging (n = 1149). Structured questionnaires and physical examinations were conducted using standardized methods.
  
  
  METHODS
  DD-PSF was defined according to the European Society of Cardiology criteria excluding subjects with ejection fraction < 45%, or a self-reported history of heart failure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Complete information was available in 500 men and 538 women. In a multivariate model, DD-PSF was independently associated with sedentary LTPA and smoking in females; sedentary LTPA odds ratio (OR) 2.91, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.02 to 8.27, and smoking OR 3.42, 95% CI 1.35 to 8.64. The probability of identifying DD-PSF in females with a sedentary LTPA was 37% and increased to 80% if they also had hypertension and were obese.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sedentary LTPA and smoking are independently associated with DD-PSF in females. Identification of a sedentary lifestyle in females increases the probability of diagnosing DD-PSF.
authors.affiliation: Lund University, Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Sweden.
authors.forename: Louise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bennet
authors.forename: Charlotte
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Larsson
authors.forename: Marianne
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Söderström
authors.forename: Lennart
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Råstam
authors.forename: Ulf
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Lindblad
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003971:Diastole / Q000502:physiology; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007899:Leisure Activities; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014463:Ultrasonography; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000517:prevention & control