title: Efficacy of motivational interviewing for smoking cessation: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the efficacy of interventions incorporating motivational interviewing for smoking cessation and identify correlates of treatment effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medline/PubMed, PsycInfo and other sources including grey literature.
  
  
  METHODS
  Title/abstract search terms were motivational interview* OR motivational enhancement AND smok*, cigarette*, tobacco, OR nicotine. Randomised trials reporting number of smokers abstinent at follow up were eligible.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were independently coded by the first and third authors. We coded for a variety of study, participant, and intervention related variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A random effects logistic regression with both a random intercept and a random slope for the treatment effect.
  
  
  RESULTS
  31 smoking cessation research trials were selected for the study: eight comprised adolescent samples, eight comprised adults with chronic physical or mental illness, five comprised pregnant/postpartum women and 10 comprised other adult samples. Analysis of the trials (9485 individual participants) showed an overall OR comparing likelihood of abstinence in the motivational interviewing (MI) versus control condition of OR 1.45 (95% CI 1.14 to 1.83). Additional potential correlates of treatment effects such as study, sample, and intervention characteristics were examined.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the most comprehensive review of MI for smoking cessation conducted to date. These findings suggest that current MI smoking cessation approaches can be effective for adolescents and adults. However, comparative efficacy trials could be useful.
authors.affiliation: Fox Chase Cancer Center, 510 Township Line Road, First Floor, Philadelphia, PA 19012, USA. Carolyn.Heckman@fccc.edu
authors.forename: Carolyn J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Heckman
authors.forename: Brian L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Egleston
authors.forename: Makary T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Hofmann
mesh_terms: D003376:Counseling; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D016015:Logistic Models; D009042:Motivation; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome