title: Impaired microvascular perfusion in sepsis requires activated coagulation and P-selectin-mediated platelet adhesion in capillaries.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Impaired microvascular perfusion in sepsis is not treated effectively because its mechanism is unknown. Since inflammatory and coagulation pathways cross-activate, we tested if stoppage of blood flow in septic capillaries is due to oxidant-dependent adhesion of platelets in these microvessels.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sepsis was induced in wild type, eNOS(-/-), iNOS(-/-), and gp91phox(-/-) mice (n = 14-199) by injection of feces into the peritoneum. Platelet adhesion, fibrin deposition, and blood flow stoppage in capillaries of hindlimb skeletal muscle were assessed by intravital microscopy. Prophylactic treatments at the onset of sepsis were intravenous injection of platelet-depleting antibody, P-selectin blocking antibody, ascorbate, or antithrombin. Therapeutic treatments (delayed until 6 h) were injection of ascorbate or the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor eptifibatide, or local superfusion of the muscle with NOS cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin or NO donor S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sepsis at 6-7 h markedly increased the number of stopped-flow capillaries and the occurrence of platelet adhesion and fibrin deposition in these capillaries. Platelet depletion, iNOS and gp91phox deficiencies, P-selectin blockade, antithrombin, or prophylactic ascorbate prevented, whereas delayed ascorbate, eptifibatide, tetrahydrobiopterin, or SNAP reversed, septic platelet adhesion and/or flow stoppage. The reversals by ascorbate and tetrahydrobiopterin were absent in eNOS(-/-) mice. Platelet adhesion predicted 90% of capillary flow stoppage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Impaired perfusion and/or platelet adhesion in septic capillaries requires NADPH oxidase, iNOS, P-selectin, and activated coagulation, and is inhibited by intravenous administration of ascorbate and by local superfusion of tetrahydrobiopterin and NO. Reversal of flow stoppage by ascorbate and tetrahydrobiopterin may depend on local eNOS-derived NO which dislodges platelets from the capillary wall.
authors.affiliation: Critical Illness Research, Victoria Research Laboratories, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, N6C 2V5, Canada.
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Secor
authors.forename: Fuyan
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Christopher G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Ellis
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Sharpe
authors.forename: Peter L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Gross
authors.forename: John X
authors.initials: JX
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Karel
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tyml
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001777:Blood Coagulation / Q000187:drug effects; D002196:Capillaries / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005121:Extremities / Q000098:blood supply; D051379:Mice; D019007:P-Selectin / Q000378:metabolism*; D010973:Platelet Adhesiveness / Q000187:drug effects*; D018805:Sepsis / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D019007:P-Selectin