title: Premeal injection of rapid-acting insulin reduces postprandial glycemic excursions in type 1 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effect of three premeal timings of rapid-acting insulin on postprandial glucose excursions in type 1 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten subjects participated in a three-way randomized crossover trial. Mean ± SD age was 45.5 ± 12.1 years, A1C was 8.55 ± 1.50%, duration of diabetes was 23.8 ± 7.8 years, and duration of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion therapy was 8.5 ± 6.1 years. Insulin aspart was administered at 30, 15, or 0 min before mealtime.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Area under the curve was lower in the -15 stratum (0.41 ± 0.51 mmol/l/min) than that in the -30 stratum (1.89 ± 0.72 mmol/l/min, P = 0.029) and 0 stratum (2.11 ± 0.66 mmol/l/min, P = 0.030). Maximum glucose excursion was lower in the -15 stratum (4.77 ± 0.52 mmol/l) than that in the -30 (6.48 ± 0.76 mmol/l, P = 0.025) and 0 stratum (6.93 ± 0.76 mmol/l, P = 0.022). Peak glucose level was lower in the -15 stratum (9.26 ± 0.72 mmol/l) than that in the -30 stratum (11.74 ± 0.80 mmol/l, P = 0.007) and the 0 stratum (12.29 ± 0.93, P = 0.009). Time spent in the 3.5-10 mmol/l range was higher in the -15 stratum (224.5 ± 25.0 min) than that in the 0 stratum (90.5 ± 23.2 min, P = 0.001). There was no significant difference in occurrence of glucose levels <3.5 mmol/l between strata (P = 0.901).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Administration of rapid-acting insulin analogs 15 min before mealtime results in lower postprandial glucose excursions and more time spent in the 3.5-10.0 mmol/l range, without increased risk of hypoglycemia.
authors.affiliation: Academic Medical Centre, Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. y.m.luijf@amc.uva.nl
authors.forename: Yoeri M
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Luijf
authors.forename: Arianne C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: van Bon
authors.forename: Joost B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Hoekstra
authors.forename: J Hans
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Devries
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D061267:Insulin Aspart; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019518:Postprandial Period; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D061267:Insulin Aspart