title: Trypanosoma cruzi I genotypes in different geographical regions and transmission cycles based on a microsatellite motif of the intergenic spacer of spliced-leader genes.
abstract: The intergenic region of spliced-leader (SL-IR) genes from 105 Trypanosoma cruzi I (Tc I) infected biological samples, culture isolates and stocks from 11 endemic countries, from Argentina to the USA were characterised, allowing identification of 76 genotypes with 54 polymorphic sites from 123 aligned sequences. On the basis of the microsatellite motif proposed by Herrera et al. (2007) to define four haplotypes in Colombia, we could classify these genotypes into four distinct Tc I SL-IR groups, three corresponding to the former haplotypes Ia (11 genotypes), Ib (11 genotypes) and Id (35 genotypes); and one novel group, Ie (19 genotypes). Genotypes harbouring the Tc Ic motif were not detected in our study. Tc Ia was associated with domestic cycles in southern and northern South America and sylvatic cycles in Central and North America. Tc Ib was found in all transmission cycles from Colombia. Tc Id was identified in all transmission cycles from Argentina and Colombia, including Chagas cardiomyopathy patients, sylvatic Brazilian samples and human cases from French Guiana, Panama and Venezuela. Tc Ie gathered five samples from domestic Triatoma infestans from northern Argentina, nine samples from wild Mepraia spinolai and Mepraia gajardoi and two chagasic patients from Chile and one from a Bolivian patient with chagasic reactivation. Mixed infections by Tc Ia+Tc Id, Tc Ia+Tc Ie and Tc Id+Tc Ie were detected in vector faeces and isolates from human and vector samples. In addition, Tc Ia and Tc Id were identified in different tissues from a heart transplanted Chagas cardiomyopathy patient with reactivation, denoting histotropism. Trypanosoma cruzi I SL-IR genotypes from parasites infecting Triatoma gerstaeckeri and Didelphis virginiana from USA, T. infestans from Paraguay, Rhodnius nasutus and Rhodnius neglectus from Brazil and M. spinolai and M. gajardoi from Chile are to our knowledge described for the first time.
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Biología Molecular de la Enfermedad de Chagas, INGEBI-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Carolina I
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Cura
authors.forename: Ana M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Mejía-Jaramillo
authors.forename: Tomás
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Duffy
authors.forename: Juan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Burgos
authors.forename: Marcela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rodriguero
authors.forename: Marta V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Cardinal
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kjos
authors.forename: Rodrigo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gurgel-Gonçalves
authors.forename: Denis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Blanchet
authors.forename: Luis M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: De Pablos
authors.forename: Nicolás
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tomasini
authors.forename: Alexandre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: da Silva
authors.forename: Graciela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Russomando
authors.forename: Cesar A Cuba
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Cuba
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Aznar
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Abate
authors.forename: Mariano J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Levin
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Osuna
authors.forename: Ricardo E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Gürtler
authors.forename: Patricio
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Diosque
authors.forename: Aldo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Solari
authors.forename: Omar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Triana-Chávez
authors.forename: Alejandro G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Schijman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D014355:Chagas Disease / Q000469:parasitology* / Q000635:transmission* / Q000662:veterinary; D021901:DNA, Intergenic; D016054:DNA, Protozoan / Q000235:genetics; D004197:Disease Reservoirs / Q000469:parasitology; D005838:Genotype; D005843:Geography; D006801:Humans; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000469:parasitology; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D020038:RNA, Spliced Leader; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D014225:Triatominae / Q000469:parasitology; D014349:Trypanosoma cruzi / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification
chemical_list: D021901:DNA, Intergenic; D016054:DNA, Protozoan; D020038:RNA, Spliced Leader