title: An integrated photo-thermal sensing system for rapid and direct diagnosis of anemia.
abstract: This article presents a thermal biosensor to diagnose the anemia without chemical treatments using temperature increase of red blood cells (RBC) when hemoglobin molecules absorb specific wavelength of photons and convert them to thermal energy. For measuring temperature change of red blood cell, the micro-scaled platinum resistance temperature detector (Pt RTD) was developed. For maintenance of constant ambient temperature, we designed and fabricated a thermostat system. The thermostat system consists of a K-type thermocouple and two electric heaters that serve to increase the system temperature, which is monitored by the thermocouple. Both heaters and the thermocouple were connected to a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller and enabled to maintain the temperature constant (<±0.1°C). For specific heating of red blood cell, 8.0 W/cm(2) diode pumped solid state (DPSS) continuous wave (CW) laser module was used with 532 nm wavelength. Using this system, we successfully measured the temperature variations (from 66.33±2.72°C to 74.16±2.06°C) of whole blood samples from 10 anemic patients and subsequently determined the concentration of hemoglobin (from 7.2 g/dL to 9.8 g/dL). The method proposed in this paper requires significantly less amount of whole blood sample (6 μl) compared with the conventional methods (175 μl) and allows instantaneous diagnosis (3 s) of anemia.
authors.affiliation: School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Bong Seop
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Kwak
authors.forename: Hyung Joon
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Hyun Ok
authors.initials: HO
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Hyo-Il
authors.initials: HI
authors.lastname: Jung
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000740:Anemia / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis*; D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D001774:Blood Chemical Analysis / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D054023:Lasers, Semiconductor; D057230:Limit of Detection; D008297:Male; D017785:Photons; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins