title: Purple sweet potato pigments protect murine thymocytes from ⁶⁰Co γ-ray-induced mitochondria-mediated apoptosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Purple sweet potato (PSP) pigments have been widely accepted as antioxidants but their radioprotective effect still remains unclear. In this study we investigated the effect of PSP pigments on ⁶⁰Co γ-ray-induced mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in murine thymocytes.
  
  
  METHODS
  The murine thymocytes were pretreated by PSP pigments before exposure to 4 Gy ⁶⁰Co γ-rays. Flow cytometry analysis was used to measure apoptotic cells and mitochondrial membrane potential. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were detected using 2',7',-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) probe and the activity of antioxidant enzymes was tested by biochemical assay after irradiation. Cytochrome c, caspase-3 and poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) were measured by Western blotting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After treatment with PSP pigments and exposure to 4 Gy radiation the apoptosis of thymocytes was reduced and the mitochondrial transmembrane potential was maintained compared to control cells. In the presence of PSP pigments, ROS were reduced and the activities of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-px) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were protected and in some cases increased. All the pro-apoptotic proteins (cytochrome oxidase, caspase 3 and PARP) decreased in PSP pigments pretreated thymocytes compared to irradiated cells in the absence of PSP pigments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pre-treatment with PSP pigments significantly inhibited ⁶⁰Co γ-ray-induced mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. This radioprotective effect might be related to ROS scavenging, the enhancement of the activity of antioxidant enzymes, the maintenance of mitochondrial transmembrane potential, and the sequential inhibition of cytochrome c release and downstream caspase and PARP cleavage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacochemistry, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, PR China.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: Yan-Tao
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Chun-Bo
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Wen-Gong
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Yu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003037:Cobalt Radioisotopes / Q000633:toxicity; D045304:Cytochromes c / Q000378:metabolism; D005720:Gamma Rays / Q000009:adverse effects; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D027723:Ipomoea batatas; D053078:Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D051379:Mice; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects; D010860:Pigments, Biological / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases / Q000378:metabolism; D011837:Radiation-Protective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000528:radiation effects*
chemical_list: D003037:Cobalt Radioisotopes; D010860:Pigments, Biological; D011837:Radiation-Protective Agents; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D045304:Cytochromes c; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases; C505409:Casp3 protein, mouse; D053148:Caspase 3