title: The biodiversity of beneficial microbe-host mutualism: the case of rhizobia.
abstract: Symbiotic nitrogen fixation is the main route for sustainable input of nitrogen into ecosystems. Nitrogen fixation in agriculture can be improved by inoculation of legume crops with suitable rhizobia. Knowledge of the biodiversity of rhizobia and of local populations is important for the design of successful inoculation strategies. Soybeans are major nitrogen-fixing crops in many parts of the world. Bradyrhizobial inoculants for soybean are very diverse, yet classification and characterization of strains have long been difficult. Recent genetic characterization methods permit more reliable identification and will improve our knowledge of local populations. Forage legumes form another group of agronomically important legumes. Research and extension policies valorizing rhizobial germplasm diversity and preservation, farmer training for proper inoculant use and legal enforcement of commercial inoculant quality have proved a successful approach to promoting the use of forage legumes while enhancing biological N(2) fixation. It is worth noting that taxonomically important strains may not necessarily be important reference strains for other uses such as legume inoculation and genomics due to specialization of the different fields. This article points out both current knowledge and gaps remaining to be filled for further interaction and improvement of a rhizobial commons.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, Division of Microbiology and HAMBI Culture Collection, Biocenter 1, P.O. Box 56, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland. kristina.lindstrom@helsinki.fi
authors.forename: Kristina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lindström
authors.forename: Mazvita
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Murwira
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Willems
authors.forename: Nora
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Altier
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D044822:Biodiversity; D020369:Bradyrhizobium / Q000378:metabolism; D007887:Fabaceae / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology*; D009586:Nitrogen Fixation; D012230:Rhizobiaceae / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D012231:Rhizobium / Q000502:physiology*; D053204:Root Nodules, Plant / Q000378:metabolism; D016962:Sinorhizobium meliloti / Q000502:physiology; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D013025:Glycine max / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D013559:Symbiosis