title: Stability and composition of functional synergies for speech movements in children with developmental speech disorders.
abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the consistency and composition of functional synergies for speech movements in children with developmental speech disorders. Kinematic data were collected on the reiterated productions of syllables spa(/spaː/) and paas(/paːs/) by 10 6- to 9-year-olds with developmental speech disorders (five with speech sound disorder [SSD] and five with subtype childhood apraxia of speech [CAS]) and six normally speaking children using electro-magnetic midsagittal articulography (EMMA). Results showed a higher variability of tongue tip movement trajectories and a larger contribution of the lower lip relative to the jaw in oral closures for the five children with CAS compared to normally developing controls, indicating that functional synergies for speech movements in children with CAS may be both delayed and less stable. Furthermore, the SSD group showed a composition of tongue tip movements that is different from both CAS and controls. These results suggest that the differences in speech motor characteristics between SSD and subtype CAS are qualitative rather than quantitative. At the same time, the results suggest that both SSD and subtype CAS increase movement amplitude as an adaptive strategy to increase articulatory stability. Although in direct comparison no exclusive characteristics were found to differentiate subtype CAS from the group of children with SSD and from normally developing children, these preliminary results are promising for quantifying the role of speech motor processes in childhood speech sound disorders.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The reader will be able to: (1) describe the development of speech motor control and explain the role of functional synergies/coordinative structures; (2) explain the measurement of the stability and composition of speech movements; (3) identify the difficulties in studying disordered speech motor development; (4) describe the differences in speech motor characteristics between SSD and subtype CAS; (5) describe the potential role of motor control strategies in developmental speech disorders.
authors.affiliation: Medical Psychology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. H.R.Terband@med.umcg.nl
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Terband
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Maassen
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: van Lieshout
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Nijland
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007568:Jaw / Q000503:physiopathology; D008046:Lip / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D013060:Speech / Q000502:physiology*; D013064:Speech Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014059:Tongue / Q000503:physiopathology