title: PeakAnalyzer: genome-wide annotation of chromatin binding and modification loci.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Functional genomic studies involving high-throughput sequencing and tiling array applications, such as ChIP-seq and ChIP-chip, generate large numbers of experimentally-derived signal peaks across the genome under study. In analyzing these loci to determine their potential regulatory functions, areas of signal enrichment must be considered relative to proximal genes and regulatory elements annotated throughout the target genome Regions of chromatin association by transcriptional regulators should be distinguished as individual binding sites in order to enhance downstream analyses, such as the identification of known and novel consensus motifs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PeakAnalyzer is a set of high-performance utilities for the automated processing of experimentally-derived peak regions and annotation of genomic loci. The programs can accurately subdivide multimodal regions of signal enrichment into distinct subpeaks corresponding to binding sites or chromatin modifications, retrieve genomic sequences encompassing the computed subpeak summits, and identify positional features of interest such as intersection with exon/intron gene components, proximity to up- or downstream transcriptional start sites and cis-regulatory elements. The software can be configured to run either as a pipeline component for high-throughput analyses, or as a cross-platform desktop application with an intuitive user interface.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PeakAnalyzer comprises a number of utilities essential for ChIP-seq and ChIP-chip data analysis. High-performance implementations are provided for Unix pipeline integration along with a GUI version for interactive use. Source code in C++ and Java is provided, as are native binaries for Linux, Mac OS X and Windows systems.
authors.affiliation: EMBL European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: Mali
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Salmon-Divon
authors.forename: Heidi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dvinge
authors.forename: Kairi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tammoja
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bertone
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D001665:Binding Sites; D002843:Chromatin / Q000378:metabolism*; D042002:Chromatin Assembly and Disassembly; D047369:Chromatin Immunoprecipitation; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D055106:Genome-Wide Association Study; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D011381:Programming Languages; D012045:Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D012984:Software; D024363:Transcription Initiation Site
chemical_list: D002843:Chromatin