title: Associations between habitual school-day breakfast consumption, body mass index, physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness in English schoolchildren.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to assess associations between habitual school-day breakfast consumption, body mass index (BMI), physical activity (PA) and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF).
  
  
  METHODS
  BMI, PA and CRF were measured in 4326 schoolchildren aged 10-16 years. Participants were classified as obese or non-obese, as having low or high PA and CRF. Habitual school-day breakfast consumption was assessed by a questionnaire and classified as never, sometimes or always.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants who sometimes ate breakfast were more likely to be obese than those who always did (P<0.05). Boys who never ate breakfast were more likely to have low PA odds ratio (OR) 2.17, 95% CI 1.48-3.18) and low CRF (OR 2.02, 95% CI 1.40-2.93) than those who always did. Compared with those who always did so, girls were more likely to have low PA if they sometimes (OR 1.39, 95% CI 1.13-1.70) or never (1.48 95% CI 1.06-2.05) ate breakfast, but the likelihood of low CRF was not different between groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Habitual breakfast consumption is associated with healthy BMI and higher PA levels in schoolchildren. In boys, regularly eating breakfast is also associated with higher levels of CRF. The higher PA observed in habitual breakfast eaters may explain the higher CRF values observed. These positive health behaviours and outcomes support the encouragement of regular breakfast eating in this age group.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Centre for Sports and Exercise Science, University of Essex, Colchester, UK. gavins@essex.ac.uk
authors.forename: G R H
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Sandercock
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Voss
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dye
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002320:Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D010809:Physical Fitness; D012143:Respiratory Physiological Phenomena; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires