title: Fully endoscopic transnasal approach to the jugular foramen: anatomic study and clinical considerations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To describe a transnasal endoscopic route to the jugular foramen and the endoscopic anatomy of the infratemporal fossa.
  
  
  METHODS
  Endoscopic transnasal dissection of the infratemporal fossa was performed in 3 injected fresh heads (1 head only in arteries and 2 heads in arteries and veins). Two other double-injected specimens were dissected externally (2 of them side laterally and 1 anteriorly) to compare the different views and better understand the 3-dimensionality of the region.Detailed endoscopic anatomy of the infratemporal fossa was clearly observed. The realization of a septal and posterior maxillary window allows surgeons to gain space to the jugular foramen. The ability to manage the vessels, especially the veins, and identify the muscles is mandatory. The fundamental role of the vidian canal in targeting the anterior genu of the internal carotid artery is confirmed. The role of the maxillary and mandibular branches of the trigeminal nerve and the eustachian tube in this kind of approach is critical.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A fully transnasal endoscopic route to the jugular foramen is feasible. The most important landmark for this kind of approach is the eustachian tube.
authors.affiliation: Ears, Nose, and Throat Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero, Universitaria Pisana, Pisa, Italy. iacopodallan@tiscali.it
authors.forename: Iacopo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Dallan
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bignami
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Battaglia
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Castelnuovo
authors.forename: Manfred
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tschabitscher
mesh_terms: D002343:Carotid Artery, Internal / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000379:methods; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D009296:Nasal Cavity / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000601:surgery; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000379:methods; D019291:Skull Base / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000601:surgery*; D013100:Sphenoid Bone / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000601:surgery*