title: Multi-modal hallucinations and cognitive function in Parkinson's disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hallucinations have been linked to a constellation of cognitive deficits in Parkinson's disease (PD), but it is not known whether multi-modal hallucinations are associated with greater neuropsychological dysfunction.
  
  
  METHODS
  152 idiopathic PD patients were categorized based on the presence or absence of hallucinations and then were further subdivided into visual-only (VHonly; n = 35) or multi-modal (VHplus; n = 12) hallucination groups. All participants underwent detailed neuropsychological assessment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants with hallucinations performed more poorly on select neuropsychological measures and exhibited more mood symptoms. There were no differences between VHonly and VHplus groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PD patients with multi-modal hallucinations are not at greater risk for neuropsychological impairment than those with single-modal hallucinations.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neuropsychology, Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA. hkatzen@med.miami.edu
authors.forename: Heather
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Katzen
authors.forename: Connie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Myerson
authors.forename: Spiridon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Papapetropoulos
authors.forename: Fatta
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Nahab
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gallo
authors.forename: Bonnie
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Levin
mesh_terms: D000339:Affect / Q000502:physiology; D000368:Aged; D000978:Antiparkinson Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D046690:Deep Brain Stimulation; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology; D056344:Executive Function / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006212:Hallucinations / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D007361:Intelligence Tests; D007802:Language; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000502:physiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012306:Risk; D013028:Space Perception / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000978:Antiparkinson Agents