title: Bioengineered vascular graft grown in the mouse peritoneal cavity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We tested the hypothesis that the mouse peritoneum can function like a bioreactor to generate directed bio-engineered tissues such as those used for bypass grafting. Additionally, we reasoned that the mouse animal model would allow us to elucidate the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms that are responsible for the generation of tissue in peritoneal cavity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Plastic tubes (two tubes/mouse) were implanted into the peritoneal cavity of three strains of mice (C57BL/6, BALB/c, and MRL). The tubes were harvested, tissue capsule surrounding the tubes was removed, and analyzed by immunostaining (five capsules/five mice/strain) and microarray (three capsules/three mice/strain). In addition, the tissue capsules that were harvested from MRL mice (n = 21) were grafted into abdominal aorta of the same mice as autografts. The patency of all grafts was monitored by micro-ultrasound, and their functionality was assessed by laser Doppler imaging of blood flow in femoral arteries. Venous (n = 13) and arterial isografts (n = 11) were used as positive controls. In a negative control group (five mice/strain), the abdominal aorta was occluded by double ligation with 9-0 silk.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The implanted plastic tubes required at least 8 weeks of incubation in the peritoneum of the three strains of mice in order to generate useful grafts. No vascular cells were found in the tissue capsules. Microarray analysis of tissue capsules revealed that the capsular cells express a gene expression program that is vastly shared among the three strains of mice, and the cells exhibit a high degree of plasticity. The micro-ultrasound analysis of the grafts showed that 62% of autografts remained patent compared with 77% of venous isografts and 91% of arterial isografts. The laser Doppler imaging analysis showed that blood flow dropped by 40% and 35% in the autografts and vein isografts, respectively, 1 day after surgery. The flow, however, rebounded to the level of arterial isografts 1 month post-surgery and remained unchanged among all grafts for the next 4 months. Immunostaining of the autografts showed a thick vessel wall with endothelial cells that lined the lumen and smooth muscle cells that constituted the graft wall.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The mouse peritoneal cavity of mice has the ability to function like a bioreactor to generate bio-engineered tissues. The tissue capsules harvested from peritoneal cavity of a mouse are composed of nonvascular cells that display phenotype of progenitor cells. After grafting, however, the capsule autografts become arterialized and remained patent for at least 4 months after surgery, similar to venous or arterial isografts.
authors.affiliation: Oppenheimer Atherosclerosis Research Center and Division of Cardiology, Burns and Allen Research Institute, Cedars Sinai Heart Institute, USA.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Lai
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Prediman K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Aurelio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chaux
authors.forename: Behrooz G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Sharifi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001012:Aorta, Abdominal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D001013:Aorta, Thoracic / Q000637:transplantation; D057005:Bioengineering; D001705:Bioprosthesis; D019149:Bioreactors; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D001807:Blood Vessel Prosthesis; D019917:Blood Vessel Prosthesis Implantation / Q000295:instrumentation*; D001808:Blood Vessels / Q000166:cytology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000254:growth & development / Q000637:transplantation*; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling / Q000379:methods; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D017078:Laser-Doppler Flowmetry; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D019463:Mice, Inbred MRL lpr; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D010529:Peritoneal Cavity / Q000166:cytology / Q000601:surgery*; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D013997:Time Factors; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*; D020858:Tissue and Organ Harvesting; D014182:Transplantation, Autologous; D014185:Transplantation, Isogeneic; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014654:Vascular Patency; D014684:Venae Cavae / Q000637:transplantation