Associations of antiretroviral drug use and HIV-specific risk factors with carotid intima-media thickness.
BACKGROUND
Previous research has demonstrated an increase in carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) in HIV-infected individuals compared to controls. However, the reason for this increased level of subclinical vascular disease is unknown.


OBJECTIVE
To identify HIV-related risk factors for increased cIMT.


METHODS
We evaluated the relationship between HIV-related characteristics (including markers of HIV disease severity and use of antiretroviral therapy) and cIMT measurements in the internal/bulb and common carotid regions among 538 HIV-infected participants from the Study of Fat Redistribution and Metabolic Change in HIV Infection (FRAM). We used Bayesian model averaging to estimate the posterior probability of candidate HIV and non-HIV-related risk factors being true predictors of increased cIMT. Variables with a posterior probability of more than 50% were used to develop a selected regression model for each of the anatomic regions.


RESULTS
For common cIMT, the Bayesian model selection process identified age, African-American race, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure with probability more than 95%, HDL cholesterol with probability 85% and Hispanic ethnicity with probability 51%. Among the HIV-related factors included in the analysis, only tenofovir use was selected (51% probability). In the selected model, duration of tenofovir use was associated with lower common cIMT (-0.0094 mm/year of use; 95% confidence interval: -0.0177 to -0.0010). For internal cIMT, no HIV-related risk factors were above the 50% posterior probability threshold.


CONCLUSIONS
We observed an inverse association between duration of tenofovir use and common carotid cIMT. Whether this association is causal or due to confounding by indication needs further investigation.
Delaney
Joseph A C
JA
University of Florida, Gainesville, USA.
Scherzer
Rebecca
R
Biggs
Mary L
ML
Shliplak
Michael G
MG
Polak
Joseph F
JF
Currier
Judith S
JS
Kronmal
Richard A
RA
Wanke
Christine
C
Bacchetti
Peter
P
O'leary
Daniel
D
Tien
Phyllis C
PC
Grunfeld
Carl
C
D000225:Adenine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D015497:HIV-1; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D063065:Organophosphonates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012307:Risk Factors; D000068698:Tenofovir; D017539:Tunica Intima / Q000473:pathology*; D017540:Tunica Media / Q000473:pathology*
D063065:Organophosphonates; D000068698:Tenofovir; D000225:Adenine