title: Low-dose metformin improves pregnancy rate in in vitro fertilization repeaters without polycystic ovary syndrome: prediction of effectiveness by multiple parameters related to insulin resistance.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Insulin resistance is associated with aging and stress, both common among patients repeatedly failing to conceive with in vitro fertilization (IVF repeaters). In the present study we examined whether low-dose metformin could improve the outcome in IVF repeaters without polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Study I was a preliminary clinical trial aiming at defining indications for therapy; study II was a prospective randomized study. The studies involved a university hospital and a private infertility clinic. We studied 232 women without PCOS who had failed at least twice to conceive by previous IVF. Metformin (500 mg/ day) was administered for 8 to 12 weeks before and during ovarian stimulation (metformin IVF). In study I, IVF outcomes with metformin (n = 33) were compared to outcomes without metformin of previous IVF in the same subjects. A discriminant score (DS) was determined from nine parameters assessed before metformin administration to predict achievement of ongoing pregnancy by metformin IVF. In study II (n = 199), ongoing pregnancy rates were compared prospectively between groups with/without metformin and with DS above/below 0.6647.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Study I. Ongoing pregnancy rate improved significantly with metformin compared with previous IVF, and pregnancy correlated significantly with a DS at an optimal threshold of 0.6647 (sensitivity, 0.90; specificity, 0.91). Study II. Ongoing pregnancy and implantation rates were significantly higher in women with a DS above 0.6647 who received metformin (56% and 33%) compared with those having a DS below 0.6647 with metformin (14% and 11%) and those having a DS above/below 0.6647 without metformin (20% and 7.1%/15% and 11%, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low-dose metformin improved pregnancy rate in IVF repeaters without PCOS, probably by decreasing insulin resistance. Indication can be determined from insulin-resistance-related multiple parameters assessed before metformin administration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Kyorin University, Mitaka City, Tokyo, Japan. mjinno@s9.dion.ne.jp
authors.forename: Masao
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jinno
authors.forename: Kenichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kondou
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Teruya
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016002:Discriminant Analysis; D010064:Embryo Implantation / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D005298:Fertility / Q000187:drug effects*; D005307:Fertilization in Vitro; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007246:Infertility / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008687:Metformin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D018579:Patient Selection; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011247:Pregnancy; D018873:Pregnancy Rate; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D008687:Metformin