title: R-Roscovitine (Seliciclib) prevents DNA damage-induced cyclin A1 upregulation and hinders non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) DNA repair.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  CDK-inhibitors can diminish transcriptional levels of cell cycle-related cyclins through the inhibition of E2F family members and CDK7 and 9. Cyclin A1, an E2F-independent cyclin, is strongly upregulated under genotoxic conditions and functionally was shown to increase NHEJ activity. Cyclin A1 outcompetes with cyclin A2 for CDK2 binding, possibly redirecting its activity towards DNA repair. To see if we could therapeutically block this switch, we analyzed the effects of the CDK-inhibitor R-Roscovitine on the expression levels of cyclin A1 under genotoxic stress and observed subsequent DNA damage and repair mechanisms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that R-Roscovitine alone was unable to alter cyclin A1 transcriptional levels, however it was able to reduce protein expression through a proteosome-dependent mechanism. When combined with DNA damaging agents, R-Roscovitine was able to prevent the DNA damage-induced upregulation of cyclin A1 on a transcriptional and post-transcriptional level. This, moreover resulted in a significant decrease in non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) paired with an increase in DNA DSBs and overall DNA damage over time. Furthermore, microarray analysis demonstrated that R-Roscovitine affected DNA repair mechanisms in a more global fashion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data reveal a new mechanism of action for R-Roscovitine on DNA repair through the inhibition of the molecular switch between cyclin A family members under genotoxic conditions resulting in reduced NHEJ capability.
authors.affiliation: Sbarro Health Research Organization, Center for Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. mfede@unipa.it
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Federico
authors.forename: Catherine E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Symonds
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bagella
authors.forename: Flavio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rizzolio
authors.forename: Daniele
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fanale
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Russo
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Giordano
mesh_terms: D056750:Cyclin A1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D004249:DNA Damage; D004260:DNA Repair; D004317:Doxorubicin / Q000494:pharmacology; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011687:Purines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000077546:Roscovitine; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D056750:Cyclin A1; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D011687:Purines; D000077546:Roscovitine; D004317:Doxorubicin