title: Evaluation of ankylosing spondylitis quality of life (EASi-QoL): reliability and validity of a new patient-reported outcome measure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There is currently no universally accepted measure of quality of life in ankylosing spondylitis (AS). Our objective was to develop and evaluate a patient-reported outcome measure of quality of life in AS, EASi-QoL.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used patient interviews, a literature review, and completion of an individualized measure of AS quality of life during clinic-based and pilot surveys to derive questionnaire content. Classical and modern psychometrics were then used to evaluate the questionnaire using data from a large UK-based postal survey of 1000 patients with AS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data analysis from the interviews and clinic-based and postal surveys produced a 57-item self-completed questionnaire. Fifteen items were removed as a result of patient interviews and the pilot survey. In total, 612 (64.0%) patients responded to the main postal survey. After assessment of data quality, confirmatory factor analysis, and Rasch analysis, 20 items were found to contribute to 4 domains of AS-related quality of life: physical function, disease activity, emotional well-being, and social participation. Item-total correlations ranged from 0.66 to 0.84. Cronbach's alpha and test-retest reliability estimates were 0.88-0.92 and 0.88-0.93, respectively. Confirmed hypothesized correlations with the AS Quality of Life questionnaire, the Bath AS Disease Activity Index, Bath AS Functional Index, SF-36, EQ-5D, and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale were evidence for the construct validity of the EASi-QoL.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The EASi-QoL has good evidence of data quality, internal reliability, test-retest reliability, and content and construct validity, and should be considered for use with patients in routine practice settings and in evaluative studies including clinical trials. Measurement responsiveness and minimal important change are currently being assessed.
authors.affiliation: RCn Research Institute, School of Health and Social Studies, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK. k.l.haywood@warwick.ac.uk
authors.forename: Kirstie L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Haywood
authors.forename: Andrew M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Garratt
authors.forename: Kelvin P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Jordan
authors.forename: Emma L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Healey
authors.forename: Jonathan C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Packham
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000379:methods; D011788:Quality of Life; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D058992:Social Participation; D013167:Spondylitis, Ankylosing / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*; D055815:Young Adult