title: Are former late-preterm children at risk for child vulnerability and overprotection?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Parent perception of child vulnerability (PPCV) and parent overprotection (POP) are believed to have serious implications for age appropriate cognitive and psychosocial development in very low birth weight preterm children.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  With recent concerns about suboptimal developmental outcomes in late-preterm children, this study was aimed at examining the relationship between history of late-preterm birth (34-36 6/7 weeks gestation), and PPCV, POP, and healthcare utilization (HCU).
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a cross-sectional observational design.
  
  
  METHODS
  Study participants were mothers of 54 healthy singleton children recruited from community centers including Women and Children Clinics (WIC), primary care clinics and daycare centers in the upper Midwest region.
  
  
  METHODS
  Outcome measures included Forsyth Child Vulnerability Scale (CVS), Thomasgard Parent Protection Scale (PPS) scores, and healthcare utilization (HCU). Potential covariates included history of life-threatening illness, child and maternal demographics, and maternal stress and depression using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CESD).
  
  
  RESULTS
  HCU (p=0.02) and the PPS subscales of supervision (p=0.003) and separation (p=0.03) were significant predictors of PPCV in mothers of 3-8 years old children with late-preterm history. Age of the child (p=0.008) and CVS scores (p=0.005) were significant predictors of POP. Maternal age (p=0.04), stress (p=0.04), and CVS scores (p=0.003) were significant predictors of HCU. Dependence, a subscale of the PPS, correlated with the child's age and gender even after controlling for age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  History of late-preterm did not predict MPCV, MOP, or HCU in healthy children. Future research is needed in larger more diverse samples to better understand causal relationships and develop strategies to lessen risks of MPCV and MOP.
authors.affiliation: South Dakota State University, College of Nursing, Brookings, SD 57007, United States. haifa.samra@sdstate.edu
authors.forename: Haifa A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Samra
authors.forename: Jacqueline M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: McGrath
authors.forename: Howard
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wey
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development / Q000502:physiology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008425:Maternal Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D015146:Midwestern United States; D009034:Mother-Child Relations; D019370:Observation; D047928:Premature Birth / Q000523:psychology*; D012938:Social Perception