title: Complex nanominerals and ultrafine particles assemblages in phosphogypsum of the fertilizer industry and implications on human exposure.
abstract: Phosphogypsum (CaSO(4).2H(2)O), a by-product of phosphate-rock processing, contains high amounts of impurities such P(2)O(5), F, radioactive elements, organic substances, secondary nanominerals, and ultrafine particles (UFP) enriched in metals and metalloids. In this study, we examine phosphogypsum (PG) collected from abandoned fertilizer industry facility in south Brazil (Santa Catarina state). The fragile nature of nanominerals and UFP assemblages from fertilizer industry systems required novel techniques and experimental approaches. The investigation of the geochemistry of complex nanominerals and UFP assemblages was a prerequisite to accurately assess the environmental and human health risks of contaminants and cost-effective chemical and biogeological remediation strategies. Particular emphasis was placed on the study and characterization of the complex mixed nanominerals and UFP containing potentially toxic elements. Nanometer-sized phases in PG were characterized using energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS), field-emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) images. The chemical composition and possible correlations with morphology of nanominerals and UFP, as well as aspects of nanominerals and UFP, are discussed in the context of human health exposure, as well as in relation to management of the nanominerals and UFP in PG environments.
authors.affiliation: Catarinense Institute of Environmental Research and Human Development-IPADHC, Capivari de Baixo, Santa Catarina, Brazil. felipeqma@yahoo.com.br
authors.forename: Luis F O
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: James C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Hower
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Izquierdo
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Querol
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D002133:Calcium Sulfate / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D002617:Chemical Industry; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005308:Fertilizers / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D007220:Industrial Waste / Q000032:analysis; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D010316:Particle Size; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D018570:Risk Assessment
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D005308:Fertilizers; D007220:Industrial Waste; D052638:Particulate Matter; C077769:phosphogypsum; D010758:Phosphorus; D002133:Calcium Sulfate