title: Metacognition in schizophrenia: correlates and stability of deficits in theory of mind and self-reflectivity.
abstract: Research suggests that many with schizophrenia experience a range of deficits in metacognition including difficulties recognizing the emotions and intentions of others as well as reflecting upon and questioning their own thinking. Unclear, however, is the extent to which these deficits are stable over time, how closely related they are to one another and whether their associations with core aspects of the disorder such as disorganization symptoms are stable over time. To explore this issue, we administered three assessments of Theory of Mind (ToM), the Beck Cognitive Insight Scale (BCIS), and the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale at baseline and 6 months to 36 participants with schizophrenia. Correlations revealed the ToM and BCIS scores were stable across the two test administrations and that the ToM tests were closely linked to each other but not to the BCIS. Poorer baseline performance on the ToM tests and the Self-Certainty scale of the BCIS were linked to greater cognitive symptoms at baseline and follow-up, while greater Self-Reflectivity on the BCIS was linked to greater levels of emotional distress at both baseline and 6-month follow-up. Results are consistent with assertions that deficits in metacognition are a stable feature of schizophrenia.
authors.affiliation: Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA. plysaker@iupui.edu
authors.forename: Paul H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Lysaker
authors.forename: Kyle L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Olesek
authors.forename: Debbie M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Warman
authors.forename: Joel M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Anlize K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Salzman
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nicolò
authors.forename: Giampaolo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Salvatore
authors.forename: Giancarlo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dimaggio
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001364:Awareness; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D004644:Emotions; D005123:Eye; D005260:Female; D006787:Hospitals, Veterans; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000150:complications*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D056345:Theory of Mind / Q000502:physiology*