title: Peroxidase profiling reveals genetic linkage between peroxidase gene clusters and basal host and non-host resistance to rusts and mildew in barley.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Higher plants possess a large multigene family encoding secreted class III peroxidase (Prx) proteins. Peroxidases appear to be associated with plant disease resistance based on observations of induction during disease challenge and the presence or absence of isozymes in resistant vs susceptible varieties. Despite these associations, there is no evidence that allelic variation of peroxidases directly determines levels of disease resistance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The current study introduces a new strategy called Prx-Profiling. We showed that with this strategy a large number of peroxidase genes can be mapped on the barley genome. In order to obtain an estimate of the total number of Prx clusters we followed a re-sampling procedure, which indicated that the barley genome contains about 40 peroxidase gene clusters. We examined the association between the Prxs mapped and the QTLs for resistance of barley to homologous and heterologous rusts, and to the barley powdery mildew fungus. We report that 61% of the QTLs for partial resistance to P. hordei, 61% of the QTLs for resistance to B. graminis and 47% of the QTLs for non-host resistance to other Puccinia species co-localize with Prx based markers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that Prx-Profiling was effective in finding the genetic location of Prx genes on the barley genome. The finding that QTLs for basal resistance to rusts and powdery mildew fungi tend to co-locate with Prx clusters provides a base for exploring the functional role of Prx-related genes in determining natural differences in levels of basal resistance.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research Center, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ana M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: González
authors.forename: Thierry C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Marcel
authors.forename: Zuzana
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Kohutova
authors.forename: Piet
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Stam
authors.forename: C Gerard
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: van der Linden
authors.forename: Rients E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Niks
mesh_terms: D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D008040:Genetic Linkage / Q000235:genetics*; D005819:Genetic Markers / Q000235:genetics; D018745:Genome, Plant / Q000235:genetics; D001467:Hordeum / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000235:genetics*; D005810:Multigene Family / Q000235:genetics*; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000235:genetics*; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology*; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D040641:Quantitative Trait Loci / Q000235:genetics; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D005819:Genetic Markers; D009195:Peroxidase