title: Primary care nurses: effects on secondary care referrals for diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Primary care nurses play an important role in diabetes care, and were introduced in GP-practice partly to shift care from hospital to primary care. The aim of this study was to assess whether the referral rate for hospital treatment for diabetes type II (T2DM) patients has changed with the introduction of primary care nurses, and whether these changes were related to the number of diabetes-related contacts in a general practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Healthcare utilisation was assessed for a period of 365 days for 301 newly diagnosed and 2124 known T2DM patients in 2004 and 450 and 3226 patients in 2006 from general practices that participated in the Netherlands Information Network of General Practice (LINH). Multilevel logistic and linear regression analyses were used to analyse the effect of the introduction of primary care nurses on referrals to internists, ophthalmologists and cardiologists and diabetes-related contact rate. Separate analyses were conducted for newly diagnosed and known T2DM patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Referrals to internists for newly diagnosed T2DM patients decreased between 2004 and 2006 (OR:0.44; 95%CI:0.22-0.87) in all practices. For known T2DM patients no overall decrease in referrals to internists was found, but practices with a primary care nurse had a lower trend (OR:0.59). The number of diabetes-related contacts did not differ between practices with and without primary care nurses. Cardiologists' and ophthalmologists' referral rate did not change.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The introduction of primary care nurses seems to have led to a shift of care from internists to primary care for known diabetes patients, while the diabetes-related contact rate seem to have remained unchanged.
authors.affiliation: NIVEL, Netherlands Institute of Health Services Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands. c.vandijk@nivel.nl
authors.forename: Christel E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: van Dijk
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Verheij
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.forename: Lud
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: van der Velden
authors.forename: Giel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nijpels
authors.forename: Peter P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Groenewegen
authors.forename: Dinny H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: de Bakker
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008485:Medical Audit; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands; D009726:Nurses; D011320:Primary Health Care; D012017:Referral and Consultation