title: CDX2 regulates multidrug resistance 1 gene expression in malignant intestinal epithelium.
abstract: The caudal-related homeobox transcription factor CDX2 has a key role in intestinal development and differentiation. CDX2 heterozygous mutant mice develop colonic polyps, and loss of CDX2 expression is seen in a subset of colon carcinomas in humans. Ectopic CDX2 expression in the stomach of transgenic mice promotes intestinal metaplasia, and CDX2 expression is frequently detected in intestinal metaplasia in the stomach and esophagus. We sought to define CDX2-regulated genes to enhance knowledge of CDX2 function. HT-29 colorectal cancer cells have minimal endogenous CDX2 expression, and HT-29 cells with ectopic CDX2 expression were generated. Microarray-based gene expression studies revealed that the Multidrug Resistance 1 (MDR1/P-glycoprotein/ABCB1) gene was activated by CDX2. Evidence that the MDR1 gene was a direct transcriptional target of CDX2 was obtained, including analyses with MDR1 reporter gene constructs and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. RNA interference-mediated inhibition of CDX2 decreased endogenous MDR1 expression. In various colorectal cancer cell lines and human tissues, endogenous MDR1 expression was well correlated to CDX2 expression. Overexpression of CDX2 in HT-29 cells revealed increased resistance to the known substrate of MDR1, vincristine and paclitaxel, which was reversed by an MDR1 inhibitor, verapamil. These data indicate that CDX2 directly regulates MDR1 gene expression through binding to elements in the promoter region. Thus, CDX2 is probably important for basal expression of MDR1, regulating drug excretion and absorption in the lower gastrointestinal tract, as well as for multidrug resistance to chemotherapy reagent in CDX2-positive gastrointestinal cancers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuji
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takakura
authors.forename: Takao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hinoi
authors.forename: Naohide
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Oue
authors.forename: Tatsunari
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sasada
authors.forename: Yasuo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kawaguchi
authors.forename: Masazumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Okajima
authors.forename: Aytekin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Akyol
authors.forename: Eric R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Fearon
authors.forename: Wataru
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Yasui
authors.forename: Hideki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ohdan
mesh_terms: D018435:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B; D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D000071616:CDX2 Transcription Factor; D003106:Colon / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D019073:HT29 Cells; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D017239:Paclitaxel / Q000494:pharmacology; D014700:Verapamil / Q000494:pharmacology; D014750:Vincristine / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: C513055:ABCB1 protein, human; D018435:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B; D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1; D000071616:CDX2 Transcription Factor; C491270:CDX2 protein, human; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D014750:Vincristine; D014700:Verapamil; D017239:Paclitaxel