title: In vitro antifungal activity of indirubin isolated from a South Indian ethnomedicinal plant Wrightia tinctoria R. Br.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Acalypha indica, Cassia alata, Lawsonia inermis, Punica granatum, Thespesia populnea and Wrightia tinctoria are folklore medicines extensively used in the treatment of ringworm infections and skin related diseases in Tamil Nadu, India.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present study was designed to investigate the in vitro antifungal activity of certain medicinal plants and the pure compound indirubin isolated from Wrightia tinctoria.
  
  
  METHODS
  The hexane, chloroform, methanol and ethanol extracts of six different plants were investigated against dermatophytes, non-dermatophytes and yeasts. Chloroform extract of Wrightia tinctoria leaf was fractionated using column chromatography and the major compound was identified using spectroscopic techniques. Antifungal activity was studied by spore germination test using agar dilution method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined using broth microdilution method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Wrightia tinctoria showed promising activity against dermatophytic and non-dermatophytic fungi. Leaf chloroform extract showed activity at 0.5 mg/ml against Trichophyton rubrum, Epidermophyton floccosum, Aspergillus niger and Scopulariopsis brevicaulis. The major compound, identified as indirubin, exhibited activity against dermatophytes such as Epidermophyton floccosum (MIC=6.25 μg/ml); Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton tonsurans (MIC=25 μg/ml); Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Trichophyton simii (MIC=50 μg/ml). It was also active against non-dermatophytes (Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans and Cryptococcus sp.) within a MIC range of 0.75-25 μg/ml.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The indole compound indirubin from Wrightia tinctoria showed antifungal activity and may be useful in the treatment of dermatophytosis.
authors.affiliation: Entomology Research Institute, Loyola College, Chennai 600 032, India. kannan microl@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Kannan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ponnusamy
authors.forename: Chelladurai
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Petchiammal
authors.forename: Ramasamy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mohankumar
authors.forename: Waheeta
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hopper
mesh_terms: D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D029062:Apocynaceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D020834:Ethnopharmacology; D007194:India; D007211:Indoles / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D003904:Mitosporic Fungi / Q000187:drug effects*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D010946:Plants, Medicinal
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D007211:Indoles; D010936:Plant Extracts; C027185:indirubin