title: Long-term outcomes of obsessive-compulsive disorder: follow-up of 142 children and adolescents.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) often starts in childhood and adolescence and can be a chronic disorder with high persistence rates. There are few prospective long-term follow-up studies.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To follow up young people with OCD to clarify persistence rates and relevant predictors, presence of other psychiatric disorders, functional impairment, service utilisation and perceived treatment needs.
  
  
  METHODS
  All young people with OCD assessed over 9 years at the National and Specialist Paediatric OCD clinic, Maudsley Hospital, London, were included. Sixty-one per cent (142 of 222) of all contactable young people and parents completed computerised diagnostic interviews and questionnaires.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found a persistence rate of OCD of 41%; 40% of participants had a psychiatric diagnosis other than OCD at follow-up. The main predictor for persistent OCD was duration of illness at assessment. High levels of baseline psychopathology predicted other psychiatric disorders at follow-up. Functional impairment and quality of life were mildly to moderately affected. Approximately 50% of participants were still receiving treatment and about 50% felt a need for further treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study confirms that paediatric OCD can be a chronic condition that persists into adulthood. Early recognition and treatment might prevent chronicity. Important challenges for services are ensuring adequate treatment and a smooth transition from child to adult services.
authors.affiliation: Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, Box 085, De Crespigny park, London SE5 8AF, UK. Nadia.Micali@kcl.ac.uk
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Micali
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Heyman
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Perez
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hilton
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nakatani
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mataix-Cols
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017668:Age of Onset; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002648:Child; D002908:Chronic Disease; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand; D006801:Humans; D007406:Interview, Psychological; D008297:Male; D008605:Mental Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D019964:Mood Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D009771:Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D000297:Psychology, Adolescent; D002666:Psychology, Child; D011613:Psychotherapy; D011788:Quality of Life; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013997:Time Factors