title: Effects of acutely elevated hydrostatic pressure in a rat ex vivo retinal preparation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A new experimental glaucoma model was developed by using an ex vivo rat retinal preparation to examine the effects of elevated hydrostatic pressure on retinal morphology and glutamine synthetase (GS) activity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ex vivo rat retinas were exposed to elevated hydrostatic pressure for 24 hours in the presence of glutamate or glutamate receptor antagonists and examined histologically. GS activity was assessed by colorimetric assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pressure elevation induced axonal swelling in the nerve fiber layer. Axonal swelling was prevented by a combination of non-N-methyl-d-aspartate (non-NMDA) receptor antagonist and an NMDA receptor antagonist, indicating that the damage results from activation of both types of glutamate receptor. When glial function was preserved, the typical changes induced by glutamate consisted of reversible Müller cell swelling resulting from excessive glial glutamate uptake. The irreversible Müller cell swelling in hyperbaric conditions may indicate that pressure disrupts glutamate metabolism. Indeed, elevated pressure inhibited GS activity. In addition, glutamate exposure after termination of pressure exposure exhibited apparent Müller cell swelling.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that the neural degeneration observed during pressure elevation is caused by impaired glial glutamate metabolism after uptake.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan. mako@med.akita-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ishikawa
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yoshitomi
authors.forename: Charles F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Zorumski
authors.forename: Yukitoshi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Izumi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001369:Axons / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D016291:Dizocilpine Maleate / Q000494:pharmacology; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D019084:Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect; D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D005974:Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase / Q000378:metabolism; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D006874:Hydrostatic Pressure; D008297:Male; D009898:Optic Disk / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D009901:Optic Nerve Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D017470:Receptors, Glutamate / Q000378:metabolism; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D012165:Retinal Ganglion Cells / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure
chemical_list: D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein; D017470:Receptors, Glutamate; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D016291:Dizocilpine Maleate; D005974:Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase