title: Microglial activation and increased microglial density observed in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in autism.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In the neurodevelopmental disorder autism, several neuroimmune abnormalities have been reported. However, it is unknown whether microglial somal volume or density are altered in the cortex and whether any alteration is associated with age or other potential covariates.
  
  
  METHODS
  Microglia in sections from the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of nonmacrencephalic male cases with autism (n = 13) and control cases (n = 9) were visualized via ionized calcium binding adapter molecule 1 immunohistochemistry. In addition to a neuropathological assessment, microglial cell density was stereologically estimated via optical fractionator and average somal volume was quantified via isotropic nucleator.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Microglia appeared markedly activated in 5 of 13 cases with autism, including 2 of 3 under age 6, and marginally activated in an additional 4 of 13 cases. Morphological alterations included somal enlargement, process retraction and thickening, and extension of filopodia from processes. Average microglial somal volume was significantly increased in white matter (p = .013), with a trend in gray matter (p = .098). Microglial cell density was increased in gray matter (p = .002). Seizure history did not influence any activation measure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The activation profile described represents a neuropathological alteration in a sizeable fraction of cases with autism. Given its early presence, microglial activation may play a central role in the pathogenesis of autism in a substantial proportion of patients. Alternatively, activation may represent a response of the innate neuroimmune system to synaptic, neuronal, or neuronal network disturbances, or reflect genetic and/or environmental abnormalities impacting multiple cellular populations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 95817, USA. jtmorgan61@gmail.com
authors.forename: John T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Morgan
authors.forename: Gursharan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chana
authors.forename: Carlos A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Pardo
authors.forename: Cristian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Achim
authors.forename: Katerina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Semendeferi
authors.forename: Jody
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Buckwalter
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Courchesne
authors.forename: Ian P
authors.initials: IP
authors.lastname: Everall
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001321:Autistic Disorder / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002452:Cell Count; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D008840:Microfilament Proteins; D017628:Microglia / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D053702:Receptors, Interleukin-11 / Q000378:metabolism*; D012016:Reference Values; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: C112986:AIF1 protein, human; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D008840:Microfilament Proteins; D053702:Receptors, Interleukin-11