title: Destructive procedures for control of cancer pain: the case for cordotomy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Historically, destructive procedures for cancer pain were the main line of treatment therapy. However, the use of high-dose opioids has essentially replaced such procedures. Recognition of the limits of medical therapy to treat cancer pain effectively is growing, while conversely, in regions with limited access to pain medications, the importance of destructive surgical techniques is increasing. A critical evaluation of the evidence for destructive techniques is warranted, and the authors review current evidence underlying these procedures.
  
  
  METHODS
  A US National Library of Medicine PubMed search for "ablation," "DREZ," "dorsal root entry zone," "cingulotomy," "cordotomy," "ganglionectomy," "mesencephalotomy," "myelotomy," "neurotomy," "neurectomy," "rhizotomy," "sympathectomy," "thalamotomy," "tractotomy," and "pain" was undertaken. The search was then limited to human studies, English-language literature, cancer pain, and reports with more than 1 patient.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred twenty papers were identified and reviewed based on the selection criteria described. According to the Canadian and US task forces, classification of clinical research literature only "sympathectomy" was supported by Class I or II studies, with 2 Class I papers and 1 Class II paper identified for cancer pain. All other procedures were supported by Class III studies of variable quality. Cordotomy in particular was the most extensively studied and reviewed procedure. Given the large number of patients studied, consistent results, multiplicity of reports and, even though evidence quality for individual studies was relatively low, cumulative evidence suggests that cordotomy may play an important role in the treatment of cancer pain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Destructive procedures for cancer pain may play more than a historic role in the management of cancer pain. Cumulative evidence from even the poorest quality studies suggests that some procedures, such as cordotomy, should be included in the armamentarium available to the neurosurgeon today. To renew appropriate interest in these procedures, evidence and studies that meets today's evidence-based research criteria are warranted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA.
authors.forename: Ahmed M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Raslan
authors.forename: Justin S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Cetas
authors.forename: Shirley
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: McCartney
authors.forename: Kim J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Burchiel
mesh_terms: D002818:Cordotomy; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications*; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000379:methods; D010148:Intractable Pain / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery*; D019051:Rhizotomy; D013562:Sympathectomy