title: Evidence for a bimodal distribution of Escherichia coli doubling times below a threshold initial cell concentration.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In the process of developing a microplate-based growth assay, we discovered that our test organism, a native E. coli isolate, displayed very uniform doubling times (tau) only up to a certain threshold cell density. Below this cell concentration (<or= 100 -1,000 CFU mL-1 ; <or= 27-270 CFU well-1) we observed an obvious increase in the tau scatter.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Working with a food-borne E. coli isolate we found that tau values derived from two different microtiter platereader-based techniques (i.e., optical density with growth time {=OD[t]} fit to the sigmoidal Boltzmann equation or time to calculated 1/2-maximal OD {=tm} as a function of initial cell density {=tm[CI]}) were in excellent agreement with the same parameter acquired from total aerobic plate counting. Thus, using either Luria-Bertani (LB) or defined (MM) media at 37 degrees C, tau ranged between 17-18 (LB) or 51-54 (MM) min. Making use of such OD[t] data we collected many observations of tau as a function of manifold initial or starting cell concentrations (CI). We noticed that tau appeared to be distributed in two populations (bimodal) at low CI. When CI <or=100 CFU mL-1 (stationary phase cells in LB), we found that about 48% of the observed tau values were normally distributed around a mean (mutau1) of 18 +/- 0.68 min (+/- sigmatau1) and 52% with mutau2 = 20 +/- 2.5 min (n = 479). However, at higher starting cell densities (CI>100 CFU mL-1), the tau values were distributed unimodally (mutau = 18 +/- 0.71 min; n = 174). Inclusion of a small amount of ethyl acetate to the LB caused a collapse of the bimodal to a unimodal form. Comparable bimodal tau distribution results were also observed using E. coli cells diluted from mid-log phase cultures. Similar results were also obtained when using either an E. coli O157:H7 or a Citrobacter strain. When sterile-filtered LB supernatants, which formerly contained relatively low concentrations of bacteria(1,000-10,000 CFU mL-1), were employed as a diluent, there was an evident shift of the two populations towards each other but the bimodal effect was still apparent using either stationary or log phase cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data argue that there is a dependence of growth rate on starting cell density.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Characterization of Foodborne Pathogens Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Eastern Regional Research Center, Wyndmoor, PA 19038, USA. peter.irwin@ars.usda.gov
authors.forename: Peter L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Irwin
authors.forename: Ly-Huong T
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: George C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Paoli
authors.forename: Chin-Yi
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002645:Chickens / Q000382:microbiology; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000737:chemistry / Q000254:growth & development*; D007700:Kinetics