title: EMX2 is epigenetically silenced and suppresses growth in human lung cancer.
abstract: Lung cancer is a common cancer and the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Aberrant activation of WNT signaling is implicated in lung carcinogenesis. EMX2, a human homologue of the Drosophila empty spiracles gene is a homeodomain-containing transcription factor. The function of EMX2 has been linked to the WNT signaling pathway during embryonic patterning in mice. However, little is known about the role of EMX2 in human tumorigenesis. In this study, we found that EMX2 was dramatically downregulated in lung cancer tissue samples and this downregulation was associated with methylation of the EMX2 promoter. Restoration of EMX2 expression in lung cancer cells lacking endogenous EMX2 expression suppressed cell proliferation and invasive phenotypes, inhibited canonical WNT signaling, and sensitized lung cancer cells to the treatment of the chemo cytotoxic drug cisplatin. On the other hand, knockdown of EMX2 expression in lung cancer cells expressing endogenous EMX2 promoted cell proliferation, invasive phenotypes and canonical WNT signaling. Taken together, our study suggests that EMX2 may have important roles as a novel suppressor in human lung cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Okamoto
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hirata
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: H-M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Mikami
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yagui-Beltran
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Beltran
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Johansson
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Coussens
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Clement
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Koizumi
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jablons
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: He
mesh_terms: D019521:Body Patterning; D002455:Cell Division / Q000235:genetics*; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic; D020868:Gene Silencing; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D000099260:Empty Spiracles Homeobox Proteins
chemical_list: D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; D000099260:Empty Spiracles Homeobox Proteins