title: Red cell PMVs, plasma membrane-derived vesicles calling out for standards.
abstract: Plasma membrane-derived vesicles (PMVs) or microparticles are vesicles (0.1-1mum in diameter) released from the plasma membrane of all blood cell types under a variety of biochemical and pathological conditions. PMVs contain cytoskeletal elements and some surface markers from the parent cell but lack a nucleus and are unable to synthesise macromolecules. They are also defined on the basis that in most cases PMVs express varying amounts of the cytosolic leaflet lipid phosphatidylserine, which is externalised during activation on their surface. This marks the PMV as a biologically distinct entity from that of its parent cell, despite containing surface markers from the original cell, and also explains its role in events such as phagocytosis and thrombosis. There is currently a large amount of variation between investigators with regard to the pre-analytical steps employed in isolating red cell PMVs or RPMVs (which are slightly smaller than most PMVs), with key differences being centrifugation and sample storage conditions, which often leads to result variability. Unfortunately, standardization of preparation and detection methods has not yet been achieved. This review highlights and critically discusses the variables contributing to differences in results obtained by investigators, bringing to light numerous studies of which RPMVs have been analysed but have not yet been the subject of a review.
authors.affiliation: Cellular and Molecular Immunology Research Centre, School of Human Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, London Metropolitan University, 166-220 Holloway Road, London, N7 8DB, UK.
authors.forename: Elliott
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hind
authors.forename: Sheelagh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Heugh
authors.forename: Ephraim A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Ansa-Addo
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Antwi-Baffour
authors.forename: Sigrun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lange
authors.forename: Jameel
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Inal
mesh_terms: D001792:Blood Platelets / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D055252:Cell-Derived Microparticles / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D002498:Centrifugation / Q000592:standards; D004194:Disease; D004910:Erythrocyte Membrane / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007120:Immunochemistry; D010316:Particle Size; D010587:Phagocytosis