title: Relation of dietary and lifestyle traits to difference in serum leptin of Japanese in Japan and Hawaii: the INTERLIPID study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Previously, we found significantly higher serum leptin in Japanese-Americans in Hawaii than Japanese in Japan. We investigated whether differences in dietary and other lifestyle factors explain higher serum leptin concentrations in Japanese living a Western lifestyle in Hawaii compared with Japanese in Japan.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Serum leptin and nutrient intakes were examined by standardized methods in men and women ages 40-59 years from two population samples, one Japanese-American in Hawaii (88 men, 94 women), the other Japanese in central Japan (123 men, 111 women). Multiple linear regression models were used to assess role of dietary and other lifestyle traits in accounting for serum leptin difference between Hawaii and Japan. Mean leptin was significantly higher in Hawaii than Japan (7.2 ± 6.8 vs 3.7 ± 2.3 ng/ml in men, P < 0.0001; 12.8 ± 6.6 vs 8.5 ± 5.0 in women <0.0001). In men, higher BMI in Hawaii explained over 90% of the difference in serum leptin; in women, only 47%. In multiple linear regression analyses in women, further adjustment for physical activity and dietary factors--alcohol, dietary fiber, iron--produced a further reduction in the coefficient for the difference, total reduction 70.7%; P-value for the Hawaii-Japan difference became 0.126.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The significantly higher mean leptin concentration in Hawaii than Japan may be attributable largely to differences in BMI. Differences in nutrient intake in the two samples were associated with only modest relationship to the leptin difference.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Kyoto Women's University, 35 Imakumano Kitahiyoshi-cho, Higashiyama-ku, Kyoto 605-8501, Japan. nakamury@kyoto-wu.ac.jp
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ueshima
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Okuda
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Miura
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kita
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Okamura
authors.forename: T C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Turin
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Okayama
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rodriguez
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Curb
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stamler
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D001213:Asian / Q000208:ethnology; D015992:Body Mass Index; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002149:Energy Intake; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006254:Hawaii / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D019266:Iron, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage; D007564:Japan / Q000208:ethnology; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood*; D008019:Life Style; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D004043:Dietary Fiber; D019266:Iron, Dietary; D020738:Leptin