title: Are host genetics the predominant determinant of persistent nasal Staphylococcus aureus carriage in humans?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage is influenced by multifactorial interactions which are difficult to study in open populations. Therefore, we concomitantly assessed the epidemiological, microbiological, and human-genetic carriage-related factors in a nearly closed population.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 2006 and 2008, we collected nasal S. aureus strains, human DNA, and epidemiological data from 154 adult Wayampi Amerindians living in an isolated village in the Amazonian forest. The genetics of the strains (multilocus sequence type, spa type, and toxin-content type), epidemiological risk factors, antibiotic exposure, and allelic polymorphism of human genes putatively involved in carriage of the persistent carriers were compared with those of other volunteers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall carriage prevalence was 41.7% in 2006 and 57.8% in 2008, but the overall prevalence of persistent carriage was only 26%. The rare and phylogenetically distant multilocus sequence type ST1223 was present in 18.5% of the carriers in 2006 and 34.8% in 2008. No epidemiological factors or antibiotic exposure were significantly associated with persistent carriage, but single nucleotide polymorphism distribution in C-reactive proteins C2042T and C1184T and interleukin-4 C524T genes was significantly associated (P=.02, by global test).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Host genetic factors appeared to be the predominant determinant for S. aureus persistent nasal carriage in humans.
authors.affiliation: EA3964 Université Paris-Diderot and Centre National de Référence, Résistance bactérienne dans les flores commensales, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, AP-HP, Paris, France. raymond.ruimy@bch.aphp.fr
authors.forename: Raymond
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ruimy
authors.forename: Cécile
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Angebault
authors.forename: Félix
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Djossou
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dupont
authors.forename: Loïc
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Epelboin
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jarraud
authors.forename: Laurence Armand
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Lefevre
authors.forename: Michèle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bes
authors.forename: Brandusa Elena
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Lixandru
authors.forename: Mélanie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bertine
authors.forename: Assiya
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: El Miniai
authors.forename: Magaly
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Renard
authors.forename: Régis Marc
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Bettinger
authors.forename: Mathilde
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lescat
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Clermont
authors.forename: Gilles
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Peroz
authors.forename: Gerard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lina
authors.forename: Mehri
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tavakol
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Vandenesch
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: van Belkum
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rousset
authors.forename: Antoine
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Andremont
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015373:Bacterial Typing Techniques; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000235:genetics; D002353:Carrier State / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D016172:DNA Fingerprinting; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007199:Indians, South American; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009296:Nasal Cavity / Q000382:microbiology*; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012424:Rural Population; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000382:microbiology; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015847:Interleukin-4; D002097:C-Reactive Protein