Enrichment of Echinacea angustifolia with Bauer alkylamide 11 and Bauer ketone 23 increased anti-inflammatory potential through interference with cox-2 enzyme activity.
Bauer alkylamide 11 and Bauer ketone 23 were previously found to be partially responsible for Echinacea angustifolia anti-inflammatory properties. This study further tested their importance using the inhibition of prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) and nitric oxide (NO) production by RAW264.7 mouse macrophages in the absence and presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and E. angustifolia extracts, phytochemical enriched fractions, or pure synthesized standards. Molecular targets were probed using microarray, qRT-PCR, Western blot, and enzyme assays. Fractions with these phytochemicals were more potent inhibitors of LPS-induced PGE(2) production than E. angustifolia extracts. Microarray did not detect changes in transcripts with phytochemical treatments; however, qRT-PCR showed a decrease in TNF-alpha and an increase of iNOS transcripts. LPS-induced COX-2 protein was increased by an E. angustifolia fraction containing Bauer ketone 23 and by pure phytochemical. COX-2 activity was decreased with all treatments. The phytochemical inhibition of PGE(2) production by Echinacea may be due to the direct targeting of COX-2 enzyme.
Lalone
Carlie A
CA
The Center for Research on Botanical Dietary Supplements, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA.
Huang
Nan
N
Rizshsky
Ludmila
L
Yum
Man-Yu
MY
Singh
Navrozedeep
N
Hauck
Cathy
C
Nikolau
Basil J
BJ
Wurtele
Eve S
ES
Kohut
Marian L
ML
Murphy
Patricia A
PA
Birt
Diane F
DF
D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002460:Cell Line; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000276:immunology*; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000276:immunology; D020900:Echinacea / Q000737:chemistry*; D007659:Ketones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000276:immunology; D051379:Mice; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000276:immunology; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D053284:Polyunsaturated Alkamides / Q000494:pharmacology*
D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D007659:Ketones; D010936:Plant Extracts; D053284:Polyunsaturated Alkamides; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496317:Nos2 protein, mouse; C077623:Ptgs2 protein, mouse; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D015232:Dinoprostone