title: Phylogenetic constraints do not explain the rarity of nitrogen-fixing trees in late-successional temperate forests.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Symbiotic nitrogen (N)-fixing trees are rare in late-successional temperate forests, even though these forests are often N limited. Two hypotheses could explain this paradox. The 'phylogenetic constraints hypothesis' states that no late-successional tree taxa in temperate forests belong to clades that are predisposed to N fixation. Conversely, the 'selective constraints hypothesis' states that such taxa are present, but N-fixing symbioses would lower their fitness. Here we test the phylogenetic constraints hypothesis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using U.S. forest inventory data, we derived successional indices related to shade tolerance and stand age for N-fixing trees, non-fixing trees in the 'potentially N-fixing clade' (smallest angiosperm clade that includes all N fixers), and non-fixing trees outside this clade. We then used phylogenetically independent contrasts (PICs) to test for associations between these successional indices and N fixation. Four results stand out from our analysis of U.S. trees. First, N fixers are less shade-tolerant than non-fixers both inside and outside of the potentially N-fixing clade. Second, N fixers tend to occur in younger stands in a given geographical region than non-fixers both inside and outside of the potentially N-fixing clade. Third, the potentially N-fixing clade contains numerous late-successional non-fixers. Fourth, although the N fixation trait is evolutionarily conserved, the successional traits are relatively labile.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that selective constraints, not phylogenetic constraints, explain the rarity of late-successional N-fixing trees in temperate forests. Because N-fixing trees could overcome N limitation to net primary production if they were abundant, this study helps to understand the maintenance of N limitation in temperate forests, and therefore the capacity of this biome to sequester carbon.
authors.affiliation: National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America. menge@nceas.ucsb.edu
authors.forename: Duncan N L
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Menge
authors.forename: Jeanne L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: DeNoyer
authors.forename: Jeremy W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Lichstein
mesh_terms: D016208:Databases, Factual; D004463:Ecology; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D009586:Nitrogen Fixation; D010802:Phylogeny; D014197:Trees / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology