title: Cytotoxicity effects of water dispersible oxidized multiwalled carbon nanotubes on marine alga, Dunaliella tertiolecta.
abstract: The multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) are novel materials with many potential applications. The ecotoxicity of these materials is not well studied, but it is essential for environmental impact assessments. In this study a commercially available MWNT material was carboxylated by microwave assisted acid oxidation. This functionalized MWNT (f-MWNT) material was examined for toxicity effects using unicellular marine green alga Dunaliella tertiolecta. D. tertiolecta was exposed to f-MWNT which had been pre-equilibrated with culture media for 24 h. Substantial growth lag phase was observed at 5 and 10 mgL(-1) f-MWNT, and the resulting 50% effective concentration (EC50) on 96-h growth was 0.82 ± 0.08 mgL(-1). During mid-exponential growth phase cytotoxicity was evidenced at 10 mgL(-1) f-MWNT in 36% reduction in exponential growth rate, 88 mV more positive glutathione redox potential (indicative of oxidative stress), 5% and 22% reduction in photosystem II (PSII) quantum yield and functional cross section respectively, all relative to the control cultures. However, when the large f-MWNT aggregates in the media with 10 mgL(-1) f-MWNT were removed by 0.2 μm filtration, D. tertiolecta did not show significant cytotoxicity effects in any of the above parameters. This suggests that the cytotoxicity effects originated predominantly from the large f-MWNT aggregates. Analysis of the f-MWNT aggregation dynamics suggests active interaction between f-MWNT and algal cells or cell metabolites that promoted f-MWNT aggregation formation. The f-MWNT particles were also found absorbed on algal cell surface. The direct contact between f-MWNT and cell surface was likely responsible for reduced PSII functional cross section and oxidative stress during exponential growth.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, 151 Tiernan Hall, Newark, NJ 07102, United States. liping.wei@njit.edu
authors.forename: Liping
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.forename: Megha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Thakkar
authors.forename: Yuhong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Susana Addo
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Ntim
authors.forename: Somenath
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mitra
authors.forename: Xueyan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000460:Chlorophyta / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D048788:Growth and Development / Q000187:drug effects; D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon / Q000633:toxicity* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D010788:Photosynthesis / Q000187:drug effects; D045332:Photosystem II Protein Complex / Q000187:drug effects; D012623:Seawater / Q000737:chemistry; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon; D045332:Photosystem II Protein Complex; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D005978:Glutathione