title: Cytotoxicity of subtoxic AgNP in human hepatoma cell line (HepG2) after long-term exposure.
abstract: We aimed at evaluating the toxicity effects of low (subtoxic) concentrations of silver nanoparticles nanoparticles (AgNP, 5-10 nm) in human hepatoblastoma (HepG2) cell line after and during a period of about one month.
  
  
  METHODS
  XTT and MTT assays were used to draw a dose-response curve; IC50 (half maximal inhibitory concentration) value of the AgNP on HepG2 cells was calculated to be 2.75-3.0 mg/l. The cells were exposed to concentrations of 0% (control), 1%, 4% and 8% IC50 of AgNP (corresponding to 0.00, 0.03, 0.12 and 0.24 mg/l of AgNP, respectively) for four consecutive passages. The treated cells were compared to the control group with respect to morphology and proliferation at the end of the period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The biochemical studies revealed significant increases of lactate dehydrogenase and alanine aminotransferase enzyme activity in the culture media of cells receiving 4% and 8% IC50; the increases in the aspartate aminotransferase enzyme activity and nitric oxide concentration became significant at 8% IC50. In the cell extracts, the average total protein and activity of glutathione peroxidase enzyme remained unchanged; the decrease in the average content of glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity became significant at 4% and 8% IC50. There were increases in lipid peroxidation (significant at 4% and 8% IC50) and cytochrome c content (significant at 8% IC50). The accumulations of the effects, during the experiment from one generation to the next, were not statistically remarkable except in cases of GSH and SOD. The results indicate clearly the involvement of oxidative changes in the cells after exposure to low doses of AgNP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results might help specify a safer amount of AgNP for use in different applications.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Azin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nowrouzi
authors.forename: Khadijeh
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Meghrazi
authors.forename: Taghi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Golmohammadi
authors.forename: Abolfazl
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Golestani
authors.forename: Shahin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ahmadian
authors.forename: Mahshid
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shafiezadeh
authors.forename: Zahra
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Shajary
authors.forename: Shahnaz
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Khaghani
authors.forename: Azita N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Amiri
mesh_terms: D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000378:metabolism; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D056945:Hep G2 Cells; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000633:toxicity*; D012834:Silver / Q000633:toxicity*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D012834:Silver; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D000410:Alanine Transaminase