title: Effects of intra- and interpatch host density on egg parasitism by three species of Trichogramma.
abstract: Host-foraging responses to different intra- and interpatch densities were used to assess three Trichogramma spp. (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) Trichogramma deion Pinto and Oatman, T. ostriniae Pang and Chen, and T. pretiosum Riley - as potential biological control agents for the Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella Hübner (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Single naïve females were allowed 6 h to forage in Plexiglas arenas with four different spatial arrangements of host eggs, nine single-egg patches), nine four-egg patches, 36 single-egg patches, and 36 four-egg patches. No significant differences were found among species in the number of patches parasitized. As expected, all three species parasitized the most eggs in the 36 four-egg patch treatment and the least in the nine single-egg patch treatment. T. deion parasitized significantly more eggs than T. pretiosum on the nine four-egg patches. T. ostriniae parasitized significantly more patches when intrapatch density was greater, regardless of interpatch density. In contrast, T. deion only parasitized more patches at the greater intrapatch density when the interpatch density was low. Patch density had no effect on T. pretiosum. The spatial pattern of parasitism was more aggregated for T. deion and T. ostriniae in the 36 four-egg patches treatment compared to the 36 single-egg patches treatment. Therefore, intrapatch density was more important than interpatch density for T. ostriniae, and potentially for T. deion, but not for T. pretiosum. T. deion may be the best candidate for augmentative biological control because it parasitized either slightly or significantly more eggs than the other two species in all four treatments. Furthermore, the pattern of parasitism by T. deion in the 36 four-egg patches treatment was the most aggregated among the three species, suggesting a more thorough searching pattern. In contrast, T. pretiosum had the least aggregated pattern of parasitism and therefore may have used a more random foraging pattern.
authors.affiliation: Kansas State University, Department of Entomology, 123 West Waters Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506-4004, USA. grieshop@msu.edu
authors.forename: Matthew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Grieshop
authors.forename: Paul W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Flinn
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Nechols
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D009036:Moths / Q000469:parasitology* / Q000502:physiology; D010572:Pest Control, Biological / Q000379:methods; D011156:Population Density; D014863:Wasps / Q000502:physiology*; D015053:Zygote / Q000469:parasitology*