title: Automatically extracting information needs from complex clinical questions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Clinicians pose complex clinical questions when seeing patients, and identifying the answers to those questions in a timely manner helps improve the quality of patient care. We report here on two natural language processing models, namely, automatic topic assignment and keyword identification, that together automatically and effectively extract information needs from ad hoc clinical questions. Our study is motivated in the context of developing the larger clinical question answering system AskHERMES (Help clinicians to Extract and aRrticulate Multimedia information for answering clinical quEstionS).
  
  
  METHODS
  We developed supervised machine-learning systems to automatically assign predefined general categories (e.g. etiology, procedure, and diagnosis) to a question. We also explored both supervised and unsupervised systems to automatically identify keywords that capture the main content of the question.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We evaluated our systems on 4654 annotated clinical questions that were collected in practice. We achieved an F1 score of 76.0% for the task of general topic classification and 58.0% for keyword extraction. Our systems have been implemented into the larger question answering system AskHERMES. Our error analyses suggested that inconsistent annotation in our training data have hurt both question analysis tasks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our systems, available at http://www.askhermes.org, can automatically extract information needs from both short (the number of word tokens <20) and long questions (the number of word tokens >20), and from both well-structured and ill-formed questions. We speculate that the performance of general topic classification and keyword extraction can be further improved if consistently annotated data are made available.
authors.affiliation: University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 2400 Hartford Avenue, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA.
authors.forename: Yong-gang
authors.initials: YG
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.forename: James J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Cimino
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ely
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yu
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001185:Artificial Intelligence; D016208:Databases, Factual; D016247:Information Storage and Retrieval / Q000379:methods*; D009323:Natural Language Processing