title: Effect of early orthodontic force on shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets bonded with different adhesive systems.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of applying early orthodontic force on the shear bond strength (SBS) of orthodontic brackets bonded with 4 adhesive systems.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty stainless steel brackets were bonded to the enamel surfaces of extracted premolars with 4 adhesive systems. For each adhesive, 10 brackets were bonded without application of force (groups 1, 3, 5, and 7), and another 10 were subjected to a 120-g force with a coil spring (groups 2, 4, 6, and 8). This force was applied 30 minutes after bonding and maintained for 24 hours. Groups 1 and 2 had Rely-a-bond primer and Rely-a-bond adhesive (Reliance Orthodontic Products, Itasca, Ill). Groups 3 and 4 had Transbond XT primer and Transbond XT adhesive (3M Unitek, Monrovia, Calif). Groups 5 and 6 had Transbond Plus Self Etching Primer and Transbond XT adhesive (3M Unitek). Groups 7 and 8 had RelyX Unicem (3M ESPE, Seefeld, Germany). After thermocycling, SBS testing was performed by using a universal testing machine (Type 500, Lloyd Instruments Ltd, Fareham Hants, UK). The results of SBS testing for all adhesives were analyzed by 2-way analysis of variance and the Duncan test. The unpaired Student t test was used to compare the effect of force on the SBS of each adhesive.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Transbond XT primer and its adhesive had the highest values (without force, 11.2 +/- 3.1 MPa; with force, 10.7 +/- 2.7 MPa), and RelyX Unicem had the lowest (without force, 5.8 +/- 1.5MPa; with force, 5.7 +/- 1.6 MPa). Application of force yielded nonsignificant reductions in SBS for all adhesives; this reduction was less pronounced with RelyX Unicem.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For all studied adhesive systems, orthodontic force up to 120 g can be applied within the first hour after bonding with no deleterious effects on bond strength.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt. dryasserlotfy@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Yasser Lotfy
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Abdelnaby
authors.forename: Essam El Saeid
authors.initials: Eel S
authors.lastname: Al-Wakeel
mesh_terms: D017438:Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate / Q000737:chemistry; D001840:Dental Bonding / Q000379:methods*; D003738:Dental Cements / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000145:classification; D017005:Dental Debonding; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis; D006801:Humans; D016910:Orthodontic Brackets; D019279:Resin Cements / Q000737:chemistry*; D033081:Shear Strength; D013314:Stress, Mechanical
chemical_list: D003738:Dental Cements; C097531:Rely a Bond system; C528569:Rely-X; D019279:Resin Cements; C429625:Transbond Plus Self-Etching Primer; C065742:Transbond; D017438:Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate