title: Design, synthesis, and imaging of an activatable photoacoustic probe.
abstract: Photoacoustic tomography is a rapidly growing imaging modality that can provide images of high spatial resolution and high contrast at depths up to 5 cm. We report here the design, synthesis, and evaluation of an activatable probe that shows great promise for enabling detection of the cleaved probe in the presence of high levels of nonactivated, uncleaved probe, a difficult task to attain in absorbance-based modality. Before the cleavage by its target, proteolytic enzyme MMP-2, the probe, an activatable cell-penetrating peptide, Ceeee[Ahx]PLGLAGrrrrrK, labeled with two chromophores, BHQ3 and Alexa750, shows photoacoustic signals of similar intensity at the two wavelengths corresponding to the absorption maxima of the chromophores, 675 and 750 nm. Subtraction of the images taken at these two wavelengths makes the probe effectively photoacoustically silent, as the signals at these two wavelengths essentially cancel out. After the cleavage, the dye associated with the cell-penetrating part of the probe, BHQ3, accumulates in the cells, while the other dye diffuses away, resulting in photoacoustic signal seen at only one of the wavelengths, 675 nm. Subtraction of the photoacoustic images at two wavelengths reveals the location of the cleaved (activated) probe. In the search for the chromophores that are best suited for photoacoustic imaging, we have investigated the photoacoustic signals of five chromophores absorbing in the near-infrared region. We have found that the photoacoustic signal did not correlate with the absorbance and fluorescence of the molecules, as the highest photoacoustic signal arose from the least absorbing quenchers, BHQ3 and QXL 680.
authors.affiliation: Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94305, USA.
authors.forename: Jelena
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Levi
authors.forename: Sri Rajasekhar
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Kothapalli
authors.forename: Te-Jen
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Keith
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hartman
authors.forename: Butrus T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Khuri-Yakub
authors.forename: Sanjiv Sam
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Gambhir
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D015195:Drug Design; D006801:Humans; D057054:Molecular Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D015335:Molecular Probes / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010455:Peptides / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence
chemical_list: D015335:Molecular Probes; D010455:Peptides