title: The deregulation of regulatory T cells on interleukin-17-producing T helper cells in patients with unexplained early recurrent miscarriage.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) are important for the maintenance of immune homeostasis by virtue of their ability to control T-cell proliferation in the peripheral blood (PB). We recently demonstrated that the prevalence of Tregs is decreased, whereas that of Th17 cells is increased, in the PB and decidua samples of patients with unexplained recurrent miscarriage (RM). In this study, we investigated whether the cytokine production of Th17 cells can be suppressed by the Tregs and elucidated the mechanism by which Tregs exert this suppressive effect.
  
  
  METHODS
  Flow cytometry was used to analyze the surface phenotype and cytokine production of Th17 cells in the PB of women with unexplained RM (n = 17) and healthy women in early stages of pregnancy who underwent elective abortion (n = 20). The suppressive ability of Tregs on Th17 cells was assessed in in vitro co-cultures and transwell experiments. The amount of secreted interleukin-17 (IL-17) in the supernatants was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The inhibitory activity of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and IL-10 on IL-17 expression in CD4(+) T cells was assessed using ELISA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The proportions of IL-17-positive CD4(+) T cells, CC chemokine receptor type 6 (CCR6)-positive CD4(+) T cells and CCR6 expression of IL-17-positive CD4(+) T cells were higher in the PB samples of patients with unexplained RM than in PB of healthy control subjects. In vitro, Tregs could inhibit the expression of IL-17; more Th17 cells were inhibited in the control group than in the unexplained RM group. High-dose TGF-β inhibited the expression of IL-17, whereas IL-10 inhibited IL-17 expression in a dose-dependent manner.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  IL-17 expression can be inhibited by Tregs. The suppressive activity of Tregs on Th17 cells was decreased in patients with unexplained RM. The ability of Tregs to suppress cytokine secretion might be effected by a cell-cell contact. TGF-β and IL-10 could inhibit the expression of IL-17.
authors.affiliation: Reproduction Medical Center, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Qingdao University School of Medicine, 20 Yuhuangding East Road, Yantai 264000, China.
authors.forename: Wen-Juan
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Cui-Fang
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Hao
authors.forename: Qing-Lan
authors.initials: QL
authors.lastname: Qu
authors.forename: Xiong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Li-Hua
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Qiu
authors.forename: Qi-De
authors.initials: QD
authors.lastname: Lin
mesh_terms: D000026:Abortion, Habitual / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology*; D000328:Adult; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000276:immunology / Q000494:pharmacology; D020381:Interleukin-17 / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D011247:Pregnancy; D054399:Receptors, CCR6 / Q000378:metabolism; D050378:T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory / Q000276:immunology*; D058504:Th17 Cells / Q000276:immunology*; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000276:immunology / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: C106311:CCR6 protein, human; D020381:Interleukin-17; D054399:Receptors, CCR6; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D016753:Interleukin-10