title: Graph literacy: a cross-cultural comparison.
abstract: Visual displays are often used to communicate important medical information to patients. However, even the simplest graphs are not understood by everyone.
  
  
  
  To develop and test a scale to measure health-related graph literacy and investigate the level of graph literacy in the United States and Germany.
  
  
  
  Experimental and questionnaire studies. Setting. Computerized studies in the laboratory and on probabilistic national samples in the United States and Germany. Participants. Nationally representative samples of people 25 to 69 years of age in Germany (n = 495) and the United States (n = 492). Laboratory pretest on 60 younger and 60 older people. Measurements. Psychometric properties of the scale (i.e., reliability, validity, discriminability) and level of graph literacy in the two countries.
  
  
  
  The new graph literacy scale predicted which patients can benefit from visual aids and had promising measurement properties. Participants in both countries completed approximately 9 of 13 items correctly (in Germany, x¯ = 9.4, s = 2.6; in the United States, x¯ = 9.3, s = 2.9). Approximately one third of the population in both countries had both low graph literacy and low numeracy skills. Limitations. The authors focused on basic graph literacy only. They used a computerized scale; comparability with paper-and-pencil versions should be checked.
  
  
  
  The new graph literacy scale seems to be a suitable tool for assessing whether patients understand common graphical formats and shows that not everyone profits from standard visual displays. Research is needed on communication formats that can overcome the barriers of both low numeracy and graph literacy.
authors.affiliation: Center for Adaptive Behavior and Cognition, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany (MG, RG-R)
authors.forename: Mirta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Galesic
authors.affiliation: Center for Adaptive Behavior and Cognition, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany (MG, RG-R)|Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Granada, Spain (RG-R)
authors.forename: Rocio
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Garcia-Retamero
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003142:Communication; D032882:Comprehension; D003196:Computer Graphics / Q000592:standards*; D016288:Computer Terminals; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D006266:Health Education / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D057220:Health Literacy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D055641:Mathematical Concepts; D008875:Middle Aged; D010361:Patients / Q000523:psychology*; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult