title: Effects of positive end-expiratory pressure on anesthesia-induced atelectasis and gas exchange in anesthetized and mechanically ventilated sheep.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effects of 10 cm H(2)O of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) on lung aeration and gas exchange in mechanically ventilated sheep during general anesthesia induced and maintained with propofol.
  
  
  METHODS
  10 healthy adult Bergamasca sheep.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sheep were sedated with diazepam (0.4 mg/kg, IV). Anesthesia was induced with propofol (5 mg/kg, IV) and maintained with propofol via constant rate infusion (0.4 mg/kg/min). Muscular paralysis was induced by administration of vecuronium (25 microg/kg, bolus IV) to facilitate mechanical ventilation. After intubation, sheep were positioned in right lateral recumbency and mechanically ventilated with pure oxygen and zero end-expiratory pressure (ZEEP). After 60 minutes, 10 cm H(2)O of PEEP was applied for 20 minutes. Spiral computed tomography of the thorax was performed, and data were recorded for hemodynamic and gas exchange variables and indicators of respiratory mechanics after 15 (T(15)), 30 (T(30)), and 60 (T(60)) minutes of ZEEP and after 20 minutes of PEEP (T(PEEP)). Computed tomography images were analyzed to determine the extent of atelectasis before and after PEEP application.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At T(PEEP), the volume of poorly aerated and atelectatic compartments was significantly smaller than at T(15), T(30), and T(60), which indicated that there was PEEP-induced alveolar recruitment and clearance of anesthesia-induced atelectasis. Arterial oxygenation and static respiratory system compliance were significantly improved by use of PEEP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pulmonary atelectasis can develop in anesthetized and mechanically ventilated sheep breathing pure oxygen; application of 10 cm H(2)O of PEEP significantly improved lung aeration and gas exchange.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento delle Emergenze e dei Trapianti d'Organo, Sezione di Chirurgia Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari, 70010 Valenzano, Bari, Italy. f.staffieri@veterinaria.uniba.it
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Staffieri
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Driessen
authors.forename: Valentina De
authors.initials: VD
authors.lastname: Monte
authors.forename: Salvatore
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Grasso
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Crovace
mesh_terms: D000758:Anesthesia / Q000662:veterinary; D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology; D007601:Jugular Veins; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D009469:Neuromuscular Junction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000187:drug effects; D010525:Peripheral Nerves / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D011175:Positive-Pressure Respiration / Q000379:methods*; D001261:Pulmonary Atelectasis / Q000209:etiology; D013902:Radiography, Thoracic; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000662:veterinary; D012756:Sheep; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
chemical_list: D008012:Lidocaine