title: Are immigrants, ethnic and linguistic minorities over-represented in jobs with a high level of compensated risk? Results from a Montréal, Canada study using census and workers' compensation data.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Few Canadian data sources allow the examination of disparities by ethnicity, language, or immigrant status in occupational exposures or health outcomes. However, it is possible to document the mechanisms that can create disparities, such as the over-representation of population groups in high-risk jobs. We evaluated, in the Montréal context, the relationship between the social composition of jobs and their associated risk level.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used data from the 2001 Statistics Canada census and from Québec's workers' compensation board for 2000-2002 to characterize job categories defined as major industrial groups crossed with three professional categories (manual, mixed, non-manual). Immigrant, visible, and linguistic minority status variables were used to describe job composition. The frequency rate of compensated health problems and the average duration of compensation determined job risk level. The relationship between the social composition and risk level of jobs was evaluated with Kendall correlations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The proportion of immigrants and minorities was positively and significantly linked to the risk level across job categories. Many relationships were significant for women only. In analyses done within manual jobs, relationships with the frequency rate reversed and were significant, except for the relationship with the proportion of individuals with knowledge of French only, which remained positive.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Immigrants, visible, and linguistic minorities in Montréal are more likely to work where there is an increased level of compensated risk. Reversed relationships within manual jobs may be explained by under-reporting and under-compensation in vulnerable populations compared to those with knowledge of the province's majority language.
authors.affiliation: CINBIOSE, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. stephaniepremji@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Stéphanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Premji
authors.forename: Patrice
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Duguay
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Messing
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lippel
mesh_terms: D000062:Accidents, Occupational / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002170:Canada; D019352:Censuses; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D054242:Emigrants and Immigrants / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D008297:Male; D008913:Minority Groups / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016272:Occupational Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011792:Quebec; D012307:Risk Factors; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D014942:Workers' Compensation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*