title: Expression of the tumor suppressor Krüppel-like factor 4 as a prognostic predictor for colon cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The zinc finger transcription factor Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) regulates numerous physiologic processes, including proliferation, differentiation, and development. Studies also showed that KLF4 is involved in tumorigenesis and somatic cell reprogramming. Here, we aimed to assess whether KLF4 is a prognostic indicator for colon cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Levels of KLF4 were measured by immunohistochemical analysis of a tissue microarray containing 367 independent colon cancer sections. Univariate data analysis was done in addition to construction of multivariate models with several clinicopathologic factors to evaluate KLF4 as an independent predictor of survival and cancer recurrence (disease-free survival).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Colon cancer tissues had significantly overall lower KLF4 levels compared with noncancer tissues (P < 0.0001). Using logistic regression, a trend was noted for decreased odds of KLF4 expression in higher stages of tumors. In univariate and multivariate analyses, KLF4 was a significant predictor of survival and recurrence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  KLF4 expression is significantly downregulated in colon cancer, and loss of KLF4 is an independent predictor of survival and recurrence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that KLF4 may serve as a prognostic biomarker for colon cancer.
authors.affiliation: Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: Nilesh V
authors.initials: NV
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Amr M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Ghaleb
authors.forename: Mandayam O
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Nandan
authors.forename: Vincent W
authors.initials: VW
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D000090062:Kruppel-Like Factor 4; D051741:Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016335:Zinc Fingers
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; C000715467:KLF4 protein, human; D000090062:Kruppel-Like Factor 4; D051741:Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors