title: Reliability of physical examination tests used in the assessment of patients with shoulder problems: a systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Shoulder pain is a common clinical problem, and numerous tests are used to diagnose structural pathology.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To systematically review the reliability of physical examination procedures used in the clinical examination of patients with shoulder pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  MEDLINE, PEDro, AMED, PsychInfo, Cochrane Library (2009) and CINAHL were searched from the earliest record on the database to June 2009.
  
  
  METHODS
  Reliability studies that included any patients with shoulder pain were analysed for their quality and reliability results.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pre-established criteria were used to judge the quality of the studies (high quality >60% methods score) and satisfactory levels of reliability (kappa or intraclass correlation coefficient > or =0.85, sensitivity analysis 0.70). A qualitative synthesis was performed based on levels of evidence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-six studies were included with a mean methods score of 57%. Seventeen studies were deemed to be of high quality; high-quality studies were less likely to meet the pre-agreed level of reliability. The majority of studies indicated poor reliability for all procedures investigated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, the evidence regarding reliability was contradictory.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is no consistent evidence that any examination procedure used in shoulder assessments has acceptable levels of reliability. Alternate methods of classification which are reliable should be used to classify patients with shoulder problems.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield S10 2BP, UK. s.may@shu.ac.uk
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: May
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chance-Larsen
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Littlewood
authors.forename: Dave
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lomas
authors.forename: Mahmoud
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saad
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D015588:Observer Variation; D010808:Physical Examination / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D020069:Shoulder Pain / Q000175:diagnosis*