title: Trichomonas transmembrane cyclases result from massive gene duplication and concomitant development of pseudogenes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Trichomonas vaginalis has an unusually large genome (approximately 160 Mb) encoding approximately 60,000 proteins. With the goal of beginning to understand why some Trichomonas genes are present in so many copies, we characterized here a family of approximately 123 Trichomonas genes that encode transmembrane adenylyl cyclases (TMACs).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The large family of TMACs genes is the result of recent duplications of a small set of ancestral genes that appear to be unique to trichomonads. Duplicated TMAC genes are not closely associated with repetitive elements, and duplications of flanking sequences are rare. However, there is evidence for TMAC gene replacements by homologous recombination. A high percentage of TMAC genes (approximately 46%) are pseudogenes, as they contain stop codons and/or frame shifts, or the genes are truncated. Numerous stop codons present in the genome project G3 strain are not present in orthologous genes of two other Trichomonas strains (S1 and B7RC2). Each TMAC is composed of a series of N-terminal transmembrane helices and a single C-terminal cyclase domain that has adenylyl cyclase activity. Multiple TMAC genes are transcribed by Trichomonas cloned by limiting dilution.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that one reason for the unusually large genome of Trichomonas is the presence of unstable families of genes such as those encoding TMACs that are undergoing massive gene duplication and concomitant development of pseudogenes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Jike
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.forename: Suchismita
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Das
authors.forename: Temple F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Samuelson
mesh_terms: D000262:Adenylyl Cyclases / Q000235:genetics*; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D020440:Gene Duplication; D017125:Genes, Protozoan; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D015800:Protozoan Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D011544:Pseudogenes; D011995:Recombination, Genetic; D014246:Trichomonas vaginalis / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D015800:Protozoan Proteins; D000262:Adenylyl Cyclases