title: Commonly prescribed medications and potential false-positive urine drug screens.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The implications of potential false-positive urine drug screen (UDS) results for patients receiving commonly prescribed medications were evaluated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A comprehensive literature review was conducted to identify false-positive UDSs associated with all clinic formulary medications, as well as common nonprescription medications. The references of each report describing a medication whose use was associated with false-positive UDS results were also reviewed. If a class effect was suspected, additional agents in the category were searched. A total of 25 reports of false-positive UDS results were identified. Categories of medications included antihistamines, antidepressants, antibiotics, analgesics, antipsychotics, and nonprescription agents. Reports of false-positive results were found for the following formulary and nonprescription medications: brompheniramine, bupropion, chlorpromazine, clomipramine, dextromethorphan, diphenhydramine, doxylamine, ibuprofen, naproxen, promethazine, quetiapine, quinolones (ofloxacin and gatifloxacin), ranitidine, sertraline, thioridazine, trazodone, venlafaxine, verapamil, and a nonprescription nasal inhaler. False-positive results for amphetamine and methamphetamine were the most commonly reported. False-positive results for methadone, opioids, phencyclidine, barbiturates, cannabinoids, and benzodiazepines were also reported in patients taking commonly used medications. The most commonly used tests to screen urine for drugs of abuse are immunoassays, even though false-positive results for drugs of abuse have been reported with a number of these rapid-screening products. Results from such tests should be confirmed using additional analytical methods, including gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A number of routinely prescribed medications have been associated with triggering false-positive UDS results. Verification of the test results with a different screening test or additional analytical tests should be performed to avoid adverse consequences for the patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Administrative Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Oklahoma, 4502 East 41st Street, Tulsa, OK 74135-2512, USA. nancy-brahm@ouhsc.edu
authors.forename: Nancy C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Brahm
authors.forename: Lynn L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Yeager
authors.forename: Mark D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Fox
authors.forename: Kevin C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Farmer
authors.forename: Tony A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Palmer
mesh_terms: D005189:False Positive Reactions; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs / Q000652:urine*; D004366:Nonprescription Drugs / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D055553:Prescription Drugs / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*
chemical_list: D013287:Illicit Drugs; D004366:Nonprescription Drugs; D055553:Prescription Drugs