title: In utero smoke exposure and impaired response to inhaled corticosteroids in children with asthma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Few studies have examined the effects of in utero smoke exposure (IUS) on lung function in children with asthma, and there are no published data on the impact of IUS on treatment outcomes in children with asthma.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To explore whether IUS exposure is associated with increased airway responsiveness among children with asthma and whether IUS modifies the response to treatment with inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs).
  
  
  METHODS
  To assess the impact of parent-reported IUS exposure on airway responsiveness in childhood asthma, we performed a repeated-measures analysis of methacholine PC(20) data from the Childhood Asthma Management Program, a 4-year, multicenter, randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled trial of 1041 children age 5 to 12 years comparing the long-term efficacy of ICS with mast cell stabilizing agents or placebo.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although improvement was seen in both groups, children with asthma and IUS exposure had on average 26% less of an improvement in airway responsiveness over time compared with unexposed children (P = .01). Moreover, while children who were not exposed to IUS who received budesonide experienced substantial improvement in PC(20) compared with untreated children (1.25-fold increase; 95% CI, 1.03-1.50; P = .02), the beneficial effects of budesonide were attenuated among children with a history of IUS exposure (1.04-fold increase, 95% CI, 0.65-1.68; P = .88).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In utero smoke exposure reduces age-related improvements in airway responsiveness among children with asthma. Moreover, IUS appears to blunt the beneficial effects of ICS use on airways responsiveness. These results emphasize the importance of preventing this exposure through smoking cessation counseling efforts with pregnant women.
authors.affiliation: Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachussetts, USA.
authors.forename: Robyn T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Benjamin A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Raby
authors.forename: Kristel
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Van Steen
authors.forename: Anne L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Fuhlbrigge
authors.forename: Juan C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Celedón
authors.forename: Bernard A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Rosner
authors.forename: Robert C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Strunk
authors.forename: Robert S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Zeiger
authors.forename: Scott T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Weiss
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001249:Asthma / Q000188:drug therapy*; D019819:Budesonide / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005652:Functional Residual Capacity / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D006262:Health; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D013997:Time Factors; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution; D019819:Budesonide