title: Antipsychotic polypharmacy in the treatment of children and adolescents in the fee-for-service component of a large state Medicaid program.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aims of this study were to quantify and describe antipsychotic polypharmacy use among patients aged 6 to 12 years (children) and 13 to 17 years (adolescents) and to identify the characteristics of polypharmacy recipients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from patients enrolled in Florida's Medicaid fee-for-service program and receiving treatment with an antipsychotic were included. Antipsychotic polypharmacy was defined as the receipt of > or = 2 antipsychotic medications concurrently for >60 days, with no gaps >15 days in polypharmacy treatment. The prevalence of antipsychotic polypharmacy, durations of treatment episodes, times to antipsychotic polypharmacy after initiation of antipsychotic monotherapy, and rates of antipsychotic combination use were calculated for the period between July 2002 and June 2007.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the 5-year period, 12,764 children and 10,419 adolescents received antipsychotic treatment. The proportions of patients who were male (73% and 63%) and whose race was indicated as "other" (31% and 14%) were significantly greater in children than in adolescents, respectively (both, P < 0.001). Seven percent of the children and 8% of the adolescents were prescribed antipsychotic polypharmacy (P = 0.001). Mean (SD) durations of polypharmacy episodes were 170.0 (139.0) days in children and 185.5 (175.9) days in adolescents (P = 0.010). Times to initiation of polypharmacy were 505.8 (440.5) days in children and 384.9 (424.3) days in adolescents (P < 0.001). Adolescents (odds ratio [OR] = 1.16; 95% CI, 1.04-1.29) were more likely than children to be polypharmacy recipients, as were those with psychotic disorders (OR = 1.47; 95% CI, 1.20-1.81) compared with those with bipolar I disorder. Patients whose race was indicated as "other" were more likely than patients of white race to receive polypharmacy (OR = 1.18; 95% CI, 1.04-1.34; P < 0.001); other ethnic/racial groups did not differ significantly. The most common specific antipsychotic combinations prescribed in children and adolescents were aripiprazole/quetiapine (23% and 17%, respectively), risperidone/quetiapine (18% and 15%), aripiprazole/risperidone (17% and 11%), risperidone/olanzapine (5% and 6%), and quetiapine/olanzapine (4% and 7%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence and duration of Antipsychotic polypharmacy among antipsychotic recipients in this Medicaid fee-for-service population were noteworthy. Research on the risks and benefits of the practice in the pediatric population is needed.
authors.affiliation: Florida Mental Health Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA. rconstantine@fmhi.usf.edu
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Constantine
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Boaz
authors.forename: Rajiv
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tandon
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D018588:Fee-for-Service Plans; D005260:Female; D005431:Florida; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008484:Medicaid; D019338:Polypharmacy; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents