title: Sugar-sweetened beverages and risk of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), which include soft drinks, fruit drinks, iced tea, and energy and vitamin water drinks has risen across the globe. Regular consumption of SSBs has been associated with weight gain and risk of overweight and obesity, but the role of SSBs in the development of related chronic metabolic diseases, such as metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes, has not been quantitatively reviewed.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the MEDLINE database up to May 2010 for prospective cohort studies of SSB intake and risk of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. We identified 11 studies (three for metabolic syndrome and eight for type 2 diabetes) for inclusion in a random-effects meta-analysis comparing SSB intake in the highest to lowest quantiles in relation to risk of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Based on data from these studies, including 310,819 participants and 15,043 cases of type 2 diabetes, individuals in the highest quantile of SSB intake (most often 1-2 servings/day) had a 26% greater risk of developing type 2 diabetes than those in the lowest quantile (none or <1 serving/month) (relative risk [RR] 1.26 [95% CI 1.12-1.41]). Among studies evaluating metabolic syndrome, including 19,431 participants and 5,803 cases, the pooled RR was 1.20 [1.02-1.42].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In addition to weight gain, higher consumption of SSBs is associated with development of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. These data provide empirical evidence that intake of SSBs should be limited to reduce obesity-related risk of chronic metabolic diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Vasanti S
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Malik
authors.forename: Barry M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Popkin
authors.forename: George A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Bray
authors.forename: Jean-Pierre
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Després
authors.forename: Walter C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Willett
authors.forename: Frank B
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Hu
mesh_terms: D001628:Beverages / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D019422:Dietary Sucrose / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D019422:Dietary Sucrose