title: Effects of prazosin, clonidine, and propranolol on the elevations in brain reward thresholds and somatic signs associated with nicotine withdrawal in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tobacco withdrawal is characterized by a negative mood state and relatively mild somatic symptoms. Increased noradrenergic transmission has been reported to play an important role in opioid withdrawal, but little is known about the role of noradrenergic transmission in nicotine withdrawal.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of these experiments was to investigate the effects of prazosin, clonidine, and propranolol on the negative mood state and somatic signs associated with nicotine withdrawal in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  A discrete-trial intracranial self-stimulation procedure was used to assess the negative affective state of nicotine withdrawal. Elevations in brain reward thresholds are indicative of a deficit in brain reward function.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all the experiments, the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist mecamylamine (3 mg/kg) elevated the brain reward thresholds of the nicotine-treated rats and did not affect those of the control rats. The α1-adrenergic receptor antagonist prazosin (0.0625 and 0.125 mg/kg) dose-dependently attenuated the elevations in brain reward thresholds associated with precipitated nicotine withdrawal. The α2-adrenergic receptor agonist clonidine (10-40 μg/kg) and the nonselective β-adrenergic receptor antagonist propranolol (2.5-10 mg/kg) did not attenuate the elevations in brain reward thresholds associated with nicotine withdrawal. Furthermore, mecamylamine (2 mg/kg) induced more somatic signs in the nicotine-treated rats than in the control rats. Clonidine and propranolol, but not prazosin, decreased the total number of somatic signs associated with nicotine withdrawal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Blockade of α1-adrenergic receptors attenuates the deficit in brain reward function associated with nicotine withdrawal. Antagonism of β-adrenergic receptors or stimulation of α2-adrenergic receptors attenuates the somatic symptoms of nicotine withdrawal.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, 100 S. Newell Dr., P.O. Box 100256, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA. awbruijn@ufl.edu
authors.forename: Adrie W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Bruijnzeel
authors.forename: Mahendra
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bishnoi
authors.forename: Irma A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: van Tuijl
authors.forename: Kim F M
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Keijzers
authors.forename: Kate R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Yavarovich
authors.forename: Tim M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Pasek
authors.forename: Jenna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ford
authors.forename: Jon C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Alexander
authors.forename: Hidetaka
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yamada
mesh_terms: D058668:Adrenergic alpha-1 Receptor Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D058647:Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects*; D003000:Clonidine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D008297:Male; D009538:Nicotine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018733:Nicotinic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D011224:Prazosin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011433:Propranolol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000187:drug effects; D012054:Reinforcement, Psychology; D012201:Reward; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology
chemical_list: D058668:Adrenergic alpha-1 Receptor Antagonists; D058647:Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists; D018733:Nicotinic Antagonists; D009538:Nicotine; D011433:Propranolol; D003000:Clonidine; D011224:Prazosin