title: Controlled follow-up study of physical and psychosocial functioning of adolescents with juvenile primary fibromyalgia syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Currently, there are no prospective studies exploring the prognosis of patients with juvenile primary FM syndrome (JPFS) or their physical, emotional and social outcomes as they enter the early adult years. The primary objective of this study was to assess long-term outcomes of a paediatric sample of clinically referred JPFS patients and their matched healthy controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were 48 youths (current mean age = 19 years) diagnosed with JPFS in childhood or adolescence and 43 healthy controls matched in age, gender and race. The average length of follow-up was 3.67 years (range 2-6 years). Participants completed online (web-based) self-report questionnaires about current pain and physical symptoms, health status, anxiety, depressive symptoms and current and past treatments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results showed that 62.5% of participants in the JPFS group continued to experience widespread pain and 60.4% reported having all the cardinal features of FM syndrome (including widespread pain, poor sleep and fatigue) at follow-up. The JPFS group reported significantly lower scores on all measures of health status and physical functioning compared with healthy controls and significantly greater symptoms of anxiety and depression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this controlled follow-up study demonstrate that symptoms of FM appear to be chronic in a majority of clinically referred JPFS patients and the associated physical and emotional impairment can also be persistent. Implications for treatment and the need for further prospective longitudinal studies are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA. Susmita.Kashikar-Zuck@cchmc.org
authors.forename: Susmita
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kashikar-Zuck
authors.forename: Irina S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Parkins
authors.forename: Tracy V
authors.initials: TV
authors.lastname: Ting
authors.forename: Emily
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Verkamp
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lynch-Jordan
authors.forename: Murray
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Passo
authors.forename: Thomas Brent
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Graham
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D005356:Fibromyalgia / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D019964:Mood Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000523:psychology*; D000297:Psychology, Adolescent; D012649:Self Concept; D012934:Social Isolation / Q000523:psychology; D013577:Syndrome; D055815:Young Adult