title: Intravitreal triamcinolone.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  to provide an update on the intravitreal use of triamcinolone acetonide.
  
  
  METHODS
  Review of literature regarding triamcinolone-related research.
  
  
  RESULTS
  after the introduction of bevacizumab and ranibizumab into clinical practice, intravitreal triamcinolone has lost its leading position as the drug most often injected intravitreally. Due to its properties as a long-acting steroid, triamcinolone has still been used for various conditions such as diffuse diabetic macular edema, retinal vein occlusions, pseudophakic cystoid macular edema, chronic prephthisical ocular hypotony and uveitis, and in combination with bevacizumab or ranibizumab. The complications of intravitreal triamcinolone therapy include secondary ocular hypertension in about 40% of the eyes injected, cataract and postoperative infectious or noninfectious endophthalmitis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  due to its widespread biological effects as a steroid and due to a relatively large therapeutic window, intravitreal triamcinolone has remained in clinical use for a variety of intraocular disorders, and it may be a promising candidate for intravitreal medical combination therapies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the Ruprecht Karls University, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tao
authors.forename: Jost B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Jonas
mesh_terms: D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D058449:Intravitreal Injections; D009798:Ocular Hypertension / Q000139:chemically induced; D015814:Ocular Hypotension / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy*; D014222:Triamcinolone Acetonide / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D005938:Glucocorticoids; D014222:Triamcinolone Acetonide