title: Minimum inhibitory concentrations of medicinal plants used in Northern Peru as antibacterial remedies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The plant species reported here are traditionally used in Northern Peru to treat bacterial infections, often addressed by the local healers as "inflammation". The aim of this study was to evaluate the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of their antibacterial properties against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.
  
  
  METHODS
  The antimicrobial activity of ethanolic and water extracts of 141 plant species was determined using a deep-well broth microdilution method on commercially available bacterial strains.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ethanolic extracts of 51 species inhibited Escherichia coli, and 114 ethanolic extracts inhibited Staphylococcus aureus. In contrast, only 30 aqueous extracts showed activity against Escherichia coli and 38 extracts against Staphylococcus aureus. The MIC concentrations were mostly very high and ranged from 0.008 to 256 mg/ml, with only 36 species showing inhibitory concentrations of <4 mg/ml. The ethanolic extracts exhibited stronger activity and a much broader spectrum of action than the aqueous extracts. Hypericum laricifolium, Hura crepitans, Caesalpinia paipai, Cassia fistula, Hyptis sidifolia, Salvia sp., Banisteriopsis caapi, Miconia salicifolia and Polygonum hydropiperoides showed the lowest MIC values and would be interesting candidates for future research.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of antibacterial activity could be confirmed in most species used in traditional medicine in Peru which were assayed in this study. However, the MIC for the species employed showed a very large range, and were mostly very high. Nevertheless, traditional knowledge might provide some leads to elucidate potential candidates for future development of new antibiotic agents.
authors.affiliation: William L. Brown Center, Missouri Botanical Garden, P.O. Box 299, St. Louis, MO 63166-0299, USA. rainer.bussmann@mobot.org
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Bussmann
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Malca-García
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Glenn
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sharon
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chait
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Díaz
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pourmand
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jonat
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Somogy
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Guardado
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Aguirre
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kuhlman
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Townesmith
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Effio-Carbajal
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Frías-Fernandez
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Benito
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003906:Developing Countries; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects*; D008519:Medicine, Traditional; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D010568:Peru; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010946:Plants, Medicinal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000145:classification* / Q000254:growth & development; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts