title: Cognitive deterioration rates in patients with Parkinson's disease from northeastern China.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cognitive impairment (CI) is common in Parkinson's disease (PD), and the cognitive deterioration rate (CDR) is heterogeneous among PD patients. However, very few studies have reported on the association of PD features and risk factors with rapid CDR. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) is considered to be a sensitive and reliable approach to detect mild CI. In the present study, we sought to define and compare the cognitive profiles and clinical features of PD patients with slow or rapid CDRs, and then to identify the PD risk factors associated with rapid CDR.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study of cognitive rate was performed using the MoCA in a cohort of 73 PD patients and 41 controls matched for age, sex and education level.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The rapid CDR group was characterized by older age (58.8 years in slow CDR vs. 64.1 in rapid CDR; p = 0.02), later age at disease onset (52.7 vs. 61.7 years; p < 0.001), a faster deterioration rate of movement symptoms (UPDRS III increment of 12.8 vs. 5.9/year; p < 0.001), a higher rate in multiple-domain CI (38.9 vs. 10.8%), and generally lower MoCA subscores for the Clock Drawing Test, attention, verbal fluency and abstraction. According to the univariate logistic regression model, onset age, movement deterioration rate, multiple domains CI and executive function CI were risk factors for rapid CDR. However, only the movement deterioration rate (p = 0.01) and onset age (p = 0.05) remained independent predictors for rapid CDR according to the multivariate logistic regression model.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The CI deterioration in a subset of PD patients appears to progress more rapidly. Identifying those PD patients may not only help to predict the development of PD dementia, but also facilitate therapeutic intervention at early disease stages.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Heping District, Shenyang, China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Guang
authors.initials: XG
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.forename: Rong
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Hong-Mei
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Zhe
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.forename: Zhi-Yi
authors.initials: ZY
authors.lastname: He
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*; D018450:Disease Progression; D004493:Education; D056344:Executive Function / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology; D014705:Verbal Behavior / Q000502:physiology