title: Regional seroprevalence of leptospirosis on deer farms in New Zealand.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To undertake a seroprevalence survey to estimate the distribution of infection by Leptospira spp. serovars Hardjobovis, Pomona and Copenhageni in farmed deer herds regionally throughout New Zealand.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between March 2003 and February 2005, 111 red and red x wapiti deer herds not using a leptospiral vaccine were selected from nine regions from Northland to Southland. Eighty-three herds were selected for on-farm collection of 12-20 blood samples from hinds predominantly 9-30 months of age, by jugular venepuncture, while similar numbers, predominantly males 9-30 months of age, per farm were collected from 28 herds at sticking at deer slaughter premises (DSP). Serum was stored frozen until analysed using the microscopic agglutination test (MAT). Titre cut-points of 1:24 for serovar Hardjobovis and 1:48 for serovars Pomona and Copenhageni were considered positive at the individual animal level. Herds were considered seropositive if there were at least three animals per herd seropositive to any serovar.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighty-one percent of herds were seropositive for Leptospira spp. Hardjobovis was the predominant serovar at the herd (78%) and individual animal (60.8%) levels. The seroprevalence of Pomona was 20% and 8.4% at the herd and animal levels, respectively. Dual seroreactivity to both Hardjobovis and Pomona was observed in 16% of herds and 6.6% of individuals; within-herd seroprevalence for both serovars ranged from 0 to 100%. No herds and 1.2% of animals were seropositive for serovar Copenhageni. There was a regional difference in the prevalence of herds seropositive to both Hardjobovis and Pomona (p=0.02), but no difference between regions in the prevalence of herds seropositive to either Hardjobovis or Pomona alone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The seroprevalence of Leptospira spp. serovars is high, and distributed in farmed deer herds throughout New Zealand.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results confirm the risk of disease and potential loss of production in deer, and exposure of infection to humans and other livestock from deer is widespread, demonstrating that control of the disease needs to be considered at a national rather than regional level.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Ayanegui-Alcérreca
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: C G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Mackintosh
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Collins-Emerson
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Heuer
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Midwinter
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Castillo-Alcala
mesh_terms: D000822:Animal Husbandry; D000818:Animals; D003670:Deer; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000662:veterinary; D005260:Female; D007922:Leptospirosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D008297:Male; D009520:New Zealand / Q000453:epidemiology; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires