title: Echinacea and its alkylamides: effects on the influenza A-induced secretion of cytokines, chemokines, and PGE₂ from RAW 264.7 macrophage-like cells.
abstract: The goal of this study was to determine whether extracts and isolated alkylamides from Echinacea purpurea would be useful for prevention of the inflammatory response that accompanies infections with H1N1 influenza A. Seventeen extracts and 4 alkylamides were tested for the ability to inhibit production of cytokines, chemokines, and PGE₂ from RAW 264.7 macrophage-like cells infected with the H1N1 influenza A strain PR/8/34. The alkylamides undeca-2Z,4E-diene-8,10-diynic acid isobutylamide, dodeca-2E,4E,8Z,10E/Z-tetraenoic acid isobutylamide, dodeca-2E,4E-dienoic acid isobutylamide, and undeca-2E-ene-8,10-diynoic acid isobutylamide suppressed production of TNF-α and PGE₂ from infected cells. Dodeca-2E,4E-dienoic acid isobutylamide was especially effective at inhibiting production of these mediators and also strongly inhibited production of G-CSF, CCL2/MCP-1, CCL3/MIP-1α and CCL5/RANTES. In contrast, the ethanol extracts (75%), which were prepared from dormant roots of E. purpurea grown in different locations throughout North Carolina, displayed a range of effects from suppression to stimulation of mediator production. Precipitation of the extracts with ethanol removed the stimulatory activity, however, even after precipitation; many of the extracts did not display any suppressive activity. Analysis of the extracts revealed slight variations in concentration of alkylamides, caftaric acid, and cichoric acid, but the activity of the extracts did not strongly correlate with concentrations of these compounds. Our in vitro experiments suggest that E. purpurea extracts have the potential for use in alleviating the symptoms and pathology associated with infections with influenza A; however, further study will be necessary to define procedures necessary to unmask the alkylamide activity in crude extracts.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina Greensboro, Box 26170, Greensboro, NC 27402, USA. nadja_cech@uncg.edu
authors.forename: Nadja B
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Cech
authors.forename: Vamsikrishna
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kandhi
authors.forename: Jeanine M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hamilton
authors.forename: Dawn
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Eads
authors.forename: Scott M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Laster
mesh_terms: D000577:Amides / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D002109:Caffeic Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D002460:Cell Line; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000378:metabolism*; D020900:Echinacea / Q000737:chemistry*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D009980:Influenza A virus / Q000502:physiology*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000821:virology*; D051379:Mice; D015394:Molecular Structure; D009657:North Carolina; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000577:Amides; D002109:Caffeic Acids; D016207:Cytokines; D015232:Dinoprostone; C040048:caffeic acid