title: [Risk factors for Alzheimer's disease].
abstract: Alzheimer disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia in elderly patients. Identification of risk factors for AD would contribute to the understanding of AD pathogenesis and thus, help in the development of preventive methods. Early-onset familial AD is associated with mutations of the genes encoding amyloid precursor protein (APP), presenilin 1 (PS-1), or PS-2, resulting in the overproduction of amyloid beta-protein. Epidemiological and case-control studies have led to the identification of several risk factors for sporadic AD. The most concrete genetic risk factor for AD is the epsilon4 allele of apolipoprotein E gene (APOE). In addition, several genes such as CTNNA3, GAB2, PVRL2, TOMM40, and APOC1 are known to be the risk factors that contribute to AD pathogenesis. On the other hand, nongenetic risk factors, such as age, sex, alcohol consumption, smoking, depression, head injury, and nutrition have also been reported. Although aging is the strongest risk factor for AD, the mechanisms underlying the development of AD as a result of ageing remain to be elucidated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology and Neurobiology of Aging, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Tokuhei
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ikeda
authors.forename: Masahito
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yamada
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides / Q000378:metabolism; D016564:Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor / Q000235:genetics; D001057:Apolipoproteins E / Q000235:genetics; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma / Q000150:complications; D003863:Depression; D006801:Humans; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D000090622:Mitochondrial Precursor Protein Import Complex Proteins; D009154:Mutation; D000075983:Nectins; D053763:Presenilins / Q000235:genetics; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D051178:alpha Catenin
chemical_list: D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides; D016564:Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor; D001057:Apolipoproteins E; C441963:CTNNA3 protein, human; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D000090622:Mitochondrial Precursor Protein Import Complex Proteins; D000075983:Nectins; D053763:Presenilins; C400783:TOMM40 protein, human; D051178:alpha Catenin