title: Integrative multicellular biological modeling: a case study of 3D epidermal development using GPU algorithms.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Simulation of sophisticated biological models requires considerable computational power. These models typically integrate together numerous biological phenomena such as spatially-explicit heterogeneous cells, cell-cell interactions, cell-environment interactions and intracellular gene networks. The recent advent of programming for graphical processing units (GPU) opens up the possibility of developing more integrative, detailed and predictive biological models while at the same time decreasing the computational cost to simulate those models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We construct a 3D model of epidermal development and provide a set of GPU algorithms that executes significantly faster than sequential central processing unit (CPU) code. We provide a parallel implementation of the subcellular element method for individual cells residing in a lattice-free spatial environment. Each cell in our epidermal model includes an internal gene network, which integrates cellular interaction of Notch signaling together with environmental interaction of basement membrane adhesion, to specify cellular state and behaviors such as growth and division. We take a pedagogical approach to describing how modeling methods are efficiently implemented on the GPU including memory layout of data structures and functional decomposition. We discuss various programmatic issues and provide a set of design guidelines for GPU programming that are instructive to avoid common pitfalls as well as to extract performance from the GPU architecture.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We demonstrate that GPU algorithms represent a significant technological advance for the simulation of complex biological models. We further demonstrate with our epidermal model that the integration of multiple complex modeling methods for heterogeneous multicellular biological processes is both feasible and computationally tractable using this new technology. We hope that the provided algorithms and source code will be a starting point for modelers to develop their own GPU implementations, and encourage others to implement their modeling methods on the GPU and to make that code available to the wider community.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mathematics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA. scott.christley@uci.edu
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Christley
authors.forename: Briana
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Xing
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Dai
authors.forename: Qing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Nie
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D002450:Cell Communication; D002455:Cell Division; D002465:Cell Movement; D048430:Cell Shape; D003196:Computer Graphics; D000078404:Epidermal Cells; D004817:Epidermis / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism; D053263:Gene Regulatory Networks; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D042541:Intracellular Space / Q000235:genetics; D008954:Models, Biological; D012984:Software; D013997:Time Factors