title: [Smoking history worldwide--cigarette smoking, passive smoking and smoke free environment in Switzerland].
abstract: After the invention of the cigarette 1881 the health consequences of active smoking were fully known only in 1964. Since 1986 research findings allow increasingly stronger conclusions about the impact of passive smoking on health, especially for lung cancer, cardiovascular and respiratory disease in adults and children and the sudden infant death syndrome. On the basis of current consumption patterns, approximately 450 million adults will be killed by smoking between 2000 and 2050. At least half of these adults will die between age 30 and 69. Cancer and total deaths due to smoking have fallen so far only in men in high-income countries but will rise globally unless current smokers stop smoking before or during middle age. Higher taxes, regulations on smoking, including 100 % smoke free indoor spaces, and information for consumers could avoid smoking-associated deaths. Irland was 2004 the first country worldwide introducing smoke free bars and restaurants with positive effects on compliance, health of employees and business. In the first year after the introduction these policies have resulted in a 10 - 20 % reduction of acute coronary events. In Switzerland smoke free regulations have been accepted by popular vote first in the canton of Ticino in 2006 and since then in 15 more cantons. The smoking rate dropped from 33 to 27 % since 2001.
authors.affiliation: braendli@swisslung.org
authors.forename: Otto
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Brändli
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002423:Cause of Death; D002648:Child; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D005260:Female; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049674:History, 21st Century; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D012907:Smoking / Q000266:history* / Q000401:mortality; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000266:history*; D013557:Switzerland; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000266:history*; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000266:history* / Q000401:mortality
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution