title: Effect of different water flows on root surface temperature during ultrasonic removal of posts.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This in vitro study evaluated rises in temperature on the outer root surface of human incisors during ultrasonic post removal with different water flows.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-six extracted teeth (12 maxillary central incisors, 12 maxillary lateral incisors, and 12 mandibular incisors) were used. After root canal preparation, the teeth were obturated, and prefabricated posts were cemented into the prepared spaces. Posts were ultrasonically instrumented dry and with irrigation at 20 mL/min and 40 mL/min. Temperature changes on the entire mesial outer surfaces of the roots were measured at 10-second intervals using an infrared thermal imaging camera.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Increases in root surface temperature were significantly lower when posts were instrumented with 40 mL/min water irrigation compared with dry vibration and 20 mL/min irrigation, which also significantly differed from each other. Statistical analysis among tooth groups showed differences in the mean temperature rise of maxillary central incisors and maxillary lateral incisors compared with mandibular incisors when posts were instrumented dry or with 20 mL/min irrigation. There were no significant differences in mean temperature rises between the studied groups when 40 mL/min irrigation was used.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Water cooling during ultrasonic post instrumentation significantly reduced temperature increases on the outer root surface; however, the intensity of the cooling was also important. Our results suggest that copious water irrigation during post removal is an effective method to protect the root's surrounding tissue.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preclinical Conservative Dentistry and Preclinical Endodontics, Pomeranian Medical University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland. lipam@sci.pam.szczecin.pl
authors.forename: Mariusz
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lipski
authors.forename: Michał
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Debicki
authors.forename: Agnieszka
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Droździk
mesh_terms: D001831:Body Temperature; D017005:Dental Debonding / Q000379:methods*; D003762:Dental Instruments; D020878:Device Removal / Q000295:instrumentation; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D007180:Incisor; D008334:Mandible; D008437:Maxilla; D011176:Post and Core Technique / Q000295:instrumentation*; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants; D018915:Root Canal Preparation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014092:Tooth Root / Q000502:physiology*; D014464:Ultrasonic Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation*
chemical_list: D012388:Root Canal Irrigants