title: Vasopressin beyond water: implications for renal diseases.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This review aims to analyze the relationships between arginine vasopressin (AVP) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) and to define the potential of vasopressin receptor antagonists beyond the treatment of water metabolism disorders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Experimental studies in rat and observational studies in humans suggest that AVP may play a role in the genesis and exacerbation of renal damage and chronic renal insufficiency.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A sustained stimulation of vasopressin receptors induces intrarenal renin-angiotensin system activation, podocyte alterations, glomerular hyperfiltration and hypertrophy eventuating in proteinuria and kidney damage. Furthermore, AVP directly stimulates contraction and proliferation of mesangial cells and accumulation of extracellular matrix and glomerulosclerosis. Whether a chronic increase in water intake (determining a reduction in endogenous AVP levels) and/or the administration of vasopressin receptor antagonists are useful for the prevention and treatment of CKD remains to be tested in clinical trials.
authors.affiliation: CNR-IBIM, Clinical Epidemiology and Physiopathology of Renal Diseases and Hypertension of Reggio Calabria, Reggio Calabria, Italy.
authors.forename: Davide
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bolignano
authors.forename: Carmine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zoccali
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D065092:Antidiuretic Hormone Receptor Antagonists; D001127:Arginine Vasopressin / Q000502:physiology*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D006020:Glycopeptides / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy*; D050527:Mesangial Cells / Q000502:physiology; D012079:Renal Circulation
chemical_list: D065092:Antidiuretic Hormone Receptor Antagonists; D006020:Glycopeptides; C048197:copeptins; D001127:Arginine Vasopressin