title: Comparison of potential risk factors for medication errors with and without patient harm.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare determinants for medication errors leading to patient harm with determinants for medication errors without patient harm.
  
  
  METHODS
  A two-way case-control design was used to identify determinants for medication errors without harm (substudy 1) and determinants for medication errors causing harm (substudy 2). Data of patients admitted to five internal medicine wards of two Dutch hospitals during 5 months were collected prospectively by chart review. Medication errors were detected and classified by two pharmacists. Consensus between five pharmacists was reached on the causal relationship between medication errors and patient harm. Data analysis was performed by multivariate logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We included 7286 medication orders, of which 3315 without errors (controls), and 5622 medication errors without harm (cases substudy 1) and 102 medication errors causing harm (cases substudy 2) were identified. Hospital, ward and the therapeutic class anti-infectives were associated with both medication errors without harm (hospital odds ratio (OR) 1.40; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.21-1.63), TweeSteden hospital (TSh) geriatrics OR 2.03; 95% CI 1.73-2.38, TSh general internal medicine OR 1.44; 95% CI 1.23-1.69 and anti-infectives OR 1.28; 95% CI 1.06-1.56) and medication errors with harm (hospital OR 4.91; 95% CI 3.02-7.79, TSh geriatrics OR 5.76; 95% CI 2.52-13.15, TSh general internal medicine OR 6.51; 95% CI 2.82-15.02 and anti-infectives OR 4.20; 95% CI 2.24-7.90).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows that organisational determinants (hospital, ward) are comparable for medication errors with and without harm. For conclusions on patient- and medication-related determinants studies with larger sample sizes are needed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, TweeSteden hospital, Tilburg, The Netherlands. rzaal@tsz.nl
authors.forename: Rianne J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Zaal
authors.forename: Jasperien E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: van Doormaal
authors.forename: Albert W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Lenderink
authors.forename: Peter G M
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Mol
authors.forename: Jos G W
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Kosterink
authors.forename: Toine C G
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Egberts
authors.forename: Flora M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Haaijer-Ruskamp
authors.forename: Patricia M L A
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: van den Bemt
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; D005260:Female; D006299:Health Services for the Aged; D006761:Hospitals; D006801:Humans; D007388:Internal Medicine; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008508:Medication Errors; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010595:Pharmacists; D010607:Pharmacy Service, Hospital; D012307:Risk Factors