title: Trait-like impulsivity does not predict escalation of heroin self-administration in the rat.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The neural and psychological mechanisms underlying vulnerability to drug addiction are poorly understood. Although a number of animal models have been developed to investigate vulnerability to stimulant addiction, few have considered how vulnerability traits such as impulsivity predict hallmark features of heroin addiction including the escalation of drug intake and increased propensity for relapse following protracted abstinence.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate whether high impulsivity in rats predicts the propensity to escalate intravenous heroin self-administration and to relapse following an extended withdrawal period from heroin.
  
  
  METHODS
  High (HI)- and low (LI)-impulsive rats, defined by the extent of premature responding on the 5-choice serial reaction time test (5-CSRTT), were catheterized and allowed to self-administer heroin (40 μg/100 μl/infusion). After 5 days of short access (1 h/day) to heroin, rats were then given extended (6 h/day) access to heroin for 18 consecutive days.
  
  
  RESULTS
  High impulsivity predicted neither a greater tendency to acquire heroin SA nor an increased escalation of heroin self-administration. Moreover, high impulsivity was not associated with an increased propensity to relapse after protracted withdrawal from heroin. Nevertheless, marked inter-individual differences in the escalation of heroin self-administration were observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although high impulsivity on the 5-CSRTT has been shown to predict loss of control over cocaine intake, this does not generalize to a loss of control over heroin self-administration. These findings suggest important distinctions in vulnerability mechanisms underlying cocaine and heroin addiction with trait-like impulsivity playing a role in stimulant but not opiate addiction.
authors.affiliation: Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK.
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: McNamara
authors.forename: Jeffrey W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Dalley
authors.forename: Trevor W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Robbins
authors.forename: Barry J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Everitt
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Belin
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000818:Animals; D001288:Attention; D016739:Behavior, Addictive; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D003216:Conditioning, Operant; D003463:Cues; D005108:Extinction, Psychological; D003932:Heroin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006556:Heroin Dependence / Q000523:psychology*; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D012008:Recurrence; D012054:Reinforcement, Psychology; D012646:Self Administration; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000523:psychology; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D003932:Heroin