title: Diagnoses of fipronil resistance in Brazilian cattle ticks (Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus) using in vitro larval bioassays.
abstract: Fipronil is a phenylpyrazolic insecticide that is widely used in agriculture and has been recently used to control the cattle tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Because of the serious problems associated with resistance to the available acaricides, this product has been used as an important alternative to control acaricide-resistant ticks. The objective of this work was to analyse the fipronil sensitivity of ticks that were collected from farms with a history of fipronil use by larval bioassays. A total of 11 Brazilian tick populations were studied: one population from Rio Grande do Sul, one population from Mato Grosso do Sul and nine populations from São Paulo. To validate the assays, susceptible reference strains, POA (Porto Alegre, Brazil) and Mozo (Dilave, Uruguay), and ticks from six different farms that never used fipronil were tested. The resistance of various tick populations to technical grade fipronil (95.3%) was primarily evaluated using the larvae immersion test (LIT) and the larval packet test (LPT), when a sufficient number of larvae was collected. Using the LIT, the resistance ratios (RR(50)) of the tick populations from Rio Grande do Sul and Mato Grosso do Sul were 14.9 and 2.6, respectively, and the populations derived from São Paulo had RR(50)s ranging from 2.5 to 6.9. Four populations were evaluated with the LPT, and two populations displayed lower RR(50), while other populations displayed higher RR(50) than those determined by the LIT. This article reports the first cases of fipronil resistance in Brazil and highlights the LIT as a more sensitive technique for the evaluation of fipronil resistance in R. (B) microplus ticks. We suggest the use of the LIT as an evaluation tool for monitoring fipronil resistance in the control programmes of R. (B) microplus.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Veterinaria, UDELAR, Montevideo, Uruguay. elinor@adinet.com.uy
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Castro-Janer
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Martins
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Mendes
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Namindome
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Klafke
authors.forename: T T S
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Schumaker
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001681:Biological Assay; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000469:parasitology*; D007305:Insecticide Resistance; D007306:Insecticides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007814:Larva / Q000254:growth & development; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D048494:Rhipicephalus / Q000254:growth & development*; D013984:Tick Infestations / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary*
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D011720:Pyrazoles; C082360:fipronil