title: Use of benzodiazepines, hypnotics, and anxiolytics in major depressive disorder: association with chronic pain diseases.
abstract: We examined the use of benzodiazepines (BZD), hypnotics, and anxiolytics and their associations with chronic pain diseases (CPD) in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). A retrospective analysis of 153,913 MDD patients (18-64 years) in a large administrative insured claims database during the year 2006 was performed. Results showed that during the study year, 33.1% of the patients had been prescribed BZD; 16.9%, hypnotics; and 6.1%, anxiolytics. The use of BZD and hypnotics increased with age. Patients with CPD were more likely than those without CPD to use BZD (41.2% vs. 27.0%, p < 0.001), hypnotics (21.7% vs. 13.3%, p < 0.001), and anxiolytics (7.8% vs. 4.8%, p < 0.01). After adjustment for demographics and comorbidities, CPD was still significantly associated with increased use of BZD (OR = 1.62), hypnotics (OR = 1.49), and anxiolytics (OR = 1.51). Further research is needed to examine the long-term benefits and risks of BZD and hypnotics in the treatment of MDD and CPD.
authors.affiliation: Global Health Outcomes, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Drop Code 4123, Indianapolis, IN, USA. liuxianchen@lilly.com
authors.forename: Xianchen
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Wenyu
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Watson
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tepper
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000367:Age Factors; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D015897:Comorbidity; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D004363:Drug Utilization; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007348:Insurance, Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D038801:International Classification of Diseases; D008297:Male; D008329:Managed Care Programs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D012737:Sex Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D001569:Benzodiazepines