title: Adult bone marrow stromal cell-based tissue-engineered aggrecan exhibits ultrastructure and nanomechanical properties superior to native cartilage.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To quantify the structural characteristics and nanomechanical properties of aggrecan produced by adult bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) in peptide hydrogel scaffolds and compare to aggrecan from adult articular cartilage.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult equine BMSCs were encapsulated in 3D-peptide hydrogels and cultured for 21 days with TGF-β1 to induce chondrogenic differentiation. BMSC-aggrecan was extracted and compared with aggrecan from age-matched adult equine articular cartilage. Single molecules of aggrecan were visualized by atomic force microscopy-based imaging and aggrecan nanomechanical stiffness was quantified by high resolution force microscopy. Population-averaged measures of aggrecan hydrodynamic size, core protein structures and CS sulfation compositions were determined by size-exclusion chromatography, Western analysis, and fluorescence-assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis (FACE).
  
  
  RESULTS
  BMSC-aggrecan was primarily full-length while cartilage-aggrecan had many fragments. Single molecule measurements showed that core protein and GAG chains of BMSC-aggrecan were markedly longer than those of cartilage-aggrecan. Comparing full-length aggrecan of both species, BMSC-aggrecan had longer GAG chains, while the core protein trace lengths were similar. FACE analysis detected a ∼ 1:1 ratio of chondroitin-4-sulfate to chondroitin-6-sulfate in BMSC-GAG, a phenotype consistent with aggrecan from skeletally-immature cartilage. The nanomechanical stiffness of BMSC-aggrecan was demonstrably greater than that of cartilage-aggrecan at the same total sGAG (fixed charge) density.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The higher proportion of full-length monomers, longer GAG chains and greater stiffness of the BMSC-aggrecan makes it biomechanically superior to adult cartilage-aggrecan. Aggrecan stiffness was not solely dependent on fixed charge density, but also on GAG molecular ultrastructure. These results support the use of adult BMSCs for cell-based cartilage repair.
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
authors.forename: H-Y
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: P W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Kopesky
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Plaas
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sandy
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kisiday
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Frisbie
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Grodzinsky
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ortiz
mesh_terms: D053674:Aggrecans / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D015153:Blotting, Western; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000166:cytology; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D004586:Electrophoresis / Q000379:methods; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans / Q000737:chemistry / Q000648:ultrastructure; D006736:Horses; D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force; D036103:Nanotechnology; D017154:Stromal Cells / Q000166:cytology; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D053674:Aggrecans; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans