title: Chemotherapy induces macrophage chemoattractant protein-1 production in ovarian cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Tumor infiltrating macrophages play an important role in tumor progression. Macrophage chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) is one of the major chemokines responsible for inducing macrophage migration. Our objective was to investigate chemotherapy-induced modulation of MCP-1 in ovarian cancer by investigating macrophage infiltration, tumor vascularity, and MCP-1 expression after chemotherapy exposure.
  
  
  METHODS
  MA-148 ovarian cancer cells were treated with paclitaxel (43 pg/mL) and carboplatin (5 microg/mL) alone or in combination. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction determined MCP-1 transcript levels and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay evaluated MCP-1 protein production at multiple time points. The effect of kinase inhibitors on MCP-1 expression was investigated. In vivo MCP-1 production was examined in tumor-bearing mice and immunohistochemistry with fluorescein isothiocyanate conjugated anti-mouse F4/80 antibody, phycoerythrin-anti-CD31, and terminal deoxynucleotide transferase dUTP nick-end labeling assay were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Macrophage chemoattractant protein-1 transcript levels were up-regulated in MA-148 after treatment with paclitaxel and carboplatin individually and in combination. The greatest elevation was seen with combination therapy: 2.5-fold increase in the MCP-1 protein levels from baseline (P = 0.011) with the mitogen-activated protein kinase and janus kinases/signal transducers and activators of transcription pathways appearing to be involved in the regulation of MCP-1 production. In vivo mouse studies confirmed increased MCP-1 production after chemotherapy; however, there was no significant difference in macrophage, apoptosis, or vessel density.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Macrophage chemoattractant protein-1 is up-regulated in ovarian cancer after chemotherapy in vitro and in vivo. Whether MCP-1 production is increased because of a stress-induced response or a scavenger response promoting macrophage infiltration remains unknown. Chemotherapy induction of MCP-1 in ovarian cancer suggests this chemokine plays an important role in the immune response occurring after chemotherapy exposure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA. gelle005@umn.edu
authors.forename: Melissa A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Geller
authors.forename: Tri M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Bui-Nguyen
authors.forename: Lisa M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Rogers
authors.forename: Sundaram
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ramakrishnan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016190:Carboplatin / Q000494:pharmacology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000187:drug effects*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D017239:Paclitaxel / Q000494:pharmacology; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D016190:Carboplatin; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D017239:Paclitaxel