title: Prognostic importance of the cause of renal failure in patients with cirrhosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The prognostic value of the different causes of renal failure in cirrhosis is not well established. This study investigated the predictive value of the cause of renal failure in cirrhosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five hundred sixty-two consecutive patients with cirrhosis and renal failure (as defined by serum creatinine > 1.5 mg/dL on 2 successive determinations within 48 hours) hospitalized over a 6-year period in a single institution were included in a prospective study. The cause of renal failure was classified into 4 groups: renal failure associated with bacterial infections, renal failure associated with volume depletion, hepatorenal syndrome (HRS), and parenchymal nephropathy. The primary end point was survival at 3 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four hundred sixty-three patients (82.4%) had renal failure that could be classified in 1 of 4 groups. The most frequent was renal failure associated with infections (213 cases; 46%), followed by hypovolemia-associated renal failure (149; 32%), HRS (60; 13%), and parenchymal nephropathy (41; 9%). The remaining patients had a combination of causes or miscellaneous conditions. Prognosis was markedly different according to cause of renal failure, 3-month probability of survival being 73% for parenchymal nephropathy, 46% for hypovolemia-associated renal failure, 31% for renal failure associated with infections, and 15% for HRS (P < .0005). In a multivariate analysis adjusted for potentially confounding variables, cause of renal failure was independently associated with prognosis, together with MELD score, serum sodium, and hepatic encephalopathy at time of diagnosis of renal failure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A simple classification of patients with cirrhosis according to cause of renal failure is useful in assessment of prognosis and may help in decision making in liver transplantation.
authors.affiliation: Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Martín-Llahí
authors.forename: Mónica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Guevara
authors.forename: Aldo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Torre
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fagundes
authors.forename: Tea
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Restuccia
authors.forename: Rosa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gilabert
authors.forename: Elsa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Solá
authors.forename: Gustavo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.forename: Marcella
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marinelli
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pavesi
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fernández
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rodés
authors.forename: Vicente
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Arroyo
authors.forename: Pere
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ginès
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000150:complications; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006530:Hepatorenal Syndrome / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000601:surgery; D016031:Liver Transplantation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D051437:Renal Insufficiency / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality; D012964:Sodium / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D012964:Sodium; D003404:Creatinine