title: Apoptosis-inducing factor deficiency sensitizes dopaminergic neurons to parkinsonian neurotoxins.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Mitochondrial complex I deficits have long been associated with Parkinson disease (PD). However, it remains unknown whether such defects represent a primary event in dopaminergic neurodegeneration.
  
  
  METHODS
  Apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) is a mitochondrial protein that, independently of its proapoptotic properties, plays an essential physiologic role in maintaining a fully functional complex I. We used AIF-deficient harlequin (Hq) mice, which exhibit structural deficits in assembled complex I, to determine whether primary complex I defects linked to AIF depletion may cause dopaminergic neurodegeneration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Despite marked reductions in mitochondrial complex I protein levels, Hq mice did not display apparent alterations in the dopaminergic nigrostriatal system. However, these animals were much more susceptible to exogenous parkinsonian complex I inhibitors, such as 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). Subtoxic doses of MPTP, unable to cause damage to wild-type animals, produced marked nigrostriatal dopaminergic degeneration in Hq mice. This effect was associated with exacerbated complex I inhibition and increased production of mitochondrial-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) in Hq brain mitochondria. The antioxidant superoxide dismutase-mimetic compound tempol was able to reverse the increased susceptibility of Hq mice to MPTP. Supporting an instrumental role for mitochondrial-derived ROS in PD-related neurodegeneration, transgenic mice overexpressing mitochondrially targeted catalase exhibited an attenuation of MPTP-induced mitochondrial ROS and dopaminergic cell death.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Structural complex I alterations linked to AIF deficiency do not cause dopaminergic neurodegeneration but increase the susceptibility of dopaminergic neurons to exogenous parkinsonian neurotoxins, reinforcing the concept that genetic and environmental factors may interact in a common molecular pathway to trigger PD.
authors.affiliation: Vall d'Hebron Research Institute and Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Celine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Perier
authors.forename: Jordi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bové
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dehay
authors.forename: Vernice
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Jackson-Lewis
authors.forename: Peter S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Rabinovitch
authors.forename: Serge
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Przedborski
authors.forename: Miquel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vila
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D051033:Apoptosis Inducing Factor / Q000172:deficiency*; D004298:Dopamine / Q000502:physiology*; D042967:Electron Transport Complex I / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D028361:Mitochondrial Diseases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D009498:Neurotoxins / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D020734:Parkinsonian Disorders / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D013378:Substantia Nigra / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D051033:Apoptosis Inducing Factor; D009498:Neurotoxins; C494830:AIFM1 protein, mouse; D042967:Electron Transport Complex I; D004298:Dopamine