title: Fungi associated with the hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae, and assessment of entomopathogenic isolates for management.
abstract: Fungi associated with the hemlock wooly adelgid, Adelges tsugae Annand (Hemiptera: Adelgidae), were collected throughout the eastern USA and southern China. Twenty fungal genera were identified, as were 79 entomopathogenic isolates, including: Lecanicillium lecanii (Zimmermann) (Hypocreales: Insertae sedis), Isaria farinosa (Holm: Fries.) (Cordycipitaceae), Beauveria bassiana (Balasamo) (Hyphomycetes), and Fusarium spp (Nectriaceae). The remaining fungal genera associated with insect cadavers were similar for both the USA and China collections, although the abundance of Acremonium (Hypocreaceae) was greater in China. The entomopathogenic isolates were assayed for efficacy against Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Homoptera: Aphididae) and yielded mortality ranging from 3 to 92%. Ten isolates demonstrating the highest efficacy were further assessed for efficacy against field-collected A. tsugae under laboratory conditions. Overall, two B. bassiana, one L. lecanii, and a strain of Metarhizium anisopliae (Metchnikoff) (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae), demonstrated significantly higher efficacy against A. tsugae than the others. Isolates were further evaluated for conidial production, germination rate and colony growth at four temperatures representative of field conditions. All isolates were determined to be mesophiles with optimal temperature between 25-30 degrees C. In general, conidial production increased with temperature, though two I. farinosa produced significantly more conidia at cooler temperatures. When efficacy values were compared with conidial production and temperature tolerances, Agricultural Research Service Collection of Entomopathogenic Fungi (ARSEF) 1080, 5170, and 5798 had characteristics comparable to the industrial B. bassiana strain GHA.
authors.affiliation: Entomology Research Laboratory, Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405-0105, USA. wrreid@hotmail.com
authors.forename: W R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Reid
authors.forename: B L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Parker
authors.forename: S Y
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Gouli
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Skinner
authors.forename: V V
authors.initials: VV
authors.lastname: Gouli
authors.forename: H B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Teillon
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001042:Aphids / Q000382:microbiology*; D001681:Biological Assay; D002681:China; D005658:Fungi / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity* / Q000502:physiology*; D010572:Pest Control, Biological / Q000379:methods*; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014481:United States