title: Secondary infection with Streptococcus suis serotype 7 increases the virulence of highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in pigs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and Streptococcus suis are common pathogens in pigs. In samples collected during the porcine high fever syndrome (PHFS) outbreak in many parts of China, PRRSV and S. suis serotype 7 (SS7) have always been isolated together. To determine whether PRRSV-SS7 coinfection was the cause of the PHFS outbreak, we evaluated the pathogenicity of PRRSV and/or SS7 in a pig model of single and mixed infection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Respiratory disease, diarrhea, and anorexia were observed in all infected pigs. Signs of central nervous system (CNS) disease were observed in the highly pathogenic PRRSV (HP-PRRSV)-infected pigs (4/12) and the coinfected pigs (8/10); however, the symptoms of the coinfected pigs were clearly more severe than those of the HP-PRRSV-infected pigs. The mortality rate was significantly higher in the coinfected pigs (8/10) than in the HP-PRRSV- (2/12) and SS7-infected pigs (0/10). The deceased pigs of the coinfected group had symptoms typical of PHFS, such as high fever, anorexia, and red coloration of the ears and the body. The isolation rates of HP-PRRSV and SS7 were higher and the lesion severity was greater in the coinfected pigs than in monoinfected pigs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HP-PRRSV infection increased susceptibility to SS7 infection, and coinfection of HP-PRRSV with SS7 significantly increased the pathogenicity of SS7 to pigs.
authors.affiliation: Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Harbin, China.
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Shujie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Linxi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Liancheng
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lei
authors.forename: Yonggang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Wenda
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: Jiabin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Liqin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Fulong
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rong
authors.forename: Mingming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Guangli
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Hua
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Xiang
authors.forename: Xuehui
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Cai
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015373:Bacterial Typing Techniques; D002681:China; D019318:Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000821:virology; D019316:Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D012703:Serotyping; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013290:Streptococcal Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000662:veterinary*; D017011:Streptococcus suis / Q000145:classification / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D013552:Swine; D013553:Swine Diseases / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology*; D014774:Virulence