title: Epigenotype-phenotype correlations in Silver-Russell syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Silver-Russell syndrome (SRS) is characterised by intrauterine growth restriction, poor postnatal growth, relative macrocephaly, triangular face and asymmetry. Maternal uniparental disomy (mUPD) of chromosome 7 and hypomethylation of the imprinting control region (ICR) 1 on chromosome 11p15 are found in 5-10% and up to 60% of patients with SRS, respectively. As many features are non-specific, diagnosis of SRS remains difficult. Studies of patients in whom the molecular diagnosis is confirmed therefore provide valuable clinical information on the condition.
  
  
  METHODS
  A detailed, prospective study of 64 patients with mUPD7 (n=20) or ICR1 hypomethylation (n=44) was undertaken.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The considerable overlap in clinical phenotype makes it difficult to distinguish these two molecular subgroups reliably. ICR1 hypomethylation was more likely to be scored as 'classical' SRS. Asymmetry, fifth finger clinodactyly and congenital anomalies were more commonly seen with ICR1 hypomethylation, whereas learning difficulties and referral for speech therapy were more likely with mUPD7. Myoclonus-dystonia has been reported previously in one mUPD7 patient. The authors report mild movement disorders in three further cases. No correlation was found between clinical severity and level of ICR1 hypomethylation. Use of assisted reproductive technology in association with ICR1 hypomethylation seems increased compared with the general population. ICR1 hypomethylation was also observed in affected siblings, although recurrence risk remains low in the majority of cases. Overall, a wide range of severity was observed, particularly with ICR1 hypomethylation. A low threshold for investigation of patients with features suggestive, but not typical, of SRS is therefore recommended.
authors.affiliation: North West Thames Regional Genetic Service, Kennedy-Galton Centre, Level 8V, North West London Hospitals NHS Trust, Watford Rd, Harrow, Middlesex HA1 3UJ, UK. e.wakeling@imperial.ac.uk
authors.forename: E L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Wakeling
authors.forename: S Abu
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Amero
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alders
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bliek
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Forsythe
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: MacDonald
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Mackay
authors.forename: E R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Maher
authors.forename: G E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Poole
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Price
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tangeraas
authors.forename: C L S
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Van Haelst
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Willoughby
authors.forename: I K
authors.initials: IK
authors.lastname: Temple
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Cobben
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002880:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11 / Q000235:genetics; D002897:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 7 / Q000235:genetics; D019175:DNA Methylation; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic; D005260:Female; D056726:Genetic Association Studies / Q000379:methods*; D018392:Genomic Imprinting; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D024642:Potassium Channels, Voltage-Gated / Q000235:genetics; D011446:Prospective Studies; D062085:RNA, Long Noncoding; D022661:RNA, Untranslated / Q000235:genetics; D056730:Silver-Russell Syndrome / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D024182:Uniparental Disomy; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: C094335:H19 long non-coding RNA; C485621:KCNQ1OT1 long non-coding RNA, human; D024642:Potassium Channels, Voltage-Gated; D062085:RNA, Long Noncoding; D022661:RNA, Untranslated