title: Musculoskeletal findings of Loeys-Dietz syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Loeys-Dietz syndrome is a recently recognized multisystemic disorder caused by mutations in the genes encoding the transforming growth factor-beta receptor. It is characterized by aggressive aneurysm formation and vascular tortuosity. We report the musculoskeletal demographic, clinical, and imaging findings of this syndrome to aid in its diagnosis and treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively analyzed the demographic, clinical, and imaging data of sixty-five patients with Loeys-Dietz syndrome seen at one institution from May 2007 through December 2008.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The patients had a mean age of twenty-one years, and thirty-six of the sixty-five patients were less than eighteen years old. Previous diagnoses for these patients included Marfan syndrome (sixteen patients) and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (two patients). Spinal and foot abnormalities were the most clinically important skeletal findings. Eleven patients had talipes equinovarus, and nineteen patients had cervical anomalies and instability. Thirty patients had scoliosis (mean Cobb angle [and standard deviation], 30 degrees +/- 18 degrees ). Two patients had spondylolisthesis, and twenty-two of thirty-three who had computed tomography scans had dural ectasia. Thirty-five patients had pectus excavatum, and eight had pectus carinatum. Combined thumb and wrist signs were present in approximately one-fourth of the patients. Acetabular protrusion was present in approximately one-third of the patients and was usually mild. Fourteen patients had previous orthopaedic procedures, including scoliosis surgery, cervical stabilization, clubfoot correction, and hip arthroplasty. Features of Loeys-Dietz syndrome that are important clues to aid in making this diagnosis include bifid broad uvulas, hypertelorism, substantial joint laxity, and translucent skin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with Loeys-Dietz syndrome commonly present to the orthopaedic surgeon with cervical malformations, spinal and foot deformities, and findings in the craniofacial and cutaneous systems.
  
  
  METHODS
  Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions to Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, 4940 Eastern Avenue, Baltimore, MD 21224-2780, USA.
authors.forename: Gurkan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Erkula
authors.forename: Paul D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Sponseller
authors.forename: Laura C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Paulsen
authors.forename: Gretchen L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Oswald
authors.forename: Bart L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Loeys
authors.forename: Harry C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Dietz
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D055947:Loeys-Dietz Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D009141:Musculoskeletal System / Q000473:pathology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult