title: Effect of changes in season and temperature on mortality associated with air pollution in Seoul, Korea.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Global warming has increased concern about the synergistic or interactive effects of temperature and air pollution on human health. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of changes in season and temperature on mortality associated with air pollution in Seoul, Korea, from June 1999 to December 2007.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used Poisson regression models with natural cubic splines. The effect of modifications was explored with two models: a time-varying coefficient model and a temperature-stratified model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the summer season with high temperatures, we observed a considerable increase in the association between mortality and air pollution. The elevated risk was pronounced particularly in the effect of SO₂, and the increase of RR on non-accidental mortality was 0.83% (95% CI 0.42 to 1.25) at high temperatures (≥ 26.2°C) whereas the overall estimate was 0.21% (95% CI 0.07 to 0.36) per 0.5 ppb increment of SO₂. Those aged 65 y and over generally showed a higher risk of mortality. At extremely high temperature, the age group 85 y and older was especially vulnerable to air pollution. In a two-pollutant model, the significant effect of SO₂ at high temperatures (≥ 26.2°C) was not confounded by adjusting for other pollutants and the effect of CO at temperatures of 19.1-26.2°C remained largely unchanged by adjusting for other pollutants. The dominant adverse effect of SO₂ at high temperatures might be explained by an increase in concentration of sulfates by enhanced photochemical reaction, whereas at milder temperatures without vigorous photochemical activity the effect of CO may predominate in increasing mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Season and temperature strongly modified the adverse effect of air pollution, which implicates that an increase in the number of hot summer days by global warming may alter the health effects of air pollution.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ae Kyung
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Yun Chul
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: Ho
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*; D002423:Cause of Death; D006358:Hot Temperature / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D009026:Mortality / Q000639:trends*; D016012:Poisson Distribution; D056910:Republic of Korea / Q000453:epidemiology; D014505:Urban Population