title: Development of a new dispenser for microbiological control agents and evaluation of dissemination by bumblebees in greenhouse strawberries.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To date, in modern agriculture, biological control strategies are increasingly becoming the preferred pest management approach. However, the success of microbiological control agents (MCAs) largely depends on efficient dissemination into the crop. The pollinator-and-vector technology employs pollinating insects like bees for a better dissemination. In this study, a new dispenser for bumblebee workers of Bombus terrestris L. was developed. Binab-T-vector and Prestop-Mix were used as two typical MCA products for dissemination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In a first series of experiments in the laboratory for optimisation, the newly developed dispenser was a two-way type dispenser, 20 cm long, with two rectangular compartments and different entrance and exit holes. In addition, the amounts of MCA loaded on the workers were 10 times higher with the new dispenser as compared with the side-by-side passageway (SSP) dispenser. Typically, the highest amounts were recovered from the thorax and legs of the workers. In a second series of experiments under greenhouse conditions with the use of queen-right B. terrestris hives, successful dissemination in strawberry flowers was obtained at different distances from the hive (0-8 m, 8-18 m and 18-21 m), and the workers inoculated the first, second and third flowers that were consecutively visited. In addition, the new dispenser caused no adverse effects on worker foraging intensity, whereas a dramatic reduction was scored with an SSP dispenser. Finally, the data suggested that it is necessary to refill the newly developed dispenser at 3 day intervals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results demonstrated that, with the use of the newly developed dispenser, bumblebee workers carried high amounts of MCA, and this resulted in a successful dissemination of MCA into strawberry flowers.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cellular Genetics, Department of Biology, Free University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium. veerle.mommaerts@vub.ac.be
authors.forename: Veerle
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mommaerts
authors.forename: Kurt
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Put
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vandeven
authors.forename: Kris
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jans
authors.forename: Guido
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sterk
authors.forename: Lucien
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
authors.forename: Guy
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Smagghe
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001516:Bees; D031985:Fragaria / Q000382:microbiology*; D020462:Gliocladium; D035901:Hypocrea; D010572:Pest Control, Biological / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D054817:Pollination; D014242:Trichoderma
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents