title: Unexpected consequences of administering bacteriocinogenic probiotic strains for Salmonella populations, revealed by an in vitro colonic model of the child gut.
abstract: New biological strategies for the treatment of Salmonella infection are needed in response to the increase in antibiotic-resistant strains. Escherichia coli L1000 and Bifidobacterium thermophilum RBL67 were previously shown to produce antimicrobial proteinaceous compounds (microcin B17 and thermophilicin B67, respectively) active in vitro against a panel of Salmonella strains recently isolated from clinical cases in Switzerland. In this study, two three-stage intestinal continuous fermentation models of Salmonella colonization inoculated with immobilized faeces of a two-year-old child were implemented to study the effects of the two bacteriocinogenic strains compared with a bacteriocin-negative mutant of strain L1000 on Salmonella growth, as well as gut microbiota composition and metabolic activity. Immobilized E. coli L1000 added to the proximal colon reactor showed a low colonization, and developed preferentially in the distal colon reactor independent of the presence of genetic determinants for microcin B17 production. Surprisingly, E. coli L1000 addition strongly stimulated Salmonella growth in all three reactors. In contrast, B. thermophilum RBL67 added in a second phase stabilized at high levels in all reactors, but could not inhibit Salmonella already present at a high level (>10(7) c.f.u. ml(-1)) when the probiotic was added. Inulin added at the end of fermentation induced a strong bifidogenic effect in all three colon reactors and a significant increase of Salmonella counts in the distal colon reactor. Our data show that under the simulated child colonic conditions, the microcin B17 production phenotype does not correlate with inhibition of Salmonella but leads to a better colonization of E. coli L1000 in the distal colon reactor. We conclude that in vitro models with complex and complete gut microbiota are required to accurately assess the potential and efficacy of probiotics with respect to Salmonella colonization in the gut.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Annina
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zihler
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Mélanie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gagnon
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chassard
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hegland
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Marc J A
authors.initials: MJA
authors.lastname: Stevens
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, University Children's Hospital, Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Christian P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Braegger
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lacroix
mesh_terms: D001430:Bacteriocins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D001644:Bifidobacterium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D019149:Bioreactors; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003106:Colon / Q000382:microbiology*; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D003470:Culture Media; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D005285:Fermentation; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007444:Inulin / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D054892:Metagenome; D008954:Models, Biological; D056692:Prebiotics; D019936:Probiotics; D012480:Salmonella Infections / Q000382:microbiology*; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000254:growth & development*
chemical_list: D001430:Bacteriocins; D003470:Culture Media; D056692:Prebiotics; C020411:microcin; D007444:Inulin