title: Exposure to oral bisphosphonates and risk of esophageal cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Use of oral bisphosphonates has increased dramatically in the United States and elsewhere. Esophagitis is a known adverse effect of bisphosphonate use, and recent reports suggest a link between bisphosphonate use and esophageal cancer, but this has not been robustly investigated.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the association between bisphosphonate use and esophageal cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were extracted from the UK General Practice Research Database to compare the incidence of esophageal and gastric cancer in a cohort of patients treated with oral bisphosphonates between January 1996 and December 2006 with incidence in a control cohort. Cancers were identified from relevant Read/Oxford Medical Information System codes in the patient's clinical files. Cox proportional hazards modeling was used to calculate hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for risk of esophageal and gastric cancer in bisphosphonate users compared with nonusers, with adjustment for potential confounders.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hazard ratio for the risk of esophageal and gastric cancer in the bisphosphonate users compared with the bisphosphonate nonusers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean follow-up time was 4.5 and 4.4 years in the bisphosphonate and control cohorts, respectively. Excluding patients with less than 6 months' follow-up, there were 41 826 members in each cohort (81% women; mean age, 70.0 (SD, 11.4) years). One hundred sixteen esophageal or gastric cancers (79 esophageal) occurred in the bisphosphonate cohort and 115 (72 esophageal) in the control cohort. The incidence of esophageal and gastric cancer combined was 0.7 per 1000 person-years of risk in both the bisphosphonate and control cohorts; the incidence of esophageal cancer alone in the bisphosphonate and control cohorts was 0.48 and 0.44 per 1000 person-years of risk, respectively. There was no difference in risk of esophageal and gastric cancer combined between the cohorts for any bisphosphonate use (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.96 [95% confidence interval, 0.74-1.25]) or risk of esophageal cancer only (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.07 [95% confidence interval, 0.77-1.49]). There also was no difference in risk of esophageal or gastric cancer by duration of bisphosphonate intake.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among patients in the UK General Practice Research Database, the use of oral bisphosphonates was not significantly associated with incident esophageal or gastric cancer.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Grosvenor Rd, Belfast BT12 6BJ, United Kingdom. c.cardwell@qub.ac.uk
authors.forename: Chris R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Cardwell
authors.forename: Christian C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Abnet
authors.forename: Marie M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Cantwell
authors.forename: Liam J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Murray
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016208:Databases, Factual; D004164:Diphosphonates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000517:prevention & control; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012306:Risk; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D004164:Diphosphonates