title: Pulmonary embolism in patients over 90 years of age.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There is some uncertainty about the management of pulmonary embolism in nonagenarians.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Immobility plays an important role in the pathogenesis of venous thromboembolism in the elderly. Of 858 nonagenarians with acute venous thromboembolism enrolled in Registro Informatizado de la Enfermedad TromboEmbolica venosa registry, 41% had recent immobility and only 7.7% had recent surgery. Comorbidity is common: 19% of patients had chronic heart failure, 9.8% chronic lung disease, 14% cancer, and 63% had abnormal creatinine levels. Most (92%) of the patients were initially treated with low-molecular-weight heparin and then 46% switched to antivitamin K drugs. During follow-up, the proportion of patients who developed recurrent venous thromboembolism (4.9%) or major bleeding complications (6.2%) was similar, but the 5.9% of fatal pulmonary embolisms by far exceeded the 2.2% of fatal bleeding events. The most common clinical symptoms are isolated dyspnea and syncope, and presentation as pulmonary infarction (with hemoptysis and pleuritic chest pain) is rare.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In patients aged at least 90 years presenting with acute pulmonary embolism, the incidence of fatal pulmonary embolism by far outweighs the incidence of fatal bleeding, and pulmonary embolism is the most common cause of death. Thus, there seems to be more reason to be concerned about fatal pulmonary embolism than about bleeding in elderly patients presenting with pulmonary embolism.
authors.affiliation: Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain. mmonreal.germanstrias@gencat.cat
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Monreal
authors.forename: Luciano
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: López-Jiménez
mesh_terms: D015110:4-Hydroxycoumarins / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000367:Age Factors; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000453:epidemiology; D006495:Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007192:Indenes / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D011655:Pulmonary Embolism / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D013030:Spain; D014812:Vitamin K / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D015110:4-Hydroxycoumarins; D000925:Anticoagulants; D006495:Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight; D007192:Indenes; C011664:antivitamins K; D014812:Vitamin K