title: Genome-wide linkage using the Social Responsiveness Scale in Utah autism pedigrees.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) are phenotypically heterogeneous, characterized by impairments in the development of communication and social behaviour and the presence of repetitive behaviour and restricted interests. Dissecting the genetic complexity of ASD may require phenotypic data reflecting more detail than is offered by a categorical clinical diagnosis. Such data are available from the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) which is a continuous, quantitative measure of social ability giving scores that range from significant impairment to above average ability.
  
  
  METHODS
  We present genome-wide results for 64 multiplex and extended families ranging from two to nine generations. SRS scores were available from 518 genotyped pedigree subjects, including affected and unaffected relatives. Genotypes from the Illumina 6 k single nucleotide polymorphism panel were provided by the Center for Inherited Disease Research. Quantitative and qualitative analyses were done using MCLINK, a software package that uses Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods to perform multilocus linkage analysis on large extended pedigrees.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When analysed as a qualitative trait, linkage occurred in the same locations as in our previous affected-only genome scan of these families, with findings on chromosomes 7q31.1-q32.3 [heterogeneity logarithm of the odds (HLOD) = 2.91], 15q13.3 (HLOD = 3.64), and 13q12.3 (HLOD = 2.23). Additional positive qualitative results were seen on chromosomes 6 and 10 in regions that may be of interest for other neuropsychiatric disorders. When analysed as a quantitative trait, results replicated a peak found in an independent sample using quantitative SRS scores on chromosome 11p15.1-p15.4 (HLOD = 2.77). Additional positive quantitative results were seen on chromosomes 7, 9, and 19.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The SRS linkage peaks reported here substantially overlap with peaks found in our previous affected-only genome scan of clinical diagnosis. In addition, we replicated a previous SRS peak in an independent sample. These results suggest the SRS is a robust and useful phenotype measure for genetic linkage studies of ASD. Finally, analyses of SRS scores revealed linkage peaks overlapping with evidence from other studies of neuropsychiatric diseases. The information available from the SRS itself may, therefore, reveal locations for autism susceptibility genes that would not otherwise be detected.
authors.affiliation: Utah Autism Research Project, Department of Psychiatry and Division of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Utah, 650 Komas Drive, Suite 206, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA. hilary.coon@hsc.utah.edu.
authors.forename: Hilary
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Coon
authors.forename: Michele E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Villalobos
authors.forename: Reid J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Robison
authors.forename: Nicola J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Camp
authors.forename: Dale S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Cannon
authors.forename: Kristina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Allen-Brady
authors.forename: Judith S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: William M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: McMahon