Detection of honey adulteration by sugar syrups using one-dimensional and two-dimensional high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance.
The importance of honey adulteration detection has recently increased owing to the limited production levels in recent years and the relative high price of honey; therefore, this illegal practice has become more and more attractive to producers. Hence, the need has arisen for more effective analytical methods aiming at detecting honey adulteration. The present research presents an effective method to detect adulteration in honey falsified by intentional addition of different concentrations of commercial sugar syrups, using one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) coupled with multivariate statistical analysis. Sixty-three authentic and 63 adulterated honey samples were analyzed. To prepare adulterated honeys, seven different sugar syrups normally used for nutrition of bees were used. The best discriminant model was obtained by 1D spectra, and leave-one-out cross-validation showed a predictive capacity of 95.2%. 2D NMR also furnished acceptable results (cross-validation correct classification 90.5%), although the (1)H NMR sequence is preferable because it is the simplest and fastest NMR technique.
Bertelli
Davide
D
Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 183, 41100 Modena, Italy. davide.bertelli@unimore.it
Lolli
Massimo
M
Papotti
Giulia
G
Bortolotti
Laura
L
Serra
Giorgia
G
Plessi
Maria
M
D000818:Animals; D001516:Bees; D002241:Carbohydrates / Q000032:analysis; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis; D006722:Honey / Q000032:analysis*; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D011786:Quality Control
D002241:Carbohydrates