title: Hypomethylation of the IGF2 DMR in colorectal tumors, detected by bisulfite pyrosequencing, is associated with poor prognosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) gene is normally imprinted. Constitutive loss of imprinting (LOI) of IGF2 has been associated with increased risks of colon cancer and adenoma, indicating its role in carcinogenesis. The conventional LOI assay relies on a germline polymorphism to distinguish between 2 allelic expression patterns but results in many uninformative cases. IGF2 LOI correlates with hypomethylation at the differentially methylated region (DMR)-0. An assay for methylation of the DMR0 could overcome the limitations of the conventional IGF2 LOI assay.
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured methylation at the IGF2 DMR0 using a bisulfite-pyrosequencing assay with 1178 paraffin-embedded colorectal cancer tissue samples from 2 prospective cohort studies. A Cox proportional hazard model was used to calculate mortality hazard ratio (HR); calculations were adjusted for microsatellite instability; the CpG island methylator phenotype; LINE-1 methylation; and KRAS, BRAF, and PIK3CA mutations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Methylation at the IGF2 DMR0 was successfully measured in 1105 (94%) of 1178 samples. Colorectal tumors had significantly less methylation at the DMR0 compared with matched, normal colonic mucosa (P < .0001; N = 51). Among 1033 patients eligible for survival analysis, hypomethylation of the IGF2 DMR0 was significantly associated with higher overall mortality (log-rank P = .0006; univariate HR, 1.41; 95% confidence interval, 1.16-1.71; P = .0006; multivariate HR, 1.33; 95% confidence interval, 1.08-1.63; P = .0066).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A bisulfite-pyrosequencing assay to measure methylation of the IGF2 DMR0 is robust and applicable to paraffin-embedded tissue. IGF2 DMR0 hypomethylation in colorectal tumor samples is associated with shorter survival time, so it might be developed as a prognostic biomarker.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Yoshifumi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Baba
authors.forename: Katsuhiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nosho
authors.forename: Kaori
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shima
authors.forename: Curtis
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Huttenhower
authors.forename: Noriko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: Aditi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hazra
authors.forename: Edward L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Giovannucci
authors.forename: Charles S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Fuchs
authors.forename: Shuji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ogino
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000235:genetics*; D001706:Biopsy; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology; D018899:CpG Islands / Q000502:physiology; D019175:DNA Methylation / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D018392:Genomic Imprinting / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007335:Insulin-Like Growth Factor II / Q000235:genetics*; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016612:Paraffin Embedding; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012307:Risk Factors; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA / Q000379:methods; D013447:Sulfites
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; C035170:IGF2 protein, human; D013447:Sulfites; D007335:Insulin-Like Growth Factor II; C042345:hydrogen sulfite