title: Voluntary stepping behavior under single- and dual-task conditions in chronic stroke survivors: A comparison between the involved and uninvolved legs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  If balance is lost, quick step execution can prevent falls. Research has shown that speed of voluntary stepping was able to predict future falls in old adults. The aim of the study was to investigate voluntary stepping behavior, as well as to compare timing and leg push-off force-time relation parameters of involved and uninvolved legs in stroke survivors during single- and dual-task conditions. We also aimed to compare timing and leg push-off force-time relation parameters between stroke survivors and healthy individuals in both task conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten stroke survivors performed a voluntary step execution test with their involved and uninvolved legs under two conditions: while focusing only on the stepping task and while a separate attention-demanding task was performed simultaneously. Temporal parameters related to the step time were measured including the duration of the step initiation phase, the preparatory phase, the swing phase, and the total step time. In addition, force-time parameters representing the push-off power during stepping were calculated from ground reaction data and compared with 10 healthy controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The involved legs of stroke survivors had a significantly slower stepping time than uninvolved legs due to increased swing phase duration during both single- and dual-task conditions. For dual compared to single task, the stepping time increased significantly due to a significant increase in the duration of step initiation. In general, the force time parameters were significantly different in both legs of stroke survivors as compared to healthy controls, with no significant effect of dual compared with single-task conditions in both groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The inability of stroke survivors to swing the involved leg quickly may be the most significant factor contributing to the large number of falls to the paretic side. The results suggest that stroke survivors were unable to rapidly produce muscle force in fast actions. This may be the mechanism of delayed execution of a fast step when balance is lost, thus increasing the likelihood of falls in stroke survivors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, Schwartz Rehabilitation and Movement Analysis Laboratory, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel. itzikm@bgu.ac.il
authors.forename: Itshak
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Melzer
authors.forename: Melissa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Goldring
authors.forename: Yehudit
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Melzer
authors.forename: Elad
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: Irit
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Tzedek
mesh_terms: D000058:Accidental Falls / Q000517:prevention & control; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007866:Leg / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D004856:Postural Balance / Q000502:physiology*; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D020521:Stroke / Q000503:physiopathology*