title: Regeneration of the articular surface of the rabbit synovial joint by cell homing: a proof of concept study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A common approach for tissue regeneration is cell delivery, for example by direct transplantation of stem or progenitor cells. An alternative, by recruitment of endogenous cells, needs experimental evidence. We tested the hypothesis that the articular surface of the synovial joint can regenerate with a biological cue spatially embedded in an anatomically correct bioscaffold.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this proof of concept study, the surface morphology of a rabbit proximal humeral joint was captured with laser scanning and reconstructed by computer-aided design. We fabricated an anatomically correct bioscaffold using a composite of poly-epsilon-caprolactone and hydroxyapatite. The entire articular surface of unilateral proximal humeral condyles of skeletally mature rabbits was surgically excised and replaced with bioscaffolds spatially infused with transforming growth factor beta3 (TGFbeta3)-adsorbed or TGFbeta3-free collagen hydrogel. Locomotion and weightbearing were assessed 1-2, 3-4, and 5-8 weeks after surgery. At 4 months, regenerated cartilage samples were retrieved from in vivo and assessed for surface fissure, thickness, density, chondrocyte numbers, collagen type II and aggrecan, and mechanical properties.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ten rabbits received TGFbeta3-infused bioscaffolds, ten received TGFbeta3-free bioscaffolds, and three rabbits underwent humeral-head excision without bioscaffold replacement. All animals in the TGFbeta3-delivery group fully resumed weightbearing and locomotion 3-4 weeks after surgery, more consistently than those in the TGFbeta3-free group. Defect-only rabbits limped at all times. 4 months after surgery, TGFbeta3-infused bioscaffolds were fully covered with hyaline cartilage in the articular surface. TGFbeta3-free bioscaffolds had only isolated cartilage formation, and no cartilage formation occurred in defect-only rabbits. TGFbeta3 delivery yielded uniformly distributed chondrocytes in a matrix with collagen type II and aggrecan and had significantly greater thickness (p=0.044) and density (p<0.0001) than did cartilage formed without TGFbeta3. Compressive and shear properties of TGFbeta3-mediated articular cartilage did not differ from those of native articular cartilage, and were significantly greater than those of cartilage formed without TGFbeta3. Regenerated cartilage was avascular and integrated with regenerated subchondral bone that had well defined blood vessels. TGFbeta3 delivery recruited roughly 130% more cells in the regenerated articular cartilage than did spontaneous cell migration without TGFbeta3.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that the entire articular surface of the synovial joint can regenerate without cell transplantation. Regeneration of complex tissues is probable by homing of endogenous cells, as exemplified by stratified avascular cartilage and vascularised bone. Whether cell homing acts as an adjunctive or alternative approach of cell delivery for regeneration of tissues with different organisational complexity warrants further investigation.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  New York State Stem Cell Science; US National Institutes of Health.
authors.affiliation: Columbia University Medical Center, Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, New York, NY 10032, USA.
authors.forename: Chang H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: James L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: Avital
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mendelson
authors.forename: Eduardo K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Moioli
authors.forename: Hai
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.forename: Jeremy J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Mao
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001861:Bone Regeneration; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000502:physiology*; D002465:Cell Movement; D011817:Rabbits; D012038:Regeneration; D012785:Shoulder Joint; D023822:Tissue Engineering; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds; D053782:Transforming Growth Factor beta3 / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D053782:Transforming Growth Factor beta3