title: Validation of a urine test and characterization of the putative genetic mutation for hyperuricosuria in Bulldogs and Black Russian Terriers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether hyperuricosuria was a predisposing factor for urate urolithiasis in Bulldogs and Black Russian Terriers (BRTs) and to estimate the allele frequency of the Cys181Phe genetic mutation in urate transporter SLC2A9 in these breeds.
  
  
  METHODS
  192 Bulldogs, 101 BRTs, 10 Dalmatians, and 9 dogs of other breeds.
  
  
  METHODS
  Uric acid (UA) and creatinine (Cr) concentrations were quantified in urine samples collected from all dogs via midstream catch during natural voiding. Buccal swab or blood samples were also obtained, and DNA was extracted and used to genotype SLC2A9 sequence variants by use of pyrosequencing assays. A urine test for hyperuricosuria was validated in adult dogs by comparing urinary UA:Cr ratios between known hyperuricosuric and nonhyperuricosuric dogs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significantly higher UA:Cr ratios were found in some Bulldogs and BRTs, compared with ratios in other dogs from these breeds. These dogs were also homozygous for the SLC2A9 Cys181Phe mutation. The allele frequency of the Cys181Phe mutation was 0.16 in Bulldogs and 0.51 in BRTs. On the basis of these allele frequencies, 3% of the Bulldog population and 27% of the BRT population were estimated to be hyperuricosuric.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results suggested the genetic mutation associated with hyperuricosuria, first identified in Dalmatians, also appears to cause hyperuricosuria in Bulldogs and BRTs, indicating that similar management strategies for urate urolithiasis can be used in these breeds. The allele frequency of the mutation was high in both breeds, and DNA testing can be used to select against the mutation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
authors.forename: Nili
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Karmi
authors.forename: Noa
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Safra
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: Danika L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Bannasch
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003404:Creatinine / Q000652:urine; D004247:DNA / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000235:genetics / Q000652:urine*; D004285:Dogs / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics; D005787:Gene Frequency; D006580:Genetic Carrier Screening; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000453:epidemiology; D005838:Genotype; D033461:Hyperuricemia / Q000235:genetics / Q000652:urine*; D015994:Incidence; D013045:Species Specificity; D014527:Uric Acid / Q000652:urine; D014545:Urinary Calculi / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000662:veterinary
chemical_list: D014527:Uric Acid; D004247:DNA; D003404:Creatinine