title: Catechin stimulates osteogenesis by enhancing PP2A activity in human mesenchymal stem cells.
abstract: CONCLUSIONS
  Using human mesenchymal stem cells, we identified catechin from a panel of herbal ingredients and Chinese traditional compounds with the strongest osteogenic effects. Catechin increased alkaline phosphatase activity, calcium deposition, and mRNA expression of Runx2 and osteocalcin. We further clarified the signaling pathway that catechin mediated to stimulate osteogenesis.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs), useful as a species specific cell culture system for studying cell lineage differentiation, were examined as a tool to identify novel herbal ingredients and Chinese traditional compounds for enhancing osteogenesis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Immortalized and primary hMSCs were induced in osteogenic induction medium in the presence of a variety of herbal ingredients and Chinese traditional compounds and osteogenic differentiation was evaluated by histochemical assays and quantitative RT-PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using immortalized hMSCs, we first identified catechin, 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid, baishao, and danggui with osteogenic properties, which enhanced calcium deposition at the dose without significant cytotoxic effects. Primary hMSCs were then applied for confirming the osteogenic effects of catechin, which increased alkaline phosphatase activity, calcium deposition, and mRNA expression of Runx2 and osteocalcin. We further found the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway was downregulated upon stimulation with catechin. Catechin increased the level and activity of protein phosphatases 2A (PP2A) that dephosphorylates ERK kinase (MEK) and ERK. Further, PP2A inhibitor, okadaic acid, abolished the effect of catechin-mediated inactivation of ERK and stimulation of osteogenesis. The blocking effect of okadaic acid on osteogenesis was further reversed by PD98059, a specific inhibitor of MEK. Co-immunoprecipitation revealed the association of PP2A to both MEK and ERK.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These studies propose catechin enhanced osteogenesis by increasing the PP2A level that inhibits the MEK and ERK signaling in hMSCs. These results prove the concept of using hMSCs as a convenient tool for rapid and consistent screening of the osteogenic herbal ingredients and traditional Chinese compounds.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics, Institute of Traditional Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, 155, Sec 2, Li-Nong Street, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Y J
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Y T
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: C W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Chi
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: T H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Hung
mesh_terms: D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000378:metabolism; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D002392:Catechin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D018914:Cells, Immobilized; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical / Q000379:methods; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal / Q000494:pharmacology; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006801:Humans; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D054648:Protein Phosphatase 2 / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal; D002392:Catechin; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase; D054648:Protein Phosphatase 2; D002118:Calcium