title: Full spectrum of psychiatric outcomes among offspring with parental history of mental disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  While concordant parent/offspring risks for specific mental disorders are well established, knowledge of the broader range of psychiatric outcomes among offspring with parental history of mental disorder is lacking.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the full range of mental health outcomes among offspring of parents with serious and other mental disorders compared with those whose parents had no such history.
  
  
  METHODS
  Population-based cohort study. Offspring were followed up from their 14th birthday for the development of mental disorders based on both outpatient and inpatient hospital data.
  
  
  METHODS
  Danish population.
  
  
  METHODS
  All offspring born in Denmark between 1980 and 1994 (N = 865 078) with follow-up to December 2008.
  
  
  METHODS
  Incidence rates, incidence rate ratios, and cumulative incidences for offspring psychiatric outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Parental serious mental disorder (SMD) (nonaffective or affective psychosis) was found to be positively associated with virtually all offspring psychiatric outcomes, including those not hitherto regarded as clinically related. Offspring of parents without SMD but with a history of "other mental disorder" were also found to be at increased risk of developing a range of mental disorders. The strongest associations were found where both parents had a history of mental disorder (eg, offspring of 2 parents with SMD were 13 times more likely to develop schizophrenia). Elevated risks were not confined to concordant parent/offspring disorders (eg, offspring of 2 parents with SMD were 8 times more likely to develop substance misuse disorders).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The impact of parental history of mental disorder was not confined to elevated offspring risk of concordant disorders but rather offspring are at increased risk of a wide range of mental disorders, particularly those with 2 affected parents. Our results imply an important role for etiological factors giving rise to broad, as well as specific, familial vulnerabilities. These findings also have potential implications for diagnostic classification.
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Science, PO 23, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF, England. kimberlie.1.dean@kcl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Kimberlie
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dean
authors.forename: Hanne
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Stevens
authors.forename: Preben B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Mortensen
authors.forename: Robin M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Walsh
authors.forename: Carsten B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Pedersen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D016241:Child of Impaired Parents / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003718:Denmark / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D038801:International Classification of Diseases / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome