title: Repositioning osteotomy for intra-articular malunion of distal radius with radiocarpal and/or distal radioulnar joint subluxation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intra-articular malunion of the distal radius may be complicated with radiocarpal and radioulnar joint subluxation, which may result in joint stiffness and loss of function. Conventional corrective osteotomy emphasizes on the restoration of the articular step-off. However, little information is available concerning the restoration of a concentric functioning joint through osteotomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 2002 to 2007, 12 patients with chronic intra-articular distal radius fractures were evaluated at an average follow-up of 33.6 months after repositioning osteotomy. The average time from initial injury to reconstructive operation was 11.3 months. The indication for osteotomy included dorsal or volar subluxation of the radiocarpal joint, distal radioulnar joint, or both in addition to articular incongruity. A preoperative computed tomography scan or rapid prototyping (RP) models were performed as part of the surgical planning. Operation was preceded by volar, dorsal, or both approaches. Repositioning osteotomy and internal fixation were also performed. Radiographic analysis and the Disability of Arm, Shoulder and Hand score were used for the outcome assessment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All osteotomy sites healed and all events of radiocarpal and radioulnar subluxation were corrected. The average correction was 13.8 degrees (palmar tilt of the radius) and 1.9 mm in ulnar variance. The mean Disability of Arm, Shoulder and Hand score improved from 64 to 18.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Conventional corrective osteotomy via an extra-articular approach was favorably performed to correct an extra-articular malalignment or nascent intra-articular malunion. Problems of abnormal architecture after an intra-articular fracture of the radius are complicated with subluxation of carpus or distal radioulnar joint, which require repositioning via precise articular approach. Both reconstructed computed tomography images and rapid prototyping models are very useful tools in preoperative planning for intra-articular osteotomy. Simulated osteotomy and joint repositioning can be performed in solid models before commencement of actual operation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Repositioning osteotomy consistently restores joint alignment and achieves functional improvement either in cases of nascent simple malunion or complex intra-articular malunion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Taiwan, Republic of China.
authors.forename: Ming-Kai
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Hsieh
authors.forename: Alvin Chao-Yu
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Chun-Ying
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Ying-Chao
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Chou
authors.forename: Yi-Sheng
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Kuo-Yau
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Hsu
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005593:Fracture Fixation, Internal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D017102:Fracture Healing / Q000502:physiology; D017759:Fractures, Malunited / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D057072:Intra-Articular Fractures / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D004204:Joint Dislocations / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010027:Osteotomy / Q000379:methods*; D011859:Radiography; D011885:Radius Fractures / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology; D020127:Recovery of Function; D012086:Reoperation / Q000379:methods; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014954:Wrist Injuries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D055815:Young Adult