title: Quantification of Self Pollution from Two Diesel School Buses using Three Independent Methods.
abstract: We monitored two Seattle school buses to quantify the buses' self pollution using the dual tracers (DT), lead vehicle (LV), and chemical mass balance (CMB) methods. Each bus drove along a residential route simulating stops, with windows closed or open. Particulate matter (PM) and its constituents were monitored in the bus and from a LV. We collected source samples from the tailpipe and crankcase emissions using an on-board dilution tunnel. Concentrations of PM(1), ultrafine particle counts, elemental and organic carbon (EC/OC) were higher on the bus than the LV. The DT method estimated that the tailpipe and the crankcase emissions contributed 1.1 and 6.8 mug/m(3) of PM(2.5) inside the bus, respectively, with significantly higher crankcase self pollution (SP) when windows were closed. Approximately two-thirds of in-cabin PM(2.5) originated from background sources. Using the LV approach, SP estimates from the EC and the active personal DataRAM (pDR) measurements correlated well with the DT estimates for tailpipe and crankcase emissions, respectively, although both measurements need further calibration for accurate quantification. CMB results overestimated SP from the DT method but confirmed crankcase emissions as the major SP source. We confirmed buses' SP using three independent methods and quantified crankcase emissions as the dominant contributor.
authors.affiliation: Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: L-J Sally
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Harish C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Phuleria
authors.forename: Whitney
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Webber
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Davey
authors.forename: Douglas R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Lawson
authors.forename: Robert G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Ireson
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zielinska
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Ondov
authors.forename: Christopher S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Weaver
authors.forename: Charles A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Lapin
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Easter
authors.forename: Thomas W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Hesterberg
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Larson