title: Intravitreal injection of exendin-4 analogue protects retinal cells in early diabetic rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the protective effect of intravitreal injection of exendin-4 analogue (E4a) in early diabetic retinopathy (DR) and to explore its possible mechanism.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups: normal (N), diabetic (D), and E4a-treated diabetic rats (E4a). Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin. Rats in the E4a group were treated with E4a (0.1 μg/2μL/eye), whereas the N and D groups were treated with the equivalent volume of normal saline. Electroretinography was performed at 1 month and 3 months after diabetes onset. Thicknesses and cell counts in each layer of the retina were evaluated. The concentration of glutamate was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Expressions of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) and GLAST (excitatory amino acid transporter) were detected at mRNA and protein levels and verified by immunohistochemistry in vitro and in vivo. The rMc-1 cells were cultured under high-glucose medium (25 mM), which mimicked diabetic conditions. Effects of E4a (10 μg/mL) were also tested in the rMc-1 culture system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  E4a prevented the reduction in b-wave amplitude and oscillatory potential amplitude caused by diabetes. It also prevented the cell loss of outer nuclear layer and inner nuclear layer; the thickness and cell count in the outer nuclear layer were decreased in 1-month diabetic rats. The concentration of glutamate in the retina was higher in diabetic rats and was significantly reduced in the E4a-treated group. Consistent with such changes, retinal GLP-1R and GLAST expression were reduced in the diabetic retina but upregulated in E4a-treated rats. No improvement was found in the retina in both functional and morphologic parameters 3 months after treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intravitreal administration of E4a can prevent the retina, functionally and morphologically, from the insults of diabetes in rats. GLP-1R and GLAST were proved to exist in the rat retina, and their lowered expressions in the diabetic retina might be related to retinal damage by increasing the retinal glutamate. E4a might protect the retina by reducing the glutamate level through upregulating GLP-1R and GLAST, as observed in retinal Müller cells in this study, but this protective effect was transient. Thus, this could be a potential approach for the treatment of DR.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Jingfa
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Qingping
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Xia
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Lei
authors.forename: Qing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.forename: Guo-Tong
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Wen
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ye
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002452:Cell Count; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004596:Electroretinography; D027341:Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000077270:Exenatide; D019084:Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D000067757:Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D058449:Intravitreal Injections; D008297:Male; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D010455:Peptides / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D018027:Receptors, Glucagon / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012160:Retina / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D014688:Venoms / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D027341:Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 1; C000593835:Glp1r protein, rat; D000067757:Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D010455:Peptides; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D018027:Receptors, Glucagon; C493392:Slc1a3 protein, rat; D014688:Venoms; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; D000077270:Exenatide