title: Nuclear localization of cationic solid lipid nanoparticles containing Protamine as transfection promoter.
abstract: Protamine has attracted much attention as DNA condenser and nuclear transfer enhancer although the excess of hydrophilicity and the strong DNA pack restrain its potentialities. In order to overcome this limitation, we added Protamine in the composition of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN-Protamine) and we compared this carrier with the same kind of SLN containing Esterquat 1 instead of Protamine (SLN-EQ1). Carriers cytotoxicity was assessed on COS-I cells evaluating the cell cycle by propidium iodide test, while the transfection efficiency was studied using pEGFP as plasmid model. The cell penetrating activity of Protamine inside the lipid vectors was evaluated studying cell internalization by confocal microscopy using Red Nile-labeled carriers. SLN-Protamine:pDNA showed a mean diameter five-times smaller than the size of SLN-EQ1:pDNA and a remarkably lesser cytotoxicity. Transfection by SLN-Protamine:pDNA was seven-times more effective compared with the Protamine:pDNA polyplexes while no transfection capacity was observed for SLN-EQ1:pDNA complexes due to their inability to be internalized owing to their larger dimension. Red Nile-SLN-Protamine were localized in endocytic-like vesicles into the nuclear membrane suggesting the inclusion of Protamine in nano-lipophilic systems may enhance the reduction in the complex dimensions, the nuclear pDNA translocation and the pDNA release in the cells.
authors.affiliation: University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Modena, Italy.
authors.forename: Eleonora
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vighi
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Montanari
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ruozi
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tosi
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Magli
authors.forename: Eliana
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Leo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019556:COS Cells; D002412:Cations; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism*; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D004247:DNA / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D005822:Genetic Vectors; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D008055:Lipids / Q000737:chemistry*; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry; D010316:Particle Size; D010957:Plasmids; D011479:Protamines / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D002412:Cations; D008055:Lipids; C558387:N,N-di-(beta-steaorylethyl)-N,N-dimethylammonium; D011479:Protamines; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; D004247:DNA