title: Inhalation exposure to jet fuel (JP8) among U.S. Air Force personnel.
abstract: As jet fuel is a common occupational exposure among military and civilian populations, this study was conducted to characterize jet fuel (JP8) exposure among active duty U.S. Air Force personnel. Personnel (n = 24) were divided a priori into high, moderate, and low exposure groups. Questionnaires and personal air samples (breathing zone) were collected from each worker over 3 consecutive days (72 worker-days) and analyzed for total hydrocarbons (THC), benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes, and naphthalene. Air samples were collected from inside the fuel tank and analyzed for the same analytes. Linear mixed-effects models were used to evaluate the exposure data. Our results show that the correlation of THC (a measure of overall JP8 inhalation exposure) with all other analytes was moderate to strong in the a priori high and moderate exposure groups combined. Inhalation exposure to all analytes varied significantly by self-reported JP8 exposure (THC levels higher among workers reporting JP8 exposure), a priori exposure group (THC levels in high group > moderate group > low group), and more specific job task groupings (THC levels among workers in fuel systems hangar group > refueling maintenance group > fuel systems office group > fuel handling group > clinic group), with task groupings explaining the most between-worker variability. Among highly exposed workers, statistically significant job task-related predictors of inhalation exposure to THC indicated that increased time in the hangar, working close to the fuel tank (inside > less than 25 ft > greater than 25 ft), primary job (entrant > attendant/runner/fireguard > outside hangar), and performing various tasks near the fuel tank, such as searching for a leak, resulted in higher JP8 exposure. This study shows that while a priori exposure groups were useful in distinguishing JP8 exposure levels, job task-based categories should be considered in epidemiologic study designs to improve exposure classification. Finally, the strong correlation of THC with naphthalene suggests that naphthalene may be an appropriate surrogate of JP8 exposure. [Supplementary materials are available for this article. Go to the publisher's online edition of the Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene for the following free supplemental resource: a pdf file containing a table detailing concentrations of JP8 components.].
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. ksmith@hsph.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Kristen W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Susan P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Proctor
authors.forename: Al
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ozonoff
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: McClean
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D000401:Aircraft; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006838:Hydrocarbons / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D019570:Inhalation Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008889:Military Personnel; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational; D006838:Hydrocarbons; C098607:JP8 aviation fuel