title: Diagnosis of systemic toxoplasmosis with HIV infection using DNA extracted from paraffin-embedded tissue for polymerase chain reaction: a case report.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Toxoplasmosis can be a life-threatening disease when it occurs in patients with HIV infection. In particular, meningioencephalitis has been regarded as the most common toxoplasmic complication in such patients. However, toxoplasmic meningitis in a patient with HIV infection is extremely rare and purulent or tuberculous meningitis should be considered initially as a disease for differential diagnosis in Japan.
  
  
  METHODS
  Toxoplasmic meningitis in a patient with HIV infection is reported. A 36-year-old Japanese man presented with fever, pulsating headache, lumbago, nausea, and vomiting. No examinations suggested toxoplasmosis including cerebrospinal fluid examinations, images, and serological tests. The result of a polymerase chain reaction assay using paraffin-embedded section was regarded as the conclusive evidence for the diagnosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We wish to emphasize the usefulness of polymerase chain reaction assays with nucleic acid extracted from paraffin-embedded tissue sections processed for routine histopathological examination, if the section shows the infectious agents or findings suggesting some infectious diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Pathology, Toho University School of Medicine, 6-11-1 Omori-Nishi, Ota-Ku, Tokyo, 143-8541, Japan. kaz@med.toho-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Yoichiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Okubo
authors.forename: Minoru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shinozaki
authors.forename: Sadako
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yoshizawa
authors.forename: Haruo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakayama
authors.forename: Megumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wakayama
authors.forename: Tsutomu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hatori
authors.forename: Aki
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mituda
authors.forename: Takayuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hirano
authors.forename: Kayoko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shimodaira
authors.forename: Zhi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yuzhu
authors.forename: Kazutoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shibuya