title: Training in endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal surgery using a skull model and eggs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recently, endoscopic pituitary surgery is increasingly being used in pituitary surgery. Compared to conventional microscopic pituitary surgery, outcomes have been non-inferior, so endoscopic pituitary surgery has become an established surgical technique. However, this is a highly specialized surgery and sophisticated surgical techniques are required. We report our development of a training model for endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Our training model is constructed using a skull model and eggs. The sella turcica of the skull model is hollowed out and an egg is placed. The bottom of the egg simulates the sella turcica floor and the egg contents simulate a tumor. Training is conducted using this model in an actual operating room with actual surgical instruments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This model is highly realistic and is within acceptable limits as a surgical simulation. Since practice can be repeated, this model is effective for familiarization with endoscopic imaging and to increase technical skills such as drilling and curetting. In addition, variations in eggs, ranging from raw eggs to boiled eggs, can be used to simulate various tumors for training.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This training model using a skull model and eggs is useful to improve surgical techniques in endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Kinki University School of Medicine, Ohno-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan. okuda@neuro-s.med.kindai.ac.jp
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Okuda
authors.forename: Kazuo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kataoka
authors.forename: Amami
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kato
mesh_terms: D004531:Eggs / Q000592:standards; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D009296:Nasal Cavity / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000601:surgery; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D010900:Pituitary Diseases / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D010902:Pituitary Gland / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D012886:Skull / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000601:surgery; D013100:Sphenoid Bone / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D013663:Teaching / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards