title: NK cell terminal differentiation: correlated stepwise decrease of NKG2A and acquisition of KIRs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Terminal differentiation of NK cells is crucial in maintaining broad responsiveness to pathogens and discriminating normal cells from cells in distress. Although it is well established that KIRs, in conjunction with NKG2A, play a major role in the NK cell education that determines whether cells will end up competent or hyporesponsive, the events underlying the differentiation are still debated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A combination of complementary approaches to assess the kinetics of the appearance of each subset during development allowed us to obtain new insights into these terminal stages of differentiation, characterising their gene expression profiles at a pan-genomic level, their distinct surface receptor patterns and their prototypic effector functions. The present study supports the hypothesis that CD56dim cells derive from the CD56bright subset and suggests that NK cell responsiveness is determined by persistent inhibitory signals received during their education. We report here the inverse correlation of NKG2A expression with KIR expression and explore whether this correlation bestows functional competence on NK cells. We show that CD56dimNKG2A-KIR+ cells display the most differentiated phenotype associated to their unique ability to respond against HLA-E+ target cells. Importantly, after IL-12+IL-18 stimulation, reacquisition of NKG2A strongly correlates with IFN-gamma production in CD56dimNKG2A- NK cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Together, these findings call for the reclassification of mature human NK cells into distinct subsets and support a new model, in which the NK cell differentiation and functional fate are based on a stepwise decrease of NKG2A and acquisition of KIRs.
authors.affiliation: INSERM UMR-S 945, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, and Université Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris-6), Paris, France.
authors.forename: Vivien
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Béziat
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Descours
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Parizot
authors.forename: Patrice
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Debré
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vieillard
mesh_terms: D019002:CD56 Antigen / Q000378:metabolism; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002460:Cell Line; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006680:HLA Antigens / Q000235:genetics; D015395:Histocompatibility Antigens Class I / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000096:biosynthesis; D018664:Interleukin-12 / Q000494:pharmacology; D020382:Interleukin-18 / Q000494:pharmacology; D007694:Killer Cells, Natural / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D007700:Kinetics; D016131:Lymphocyte Subsets / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D055654:NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily C / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D010641:Phenotype; D054340:Receptors, KIR / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000097625:HLA-E Antigens
chemical_list: D019002:CD56 Antigen; D006680:HLA Antigens; D015395:Histocompatibility Antigens Class I; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D018664:Interleukin-12; D020382:Interleukin-18; D055654:NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily C; D054340:Receptors, KIR; D000097625:HLA-E Antigens