title: Human papillomavirus as an independent predictor in oral squamous cell cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There is an increasing evidence for the role of high risk human papillomavirus (HPV) in the pathogenesis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The purpose of this study is to evaluate the relevance of HPV infection to the survival and prognosis of OSCC.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-two patients with OSCC were followed from 4 to 88 months with a median of 50.7 months. HPV DNA was identified in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumor specimens by nested PCR with MY09/MY11 and GP5+/GP6+ primer pairs and the HPV genotype was determined by direct DNA sequencing. Association between the HPV status and risk factors for cancer as well as tumor-host characteristics were analyzed. Survival curves were calculated by the Kaplan-Meier method and analyzed using the log-rank test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HPV was found in 40.4% of the tumors with HPV16 accounting for 63.5%, HPV18 for 30.8%, HPV6 for 3.9% and HPV11 for 1.8%. No infection with more than one HPV genotype was detected. HPV infection was significantly associated with poor histological grade, TNM stage I-II, alcohol usage and no smoking status. Multivariate analysis showed that HPV had an independent prognostic effect on the overall survival after adjusting other confounding factors such as histological grade, TNM stage and tobacco usage. The presence of HPV was significantly correlated with a better survival in patients with OSCC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HPV infection can act as an independent predictor for the survival and prognosis of OSCC.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Qin-gan
authors.initials: QG
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Xin-ming
authors.initials: XM
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Ming-wen
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Fan
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D052685:Alphapapillomavirus / Q000145:classification / Q000502:physiology*; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000821:virology*; D002423:Cause of Death; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005544:Forecasting; D005838:Genotype; D052140:Human papillomavirus 11 / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology; D052162:Human papillomavirus 16 / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology; D052161:Human papillomavirus 18 / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology; D052163:Human papillomavirus 6 / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000821:virology*; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000821:virology*; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D012907:Smoking; D015996:Survival Rate
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral