title: Lotus leaf extract and L-carnitine influence different processes during the adipocyte life cycle.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The cellular and molecular mechanisms of adipose tissue biology have been studied extensively over the last two decades. Adipose tissue growth involves both an increase in fat cell size and the formation of mature adipocytes from precursor cells. To investigate how natural substances influence these two processes, we examined the effects of lotus leaf extract (Nelumbo nucifera-extract solution obtained from Silab, France) and L-carnitine on human preadipocytes and adipocytes.
  
  
  METHODS
  For our in vitro studies, we used a lotus leaf extract solution alone or in combination with L-carnitine. Utilizing cultured human preadipocytes, we investigated lotus leaf extract solution-induced inhibition of triglyceride incorporation during adipogenesis and possible effects on cell viability. Studies on human adipocytes were performed aiming to elucidate the efficacy of lotus leaf extract solution to stimulate lipolytic activity. To further characterize lotus leaf extract solution-mediated effects, we determined the expression of the transcription factor adipocyte determination and differentiation factor 1 (ADD1/SREBP-1c) on the RNA- and protein level utilizing qRT-PCR and immunofluorescence analysis. Additionally, the effect of L-carnitine on beta-oxidation was analyzed using human preadipocytes and mature adipocytes. Finally, we investigated additive effects of a combination of lotus leaf extract solution and L-carnitine on triglyceride accumulation during preadipocyte/adipocyte differentiation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our data showed that incubation of preadipocytes with lotus leaf extract solution significantly decreased triglyceride accumulation during adipogenesis without affecting cell viability. Compared to controls, adipocytes incubated with lotus leaf extract solution exhibited a significant increase in lipolysis-activity. Moreover, cell populations cultivated in the presence of lotus leaf extract solution showed a decrease in adipocyte differentiation capacity as indicated by a decrease in the ADD1/SREBP-1c signal. Importantly, our results demonstrated that a combination of lotus leaf extract solution and L-carnitine reduced triglyceride accumulation to a greater extent compared to incubation with either substance alone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, our data demonstrate that a combination of lotus leaf extract and L-carnitine reduced triglyceride accumulation in human (pre)adipocytes by affecting different processes during the adipocyte life cycle. For this reason, this combination might represent a treatment option for obesity-related diseases.
authors.affiliation: Research & Development, Research Special Skincare, Beiersdorf AG, Unnastrasse 48, Bf, 520, 20245 Hamburg, Germany. Marc.Winnefeld@Beiersdorf.com.
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Siegner
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Heuser
authors.forename: Ursula
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Holtzmann
authors.forename: Jörn
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Söhle
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schepky
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Raschke
authors.forename: Franz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Stäb
authors.forename: Horst
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wenck
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Winnefeld