Occurrence and chemical speciation analysis of organotin compounds in the environment: a review.
Environmental concerns regarding organotin compounds have increased remarkably in the past 20 years, due in large part to the use of these compounds as active components in antifouling paints [mainly tributyltin (TBT)] and pesticide formulations [mainly triphenyltin (TPhT)]. Their direct introduction into the environment, their bio-accumulation and the high toxicity of these compounds towards "non-target" organisms (for example: oysters and mussels) causes environmental and economic damage around the world. As a consequence, the presence and absence of organotin compounds is currently monitored in a range of environmental matrices (e.g., water, sediment and shellfish) to examine the utility of controls meant to regulate the level of contamination as required in some EC Directives and the Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC. To evaluate the environmental distribution and fate of these compounds and to determine the effectives of legal provisions adopted by a number of countries, a variety of analytical methods have been developed for organotin determination in the environment. Most of these methods include different steps such as extraction, derivatisation and clean up. The aim of the present review is to evaluate the environmental distribution, fate and chemical speciation of organotin compounds in the environment.
de Carvalho Oliveira
Regina
R
Department of Geochemistry, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Outeiro de São João Batista s/n, Centro-Niterói-RJ, CEP 24020-141, Brazil.
Santelli
Ricardo Erthal
RE
D053000:Analytic Sample Preparation Methods; D000818:Animals; D004777:Environment; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D009947:Organotin Compounds / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification
D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D009947:Organotin Compounds