title: Region-wise distribution of high-risk human papillomavirus types in squamous cell carcinomas of the cervix in India.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Assessment of the prevalence and type distribution of human papillomavirus (HPV) in squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) of the cervix across India was undertaken to estimate the impact of available prophylactic HPV-L1 vaccines in the country and to find out additional types that might be needed to be incorporated in second-generation vaccines.
  
  
  METHODS
  High-risk (HR) HPVs were genotyped from 667 histopathologically confirmed cases of SCC from 6 different centers representing 4 regions across India: Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Mumbai; All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi; Cancer Foundation of India, Kolkata; Christian Medical College, Vellore; Kidwai Memorial Institute of Oncology, Bangalore; and Regional Cancer Center, Thiruvananthapuram. Human papillomaviruses in tumor biopsies were analyzed by Xcytonscreen HPV based on PGMY09/11 multiplex polymerase chain reaction and reverse dot blot assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall viral prevalence across India was not different; 92.1% of 667 cases harbored HPV; 8% were negative. Infection with single HR type was seen in 86.8%: predominant types being HPV-16 followed by HPV-18, -45, -73, -31, -56, -52, -58, -59, -33, -68, -51, -35, -26, and -39. Human papillomavirus types 16/18-positive fraction formed 79.6%; other types comprised 12.4%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prophylactic HPV-16/18-L1 vaccines would provide greater than 75% protection against SCC in India. Ranking and frequencies of non-16/18 types were different from earlier reports. Hence, considering the possibility of promotion of persistence of nonvaccine types in the vaccinees due to original antigenic sin and the lack of organized screening programs in India, a broad-based vaccine approach would be appropriate.
authors.affiliation: Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, India.
authors.forename: Radhakrishna M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Pillai
authors.forename: Janaki M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Babu
authors.forename: Vinoda T
authors.initials: VT
authors.lastname: Jissa
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lakshmi
authors.forename: Shubhada V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Chiplunkar
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Patkar
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tongaonkar
authors.forename: Krishnamurthy B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Reddy
authors.forename: Kumar N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Chakka
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Siddiqui
authors.forename: Soma
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Roychoudury
authors.forename: Priya
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Abraham
authors.forename: Abraham
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Peedicayil
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gnanamony
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Subashini
authors.forename: T S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Ram
authors.forename: Bindu
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dey
authors.forename: Neeta
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Archana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Jain
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Jayshree
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D052162:Human papillomavirus 16 / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D052161:Human papillomavirus 18 / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D053918:Papillomavirus Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011230:Precancerous Conditions / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology; D015995:Prevalence; D018570:Risk Assessment; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology*; D014626:Vaginal Smears
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral; D053918:Papillomavirus Vaccines