title: Non-viral causes of hepatocellular carcinoma.
abstract: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary liver malignancy and represents an international public health concern as one of the most deadly cancers worldwide. The main etiology of HCC is chronic infection with hepatitis B and hepatitis C viruses. However, there are other important factors that contribute to the international burden of HCC. Among these are obesity, diabetes, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and dietary exposures. Emerging evidence suggests that the etiology of many cases of HCC is in fact multifactorial, encompassing infectious etiologies, comorbid conditions and environmental exposures. Clarification of relevant non-viral causes of HCC will aid in preventative efforts to curb the rising incidence of this disease.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. wojciech.blonski@uphs.upenn.edu
authors.forename: Wojciech
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Blonski
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Kotlyar
authors.forename: Kimberly A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Forde
mesh_terms: D000348:Aflatoxins / Q000009:adverse effects; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects; D001114:Areca / Q000009:adverse effects; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000821:virology*; D003276:Contraceptives, Oral / Q000009:adverse effects; D004032:Diet; D005234:Fatty Liver / Q000150:complications; D006432:Hemochromatosis / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics; D000071020:Hemochromatosis Protein; D015395:Histocompatibility Antigens Class I / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D019190:Iron Overload / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000821:virology*; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D000348:Aflatoxins; D003276:Contraceptives, Oral; C103673:HFE protein, human; D000071020:Hemochromatosis Protein; D015395:Histocompatibility Antigens Class I; D008565:Membrane Proteins