Physiological carbon dioxide, bicarbonate, and pH sensing.
In biological systems, carbon dioxide exists in equilibrium with bicarbonate and protons. The individual components of this equilibrium (i.e., CO₂, HCO₃⁻, and H(+)), which must be sensed to be able to maintain cellular and organismal pH, also function as signals to modulate multiple physiological functions. Yet, the molecular sensors for CO₂/HCO₃⁻/pH remained unknown until recently. Here, we review recent progress in delineating molecular and cellular mechanisms for sensing CO₂, HCO₃⁻, and pH.
Tresguerres
Martin
M
Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, USA.
Buck
Jochen
J
Levin
Lonny R
LR
D000136:Acid-Base Equilibrium; D000262:Adenylyl Cyclases / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D001639:Bicarbonates / Q000378:metabolism*; D015220:Calcium Channels / Q000502:physiology; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D002256:Carbonic Anhydrases / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006706:Homeostasis; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000502:physiology; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled / Q000502:physiology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology; D000074083:Sodium-Hydrogen Exchanger 3; D017923:Sodium-Hydrogen Exchangers / Q000502:physiology; D012995:Solubility
D001639:Bicarbonates; D015220:Calcium Channels; C091670:GPR4 protein, human; C513337:GPR65 protein, mouse; C486281:GPR68 protein, human; C117185:PKD2L1 protein, human; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; D000074083:Sodium-Hydrogen Exchanger 3; D017923:Sodium-Hydrogen Exchangers; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D002256:Carbonic Anhydrases; D000262:Adenylyl Cyclases