title: The role of ultrasonography in the differentiation of the various types of filaricele due to bancroftian filariasis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  (i) To determine the frequencies of urogenital pathologies in men infected with bancroftian filariasis, and (ii) to evaluate the role of ultrasonography (USG) as a diagnostic tool to differentiate between diverse pathologies with different clinical implications. To date, all types of scrotal enlargement resulting from lymphatic filariasis (LF) have been summarized under one term: "filaricele".
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were compiled from recruitment phases for field trials in an endemic area for LF in Ghana. 1453 men aged 18 years and above underwent ultrasound examinations of the scrotum. Observation parameters were: Filaria Dance Sign (FDS), dilation of supratesticular lymphatic vessels, thickness of scrotal skin, occurrence and amount of fluid accumulation, echogenicity of the fluid between the layers of the tunica vaginalis, as well as position and homogenicity of testis, epididymis and spermatic cord. In 1132 men, blood samples were taken for parasitological analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 56% of examined patients, fluid accumulation around the testis was detected (38% subclinical-, 18% clinical stages). Differentiation of the echogenicity of the fluid revealed echo-free hydrocele (EFH) in 47% and echo-dense hydrocele (EDH) in 9%. Patients without hydrocele and subclinical stages had a thinner scrotal skin than those in clinical stages or with lymphscrotum (P < 0.001). In the EDH group the scrotal skin was thicker than in the EFH group (P < 0.001). 1.4% had a lymphscrotum. FDS was detected in 24% of all 1453 volunteers who underwent USG. The number of worm nests correlated with microfilarial load and levels of circulating filarial antigen (P < 0.001; 20% microfilaremic, 48% antigen positive).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In an unexpected high number of men (56%) fluid accumulation around the testis was detected by USG of which more than one third (38%) presented with subclinical stages. The study showed that echo-dense and echo-free fluid could be differentiated and that a considerable number of cases had EDH (9%) posing a risk to develop necrotic testis and infertility and therefore requiring immediate surgical intervention. USG thus turned out to be a useful diagnostic technique to differentiate between those cases requiring immediate surgical intervention from those that can be treated with (anti-wolbachial and hyperpermeability reducing) drugs that ameliorate or halt progression of the disease.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany. mand@microbiology-bonn.de
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mand
authors.forename: Alexander Y
authors.initials: AY
authors.lastname: Debrah
authors.forename: Ute
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Klarmann
authors.forename: Sunny
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mante
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kwarteng
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Batsa
authors.forename: Yeboah
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Marfo-Debrekyei
authors.forename: Ohene
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Adjei
authors.forename: Achim
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hoerauf
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000818:Animals; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004605:Elephantiasis, Filarial / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology; D005832:Genital Diseases, Male / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology / Q000473:pathology; D005869:Ghana / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012611:Scrotum / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000469:parasitology / Q000473:pathology; D006848:Testicular Hydrocele / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology / Q000473:pathology*; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014958:Wuchereria bancrofti; D055815:Young Adult