title: Diagnostic algorithm for Raynaud's phenomenon and vascular skin lesions in systemic lupus erythematosus.
abstract: Skin discolorations and skin lesions due to vascular pathologies are common clinical features in systemic lupus erythematosus. A variety of clinical manifestations such as Raynaud's phenomenon, acrocyanosis, livedo patterns, erythematous or violaceous macules and papules or necrosis are triggered by heterogeneous pathophysiological mechanisms such as vasospasm, vasculitis or thromboembolism. A standardized macro- and microvascular assessment is necessary to establish the correct diagnosis. We describe and illustrate common clinical features of vascular skin manifestations in systemic lupus erythematosus and present a diagnostic algorithm.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Rheumatology, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Richter
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Sander
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Klein-Weigel
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D006801:Humans; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D011928:Raynaud Disease / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D012867:Skin / Q000473:pathology; D017445:Skin Diseases, Vascular / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D013923:Thromboembolism / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D014657:Vasculitis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology