title: Pancreas oxygen persufflation increases ATP levels as shown by nuclear magnetic resonance.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Islet transplantation is a promising treatment for type 1 diabetes. Due to a shortage of suitable human pancreata, high cost, and the large dose of islets presently required for long-term diabetes reversal; it is important to maximize viable islet yield. Traditional methods of pancreas preservation have been identified as suboptimal due to insufficient oxygenation. Enhanced oxygen delivery is a key area of improvement. In this paper, we explored improved oxygen delivery by persufflation (PSF), ie, vascular gas perfusion.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human pancreata were obtained from brain-dead donors. Porcine pancreata were procured by en bloc viscerectomy from heparinized donation after cardiac death donors and were either preserved by either two-layer method (TLM) or PSF. Following procurement, organs were transported to a 1.5-T magnetic resonance (MR) system for (31)P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to investigate their bioenergetic status by measuring the ratio of adenosine triphosphate to inorganic phosphate (ATP:P(i)) and for assessing PSF homogeneity by MRI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Human and porcine pancreata can be effectively preserved by PSF. MRI showed that pancreatic tissue was homogeneously filled with gas. TLM can effectively raise ATP:P(i) levels in rat pancreata but not in larger porcine pancreata. ATP:P(i) levels were almost undetectable in porcine organs preserved with TLM. When human or porcine organs were preserved by PSF, ATP:P(i) was elevated to levels similar to those observed in rat pancreata.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The methods developed for human and porcine pancreas PSF homogeneously deliver oxygen throughout the organ. This elevates ATP levels during preservation and may improve islet isolation outcomes while enabling the use of marginal donors, thus expanding the usable donor pool.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Schulze Diabetes Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: W E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.forename: B P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Weegman
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ferrer-Fabrega
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Anazawa
authors.forename: V A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Kirchner
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Rizzari
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stone
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Matsumoto
authors.forename: B E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Hammer
authors.forename: A N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Balamurugan
authors.forename: L S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Kidder
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Suszynski
authors.forename: E S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Avgoustiniatos
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Stone
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Tempelman
authors.forename: D E R
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Sutherland
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Hering
authors.forename: K K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Papas
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003643:Death; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007515:Islets of Langerhans / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D016381:Islets of Langerhans Transplantation / Q000379:methods; D018810:Magnetic Resonance Angiography; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D009926:Organ Preservation / Q000379:methods*; D019188:Organ Preservation Solutions; D010179:Pancreas / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000473:pathology*; D016035:Pancreas Transplantation / Q000379:methods*; D051381:Rats; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D019188:Organ Preservation Solutions