title: What can be expected of information and communication technologies in terms of patient empowerment in health?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Implementing information and communication technologies (ICT) is often mentioned as a strategy that can foster public involvement and responsibility in health. The purpose of this paper is to provide a better understanding of the possibilities and issues afforded by the social uses of ICT for personal empowerment in health.
  
  
  METHODS
  The paper discusses evidence from four case studies that characterize current computerization and networking processes in health. The studies shared a global framework comprising four interpretative paradigms of personal empowerment: the professional, technocratic, consumerist and democratic paradigms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results show the coexistence of four empowerment logics in ICT use. Two trends proved dominant: a strengthening of the control and standardization processes tied to the typical power relationships in health, and a reinforcement of personal autonomy and self-assertion processes, either through commercial relationships or through the social relationships that are also present.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The paper supports the argument that in order to understand the opportunities for personal empowerment offered by ICT the logic underlying user practices in their respective contexts must be examined.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The paper uses data from four case studies to illustrate the contradictory logics shaping the personal empowerment process. Under these logics, an ICT user may play roles as patient, client, consumer, or citizen.
authors.affiliation: Health Administration Department, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada. marc.lemire@umontreal.ca
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lemire
mesh_terms: D057286:Electronic Health Records; D005544:Forecasting; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D033181:Information Dissemination; D020407:Internet; D026684:Personal Autonomy; D011209:Power, Psychological; D017216:Telemedicine