title: Traditional coating techniques in scanning electron microscopy compared to uncoated charge compensator technology: looking at human blood fibrin networks with the ZEISS ULTRA Plus FEG-SEM.
abstract: Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies surface morphology. Biological material needs to be coated to render the material conductive, and gold coating is traditionally used, although other coating material like carbon and ruthenium vapors may also be used. With modern SEM technology (e.g., ZEISS ULTRA Plus FEG-SEM), we are able to work at very low kilovolts and also view fine surface structure in much better detail than with previous older technology. Some machines also allow for the study of uncoated material, although this is usually not done with biological material. This study focuses on surface clarity by comparing gold, ruthenium vapor, and carbon coating techniques for biological material. Human fibrin networks are used as example. Uncoated specimens are also viewed with a ZEISS ULTRA Plus FEG-SEM because of its unique nitrogen charge compensator, and here, the first micrographs for uncoated human fibrin networks versus carbon, gold, and ruthenium coating are shown. We conclude that gold coating for biological material is not preferable with the latest SEM machines, as this method forms gold islands on top of the biological material and therefore produces a false surface morphology.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa. resia.pretorius@up.ac.za.
authors.forename: Etheresia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pretorius
mesh_terms: D002244:Carbon / Q000378:metabolism; D005337:Fibrin / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D006046:Gold / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning / Q000379:methods*; D012428:Ruthenium / Q000378:metabolism; D013194:Staining and Labeling / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D002244:Carbon; D006046:Gold; D012428:Ruthenium; D005337:Fibrin