title: Genome-wide sequencing data reveals virulence factors implicated in banana Xanthomonas wilt.
abstract: Banana Xanthomonas wilt is a newly emerging disease that is currently threatening the livelihoods of millions of farmers in East Africa. The causative agent is Xanthomonas campestris pathovar musacearum (Xcm), but previous work suggests that this pathogen is much more closely related to species Xanthomonas vasicola than to X. campestris. We have generated draft genome sequences for a banana-pathogenic strain of Xcm isolated in Uganda and for a very closely related strain of X. vasicola pathovar vasculorum, originally isolated from sugarcane, that is nonpathogenic on banana. The draft sequences revealed overlapping but distinct repertoires of candidate virulence effectors in the two strains. Both strains encode homologues of the Pseudomonas syringae effectors HopW, HopAF1 and RipT from Ralstonia solanacearum. The banana-pathogenic and non-banana-pathogenic strains also differed with respect to lipopolysaccharide synthesis and type-IV pili, and in at least several thousand single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the core conserved genome. We found evidence of horizontal transfer between X. vasicola and very distantly related bacteria, including members of other divisions of the Proteobacteria. The availability of these draft genomes will be an invaluable tool for further studies aimed at understanding and combating this important disease.
authors.affiliation: University of Exeter, Exeter, UK. d.j.studholme@exeter.ac.uk
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Studholme
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kemen
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: MacLean
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schornack
authors.forename: Valente
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Aritua
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Thwaites
authors.forename: Murray
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grant
authors.forename: Julian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Jonathan D G
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Jones
mesh_terms: D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D022761:Gene Transfer, Horizontal; D016680:Genome, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics*; D058507:Host Specificity; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000096:biosynthesis; D028521:Musa / Q000382:microbiology*; D010802:Phylogeny; D011995:Recombination, Genetic; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D012689:Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid; D037521:Virulence Factors / Q000235:genetics*; D014974:Xanthomonas / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D016959:Xanthomonas campestris / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000472:pathogenicity*
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D037521:Virulence Factors