title: Management practices and risk of occupational blood exposure in U.S. paramedics: Needlesticks.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this study was to present risk estimates for needlestick in U.S. paramedics and estimated risk ratios for selected management practices.
  
  
  METHODS
  A mail survey was conducted among a national sample of U.S. paramedics in 2002-2003.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The adjusted response rate was 55% (n = 2,664). The overall 12-month risk of needlestick was 6.7% (95% confidence interval, 5.4-7.9). Risk ratios for provision of safety-engineered medical devices and two supervisory behaviors that emphasized safe work practices ranged from 2.5 to 3.2. The protective effect of working in an environment that included both of the supervisory behaviors was greater than the protective effect of always being provided with safety devices. A sensitivity analysis indicated that the risk ratio estimates were unlikely to be inflated by nonresponse bias.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that greater provision of safety devices and interventions aimed at management practices that promote worker safety could substantially reduce the risk of needlestick among U.S. paramedics.
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology Research Program, Cedar Grove Institute for Sustainable Communities, Mebane, North Carolina 27302, USA. ackl@mcmoss.org
authors.forename: Jack K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Leiss
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004634:Emergency Medical Technicians / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016602:Needlestick Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016272:Occupational Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D017751:Safety Management / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D016526:Workload