title: Effect of emamectin benzoate on mortality, proboscis extension, gustation and reproduction of the corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea.
abstract: Newly emerged corn earworm adults, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) require a carbohydrate source from plant or other exudates and nectars for dispersal and reproduction. Adults actively seek and forage at feeding sites upon eclosion in the habitat of the larval host plant or during dispersal to, or colonization of, a suitable reproductive habitat. This nocturnal behavior of H. zea has potential for exploitation as a pest management strategy for suppression using an adult feeding approach. This approach entails the use of a feeding attractant and stimulant in combination with a toxicant that when ingested by the adult will either reduce fecundity/fertility at sub-lethal dosages or kill the adult. The intent of this study was to assess reproductive inhibition and toxicity of emamectin benzoate on H. zea when ingested by the adults when mixed in ppm active ingredient (wt:vol) with 2.5 M sucrose as a feeding stimulant. Because the mixture has to be ingested to function, the effect of emamectin benzoate was also evaluated at sub-lethal and lethal concentrations on proboscis extension and gustatory response of H. zea in the laboratory. Feral males captured in sex pheromone-baited traps in the field were used for toxicity evaluations because they were readily available and were more representative of the field populations than laboratory-reared adults. Laboratory-reared female moths were used for reproduction effects because it is very difficult to collect newly emerged feral females from the field. Emamectin benzoate was highly toxic to feral H. zea males with LC(50) values (95% CL) being 0.718 (0.532-0.878), 0.525 (0.316-0.751), and 0.182 (0.06-0.294) ppm for 24, 48 and 72 h responses, respectively. Sub-lethal concentrations of emamectin benzoate did not significantly reduce proboscis extension response of feral males and gustatory response of female H. zea. Sublethal concentrations of emamectin benzoate significantly reduced percent larval hatch of eggs and mating frequency of female H. zea. Larval survival to the pupal stage was also significantly reduced by ingestion of emamectin benzoate by female H. zea. These data suggest that emamectin benzoate is a useful toxicant in an attract-and-kill control strategy against H. zea. Field studies are warranted to validate the results reported in this study.
authors.affiliation: USDA, ARS, SPA, SPARC, Areawide Pest Management Research Unit, College Station, TX, USA. juan.lopez@ars.usda.gov
authors.forename: Juan D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: López
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Latheef
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D007559:Ivermectin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000633:toxicity; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D008297:Male; D009036:Moths / Q000187:drug effects*; D010675:Pheromones / Q000633:toxicity*; D012098:Reproduction / Q000187:drug effects*; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013649:Taste / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D010675:Pheromones; C010411:insect attractants; D007559:Ivermectin; C108024:emamectin benzoate