title: Craniofacial growth in children with nasal septum deviation: a cephalometric comparative study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Nasal-breathing impairment has been described as a possible determinant of maxillofacial development in children with adenoids/tonsils hypertrophy. However little is known about the possible influence of nasal septum deviation on craniofacial growth in childhood. We conducted a multicenter cephalometric study to compare skeletal and dental features in children with chronic nasal-breathing obstruction secondary to nasal septum deviation and nose-breathing controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety-eight children (59M, 39F; mean age 8.8 years; age range 7-12 years) with obligate mouth-breathing secondary to nasal septum deviation (group 1) and 98 age- and sex-matched nasal-breathing controls (group 2) were evaluated. Nasal-breathing function was assessed in all patients with clinical history, ENT instrumental examination and anterior active rhinomanometry. Cephalometric parameters were recorded in all subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients of group 1 showed a statistically significant increase of upper anterior facial height (N-palatal plane) and total anterior facial height (N-Me) with regards to group 2. The angular relationships of the sella-nasion, palatal, and occlusal planes to the mandibular plane were greater in group 1 in comparison to controls. The gonial angle (Ar-Go-Me), palatal height and overjet were significantly higher in the mouth-breathing group. A significantly retrognatic position of the maxilla and mandible was recorded in group 1 in comparison to group 2. Most mouth-breathing children showed class II malocclusion, while the majority of control subjects presented normal occlusion. The prevalence of cross-bite was higher in group 1 with respect to controls (p=0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Children with obligate mouth-breathing due to nasal septum deviations show facial and dental anomalies in comparison to nose-breathing controls. Possible physiologic explanations of our findings are reported.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Città di Castello Civil Hospital, Città di Castello, Perugia, Italy. l.dascanio@gmail.com
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: D'Ascanio
authors.forename: Carla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lancione
authors.forename: Giorgio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pompa
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rebuffini
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mansi
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Manzini
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002508:Cephalometry; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008445:Maxillofacial Development / Q000502:physiology*; D009058:Mouth Breathing / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015508:Nasal Obstruction / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009300:Nasal Septum / Q000002:abnormalities*; D012307:Risk Factors