title: Reduced medial prefrontal cortex volume in adults reporting childhood emotional maltreatment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Childhood emotional maltreatment (CEM) has been associated with a profound and enduring negative impact on behavioral and emotional functioning. Animal models have shown that adverse rearing conditions, such as maternal separation, can induce a cascade of long-term structural alterations in the brain, particularly in the hippocampus, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex. However, in humans, the neurobiological correlates of CEM are unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using high-resolution T1-weighted 3T magnetic resonance imaging, anatomical scans and a whole-brain optimized voxel-based morphometry approach, we examined whether healthy control subjects and unmedicated patients with depression and/or anxiety disorders reporting CEM before age 16 (n = 84; age: mean = 38.7) displayed structural brain changes compared with control subjects and patients who reported no childhood abuse (n = 97; age: mean = 36.6).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that self-reported CEM is associated with a significant reduction in predominantly left dorsal medial prefrontal cortex volume, even in the absence of physical or sexual abuse during childhood. In addition, reduced medial prefrontal cortex in individuals reporting CEM is present in males and females, independent of concomitant psychopathology.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this study, we show that CEM is associated with profound reductions of medial prefrontal cortex volume, suggesting that sustained inhibition of growth or structural damage can occur after exposure to CEM. Given the important role of the medial prefrontal cortex in the regulation of emotional behavior, our finding might provide an important link in understanding the increased emotional sensitivity in individuals reporting CEM.
authors.affiliation: Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Anne-Laura
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: van Harmelen
authors.forename: Marie-José
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: van Tol
authors.forename: Nic J A
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: van der Wee
authors.forename: Dick J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Veltman
authors.forename: André
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aleman
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Spinhoven
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: van Buchem
authors.forename: Frans G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Zitman
authors.forename: Brenda W J H
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Penninx
authors.forename: Bernet M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Elzinga
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D054523:Adult Survivors of Child Abuse / Q000523:psychology*; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000473:pathology; D003863:Depression / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009929:Organ Size; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000473:pathology*