title: Role of advanced glycation end product receptors in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and the interaction with their receptors (RAGE) play an important role in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy (DR). Our study investigated whether serum soluble (s) RAGE (sRAGE) could serve as a prognostic tool for identifying the susceptibility to DR. Moreover, we examined the association between soluble forms of vascular cell adhesion molecules (sVCAM-1), nitric oxide (NO) and sRAGE levels in serum and the severity of DR.
  
  
  METHODS
  Circulating levels of sRAGE, sVCAM-1, and NO were examined in 37 type 2 diabetic patient and 20 age-matched healthy nondiabetic subjects using ELISA. The diabetic subjects were categorized as patients without retinopathy, patients with nonproliferative DR (NPDR), and patients with proliferative DR (PDR).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Serum sRAGE levels were significantly lower in patients with NPDR and PDR than in healthy controls and in those without retinopathy (1331.13 ± 126.13, 934.87 ± 66.27 vs. 1712.69 ± 167.3, 1833.1 ± 153.06 pg/ml, respectively, P<.05). Serum sVCAM-1 and NO were significantly higher in diabetic patients (1310.215 ± 54.712 vs. 616.55 ± 12.9 ng/ml and 96.432 ± 0.864 vs. 28.78 ± 5.88 μmol/l, respectively, P<.05) and were positively associated with the severity of DR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate that sRAGE is an endogenous protection factor against the occurrence of accelerated DR.
authors.affiliation: Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: Hala O
authors.initials: HO
authors.lastname: Al-Mesallamy
authors.forename: Lamiaa N
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Hammad
authors.forename: Tarek A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: El-Mamoun
authors.forename: Basma M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Khalil
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000097:blood; D011379:Prognosis; D000067759:Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic / Q000097:blood*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D000067759:Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1; D009569:Nitric Oxide