title: Lipid rafts are essential for peroxisome biogenesis in HepG2 cells.
abstract: Peroxisomes are particularly abundant in the liver and are involved in bile salt synthesis and fatty acid metabolism. Peroxisomal membrane proteins (PMPs) are required for peroxisome biogenesis [e.g., the interacting peroxisomal biogenesis factors Pex13p and Pex14p] and its metabolic function [e.g., the adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette transporters adrenoleukodystrophy protein (ALDP) and PMP70]. Impaired function of PMPs is the underlying cause of Zellweger syndrome and X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy. Here we studied for the first time the putative association of PMPs with cholesterol-enriched lipid rafts and their function in peroxisome biogenesis. Lipid rafts were isolated from Triton X-100-lysed or Lubrol WX-lysed HepG2 cells and analyzed for the presence of various PMPs by western blotting. Lovastatin and methyl-beta-cyclodextrin were used to deplete cholesterol and disrupt lipid rafts in HepG2 cells, and this was followed by immunofluorescence microscopy to determine the subcellular location of catalase and PMPs. Cycloheximide was used to inhibit protein synthesis. Green fluorescent protein-tagged fragments of PMP70 and ALDP were analyzed for their lipid raft association. PMP70 and Pex14p were associated with Triton X-100-resistant rafts, ALDP was associated with Lubrol WX-resistant rafts, and Pex13p was not lipid raft-associated in HepG2 cells. The minimal peroxisomal targeting signals in ALDP and PMP70 were not sufficient for lipid raft association. Cholesterol depletion led to dissociation of PMPs from lipid rafts and impaired sorting of newly synthesized catalase and ALDP but not Pex14p and PMP70. Repletion of cholesterol to these cells efficiently reestablished the peroxisomal sorting of catalase but not ALDP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Human PMPs are differentially associated with lipid rafts independently of the protein homology and/or their functional interaction. Cholesterol is required for peroxisomal lipid raft assembly and peroxisome biogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Woudenberg
authors.forename: Krzysztof P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Rembacz
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hoekstra
authors.forename: Antonella
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pellicoro
authors.forename: Fiona A J
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: van den Heuvel
authors.forename: Janette
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Heegsma
authors.forename: Sven C D
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: van Ijzendoorn
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Holzinger
authors.forename: Tsuneo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Imanaka
authors.forename: Han
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Moshage
authors.forename: Klaas Nico
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Faber
mesh_terms: D001686:Biological Phenomena; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000502:physiology; D056945:Hep G2 Cells; D006801:Humans; D021962:Membrane Microdomains / Q000502:physiology*; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000502:physiology*; D020675:Peroxisomes / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D008565:Membrane Proteins; D002784:Cholesterol