title: TNF-α signals through PKCζ/NF-κB to alter the tight junction complex and increase retinal endothelial cell permeability.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) are elevated in the vitreous of diabetic patients and in retinas of diabetic rats associated with increased retinal vascular permeability. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying retinal vascular permeability induced by these cytokines are poorly understood. In this study, the effects of IL-1β and TNF-α on retinal endothelial cell permeability were compared and the molecular mechanisms by which TNF-α increases cell permeability were elucidated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cytokine-induced retinal vascular permeability was measured in bovine retinal endothelial cells (BRECs) and rat retinas. Western blotting, quantitative real-time PCR, and immunocytochemistry were performed to determine tight junction protein expression and localization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  IL-1β and TNF-α increased BREC permeability, and TNF-α was more potent. TNF-α decreased the protein and mRNA content of the tight junction proteins ZO-1 and claudin-5 and altered the cellular localization of these tight junction proteins. Dexamethasone prevented TNF-α-induced cell permeability through glucocorticoid receptor transactivation and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) transrepression. Preventing NF-κB activation with an inhibitor κB kinase (IKK) chemical inhibitor or adenoviral overexpression of inhibitor κB alpha (IκBα) reduced TNF-α-stimulated permeability. Finally, inhibiting protein kinase C zeta (PKCζ) using both a peptide and a novel chemical inhibitor reduced NF-κB activation and completely prevented the alterations in the tight junction complex and cell permeability induced by TNF-α in cell culture and rat retinas.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that PKCζ may provide a specific therapeutic target for the prevention of vascular permeability in retinal diseases characterized by elevated TNF-α, including diabetic retinopathy.
authors.affiliation: Centre of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research in Light and Image, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal. caveleira@ibili.uc.pt
authors.forename: Célia A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Aveleira
authors.forename: Cheng-Mao
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Steven F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Abcouwer
authors.forename: António F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Ambrósio
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Antonetti
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002463:Cell Membrane Permeability / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D003907:Dexamethasone / Q000494:pharmacology; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000188:drug therapy; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010539:Permeability; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012160:Retina / Q000502:physiology*; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy; D019108:Tight Junctions / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000099221:Protein Kinase C zeta
chemical_list: D003907:Dexamethasone; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D016328:NF-kappa B; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D000099221:Protein Kinase C zeta