title: Identification and development of novel inhibitors of Toxoplasma gondii enoyl reductase.
abstract: Toxoplasmosis causes significant morbidity and mortality, and yet available medicines are limited by toxicities and hypersensitivity. Because improved medicines are needed urgently, rational approaches were used to identify novel lead compounds effective against Toxoplasma gondii enoyl reductase (TgENR), a type II fatty acid synthase enzyme essential in parasites but not present in animals. Fifty-three compounds, including three classes that inhibit ENRs, were tested. Six compounds have antiparasite MIC(90)s < or = 6 microM without toxicity to host cells, three compounds have IC(90)s < 45 nM against recombinant TgENR, and two protect mice. To further understand the mode of inhibition, the cocrystal structure of one of the most promising candidate compounds in complex with TgENR has been determined to 2.7 A. The crystal structure reveals that the aliphatic side chain of compound 19 occupies, as predicted, space made available by replacement of a bulky hydrophobic residue in homologous bacterial ENRs by Ala in TgENR. This provides a paradigm, conceptual foundation, reagents, and lead compounds for future rational development and discovery of improved inhibitors of T. gondii.
authors.affiliation: Drug Discovery Program, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
authors.forename: Suresh K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Tipparaju
authors.forename: Stephen P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Muench
authors.forename: Ernest J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Mui
authors.forename: Sergey N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Ruzheinikov
authors.forename: Jeffrey Z
authors.initials: JZ
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Samuel L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Hutson
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Kirisits
authors.forename: Sean T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Prigge
authors.forename: Craig W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: Fiona L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Henriquez
authors.forename: Alan P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Kozikowski
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Rice
authors.forename: Rima L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: McLeod
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003049:Coccidiostats / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D065607:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors; D050753:Enoyl-(Acyl-Carrier-Protein) Reductase (NADH) / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects / Q000469:parasitology; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D051379:Mice; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008862:Microsomes, Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D008958:Models, Molecular; D015394:Molecular Structure; D009570:Nitriles / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D009578:Nitrobenzenes / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D010647:Phenyl Ethers / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D011725:Pyridines / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D014122:Toxoplasma / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology; D014123:Toxoplasmosis / Q000188:drug therapy
chemical_list: D003049:Coccidiostats; D065607:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors; D009570:Nitriles; D009578:Nitrobenzenes; D010647:Phenyl Ethers; D011725:Pyridines; D050753:Enoyl-(Acyl-Carrier-Protein) Reductase (NADH)