title: Clostridium difficile: an update for the primary care clinician.
abstract: Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is an important cause of intestinal disease, primarily affecting hospitalized patients exposed to antibiotics. Infection has been associated with prolonged hospital stays and excess healthcare expenditures. Recent changes in the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and treatment of CDI have occurred, leading to renewed scrutiny of this pathogen. Increases in its incidence and severity have been documented, possibly due to the emergence of a hypervirulent strain that produces high levels of toxins. Community-acquired cases in individuals without traditional risk factors have been reported. Furthermore, oral metronidazole may not be as effective as oral vancomycin for patients with severe CDI. New therapies are being investigated for patients with recurrent disease. This review highlights the new developments in the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and management of CDI, serving as an up-to-date resource for primary care clinicians.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Green 4 Unit, 2411 Holmes Street, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA. salkinda@umkc.edu
authors.forename: Alan R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Salkind
mesh_terms: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016360:Clostridioides difficile; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000517:prevention & control; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000382:microbiology; D004761:Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy*; D006235:Hand Disinfection; D006801:Humans; D008795:Metronidazole / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010356:Patient Isolation; D011320:Primary Health Care; D019936:Probiotics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012008:Recurrence; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014640:Vancomycin / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D008795:Metronidazole; D014640:Vancomycin