title: Vitamin D deficiency in adults: when to test and how to treat.
abstract: Recent evidence for the nonskeletal effects of vitamin D, coupled with recognition that vitamin D deficiency is common, has revived interest in this hormone. Vitamin D is produced by skin exposed to ultraviolet B radiation or obtained from dietary sources, including supplements. Persons commonly at risk for vitamin D deficiency include those with inadequate sun exposure, limited oral intake, or impaired intestinal absorption. Vitamin D adequacy is best determined by measurement of the 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration in the blood. Average daily vitamin D intake in the population at large and current dietary reference intake values are often inadequate to maintain optimal vitamin D levels. Clinicians may recommend supplementation but be unsure how to choose the optimal dose and type of vitamin D and how to use testing to monitor therapy. This review outlines strategies to prevent, diagnose, and treat vitamin D deficiency in adults.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA. hurley.daniel@mayo.edu
authors.forename: Kurt A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Kennel
authors.forename: Matthew T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Drake
authors.forename: Daniel L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Hurley
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D006801:Humans; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy*