title: Regional anesthesia and co-existing chronic pain.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Investigate the rational for incorporation of regional anesthesia techniques into a multimodal approach toward patients with co-existing chronic pain as increasing numbers of chronic pain patients are presenting for surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There is a growing body of evidence suggesting that regional anesthesia may be superior to opioids for improved pain control along with increased patient satisfaction and decreased perioperative morbidity and mortality comparing to general anesthesia in patients with significant medical disease(s) and may also carry several economic benefits. Despite the prevalence of chronic pain and data suggesting that patients with chronic pain are prone to exacerbation of their condition(s) following surgery, regional anesthesia techniques for these patients is only beginning to be developed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The systemic condition of chronic pain has important practical and clinical implications for regional anesthesia implementation by anesthesiologists and pain management physicians. Comprehensive preadmission assessment together with a complete medication history and close follow-up management should always be employed in patients with pre-existing chronic pain throughout the perioperative setting. Despite successful implementation of neural blockade, and to avoid opioid withdrawal, at least half the chronic pain patient's daily pre-admission opioid dose should be continued daily throughout the perioperative period. Regional anesthesia is a preferable anesthetic option for perioperative management technique of patients with co-existing chronic pain, even if it requires supplementation with sedation or general anesthesia. The specifics of regional anesthesia performance and practical strategies for regional anesthesia application in chronic pain patients, including implanted pain management devices, are reviewed in this study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pain Management, Anesthesiology Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Dmitri
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Souzdalnitski
authors.forename: Thomas M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Halaszynski
authors.forename: Gil
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Faclier
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000765:Anesthesia, Conduction / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004343:Drug Implants; D006801:Humans; D010146:Pain / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D004343:Drug Implants