title: Control of cerebellar long-term potentiation by P-Rex-family guanine-nucleotide exchange factors and phosphoinositide 3-kinase.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Long-term potentiation (LTP) at the parallel fibre-Purkinje cell synapse in the cerebellum is a recently described and poorly characterized form of synaptic plasticity. The induction mechanism for LTP at this synapse is considered reciprocal to "classical" LTP at hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons: kinases promote increased trafficking of AMPA receptors into the postsynaptic density in the hippocampus, whereas phosphatases decrease internalization of AMPA receptors in the cerebellum. In the hippocampus, LTP occurs in overlapping phases, with the transition from early to late phases requiring the consolidation of initial induction processes by structural re-arrangements at the synapse. Many signalling pathways have been implicated in this process, including PI3 kinases and Rho GTPases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We hypothesized that analogous phases are present in cerebellar LTP, and took as the starting point for investigation our recent discovery that P-Rex--a Rac guanine nucleotide exchange factor which is activated by PtdIns(3,4,5)P(3)--is highly expressed in mouse cerebellar Purkinje neurons and plays a role in motor coordination. We found that LTP evoked at parallel fibre synapses by 1 Hz stimulation or by NO donors was not sustained beyond 30 min when P-Rex was eliminated or Rac inhibited, suggesting that cerebellar LTP exhibits a late phase analogous to hippocampal LTP. In contrast, inhibition of PI3 kinase activity eliminated LTP at the induction stage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest that a PI3K/P-Rex/Rac pathway is required for late phase LTP in the mouse cerebellum, and that other PI3K targets, which remain to be discovered, control LTP induction.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Signalling, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: Heidi C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Welch
authors.forename: Tomas C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Bellamy
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D020662:Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors / Q000172:deficiency / Q000378:metabolism*; D017774:Long-Term Potentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D000081082:Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism; D011689:Purkinje Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D009435:Synaptic Transmission / Q000187:drug effects; D013997:Time Factors; D020744:rac GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D020662:Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D000081082:Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D020744:rac GTP-Binding Proteins