title: Mortality predictors and effects of antithrombotic therapies in atrial fibrillation: insights from ACTIVE-W.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the risk of death after the occurrence of different types of non-fatal events in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). Antithrombotic therapies in AF have primarily focused on stroke prevention and bleeding. However, strokes and bleeds differ in severity, and the level of severity may differently impact mortality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We analysed the risk of subsequent mortality after the occurrence of non-fatal vascular and bleeding events in the Atrial Fibrillation Clopidogrel Trial with Irbesartan for Prevention of Vascular Events (ACTIVE)-W trial. In the 3371 patients randomized to vitamin K antagonists and the 3335 patients randomized to clopidogrel plus aspirin in ACTIVE-W, the hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for subsequent death associated with the occurrence of non-fatal stroke was 5.58 (95% CI 3.84-8.10, P < 0.0001). Both ischaemic (HR 5.29, 95% CI 3.53-7.93, P < 0.0001) and haemorrhagic strokes (HR 7.38, 95% CI 2.74-19.9, P < 0.0001) increased mortality, but transient ischaemic attacks did not. Disabling strokes (Rankin's score > or =3) increased mortality (HR 9.54; 95% CI 6.42-14.2, P< 0.0001), but non-disabling strokes did not. Severe bleeding increased mortality (HR 3.35, 95% CI 2.12-5.27, P < 0.0001), but major bleeding that was not severe according to the study definitions did not.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Non-fatal strokes increased mortality in ACTIVE-W, but non-disabling strokes did not. Among major bleeding events, only those also classified as severe increased mortality. Future research should emphasize the prevention of disabling strokes and severe bleeds and place less emphasis on non-disabling stroke or major bleeds that are not severe.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Cardiology, G. d'Annunzio University, C/o Ospedale SS. Annunziata, Via dei Vestini, 66013 Chieti, Italy. rdecater@unich.it
authors.forename: Raffaele
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: De Caterina
authors.forename: Stuart J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Connolly
authors.forename: Janice
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pogue
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chrolavicius
authors.forename: Andrzej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Budaj
authors.forename: João
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Morais
authors.forename: Giulia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Renda
authors.forename: Salim
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yusuf
mesh_terms: D001241:Aspirin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000077144:Clopidogrel; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D000077405:Irbesartan; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012307:Risk Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000401:mortality; D013777:Tetrazoles / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013988:Ticlopidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014812:Vitamin K / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors
chemical_list: D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; D013777:Tetrazoles; D014812:Vitamin K; D000077144:Clopidogrel; D000077405:Irbesartan; D013988:Ticlopidine; D001241:Aspirin