title: Molecular characterization of partial fusion gene and C-terminus extension length of haemagglutinin-neuraminidase gene of recently isolated Newcastle disease virus isolates in Malaysia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Newcastle disease (ND), caused by Newcastle disease virus (NDV), is a highly contagious disease of birds and has been one of the major causes of economic losses in the poultry industry. Despite routine vaccination programs, sporadic cases have occasionally occurred in the country and remain a constant threat to commercial poultry. Hence, the present study was aimed to characterize NDV isolates obtained from clinical cases in various locations of Malaysia between 2004 and 2007 based on sequence and phylogenetic analysis of partial F gene and C-terminus extension length of HN gene.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The coding region of eleven NDV isolates fusion (F) gene and carboxyl terminal region of haemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) gene including extensions were amplified by reverse transcriptase PCR and directly sequenced. All the isolates have shown to have non-synonymous to synonymous base substitution rate ranging between 0.081 - 0.264 demonstrating presence of negative selection. Analysis based on F gene showed the characterized isolates possess three different types of protease cleavage site motifs; namely 112RRQKRF117, 112RRRKRF117 and 112GRQGRL117 and appear to show maximum identities with isolates in the region such as cockatoo/14698/90 (Indonesia), Ch/2000 (China), local isolate AF2240 indicating the high similarity of isolates circulating in the South East Asian countries. Meanwhile, one of the isolates resembles commonly used lentogenic vaccine strains. On further characterization of the HN gene, Malaysian isolates had C-terminus extensions of 0, 6 and 11 amino acids. Analysis of the phylogenetic tree revealed that the existence of three genetic groups; namely, genotype II, VII and VIII.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study concluded that the occurrence of three types of NDV genotypes and presence of varied carboxyl terminus extension lengths among Malaysian isolates incriminated for sporadic cases.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Ayalew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Berhanu
authors.forename: Aini
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ideris
authors.forename: Abdul R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Omar
authors.forename: Mohd Hair
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Bejo
mesh_terms: D019943:Amino Acid Substitution / Q000235:genetics; D000818:Animals; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D005838:Genotype; D015707:HN Protein / Q000235:genetics*; D008296:Malaysia; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009521:Newcastle Disease / Q000821:virology*; D009522:Newcastle disease virus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D010802:Phylogeny; D017354:Point Mutation; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011200:Poultry; D011201:Poultry Diseases / Q000821:virology*; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
chemical_list: D015707:HN Protein; D012367:RNA, Viral