title: YC-1, a novel potential anticancer agent, inhibit multidrug-resistant protein via cGMP-dependent pathway.
abstract: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of 3-(5'-hydroxymethyl-2'-furyl)-1-benzylindazole (YC-1) on multidrug resistance. Expression of human P-glycoprotein was assessed by realtime quantitative RT-PCR and western blot. The efflux function of P-glycoprotein was evaluated by rhodamine 123 accumulation and calcein-AM uptake models. The mechanisms of action of YC-1 on different signaling pathways were studied using series of antagonists and the kinetics was also assessed. Cytotoxicity was evaluated by MTT assay. The results demonstrated that increased intracellular accumulation of rhodamine 123 and increased fluorescence of calcein were observed after YC-1 treatment. Furthermore, increased YC-1 concentration resulted in significant decrease in Vmax while K(M) remained unchanged suggested that YC-1 acted as a noncompetitive inhibitor of P-glycoprotein. Moreover, the inhibition of Pgp efflux function by YC-1 was significantly reversed by NO synthase inhibitor, (L)-NAME, the sGC inhibitor, ODQ, the PKG inhibitor, Rp-8-Br-PET-cGMPS, and the PKG inhibitor KT5823. In addition, ERK kinase inhibitor PD98059 also significantly restored YC-1 inhibited Pgp efflux function. These results indicated that YC-1 inhibited Pgp efflux via the NO-cGMP-PKG-ERK signaling pathway through noncompetitive inhibition. The present study revealed that YC-1 could be a good candidate for development as a MDR modulator.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No.91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, Taiwan, 40402, Republic of China.
authors.forename: Chin-Chuan
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Hung
authors.forename: Horng-Huei
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Liou
mesh_terms: D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000235:genetics; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002460:Cell Line; D006152:Cyclic GMP / Q000378:metabolism*; D017869:Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D005452:Fluoresceins / Q000378:metabolism; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000378:metabolism; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D007191:Indazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D020112:Rhodamine 123 / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1; D005452:Fluoresceins; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D007191:Indazoles; C090937:3-(5'-hydroxymethyl-2'-furyl)-1-benzylindazole; D020112:Rhodamine 123; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D017869:Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinases; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases; D006152:Cyclic GMP; C007740:fluorexon