title: Protective effects of indomethacin-loaded nanocapsules against oxygen-glucose deprivation in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures: involvement of neuroinflammation.
abstract: Targeted treatment of diseases of the central nervous system remains problematic due to the complex pathogenesis of these disorders and the difficulty in drug delivery. Here we investigate the neuroprotective effect of indomethacin-loaded nanocapsules (IndOH-NC) in an in vitro model of ischemia. For this purpose we used organotypic hippocampal cultures exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). When the cultures were exposed to 60 min of OGD, 54.5±14.7% of the total area of the hippocampal slices was labeled with propidium iodide. On the other hand, when the cultures were treated with 50 or 100 μM of IndOH-NC the cell death was significantly reduced to 31±7% (P<0.05) and 20±4% (P<0.001), respectively. The treatment with IndOH-NC markedly inhibited the levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α levels even 48 h after OGD. Immunoblotting revealed that treatment with 100 μM of IndOH-NC was able to significantly reduce to the levels of control cultures the levels of ERK1/2 and JNK phosphorylation, as well as iNOS activation. Additionally, IndOH-NC prevented glial activation induced by OGD, as evidenced by a decrease of GFAP immunocontent and Isolectin B(4) reactivity. Our results clearly demonstrate that IndOH-NC might represent a promising pharmaceutical neuroprotective formulation for cerebral ischemia, most probably by inhibiting the inflammatory cascades.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul-UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. andressabernardi@yahoo.com.br
authors.forename: Andressa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bernardi
authors.forename: Rudimar L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Frozza
authors.forename: Ana Paula
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Horn
authors.forename: Maria Martha
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Campos
authors.forename: João B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Calixto
authors.forename: Christianne
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Salbego
authors.forename: Adriana R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Pohlmann
authors.forename: Sílvia S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Guterres
authors.forename: Ana Maria O
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Battastini
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D004790:Enzyme Induction; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007213:Indomethacin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism*; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism; D053769:Nanocapsules; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D053769:Nanocapsules; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D011494:Protein Kinases; D005947:Glucose; D007213:Indomethacin