title: Scavenging ducks and transmission of highly pathogenic avian influenza, Java, Indonesia.
abstract: In Java, Indonesia, during March 2007-March 2008, 96 farms with scavenging ducks that were not vaccinated against highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) were monitored bimonthly. Bird-level (prevalence among individual birds) H5 seroprevalence was 2.6% for ducks and 0.5% for chickens in contact with ducks. At least 1 seropositive bird was detected during 19.5% and 2.0% of duck- and chicken-flock visits, respectively. Duck flocks were 12.4x more likely than chicken flocks to have seropositive birds. During 21.4% of farm visits, <or=1 sampled duck was H5 seropositive when all sampled in-contact chickens were seronegative. Subtype H5 virus was detected during 2.5% of duck-flock visits and 1.5% of chicken-flock visits. When deaths from HPAI infection occurred, H5 virus shedding occurred in apparently healthy birds on 68.8% of farms. Of 180 poultry deaths investigated, 43.9% were attributed to H5 virus. These longitudinal study results indicate that ducks are a source of infection for chickens and, potentially, for humans.
authors.affiliation: The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. j.henning@uq.edu.au
authors.forename: Joerg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Henning
authors.forename: Hendra
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wibawa
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Morton
authors.forename: Tri Bhakti
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Usman
authors.forename: Akhmad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Junaidi
authors.forename: Joanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Meers
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002645:Chickens; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000662:veterinary*; D004372:Ducks; D007214:Indonesia / Q000453:epidemiology; D053124:Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005585:Influenza in Birds / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission / Q000821:virology*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D015995:Prevalence; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000662:veterinary; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D012367:RNA, Viral