title: Dietary glycemic index, glycemic load and blood lipid levels in middle-aged Japanese men and women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study investigated the association between dietary glycemic index (GI)/glycemic load (GL) and serum lipids in middle-aged Japanese men and women.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study participants were employees of a metal products factory in Japan: 2,257 men and 1,598 women aged 35 years or older. Dietary GI and GL were assessed using a self-administered diet history questionnaire. Serum lipid levels, adjusted for age, body mass index, alcohol consumption, smoking, physical activity, menopause status, and dietary intake of total energy, saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, cholesterol and fiber, were compared among GI/GL quintiles for each gender.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No significant associations were observed between GI and adjusted serum lipids in men or women. In contrast, GL was inversely associated with HDL-cholesterol in men and women (p for trend=0.001 for men and < 0.001 for women), and positively associated with non-HDL-cholesterol (p for trend=0.010), LDL-cholesterol (p for trend=0.035) and triglycerides (p for trend=0.011) in women; however, alcohol drinking affected these associations; there was no association between GL and serum lipids in male nondrinkers and between GL and LDL-cholesterol in female nondrinkers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  GL was inversely associated with HDL-cholesterol and positively associated with non-HDL-cholesterol in Japanese women. These associations in men were not observed in nondrinkers. A high-GL diet for women may have an atherogenic effect through these serum lipid abnormalities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Ishikawa, Japan. motoko-n@kanazawa-med.ac.jp
authors.forename: Motoko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nakashima
authors.forename: Masaru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sakurai
authors.forename: Koshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: Katsuyuki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Miura
authors.forename: Katsushi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yoshita
authors.forename: Yuko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Morikawa
authors.forename: Masao
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ishizaki
authors.forename: Kentaro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Murakami
authors.forename: Teruhiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kido
authors.forename: Yuchi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Naruse
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.forename: Hideaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakagawa
mesh_terms: D044466:Asian People; D004032:Diet; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D005260:Female; D038321:Glycemic Index; D006801:Humans; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D008055:Lipids