title: Cigarette smoking in middle age and a long-term risk of impaired activities of daily living: NIPPON DATA80.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Few studies have reported the relationship between smoking in middle age and long-term risk of impaired activities of daily living (ADL).
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed 2,276 men and women aged 47-59 years at the baseline survey of NIPPON DATA80 in 1980. At the follow-up survey in 1999, ADL was surveyed among 1890 survivors. Multivariate-adjusted odds ratio (AOR) and 95% CI of impaired ADL or of composite outcome of either death or impaired ADL according to baseline smoking status were calculated by multiple logistic regression analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 1999, 386 participants were dead, and 75 participants had impaired ADL. Compared with nonsmokers, AOR (95% CI) of impaired ADL was significantly higher in current smokers at baseline (odds ratio [OR] 2.11 [1.09-4.06]). Compared with nonsmokers, AOR of impaired ADL was higher as the number of cigarettes increased (OR 2.04 [1.02-4.06] for <20 cigarettes/day and OR 2.35 [0.94-5.88] for >20 cigarettes/day; p for trend = .04). AOR of composite outcome for current smoking was 1.83 (1.37-2.41).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Smoking in middle age would increase future risks of impaired ADL. Smoking cessation may be important to prevent future impairment of ADL as well as death.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Science, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta Tsukinowa-cho, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan. takasima@belle.shiga-med.ac.jp
authors.forename: Naoyuki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Takashima
authors.forename: Katsuyuki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Miura
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hozawa
authors.forename: Tomonori
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Okamura
authors.forename: Takehito
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hayakawa
authors.forename: Nagako
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Okuda
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kadowaki
authors.forename: Yoshitaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Murakami
authors.forename: Yoshikuni
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kita
authors.forename: Yasuyuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Okayama
authors.forename: Hirotsugu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ueshima
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015438:Health Behavior; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008019:Life Style; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011788:Quality of Life; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data