title: Effect of physical activity on nonmelanoma skin cancer risk in kidney, liver, and pancreatic transplant patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Physical activity has been associated with a lower risk of cancer, including melanoma, but the effect has not yet been assessed for nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether the risk of skin cancer differs according to physical activity level in patients at high risk for NMSC.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a retrospective cohort study in kidney, liver, and pancreatic transplant patients via telephone interview. Physical activity scores were calculated for each patient using a previously validated questionnaire. Sun exposure history and skin type were also recorded. The outcome of interest was a biopsy-proven diagnosis of at least one NMSC.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 142 subjects, 45 (32%) developed NMSC. There was no significant effect of physical activity on the development of NMSC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Physical activity level may not be a major predictor of skin cancer risk in organ transplant patients. Controlled trials and population-based studies are needed to determine whether exercise can decrease the risk of NMSC in the general population. The authors have indicated no significant interest with commercial supporters.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Crozer-Chester Medical Center, Upland, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Faith Miller
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Whalen
authors.forename: Anokhi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jambusaria-Pahlajani
authors.forename: Rebecca M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Speck
authors.forename: Kathryn
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schmitz
authors.forename: Chrysalyne D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Schmults
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001706:Biopsy; D015984:Causality; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007165:Immunosuppression Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016031:Liver Transplantation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity; D016035:Pancreas Transplantation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011159:Population Surveillance; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology