title: Impact of aspirin, NSAIDs, warfarin, corticosteroids and SSRIs on the site and outcome of non-variceal upper and lower gastrointestinal bleeding.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the impact of increased use of low-dose aspirin, other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), warfarin, corticosteroids and selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs) on the site and outcome of non-variceal gastrointestinal (GI) bleeds.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective review of 731 patients with peptic ulcer bleeds (PUBs), non-ulcer, non-variceal upper (NUUPGIBs) and lower GI bleeds (LGIBs) in 1984, 1994 and 2004 at Lund University Hospital, Sweden. Incidence and mortality rates, risk factors for fatal outcome and associations with different sites of GI bleeds were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Between 1984 and 2004, incidence of PUBs decreased from 62.0 to 32.1 per 100,000 inhabitants (p<0.001). Incidence of NUUPGIBs (29.0-30.4 per 100,000) and LGIBs (45.5-43.2 per 100,000) was stable. The case-fatality rate ranged from 4-6% (p=0.65) for upper GI bleed to 1-8% (p=0.033) for LGIB. No drug impacted on fatal outcome. Aspirin, warfarin and SSRI users tended to suffer more severe GI bleeds than non-users of these drugs. When comparing non-ulcer GI bleeds with PUBs, aspirin (OR 0.56, 95% CI 0.38-0.82) was more strongly associated with PUBs, whereas SSRIs (OR 3.71, 95% CI 1.39-12.9) and corticosteroids (OR 2.8, 95% CI 1.28-6.82) were more associated with non-ulcer GI bleeds after adjusting for age, gender and co-morbidity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased use of drugs that promote bleeding has not impacted on incidence and fatal outcome of non-variceal GI bleeds, although the severity of bleeding has increased. Aspirin is more strongly associated with PUBs, while corticosteroids and SSRIs are associated with non-ulcer, non-variceal GI bleeds.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Lund University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden. Kristina.Ahsberg@med.lu.se
authors.forename: Kristina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ahsberg
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Höglund
authors.forename: Won-Hie
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Christer Staël
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: von Holstein
mesh_terms: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001241:Aspirin / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014859:Warfarin / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D001241:Aspirin; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors; D014859:Warfarin