title: Identifying targets to improve treatment in type 2 diabetes; the Groningen Initiative to aNalyse Type 2 diabetes Treatment (GIANTT) observational study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Assessment of quality of cardiometabolic risk management in diabetes in primary care.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a descriptive cohort study including 95 Dutch general practices, we assessed medication treatment in relation to the level of control for HbA1c, systolic blood pressure (SBP) and LDL-cholesterol (LDL-c) in 2007. We also applied a prospective measure of treatment quality by assessing treatment modifications in not well-controlled patients. In a subpopulation of 23 practices, we studied trends in these quality indicators from 2004 (2059 patients) to 2007 (2929 patients).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 2007, averages for HbA1c, SBP and LDL-c were 6.9%, 142 mmHg and 2.3 mmol/l, respectively. Of the patients with an HbA1c >  8.5%, 16% were treated with one oral drug class and 50% used insulin. In 27% of these patients, therapy modification occurred subsequently. During the 4-year period, a slight decrease in average HbA1c was observed, but no changes in treatment level. In 2007, 56% of the patients had an SBP ≥ 140 mmHg, 19% of whom were not using antihypertensives. In the 13% with an SBP > 160 mmHg, 23% received a therapy modification. During the 4-year period, the average SBP decreased with 6 mmHg but the treatment level showed no substantial increase. In 2007, 39% had an LDL-c level ≥ 2.5 mmol/l, 49% of whom were not using statins. Of the patients with an LDL-c > 3.5 mmol/l, only 9% received a therapy modification.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The decreasing population averages of HbA1c, SBP and LDL-c values suggest improvement in quality of care. However, the relatively few therapy modifications observed in insufficiently controlled patients show room for improvement.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands. j.voorham@med.umcg.nl
authors.forename: Jaco
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Voorham
authors.forename: Floor M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Haaijer-Ruskamp
authors.forename: Klaas
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: van der Meer
authors.forename: Dick
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: de Zeeuw
authors.forename: Bruce H R
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Wolffenbuttel
authors.forename: Klaas
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hoogenberg
authors.forename: Petra
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Denig
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood / Q000187:drug effects; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000188:drug therapy; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005194:Family Practice; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008499:Medical Records; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy; D008875:Middle Aged; D011320:Primary Health Care; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D001786:Blood Glucose; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents