Anti-inflammatory activity of n-propyl gallate through down-regulation of NF-κB and JNK pathways.
The present study aimed to assess anti-inflammatory activity and underlying mechanism of n-propyl gallate, the n-propyl ester of gallic acid. n-Propyl gallate was shown to contain anti-inflammatory activity using two experimental animal models, acetic acid-induced permeability model in mice, and air pouch model in rats. It suppressed production of nitric oxide and induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophage cells. It was able to diminish reactive oxygen species level elevated in the LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophage cells. It also suppressed gelatinolytic activity of matrix metalloproteinase-9 enhanced in the LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophage cells. It inhibited inhibitory κB-α degradation and enhanced NF-κB promoter activity in the stimulated macrophage cells. It was able to suppress phosphorylation of c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase 1/2 (JNK1/2) and activation of c-Jun promoter activity in the stimulated macrophage cells. In brief, n-propyl gallate possesses anti-inflammatory activity via down-regulation of NF-κB and JNK pathways.
Jung
Hyun-Joo
HJ
College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, 140-742, South Korea.
Kim
Su-Jung
SJ
Jeon
Woo-Kwang
WK
Kim
Byung-Chul
BC
Ahn
Kisup
K
Kim
Kyunghoon
K
Kim
Young-Myeong
YM
Park
Eun-Hee
EH
Lim
Chang-Jin
CJ
D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002460:Cell Line; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000187:drug effects; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000378:metabolism; D011435:Propyl Gallate / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects
D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D016328:NF-kappa B; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D011435:Propyl Gallate; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496317:Nos2 protein, mouse; C077623:Ptgs2 protein, mouse; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases