title: Lenalidomide in multiple myeloma: an evidence-based review of its role in therapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Multiple myeloma (MM) is a relatively common and incurable hematological malignancy. Currently, there is no single standard therapy, with choice of treatment dependent on individual patient factors. Lenalidomide is an immunomodulatory drug with potent antitumor, antiangiogenic, immunomodulatory, and proapoptotic activity in MM.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the evidence for the use of lenalidomide in its current indication in relapsed or refractory MM, and additionally its investigational use for the treatment of newly diagnosed MM.
  
  
  METHODS
  In patients with relapsed and refractory MM, adding lenalidomide to high-dose dexamethasone significantly improves response rates and time-to-progression, relative to high-dose dexamethasone alone. This translates into a significant extension of overall survival (with a median extension of 9.1 months in a pivotal phase III study). Outcome is independent of patient age, number of previous therapies, type of previous therapy (including thalidomide or autologous stem cell transplantation), renal impairment, and beta(2)-microglobulin level. Evidence suggests that combining lenalidomide with low-dose dexamethasone improves outcomes in patients with newly diagnosed disease and is superior to lenalidomide combined with high-dose dexamethasone. Myelosuppression is the predominant toxicity observed, although some studies have shown high incidences of venous thromboembolism in the absence of prophylactic antithrombotic anticoagulation therapy. There is currently only limited evidence regarding the health economics of lenalidomide. ROLE IN THERAPY: The encouraging results obtained with lenalidomide alone and in combination with dexamethasone in patients with relapsed or refractory MM have led to its adoption as a recommended therapy in patients who have received at least one prior treatment. Emerging evidence supports the ongoing investigation of lenalidomide in combination with low-dose dexamethasone, and in other combinations including bortezomib, for use both in relapsed, refractory, and newly diagnosed MM.
authors.affiliation: Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.forename: Constantine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mitsiades
authors.forename: Jacob
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Laubach
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schlossman
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ghobrial
authors.forename: Teru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hideshima
authors.forename: Nikhil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Munshi
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Anderson