title: Variations of structural components: specific intercultural differences in facial morphology, skin type, and structures.
abstract: Analysis of the differences in facial morphology and skin structure and tone among ethnic groups within the realm of plastic surgery is relevant due to the increasing number of ethnic individuals seeking cosmetic surgery. Previous classifications of ideal facial morphologic characteristics have been revised and challenged over the years to accurately reflect the differences in facial structure that are aesthetically pleasing to individuals of differing ethnic groups. The traditional neoclassic canons reflected the European Caucasian facial morphology and cannot be used to classify facial characteristics in ethnic groups due to drastic differences in measurement and proportion. In addition, differences in biophysiologic properties of ethnic skin types influence the progression of aging and the ability of skin to withstand environmental insults. Thickness of the stratum corneum, water content, and melanin composition are important factors that were analyzed in varying ethnic groups. Although it appears that Caucasian Americans are subject to earlier onset of skin wrinkling and sagging than are African Americans due to thinner stratum corneum layers and decreased water content, more research needs to be conducted to be inclusive of other ethnic groups. These data will enable plastic surgeons to treat these groups more effectively while preserving their unique characteristics.
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.
authors.forename: Aisha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: McKnight
authors.forename: Adeyiza O
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Momoh
authors.forename: Jamal M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Bullocks