title: Analysis of failure in the treatment of impacted maxillary canines.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In this study, we aimed to evaluate the reasons for failure of orthodontic treatment for impacted maxillary canines and to recommend measures to overcome them.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-eight patients (ages, 17.4 +/- 4.3 years) with 37 maxillary impacted canines were referred after a failed attempt to resolve the impaction. Reasons for failure were analyzed, and corrective measures undertaken. The success rate of the revised treatments and the durations of both treatments were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean duration of the failed treatments was 26.2 +/- 17.2 months. The failed treatments were mostly based on plane radiographs, intra-arch dental anchorage, and elastic traction directly to the labial archwire. The major reasons for failure were inadequate anchorage (48.6%), mistaken location and directional traction (40.5%), and ankylosis (32.4%). In several patients, there was more than 1 possible reason for failure. The success rate of the revised treatments was 71.4%, and the mean duration was 14.4 +/- 7.2 months. Repeat surgery was needed for 62.9% of the canines in which corrective treatment was started, mostly to redirect the ligature wires. The corrective measures included the use of 3-dimensional imaging and a change in the direction of traction. Anchorage was reinforced by dental and skeletal means.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Inaccurate 3-dimensional diagnosis of location and orientation of impacted teeth and failure to appreciate anchorage demands were the major reasons for failure in the treatment of impacted canines.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel.
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.forename: Gavriel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chaushu
authors.forename: Stella
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chaushu
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002983:Clinical Competence; D003481:Cuspid / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D003951:Diagnostic Errors; D005115:Extraoral Traction Appliances / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007049:Iatrogenic Disease; D008297:Male; D008437:Maxilla; D052280:Orthodontic Anchorage Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects*; D050793:Orthodontic Extrusion / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D011861:Radiography, Dental / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D019233:Retreatment; D012391:Root Resorption / Q000209:etiology; D013997:Time Factors; D020254:Tooth Ankylosis / Q000150:complications / Q000209:etiology; D014095:Tooth, Impacted / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D017211:Treatment Failure