title: 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal protects against cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury via the Nrf2-dependent pathway.
abstract: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) attack polyunsaturated fatty acids of the membrane and trigger lipid peroxidation, which results in the generation of alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes, such as 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE). There is compelling evidence that high concentrations of aldehydes are responsible for much of the damage elicited by cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury, while sublethal concentrations of aldehydes stimulate stress resistance pathways, to achieve cardioprotection. We investigated the mechanism of cardioprotection mediated by 4-HNE. For cultured cardiomyocytes, 4-HNE was cytotoxic at higher concentrations (>or=20 microM) but had no appreciable cytotoxicity at lower concentrations. Notably, a sublethal concentration (5muM) of 4-HNE primed cardiomyocytes to become resistant to cytotoxic concentrations of 4-HNE. 4-HNE induced nuclear translocation of transcription factor NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and enhanced the expression of gamma-glutamylcysteine ligase (GCL) and the core subunit of the Xc(-) high-affinity cystine transporter (xCT), thereby increasing 1.45-fold the intracellular GSH levels. Cardiomyocytes treated with either Nrf2-specific siRNA or the GCL inhibitor l-buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) were less tolerant to 4-HNE. Moreover, the cardioprotective effect of 4-HNE pretreatment against subsequent glucose-free anoxia followed by reoxygenation was completely abolished in these cells. Intravenous administration of 4-HNE (4 mg/kg) activated Nrf2 in the heart and increased the intramyocardial GSH content, and consequently improved the functional recovery of the left ventricle following ischemia-reperfusion in Langendorff-perfused hearts. This cardioprotective effect of 4-HNE was not observed for Nrf2-knockout mice. In summary, 4-HNE activates Nrf2-mediated gene expression and stimulates GSH biosynthesis, thereby conferring on cardiomyocytes protection against ischemia-reperfusion injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Motoaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sano
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shinmura
authors.forename: Kayoko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tamaki
authors.forename: Yoshinori
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Katsumata
authors.forename: Tomohiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Matsuhashi
authors.forename: Shintaro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Morizane
authors.forename: Hideyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.forename: Takako
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hishiki
authors.forename: Jin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Endo
authors.forename: Heping
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Shinsuke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yuasa
authors.forename: Ruri
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kaneda
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Suematsu
authors.forename: Keiichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fukuda
mesh_terms: D000447:Aldehydes / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D051267:NF-E2-Related Factor 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000447:Aldehydes; D051267:NF-E2-Related Factor 2; D005978:Glutathione; C027576:4-hydroxy-2-nonenal