title: Contrasting patterns of deficits in visuospatial memory and executive function in patients with major depression with and without ECT referral.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The pretreatment neuropsychological profile of drug-resistant patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) referred for electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) may differ from that of their drug-respondent MDD counterparts. Such differences could help in identifying distinct MDD subtypes, thus offering insights into the neuropathology underlying differential treatment responses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Depressed patients with ECT referral (ECTs), depressed patients with no ECT referral (NECTs) and non-psychiatric Controls (matched groups, n=15) were assessed with memory and executive function tests from the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB).
  
  
  RESULTS
  ECTs scored significantly lower than NECTs in the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE; p=0.01). NECTs performed worse than Controls in the Paired Associates Learning (PAL) task (p<0.03; Control/NECT p<0.01) and the Spatial Recognition Memory (SRM) task (p<0.05; Controls/NECTs p<0.05); ECTs performed between Controls and NECTs, not differing from either. In the Intra/Extradimensional (IED) set-shifting task, ECTs performed worse that Controls and NECTS (IED: p<0.01; Controls/ECTs p<0.01), particularly in the shift phases, which suggests reduced attentional flexibility. In Stockings of Cambridge (SOC), ECTs abandoned the test early more often than Controls and NECTs (H=11, p<0.01) but ECTs who completed SOC performed comparably to the other two groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A double dissociation emerged from the comparison of cognitive profiles of ECT and NECT patients. ECTs showed executive deficits, particularly in attentional flexibility, but mild deficits in tests of visuospatial memory. NECTs presented the opposite pattern. This suggests predominantly frontostriatal involvement in ECT versus temporal involvement in NECT depressives.
authors.affiliation: Experimental Psychology Laboratory, 1st Department of Psychiatry, Athens University Medical School, Eginition Hospital, 74 Vas. Sofias Ave., Athens, Greece. tsaltasl@med.uoa.gr
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tsaltas
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kalogerakou
authors.forename: V-M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Papakosta
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kontis
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Theochari
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Koutroumpi
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Anyfandi
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Michopoulos
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Poulopoulou
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Papadimitriou
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Oulis
mesh_terms: D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D004351:Drug Resistance; D004565:Electroconvulsive Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D056344:Executive Function; D005260:Female; D006115:Greece; D006801:Humans; D016555:Matched-Pair Analysis; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D017211:Treatment Failure
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents