title: In vitro dermal absorption of pesticides: V. In vivo and in vitro comparison of the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in rat, guinea pig, pig, human and tissue-cultured skin.
abstract: In vitro dermal absorption tests were conducted with the (14)C-ring-labelled herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), dissolved in acetone and applied to dermatomed skin (0.5 mm) of a number of species at dose rates of 7-8 mug/cm(2). Skin absorption was determined for 48 hr after exposure using an in vitro flow-through system. Skin absorption was calculated from the sum of the percentage recovery of (14)C activity in the receiver solution and the percentage recovery in the methanol washes of the skin at 48 hr and the skin digest samples. Two receiver solutions, Ringer's saline, and Hanks' HEPES buffered saline with 4% serum albumin were used. Listed in decreasing order, the total percentage in vitro dermal absorptions obtained by 48 hr after exposure for the five skin types were: 47 +/- 4.3% [tissue cultured Testskin; Hanks' receiver (HR)], 40 +/- 4.5% (rat; HR), 19 +/- 1.8% (human; HR), 14 +/- 2.3% (hairless guinea pig; HR), 14 +/- 8.8% (pig; Ringer's receiver). The percentage recovery of the radiolabel in soapy water skin washes at 24 hr, methanol washes and skin digests at 48 hr, and of (14)C-labelled volatiles collected in air traps at 48 hr after exposure are reported. Comparative in vivo studies were conducted for 14 days after exposure and demonstrated 32 +/- 3.9 and 28 +/- 7.8% recovery of (14)C in the urine of rats (dose rate, 3 mug/cm(2)) and guinea pigs (dose rate, 4 mug/cm(2)), respectively. Total faecal recovery was 2 +/- 0.3 and 9 +/- 3.5% for rats and guinea pigs, respectively. Analysis of tissue taken at autopsy 14 day after dosing demonstrated a total tissue recovery of (14)C activity of 1 +/- 0.1 and 2 +/- 0.5% in rats and guinea pigs, respectively. Including the (14)C activity extracted from the skin removed from the dose site at 14 days after exposure, the total recovery of dermally absorbed residues was 49 +/- 10.4 and 40 +/- 9.9% in rats and guinea pigs, respectively. Recovery of (14)C activity from soapy water skin washes conducted at 24 hr after exposure was 28 +/- 8.1 and 43 +/- 9.0% for rats and guinea pigs, respectively. Recovery in skin patches was 18% (guinea pigs) and 26% (rats). In summary, the in vitro/in vivo concordance for the rat dermal absorption data was good but the in vitro data for hairless guinea pigs underestimated the in vivo absorption, and therefore for 2,4-D, rat skin may provide a better model of percutaneous absorption.
authors.affiliation: Health Canada, Environmental Health Centre, Tunney's Pasture, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0L2, Canada.
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Moody
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Nadeau
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Chu