title: Sublingual and submandibular blood collection in mice: a comparison of effects on body weight, food consumption and tissue damage.
abstract: In a large number of animal experiments, blood collection is crucial for achieving the study aim. Requirements on sampling techniques used include their practicability, their effectiveness in terms of obtaining the desired blood volume, sample quality and low impact on animal's wellbeing. Numerous methods for blood collection from mice have been published. For large blood volumes, submandibular and sublingual bleeding was developed as alternatives to the retrobulbar bleeding method, which is considered controversial as it results in severe tissue damage. Only a few studies report the use of submandibular and sublingual techniques in mice. In particular, the degree of tissue damage or influence on animal's wellbeing due to submandibular bleeding in conscious mice has not yet been clearly assessed. This gap in the knowledge base has been filled by our exploratory study that revealed clear differences between both techniques. Defence movements during submandibular blood collection in conscious mice resulted in more complications and revealed insufficient blood sample quality due to the prolonged duration of blood collection. In addition, it is likely that these movements may have caused lesions to be more pronounced. Changes in red blood cell parameters (red blood cell count, haemoglobin and haematocrit), in glucose and in total protein concentrations observed in anaesthetized animals were most likely related to anaesthesia. Sublingually punctured mice gained significantly more body weight than submandibularly punctured mice, likely due to less severe tissue lesions and improved healing processes. Based on these results, we recommend the sublingual blood collection technique to be used in mice. However, if the submandibular bleeding technique is used, it should be performed in anaesthetized mice only.
authors.affiliation: Novartis Pharma AG, Preclinical Safety, WKL-126.116, 4002 Basel, Switzerland. maike.heimann@novartis.com
authors.forename: Maike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Heimann
authors.forename: Daniel Robert
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Roth
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ledieu
authors.forename: Rudolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pfister
authors.forename: Werner
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Classen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001800:Blood Specimen Collection / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D001835:Body Weight / Q000502:physiology*; D004435:Eating; D005260:Female; D007756:Laboratory Animal Science / Q000379:methods; D008334:Mandible / Q000098:blood supply*; D008338:Mandibular Injuries / Q000209:etiology; D051379:Mice; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000502:physiology*; D014059:Tongue / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000293:injuries