title: A new family of phosphoinositide phosphatases in microorganisms: identification and biochemical analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Phosphoinositide metabolism is essential to membrane dynamics and impinges on many cellular processes, including phagocytosis. Modulation of phosphoinositide metabolism is important for pathogenicity and virulence of many human pathogens, allowing them to survive and replicate in the host cells. Phosphoinositide phosphatases from bacterial pathogens are therefore key players in this modulation and constitute attractive targets for chemotherapy. MptpB, a virulence factor from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, has phosphoinositide phosphatase activity and a distinct active site P-loop signature HCXXGKDR that shares characteristics with eukaryotic lipid phosphatases and protein tyrosine phosphatases. We used this P-loop signature as a "diagnostic motif" to identify related putative phosphatases with phosphoinositide activity in other organisms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found more than 200 uncharacterised putative phosphatase sequences with the conserved signature in bacteria, with some related examples in fungi and protozoa. Many of the sequences identified belong to recognised human pathogens. Interestingly, no homologues were found in any other organisms including Archaea, plants, or animals. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that these proteins are unrelated to classic eukaryotic lipid phosphatases. However, biochemical characterisation of those from Listeria monocytogenes and Leishmania major, demonstrated that, like MptpB, they have phosphatase activity towards phosphoinositides. Mutagenesis studies established that the conserved Asp and Lys in the P-loop signature (HCXXGKDR) are important in catalysis and substrate binding respectively. Furthermore, we provide experimental evidence that the number of basic residues in the P-loop is critical in determining activity towards poly-phosphoinositides.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This new family of enzymes in microorganisms shows distinct sequence and biochemical characteristics to classic eukaryotic lipid phosphatases and they have no homologues in humans. This study provides a foundation for examining the biological role of this new family of phosphatases and their potential as pharmaceutical targets against infectious diseases.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Life Sciences, Michael Smith Building, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.
authors.forename: Nicola J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Beresford
authors.forename: Charis
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Saville
authors.forename: Hayley J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Bennett
authors.forename: Ian S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: Lydia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tabernero
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D019295:Computational Biology; D017124:Conserved Sequence; D006801:Humans; D008958:Models, Molecular; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010744:Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010802:Phylogeny; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D013379:Substrate Specificity
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; C089504:polyphosphoinositide phosphatase; D010744:Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases