title: Molecular characterization of vernalization loci VRN1 in wild and cultivated wheats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Variability of the VRN1 promoter region of the unique collection of spring polyploid and wild diploid wheat species together with diploid goatgrasses (donor of B and D genomes of polyploid wheats) were investigated. Accessions of wild diploid (T. boeoticum, T. urartu) and tetraploid (T. araraticum, T. timopheevii) species were studied for the first time.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sequence analysis indicated great variability in the region from -62 to -221 nucleotide positions of the VRN1 promoter region. Different indels were found within this region in spring wheats. It was shown that VRN1 promoter region of B and G genome can also contain damages such as the insertion of the transposable element.Some transcription factor recognition sites including hybrid C/G-box for TaFDL2 protein known as the VRN1 gene upregulator were predicted inside the variable region. It was shown that deletions leading to promoter damage occurred in diploid and polyploid species independently. DNA transposon insertions first occurred in polyploid species. At the same time, the duplication of the promoter region was observed in A genomes of polyploid species.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We can conclude that supposed molecular mechanism of the VRN1 gene activating in cultivated diploid wheat species T. monococcum is common also for wild T. boeoticum and was inherited by T. monococcum. The spring polyploids are not related in their origin to spring diploids. The spring T. urartu and goatgrass accessions have another mechanism of flowering activation that is not connected with indels in VRN1 promoter region. All obtained data may be useful for detailed insight into origin of spring wheat forms in evolution and domestication process.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular-Genetic Systems, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Novosibirsk 90, Russian Federation. ksu@bionet.nsc.ru
authors.forename: Kseniya A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Golovnina
authors.forename: Elena Ya
authors.initials: EY
authors.lastname: Kondratenko
authors.forename: Alexander G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Blinov
authors.forename: Nikolay P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Goncharov
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D001483:Base Sequence; D004171:Diploidy; D017353:Gene Deletion; D017343:Genes, Plant / Q000235:genetics*; D014644:Genetic Variation; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D011123:Polyploidy; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D050436:Regulatory Elements, Transcriptional / Q000235:genetics; D012621:Seasons; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D014908:Triticum / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism