title: Endothelin-1 is increased in cerebrospinal fluid and associated with unfavorable outcomes in children after severe traumatic brain injury.
abstract: Severe pediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with unfavorable outcomes secondary to injury from activation of the inflammatory cascade, the release of excitotoxic neurotransmitters, and changes in the reactivity of cerebral vessels, causing ischemia. Hypoperfusion of injured brain tissues after TBI is also associated with unfavorable outcomes. Therapeutic hypothermia is an investigational treatment strategy for use in patients with severe TBI that has shown differential effects on various cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) mediators in pediatric patients. Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is a powerful vasoconstrictor that exerts its effects on the cerebrovascular endothelium for sustained periods after TBI. The purpose of this study was to determine if CSF concentrations of ET-1 are increased after severe TBI in children, and if they are associated with demographics and outcomes that are affected by therapeutic hypothermia. This was an ancillary study to a prospective, randomized-controlled trial of early hypothermia in a tertiary care pediatric intensive care unit. Children (n = 34, age 3 months-15 years) suffering from severe TBI were randomized to hypothermia (n = 19) and normothermia (n = 15) as part of the efficacy study. Children undergoing diagnostic lumbar puncture (n = 11) to rule out infection were used as controls. Patients received either mild to moderate hypothermia (32-33°C) or normothermia as part of their treatment protocol. CSF was serially collected during the first 5 days after TBI. ET-1 concentrations were quantitated in patient and control CSF samples by a validated ELISA in duplicate with a limit of quantification of 0.195 pg/mL. CSF ET-1 concentrations were increased by two- to threefold in children after TBI compared to controls, and the increase was sustained for up to 5 days post-TBI. This relationship was not affected by hypothermia, and there were no differences in ET-1 response between children with inflicted and accidental TBI. Group-based trajectory analysis revealed two distinct groups with similar ET-1 levels over time. Univariate analysis showed a significant association between ET-1 levels and Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) scores, for which higher ET-1 levels over time were associated with unfavorable outcomes. ET-1 is increased in children with severe TBI and is associated with unfavorable outcomes. This increase in ET-1 may mediate the hypoperfusion or cerebrovascular dysfunction accompanying severe TBI in children. Importantly, hypothermia does not affect the brain's ET-1 response as measured in the CSF.
authors.affiliation: Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh Pennsylvania, USA. saloniar@upmc.edu
authors.forename: Rosanne
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Salonia
authors.forename: Philip E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Empey
authors.forename: Samuel M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Poloyac
authors.forename: Stephen R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Wisniewski
authors.forename: Megan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Klamerus
authors.forename: Haishin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ozawa
authors.forename: Amy K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: Randall
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ruppel
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.forename: Keri
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Feldman
authors.forename: P David
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Adelson
authors.forename: Robert S B
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: Patrick M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Kochanek
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid* / Q000628:therapy*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D019332:Endothelin-1 / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D023261:Glasgow Outcome Scale; D006801:Humans; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D019332:Endothelin-1