title: Typhonium flagelliforme induces apoptosis in CEMss cells via activation of caspase-9, PARP cleavage and cytochrome c release: its activation coupled with G0/G1 phase cell cycle arrest.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The plant Typhonium flagelliforme (TF), commonly known as 'rodent tuber' in Malaysia, is often used as traditional remedy for cancer, including leukemia.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We had previously identified morphologically that the linoleic acid rich fraction (DCM/F7) from the tubers of this plant induces selective anti-proliferative effects and apoptosis in CEMss cells. In this present study, we subjected the same DCM/F7 fraction to cell based activity analyses in order to determine the possible mechanism of cell death in leukemic CEMss cells in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  Extraction of Typhonium flagelliforme tuber has done and fractionation has been done by vacuum liquid column chromatography. The anti-proliferative activity was assayed using MTT and the apoptosis detection was done by Annexin V and DNA laddering assay. Colorimetric caspase assay and immunoblot analysis were employed to detect the expression of protein associated with cell death. Cell cycle analysis was done using flow cytometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that the cancer inhibitory effect of the DCM/F7 fraction in CEMss cells was 3 ± 0.08 μg/ml (IC(50)). An early apoptotic induction in CEMss cells was observed by Annexin V assay, which showed a clear dose-dependent DNA fragmentation being observed in gel electrophoresis at 10 and 20 μg/ml. The DCM/F7 fraction at 3 μg/ml significantly arrested CEMss cells at G0/G1 phase (p<0.05). A constant but increasing pattern-related Sub-G0/G1 index was observed between 12 and 72 h treatment. In relation to this, we further investigated the biochemical events leading to cell death and found that the DCM/F7 fraction increased the cellular levels of caspase-3 and -9 on treated cells. Our results indicated that cytochrome c from mitochondria into the cytosol increased gradually as the DCM/F7 concentration increases, which later lead to the subsequent cleavage of PARP in to 85kDa fragments. On the contrary, Bcl-2 protein was found to decrease concomitantly during treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Collectively, results presented in this study demonstrated that the DCM/F7 fraction inhibited the proliferation of leukemia cells, leading to the programmed cell death, which was confirmed to be through the mitochondrial pathway.
authors.affiliation: UPM-MAKNA Cancer Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia. syammohanm@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Syam
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mohan
authors.forename: Ahmad Bustamam
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Abdul
authors.forename: Siddig Ibrahim
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Abdelwahab
authors.forename: Adel S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Al-Zubairi
authors.forename: Mohamed Aspollah
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Sukari
authors.forename: Rasedee
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Abdullah
authors.forename: Manal Mohamed
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Elhassan Taha
authors.forename: Mohamed Yousif
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Ibrahim
authors.forename: Suvitha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Syam
mesh_terms: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D029064:Araceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D053453:Caspase 9 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D045304:Cytochromes c / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004587:Electrophoresis, Agar Gel; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D020128:Inhibitory Concentration 50; D007938:Leukemia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D008296:Malaysia; D008519:Medicine, Traditional; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D010936:Plant Extracts; D045304:Cytochromes c; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases; D053453:Caspase 9