title: Embryonic development of Ampheres leucopheus and Iporangaia pustulosa (Arachnida: Opiliones: Gonyleptidae).
abstract: The first studies concerning the embryonic development of harvestmen started in the late 19th century, and focused mostly on holarctic species, and only three species of the suborder Laniatores (the largest, among the four suborders considered presently) were studied. Moreover, the last studies on embryology of harvestmen were made during the late 1970s. This study focused on the embryonic development of Ampheres leucopheus (Gonyleptidae, Caelopyginae) and Iporangaia pustulosa (Gonyleptidae, Progonyleptoidellinae). The embryonic development was followed in the field, by taking daily photographs of different eggs during about 2 months. When laid, eggs of A. leucopheus and I. pustulosa have approximately 1.13 and 1.30 mm in diameter, respectively, and the second is embedded in a large amount of mucus. The eggs grow, mainly due to water absorption at the beginning of the process, and they reach a diameter of about 1.35 and 1.59 mm, respectively, close to hatching. It took, respectively, 29-56 days and 35-66 days from egg laying to hatching. For the description of the embryonic development, we use photographs from the field, SEM micrographs, and histological analysis. This allowed us, for instance, to document the progression of structures and pigmentation directly from live embryos in the field, and to record microstructures, such as the presence of perforations in the cuticle of the embryo in the place where eyes are developing. Yet, contrary to what was expected in the literature, we record an egg tooth in one of the studied laniatoreans.
authors.affiliation: Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Zoologia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. gnaspini@ib.usp.br
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gnaspini
authors.forename: Cristiano Frederico
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Lerche
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001097:Arachnida / Q000196:embryology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D047108:Embryonic Development; D005260:Female; D007814:Larva / Q000254:growth & development / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008297:Male; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D010063:Ovum / Q000502:physiology