title: Toxicity of cadmium, anthracene, and their mixture to Desmodesmus subspicatus estimated by algal growth-inhibition ISO standard test.
abstract: Cells of Desmodesmus subspicatus 86.81 were used to examine the toxicity of cadmium chloride (CdCl(2)) and anthracene (ANT) applied individually and in combination. The experiments were performed according to standardized ISO (International Organization for Standardization) 8692 protocol (2004). Parameters measured were the number of cells and chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters. E(r)C(10) and E(r)C(50) values (growth rate [r] inhibition by 10% and 50%, respectively) for single toxicants were determined separately. The effect of mixtures of the substances (Cd + ANT) at concentrations corresponding to E(r)C(10) (E(r)C(10) + E(r)C(10)) and E(r)C(50) (E(r)C(50) + E(r)C(50)) values was characterized. The toxicity of individual chemicals after a 72-h exposure was as follows: ANT (E(r)C(10) = 0.06; E(r)C(50) = 0.26 mg l(-1)) and CdCl(2) (E(r)C(10) = 0.12; E(r)C(50) = 0.30 mg l(-1)). The combination Cd + ANT decreased the population growth rate more strongly than the substances applied individually. Cadmium at a concentration corresponding to E(r)C(10) slightly influenced the parameters of chlorophyll a fluorescence as measured by the OJIP test (O, J, I, and P are the different steps of fluorescence induction curve), whereas the influence of ANT was not statistically significant. In Cd + ANT-treated samples, the photosynthetic "vitality" (PI), the maximum quantum yield of primary photochemistry (φ(Po)), and the fraction of active PS II reaction centre (RC) decreased, but the values of ABS/RC, TR(0)/RC, and DI(0)/RC increased. The type of interaction between Cd and ANT depended on the concentration of chemicals used. When the substances were applied at concentrations of E(r)C(10), synergistic effects were observed, whereas the mixture of chemicals used at an E(r)C(50) concentration showed an antagonistic interaction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Physiology, University of Gdańsk, Al. Marszałka J. Piłsudskiego 46, 81-378 Gdynia, Poland. abrem@ocean.univ.gda.pl
authors.forename: Agnieszka
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Baścik-Remisiewicz
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aksmann
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Żak
authors.forename: Maja
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kowalska
authors.forename: Zbigniew
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Tukaj
mesh_terms: D000873:Anthracenes / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D002104:Cadmium / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D002734:Chlorophyll / Q000378:metabolism; D000077194:Chlorophyll A; D000460:Chlorophyta / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D005453:Fluorescence; D018675:Toxicity Tests / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000873:Anthracenes; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D002104:Cadmium; D002734:Chlorophyll; C034020:anthracene; D000077194:Chlorophyll A