title: Multi-agent modeling of the South Korean avian influenza epidemic.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several highly pathogenic avian influenza (AI) outbreaks have been reported over the past decade. South Korea recently faced AI outbreaks whose economic impact was estimated to be 6.3 billion dollars, equivalent to nearly 50% of the profit generated by the poultry-related industries in 2008. In addition, AI is threatening to cause a human pandemic of potentially devastating proportions. Several studies show that a stochastic simulation model can be used to plan an efficient containment strategy on an emerging influenza. Efficient control of AI outbreaks based on such simulation studies could be an important strategy in minimizing its adverse economic and public health impacts.
  
  
  METHODS
  We constructed a spatio-temporal multi-agent model of chickens and ducks in poultry farms in South Korea. The spatial domain, comprised of 76 (37.5 km x 37.5 km) unit squares, approximated the size and scale of South Korea. In this spatial domain, we introduced 3,039 poultry flocks (corresponding to 2,231 flocks of chickens and 808 flocks of ducks) whose spatial distribution was proportional to the number of birds in each province. The model parameterizes the properties and dynamic behaviors of birds in poultry farms and quarantine plans and included infection probability, incubation period, interactions among birds, and quarantine region.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We conducted sensitivity analysis for the different parameters in the model. Our study shows that the quarantine plan with well-chosen values of parameters is critical for minimize loss of poultry flocks in an AI outbreak. Specifically, the aggressive culling plan of infected poultry farms over 18.75 km radius range is unlikely to be effective, resulting in higher fractions of unnecessarily culled poultry flocks and the weak culling plan is also unlikely to be effective, resulting in higher fractions of infected poultry flocks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results show that a prepared response with targeted quarantine protocols would have a high probability of containing the disease. The containment plan with an aggressive culling plan is not necessarily efficient, causing a higher fraction of unnecessarily culled poultry farms. Instead, it is necessary to balance culling with other important factors involved in AI spreading. Better estimations for the containment of AI spreading with this model offer the potential to reduce the loss of poultry and minimize economic impact on the poultry industry.
authors.affiliation: Department of Computer Science, State University of New York at Buffalo, 201 Bell Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260-1200, USA.
authors.forename: Taehyong
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Woochang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.forename: Aidong
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Surajit
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sen
authors.forename: Murali
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ramanathan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002645:Chickens; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D004372:Ducks; D017053:Infection Control / Q000379:methods*; D005585:Influenza in Birds / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011790:Quarantine / Q000379:methods; D056910:Republic of Korea / Q000453:epidemiology