title: Fetal facial sonographic markers for second trimester Down syndrome screening in a Thai population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the efficacy of using facial sonographic markers for screening fetuses in the second trimester for Down syndrome (DS) in a high-risk Thai population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Frontomaxillary facial angle (FMF) and nasal bone length (NBL) were measured prospectively in pregnant women at high-risk for DS who were undergoing genetic amniocentesis from November 2008 to October 2009. The receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves were constructed to assess the screening efficacy of FMF angle and NBL.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 460 pregnant women were recruited, and a mid-sagittal facial profile was obtained for 403 fetuses. There were 386 fetuses with normal chromosomes, 10 fetuses with DS, 1 fetus with trisomy 13, and 1 fetus with trisomy 18. The remaining 5 fetuses had balanced translocation (n = 2), deletion (n = 1), and mosaic Turner (n = 2). Two different combinations of FMF angle and biparietal diameter to nasal bone length (BPD:NBL) ratio for DS screening in the second trimester achieved 50% and 90% detection rates and 4.4% and 14.0% false positive rates, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combination of FMF angle and BPD:NBL ratio has a high sensitivity and specificity for screening for DS in the second trimester in a high-risk Thai population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Ratchadawan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sooklim
authors.forename: Saknan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Manotaya
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004314:Down Syndrome / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005260:Female; D005624:Frontal Bone / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D008423:Maternal Age; D008437:Maxilla / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D009295:Nasal Bone / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011262:Pregnancy Trimester, Second; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013785:Thailand; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal