title: Use of eye movement monitoring to examine item and relational memory in schizophrenia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients with schizophrenia may be impaired at remembering interitem and item-context relationships (relational memory), even when memory for items is intact. Here, we applied the novel approach of using eye movements to assess integrity of item and relational memory in schizophrenia. This method does not rely on introspection and may be more readily translated to animal models than traditional behavioral methods.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen healthy control subjects and 16 patients were administered a scene memory task while eye movements were monitored. During testing, participants indicated whether the scenes were unchanged, contained a new item (item manipulation), had a change in item location (relational manipulation), or were new. It was predicted that memory would be disproportionately impaired when relational changes were made.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results confirmed that tasks were equally difficult and showed that patients were impaired identifying all scene types. These behavioral impairments were associated with more severe disorganization and negative symptoms. Eye movement results were more specific. Both groups looked disproportionately at critical regions of repeated versus novel scenes-an effect of scene repetition. However, in contrast with predictions, patients showed equivalent eye-movement-based memory impairment whether changes were relational or item-based.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first experiment to demonstrate that eye movements can be used to investigate item and relational memory in schizophrenia. The eye movement procedure was well tolerated and was more specific than behavioral measures with respect to memory impairment. Results suggest that eye movements may be of use in clinical trials and translational studies employing animal models.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin at Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.
authors.forename: Deborah E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Hannula
authors.forename: Charan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ranganath
authors.forename: Ian S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Ramsay
authors.forename: Marjorie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Solomon
authors.forename: Jong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.forename: Tara A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Niendam
authors.forename: Cameron S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Carter
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Ragland
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D005133:Eye Movements / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology*; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D009949:Orientation / Q000502:physiology; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000150:complications*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D055815:Young Adult