BST-2/tetherin: a new component of the innate immune response to enveloped viruses.
The interferon-inducible, transmembrane protein BST-2 (CD317, tetherin) directly holds fully formed enveloped virus particles to the cells that produce them, inhibiting their spread. BST-2 inhibits members of the retrovirus, filovirus, arenavirus and herpesvirus families. These viruses encode a variety of proteins to degrade BST-2 and/or direct it away from its site of action at the cell surface. Viral antagonism has subjected BST-2 to positive selection, leading to species-specific differences that presented a barrier to the transmission of simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) to humans. This barrier was crossed by HIV-1 when its Vpu protein acquired activity as a BST-2 antagonist. Here, we review this new host-pathogen relationship and discuss its impact on the evolution of primate lentiviruses and the origins of the HIV pandemic.
Evans
David T
DT
Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, One Pine Hill Drives, Southborough, MA 01772, USA. devans@hms.harvard.edu
Serra-Moreno
Ruth
R
Singh
Rajendra K
RK
Guatelli
John C
JC
D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology; D000818:Animals; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D058851:GPI-Linked Proteins; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D054298:Human Immunodeficiency Virus Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D017958:Lentiviruses, Primate / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology*; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D011323:Primates; D015302:Simian Immunodeficiency Virus / Q000502:physiology; D014759:Viral Envelope Proteins / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D054334:Viral Regulatory and Accessory Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D000074010:Bone Marrow Stromal Antigen 2; D000086082:Viroporin Proteins
D015703:Antigens, CD; D058851:GPI-Linked Proteins; D054298:Human Immunodeficiency Virus Proteins; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D014759:Viral Envelope Proteins; D054334:Viral Regulatory and Accessory Proteins; C094572:BST2 protein, human; D000074010:Bone Marrow Stromal Antigen 2; C514859:vpu protein, Human immunodeficiency virus 1; D000086082:Viroporin Proteins