Pain assessment and management in children with neurologic impairment: a survey of pediatric physical therapists.
OBJECTIVE
This study explored pain assessment measures and interventions used by physical therapists in the treatment of children with neurologic impairment.


METHODS
Following extensive literature review on pain assessment and intervention, a survey was developed, pilot tested, and posted on the listserv of the Pediatric Section of the American Physical Therapy Association.


RESULTS
Eighty percent of the respondents used subjective measures to assess pain, 70% used self-report scales, and 41% used behavioral and physiological measures. Behaviors frequently used included vocalizations, facial expression, and irritability. Rarely used cues included decreased attention, withdrawal, and changes in sleeping and eating behaviors. Therapists used research-supported pain interventions such as distraction and praise as well as potentially harmful distress producing measures such as procedural talk and reassurance.


CONCLUSIONS
Further research is needed to determine the feasibility of using behavioral pain assessment measures during physical therapy sessions. Physical therapist continuing education regarding nonpharmaceutical pain interventions is indicated.
Swiggum
Mary
M
School of Physical Therapy, Texas Woman's University, Houston, Texas, USA. lswigg@aol.com
Hamilton
Merry Lynne
ML
Gleeson
Peggy
P
Roddey
Toni
T
Mitchell
Katy
K
D002547:Cerebral Palsy / Q000150:complications / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D010146:Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D059408:Pain Management; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods*; D026741:Physical Therapy Modalities; D026761:Physical Therapy Specialty / Q000193:education; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome