title: West Nile virus emergence and persistence in Los Angeles, California, 2003-2008.
abstract: West Nile virus (WNV) invaded Los Angeles in September 2003, and during the subsequent five-year period followed a pattern of amplification, subsidence, and resurgence. Enzootic transmission was tracked by abundance and infection incidence in Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus and Cx. tarsalis and by seroprevalence in peridomestic passerine birds, infection in dead birds, and seroconversions in sentinel chickens. Culex p. quinquefasciatus served as the primary vector of WNV, with gravid traps serving as the best sampling method and the most consistent indicator of viral activity. Spatial scan statistics applied to mosquito infection and positive dead bird data delimited three major clusters of WNV transmission, with introduction occurring in the Los Angeles Basin, and amplification and dispersal events carrying transmission to the San Fernando and Santa Clarita valleys. Los Angeles experienced major epidemics in 2004 and 2008, providing a unique opportunity to investigate specific patterns of enzootic amplification preceding epidemics.
authors.affiliation: School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Jennifer L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Kwan
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kluh
authors.forename: Minoo B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Madon
authors.forename: William K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Reisen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001715:Bird Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D001717:Birds; D002645:Chickens; D003465:Culex / Q000502:physiology / Q000821:virology; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000502:physiology / Q000821:virology; D015141:Los Angeles / Q000453:epidemiology; D011156:Population Density; D011891:Rain; D018571:Sentinel Surveillance; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors; D014901:West Nile Fever / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D014902:West Nile virus / Q000302:isolation & purification*