title: Epidemiological characteristics of cholera in Singapore, 1992-2007.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We carried out an epidemiological review of cholera in Singapore to determine its trends and the factors contributing to its occurrence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Epidemiological data of all notified cases of cholera maintained by the Communicable Diseases Division, Ministry of Health, for the period 1992 to 2007 were collated and analysed. Case-control studies were carried out in outbreaks to determine the source of infection and mode of transmission. Linear patterns in age and ethnic distribution of cholera cases were assessed using chi2 test for trend.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were a total of 210 cholera cases reported between 1992 and 2007. The incidence of cholera declined from 17 cases in 1992 to 7 cases in 2007. About a quarter of the cases were imported from endemic countries in the region. Between 76% and 95% of the reported cases were local residents. Four elderly patients with comorbidities and who sought medical treatment late died, giving a case-fatality rate of 1.9%. Vibrio cholerae 01, biotype El Tor, serotype Ogawa, accounted for 83.8% of the cases. The vehicles of transmission identified in outbreaks included raw fi sh, undercooked seafood and iced drinks cross-contaminated with raw seafood.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With the high standard of environmental hygiene and sanitation, a comprehensive epidemiological surveillance system and licensing and control of food establishments, cholera could not gain a foothold in Singapore despite it being situated in an endemic region. However, health education of the public on the importance of personal and food hygiene is of paramount importance in preventing foodborne outbreaks. Physicians should also maintain a high level of suspicion of cholera in patients presenting with severe gastroenteritis, especially those with a recent travel history to endemic countries.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Molecular Epidemiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore. cmewcs@nus.edu.sg
authors.forename: Chia Siong
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Li Wei
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Ang
authors.forename: Lyn
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: James
authors.forename: Kee Tai
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Goh
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002771:Cholera / Q000382:microbiology / Q000401:mortality*; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D005517:Foodborne Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011159:Population Surveillance; D012846:Singapore / Q000453:epidemiology; D041241:Vibrio cholerae O1 / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D055815:Young Adult