title: Reduction in cadmium-induced toxicity and c-Jun N-terminal kinase activation by glutathione in cultured mouse embryonic cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cadmium (Cd(2+)) induces limb defects and other malformations in experimental animals. However, the mechanisms of the developmental toxicity of this metal are not fully understood. The ubiquitous intracellular tripeptide glutathione (GSH) protects nonembryonic cells from Cd(2+)-induced cell death and is essential for normal embryonic development. We predicted that pretreatment with GSH would prevent cytotoxicity in cultured mouse embryonic limb bud cells exposed to Cd(2+). Additionally, it was expected that GSH pretreatment would prevent the Cd(2+)-induced activation of the signaling molecule c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), which becomes phosphorylated upon exposure to Cd(2+).
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary micromass cultures of limb bud cells obtained from organogenesis-stage mouse embryos were treated with either Cd(2+) or GSH alone, or both Cd(2+) and GSH. Treatment with GSH commenced 4 hr prior to Cd(2+) treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cell proliferation was inhibited by approximately 50% after exposure to 4 μM Cd(2+) for 5 days. Cd(2+) treatment also resulted in a dose-dependent increase in the intracellular GSH content as measured after 5 days of exposure. Pretreatment with 4 mM GSH for 4 hr prevented the Cd(2+)-induced inhibition of cell proliferation and differentiation and also inhibited a threefold activation of JNK induced by 4 μM Cd(2+) after 24 and 48 hr of exposure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Exogenous GSH protects cultured embryonic limb bud cells from Cd(2+)-induced inhibition of cell proliferation and differentiation, which is associated with the activation of JNK.
authors.affiliation: Watershed Ecosystems Graduate Program, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, K9J 7B8, Canada.
authors.forename: Yolanda
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: MacKinnon
authors.forename: Carolyn M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Kapron
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002104:Cadmium / Q000633:toxicity*; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D020219:Chondrogenesis / Q000187:drug effects; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000187:drug effects; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D018878:Limb Buds / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism; D017880:Limb Deformities, Congenital; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013723:Teratogens / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D013723:Teratogens; D002104:Cadmium; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D005978:Glutathione