title: Optical imaging of retinotopic maps in a small songbird, the zebra finch.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The primary visual cortex of mammals is characterised by a retinotopic representation of the visual field. It has therefore been speculated that the visual wulst, the avian homologue of the visual cortex, also contains such a retinotopic map. We examined this for the first time by optical imaging of intrinsic signals in zebra finches, a small songbird with laterally placed eyes. In addition to the visual wulst, we visualised the retinotopic map of the optic tectum which is homologue to the superior colliculus in mammals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the optic tectum, our results confirmed previous accounts of topography based on anatomical studies and conventional electrophysiology. Within the visual wulst, the retinotopy revealed by our experiments has not been illustrated convincingly before. The frontal part of the visual field (0 degrees +/-30 degrees azimuth) was not represented in the retinotopic map. The visual field from 30 degrees -60 degrees azimuth showed stronger magnification compared with more lateral regions. Only stimuli within elevations between about 20 degrees and 40 degrees above the horizon elicited neuronal activation. Activation from other elevations was masked by activation of the preferred region. Most interestingly, we observed more than one retinotopic representation of visual space within the visual wulst, which indicates that the avian wulst, like the visual cortex in mammals, may show some compartmentation parallel to the surface in addition to its layered structure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results show the applicability of the optical imaging method also for small songbirds. We obtained a more detailed picture of retinotopic maps in birds, especially on the functional neuronal organisation of the visual wulst. Our findings support the notion of homology of visual wulst and visual cortex by showing that there is a functional correspondence between the two areas but also raise questions based on considerable differences between avian and mammalian retinotopic representations.
authors.affiliation: Lehrstuhl Verhaltensforschung, Universität Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany. nina.keary@uni-bielefeld.de
authors.forename: Nina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Keary
authors.forename: Joe
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Voss
authors.forename: Konrad
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lehmann
authors.forename: Hans-Joachim
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Bischof
authors.forename: Siegrid
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Löwel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D057054:Molecular Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D055620:Optical Phenomena; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D020308:Songbirds / Q000502:physiology*; D013477:Superior Colliculi / Q000502:physiology; D014793:Visual Cortex / Q000502:physiology