title: Scanning electron microscope evaluation of chlorhexidine gel and liquid associated with sodium hypochlorite cleaning on the root canal walls.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate, by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), the cleaning of the root canal walls after instrumentation and irrigation with 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) associated with 2% chlorhexidine (CHX) gel or liquid, combined or not with 17% ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA).
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty single-root human teeth were subjected to standardized root canal instrumentation with different irrigants (n = 10): G1) NaOCl + CHX liquid; G2) NaOCl + CHX liquid + EDTA + saline solution; G3) NaOCl + CHX gel; G4) NaOCl + CHX gel + EDTA + saline solution; G5) saline solution; G6) saline solution + EDTA. After instrumentation, the teeth were prepared for SEM analysis (×500 and ×2,000) to evaluate the cleaning of the cervical, middle, and apical thirds. The area analyzed was quantified according to the percentage of open and closed tubules, and data were statistically analyzed by analysis of variance and Tukey tests (P = .05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The number of open tubules was highest in G4 in all root thirds, showing statistically significant difference from G1, G2, and G5 (P < .05). G1 presented higher quantity of closed tubules significant than G2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Irrigation with NaOCl and CHX gel followed by EDTA and saline solution produced greater cleaning of the root canal walls.
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry, São Paulo State University, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil. marcia@fosjc.unesp.br
authors.forename: Marcia Carneiro
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Valera
authors.forename: Adriana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Márcia Maciel
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Menezes
authors.forename: Carlos Eduardo Fernandes
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Fernandes
authors.forename: Cláudio Antonio Talge
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.forename: Samira Esteves Afonso
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Camargo
authors.forename: Carlos Henrique Ribeiro
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Camargo
mesh_terms: D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002614:Chelating Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002710:Chlorhexidine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D003786:Dental Pulp Cavity / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D003804:Dentin / Q000187:drug effects / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004492:Edetic Acid / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005782:Gels; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018915:Root Canal Preparation / Q000379:methods; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012996:Solutions; D019227:Tooth Apex / Q000187:drug effects / Q000648:ultrastructure
chemical_list: D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local; D002614:Chelating Agents; D005782:Gels; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants; D012996:Solutions; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D004492:Edetic Acid; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite; D002710:Chlorhexidine