title: A power balance model for handcycling.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To demonstrate the applicability of the power balance model to elite handcycling and to obtain values for gross efficiency (GE).
  
  
  METHODS
  Four members of the Dutch Paralympic team performed trials on a 250-m indoor track. Velocity (v) and power output (PO) were measured in conjunction with physiological measures to obtain values for GE. The data were used to construct and validate a power balance model of handcycling.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The empirically derived relationship between PO and velocity was: PO = 0.20v³ + 2.90v (R²= 0.95). Mean GE during submaximal performance was 17.9%  ± 1.6%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Handcycling performance can successfully be modelled with a power balance model. The model provides insight into the magnitude of power production and dissipation during elite handcycling. Handcycling is a relatively efficient upper body mode of propulsion with associated high metabolic demand at race velocities.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Human Movement Sciences, Research Institute MOVE, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Wim G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Groen
authors.forename: Lucas H V
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: van der Woude
authors.forename: Jos J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: De Koning
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001132:Arm / Q000502:physiology*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005080:Exercise Test; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology; D009426:Netherlands; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology; D010264:Paraplegia / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D013177:Sports; D014910:Wheelchairs