title: An investigation of a possible relationship between olfactory identification deficits at first episode and four-year outcomes in patients with psychosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Olfactory identification deficits are found in a significant proportion of patients with schizophrenia spectrum psychotic disorders and appear to be predictive of incomplete remission of negative and cognitive symptoms. In the current study, we examined whether patients with first episode psychosis who have olfactory identification deficits (microsmic) have poorer functional outcome than those whose olfactory status is normal (normosmic).
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-six (66) first episode psychosis patients (46 M and 20 F) were assessed with the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT) at baseline. UPSIT scores served to classify patients into subgroups. The patients' psychiatrists completed the Social and Occupational Functioning Assessment Scale (SOFAS) and the Levels of Functioning Scale (LOFS) after at least 6 months of treatment. The Premorbid Assessment Scale (PAS) was rated by a parent at baseline.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-eight percent (38%) of the sample was identified as 'microsmic'. LOFS and SOFAS scores were significantly lower in the microsmic group than in the normosmic group. Symptoms were significantly worse in the microsmic group in comparison to the normosmic group. PAS scores did not differ between groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  First episode patients identified as microsmic at baseline assessment went on to demonstrate poorer functional outcome compared to normosmic patients despite no differences in premorbid adjustment. Olfactory identification deficits at first episode may provide a marker for poorer outcome. Testing olfaction is simple and inexpensive, and could provide clinically valuable information at first episode to identify those patients who might benefit from more intensive interventions promoting functional recovery.
authors.affiliation: Nova Scotia Early Psychosis Program, Canada. kimpgood@dal.ca
authors.forename: Kimberley P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Good
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tibbo
authors.forename: Heather
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Milliken
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Whitehorn
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alexiadis
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Robertson
authors.forename: Lili C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Kopala
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015897:Comorbidity; D004192:Discrimination, Psychological; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D000857:Olfaction Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D012903:Smell; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents