title: Rapid resolution of suicidal ideation after a single infusion of an N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist in patients with treatment-resistant major depressive disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Suicidal ideation is a medical emergency, especially when severe. Little research has been done on pharmacologic interventions that could address this problem. Ketamine, an N-methyl-D-asparate antagonist, has been reported to have antidepressant effects within hours. We examined the effects of a single dose of ketamine on suicidal ideation in subjects with treatment-resistant major depressive disorder (MDD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-three subjects with DSM-IV-diagnosed MDD received a single open-label infusion of ketamine (0.5 mg/kg) and were rated at baseline and at 40, 80, 120, and 230 minutes postinfusion with the Scale for Suicide Ideation (SSI), the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale, the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, and the Beck Depression Inventory. The study was conducted between October 2006 and January 2009.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Suicidal ideation scores decreased significantly on the SSI as well as on the suicide subscales of other rating instruments within 40 minutes; these decreases remained significant through the first 4 hours postinfusion (P < .001). Ten subjects (30%) had an SSI score ≥ 4 at baseline; all these scores dropped below 4 (9 dropped by 40 minutes and 1 by 80 minutes). For those patients with a starting score below 4 on the SSI, only 1 reached a score of 4. Depression, anxiety, and hopelessness were significantly improved at all time points (P < .001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Suicidal ideation in the context of MDD improved within 40 minutes of a ketamine infusion and remained improved for up to 4 hours postinfusion. Future studies with ketamine in suicidal ideation are warranted due to the potential impact on public health.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00088699.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Mental Health, and Department of Human Health Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: DiazGranados
authors.forename: Lobna A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Ibrahim
authors.forename: Nancy E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Brutsche
authors.forename: Rezvan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ameli
authors.forename: Ioline D
authors.initials: ID
authors.lastname: Henter
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Luckenbaugh
authors.forename: Rodrigo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Machado-Vieira
authors.forename: Carlos A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Zarate
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003863:Depression / Q000188:drug therapy*; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007649:Ketamine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016202:N-Methylaspartate / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D059020:Suicidal Ideation; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; D016202:N-Methylaspartate; D007649:Ketamine