title: The management of nonunion and delayed union of patella fractures: a systematic review of the literature.
abstract: Nonunion and delayed union of patella fractures are rare conditions that are fraught with challenges. There exists limited evidence in the literature to guide the clinician in the management of these complications. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to perform a systematic review of the available evidence on the management of nonunion and delayed union of patella fractures. A total of five publications which met our criteria were identified and formed the basis of this study. The decision making in the treatment of this condition is based on the functional demands of the patient, the factors that led to the development of the nonunion, the potential impact of the biomechanical effects of a total patellectomy, and the presence of an intact extensor mechanism of the knee for a later reconstructive procedure. Patients with low functional demands may be managed with nonoperative methods; however, those who perform heavy physical work or participate in sports usually require open reduction and internal fixation. Tension band wiring is the treatment of choice for patients suitable for a reconstructive procedure. Partial or total patellectomy is also an option for small distal fragments or an inability to satisfactorily perform internal fixation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Louisville, 210 E Gray Street, Suite 1003, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
authors.forename: Senthil T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Nathan
authors.forename: Brent E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.forename: Craig S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: Peter V
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Giannoudis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001864:Bone Wires; D016206:Databases, Bibliographic; D005260:Female; D005593:Fracture Fixation, Internal; D017102:Fracture Healing; D005599:Fractures, Ununited / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010329:Patella / Q000293:injuries* / Q000601:surgery; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome