title: Respiratory symptoms and bronchial responsiveness in competitive swimmers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A high prevalence of bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) and respiratory symptoms has been reported among competitive swimmers. From the 2002 Winter Olympics, BHR measurements or bronchodilator reversibility have been required for approved use of β2-agonists in sports. The first aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship among respiratory symptoms in young elite swimmers, eucapnic voluntary hyperpnea (EVH), and the inhaled dose of methacholine, causing a 20% decrease in forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1; PD(20 methacholine)). The second aim of this study was to assess the repeatability of the EVH test.
  
  
  METHODS
  For this study, 15 male and 9 female adolescent elite swimmers, aged 15 to 25 yr, performed one PD(20 methacholine) test and two EVH tests in a randomized order. Dry air containing 5% CO2 was inhaled for 6 min with a target ventilation of ≥85% of maximum voluntary ventilation (minimum = 65%). PD(20 methacholine) ≤2 μmol and EVH with FEV1 reduction ≥10% were considered positive. Respiratory symptoms and medication were reported in the modified AQUA2008 questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty swimmers (83%) reported respiratory symptoms, 13 (65%) of them had a positive provocation test. Fourteen (58%) had at least one positive test to either EVH or PD(20 methacholine); three had only one positive EVH test. One athlete had BHR without symptoms. The sensitivity of PD(20 methacholine) ≤2 μmol for respiratory symptoms was 50% versus 60% and 47.37% for the two EVH tests, respectively, and 75% for PD(20 methacholine) ≤4 μmol. The Bland-Altman plot of the two EVH tests showed a consistent distribution, with only one subject outside the limits of agreement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  BHR was frequently found among adolescent competitive swimmers. PD(20 methacholine) ≤2 μmol and EVH ≥ 10% compared well, but PD(20 methacholine) ≤4 μmol had the highest sensitivity for respiratory symptoms. The EVH test has high repeatability but is very expensive and uncomfortable to perform.
authors.affiliation: Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Katrin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Stadelmann
authors.forename: Trine
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Stensrud
authors.forename: Kai-Haakon
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Carlsen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001249:Asthma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D056352:Athletes / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016535:Bronchial Hyperreactivity / Q000453:epidemiology*; D001985:Bronchial Provocation Tests; D016085:Bronchoconstrictor Agents; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016210:Methacholine Chloride; D015995:Prevalence; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D013550:Swimming / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D016085:Bronchoconstrictor Agents; D016210:Methacholine Chloride