title: Genetic and epigenetic changes of NKIRAS1 gene in human renal cell carcinomas.
abstract: Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common malignant tumor of kidney associated with the worst clinical outcome. No molecular markers for RCC diagnostics and prognosis that could be applied in clinics were described yet. Large-scale screening of 3p human chromosome genes/loci in RCC and histologically normal tissues surrounding the tumors using NotI-microarray approach demonstrated that NKIRAS1 gene contained the largest percent of genetic/epigenetic changes in RCC tumor cells.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To validate the results of NotI microarray analysis and study genetic, epigenetic changes, and the expression level of NKIRAS1 gene in human RCC samples.
  
  
  METHODS
  DNA and RNA were isolated from freshly-frozen renal tumors' samples (n = 12) and from normal tissues surrounding the tumors. Epigenetic changes (methylation status) of NKIRAS1 were detected by bisulfite sequencing. Genetic changes and expression level were analyzed by Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) with SYBR Green. For relative quantification 2-(DeltaDeltaCP) method was used. Nonparametric tests (Wilcoxon, Kruskal - Wallis and Mann - Whitney) were applied for statistical data analysis using the BioStat software.
  
  
  RESULTS
  NKIRAS1 expression was downregulated in 75% of RCC samples (9 of 12) compared with surrounding normal tissue. High grade tumors (3 and 4) showed lower expression of NKIRAS1 at the mRNA level than tumors of low grade (1 and 2). No significant association was found between gene expression level and gender or age. Analysis of NKIRAS1 gene copy number was performed in 19 tumor samples. Changes in the copy number of NKIRAS1 gene were observed in 64% (9 of 14) of cRCC samples. 9 samples displayed ratio (< 0.85 and >or= 0.35), thus were considered as hemizygous deletions. 3 samples showed ratio (> 0.85) and were considered as normal copy number. Changes in NKIRAS1 gene copy number were detected in all 3 benign oncocytomas, 1 papillary cancer and 1 sarcoma, where hemizygous deletion was observed. No changes in methylation status of NKIRAS1 were found in RCC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have validated the results of NotI microarray analysis of NKIRAS1 gene in RCC. It was shown the decreased expression level of NKIRAS1 in this type of tumor.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Zabolotnogo str. 150, Kiev 03143, Ukraine.
authors.forename: G V
authors.initials: GV
authors.lastname: Gerashchenko
authors.forename: O O
authors.initials: OO
authors.lastname: Bogatyrova
authors.forename: E E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Rudenko
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Kondratov
authors.forename: V V
authors.initials: VV
authors.lastname: Gordiyuk
authors.forename: Y M
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Zgonnyk
authors.forename: O F
authors.initials: OF
authors.lastname: Vozianov
authors.forename: T V
authors.initials: TV
authors.lastname: Pavlova
authors.forename: E R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Zabarovsky
authors.forename: A V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Rynditch
authors.forename: V I
authors.initials: VI
authors.lastname: Kashuba
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000235:genetics*; D019175:DNA Methylation; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction