title: Physical training in boys with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: the protocol of the No Use is Disuse study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  "Use it or lose it" is a well known saying which is applicable to boys with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD). Besides the direct effects of the muscular dystrophy, the increasing effort to perform activities, the fear of falling and the use of personal aids indirectly impair leg and arm functions as a result of disuse. Physical training could oppose this secondary physical deterioration. The No Use is Disuse (NUD) study is the first study in human subjects with DMD that will examine whether a low-intensity physical training is beneficial in terms of preservation of muscle endurance and functional abilities. The study consists of two training intervention studies: study 1 "Dynamic leg and arm training for ambulant and recently wheelchair-dependent boys with DMD and, study 2 "Functional training with arm support for boys with DMD who have been confined to a wheelchair for several years". This paper describes the hypotheses and methods of the NUD study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Study 1 is an explorative randomized controlled trial with multiple baseline measurements. Thirty boys with a DNA-established diagnosis of DMD will be included. The intervention consists of a six-months physical training during which boys train their legs and arms with active and/or assisted cycling training equipment. The primary study outcomes are muscle endurance and functional abilities, assessed with a Six-Minute Bicycle Test and the Motor Function Measure. Study 2 has a within-group repeated measurements design and will include ten boys with DMD who have already been confined to a wheelchair for several years. The six-months physical training program consists of 1) a computer-assisted training and 2) a functional training with an arm support. The primary study outcome is functional abilities of the upper extremity, assessed with the Action Research Arm Test.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The NUD study will fill part of the gap in the current knowledge about the possible effects of training in boys with DMD and will increase insight into what type of exercise should be recommended to boys with DMD. The study will finish at the end of 2010 and results are expected in 2011.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The Netherlands National Trial Register1631.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen Centre for Evidence Based Practice, Nijmegen, the Netherlands. M.Jansen@reval.umcn.nl
authors.forename: Merel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jansen
authors.forename: Imelda Jm
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: de Groot
authors.forename: Nens
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: van Alfen
authors.forename: Alexander Ch
authors.initials: ACh
authors.lastname: Geurts
mesh_terms: D001132:Arm; D001642:Bicycling; D002364:Caseins; D002648:Child; D005081:Exercise Therapy; D006801:Humans; D007866:Leg; D008297:Male; D018763:Muscle Fatigue; D020388:Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D010807:Physical Endurance; D018910:Video Games; D014910:Wheelchairs
chemical_list: D002364:Caseins