title: An evolutionary analysis of cAMP-specific Phosphodiesterase 4 alternative splicing.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs) hydrolyze the intracellular second messengers: cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanine monophosphate (cGMP). The cAMP-specific PDE family 4 (PDE4) is widely expressed in vertebrates. Each of the four PDE4 gene isoforms (PDE4 A-D) undergo extensive alternative splicing via alternative transcription initiation sites, producing unique amino termini and yielding multiple splice variant forms from each gene isoform termed long, short, super-short and truncated super-short. Many species across the vertebrate lineage contain multiple splice variants of each gene type, which are characterized by length and amino termini.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A phylogenetic approach was used to visualize splice variant form genesis and identify conserved splice variants (genome conservation with EST support) across the vertebrate taxa. Bayesian and maximum likelihood phylogenetic inference indicated PDE4 gene duplication occurred at the base of the vertebrate lineage and reveals additional gene duplications specific to the teleost lineage. Phylogenetic inference and PDE4 splice variant presence, or absence as determined by EST screens, were further supported by the genomic analysis of select vertebrate taxa. Two conserved PDE4 long form splice variants were found in each of the PDE4A, PDE4B, and PDE4C genes, and eight conserved long forms from the PDE4 D gene. Conserved short and super-short splice variants were found from each of the PDE4A, PDE4B, and PDE4 D genes, while truncated super-short variants were found from the PDE4C and PDE4 D genes. PDE4 long form splice variants were found in all taxa sampled (invertebrate through mammals); short, super-short, and truncated super-short are detected primarily in tetrapods and mammals, indicating an increasing complexity in both alternative splicing and cAMP metabolism through vertebrate evolution.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was a progressive independent incorporation of multiple PDE4 splice variant forms and amino termini, increasing PDE4 proteome complexity from primitive vertebrates to humans. While PDE4 gene isoform duplicates with limited alternative splicing were found in teleosts, an expansion of both PDE4 splice variant forms, and alternatively spliced amino termini predominantly occurs in mammals. Since amino termini have been linked to intracellular targeting of the PDE4 enzymes, the conservation of amino termini in PDE4 splice variants in evolution highlights the importance of compartmentalization of PDE4-mediated cAMP hydrolysis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago 835 S. Wolcott Avenue, M/C 901, Chicago, IL 60612-7342, USA.
authors.forename: Keven R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Jessie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nicodemus-Johnson
authors.forename: Robert S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Danziger
mesh_terms: D017398:Alternative Splicing; D000818:Animals; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D017124:Conserved Sequence; D054703:Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 4 / Q000235:genetics*; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005091:Exons; D020440:Gene Duplication; D006801:Humans; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000235:genetics; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D005810:Multigene Family; D010802:Phylogeny; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D054730:Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D007527:Isoenzymes; D054703:Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 4