title: Agreement among multiple measures of self-reported smoking status in Chinese urban residents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare five alternative self-report methods for assessing the smoking status of Chinese urban residents, and to estimate their reliability or agreement.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional survey with multistage sampling.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional survey data were collected from residents in two Chinese cities, and the prevalence of smoking and smoking frequency were estimated by means of six methods of self-report labelled SMD, SM1, SM6, SMF, SMC and SM. SM, the method of smoking assessment endorsed by the World Health Organisation (WHO), served as a referent in estimating agreement among the domestic methods. Cohen's kappa measured overall intermethod agreement.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data on 1167 eligible respondents were analysed. kappa values ranged from 0.79 to 0.89 for current smoking, from 0.84 to 0.94 for daily smoking, and from 0.23 to 0.62 for occasional smoking. Compared with the referent (SM, 61%), SMD (53%), SM1 (57%), SM6 (54%) and SMC (55%) significantly understated the prevalence of current smoking among Chinese urban residents. SM1 (11%), SM6 (10%), SMD (6%) and SMC (6%) significantly understated the prevalence of occasional smoking compared with the refererent (SM, 14%). No variation emerged in prevalence estimates of daily smoking.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite some variability, the five domestic methods used to assess smoking status in China generally produced similar results to those based on SM, the method advocated by WHO. Discrepancies between domestic assessment methods peaked in estimating the prevalence of occasional smoking.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Tobacco Control Research, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China. ytingzhongyang@yahoo.com
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: I R H
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: Rockett
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: W W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Lu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010865:Pilot Projects; D015995:Prevalence; D012309:Risk-Taking; D057566:Self Report; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D055815:Young Adult