title: Flexible ureterorenoscopy and laser lithotripsy in children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Flexible ureterorenoscopy (FUR) and laser lithotripsy (LL) are techniques used in the management of upper urinary tract disorders. These techniques, so far established in adults, are now being used in children as well. We report our experience with 26 cases of pediatric upper urinary tract disorders treated using these techniques.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the period from 1997 to 2006, FUR was performed in 26 children (14 males and 12 females) in the age group of three months to 15 years with a mean age of 8.2 years. Twenty five were stented prior to undergoing FUR and 24 presented with suspected upper tract stones (17 pelvicalyceal and seven midureteric). Two cases showed JJ stent migration post-pyeloplasty.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eight cases involved diagnostic procedures. Six excluded the presence of renal calculi, one had focal medullary sponge kidney, and one had calcified papillae. There were 15 cases of therapeutic FUR. Of these, 12 had LL with only one had incomplete stone fragmentation which subsequently passed spontaneously. Other therapeutic procedures included removal of migrated JJ stents and FUR with the basket removal of a midureteric calculus. Three cases failed ureterorenoscopy due to technical difficulties. The overall success rate was 88.5% for FUR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  FUR and LL are valuable minimally invasive techniques for the examination and treatment of pediatric upper urinary tract conditions. Preoperative stenting improves passage of the ureteroscope and with progressive miniaturization of instruments, the lower weight limit will decrease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Princess Margaret Hospital, Roberts Road, Subiaco, Western Australia 6008.
authors.forename: When-Chan
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Yeow
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pemberton
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Barker