title: Contraceptive use among solid organ transplant patients: a systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Women undergoing solid organ transplantation are advised to avoid pregnancy for up to 24 months following transplant surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a systematic review of the literature, from database (PubMed) inception through February 2009, to evaluate evidence on the safety and effectiveness of contraceptive use among women having undergone solid organ transplantation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From 643 articles, eight articles from seven studies satisfied review inclusion criteria; six articles pertained to kidney transplant patients, and two reported on liver transplant patients. Two reports of one prospective cohort of 36 kidney transplant recipients taking combined oral contraceptives (COCs) or using the transdermal contraceptive patch reported no significant changes in biochemical measures after 18 months of use for either group, although 13 women modified antihypertensive medication, and two women discontinued the study because of serious medical complications. Four case reports of five kidney recipients using intrauterine devices reported inconsistent findings, including both beneficial health effects and contraceptive failures. One retrospective, noncomparative study of 15 liver transplant recipients using COCs or the transdermal contraceptive patch found no significant changes in any biochemical measures obtained, no discontinuations or severe complications and no pregnancies after a 12-month follow up. One case report of a liver transplant recipient on cyclosporine and prednisone documented the development of cholestasis associated with high-dose (50 mcg ethinyl estradiol) COC use as treatment for heavy uterine bleeding.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Very limited evidence on COC and transdermal contraceptive patch use among kidney and liver transplant recipients indicated no pregnancies and no overall changes in biochemical measures. Excluding case reports, evidence on other contraceptive methods or contraception among other types of solid organ transplants was not identified.
authors.affiliation: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
authors.forename: Melissa E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Paulen
authors.forename: Suzanne G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Folger
authors.forename: Kathryn M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Curtis
authors.forename: Denise J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Jamieson
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D003271:Contraceptive Agents, Female / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D003277:Contraceptives, Oral, Combined / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007434:Intrauterine Devices / Q000009:adverse effects; D007435:Intrauterine Devices, Copper / Q000009:adverse effects; D007436:Intrauterine Devices, Medicated / Q000009:adverse effects; D016030:Kidney Transplantation; D016031:Liver Transplantation; D016377:Organ Transplantation; D011247:Pregnancy
chemical_list: D003271:Contraceptive Agents, Female; D003277:Contraceptives, Oral, Combined