title: Motor control exercises, sling exercises, and general exercises for patients with chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled trial with 1-year follow-up.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Exercise benefits patients with chronic nonspecific low back pain; however, the most effective type of exercise remains unknown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study compared outcomes after motor control exercises, sling exercises, and general exercises for low back pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a randomized controlled trial with a 1-year follow-up.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted in a primary care setting in Norway.
  
  
  METHODS
  The participants were patients with chronic nonspecific low back pain (n=109).
  
  
  METHODS
  The interventions in this study were low-load motor control exercises, high-load sling exercises, or general exercises, all delivered by experienced physical therapists, once a week for 8 weeks.
  
  
  METHODS
  The primary outcome measure was pain reported on the Numeric Pain Rating Scale after treatment and at a 1-year follow-up. Secondary outcome measures were self-reported activity limitation (assessed with the Oswestry Disability Index), clinically examined function (assessed with the Fingertip-to-Floor Test), and fear-avoidance beliefs after intervention.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The postintervention assessment showed no significant differences among groups with respect to pain (overall group difference) or any of the outcome measures. Mean (95% confidence interval) group differences for pain reduction after treatment and after 1 year were 0.3 (-0.7 to 1.3) and 0.4 (-0.7 to 1.4) for motor control exercises versus sling exercises, 0.7 (-0.6 to 2.0) and 0.3 (-0.8 to 1.4) for sling exercises versus general exercises, and 1.0 (-0.1 to 2.0) and 0.7 (-0.3 to 1.7) for motor control exercises versus general exercises.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The nature of the interventions made blinding impossible.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study gave no evidence that 8 treatments with individually instructed motor control exercises or sling exercises were superior to general exercises for chronic low back pain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and General Practice, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway. monica.unsgaard.tondel@ntnu.no
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Unsgaard-Tøndel
authors.forename: Anne Margrethe
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Fladmark
authors.forename: Øyvind
authors.initials: Ø
authors.lastname: Salvesen
authors.forename: Ottar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Vasseljen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009664:Norway; D010147:Pain Measurement; D026741:Physical Therapy Modalities; D016896:Treatment Outcome