title: An outbreak of type C botulism in waterbirds: Incheon, Korea.
abstract: Five outbreaks of botulism in waterbirds were encountered over a 5-yr period from 2004 to 2008 in Korea. In October 2008, an outbreak of avian type C botulism affected approximately 2,000 wild waterbirds in the Namdong flood control basin, Incheon, South Korea. Ecologic conditions, clinical signs exhibited by moribund birds, and lack of gross pathology and microbial evidence of infectious disease, suggested botulinum intoxication. Type C botulinum toxin was demonstrated in duck sera, liquid culture of intestinal tissue, and an extract of maggots taken from the carcasses. Additionally, 34 of 40 (85.0%) sediment samples from the same area were positive for botulinum toxin by mouse bioassay using multivalent (types A-F) antiserum, indicating that toxigenic Clostridium botulinum was present in the environment. This is the most severe case of avian botulism documented in Korea.
authors.affiliation: Division of High-Risk Pathogen Research, Center for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Seoul 122-701, Korea.
authors.forename: Na-Ri
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.forename: Seong Hwan
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Byun
authors.forename: Jeong Hoon
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Chun
authors.forename: Jeong Hwa
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.forename: Yun Jeong
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Jeong-Hee
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Gi-Eun
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Rhie
authors.forename: Hyen Mi
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: In-Pil
authors.initials: IP
authors.lastname: Mo
authors.forename: Cheon-Kwon
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Yoo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000835:Animals, Wild; D001715:Bird Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D001717:Birds; D001905:Botulinum Toxins / Q000032:analysis*; D001906:Botulism / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000662:veterinary*; D004372:Ducks; D005260:Female; D007723:Korea / Q000453:epidemiology; D007814:Larva / Q000737:chemistry; D008297:Male
chemical_list: D001905:Botulinum Toxins; C096324:botulinum toxin type C