title: Associations of antiretroviral drug use and HIV-specific risk factors with carotid intima-media thickness.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous research has demonstrated an increase in carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) in HIV-infected individuals compared to controls. However, the reason for this increased level of subclinical vascular disease is unknown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To identify HIV-related risk factors for increased cIMT.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated the relationship between HIV-related characteristics (including markers of HIV disease severity and use of antiretroviral therapy) and cIMT measurements in the internal/bulb and common carotid regions among 538 HIV-infected participants from the Study of Fat Redistribution and Metabolic Change in HIV Infection (FRAM). We used Bayesian model averaging to estimate the posterior probability of candidate HIV and non-HIV-related risk factors being true predictors of increased cIMT. Variables with a posterior probability of more than 50% were used to develop a selected regression model for each of the anatomic regions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For common cIMT, the Bayesian model selection process identified age, African-American race, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure with probability more than 95%, HDL cholesterol with probability 85% and Hispanic ethnicity with probability 51%. Among the HIV-related factors included in the analysis, only tenofovir use was selected (51% probability). In the selected model, duration of tenofovir use was associated with lower common cIMT (-0.0094 mm/year of use; 95% confidence interval: -0.0177 to -0.0010). For internal cIMT, no HIV-related risk factors were above the 50% posterior probability threshold.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We observed an inverse association between duration of tenofovir use and common carotid cIMT. Whether this association is causal or due to confounding by indication needs further investigation.
authors.affiliation: University of Florida, Gainesville, USA.
authors.forename: Joseph A C
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Delaney
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Scherzer
authors.forename: Mary L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Biggs
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Shliplak
authors.forename: Joseph F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Polak
authors.forename: Judith S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Currier
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Kronmal
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wanke
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bacchetti
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: O'leary
authors.forename: Phyllis C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Tien
authors.forename: Carl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Grunfeld
mesh_terms: D000225:Adenine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D015497:HIV-1; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D063065:Organophosphonates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012307:Risk Factors; D000068698:Tenofovir; D017539:Tunica Intima / Q000473:pathology*; D017540:Tunica Media / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D063065:Organophosphonates; D000068698:Tenofovir; D000225:Adenine