title: The contribution of hospital nursing leadership styles to 30-day patient mortality.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nursing work environment characteristics, in particular nurse and physician staffing, have been linked to patient outcomes (adverse events and patient mortality). Researchers have stressed the need for nursing leadership to advance change in healthcare organizations to create safer practice environments for patients. The relationship between styles of nursing leadership in hospitals and patient outcomes has not been well examined.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to examine the contribution of hospital nursing leadership styles to 30-day mortality after controlling for patient demographics, comorbidities, and hospital factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety acute care hospitals in Alberta, Canada, were categorized into five styles of nursing leadership: high resonant, moderately resonant, mixed, moderately dissonant, and high dissonant. In the secondary analysis, existing data from three sources (nurses, patients, and institutions) were used to test a hypothesis that the styles of nursing leadership at the hospital level contribute to patient mortality rates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-day mortality was 7.8% in the study sample of 21,570 medical patients; rates varied across hospital categories: high resonant (5.2%), moderately resonant (7.4%), mixed (8.1%), moderately dissonant (8.8%), and high dissonant (4.3%). After controlling for patient demographics, comorbidities, and institutional and hospital nursing characteristics, nursing leadership styles explained 5.1% of 72.2% of total variance in mortality across hospitals, and high-resonant leadership was related significantly to lower mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hospital nursing leadership styles may contribute to 30-day mortality of patients. This relationship may be moderated by homogeneity of leadership styles, clarity of communication among leaders and healthcare providers, and work environment characteristics.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Nursing, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta,, Canada. gretac@ualberta.ca
authors.forename: Greta G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Cummings
authors.forename: William K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Midodzi
authors.forename: Carol A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Carole A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Estabrooks
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000416:Alberta / Q000453:epidemiology; D015897:Comorbidity; D056348:Emotional Intelligence; D005260:Female; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D007857:Leadership; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009741:Nursing Staff, Hospital / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care; D012307:Risk Factors; D055815:Young Adult