title: Medicare payments for common inpatient procedures: implications for episode-based payment bundling.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Aiming to align provider incentives toward improving quality and efficiency, the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services is considering broader bundling of hospital and physician payments around episodes of inpatient surgery. Decisions about bundled payments would benefit from better information about how payments are currently distributed among providers of different perioperative services and how payments vary across hospitals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using the national Medicare database, we identified patients undergoing one of four inpatient procedures in 2005 (coronary artery bypass [CABG], hip fracture repair, back surgery, and colectomy). For each procedure, price-standardized Medicare payments from the date of admission for the index procedure to 30 days postdischarge were assessed and categorized by payment type (hospital, physician, and postacute care) and subtype.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Average total payments for inpatient surgery episodes varied from U.S.$26,515 for back surgery to U.S.$45,358 for CABG. Hospital payments accounted for the largest share of total payments (60-80 percent, depending on procedure), followed by physician payments (13-19 percent) and postacute care (7-27 percent). Overall episode payments for hospitals in the lowest and highest payment quartiles differed by U.S.$16,668 for CABG, U.S.$18,762 for back surgery, U.S.$10,615 for hip fracture repair, and U.S.$12,988 for colectomy. Payments to hospitals accounted for the largest share of variation in payments. Among specific types of payments, those associated with 30-day readmissions and postacute care varied most substantially across hospitals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fully bundled payments for inpatient surgical episodes would need to be dispersed among many different types of providers. Hospital payments--both overall and for specific services--vary considerably and might be reduced by incentives for hospitals and physicians to improve quality and efficiency.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, 211 N Fourth Ave, STE 2A, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA. jbirkmey@umich.edu
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Birkmeyer
authors.forename: Cathryn
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gust
authors.forename: Onur
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Baser
authors.forename: Justin B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Dimick
authors.forename: Jason M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Sutherland
authors.forename: Jonathan S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Skinner
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D017050:Episode of Care; D006801:Humans; D007297:Inpatients; D007349:Insurance, Health, Reimbursement; D006278:Medicare; D013514:Surgical Procedures, Operative / Q000191:economics*; D014481:United States