title: Evaluation of radiographic and genetic aspects of hereditary subluxation of the radial head in Bouviers des Flandres.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study radiographic and genetic aspects of hereditary radial head subluxation in Bouviers des Flandres.
  
  
  METHODS
  26 related Bouviers des Flandres affected with bilateral subluxation of the radial head, 10 unaffected related dogs, and 29 unrelated Bouviers des Flandres with diagnoses of nonskeletal diseases.
  
  
  METHODS
  All dogs were radiographically studied, and their DNA was analyzed with a genome-wide screen of 1,536 single nucleotide polymorphisms. In addition, karyotyping was performed in an unaffected dam and its affected offspring.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both forelimbs of affected dogs were disproportionately short with caudolateral subluxation or luxation of the radial head. Angulation of the radial axis at the mid-diaphysis ranged from 9.3 degrees to 30.3 degrees (mean +/- SD, 14.9 +/- 6.1 degrees ), with an estimated age of onset from 0 to 4 months. Poorly defined medial coronoid processes and osteoarthritis of the elbow joint, cranial bowing of the olecranon, and disturbed growth in length of the ulna with sharply demarcated spurs were noticed on radiographs of affected dogs. Genealogical analysis indicated that most affected dogs were closely related, but the mode of inheritance was not clear. The DNA analysis found that 205 single nucleotide polymorphisms were monomorphic in the affected dogs. Conventional chromosome staining revealed no numerical chromosomal aberration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Congenital radial head luxation and subluxation in the studied Bouviers des Flandres were characterized by angulation of the radial axis leading to caudolateral subluxation of the radial head and insufficient growth of the distal portion of the ulna together with cranial bowing of the olecranon.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jedee
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Temwichitr
authors.forename: Peter A J
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Leegwater
authors.forename: Edoardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Auriemma
authors.forename: Esther M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Van't Veld
authors.forename: Carla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zijlstra
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Voorhout
authors.forename: Herman A W
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Hazewinkel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004247:DNA / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D004285:Dogs / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D004204:Joint Dislocations / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000662:veterinary; D007621:Karyotyping / Q000662:veterinary; D007794:Lameness, Animal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008297:Male; D009426:Netherlands; D010375:Pedigree; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D011859:Radiography; D011884:Radius / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D012783:Shoulder Dislocation / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000235:genetics / Q000662:veterinary*; D013548:Sweden
chemical_list: D004247:DNA