title: In vivo fluorescence-mediated tomography for quantification of urokinase receptor-dependent leukocyte trafficking in inflammation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Inflammation is characterized by leukocyte recruitment. Macrophages and neutrophils contribute to tissue damage and organ dysfunction. Modulating leukocyte invasion can protect from these adverse effects. Leukocyte recruitment critically depends on the urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (u-PAR). We here use a novel technique to longitudinally quantify cell trafficking in inflammatory models in live animals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Near-infrared fluorophore-labeled leukocytes were adoptively transferred to mice with thioglycollate peritonitis to study leukocyte trafficking to sites of inflammation. Macrophage and neutrophil trafficking was followed with three-dimensional fluorescence-mediated-tomography. u-PAR-/- and wild-type macrophage recruitment was studied by cross-over adoptive cell transfer to elucidate the role of leukocytic versus u-PAR expressed on other cells. Endotoxic shock-induced pulmonary inflammation was used to study u-PARs role for pulmonary neutrophil recruitment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mice experiencing peritonitis showed a significant increase in mean fluorescence intensity because of enhanced macrophage (315%, n=9-10), P<0.05) or neutrophil (194%, n=6, P<0.02) recruitment. Fluorescence-mediated-tomography uncovered a macrophage recruitment defect in the peritonitis model for u-PAR-/- mice (147% of baseline) compared with control mice (335% of baseline, n=8-9, P<0.05). When u-PAR-/--macrophages were transferred to wild-type mice fluorescence intensity increased to 145% while wild-type macrophage transfer into u-PAR-/- resulted in 192% increase compared with baseline (n=6, P<0.05). Reduced neutrophil recruitment in pulmonary inflammation in u-PAR-/- mice was accompanied by improved pulmonary gas exchange.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using noninvasive in vivo fluorescence-mediated tomography to image leukocyte recruitment in inflammatory mouse models, we describe a novel macrophage recruitment defect in u-PAR-/- mice. Targeting u-PAR for modulation of leukocyte recruitment is a promising therapeutic strategy to ameliorate leukocyte induced tissue damage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Larmann
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Frenzel
authors.forename: Anke
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hahnenkamp
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Herzog
authors.forename: Anika
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lorenz
authors.forename: Andrea U
authors.initials: AU
authors.lastname: Steinbicker
authors.forename: Simone
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Calmer
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Harendza
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schmitz
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Echtermeyer
authors.forename: Reinhard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hildebrand
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bremer
authors.forename: Gregor
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Theilmeier
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002461:Cell Line, Transformed; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000166:cytology / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology; D005452:Fluoresceins / Q000378:metabolism; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000378:metabolism; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000502:physiology*; D017737:Macrophages, Peritoneal / Q000473:pathology* / Q000502:physiology; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D020556:Neutrophil Infiltration / Q000502:physiology*; D010538:Peritonitis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D021381:Protein Transport / Q000502:physiology; D055293:Receptors, Urokinase Plasminogen Activator / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D014054:Tomography / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D005452:Fluoresceins; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D055293:Receptors, Urokinase Plasminogen Activator; C029569:diacetyldichlorofluorescein