title: Genome-wide identification of cis-regulatory motifs and modules underlying gene coregulation using statistics and phylogeny.
abstract: Cell fate determination depends in part on the establishment of specific transcriptional programs of gene expression. These programs result from the interpretation of the genomic cis-regulatory information by sequence-specific factors. Decoding this information in sequenced genomes is an important issue. Here, we developed statistical analysis tools to computationally identify the cis-regulatory elements that control gene expression in a set of coregulated genes. Starting with a small number of validated and/or predicted cis-regulatory modules (CRMs) in a reference species as a training set, but with no a priori knowledge of the factors acting in trans, we computationally predicted transcription factor binding sites (TFBSs) and genomic CRMs underlying coregulation. This method was applied to the gene expression program active in Drosophila melanogaster sensory organ precursor cells (SOPs), a specific type of neural progenitor cells. Mutational analysis showed that four, including one newly characterized, out of the five top-ranked families of predicted TFBSs were required for SOP-specific gene expression. Additionaly, 19 out of the 29 top-ranked predicted CRMs directed gene expression in neural progenitor cells, i.e., SOPs or larval brain neuroblasts, with a notable fraction active in SOPs (11/29). We further identified the lola gene as the target of two SOP-specific CRMs and found that the lola gene contributed to SOP specification. The statistics and phylogeny-based tools described here can be more generally applied to identify the cis-regulatory elements of specific gene regulatory networks in any family of related species with sequenced genomes.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Physique Statistique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 75231, Paris Cedex 05, France.
authors.forename: Hervé
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rouault
authors.forename: Khalil
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mazouni
authors.forename: Lydie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Couturier
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Hakim
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Schweisguth
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D001665:Binding Sites / Q000235:genetics; D019295:Computational Biology / Q000379:methods; D029721:Drosophila Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004331:Drosophila melanogaster / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D053263:Gene Regulatory Networks; D016678:Genome / Q000235:genetics*; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D007814:Larva / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development; D010802:Phylogeny; D034622:RNA Interference; D050436:Regulatory Elements, Transcriptional / Q000235:genetics*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; C121765:lola protein, Drosophila; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins