title: Gram-negative bacterial endocarditis in adults: state-of-the-heart.
abstract: Gram-negative endocarditis due to HACEK bacteria (Haemophilus species, Actinobacillus, Cardiobacterium, Eikenella and Kingella species) and non-HACEK organisms is an infrequent occurrence but is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Traditionally, non-HACEK Gram-negative endocarditis has been associated with injection drug use. However, emerging data from more contemporary cohorts suggest changing epidemiology and risk factors for Gram-negative endocarditis, necessitating an updated review of this subject. Moreover, optimal management, including the need for surgical intervention, and strategies for the prevention of Gram-negative endocarditis need to be revisited.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
authors.forename: Sania S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Raza
authors.forename: Omer W
authors.initials: OW
authors.lastname: Sultan
authors.forename: Muhammad R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Sohail
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004697:Endocarditis, Bacterial / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000601:surgery; D006090:Gram-Negative Bacteria / Q000145:classification* / Q000187:drug effects; D006287:Health Planning Guidelines; D006801:Humans; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents