title: The oncoprotein SF2/ASF promotes non-small cell lung cancer survival by enhancing survivin expression.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  SF2/ASF is a splicing factor recently described as an oncoprotein. In the present work, we examined the role of SF2/ASF in human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and analyzed the molecular mechanisms involved in SF2/ASF-related carcinogenesis.
  
  
  METHODS
  SF2/ASF protein levels were analyzed in 81 NSCLC patients by immunohistochemistry. SF2/ASF downregulation cellular models were generated using small interfering RNAs, and the effects on proliferation and apoptosis were evaluated. Survivin and SF2/ASF expression in lung tumors was analyzed by Western blot and immunohistochemistry. Survival curves and log-rank test were used to identify the association between the expression of the proteins and time to progression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overexpression of SF2/ASF was found in most human primary NSCLC tumors. In vitro downregulation of SF2/ASF induced apoptosis in NSCLC cell lines. This effect was associated with a reduction in the expression of survivin, an antiapoptotic protein widely upregulated in cancer. In fact, SF2/ASF specifically bound survivin mRNA and enhanced its translation, via a mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) pathway-dependent mechanism, through the phosphorylation and inactivation of the translational repressor 4E-BP1. Moreover, SF2/ASF promoted the stability of survivin mRNA. A strong correlation was observed between the expression of SF2/ASF and survivin in tumor biopsies from NSCLC patients, supporting the concept that survivin expression levels are controlled by SF2/ASF. Furthermore, combined expression of these proteins was associated with prognosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides novel data on the mTORC1- and survivin-dependent mechanisms of SF2/ASF-related carcinogenic potential, and shows that SF2/ASF and survivin expression is involved in NSCLC progression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ezponda
authors.forename: María J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Pajares
authors.forename: Jackeline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Agorreta
authors.forename: José I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Echeveste
authors.forename: José M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: López-Picazo
authors.forename: Wenceslao
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Torre
authors.forename: Ruben
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pio
authors.forename: Luis M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Montuenga
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000235:genetics; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002469:Cell Separation; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D015870:Gene Expression; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D047468:Immunoprecipitation; D051034:Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015513:Oncogene Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D016601:RNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D000068103:Serine-Arginine Splicing Factors; D000077022:Survivin
chemical_list: C107489:BIRC5 protein, human; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D051034:Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D015513:Oncogene Proteins; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D016601:RNA-Binding Proteins; D000077022:Survivin; D000068103:Serine-Arginine Splicing Factors