title: Media exposure and tobacco, illicit drugs, and alcohol use among children and adolescents: a systematic review.
abstract: The authors systematically reviewed 42 quantitative studies on the relationship between media exposure and tobacco, illicit drug, and alcohol use among children and adolescents. Overall, 83% of studies reported that media was associated with increased risk of smoking initiation, use of illicit drugs, and alcohol consumption. Of 30 studies examining media content, 95% found a statistically significant association between increased media exposure and negative outcomes. Similarly, of the 12 studies evaluating the quantity of media exposure, 67% reported an association with a negative outcome. Overall, all 17 of the identified longitudinal studies supported a causal association between media exposure and negative outcomes over time. The evidence was strongest for links between media exposure and tobacco use; it was moderate for illicit drug use and alcohol use. Substantial variability in methodological rigor across studies and expanding definitions of media exposure contribute to persistent gaps in the knowledge base.
authors.affiliation: Section of General Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, and Robert Wood Johnson Clinical Scholars Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA. marcella.nunez-smith@yale.edu
authors.forename: Marcella
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nunez-Smith
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wolf
authors.forename: Helen Mikiko
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Peggy G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Lana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Ezekiel J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Emanuel
authors.forename: Cary P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Gross
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002648:Child; D003146:Communications Media; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D013287:Illicit Drugs