title: Symptomatic pelvic hematoma following transvaginal reconstructive pelvic surgery: incidence, clinical presentation, risk factors, and outcome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the incidence, clinical presentation, risk factors and outcome of symptomatic pelvic hematomas following transvaginal pelvic reconstructive surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed the medical records of all women undergoing transvaginal reconstructive pelvic surgery in our institution between January 2006 and July 2009.
  
  
  RESULTS
  462 patients underwent pelvic reconstructive surgery, of whom 28 (6%) presented with symptomatic pelvic hematomas. All cases occurred after transvaginal hysterectomy, 25 (90%) presented with fever, 20 (71%) with pelvic pain and 5 (20%) with urinary retention. All hematomas were diagnosed by ultrasound. They were located at the vaginal cuff in 18 (64%), anterior vaginal wall in six (21%) and posterior vaginal wall in four patients (14%), and had a mean volume of 590 ± 140 cm(3). Laboratory data included leukocytosis (71%), thrombocytosis (57%) and elevated liver enzymes (18%). Nine patients (33%) required ultrasound-guided drainage of the hematoma, which resulted in marked clinical improvement. Surgical outcome was not affected by the presence of pelvic hematoma.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A postoperative symptomatic pelvic hematoma is not rare and is closely related to transvaginal hysterectomy. Its clinical presentation includes fever, pelvic pain, leukocytosis, thrombocytosis and occasionally liver dysfunction. Surgical outcome is generally unaffected.
authors.affiliation: Division of Urogynecology and Reconstructive Pelvic Surgery, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Carmel Medical Center, Technion University, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, 7 Michal St., Haifa 34362, Israel. segevyakir@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Yakir
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Segev
authors.forename: Ron
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Auslender
authors.forename: Arie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lissak
authors.forename: Ofer
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Lavie
authors.forename: Yoram
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Abramov
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006406:Hematoma / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D007045:Hysterectomy, Vaginal / Q000009:adverse effects; D015994:Incidence; D008875:Middle Aged; D017699:Pelvic Pain / Q000209:etiology; D010388:Pelvis / Q000601:surgery*; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome