title: Boosting autofermentation rates and product yields with sodium stress cycling: application to production of renewable fuels by cyanobacteria.
abstract: Sodium concentration cycling was examined as a new strategy for redistributing carbon storage products and increasing autofermentative product yields following photosynthetic carbon fixation in the cyanobacterium Arthrospira (Spirulina) maxima. The salt-tolerant hypercarbonate strain CS-328 was grown in a medium containing 0.24 to 1.24 M sodium, resulting in increased biosynthesis of soluble carbohydrates to up to 50% of the dry weight at 1.24 M sodium. Hypoionic stress during dark anaerobic metabolism (autofermentation) was induced by resuspending filaments in low-sodium (bi)carbonate buffer (0.21 M), which resulted in accelerated autofermentation rates. For cells grown in 1.24 M NaCl, the fermentative yields of acetate, ethanol, and formate increase substantially to 1.56, 0.75, and 1.54 mmol/(g [dry weight] of cells·day), respectively (36-, 121-, and 6-fold increases in rates relative to cells grown in 0.24 M NaCl). Catabolism of endogenous carbohydrate increased by approximately 2-fold upon hypoionic stress. For cultures grown at all salt concentrations, hydrogen was produced, but its yield did not correlate with increased catabolism of soluble carbohydrates. Instead, ethanol excretion becomes a preferred route for fermentative NADH reoxidation, together with intracellular accumulation of reduced products of acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) formation when cells are hypoionically stressed. In the absence of hypoionic stress, hydrogen production is a major beneficial pathway for NAD(+) regeneration without wasting carbon intermediates such as ethanol derived from acetyl-CoA. This switch presumably improves the overall cellular economy by retaining carbon within the cell until aerobic conditions return and the acetyl unit can be used for biosynthesis or oxidized via respiration for a much greater energy return.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA.
authors.forename: Damian
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Carrieri
authors.forename: Dariya
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Momot
authors.forename: Ian A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Brasg
authors.forename: Gennady
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ananyev
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Lenz
authors.forename: Donald A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Bryant
authors.forename: G Charles
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Dismukes
mesh_terms: D000085:Acetates / Q000378:metabolism; D050260:Carbohydrate Metabolism; D003470:Culture Media / Q000737:chemistry; D000431:Ethanol / Q000378:metabolism; D005285:Fermentation; D005561:Formates / Q000378:metabolism; D006859:Hydrogen / Q000378:metabolism; D009243:NAD / Q000378:metabolism; D009997:Osmotic Pressure; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D012964:Sodium / Q000378:metabolism*; D053545:Spirulina / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D000085:Acetates; D003470:Culture Media; D005561:Formates; D009243:NAD; C030544:formic acid; D000431:Ethanol; D006859:Hydrogen; D012964:Sodium