title: Pain assessment and management in children with neurologic impairment: a survey of pediatric physical therapists.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study explored pain assessment measures and interventions used by physical therapists in the treatment of children with neurologic impairment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Following extensive literature review on pain assessment and intervention, a survey was developed, pilot tested, and posted on the listserv of the Pediatric Section of the American Physical Therapy Association.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighty percent of the respondents used subjective measures to assess pain, 70% used self-report scales, and 41% used behavioral and physiological measures. Behaviors frequently used included vocalizations, facial expression, and irritability. Rarely used cues included decreased attention, withdrawal, and changes in sleeping and eating behaviors. Therapists used research-supported pain interventions such as distraction and praise as well as potentially harmful distress producing measures such as procedural talk and reassurance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Further research is needed to determine the feasibility of using behavioral pain assessment measures during physical therapy sessions. Physical therapist continuing education regarding nonpharmaceutical pain interventions is indicated.
authors.affiliation: School of Physical Therapy, Texas Woman's University, Houston, Texas, USA. lswigg@aol.com
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Swiggum
authors.forename: Merry Lynne
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Hamilton
authors.forename: Peggy
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gleeson
authors.forename: Toni
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Roddey
authors.forename: Katy
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mitchell
mesh_terms: D002547:Cerebral Palsy / Q000150:complications / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D010146:Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D059408:Pain Management; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods*; D026741:Physical Therapy Modalities; D026761:Physical Therapy Specialty / Q000193:education; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome