title: DSM-IV criteria for childhood separation anxiety disorder: informant, age, and sex differences.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The present study examines frequency of DSM-IV symptom and diagnostic criteria for separation anxiety disorder (SAD) by informant, age, and sex.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children aged 4-15 years with a primary DSM-IV diagnosis of SAD (N=106) were assessed using structured diagnostic interviews (Kinder-DIPS; DSM-IV-TR Version). Frequency of DSM-IV symptom and diagnostic criteria were examined as a function of informant and child characteristics, along with impairment and distress ratings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The most frequently reported symptoms were separation-related distress, avoidance of being alone/without an adult and sleeping away from caregivers or from home, with nightmares the least frequently endorsed criterion. Child report did not yield any significant sex or age differences. However, parent report revealed greater reluctance or avoidance of school attendance for girls than boys, and for younger children (<8 years). Parent report indicated greater symptom-related impairment than child report, and the number of symptoms was correlated with impairment based on parent report, and with distress based on child report.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The primary indicators of SAD appear to be separation distress, avoidance of being alone, and sleeping away from caregivers. Findings suggest that parents may be best placed to determine impairment, while children may be the most accurate reporters of more covert internal distress. Implications for clinicians are that reports from multiple informants should be used to gain the most comprehensive information about childhood SAD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Basel, Missionsstrasse 64a, Basel 4055, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Jennifer L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: Kristen L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Lavallee
authors.forename: Chantal
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Herren
authors.forename: Katharina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ruhe
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schneider
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D001010:Anxiety, Separation / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology; D012737:Sex Factors; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology