title: MS4--Multi-Scale Selector of Sequence Signatures: an alignment-free method for classification of biological sequences.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  While multiple alignment is the first step of usual classification schemes for biological sequences, alignment-free methods are being increasingly used as alternatives when multiple alignments fail. Subword-based combinatorial methods are popular for their low algorithmic complexity (suffix trees ...) or exhaustivity (motif search), in general with fixed length word and/or number of mismatches. We developed previously a method to detect local similarities (the N-local decoding) based on the occurrences of repeated subwords of fixed length, which does not impose a fixed number of mismatches. The resulting similarities are, for some "good" values of N, sufficiently relevant to form the basis of a reliable alignment-free classification. The aim of this paper is to develop a method that uses the similarities detected by N-local decoding while not imposing a fixed value of N. We present a procedure that selects for every position in the sequences an adaptive value of N, and we implement it as the MS4 classification tool.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the equivalence classes produced by the N-local decodings for all N, we select a (relatively) small number of "relevant" classes corresponding to variable length subwords that carry enough information to perform the classification. The parameter N, for which correct values are data-dependent and thus hard to guess, is here replaced by the average repetitivity kappa of the sequences. We show that our approach yields classifications of several sets of HIV/SIV sequences that agree with the accepted taxonomy, even on usually discarded repetitive regions (like the non-coding part of LTR).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The method MS4 satisfactorily classifies a set of sequences that are notoriously hard to align. This suggests that our approach forms the basis of a reliable alignment-free classification tool. The only parameter kappa of MS4 seems to give reasonable results even for its default value, which can be a great advantage for sequence sets for which little information is available.
authors.affiliation: Georg-August-Universität, Institut für Mikrobiologie und Genetik, Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Corel
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pitschi
authors.forename: Ivan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Laprevotte
authors.forename: Gilles
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Grasseau
authors.forename: Gilles
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Didier
authors.forename: Claudine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Devauchelle
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001483:Base Sequence; D002965:Classification / Q000379:methods*; D019295:Computational Biology / Q000379:methods*; D015754:Genes, nef; D016679:Genome, Viral; D006678:HIV / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics; D016325:HIV Long Terminal Repeat; D015302:Simian Immunodeficiency Virus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics; D012984:Software