title: Artificial tripartite symbiosis involving a green alga (Chlamydomonas), a bacterium (Azotobacter) and a fungus (Alternaria): morphological and physiological characterization.
abstract: A long-living artificial tripartite symbiosis involving a green alga (Chlamydomonas), a bacterium (Azotobacter) and a fungus (Alternaria) was established on carbon- and nitrogen-free medium. The basis of the interdependence is the complementation of photosynthetic CO2 assimilation and atmospheric nitrogen fixation. Green color of the colonies indicated that the algal cells had enough nitrogen to synthesize chlorophylls. The chlorophyll content was nearly 40% of the control cells. The relatively high rate of photosynthetic oxygen evolution proved that nitrogen was effectively used for building up a well functioning photosynthetic apparatus. This was supported by the analysis of photosystems and ultrastructural investigations. In comparison with degreened algae cultured on nitrogen-free medium, the chloroplasts in the symbiont algal cells contained a well-developed, stacked thylakoid membrane system without extreme starch or lipid accumulation. The occurrence of the fungus in the association greatly increased the chlorophyll content. Far fewer types of amino acids were excreted by the tripartite cultures than by pure cultures. Cystathionine, which is a common intermediate in the sulfur-containing amino acid metabolism, was produced in high quantities by the tripartite symbiosis. This can mostly be attributed to the activity of the fungus.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Anatomy, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117, Budapest, Hungary.
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Lorincz
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Preininger
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kósa
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pónyi
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nyitrai
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sarkadi
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Kovács
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Böddi
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Gyurján
mesh_terms: D000528:Alternaria / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D000596:Amino Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D001395:Azotobacter / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000378:metabolism; D002696:Chlamydomonas / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D002734:Chlorophyll / Q000096:biosynthesis; D003470:Culture Media / Q000737:chemistry; D008055:Lipids / Q000032:analysis; D008853:Microscopy; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000378:metabolism; D009586:Nitrogen Fixation; D010788:Photosynthesis; D045322:Photosynthetic Reaction Center Complex Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D013213:Starch / Q000032:analysis; D013559:Symbiosis; D020524:Thylakoids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000648:ultrastructure
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D003470:Culture Media; D008055:Lipids; D045322:Photosynthetic Reaction Center Complex Proteins; D002734:Chlorophyll; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D013213:Starch; D009584:Nitrogen