title: Factors associated with safe patient handling behaviors among critical care nurses.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patient handling is a major risk factor for musculoskeletal (MS) injury among nurses. The aims of the study were to describe nurses' work behaviors related to safe patient handling and identify factors influencing their safe work behaviors, including the use of lifting equipment.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study using a mailed questionnaire with a nationwide random sample of 361 critical care nurses. Nurses reported on the physical, psychosocial, and organizational characteristics of their jobs and on their MS symptoms, risk perception, work behaviors, and demographics. Hierarchical multiple linear regression analyses were used to identify significant factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  More than half of participants had no lifting equipment on their unit, and 74% reported that they performed all patient lift or transfer tasks manually. Significant factors for safer work behavior included better safety climate, higher effort-reward imbalance, less overcommitment, greater social support, and day shift work. Physical workload, personal risk perception, or MS symptom experiences were not associated with safe work behavior.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Safe work behaviors are best understood as socio-cultural phenomena influenced by organizational, psychosocial, and job factors but, counter to extant theories of health behaviors, do not appear to be related to personal risk perception. Management efforts to improve working conditions and enhance safety culture in hospitals could prove to be crucial in promoting nurses' safe work behavior and reducing risk of MS injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Health Systems, School of Nursing, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA. hgg8@cdc.gov
authors.forename: Soo-Jeong
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Faucett
authors.forename: Marion
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gillen
authors.forename: Niklas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Krause
authors.forename: Lynette
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Landry
mesh_terms: D000062:Accidents, Occupational / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003422:Critical Care; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006804:Ergonomics / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D017770:Lifting; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D055805:Moving and Lifting Patients / Q000379:methods*; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009140:Musculoskeletal Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000451:nursing / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D016272:Occupational Health; D012307:Risk Factors; D017751:Safety Management; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires