title: Monozygotic twins with polypoidal choroidal vasuculopathy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To present the first findings in the set of monozygotic twins with polypoidal choroidopathy (PCV).
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty two-year old monozygotic twin sisters were studied. The concordances and discordances of the clinical features of the twins were determined. Genomic DNA was extracted and genotyped for three established PCV risk-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms, viz CFH I62V, CFH Y402H, and ARMS A69S.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both patients had hemorrhagic pigment epithelial detachments with orange lesions beneath the retinal pigment epithelium. Indocyanine green angiography showed pathognomonic choroidal vascular networks with polypoidal structures uniocularly in one twin and binocularly in the other twin. Both twins were treated with photodynamic therapy, retinal photocoagulation, and anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy, but both showed limited response to all the treatments, with recurrent exudative lesions with enlarged vascular network, and poor visual outcome. Genetic analyses showed that both sisters had homozygous risk alleles for ARMS2 A69S, and one risk allele each of CFH I62V and CFH Y402H.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We present the first findings in a set of monozygotic twins with typical PCV under long-term observation. The concordances in disease progression and response to treatment between the twins indicate that these genetic factors most likely played important roles in determining the clinical manifestations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Uchimaru Morioka Iwate, Japan. smachida@iwate-med.ac.jp
authors.forename: Shigeki
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Machida
authors.forename: Tomomi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: Norimoto
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gotoh
authors.forename: Nagahisa
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yoshimura
authors.forename: Takamitsu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fujiwara
authors.forename: Dajiro
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kurosaka