title: Identification of the external laryngeal nerve: its anatomical relations to inferior constrictor muscle, superior thyroid artery, and superior pole of the thyroid gland in Thais.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The external laryngeal nerve (ELN) is not routinely identified during thyroid surgery despite clear benefits from doing so. One reason is its anatomical variations, which differ from papers to papers. There were also very few studies of ELN in Thais, especially its relation to inferior constrictor muscle and tip of superior pole of the thyroid gland, which serve as important landmarks when identifying the ELN intraoperatively.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe the course of ELN and its relations to the inferior constrictor muscle, superior thyroid artery (STA), and tip of superior pole of the thyroid gland in Thais in order to serve as a guide for identification and preservation of the nerve.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred thirty four ELNs from 68 cadavers with normal-sized thyroid glands and no signs of neck abnormality were studied Three areas were studied, (1) its relation to inferior constrictor muscle, (2) the nearest distance from the nerve to tip of the superior pole of the thyroid gland, and (3) the crossing point of the ELN and STA in relation to the tip of the superior pole of the thyroid gland. All distances were measured in mm using a vernier caliper.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The three areas of the study were reported separately using established classifications and compared to the previous published papers. All ELNs run superficially, at the least on the upper portion of the inferior constrict muscle, rendering it more vulnerable to injury in Thais.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The course of the ELN and its relations to nearby structures can vary considerably and are influenced by many factors. Nevertheless, these findings should encourage the surgeons to identify the ELN intraoperatively with meticulous dissection to minimize the risk of ELN injury.
authors: Department of Anatomy, Faculty ofMedicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors: Pongpeera
authors: P
authors: Taytawat
authors: Yadaridee
authors: Y
authors: Viravud
authors: Vasana
authors: V
authors: Plakornkul
authors: Jantima
authors: J
authors: Roongruangchai
authors: Chayanit
authors: C
authors: Manoonpol
mesh_terms: D001158:Arteries / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D044466:Asian People; D002102:Cadaver; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007823:Laryngeal Nerves / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D008297:Male; D013785:Thailand; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000601:surgery; D013965:Thyroidectomy / Q000379:methods