title: Interferon-β attenuates lung inflammation following experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) affects relatively young people and carries a poor prognosis with a case fatality rate of 35%. One of the major systemic complications associated with SAH is acute lung injury (ALI) which occurs in up to one-third of the patients and is associated with poor outcome. ALI in SAH may be predisposed by neurogenic pulmonary edema (NPE) and inflammatory mediators. The objective of this study was to assess the immunomodulatory effects of interferon-β (IFN-β) on inflammatory mediators in the lung after experimental SAH.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male Wistar rats were subjected to the induction of SAH by means of the endovascular filament method. Sham-animals underwent sham-surgery. Rats received IFN-β for four consecutive days starting at two hours after SAH induction. After seven days, lungs were analyzed for the expression of inflammatory markers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SAH induced the influx of neutrophils into the lung, and enhanced expression of the pulmonary adhesion molecules E-selectin, inter-cellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1, and vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 compared to sham-animals. In addition, SAH increased the expression of the chemokines macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α, MIP-2, and cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant (CINC)-1 in the lung. Finally, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) was significantly increased in lungs from SAH-animals compared to sham-animals. IFN-β effectively abolished the SAH-induced expression of all pro-inflammatory mediators in the lung.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  IFN-β strongly reduces lung inflammation after experimental SAH and may therefore be an effective drug to prevent SAH-mediated lung injury.
authors: Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht 3584 CX, The Netherlands. p.m.cobelens@umcutrecht.nl
authors: Pieter M
authors: PM
authors: Cobelens
authors: Ivo A C W
authors: IA
authors: Tiebosch
authors: Rick M
authors: RM
authors: Dijkhuizen
authors: Peter H
authors: PH
authors: van der Meide
authors: René
authors: R
authors: Zwartbol
authors: Cobi J
authors: CJ
authors: Heijnen
authors: Jozef
authors: J
authors: Kesecioglu
authors: Walter M
authors: WM
authors: van den Bergh
mesh_terms: D055371:Acute Lung Injury / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D000818:Animals; D054405:Chemokine CCL3 / Q000032:analysis; D054360:Chemokine CXCL1 / Q000032:analysis; D019040:E-Selectin / Q000032:analysis; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000032:analysis; D016899:Interferon-beta / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008168:Lung / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D020556:Neutrophil Infiltration / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013345:Subarachnoid Hemorrhage / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D054405:Chemokine CCL3; D054360:Chemokine CXCL1; C513297:Cxcl1 protein, rat; D019040:E-Selectin; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; D016899:Interferon-beta