title: Nitric oxide-induced vasorelaxation in response to PnTx2-6 toxin from Phoneutria nigriventer spider in rat cavernosal tissue.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Priapism is one of several symptoms observed in accidental bites by the spider Phoneutria nigriventer. The venom of this spider is comprised of many toxins, and the majority has been shown to affect excitable ion channels, mainly sodium (Na(+) ) channels. It has been demonstrated that PnTx2-6, a peptide extracted from the venom of P. nigriventer, causes erection in anesthetized rats and mice.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We investigated the mechanism by which PnTx2-6 evokes relaxation in rat corpus cavernosum.
  
  
  METHODS
  PnTx2-6 toxin potentiates nitric oxide (NO)-dependent cavernosal relaxation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rat cavernosal strips were incubated with bretylium (3 × 10(-5) M) and contracted with phenylephrine (PE; 10(-5) M). Relaxation responses were evoked by electrical field stimulation (EFS) or sodium nitroprusside (SNP) before and after 4 minutes of incubation with PnTx2-6 (10(-8) M). The effect of PnTx2-6 on relaxation induced by EFS was also tested in the presence of atropine (10(-6) M), a muscarinic receptor antagonist, N-type Ca(2+) channel blockers (ω-conotoxin GVIA, 10(-6) M) and sildenafil (3 × 10(-8) M). Technetium99m radiolabeled PnTx2-6 subcutaneous injection was administrated in the penis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Whereas relaxation induced by SNP was not affected by PnTx2-6, EFS-induced relaxation was significantly potentiated by this toxin as well as PnTx2-6 plus SNP. This potentiating effect was further increased by sildenafil, not altered by atropine, however was completely blocked by the N-type Ca(2+) channels. High concentrated levels of radiolabeled PnTx2-6 was specifically found in the cavernosum tissue, suggesting PnTx2-6 is an important toxin responsible for P. nigriventer spider accident-induced priapism.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We show that PnTx2-6 slows Na(+) channels inactivation in nitrergic neurons, allowing Ca(2+) influx to facilitate NO/cGMP signalling, which promotes increased NO production. In addition, this relaxation effect is independent of phosphodiesterase enzyme type 5 inhibition. Our data displays PnTx2-6 as possible pharmacological tool to study alternative treatments for erectile dysfunction.
authors: Biological Science Institute, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. keniapedrosa@gmail.com
authors: Kenia P
authors: KP
authors: Nunes
authors: Marta N
authors: MN
authors: Cordeiro
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Richardson
authors: Marcia N
authors: MN
authors: Borges
authors: Simone O F
authors: SO
authors: Diniz
authors: Valbert N
authors: VN
authors: Cardoso
authors: Rita
authors: R
authors: Tostes
authors: Maria Elena
authors: ME
authors: De Lima
authors: Robert Clinton
authors: RC
authors: Webb
authors: Romulo
authors: R
authors: Leite
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001285:Atropine / Q000494:pharmacology; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology; D020864:Calcium Channels, N-Type / Q000187:drug effects; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D008297:Male; D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D009479:Neuropeptides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009498:Neurotoxins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D020030:Nitric Oxide Donors / Q000494:pharmacology; D009599:Nitroprusside / Q000494:pharmacology; D010413:Penis / Q000098:blood supply / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000294:innervation; D058986:Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D010879:Piperazines / Q000494:pharmacology; D011687:Purines / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D000068677:Sildenafil Citrate; D013111:Spider Venoms / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013450:Sulfones / Q000494:pharmacology; D013667:Technetium; D014664:Vasodilation / Q000187:drug effects*; D020866:omega-Conotoxin GVIA / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D020864:Calcium Channels, N-Type; D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists; D009479:Neuropeptides; D009498:Neurotoxins; D020030:Nitric Oxide Donors; D058986:Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibitors; D010879:Piperazines; D011687:Purines; D013111:Spider Venoms; D013450:Sulfones; C064022:Tx1 neurotoxin; D009599:Nitroprusside; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D013667:Technetium; D001285:Atropine; D020866:omega-Conotoxin GVIA; D000068677:Sildenafil Citrate