title: Magnetic resonance imaging research in sub-Saharan Africa: challenges and satellite-based networking implementation.
abstract: As part of an NIH-funded study of malaria pathogenesis, a magnetic resonance (MR) imaging research facility was established in Blantyre, Malaŵi to enhance the clinical characterization of pediatric patients with cerebral malaria through application of neurological MR methods. The research program requires daily transmission of MR studies to Michigan State University (MSU) for clinical research interpretation and quantitative post-processing. An intercontinental satellite-based network was implemented for transmission of MR image data in Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) format, research data collection, project communications, and remote systems administration. Satellite Internet service costs limited the bandwidth to symmetrical 384 kbit/s. DICOM routers deployed at both the Malaŵi MRI facility and MSU manage the end-to-end encrypted compressed data transmission. Network performance between DICOM routers was measured while transmitting both mixed clinical MR studies and synthetic studies. Effective network latency averaged 715 ms. Within a mix of clinical MR studies, the average transmission time for a 256 × 256 image was ~2.25 and ~6.25 s for a 512 × 512 image. Using synthetic studies of 1,000 duplicate images, the interquartile range for 256 × 256 images was [2.30, 2.36] s and [5.94, 6.05] s for 512 × 512 images. Transmission of clinical MRI studies between the DICOM routers averaged 9.35 images per minute, representing an effective channel utilization of ~137% of the 384-kbit/s satellite service as computed using uncompressed image file sizes (including the effects of image compression, protocol overhead, channel latency, etc.). Power unreliability was the primary cause of interrupted operations in the first year, including an outage exceeding 10 days.
authors: Department of Radiology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA. Matt.Latourette@rad.msu.edu
authors: Matthew T
authors: MT
authors: Latourette
authors: James E
authors: JE
authors: Siebert
authors: Robert J
authors: RJ
authors: Barto
authors: Kenneth L
authors: KL
authors: Marable
authors: Anthony
authors: A
authors: Muyepa
authors: Colleen A
authors: CA
authors: Hammond
authors: Michael J
authors: MJ
authors: Potchen
authors: Samuel D
authors: SD
authors: Kampondeni
authors: Terrie E
authors: TE
authors: Taylor
mesh_terms: D035843:Biomedical Research; D003906:Developing Countries; D011211:Electric Power Supplies; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008288:Malaria / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D008295:Malawi / Q000453:epidemiology; D008824:Michigan; D008838:Microcomputers; D010372:Pediatrics / Q000379:methods; D017215:Satellite Communications