title: Migraine symptomatology and major depressive disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Migraine and major depressive disorder (MDD) frequently co-occur, but it is unclear whether depression is associated with a specific subtype of migraine. The objective of this study was to investigate whether migraine is qualitatively different in MDD patients (N = 1816) and non-depressed controls (N = 3428).
  
  
  METHODS
  Migraine symptom data were analyzed using multi-group Latent Class Analysis, and a qualitative comparison was made between the symptom profiles of MDD patients and controls, while allowing for differences in migraine prevalence and severity between groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In both groups, three migrainous headache classes were identified, which differed primarily in terms of severity. Both mild and severe migrainous headaches were two to three times more prevalent in MDD patients. Migraine symptom profiles showed only minor qualitative differences in the MDD and non-MDD groups: in the severe migrainous headache class, significant differences were observed only in the prevalence of aggravation by physical activity (83% and 91% for the non-MDD and MDD groups, respectively) and aura (42% vs. 53%, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The similar overall symptom profiles observed in the MDD and non-MDD subjects suggest that a similar disease process may underlie migraine in both groups.
authors: VU University Amsterdam, Department of Biological Psychology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. rsl.ligthart@psy.vu.nl
authors: Lannie
authors: L
authors: Ligthart
authors: Brenda W J H
authors: BW
authors: Penninx
authors: Dale R
authors: DR
authors: Nyholt
authors: Marijn A
authors: MA
authors: Distel
authors: Eco J C
authors: EJ
authors: de Geus
authors: Gonneke
authors: G
authors: Willemsen
authors: Johannes H
authors: JH
authors: Smit
authors: Dorret I
authors: DI
authors: Boomsma
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015897:Comorbidity; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008881:Migraine Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012042:Registries; D012720:Severity of Illness Index