title: Probable tacrolimus toxicity from tibolone co-administration in a woman: a case report.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tibolone is a synthetic steroid, used with increasing frequency to treat symptoms of menopause, including patients with solid-organ transplants who are taking concurrent immune suppression. To the best of our knowledge, there are no reported drug interactions between tibolone and tacrolimus, one of the principal immune suppressants used in kidney transplantation.
  
  
  METHODS
  We report the case of a 49-year-old Caucasian woman who had received a kidney transplant and who developed acute kidney injury secondary to tacrolimus toxicity 10 days after starting tibolone therapy. No alternative causes were found. Tibolone is known to be a weak competitive inhibitor of CYP3A4, which is involved in tacrolimus metabolism.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite a careful evaluation, no alternative reason was found for the acute kidney injury, and her kidney function returned to the previous baseline within several days of cessation of the medication, and with no other specific treatment. Using the Drug Interaction Probability Scale we conclude that she experienced a probable drug interaction. We believe that transplant clinicians should utilise frequent therapeutic drug monitoring of tacrolimus in patients starting or stopping tibolone therapy.
authors: Department of Nephrology, Level 2, ARTS Building, University of Queensland at Princess Alexandra Hospital, Ipswich Road, Woolloongabba, Queensland, 4102, Australia. carolyn_j_clark@health.qld.gov.au.
authors: Carolyn J
authors: CJ
authors: Clark
authors: Carmel M
authors: CM
authors: Hawley
authors: David W
authors: DW
authors: Mudge