title: Bare below elbows: does this policy affect handwashing efficacy and reduce bacterial colonisation?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  UK Department of Health guidelines recommend that clinical staff are 'bare below the elbows'. There is a paucity of evidence to support this policy. One may hypothesise that absence of clothing around wrists facilitates more effective handwashing: this study aims to establish whether dress code affects bacterial colonisation before and after handwashing.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-six clinical staff volunteered to take part in the study, noting whether they were bare below the elbows (BBE) or not bare (NB). Using a standardised technique, imprints of left and right fingers, palms, wrists and forearms were taken onto mini agar plates. Imprints were repeated after handwashing. After incubation, colonies per plate were counted, and subcultures taken.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-eight staff were BBE and 28 were not. A total of 1112 plates were cultured. Before handwashing there was no significant difference in number of colonies between BBE and NB groups (Mann-Whitney, P < 0.05). Handwashing reduced the colony count, with greatest effect on fingers, palms and dominant wrists (t-test, P < 0.05). Comparing the two groups again after handwashing revealed no significant difference (Mann-Whitney, P < 0.05). Subcultures revealed predominantly skin flora.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was a large variation in number of colonies cultured. Handwashing resulted in a statistically significant reduction in colony count on fingers, palms and dominant wrist regardless of clothing. We conclude that handwashing produces a significant reduction in number of bacterial colonies on staff hands, and that clothing that is not BBE does not impede this reduction.
authors: Department of Surgery and Microbiology. The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, King's Lynn, Norfolk, UK. amyburger@hotmail.co.uk
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Burger
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Wijewardena
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Clayson
authors: R A
authors: RA
authors: Greatorex
mesh_terms: D003020:Clothing; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006225:Hand / Q000382:microbiology*; D006235:Hand Disinfection; D006801:Humans; D017053:Infection Control / Q000379:methods*; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic