The association between birth condition and neuropsychological functioning and educational attainment at school age: a cohort study.
OBJECTIVE
Poor condition at birth may impact on IQ, although its effect on other measures of neurodevelopment is unclear. The authors' aim was to determine whether infants receiving resuscitation after birth have reduced scores in measures of attention, memory and language skills or the need for educational support at school even in the absence of clinical encephalopathy.


METHODS
Three groups of term infants were identified from the Avon longitudinal study of parents and children: infants resuscitated at birth but asymptomatic for encephalopathy (n=612), infants resuscitated who developed symptoms of encephalopathy (n=40) and the reference infants who were not resuscitated and had no further neonatal care (n=8080). Measures of attention, language, memory and the need for educational support were obtained for children between 8 years and 11 years. Test results (standardised to a mean of 100 and SD of 15) were adjusted for clinical and social covariates. Missing covariate data were imputed using chained equations.


RESULTS
Infants asymptomatic after resuscitation had similar scores to those not requiring resuscitation for all measures while infants who developed encephalopathy had lower working memory (-6.65 (-12.34 to -0.96)), reading accuracy (-7.95 (-13.28 to -2.63)) and comprehension (-9.32 (-14.47 to -4.17) scores and increased risk of receiving educational support (OR 6.24 (1.52 to 26.43)) than infants thought to be well at birth, although there was little evidence for an association after excluding infants who developed cerebral palsy.


CONCLUSIONS
The authors found no evidence that infants who were resuscitated but remained well afterwards differed from those not requiring resuscitation in the aspects of neuropsychological functioning assessed in this study. Infants who developed neonatal encephalopathy had evidence of worse functioning, particularly in language skills and were more likely to receive educational support at school.
Odd
David E
DE
Southmead Hospital, Bristol, Avon, UK. david.odd@bristol.ac.uk
Whitelaw
Andrew
A
Gunnell
David
D
Lewis
Glyn
G
D001288:Attention; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D004519:Education, Special / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004522:Educational Status; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020925:Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007805:Language Development Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D012151:Resuscitation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data