title: Low expression of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit Mdα2 in neonicotinoid-resistant strains of Musca domestica L.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Neonicotinoid action as well as resistance involves interaction with nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). In the housefly, neonicotinoid resistance also involves cytochrome P450, as indicated by bioassay with synergist as well as altered expression. In bioassay, synergism was only partial and indicated possible target-site resistance. The nAChR α2 subunit is important in neonicotinoid toxicity to insects, and gene expression of the Mdα2 subunit was investigated in field populations and laboratory strains of neonicotinoid-resistant and insecticide-susceptible houseflies, Musca domestica L. The genomic sequence covering exon III-VII of Mdα2 was analysed for mutations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Gene expression profiling of Mdα2 revealed notable differences between neonicotinoid-resistant and insecticide-susceptible houseflies. On average, the neonicotinoid-resistant field population 766b and the imidacloprid selected strain 791imi had 60% lower copy numbers of Mdα2 compared with the susceptible reference strain. Sequencing of exon III-VII of the Mdα2, encoding acetylcholine binding-site regions and three out of four transmembrane domains, did not reveal any mutations explaining the increased neonicotinoid tolerance in the strains examined.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Previous discoveries and the results of this study suggest that the neonicotinoid resistance mechanism in Danish houseflies involves both cytochrome P450 monooxygenase-mediated detoxification and reduced expression of the nAChR subunit α2.
authors: Department of Integrated Pest Management, Aarhus University, Denmark.
authors: Mette D K
authors: MD
authors: Markussen
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Kristensen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression; D006793:Houseflies / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D007093:Imidazoles; D019476:Insect Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics*; D007305:Insecticide Resistance / Q000235:genetics*; D007306:Insecticides; D008297:Male; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009574:Nitro Compounds; D021122:Protein Subunits / Q000235:genetics; D011978:Receptors, Nicotinic / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D007093:Imidazoles; D019476:Insect Proteins; D007306:Insecticides; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009574:Nitro Compounds; D021122:Protein Subunits; D011978:Receptors, Nicotinic; C082359:imidacloprid