title: The HIV protease inhibitor lopinavir/ritonavir (Kaletra) alters the growth, differentiation and proliferation of primary gingival epithelium.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was designed to evaluate the effects of the HIV protease inhibitor lopinavir/ritonavir on gingival epithelium growth, integrity and differentiation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Organotypic (raft) cultures of gingival keratinocytes were established and treated with a range of lopinavir/ritonavir concentrations. To examine the effect of lopinavir/ritonavir on gingival epithelium growth and stratification, haematoxylin and eosin staining was performed. To investigate the effect of this drug on tissue integrity, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was performed on untreated and drug-treated tissues. Further, immunohistochemical analysis of raft cultures was performed to assess the effect of lopinavir/ritonavir on the expression of key differentiation and proliferation markers including cytokeratins, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and cyclin A.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lopinavir/ritonavir treatments drastically inhibited the growth of gingival epithelium when the drug was present throughout the growth period of the tissue. When the drug was added on day 8 of tissue growth, lopinavir/ritonavir treatments compromised tissue integrity over time and altered the proliferation and differentiation of gingival keratinocytes. Expression of cytokeratins 5, 14, 10 and 6, PCNA and cyclin A was induced, and their expression patterns were also altered over time in treated rafts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings of our studies suggest that lopinavir/ritonavir treatments compromised tissue integrity over time and deregulated the cell cycle/proliferation and differentiation pathways, resulting in abnormal epithelial repair and proliferation. Our study provides a model of potential utility in studying the effects of antiretroviral drugs in vitro.
authors: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Israr
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Mitchell
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Alam
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Dinello
authors: J J
authors: JJ
authors: Kishel
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Meyers
mesh_terms: D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects; D004848:Epithelium / Q000187:drug effects; D005881:Gingiva / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000187:drug effects*; D061466:Lopinavir; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D011744:Pyrimidinones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019438:Ritonavir / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D004338:Drug Combinations; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; D011744:Pyrimidinones; D061466:Lopinavir; D019438:Ritonavir