Toward closing the loop: an update on insulin pumps and continuous glucose monitoring systems.
This article reviews current pump and continuous glucose monitoring therapy and what will be required to integrate these systems into closed-loop control. Issues with sensor accuracy, lag time, and calibration are discussed as well as issues with insulin pharmacodynamics, which result in a delayed onset of insulin action in a closed-loop system. A stepwise approach to closed-loop therapy is anticipated, where the first systems will suspend insulin delivery based on actual or predicted hypoglycemia. Subsequent systems may control to range, limiting the time spent in hyperglycemia by mitigating the effects of a missed food bolus or underestimate of consumed carbohydrates, while minimizing the risk of hypoglycemia.
Aye
Tandy
T
Department of Pediatrics, Stanford Medical Center, G-313, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5208, USA.
Block
Jen
J
Buckingham
Bruce
B
D000465:Algorithms; D015190:Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends*; D003266:Continuity of Patient Care / Q000639:trends*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007332:Insulin Infusion Systems / Q000639:trends*; D010353:Patient Education as Topic