title: Steroids as part of combination treatment: the future for the management of macular edema?
abstract: Diabetic macular edema (DME), defined as a retinal thickening involving or approaching the center of the macula, plays a major role in vision loss related to diabetic retinopathy. This article presents an in-depth analysis of therapeutic perspectives on DME by means of an approach based on combination therapy with steroids. Corticosteroid drugs have been demonstrated to both inhibit the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and the VEGF gene, and to have antiinflammatory properties. A treatment algorithm is provided regarding the management of DME. While grid laser photocoagulation remains the first-line therapy for focal vasogenic DME, diffuse DME can be effectively treated by means of intravitreal injections of corticosteroids. Recalcitrant DME can also be managed beneficially with intravitreal steroids. The management of DME is complex, and often multiple treatment approaches are needed. Each form of DME should be properly classified and specifically treated. The combination treatment has still an important role in the combined treatment options for DME.
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, University Vita-Salute, Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy. bandello.francesco@hsr.it
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Bandello
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Battaglia Parodi
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Tremolada
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Lattanzio
authors: U
authors: U
authors: De Benedetto
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Iacono
mesh_terms: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D058449:Intravitreal Injections; D008269:Macular Edema / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A