title: Genetic variation in three candidate genes and nicotine dependence, withdrawal and smoking cessation in hospitalized patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study evaluates the relationship of six polymorphisms found in the CHRNA3, DRD2 and COMT genes with nicotine dependence, the ability to quit smoking and the occurrence of withdrawal symptoms after short-term use of nicotine patch in hospitalized patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included 233 participants from a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of nicotine patch substitution with a 6-month follow-up period. Nicotine dependence was assessed by the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) questionnaire, withdrawal symptoms by the Minnesota Nicotine Withdrawal Scale questionnaire and smoking cessation by self-reported abstinence at 1 week, 1 month and 6 months after treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After correcting for multiple testing, three polymorphisms in the DRD2 gene (Taq1A, Taq1B and Pro319Pro) were significantly associated with nicotine dependence (p = 0.018, p = 0.048 and p = 0.006, respectively). Using a cutoff point for the FTND score, the CHRNA3 Tyr215Tyr (rs1051730) polymorphism was also associated with nicotine dependence (p = 0.037 and p = 0.074 after correction for multiple testing). No association of any of the studied polymorphisms was observed with either smoking cessation or the occurrence of withdrawal symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study confirms the reported association of the CHRNA3 locus with nicotine dependence and shows the involvement of two independent DRD2 polymorphisms in nicotine dependence.
authors: Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Ghent University, Proeftuinstraat 86, Gent, Belgium.
authors: Kim
authors: K
authors: De Ruyck
authors: Kristiaan
authors: K
authors: Nackaerts
authors: Laurence
authors: L
authors: Beels
authors: Joke
authors: J
authors: Werbrouck
authors: Annick
authors: A
authors: De Volder
authors: Marc
authors: M
authors: Meysman
authors: Bihiyga
authors: B
authors: Salhi
authors: Jan
authors: J
authors: Van Meerbeeck
authors: Hubert
authors: H
authors: Thierens
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002394:Catechol O-Methyltransferase / Q000235:genetics*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009538:Nicotine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2 / Q000235:genetics*; D011978:Receptors, Nicotinic / Q000235:genetics*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods*; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000235:genetics* / Q000628:therapy; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000235:genetics* / Q000628:therapy; D057968:Transdermal Patch; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D002394:Catechol O-Methyltransferase; D009538:Nicotine; D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2; D011978:Receptors, Nicotinic