title: Relationship between loneliness and proangiogenic cytokines in newly diagnosed tumors of colon and rectum.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the association of serum levels of proangiogenic cytokines with different indices of social support and loneliness by measuring the levels of expression of two important proangiogenic cytokines, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and interleukin-6 in tumors of colon and rectum. Lack of social support has been prospectively associated with cancer progression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-one newly diagnosed patients with colorectal tumors (mean age, 68.3 years) completed two measures of loneliness 1 to 2 days before their surgical treatment. The first was an explicit self-report questionnaire, which tapped into negative feelings as a result of low social support. The second was a standardized computer-based task, which measured loneliness implicitly. Immunohistochemical analyses were performed on tumor tissues post surgery to determine the expression of cytokines.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Logistic regression showed that higher levels of implicit loneliness independently predicted stronger expression of VEGF, controlling for Dukes stage and explicit loneliness, both of which were nonsignificant predictors. No significant relationships were found between the loneliness measures and interleukin-6.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study suggest VEGF to be an angiogenic mechanism through which loneliness may lead to worse cancer-related outcomes. Implications are discussed in terms of devising targeted psychosocial and immunotherapeutic interventions for cancer patients with low social support.
authors: Division of Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Royal South Hants Hospital, Brinton’s Terrace, Southampton, United Kingdom. bn1@soton.ac.uk
authors: Bina
authors: B
authors: Nausheen
authors: Norman J
authors: NJ
authors: Carr
authors: Robert C
authors: RC
authors: Peveler
authors: Rona
authors: R
authors: Moss-Morris
authors: Clare
authors: C
authors: Verrill
authors: Elizabeth
authors: E
authors: Robbins
authors: Karen P
authors: KP
authors: Nugent
authors: Alex M
authors: AM
authors: Baker
authors: Mary
authors: M
authors: Judd
authors: Yori
authors: Y
authors: Gidron
mesh_terms: D015100:3,3'-Diaminobenzidine; D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D008132:Loneliness / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D011379:Prognosis; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012944:Social Support; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System; D047368:Tumor Burden; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D015850:Interleukin-6; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D015100:3,3'-Diaminobenzidine; D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone