title: Late perforation by cardiac implantable electronic device leads: clinical presentation, diagnostic clues, and management.
abstract: Late intracardiac lead perforation is defined as migration and perforation of an implanted lead after 1 month of cardiac electronic device implantation. It is an under-recognized complication with significant morbidity and mortality, particularly if not recognized early. Two patients with late perforation caused by passive-fixation leads are reported and the clinical features of their presentation and management are reviewed. We conducted a thorough review of the available English language literature pertaining to this complication to draw relevant conclusions regarding presentation, diagnosis, and management. Early recognition of this complication is important as the indications for and numbers of patients who receive cardiac implantable electronic devices continue to expand.
authors: Division of Cardiology, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System and the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors: Marwan M
authors: MM
authors: Refaat
authors: Jana G
authors: JG
authors: Hashash
authors: Alaa A
authors: AA
authors: Shalaby
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable / Q000009:adverse effects*; D020878:Device Removal; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D004562:Electrocardiography; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004867:Equipment Design; D017809:Fatal Outcome; D005260:Female; D005548:Foreign-Body Migration / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D006335:Heart Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D013997:Time Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome