title: Considerations for pacing of the cricoarytenoid dorsalis muscle by neuroprosthesis in horses.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The success rate of prosthetic laryngoplasty is limited and may be associated with significant sequelae. Nerve muscle pedicle transplantation has been attempted but requires a year before function is restored.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the optimal parameters for functional electrical stimulation of the recurrent laryngeal nerve in horses.
  
  
  METHODS
  An experimental in vivo study was performed on 7 mature horses (2-21 years). A nerve cuff was placed on the distal end of the common trunk of the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN). In 6 horses the ipsilateral adductor branch of RLN was also transected. The electrodes were connected to programmable internal stimulator. Stimulation was performed using cathodic phase and then biphasic pulses at 24 Hz with a 0.427 ms pulse duration. Stimulation-response experiments were performed at monthly intervals, from one week following implantation. The study continued until unit failure or the end of project (12 months). Two of the horses were stimulated continuously for 60 min to assess onset of fatigue.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Excellent arytenoid cartilage abduction (mean arytenoid angle of 52.7 degrees, range 48.5-56.2 degrees) was obtained in 6 horses (laryngeal grades I or II (n = 3) and III (n = 2). Poor abduction was obtained in grade IV horses (n = 2). Arytenoid abduction was maintained for up to a year in one horse. Technical implant failure resulted in loss of abduction in 6 horses at one week to 11 months post operatively. Mean tissue impedance was 1.06 kOhm (range 0.64-1.67 kOhm) at one week, twice this value at 2 months (mean 2.32, range 1.11-3.75 kOhm) and was stable thereafter. Maximal abduction was achieved at a stimulation range of 0.65-7.2 mA. No electrical leakage was observed. Constant stimulation of the recurrent laryngeal nerve for 60 min led to full abduction without evidence of muscle fatigue.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Functional electrical stimulation of the recurrent laryngeal nerve leading to full arytenoid abduction can be achieved. The minimal stimulation amplitude for maximal abduction angle is slightly higher than those for man and dogs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This treatment modality could eventually be applicable to horses with recurrent laryngeal neuropathy.
authors: Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, New York, USA. ngd1@cornell.edu
authors: N G
authors: NG
authors: Ducharme
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Cheetham
authors: I
authors: I
authors: Sanders
authors: J W
authors: JW
authors: Hermanson
authors: R P
authors: RP
authors: Hackett
authors: L V
authors: LV
authors: Soderholm
authors: L M
authors: LM
authors: Mitchell
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D006734:Horse Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D006736:Horses; D007825:Laryngectomy / Q000662:veterinary*; D007830:Larynx / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000662:veterinary; D019736:Prostheses and Implants / Q000662:veterinary*; D014826:Vocal Cord Paralysis / Q000601:surgery / Q000662:veterinary*