title: Modern adjuncts and technologies in microsurgery: an historical and evidence-based review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  While modern reconstructive surgery was revolutionized with the introduction of microsurgical techniques, microsurgery itself has seen the introduction of a range of technological aids and modern techniques aiming to improve dissection times, anastomotic times, and overall outcomes. These include improved preoperative planning, anastomotic aides, and earlier detection of complications with higher salvage rates. Despite the potential for substantial impact, many of these techniques have been evaluated in a limited fashion, and the evidence for each has not been universally explored. The purpose of this review was to establish and quantify the evidence for each technique.
  
  
  METHODS
  A search of relevant medical databases was performed to identify literature providing evidence for each technology. Levels of evidence were thus accumulated and applied to each technique.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There is a relative paucity of evidence for many of the more recent technologies described in the field of microsurgery, with no randomized controlled trials, and most studies in the field comprising case series only. Current evidence-based suggestions include the use of computed tomographic angiography (CTA) for the preoperative planning of perforator flaps, the intraoperative use of a mechanical anastomotic coupling aide (particularly the Unilink® coupler), and postoperative flap monitoring with strict protocols using clinical bedside monitoring and/or the implantable Doppler probe.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite the breadth of technologies introduced into the field of microsurgery, there is substantial variation in the degree of evidence presented for each, suggesting the role for much future research, particularly from emerging technologies such as robotics and modern simulators.
authors: Jack Brockhoff Reconstructive Plastic Surgery Research Unit, Room E533, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Melbourne, Grattan St, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia.
authors: George F
authors: GF
authors: Pratt
authors: Warren M
authors: WM
authors: Rozen
authors: Daniel
authors: D
authors: Chubb
authors: Iain S
authors: IS
authors: Whitaker
authors: Damien
authors: D
authors: Grinsell
authors: Mark W
authors: MW
authors: Ashton
authors: Rafael
authors: R
authors: Acosta
mesh_terms: D000714:Anastomosis, Surgical / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D000792:Angiography / Q000379:methods; D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008866:Microsurgery / Q000193:education; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D012371:Robotics; D013524:Surgical Flaps / Q000098:blood supply; D013536:Suture Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D018608:Ultrasonography, Doppler