title: Losses disguised as wins in modern multi-line video slot machines.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Players can wager on multiple lines of modern slot machines. When they spin and fail to gain any credits, the machine goes into a state of relative quiet. By contrast, when they spin and win, these spins are accompanied by reinforcing sights and sounds. Such reinforcement also occurs when the amount won is less than the spin wager. We sought to show that these 'losses disguised as wins', or LDWs, would be as arousing as wins, and more arousing than regular losses. MEASUREMENT AND PARTICIPANTS: We measured skin conductance response (SCR) amplitudes and heart-rate changes following wins, LDWs and losses for 40 novices playing a multi-line slot machine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SCR amplitudes were similar for wins and LDWs-both were significantly larger than for regular losses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For novice players, the reinforcing sights and sounds of the slot machine triggered arousal on wins, where the number of credits gained was greater than the spin wager, but also on 'losses disguised as wins' where the amount 'won' was less than the spin wager. Despite the fact that players lost money on these spins, these outcomes were more arousing than regular losses where no credits were gained. Although these findings involve novice players, the heightened arousal associated with these losses may have implications for the development of problem gambling, as arousal has been viewed as a key reinforcer in gambling behaviour.
authors: Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada. mjdixon@uwaterloo.ca
authors: Mike J
authors: MJ
authors: Dixon
authors: Kevin A
authors: KA
authors: Harrigan
authors: Rajwant
authors: R
authors: Sandhu
authors: Karen
authors: K
authors: Collins
authors: Jonathan A
authors: JA
authors: Fugelsang
mesh_terms: D000124:Achievement; D000161:Acoustic Stimulation / Q000009:adverse effects; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001143:Arousal; D005260:Female; D005712:Galvanic Skin Response / Q000502:physiology; D005715:Gambling / Q000523:psychology*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000009:adverse effects; D011998:Recreation; D012054:Reinforcement, Psychology; D018910:Video Games / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult