title: Association of hypoglycemic symptoms with patients' rating of their health-related quality of life state: a cross sectional study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To evaluate the association between patient-reported hypoglycemic symptoms with ratings of their health-related quality of life state and patient-reported adverse events in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
  
  
  METHODS
  This observational, multicenter, cross sectional study was based on a sample of patients with T2DM from seven European countries who added sulfonylurea or thiazolidinedione to metformin monotherapy between January 2001 and January 2006. Included patients were required to have at least one hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) measurement in the 12 months before enrollment and to not be receiving insulin. Demographic and clinical data from medical records were collected using case report forms. Questionnaires measured patient-reported hypoglycemic symptoms, health-related quality of life (EuroQol visual analogue scale, EQ-5D VAS), and treatment-related adverse events.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 1,709 patients were included in the study. Mean patient age was 63 years, 45% were female, mean HbA1c was 7.06%, and 28% were at HbA1c goal (HbA1c < 6.5%). Hypoglycemic symptoms during the 12 months before enrollment were reported by 38% of patients; among whom 68% reported their most severe symptoms were mild, 27% moderate, and 5% severe. Adjusted linear regression analyses revealed that patients reporting hypoglycemic symptoms had significantly lower EQ-5D VAS scores indicating worse patient-reported quality of life (mean difference -4.33, p < 0.0001). Relative to those not reporting symptoms, the adjusted decrement to quality of life increased with greater hypoglycemic symptom severity (mild: -2.68, p = 0.0039; moderate: -6.42, p < 0.0001; severe: -16.09, p < 0.0001). Patients with hypoglycemia reported significantly higher rates of shakiness, sweating, excessive fatigue, drowsiness, inability to concentrate, dizziness, hunger, asthenia, and headache (p < 0.0001 for each comparison).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hypoglycemic symptoms and symptom severity have an adverse effect on patients' rating of their health related quality of life state. Hypoglycemic symptoms are correlated with treatment-related adverse effects. Minimizing the risk and severity of hypoglycemia may improve patients' quality of life and clinical outcomes. Results are subject to limitations associated with observational studies including the potential biases due to unobserved patient heterogeneity and the use of a convenience sample of patients.
authors: Outcomes Research, Merck & Co,, Inc,, Whitehouse Station, NJ, USA.
authors: Fernando
authors: F
authors: Alvarez-Guisasola
authors: Donald D
authors: DD
authors: Yin
authors: Gonzalo
authors: G
authors: Nocea
authors: Ying
authors: Y
authors: Qiu
authors: Panagiotis
authors: P
authors: Mavros
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications*; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006801:Humans; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000209:etiology; D008019:Life Style; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019370:Observation; D011788:Quality of Life; D018434:Sickness Impact Profile; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires