title: Clinical studies assessing immunogenicity and safety of intradermally administered influenza vaccines.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Human influenza A and B are major respiratory pathogens and cause high mortality and severe morbidity, especially in at-risk populations. Most of the vaccines are administered intramusculary or subcutaneously. Owing to vaccine shortage and low vaccine coverage, intradermal administration of vaccines has gained renewed interest. In addition, higher immune responses with the same quantity of antigen have been elicited with intradermal vaccine administration, offering dose-sparing capacity.
  
  
  METHODS
  This review summarizes the immunogenicity and safety data accumulated from influenza vaccine trials where vaccines were administered intradermally. Clinical trials performed using reduced vaccine antigen doses in healthy volunteers or in at-risk populations and target groups are discussed as well as new devices for intradermal delivery of influenza vaccines. The studies addressed in this review were identified through a MEDLINE search.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The review provides insights into the potential of intradermal vaccines to overcome hurdles such as vaccine shortage in view of mass vaccination campaigns. Moreover, evidence is provided of improved immunological responses after intradermal vaccination when new intradermal devices are being used.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the authors' opinion, intradermal vaccination can be considered an equally immunogenic, safe and feasible alternative to intramuscular and subcutaneous vaccination. The future looks promising because of the recent development of new intradermal vaccine delivery devices.
authors: University of Antwerp, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, Center for Evaluation of Vaccination, Universiteitsplein 1, Antwerp (Wilrijk), Belgium. vanessa.vankerckhoven@ua.ac.be
authors: Vanessa
authors: V
authors: Vankerckhoven
authors: Pierre
authors: P
authors: Van Damme
mesh_terms: D000956:Antigens, Viral / Q000276:immunology*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D005060:Europe; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D006801:Humans; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007271:Injections, Intradermal; D032541:Mass Vaccination
chemical_list: D000956:Antigens, Viral; D007252:Influenza Vaccines