title: Chronic kidney disease-associated anemia: new remedies.
abstract: Erythropoiesis stimulating agents (ESAs) are effective drugs that correct anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Recombinant human erythropoietin (EPO), the first ESA that became available more than 20 years ago, is similar to the naturally occurring molecule. In subsequent years, pharmacological research focused on the development of new agents with improved characteristics, with the creation of high molecular weight ESAs having been the first approach. In more recent years, new agents have been developed, including peginesatide (Hematide; Affymax Inc/Takeda Pharmaceutical Co Ltd), which is a dimeric peptide with a chemical structure unrelated to EPO that is being evaluated in phase III clinical trials. In addition, the clinical development of two inhibitors of hypoxia-inducible transcription factor has been resumed recently, while other approaches, such as gene therapy and EPO fusion proteins, and the inhibition of GATA and hematopoietic cell phosphatase remain far from being applicable in clinical practice. New iron compounds, which are becoming increasingly available, will facilitate an integrated approach to anemia management using both iron and/or ESAs, according to the clinical needs of patients. This review discusses new therapeutic options (already available or still under development) for the treatment of CKD-associated anemia, including ESAs and intravenous iron molecules.
authors: A Manzoni Hospital, Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplant, Via dell'Eremo 9, 23900 Lecco, Italy.
authors: Lucia
authors: L
authors: Del Vecchio
authors: Andrea
authors: A
authors: Cavalli
authors: Benedetta
authors: B
authors: Tucci
authors: Francesco
authors: F
authors: Locatelli
mesh_terms: D000740:Anemia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D004921:Erythropoietin / Q000235:genetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D015316:Genetic Therapy; D006397:Hematinics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D058085:Iron Compounds / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000150:complications; D010455:Peptides / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000150:complications*
chemical_list: D006397:Hematinics; D058085:Iron Compounds; D010455:Peptides; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D004921:Erythropoietin