title: The effect of ultrasonically activated irrigation on reduction of Enterococcus faecalis in experimentally infected root canals.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the ability of an ultrasonically activated irrigating system to eliminate bacteria from the canal wall and dentinal tubules of extracted teeth.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and thirty roots of intact human teeth were inoculated with Enterococcus faecalis for 4 weeks. The straight roots were randomly allocated to a baseline group (n=25) or subjected to routine cleaning and shaping procedures (n=105). Two sub-groups of prepared canals were then additionally exposed either to ultrasonic irrigation with 1% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) for 1 min (n=35) or to 1 week of intracanal medication with calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)(2)] (n=35). All roots were processed for light microscopy (Brown and Brenn stain) (n=28) or scanning electron microscopy (n=7). Triplicate histological sections from each of the apical, middle and coronal thirds were scored for bacterial presence using pre-defined criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Baseline bacterial penetration resulted in an average depth of tubule invasion of 151 μm. Routine canal preparation failed to eliminate bacteria consistently from either the canal wall or within tubules. Ultrasonic irrigation and medication with Ca(OH)(2) consistently eliminated bacteria from the canal wall (P<0.001) compared with baseline and routine treatment, and more frequently from dentinal tubules than routine canal preparation alone (P<0.01). Ultrasonic irrigation was as effective in bacterial reduction as 1 week of intracanal medication with Ca(OH)(2), but neither led to complete bacterial elimination in all roots.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ultrasonically activated irrigation for 1 min with 1% NaOCl after canal preparation in straight root canals is potentially an effective supplementary step in microbial control.
authors: Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
authors: A J
authors: AJ
authors: Harrison
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Chivatxaranukul
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Parashos
authors: H H
authors: HH
authors: Messer
mesh_terms: D058491:Bacterial Load; D001641:Bicuspid / Q000382:microbiology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D002126:Calcium Hydroxide / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002614:Chelating Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003786:Dental Pulp Cavity / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D003804:Dentin / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004492:Edetic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013293:Enterococcus faecalis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D006813:Humidity; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D008963:Molar / Q000382:microbiology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D009339:Needles; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018915:Root Canal Preparation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013696:Temperature; D007507:Therapeutic Irrigation / Q000295:instrumentation; D013997:Time Factors; D019227:Tooth Apex / Q000382:microbiology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D014465:Ultrasonics / Q000295:instrumentation
chemical_list: D002614:Chelating Agents; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants; D004492:Edetic Acid; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite; D002126:Calcium Hydroxide