title: Substitution and complementarity in the face of alcohol-specific policy interventions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Policy responses to the growing burden of alcohol-related disease fail to consider the interrelated nature of substance misuse and the potential for complex interactions in response to alcohol-specific interventions. This paper considers possible aggregate level responses to the alcohol policy and whether alcohol policy can be expected to reduce overall harm.
  
  
  METHODS
  A review and discussion of the relevant literature was conducted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Evidence indicates that those at greatest risk consume stronger alcoholic beverages more frequently, that they are likely to complement their consumption with a range of intoxicants and that they are more likely to substitute alcohol with other substances.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Policies aimed at reducing alcohol consumption can be successful. However, evidence suggests a significant minority of consumers are likely to substitute or complement consumption with a range of intoxicants suggesting that policy is unlikely to reduce all-cause mortality and morbidity. Further research into the nature of substitution and complementarity is required.
authors: Violence and Society Research Group, Applied Clinical Research and Public Health, School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XY, UK. mooresc2@cardiff.ac.uk
authors: Simon C
authors: SC
authors: Moore
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000191:economics* / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence* / Q000517:prevention & control; D000434:Alcoholic Beverages / Q000191:economics*; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000191:economics / Q000517:prevention & control; D019969:Amphetamine-Related Disorders / Q000191:economics / Q000517:prevention & control; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000191:economics / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D002189:Marijuana Abuse / Q000191:economics / Q000517:prevention & control; D011640:Public Policy / Q000191:economics* / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*