title: Quantitative evaluation of increase in surface dose by immobilization thermoplastic masks and superficial dosimetry using Gafchromic EBT film and Monte Carlo calculations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the increase in surface dose under immobilization thermoplastic masks by measurements and calculation in the build-up region using Gafchromic films and Monte Carlo simulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Surface doses were measured underneath three thermoplastic masks in open fields using 6 and 18 MV photon beams. These masks are used to immobilize patients for head and neck (H&N), pelvis and thoracic treatment. Gafchromic EBT films were placed on the top of the flat surface of a phantom partially underneath the mask and exposed in open 10 x 10 cm2 photon fields. The depth doses were calculated using BEAMnrc Monte Carlo code for water-equivalent film detectors with different layers of thickness ranging from 50 microm to 2.5 mm and compared with film measurements.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Surface dose increased by a factor of 3 to 4 underneath the mask relative to the open areas and 6 MV beam delivers more skin dose than 18 MV. H&N mask increased surface dose by a factor of 3 using 18 MV and a factor of 4 using 6 MV. In addition, increase in surface dose depended on the type of the mask, the size of openings, and the amount of stretching performed during the mask preparation. The measured depth doses were compared with BEAMnrc Monte Carlo calculation for water-equivalent detectors using different sizes. The calculated depth dose depended significantly on the thickness of film detector and varies by more than 15% using layer thickness of 2.5 mm compared to 50 microm. Surface doses measured by Gafchromic EBT films agreed within 3% with the Monte Carlo calculations using a small detector layer of 50 microm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thermoplastic masks used for patient immobilization can significantly increase skin doses by up to a factor of 4 more than that without the mask using 6 MV beams. The skin reactions resulting from thermoplastic masks should be monitored and corrective measures should be taken during treatment such as partially removing the mask over skin areas with complications and optimizing the skin dose in IMRT planning. Gafchromic EBT films provide accurate skin dosimetry which agrees within 3% with Monte Carlo calculations. Gafchromic EBT film makes an excellent tool for measuring depth doses in the buildup region and these data can be applied for treatment planning calculations and IMRT optimization.
authors: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA. iali@ouhsc.edu
authors: Imad
authors: I
authors: Ali
authors: Chance
authors: C
authors: Matthiesen
authors: Ozer
authors: O
authors: Algan
authors: Spencer
authors: S
authors: Thompson
authors: Carl
authors: C
authors: Bogardus
authors: Terence
authors: T
authors: Herman
authors: Salahuddin
authors: S
authors: Ahmad
mesh_terms: D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy; D006801:Humans; D007103:Immobilization / Q000295:instrumentation*; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011834:Radiation Monitoring; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011881:Radiotherapy, Computer-Assisted; D012867:Skin; D013499:Surface Properties