title: How "should" we write guideline recommendations? Interpretation of deontic terminology in clinical practice guidelines: survey of the health services community.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the level of obligation conveyed by deontic terms (words such as "should", "may", "must" and "is indicated") commonly found in clinical practice guidelines.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional electronic survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  A clinical scenario was developed by the researchers, and recommendations containing 12 deontic terms and phrases were presented to the participants.
  
  
  METHODS
  All 1332 registrants of the 2008 annual conference of the US Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants indicated the level of obligation they believed guideline authors intended by using a slider mechanism ranging from "No obligation" (leftmost position recorded as 0) to "Full obligation" (rightmost position recorded as 100.)
  
  
  RESULTS
  445/1332 registrants (36%) submitted the on-line survey; 254/445 (57%) reported that they have experience in developing clinical practice guidelines; 133/445 (30%) indicated that they provide healthcare. "Must" conveyed the highest level of obligation (median = 100) and least amount of variability (interquartile range = 5.) "May" (median = 37) and "may consider" (median = 33) conveyed the lowest levels of obligation. All other terms conveyed intermediate levels of obligation characterised by wide and overlapping interquartile ranges.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Members of the health services community believe guideline authors intend variable levels of obligation when using different deontic terms within practice recommendations. Ranking of a subset of terms by intended level of obligation is possible. Matching deontic terminology to the intended recommendation strength can help standardise the use of deontic terminology by guideline developers.
authors: Yale Center for Medical Informatics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA.
authors: E A
authors: EA
authors: Lomotan
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Michel
authors: Z
authors: Z
authors: Lin
authors: R N
authors: RN
authors: Shiffman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003625:Data Collection; D019983:Guideline Adherence; D006296:Health Services; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D009626:Terminology as Topic; D055815:Young Adult