title: FSH dystrophy and a subtelomeric 4q haplotype: a new assay and associations with disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) is an autosomal dominant disease associated with contraction of arrays of tandem 3.3-kb units (D4Z4) on subtelomeric 4q. Disease-linked arrays usually have fewer than 11 repeat units. Equally short D4Z4 arrays at subtelomeric 10q are not linked to FSHD. The newly described 4qA161 haplotype, which is more prevalent in pathogenic 4q alleles, involves sequences in and near D4Z4.
  
  
  METHODS
  We developed two new assays for 4qA161, which are based upon direct sequencing of PCR products or detecting restriction fragment length polymorphisms. They were used to analyse single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) indicative of 4q161 alleles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All (35/35) FSHD patients had one or two 4qA161 alleles (60% or 40%, respectively). In contrast, 46% (21/46) of control individuals had no 4qA161 allele (p<10(-4)), and 26% had homozygous 4qB163 alleles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results from a heterogeneous population are consistent with the previously described association of the 4qA161 haplotype with FSHD, but a causal association with pathogenesis is uncertain. In addition, we found that haplotype analysis is complicated by the presence of minor 10q alleles. Nonetheless, our sequencing assay for the 4qA161allele can enhance molecular diagnosis of FSHD, including prenatal diagnosis, and is simpler to perform than the previously described assay.
authors: Biochemistry Department, Tulane Medical School, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Tsumagari
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Chen
authors: J R
authors: JR
authors: Hackman
authors: A D
authors: AD
authors: Bossler
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Ehrlich
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D002894:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 4 / Q000235:genetics*; D006239:Haplotypes / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D020391:Muscular Dystrophy, Facioscapulohumeral / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA / Q000379:methods; D012689:Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid; D020080:Tandem Repeat Sequences / Q000235:genetics; D016615:Telomere / Q000235:genetics*