title: Acetaminophen plus codeine compared to ketorolac in polytrauma patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The management of pain in polytrauma patients is mandatory. While non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) represent the most used drugs in polytrauma patients, their use may be associated with an increased risk of haemorrhage. Opioids may represent a valid alternative to NSAIDs either alone or in combination with acetaminophen. Whether their efficacy is comparable to that produced by NSAIDs in polytrauma patients has never been studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  60 polytrauma patients were enrolled for this study. 30 patients were treated with acetaminophen 1000 mg plus codeine 60 mg tid for 24 hours (Group A), while the remaining 30 with ketorolac 10 mg qid for 24 hours (Group B). Pain intensity has been evaluated using an analogical visual scale (VAS) ranging from 0 (no pain) to 10 (very severe pain). The level of pain was valuated at enrolment (TO) as well as after 2 (T2), 12 (T12) and 24 (T24) hours from the starting of the analgesic therapy. Results obtained by the group A were compared with those reported by the group B.
  
  
  RESULTS
  T0: Group A mean score was 6.4 +/- 1.5 compared with 6.6 +/- 1.5 of Group B (p= ns); T2: Group A mean score was 3.4 +/- 2.8, compared with 3.5 +/- 2.4 of group B (p = ns); T12: Group A mean score was 3.4 +/- 3.4, compared with 3.5 +/- 3 of Gorup B (p = ns); T24: Group A mean score was 2.9 +/- 1.5, compared to 3.0 +/- 1.6 of Group B (p = ns). All those drugs determined a significant reduction of pain intensity during the course of therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Acetaminophen plus codeine is effective in pain control in polytrauma patients at least in our series. It may represent a valid alternative to NSAIDs, especially in patients with a documented haemorrhage or with a high hemorrhagic risk.
authors: Emergency Department, Catholic University of the Sacred Hearth, Rome, Italy. francesco.franceschi@rm.unicatt.it
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Franceschi
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Buccelletti
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Marsiliani
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Carroccia
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Giupponi
authors: G
authors: G
authors: De Marco
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Gilardi
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Merra
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Mancini
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Potenza
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Giannuzzi
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Calcinaro
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Marini
authors: N
authors: N
authors: Gentiloni Silveri
mesh_terms: D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003061:Codeine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005260:Female; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D020910:Ketorolac / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009104:Multiple Trauma / Q000150:complications; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D010147:Pain Measurement; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D004338:Drug Combinations; D000082:Acetaminophen; D003061:Codeine; D020910:Ketorolac