Forensic molecular pathology of violent deaths.
In forensic pathology, while classical morphology remains a core procedure to investigate deaths, a spectrum of ancillary procedures has been developed and incorporated to detail the pathology. Among them, postmortem biochemistry is important to investigate the systemic pathophysiological changes involved in the dying process that cannot be detected by morphology. In addition, recent advances in molecular biology have provided a procedure to investigate genetic bases of diseases that might present with sudden death, which is called 'molecular autopsy'. Meanwhile, the practical application of RNA analyses to postmortem investigation has not been accepted due to rapid decay after death; however, recent experimental and practical studies using real-time reverse transcription-PCR have suggested that the relative quantification of mRNA transcripts can be applied in molecular pathology for postmortem investigation of deaths, which may be called 'advanced molecular autopsy'. In a broad sense, forensic molecular pathology implies applied medical sciences to investigate the genetic basis of diseases, and the pathophysiology of diseases and traumas leading to death at a biological molecular level in the context of forensic pathology. The possible applications include analyses of local pathology, including tissue injury, ischemia/hypoxia and inflammation at the site of insult or specific tissue damage from intoxication, systemic responses to violence or environmental hazards, disorders due to intoxication, and systemic pathophysiology of fatal process involving major life-support organs. A review of previous studies suggests that systematic postmortem quantitative analysis of mRNA transcripts can be established from multi-faceted aspects of molecular biology and incorporated into death investigations in forensic pathology, to support and reinforce morphological evidence.
Maeda
Hitoshi
H
Department of Legal Medicine, Osaka City University Medical School, Asahi-machi 1-4-3, Abeno, 545-8585 Osaka, Japan. legalmed@med.osaka-cu.ac.jp
Zhu
Bao-li
BL
Ishikawa
Takaki
T
Michiue
Tomomi
T
D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D001237:Asphyxia / Q000378:metabolism; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D004921:Erythropoietin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D049429:Forensic Pathology; D015870:Gene Expression; D051272:Glucose Transporter Type 1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020925:Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain / Q000378:metabolism; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D011180:Postmortem Changes; D037661:Pulmonary Surfactant-Associated Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D012131:Respiratory Insufficiency / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012769:Shock / Q000378:metabolism; D013048:Specimen Handling; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014754:Violence; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*
D015415:Biomarkers; C554270:EPO protein, human; D051272:Glucose Transporter Type 1; C497442:HIF1A protein, human; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D037661:Pulmonary Surfactant-Associated Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C495677:SLC2A1 protein, human; C467484:VEGFA protein, human; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D004921:Erythropoietin