title: Fluid intake and the risk of urothelial cell carcinomas in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC).
abstract: Results from previous studies investigating the association between fluid intake and urothelial cell carcinomas (UCC) are inconsistent. We evaluated this association among 233,236 subjects in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC), who had adequate baseline information on water and total fluid intake. During a mean follow-up of 9.3 years, 513 first primary UCC occurred. At recruitment, habitual fluid intake was assessed by a food frequency questionnaire. Multivariable hazard ratios were estimated using Cox regression stratified by age, sex and center and adjusted for energy intake, smoking status, duration of smoking and lifetime intensity of smoking. When using the lowest tertile of intake as reference, total fluid intake was not associated with risk of all UCC (HR 1.12; 95%CI 0.86-1.45, p-trend = 0.42) or with risk of prognostically high-risk UCC (HR 1.28; 95%CI 0.85-1.93, p-trend = 0.27) or prognostically low-risk UCC (HR 0.93; 95%CI 0.65-1.33, p-trend = 0.74). No associations were observed between risk of UCC and intake of water, coffee, tea and herbal tea and milk and other dairy beverages. For prognostically low-risk UCC suggestions of an inverse association with alcoholic beverages and of a positive association with soft drinks were seen. Increased risks were found for all UCC and prognostically low-risk UCC with higher intake of fruit and vegetable juices. In conclusion, total usual fluid intake is not associated with UCC risk in EPIC. The relationships observed for some fluids may be due to chance, but further investigation of the role of all types of fluid is warranted.
authors: National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
authors: Martine M
authors: MM
authors: Ros
authors: H B
authors: HB
authors: Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita
authors: Frederike L
authors: FL
authors: Büchner
authors: Katja K H
authors: KK
authors: Aben
authors: Ellen
authors: E
authors: Kampman
authors: Lars
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authors: Egevad
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authors: Overvad
authors: Anne
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authors: Tjønneland
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authors: Roswall
authors: Francoise
authors: F
authors: Clavel-Chapelon
authors: Rudolf
authors: R
authors: Kaaks
authors: Jenny
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authors: Chang-Claude
authors: Heiner
authors: H
authors: Boeing
authors: Steffen
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authors: Weikert
authors: Antonia
authors: A
authors: Trichopoulou
authors: Philippos
authors: P
authors: Orfanos
authors: Georgia
authors: G
authors: Stasinopulou
authors: Calogero
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authors: Saieva
authors: Vittorio
authors: V
authors: Krogh
authors: Paolo
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authors: Vineis
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authors: Tumino
authors: Amalia
authors: A
authors: Mattiello
authors: Petra H M
authors: PH
authors: Peeters
authors: Fränzel J B
authors: FJ
authors: van Duijnhoven
authors: Eiliv
authors: E
authors: Lund
authors: Inger T
authors: IT
authors: Gram
authors: Maria D
authors: MD
authors: Chirlaque
authors: Aurelio
authors: A
authors: Barricarte
authors: Laudina
authors: L
authors: Rodríguez
authors: Esther
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authors: Molina
authors: Carlos
authors: C
authors: Gonzalez
authors: Miren
authors: M
authors: Dorronsoro
authors: Jonas
authors: J
authors: Manjer
authors: Roy
authors: R
authors: Ehrnström
authors: Börje
authors: B
authors: Ljungberg
authors: Naomi E
authors: NE
authors: Allen
authors: Andrew W
authors: AW
authors: Roddam
authors: Kay-Tee
authors: KT
authors: Khaw
authors: Nick
authors: N
authors: Wareham
authors: Paolo
authors: P
authors: Boffetta
authors: Nadia
authors: N
authors: Slimani
authors: Dominique S
authors: DS
authors: Michaud
authors: Lambertus A L M
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authors: Kiemeney
authors: Elio
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authors: Riboli
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001628:Beverages; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004326:Drinking; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005440:Fluid Therapy; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control