title: Cyclooxygenase-independent inhibitory effects on T cell activation of novel 4,5-dihydro-3 trifluoromethyl pyrazole cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors.
abstract: Anti-inflammatory efficacy of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) has been related to their properties as inhibitors of cyclooxygenase (COX)-mediated prostaglandin (PG) synthesis. However, recent studies have suggested that variations of the in vivo anti-inflammatory actions among different NSAIDs could not be solely explained by COX inhibition. Here, we have analyzed the effects on T cell activation of novel 4,5-dihydro-3 trifluoromethyl pyrazole anti-inflammatory drugs with different potencies as COX-2 inhibitors, namely E-6087, E-6232, E-6231, E-6036 and E-6259 as well as the chemically related COX-2 inhibitor Celecoxib. These drugs inhibited mitogen-mediated T cell proliferation as well as Interleukin (IL)-2, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and Interferon (IFN)-γ synthesis by activated T cells, independently of their ability to inhibit COX-2 enzymatic activity. Immunosuppressive effects of these drugs seem to be due to their interference on transcription factor activation as induced transcription from Nuclear Factor (NF)-κB and Nuclear Factor of Activated T cells (NFAT)-dependent enhancers was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner, being the latter effect the most sensitive to the action of those compounds. Both NFAT dephosphorylation, required for its nuclear translocation, as well as transcriptional activity of a GAL4-NFAT chimera were diminished in the presence of these compounds. These findings provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms involved in the immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory actions of NSAIDs, which may have important implications in anti-inflammatory therapy, through inhibition of NFAT.
authors: Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain. mainiguez@cbm.uam.es
authors: Miguel A
authors: MA
authors: Iñiguez
authors: Carmen
authors: C
authors: Punzón
authors: Cristina
authors: C
authors: Cacheiro-Llaguno
authors: Manuel D
authors: MD
authors: Díaz-Muñoz
authors: Javier
authors: J
authors: Duque
authors: Rosa
authors: R
authors: Cuberes
authors: Inés
authors: I
authors: Alvarez
authors: Eva M
authors: EM
authors: Andrés
authors: Jordi
authors: J
authors: Buxens
authors: Helmut
authors: H
authors: Buschmann
authors: José M
authors: JM
authors: Vela
authors: Manuel
authors: M
authors: Fresno
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005122:Exudates and Transudates / Q000737:chemistry; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism; D019169:Jurkat Cells; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000187:drug effects*; D015394:Molecular Structure; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D050778:NFATC Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016328:NF-kappa B; D050778:NFATC Transcription Factors; D011720:Pyrazoles