Oxidative stress, nitric oxide, and diabetes.
In the recent decades, oxidative stress has become focus of interest in most biomedical disciplines and many types of clinical research. Increasing evidence from research on several diseases show that oxidative stress is associated with the pathogenesis of diabetes, obesity, cancer, ageing, inflammation, neurodegenerative disorders, hypertension, apoptosis, cardiovascular diseases, and heart failure. Based on this research, the emerging concept is that oxidative stress is the "final common pathway", through which risk factors of several diseases exert their deleterious effects. Oxidative stress causes a complex dysregulation of cell metabolism and cell-cell homeostasis. In this review, we discuss the role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction. These are the two most relevant mechanisms in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes, and in the pathogenesis of diabetic vascular complications, the leading cause of death in diabetic patients.
Pitocco
Dario
D
Institute of Internal Medicine, Catholic University of Rome, Largo Agostino Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy. dario.pitocco@rm.unicatt.it
Zaccardi
Francesco
F
Di Stasio
Enrico
E
Romitelli
Federica
F
Santini
Stefano A
SA
Zuppi
Cecilia
C
Ghirlanda
Giovanni
G
D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D050417:Insulin-Secreting Cells / Q000502:physiology; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D009765:Obesity; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D026361:Reactive Nitrogen Species; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D015398:Signal Transduction
D000975:Antioxidants; D007328:Insulin; D026361:Reactive Nitrogen Species; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D009569:Nitric Oxide