title: Effects of chronic elevation of atrial natriuretic peptide and free fatty acid levels in the induction of type 2 diabetes mellitus and insulin resistance in patients with mitral valve disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The relationship between atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), increased free fatty acid (FFA) and insulin resistance in patients with mitral valve disease (MVD), a group characterised by elevated atrial pressure and increased ANP levels, is not defined. The present study was performed to evaluate, in MVD patients, the relationship between increased ANP and FFA levels and insulin resistance and the role of mitral valve replacement/repair in ameliorating these metabolic alterations. Conversely, coronary heart disease (CHD) patients were evaluated before and after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), since they are known to be insulin resistant in the presence of chronic FFA increase.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty MVD patients and 55 CHD patients were studied before and 2 months after surgery and compared with 166 normal subjects. Before surgery, 56% of MVD patients had impaired glucose tolerance or newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes after a standard oral glucose load and this percentage decreased to 46% after surgery. In CHD, impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) or newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic patients were 67% of patients before and after CABG. In MVD, left atrial (LA) volume, ANP, FFA incremental area and insulin levels were higher and Insulin Sensitivity (IS) index significantly reduced while after surgery, LA volume, ANP and FFA significantly decreased and IS index significantly improved. In CHD, insulin resistance and hyperinsulinaemia were present both before and after surgery with increased tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6 levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In MVD, a higher degree of abnormal glucose tolerance and insulin resistance are associated to increased levels of ANP and FFA, while these metabolic alterations are improved by mitral valve replacement/repair surgery. Clinical Trial.gov registration number NCT 00520962.
authors: Cardiodiabetes and Core Laboratory, Metabolic and Cardiovascular Science Division, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy. monti.lucilla@hsr.it
authors: L D
authors: LD
authors: Monti
authors: P C G
authors: PC
authors: Lucotti
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Setola
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Rossodivita
authors: M G
authors: MG
authors: Pala
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Galluccio
authors: G
authors: G
authors: LaCanna
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Castiglioni
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Cannoletta
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Meloni
authors: I
authors: I
authors: Zavaroni
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Bosi
authors: O
authors: O
authors: Alfieri
authors: P M
authors: PM
authors: Piatti
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D009320:Atrial Natriuretic Factor / Q000097:blood*; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D018149:Glucose Intolerance / Q000378:metabolism; D006349:Heart Valve Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008943:Mitral Valve / Q000473:pathology; D012044:Regression Analysis; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D009320:Atrial Natriuretic Factor