title: A randomized controlled trial of intermittent compared with daily cotrimoxazole preventive therapy in HIV-infected children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cotrimoxazole preventive therapy (CPT) reduces morbidity and mortality in HIV-infected children. The WHO recommends prolonged daily CPT for HIV-infected infants and children. In adults, intermittent CPT has been associated with less adverse events than daily, with increased tolerability and equal efficacy. We investigated the efficacy and tolerability of intermittent CPT compared with daily CPT in HIV-infected children over a 5-year period.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective randomized controlled study.
  
  
  METHODS
  HIV-infected children aged at least 8 weeks were randomized to thrice weekly or daily CPT. Outcome measures were mortality, bacterial infections, hospitalizations and adverse events.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three hundred and twenty-four children (median age 23 months) were followed for 672 child-years; 165 (51%) were randomized to intermittent CPT. Most children (287, 89%) were Centers for Disease Control and Prevention clinical category B or C; 207 (64%) received HAART during the study. Mortality (53 deaths, 16%) was similar in the intermittent CPT compared with the daily CPT group {24 (14%) vs. 29 (18%), hazard ratio 0.75 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.44-1.29]}. The predominant causes of death in both groups were sepsis (17, 32%), pneumonia (13, 25%) or diarrhoea (8, 15%). Intermittent CPT was associated with more bacteraemias [incidence rate ratio 2.36 (95% CI 1.21-4.86)]. Children receiving intermittent CPT also spent more days in hospital [incidence rate ratio 1.15 (95% CI 1.04-1.28)]. The rate of serious adverse events was similar between groups [incidence rate ratio 1.07 (95% CI 0.58-2.02)].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intermittent CPT was associated with more invasive bacterial disease than daily CPT, but survival was similar. Both regimens were well tolerated. On balance, daily CPT remains preferable to intermittent therapy for HIV-infected children.
authors: Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa. heather.zar@uct.ac.za
authors: Heather J
authors: HJ
authors: Zar
authors: Lesley
authors: L
authors: Workman
authors: Stanzi M
authors: SM
authors: le Roux
authors: Teresa
authors: T
authors: Jennings
authors: Nomawethu
authors: N
authors: Jele
authors: Hendrick Simon
authors: HS
authors: Schaaf
authors: Ann
authors: A
authors: Barclay-Loggie
authors: Chris
authors: C
authors: Mulligan
authors: David M
authors: DM
authors: le Roux
authors: Carl J
authors: CJ
authors: Lombard
authors: Mark F
authors: MF
authors: Cotton
mesh_terms: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active / Q000379:methods; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000401:mortality; D015497:HIV-1; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015662:Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015024:Zambia / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D015662:Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination