title: The effectiveness and efficiency of diabetes screening in Ontario, Canada: a population-based cohort study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Little is known about the efficiency and effectiveness of the current level of diabetes screening activity in Ontario where there is universal access to health services. Our study aims were to: (i) determine how often Ontarians are screened for diabetes; (ii) estimate screening efficiency based on the number needed to screen (NNS) to diagnosis one diabetes case; (iii) examine the population effectiveness of screening as estimated by the number of undiagnosed diabetes cases.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ontario respondents of the Canadian Community Health Survey who agreed to have their responses linked to health care data (n = 37,400) provided the cohort. The five-year probabilities of glucose testing and diabetes diagnoses were estimated using a Cox Proportional Hazards Model. We defined NNS as the ratio of diabetes tests to number of diabetes diagnoses over the study period. We estimated the number of undiagnosed diabetes by dividing the number not tested at the end of study period by the NNS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  80% of women and 66% of men had a blood glucose test within 5 years. The efficiency of screening was estimated by a NNS of 14 among men and 22 among women. 127,100 cases of undiagnosed diabetes were estimated, representing 1.4% of the Ontario adult population. Increasing age, hypertension, immigrant and non-white ethnicity, and number of general practitioner visits were associated with an increased likelihood of having a glucose test (LR chi2 p < 0.001). Low income men were less likely to be tested.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Diabetes screening was high in this population-based cohort of Ontarians. Screening efficiency varied considerably in the population. Undiagnosed diabetes continues to be prevalent and remains concentrated in the highest risk groups for diabetes, especially among men.
authors: Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. sarah.wilson@utoronto.ca
authors: Sarah E
authors: SE
authors: Wilson
authors: Laura C
authors: LC
authors: Rosella
authors: Lorraine L
authors: LL
authors: Lipscombe
authors: Douglas G
authors: DG
authors: Manuel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000592:standards*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009864:Ontario; D015397:Program Evaluation; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D016019:Survival Analysis; D055815:Young Adult