title: Incidence of and risk factors for birth trauma in Iran.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Birth trauma at delivery is a rare but significant prenatal complication. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of birth trauma and risk factors related to fetal injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Birth trauma was evaluated in singleton fetuses with no major anomalies and with vertex presentations over a 3-year period from 2002 to 2005. One hundred and forty-eight neonates, who experienced birth trauma, were prospectively identified and compared with 280 normal neonates. Both groups were delivered vaginally. Maternal and infant characteristics were evaluated as possible risk factors for fetal injury.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the 148 infants with birth trauma, nine had multiple injuries. The most common injury was cephalohematoma (n = 77). Other injuries included clavicle fractures (n = 56), brachial plexus paralysis (n = 13), asphyxia (n = 7), facial lacerations (n = 4), brain hemorrhage (n = 1), and skin hematoma (n = 2). Multiple regression analysis identified premature rupture of membranes, instrumental delivery, birth weight, gestational age, induction of labor, and academic degree of attendant physician at delivery as the most significant risk factors for birth trauma.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The incidence of birth trauma was 41.16 per 1,000 vaginal deliveries. Induction of labor, premature rupture of membranes, academic degree of attendant physician at delivery, higher birth weight, and gestational age were associated with fetal injuries.
authors: Department of Pediatrics, Mostafa Khomini Hospital, Shahed University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors: Hajiehe
authors: H
authors: Borna
authors: Sied Mohammad Bager Akhavi
authors: SM
authors: Rad
authors: Sedigheh
authors: S
authors: Borna
authors: Sakineh Moaid
authors: SM
authors: Mohseni
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001238:Asphyxia Neonatorum / Q000453:epidemiology; D001720:Birth Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology*; D001724:Birth Weight; D020516:Brachial Plexus Neuropathies / Q000453:epidemiology; D020201:Brain Hemorrhage, Traumatic / Q000453:epidemiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002968:Clavicle / Q000293:injuries; D002983:Clinical Competence; D005113:Extraction, Obstetrical / Q000009:adverse effects; D005151:Facial Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005322:Premature Rupture of Fetal Membranes / Q000453:epidemiology; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000453:epidemiology; D005865:Gestational Age; D006406:Hematoma / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007492:Iran / Q000453:epidemiology; D007751:Labor, Induced / Q000009:adverse effects; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012535:Scalp; D012871:Skin Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology