title: Antiretroviral release from poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles in mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Free ritonavir, lopinavir and efavirenz injected intraperitoneally were compared with antiretroviral (AR) nanoparticles (NPs).
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a prospective study in BALB/c mice comparing the pharmacokinetics of free drugs with AR NPs. All animals received free drugs or AR NPs (20 mg/kg) in PBS. In vitro replication assays were used for determination of the anti-HIV efficacy of NP formulations. At specific times (free drugs 0.08, 0.125, 0.25, 0.33, 1, 2 and 3 days; AR NPs 0.125, 0.33, 1, 2, 4, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 days) mice were euthanized and serum and organs were harvested for determination of AR concentrations by HPLC. Single treatment of monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) infected with HIV-1(ada) compared AR NPs (0.005-0.05 mg/mL) with free efavirenz or lopinavir/ritonavir (0.01-0.1 mg/mL), blank NPs and controls. Results are presented as means ± SEM.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Serum free AR drug concentrations peaked 4 h post-injection (ritonavir 3.9 ± 3.05, lopinavir 3.4 ± 2.5 and efavirenz 1.8 ± 0.63 µg/mL) and were eliminated by 72 h. Poly(dl-lactide-co-glycolide) NP animals had detectable ritonavir, lopinavir and efavirenz concentrations in all tissues for 28 days. Treatment of MDMs with AR NPs resulted in sustained inhibition of HIV-1(ada) replication.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  AR drug concentrations from NPs are sustained for 28 days in vivo and anti-HIV inhibition was comparable to that of free drugs in vitro and could be a sustained treatment for delivery of AR drugs.
authors: School of Pharmacy & Health Professions, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, USA. destache@creighton.edu
authors: Christopher J
authors: CJ
authors: Destache
authors: Todd
authors: T
authors: Belgum
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Goede
authors: Annemarie
authors: A
authors: Shibata
authors: Michael A
authors: MA
authors: Belshan
mesh_terms: D000480:Alkynes; D000825:Animal Structures / Q000737:chemistry; D000818:Animals; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D048588:Benzoxazines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003521:Cyclopropanes; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D007274:Injections, Intraperitoneal; D061466:Lopinavir; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D009000:Monocytes / Q000821:virology; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011091:Polyesters / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011744:Pyrimidinones / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D019438:Ritonavir / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D044967:Serum / Q000737:chemistry; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000480:Alkynes; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D048588:Benzoxazines; D003521:Cyclopropanes; D011091:Polyesters; D011744:Pyrimidinones; D061466:Lopinavir; C033616:poly(lactide); C098320:efavirenz; D019438:Ritonavir