title: Pharmacological targeting of constitutively active truncated androgen receptor by nigericin and suppression of hormone-refractory prostate cancer cell growth.
abstract: In prostate cancer, blockade of androgen receptor (AR) signaling confers a therapeutic benefit. Nevertheless, this standard therapy allows relapse of hormone-refractory prostate cancer (HRPC) with a poor prognosis. HRPC cells often express variant ARs, such as point-mutated alleles and splicing isoforms, resulting in androgen-independent cell growth and resistance to antiandrogen (e.g., flutamide). However, a pharmacological strategy to block such aberrant ARs remains to be established. Here, we established a reporter system that monitors AR-mediated activation of a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) promoter. Our chemical library screening revealed that the antibiotic nigericin inhibits AR-mediated activation of the PSA promoter and PSA production in prostate cancer cells. Nigericin suppressed the androgen-dependent LNCaP cell growth even though the cells expressed a flutamide-resistant mutant AR. These effects were caused by AR suppression at the mRNA and post-translational levels. In HRPC 22Rv1 cells, which express the full-length AR and the constitutively active, truncated ARs lacking the carboxyl-terminal ligand-binding domain, small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of both AR isoforms efficiently suppressed the androgen-independent cell growth, whereas knockdown of the full-length AR alone had no significant effect. It is noteworthy that nigericin was able to mimic the knockdown of both AR isoforms: it reduced the expression of the full-length and the truncated ARs, and it induced G(1) cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis of 22Rv1 cells. These observations suggest that nigericin-like compounds that suppress AR expression at the mRNA level could be applied as new-type therapeutic agents that inhibit a broad spectrum of AR variants in HRPC.
authors: Division of Molecular Biotherapy, Cancer Chemotherapy Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, 3-8-31 Ariake, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan.
authors: Tetsuo
authors: T
authors: Mashima
authors: Sachiko
authors: S
authors: Okabe
authors: Hiroyuki
authors: H
authors: Seimiya
mesh_terms: D059002:Androgen Receptor Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic / Q000494:pharmacology*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; D004354:Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; D055785:Gene Knockdown Techniques; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009550:Nigericin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D020033:Protein Isoforms / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000235:genetics; D011944:Receptors, Androgen / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D059002:Androgen Receptor Antagonists; D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D011944:Receptors, Androgen; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen; D009550:Nigericin