title: Heavy drinking in early adulthood and outcomes at mid life.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Heavy drinking in early adulthood among Blacks, but not Whites, has been found to be associated with more deleterious health outcomes, lower labor market success and lower educational attainment at mid-life. This study analysed psychosocial pathways underlying racial differences in the impact of early heavy alcohol use on occupational and educational attainment at mid-life.
  
  
  METHODS
  Outcomes in labor market participation, occupational prestige and educational attainment were measured in early and mid-adulthood. A mixture model was used to identify psychosocial classes that explain how race-specific differences in the relationship between drinking in early adulthood and occupational outcomes in mid-life operate. Data came from Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults, a longitudinal epidemiologic study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Especially for Blacks, heavy drinking in early adulthood was associated with a lower probability of being employed in mid-life. Among employed persons, there was a link between heavy drinking for both Whites and Blacks and decreased occupational attainment at mid-life. We grouped individuals into three distinct distress classes based on external stressors and indicators of internally generated stress. Blacks were more likely to belong to the higher distressed classes as were heavy drinkers in early adulthood. Stratifying the data by distress class, relationships between heavy drinking, race and heavy drinking-race interactions were overall weaker than in the pooled analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Disproportionate intensification of life stresses in Blacks renders them more vulnerable to long-term effects of heavy drinking.
authors: Department of Economics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA. fsloan@duke.edu
authors: F A
authors: FA
authors: Sloan
authors: P R
authors: PR
authors: Costanzo
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Belsky
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Holmberg
authors: P S
authors: PS
authors: Malone
authors: Y
authors: Y
authors: Wang
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Kertesz
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology; D044383:Black People / Q000523:psychology; D002322:Career Mobility; D004522:Educational Status; D004651:Employment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D013315:Stress, Psychological; D044465:White People / Q000523:psychology; D055815:Young Adult