title: Anorectal malformations and neurospinal dysraphism: is this association a major risk for continence?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Anorectal malformations (ARM) are a spectrum of defects ranging from the very minor ones, with an excellent functional prognosis, to those that are more complex, often associated with other anomalies, difficult to manage and with a poor functional outcome. A significant number of these children suffer from fecal and urinary incontinence despite major advances in the management of ARM patients have significantly improved the quality of life. The role of sacrovertebral anomalies/dysraphism (SD) and neurospinal cord anomalies/dysraphism (ND) associated with ARM on the continence of these patients is still controversial. The authors made a review of their experience in a period of 5 years, focusing on the role of neurospinal cord anomalies in patients with ARM.
  
  
  METHODS
  At colorectal clinic of our department of pediatric surgery 215 patients who underwent a procedure of posterior sagittal anorectoplasty for ARM are followed-up in a multidisciplinary clinic. Among them 60 patients with either SD or ND were documented. In 37 patients the anomaly involved the spinal cord (ND). 12 of these 37 patients underwent neurosurgical treatment and 25 were managed conservatively. Data collected from their follow-up were analyzed and compared, focusing on their bowel and urinary continence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All 37 patients acquired regular bowel movements with an appropriate bowel management according to Peña's protocols. Urinary incontinence required clean intermittent catheterization in four cases. None of the patients who did not receive neurosurgical treatment developed acute complications due to the progression of the neurospinal anomaly, like acute urinary retention, orthopedic and motility problems or acute hydrocephalus. From literature review we were unable to find good evidence that the presence of ND worsens the functional prognosis of patients with ARM. We were also unable to find convincing evidence to support the practice of prophylactic neurosurgical procedures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study supports the theory that for ARM patients the prognosis in terms of continence depends mainly on the type of malformation and is not complicated by the association with ND. In our series neurosurgical treatments did not have any effect in improving the continence of ARM patients and a conservative management of ND did not expose the patients to the sequelae of progressive deterioration, reported elsewhere, requiring rescue neurosurgery. We believe that the correct practice of pediatric surgeons following-up ARM patients is a protocol which includes appropriate investigations to detect the presence of a SD or ND and, once these entities are detected, it is mandatory to manage the patient with a multidisciplinary team, where a conservative non-operative management is initially justified and advocated in the absence of neurosensorymotor symptoms.
authors: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Di Cesare
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Leva
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Macchini
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Canazza
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Carrabba
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Fumagalli
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Mosca
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Torricelli
mesh_terms: D001003:Anal Canal / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000601:surgery; D002648:Child; D005242:Fecal Incontinence / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D012007:Rectum / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000601:surgery; D012307:Risk Factors; D016135:Spinal Dysraphism / Q000150:complications* / Q000601:surgery; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000209:etiology*