Systemic levels of local anaesthetic after intra-peritoneal application--a systematic review.
There is a lack of cohesive reports on the systemic levels of local anaesthetic after intraperitoneal application. A comprehensive systematic review with no language restriction was conducted. Eighteen suitable articles were identified. Data were compiled and presented according to local anaesthetic agent. Intraperitoneal local anaesthetic has been studied in many different procedures, including open and laparoscopic surgery. A total of 415 patients were included for analysis. There were no cases of clinical toxicity. There were 11 (2.7%) cases with a systemic level above or close to a safe threshold (as determined by the report authors) in three trials utilising intraperitoneal local anaesthetic after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Intraperitoneal lignocaine doses varied from 100 to 1000 mg, mean Cmax ranged from 1.01 to 4.32 microg/ml and mean Tmax ranged from 15 to 40 minutes. Intraperitoneal bupivacaine doses varied from 50 to 150 mg (weight based doses also reported), mean Cmax ranged from 0.29 to 1.14 microg/ml and mean Tmax ranged from 15 to 60 minutes. Intraperitoneal ropivacaine doses varied from 100 to 300 mg, mean Cmax ranged from 0.66 to 3.76 microg/ml and mean Tmax ranged from 15 to 35 minutes. The addition of adrenaline to intraperitoneal local anaesthetic almost halves systemic levels and prolongs Tmax. Intraperitoneal local anaesthetic results in detectable systemic levels in the perioperative setting. Despite a lack of clinical toxicity, careful attention to dose is still required to prevent potential systemic toxic levels. Clinicians should also consider the addition of adrenaline to intraperitoneal local anaesthetic solutions to further add to the systemic safety profile.
Kahokehr
A
A
Department of Surgery, South Auckland Clinical School, Middlemore Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand. arman.kahokehr@gmail.com
Sammour
T
T
Vather
R
R
Taylor
M
M
Stapelberg
F
F
Hill
A G
AG
D000577:Amides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic / Q000379:methods*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006801:Humans; D007274:Injections, Intraperitoneal; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D000077212:Ropivacaine
D000577:Amides; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D000077212:Ropivacaine; D008012:Lidocaine; D002045:Bupivacaine