title: Partial replacement of fossil fuel in a cement plant: risk assessment for the population living in the neighborhood.
abstract: In cement plants, the substitution of traditional fossil fuels not only allows a reduction of CO(2), but it also means to check-out residual materials, such as sewage sludge or municipal solid wastes (MSW), which should otherwise be disposed somehow/somewhere. In recent months, a cement plant placed in Alcanar (Catalonia, Spain) has been conducting tests to replace fossil fuel by refuse-derived fuel (RDF) from MSW. In July 2009, an operational test was progressively initiated by reaching a maximum of partial substitution of 20% of the required energy. In order to study the influence of the new process, environmental monitoring surveys were performed before and after the RDF implementation. Metals and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) were analyzed in soil, herbage, and air samples collected around the facility. In soils, significant decreases of PCDD/F levels, as well as in some metal concentrations were found, while no significant increases in the concentrations of these pollutants were observed. In turn, PM(10) levels remained constant, with a value of 16μgm(-3). In both surveys, the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks derived from exposure to metals and PCDD/Fs for the population living in the vicinity of the facility were within the ranges considered as acceptable according to national and international standards. This means that RDF may be a successful choice in front of classical fossil fuels, being in accordance with the new EU environmental policies, which entail the reduction of CO(2) emissions and the energetic valorization of MSW. However, further long-term environmental studies are necessary to corroborate the harmlessness of RDF, in terms of human health risks.
authors: Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain.
authors: Joaquim
authors: J
authors: Rovira
authors: Montse
authors: M
authors: Mari
authors: Martí
authors: M
authors: Nadal
authors: Marta
authors: M
authors: Schuhmacher
authors: José L
authors: JL
authors: Domingo
mesh_terms: D001572:Benzofurans / Q000032:analysis; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000032:analysis; D003246:Conservation of Energy Resources / Q000379:methods*; D003252:Construction Materials; D000072338:Dibenzofurans, Polychlorinated; D017598:Efficiency, Organizational; D004736:Energy-Generating Resources; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D019652:Extraction and Processing Industry; D005579:Fossil Fuels; D006801:Humans; D008670:Metals / Q000032:analysis; D000072317:Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000032:analysis; D012037:Refuse Disposal; D018570:Risk Assessment
chemical_list: D001572:Benzofurans; D000072338:Dibenzofurans, Polychlorinated; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D005579:Fossil Fuels; D008670:Metals; D000072317:Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins; D002245:Carbon Dioxide