title: Introduction and first validation of EpiTrack Junior, a screening tool for the assessment of cognitive side effects of antiepileptic medication on attention and executive functions in children and adolescents with epilepsy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Maximum seizure control, preservation of cognition, and prevention of developmental hindrance are major aims of the pharmacological treatment of children and adolescents with epilepsy. Herewith we introduce the junior version of EpiTrack, a 12- to 15-minute screening test for monitoring the cognitive effects of antiepileptic drug treatment in children and adolescents aged 6 to 18.
  
  
  METHODS
  The test, which comprises six subtests (Speed, Flexibility, Planning, Response Inhibition, Word Fluency, Working Memory), was administered to 277 children and adolescents aged 6-18 years, 111 of whom were retested after an interval of 3 months. For the first clinical validation, 155 patients (46% idiopathic/benign, 62% seizure free) were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Standardization and correction for age resulted in a mean score of 33 ± 2 points, which was no longer correlated with age (r=0.005). The retest practice effect was 0.7 ± 2 points, and the reliability r(tt)=0.78. Factor analysis indicated one executive factor in controls and patients. In the epilepsy group, 50% of the patients were impaired (controls 14%). Number of antiepileptic drugs, use/no use of individual drugs, type of epilepsy, earlier age at onset, generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and history of febrile seizures made a difference in test performance. For patients and controls, EpiTrack scores reflected parents' performance ratings and the children's needs for extra education.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The junior version of EpiTrack appears to be a valid and reliable screening tool for the assessment of executive functions in children and adolescents. Future studies with a repeated measurement design must show how well this tool is suited for the tracking of cognitive effects of antiepileptic drug treatment.
authors: Department of Epileptology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany. C.Helmstaedter@uni-bonn.de
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Helmstaedter
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Schoof
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Rossmann
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Reuner
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Karlmeier
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Kurlemann
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001288:Attention / Q000187:drug effects*; D002648:Child; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis*; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D056344:Executive Function / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D012044:Regression Analysis; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants