title: Selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors and breast cancer risk.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent epidemiologic and laboratory studies have suggested that non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may reduce the risk of breast cancer through inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2).
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a case-control study to measure the association between selective cox-2 inhibitors, particularly celecoxib, rofecoxib, valdecoxib and non-specific NSAID subgroups, and breast cancer risk. Between 2003 and 2006, a total of 18,368 incident breast cancer cases were identified in the Ingenix/Lab Rx insurance database, which contains clinical encounter and drug prescription data. Four controls per case were randomly selected, matched on age and time in database. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using conditional logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Breast cancer risk was inversely associated with both non-specific NSAID and selective COX-2 inhibitor use. Greater than 12 months' duration of use of Celecoxib at a standard dose (200mg/day) was associated with a 16% decrease in breast cancer risk (OR=0.84, 95% CI=0.73, 0.97). We observed the greatest risk reduction in association with >2 years of rofecoxib exposure (OR=0.54, 95% CI=0.37, 0.80). Acetaminophen, a compound with less biological plausibility for chemoprevention, showed no significant association with the risk of developing breast cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Consistent with animal models and laboratory investigations, higher doses of selective COX-2 inhibitors were more protective against breast cancer than non-specific NSAIDs. With exposure to rofecoxib, a selective COX-2 inhibitor, breast cancer risk reduction was appreciable (46%), suggesting a possible role for selective COX-2 inhibitors in breast cancer prophylaxis.
authors: Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
authors: Varun
authors: V
authors: Ashok
authors: Chiranjeev
authors: C
authors: Dash
authors: Thomas E
authors: TE
authors: Rohan
authors: J Michael
authors: JM
authors: Sprafka
authors: Paul D
authors: PD
authors: Terry
mesh_terms: D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D000068579:Celecoxib; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016208:Databases, Factual; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007555:Isoxazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007783:Lactones / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D012306:Risk; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D013450:Sulfones / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000096926:Benzenesulfonamides
chemical_list: D000082:Acetaminophen; D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D000068579:Celecoxib; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D007555:Isoxazoles; D007783:Lactones; D011720:Pyrazoles; D013449:Sulfonamides; D013450:Sulfones; C116926:rofecoxib; C406224:valdecoxib; D000096926:Benzenesulfonamides