title: fMRI BOLD response in high-risk college students (Part 1): during exposure to alcohol, marijuana, polydrug and emotional picture cues.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study examined reactivity to alcohol, polydrug, marijuana and emotional picture cues in students who were referred to a college alcohol and drug assistance program.
  
  
  METHODS
  The fMRI data of 10 participants (5 females; 5 males) were collected while they viewed standardized emotional and appetitive cues.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Positive and negative emotional cues produced greater activity than neutral cues in the expected brain areas. Compared with neutral cues, alcohol cues produced greater brain activation in the right insula, left anterior cingulate, left caudate and left prefrontal cortex (Z = 2.01, 1.86, 1.82, 1.81, respectively; P < 0.05). Drug cues produced significantly greater left prefrontal activity compared with neutral cues, with polydrug cues activating the right insula and marijuana cues activating left anterior cingulate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Students at-risk for alcohol abuse showed neural reactivity to alcohol cues in four brain regions, which is consistent with their greater use of alcohol. Insula activation to appetitive cues may be an early marker of risk for progression to alcohol/drug abuse.
authors: Center of Alcohol Studies, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, 607 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA. shmita@rci.rutgers.edu
authors: Suchismita
authors: S
authors: Ray
authors: Catherine
authors: C
authors: Hanson
authors: Stephen J
authors: SJ
authors: Hanson
authors: Marsha E
authors: ME
authors: Bates
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000523:psychology*; D003463:Cues; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008385:Marijuana Smoking / Q000523:psychology*; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000523:psychology; D014495:Universities; D055815:Young Adult