title: First responder performance in pediatric trauma: a comparison with an adult cohort.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Is the prehospital care of injured children comparable with adult standards? This question has been asked repeatedly by many clinicians, yet there are no definite answers.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the prehospital care provided by first responders to pediatric patients (<12 yrs of age) with head injury compared with the adult group (>12 yrs of age) to determine whether the emergency medical services providers are able to adequately assess the children and provide emergency services comparable with adult standards.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective 4-yr review of pediatric (n = 102) and adult (n = 99) patients with head injury and Glasgow coma scale score <15 who were treated at a level 1 trauma center. Emergency medical service interventions such as intravenous access, endotracheal intubation, and fluid resuscitation were reviewed. Patients who required further intervention on arrival at the trauma center either from nonperformance of a required procedure or complications arising from such procedures were documented.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 102 pediatric and 99 adult patients included in the final analysis. Injury severity based on Glasgow coma scale score was not different between the groups. A total of 91 patients, 52 adults (52.5%) and 39 children (38.2%), needed endotracheal intubation at the scene. Significantly more pediatric patients had problems with intubation, 27 children (69.2%) vs. 11 adults (21.2%), p < .001.Intravenous access was successfully established in 85.9% of adults compared to 65.7% in children at the scene (p = .001). Consequently, on arrival at the trauma center, more children required intravenous access, 80.4% compared with 63.6% for adults (p = .011). As a result, more children (25.5%) required initial or additional fluid bolus at the trauma center compared with adults (9.1%, p = .003).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prehospital care of children is suboptimal compared with adults in areas of endotracheal intubation, establishment of peripheral intravenous access, and fluid resuscitation.
authors: Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Division of Neonatology Cooper Health Systems, Camden, NJ, USA.
authors: Sunday
authors: S
authors: Bankole
authors: Arsenia
authors: A
authors: Asuncion
authors: Steven
authors: S
authors: Ross
authors: Zubair
authors: Z
authors: Aghai
authors: Laura
authors: L
authors: Nollah
authors: Heather
authors: H
authors: Echols
authors: Shonola
authors: S
authors: Da-Silva
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002406:Catheterization, Peripheral / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma / Q000628:therapy*; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D060731:Emergency Responders; D005260:Female; D005440:Fluid Therapy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D009515:New Jersey; D010372:Pediatrics; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult