title: Enhanced polyamine accumulation alters carotenoid metabolism at the transcriptional level in tomato fruit over-expressing spermidine synthase.
abstract: Polyamines are involved in crucial plant physiological events, but their roles in fruit development remain unclear. We generated transgenic tomato plants that show a 1.5- to 2-fold increase in polyamine content by over-expressing the spermidine synthase gene, which encodes a key enzyme for polyamine biosynthesis. Pericarp-columella and placental tissue from transgenic tomato fruits were subjected to (1)H-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) for untargeted metabolic profiling and high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection for carotenoid profiling to determine the effects of high levels of polyamine accumulation on tomato fruit metabolism. A principal component analysis of the quantitative (1)H NMR data from immature green to red ripe fruit showed a clear discrimination between developmental stages, especially during ripening. Quantification of 37 metabolites in pericarp-columella and 41 metabolites in placenta tissues revealed distinct metabolic profiles between the wild type and transgenic lines, particularly at the late ripening stages. Notably, the transgenic tomato fruits also showed an increase in carotenoid accumulation, especially in lycopene (1.3- to 2.2-fold), and increased ethylene production (1.2- to 1.6-fold) compared to wild-type fruits. Genes responsible for lycopene biosynthesis, including phytoene synthase, phytoene desaturase, and deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase, were significantly up-regulated in ripe transgenic fruits, whereas genes involved in lycopene degradation, including lycopene-epsilon cyclase and lycopene beta cyclase, were down-regulated in the transgenic fruits compared to the wild type. These results suggest that a high level of accumulation of polyamines in the tomato regulates the steady-state level of transcription of genes responsible for the lycopene metabolic pathway, which results in a higher accumulation of lycopene in the fruit.
authors: Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba 305-8572, Ibaraki, Japan.
authors: Mohamed Hichem
authors: MH
authors: Neily
authors: Chiaki
authors: C
authors: Matsukura
authors: Mickaël
authors: M
authors: Maucourt
authors: Stéphane
authors: S
authors: Bernillon
authors: Catherine
authors: C
authors: Deborde
authors: Annick
authors: A
authors: Moing
authors: Yong-Gen
authors: YG
authors: Yin
authors: Takeshi
authors: T
authors: Saito
authors: Kentaro
authors: K
authors: Mori
authors: Erika
authors: E
authors: Asamizu
authors: Dominique
authors: D
authors: Rolin
authors: Takaya
authors: T
authors: Moriguchi
authors: Hiroshi
authors: H
authors: Ezura
mesh_terms: D002338:Carotenoids / Q000378:metabolism*; D005638:Fruit / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics; D018551:Solanum lycopersicum / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics; D011073:Polyamines / Q000378:metabolism; D011436:Spermidine Synthase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D010940:Plant Proteins; D011073:Polyamines; D002338:Carotenoids; D011436:Spermidine Synthase