title: Rescue therapy in adult and pediatric patients with pH1N1 influenza infection: a tertiary center intensive care unit experience from April to October 2009.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Severe respiratory failure is a well-recognized complication of pH1N1 influenza infection. Limited data regarding the efficacy of rescue therapies, including high-frequency oscillatory ventilation and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, have been previously reported in the setting of pH1N1 influenza infection in the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective, single-center cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pediatric, cardiac, surgical, and medical intensive care units in a single tertiary care center in the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred twenty-seven consecutive patients with confirmed influenza A infection requiring hospitalization between April 1, 2009, and October 31, 2009.
  
  
  METHODS
  Electronic medical records were reviewed for demographic and clinical data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The number of intensive care unit admissions appears inversely related to age with 39% of these admissions <20 yrs of age. Median duration of intensive care unit care was 10.0 days (4.0-24.0), and median duration of mechanical ventilation was 8.0 days (0.0-23.5). Rescue therapy (high-frequency oscillatory ventilation or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation) was used in 36% (12 of 33) of intensive care unit patients. The severity of respiratory impairment was determined by Pao²/Fio² ratio and oxygenation index. High-frequency oscillatory ventilation at 24 hrs resulted in improvements in median Pao²/Fio² ratio (71 [58-93] vs. 145 [126-185]; p < .001), oxygenation index (27 [20-30] vs. 18 [12-25]; p = .016), and Fio2 (100 [70-100] vs. 45 [40-55]; p < .001). Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation resulted in anticipated improvement in parameters of oxygenation at both 2 hrs and 24 hrs after initiation of therapy. Despite the severity of oxygenation impairment, overall survival for both rescue therapies was 75% (nine of 12), 80% (four of five) for high-frequency oscillatory ventilation alone, and 71% (five of seven) for high-frequency oscillatory ventilation + extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In critically ill adult and pediatric patients with pH1N1 infection and severe lung injury, the use of high-frequency oscillatory ventilation and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation can result in significant improvements in Pao²/Fio² ratio, oxygenation index, and Fio². However, the impact on mortality is less certain.
authors: Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
authors: Stephanie G
authors: SG
authors: Norfolk
authors: Caroline L
authors: CL
authors: Hollingsworth
authors: Cameron R
authors: CR
authors: Wolfe
authors: Joseph A
authors: JA
authors: Govert
authors: Loretta G
authors: LG
authors: Que
authors: Ira M
authors: IM
authors: Cheifetz
authors: John W
authors: JW
authors: Hollingsworth
mesh_terms: D000046:Academic Medical Centers; D000208:Acute Disease; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015199:Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation; D005260:Female; D006612:High-Frequency Ventilation; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D012131:Respiratory Insufficiency / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult