Use of nonlinear upconverting nanoparticles provides increased spatial resolution in fluorescence diffuse imaging.
Fluorescence diffuse imaging (FDI) suffers from limited spatial resolution. In this Letter, we report a scanning imaging approach to increase the resolution of FDI using nonlinear fluorophores. The resolution of a linear fluorophore was compared with nonlinear upconverting nanoparticles (NaYF(4):Yb(3+)/Tm(3+)) in a tissue phantom. A resolution improvement of a factor of 1.3 was found experimentally. Simulations suggested a maximum resolution improvement of a factor of 1.45. Usage of nonlinear fluorophores is a promising method for increasing the spatial resolution in FDI.
Svenmarker
Pontus
P
Department of Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden. pontus.svenmarker@fysik.lth.se
Xu
Can T
CT
Andersson-Engels
Stefan
S
D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000737:chemistry*; D057054:Molecular Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D053758:Nanoparticles; D017711:Nonlinear Dynamics; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging
D005456:Fluorescent Dyes