title: Effects of delay in infusion of N-acetylcysteine on appearance of adverse drug reactions after acetaminophen overdose: a retrospective study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the relationship between different types of adverse drug reaction (ADR) and late time to N-acetylcysteine (NAC) infusion in patients presenting to the hospital with acetaminophen overdose.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a retrospective study of patients admitted to the hospital for acute acetaminophen overdose over a period of 5 years (1 January 2004 to 31 December 2008). The primary outcome of interest was the relationship between ADR, if any, and late time to NAC infusion. Parametric and non-parametric tests were used to test differences between groups depending on the normality of the data. SPSS 15 was used for data analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 305 patients with acetaminophen overdose, 146 (47.9%) were treated with intravenous NAC and 139 (45.6%) were included in this study. Different types of ADR were observed in 94 (67.6%) patients. Late time to NAC infusion was significantly associated with cutaneous anaphylactoid reactions when compared to patients without this type of ADR (p  <  0.001). However, there were no significant differences in time to NAC infusion between patients with and without the following ADR: gastrointestinal reactions (p = 0.11), respiratory reactions (p = 0.77), central nervous reactions (p = 0.64), and cardiovascular reactions (p = 0.63).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Late time to NAC infusion is a risk factor for developing cutaneous anaphylactoid reactions, suggesting, rather than proving, that early NAC infusion (≤ 8 hours) may be protective against this type of ADR.
authors: WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Information, National Poison Centre, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Penang, Malaysia. saedzyoud@najah.edu
authors: Sa'ed H
authors: SH
authors: Zyoud
authors: Rahmat
authors: R
authors: Awang
authors: Syed Azhar Syed
authors: SA
authors: Sulaiman
authors: Samah W
authors: SW
authors: Al-Jabi
mesh_terms: D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000506:poisoning* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000111:Acetylcysteine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000328:Adult; D000707:Anaphylaxis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy; D000931:Antidotes / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D062787:Drug Overdose / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000931:Antidotes; D000082:Acetaminophen; D000111:Acetylcysteine