title: Dimers of nostocarboline with potent antibacterial activity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In this study, the in vitro antimicrobial activity and spectrum of new dimeric compounds derived from the cyanobacterial alkaloid nostocarboline were investigated. The mechanism of action and selectivity to bacteria were studied and compared to the cationic antiseptic chlorhexidine.
  
  
  METHODS
  Minimal inhibitory concentrations were determined against clinical isolates and against a panel of microbial reference strains using the CLSI microdilution method. Bacterial membrane damage was addressed by measuring ATP leakage and the mode of action was investigated in Escherichia coli reporter strains. Selectivity was tested by a cytotoxicity assay using MTS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The antimicrobial potency of dimers varied with length of the hydrophobic linker. The most potent compounds, NCD9 and NCD10, had a C10 and C12 linker, respectively, and showed strong activity against Gram-positive bacteria, notably methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains. Similar to chlorhexidine, these compounds showed a rapid concentration-dependent bactericidal effect, which correlated with membrane damage as indicated by ATP leakage. NCD9, in contrast to NCD10 and chlorhexidine, lacked activity against yeast strains and showed low cytotoxicity in CHO cells indicating a high degree of selectivity. In E. coli reporter strains, NCD9 induced the DegP response pathway as well as the SOS response, suggesting interaction with both the cell envelope and DNA metabolism.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results presented in this report indicate the potential of this new class of cationic antimicrobial compounds for the design of potent and selective antibacterials with low cytotoxicity.
authors: Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Allschwil, Switzerland. hans.locher@actelion.com
authors: Hans H
authors: HH
authors: Locher
authors: Daniel
authors: D
authors: Ritz
authors: Philippe
authors: P
authors: Pfaff
authors: Mika
authors: M
authors: Gaertner
authors: Andreja
authors: A
authors: Knezevic
authors: Daniela
authors: D
authors: Sabato
authors: Susanne
authors: S
authors: Schroeder
authors: Damien
authors: D
authors: Barbaras
authors: Karl
authors: K
authors: Gademann
mesh_terms: D000470:Alkaloids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016466:CHO Cells; D002243:Carbolines / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002710:Chlorhexidine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002939:Ciprofloxacin / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006224:Cricetinae; D003412:Cricetulus; D019281:Dimerization; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects; D006090:Gram-Negative Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects*; D006094:Gram-Positive Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects*; D055624:Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests
chemical_list: D000470:Alkaloids; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local; D002243:Carbolines; C507037:nostocarboline; D002939:Ciprofloxacin; D002710:Chlorhexidine