title: Influenza A H1N1 virus in Indian pigs & its genetic relatedness with pandemic human influenza A 2009 H1N1.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  With the emergence of a new reassortant influenza A H1N1 virus that caused the 2009 pandemic it was felt necessary that pigs should be closely monitored for early detection of any influenza virus infection. Therefore, we investigated disease outbreaks with clinical history suggestive for swine influenza reported to our laboratory by owners of affected pig farms in Uttar Pradesh.
  
  
  METHODS
  Detection of swine influenza A virus (SIV) was attempted by isolation in embryonated chicken eggs. Presence of virus was detected by haemagglutination (HA) test and RT-PCR for amplification of different gene segments, cloning and sequencing. BLAST analysis of sequence data, phylogenetic analysis and mutation analysis based on HA, NA and matrix genes was done.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SIV could be isolated from one farm and all eight gene segments amplified by RT-PCR. BLAST analysis of partial nucleotide sequences and phylogenetic analysis using nucleotide sequence of HA (601 nt), NA (671 nt) and M (1031 nt) genes indicated close genetic relationship of the Indian swine isolate (A/Sw/UP-India-IVRI01/2009) with human pandemic 2009 (H1N1). The HA gene showed close relationship with the viruses of "North American Swine" lineage, whereas the NA and M genes clustered with the viruses of "Eurasian Swine" lineage, indicating a novel HA-NA reassortant. The remaining of 5 genes (NP, PA, PB1, PB2 and NS) belonged to "North American Swine" lineage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is perhaps the first report describing swine influenza among Indian pigs caused by an influenza A H1N1 virus sharing close homology with the human pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus. Further reassortment with circulating influenza viruses must be closely monitored.
authors: Division of Pathology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Nagarajan
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Saikumar
authors: Rahul Singh
authors: RS
authors: Arya
authors: Ashish
authors: A
authors: Gupta
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Somvanshi
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Pattnaik
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D019295:Computational Biology; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000662:veterinary*; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005814:Genes, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype / Q000235:genetics*; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D008957:Models, Genetic; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009976:Orthomyxoviridae Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology; D010802:Phylogeny; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013552:Swine; D013553:Swine Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology*