title: Geophysics and the search of freshwater bodies: a review.
abstract: Geophysics may assist scent dogs and divers in the search of water bodies for human and animal remains, contraband, weapons and explosives by surveying large areas rapidly and identifying targets or environmental hazards. The most commonly applied methods are described and evaluated for forensic searches. Seismic reflection or refraction and CHIRPS are useful for deep, open water bodies and identifying large targets, yet limited in streams and ponds. The use of ground penetrating radar (GPR) on water (WPR) is of limited use in deep waters (over 20 m) but is advantageous in the search for non-metallic targets in small ditches and ponds. Large metal or metal-bearing targets can be successfully imaged in deep waters by using towfish magnetometers: in shallow waters such a towfish cannot be used, so a non-metalliferous boat can carry a terrestrial magnetometer. Each device has its uses, depending on the target and location: unknown target make-up (e.g. a homicide victim with or without a metal object) may be best located using a range of methods (the multi-proxy approach), depending on water depth. Geophysics may not definitively find the target, but can provide areas for elimination and detailed search by dogs and divers, saving time and effort.
authors: School of Geography, Archaeology and Palaeoecology, Queen's University, Belfast, BT7 1NN, United Kingdom.
authors: Rachael
authors: R
authors: Parker
authors: Alastair
authors: A
authors: Ruffell
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Hughes
authors: Jamie
authors: J
authors: Pringle
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004332:Drowning; D005554:Forensic Medicine / Q000379:methods; D005618:Fresh Water; D055593:Geological Phenomena; D006801:Humans; D008280:Magnetics; D011825:Radar