title: Oxidation and coagulation of humic substances by potassium ferrate.
abstract: Ferrate (FeO₄²⁻) is believed to have a dual role in water treatment, both as oxidant and coagulant. Few studies have considered the coagulation effect in detail, mainly because of the difficulty of separating the oxidation and coagulation effects. This paper summarises some preliminary results from laboratory-based experiments that are investigating the coagulation reaction dynamically via a PDA instrument, between ferrate and humic acid (HA) at different doses and pH values, and comparing the observations with the use of ferric chloride. The PDA output gives a comparative measure of the rate of floc growth and the magnitude of floc formation. The results of the tests show some significant differences in the pattern of behaviour between ferrate and ferric chloride. At pH 5 the chemical dose range (as Fe) corresponding to HA coagulation was much broader for ferrate than ferric chloride, and the optimal Fe dose was greater. Ferrate oxidation appears to increase the hydrophilic and electronegative nature of the HA leading to an extended region of charge neutralisation. A consequence of the ferrate oxidation is that the extent of HA removal was slightly lower ( approximately 5%) than with ferric chloride. At pH 7, in the sweep flocculation domain, ferrate achieved much greater floc formation than ferric chloride, but a substantially lower degree of HA removal.
authors: Environmental and Water Resource Engineering, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW72AZ, UK. n.graham@imperial.ac.uk
authors: N J D
authors: NJ
authors: Graham
authors: T T
authors: TT
authors: Khoi
authors: J-Q
authors: JQ
authors: Jiang
mesh_terms: D002712:Chlorides; D005290:Ferric Compounds; D005427:Flocculation; D006812:Humic Substances / Q000032:analysis*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D058085:Iron Compounds; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D017680:Potassium Compounds; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000592:standards; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D014881:Water Supply / Q000592:standards
chemical_list: D002712:Chlorides; D005290:Ferric Compounds; D006812:Humic Substances; D058085:Iron Compounds; D017680:Potassium Compounds; C044384:potassium ferrate; C024555:ferric chloride