title: The effects of serum on the toxicity of manufactured nanoparticles.
abstract: The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of the presence and absence of serum in NP suspension media in relation to their cytotoxicity, as well as their potential to cause oxidative stress and stimulate pro-inflammatory cytokine release from J774.A1 murine 'macrophage-like' cells. Different sized (20nm and 200nm) carboxylated, fluorescent, model polystyrene beads (PBs) at concentrations from 12.5μgml(-1) to 100μgml(-1) were used. Both 20nm and 200nm PBs, independent of the suspension media, were observed to cause limited, yet significant (p<0.05) cytotoxicity over 48h up to 100μgml(-1). Significant differences (p>0.05) were also found between NP size and serum content of the suspension media used. The smaller sized PBs were found to affect intracellular glutathione (GSH) levels, causing a significant loss (p<0.05) in GSH when suspended in the presence of serum. Subsequent analysis also showed significant (p<0.05) increases in tumour necrosis factor-α production after 48h when the 20nm PBs were suspended in both the presence and absence of serum, compared to the affects observed by the larger, 200nm sized PBs. In conclusion, the results of the present study show that the interaction of NPs with serum can significantly affect their resultant toxicity in vitro.
authors: Centre for Nano Safety, School of Life Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Merchiston Campus, 10 Colinton Road, Edinburgh EH10 5DT, United Kingdom. martin.clift@ana.unibe.ch
authors: Martin J D
authors: MJ
authors: Clift
authors: Sourav
authors: S
authors: Bhattacharjee
authors: David M
authors: DM
authors: Brown
authors: Vicki
authors: V
authors: Stone
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D005562:Formazans; D005978:Glutathione / Q000032:analysis; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000032:analysis; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects; D051379:Mice; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000633:toxicity*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D010316:Particle Size; D044967:Serum; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D005562:Formazans; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C079782:MTT formazan; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D005978:Glutathione