title: Paroxysmal activity and seizures associated with sleep breathing disorder in children: a possible overlap between diurnal and nocturnal symptoms.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Sleep breathing disorders (SBD) can trigger paroxysmal events. We recently found a higher percentage of paroxysmal activity (PA) in a sample of Italian children with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) and no history of epilepsy. The signs of nocturnal seizures can overlap with sleep respiratory events. The aim of this study was to confirm the high frequency of PA or interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs) during sleep in a cohort of Spanish children who underwent polysomonography (PSG) for suspected SBD and to ascertain the eventual presence of seizures by means of a video-PSG with an extended electroencephalogram (EEG).
  
  
  METHODS
  PSG was performed in a population of children with no previous history of epileptic seizures recruited prospectively for suspected OSAS from January to December 2007. Recordings included at least 13 EEG channels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 25 children (mean age, 6.6 ± 3.8 years, 14 males) were diagnosed with SBD, and 4/25 (16%) children met the criteria for OSAS and epilepsy, with IEDs and/or seizures during sleep. We diagnosed benign epilepsy with centro-temporal spikes in 2 cases, partial symptomatic epilepsy in one, and nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy in another, while we found PA in 2 patients. The body mass index and the apnea-hypopnea index were significantly higher in children without IEDs/PA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study demonstrated a close relationship between pediatric SBD, PA during sleep, and epilepsy that may aggravate the prognosis of SBD. Due to the possibility of an overlap of symptoms, a video-PSG with extended EEG montage is necessary.
authors: Department of Pediatrics, Sleep Disease Centre, University of Rome La Sapienza-S Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy.
authors: Silvia
authors: S
authors: Miano
authors: Carmen
authors: C
authors: Bachiller
authors: Manuel
authors: M
authors: Gutiérrez
authors: Antonio
authors: A
authors: Salcedo
authors: Maria Pia
authors: MP
authors: Villa
authors: Rosa
authors: R
authors: Peraita-Adrados
mesh_terms: D001143:Arousal / Q000502:physiology; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D020447:Parasomnias / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D017286:Polysomnography; D012119:Respiration; D012640:Seizures / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012891:Sleep Apnea Syndromes / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012894:Sleep Stages / Q000502:physiology