title: A pilot study to assess smokeless tobacco use reduction with varenicline.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Long-term smokeless tobacco (ST) use is known to increase the risk for oropharyngeal cancer, heart attack, and stroke. Extant literature on cigarette smokers suggests that smoking reduction increases smoking abstinence among smokers not interested in quitting. Similarly, a reduction strategy may reduce ST exposure and increase ST abstinence rates among ST users not interested in quitting.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a pilot study to obtain preliminary data on the use of 12 weeks of varenicline as a tobacco reduction strategy among ST users not interested in quitting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We enrolled 20 male ST users with a mean age of 42.8 ± 11.7 years who used an average of 3.9 ± 1.7 cans/pouches per week for 18.6 ± 8.6 years. At end of treatment (12 weeks), 60% (12/20) of subjects reduced their ST use by ≥ 50% and 15% (3/20) were biochemically confirmed abstinent from tobacco. At end of study (6 months), 50% (10/20) reduced by ≥ 50% of baseline use and 10% (2/20) were biochemically confirmed abstinent from tobacco. Varenicline reduced ST satisfaction, reward, and craving. Among subjects able to reduce ST, all subjects reported that reduction increased motivation and confidence in being able to maintain reduction and quit. The most common side effects were sleep disturbance (25%) and nausea (15%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Varenicline may be effective in reducing ST use and achieving ST abstinence among ST users with no plans to quit but who are interested in reducing their ST use.
authors: Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA. ebbert.jon@mayo.edu
authors: Jon O
authors: JO
authors: Ebbert
authors: Ivana T
authors: IT
authors: Croghan
authors: Frederick
authors: F
authors: North
authors: Darrell R
authors: DR
authors: Schroeder
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001519:Behavior / Q000187:drug effects*; D001552:Benzazepines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011810:Quinoxalines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods*; D014030:Tobacco, Smokeless; D000068580:Varenicline
chemical_list: D001552:Benzazepines; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists; D011810:Quinoxalines; D000068580:Varenicline