title: Acetic acid-indigo carmine chromoendoscopy for delineating early gastric cancers: its usefulness according to histological type.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Endoscopic treatments, such as endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) and laparoscopic gastrectomy, are increasingly used to treat a subset of patients with early gastric cancer (EGC). To achieve successful outcomes, it is very important to accurately determine the lateral extent of the tumor. Therefore, we investigated the diagnostic performance of chromoendoscopy using indigo carmine dye added to acetic acid (AI chromoendoscopy) in delineating differentiated or undifferentiated adenocarcinomas in patients with EGC.
  
  
  METHODS
  We prospectively included 151 lesions of 141 patients that had an endoscopic diagnosis of EGC. All the lesions were examined by conventional endoscopy and AI chromoendoscopy before ESD or laparoscopic gastrectomy. The border clarification between the lesion and the normal mucosa was classified as distinct or indistinct before and after AI chromoendoscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The borders of the lesions were distinct in 66.9% (101/151) with conventional endoscopy and in 84.1% (127/151) with AI chromoendoscopy (P < 0.001). Compared with conventional endoscopy, AI chromoendoscopy clarified the border in a significantly higher percentage of differentiated adenocarcinomas (74/108 [68.5%] vs 97/108 [89.8%], respectively, P < 0.001). However, the border clarification rate for undifferentiated adenocarcinomas did not differ between conventional endoscopy and AI chromoendoscopy (27/43 [62.8%] vs 30/43 [70.0%], respectively, P = 0.494).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  AI chromoendoscopy is useful in determining the lateral extent of EGCs. However, its usefulness is reduced in undifferentiated adenocarcinomas.
authors: Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea.
authors: Bong Eun
authors: BE
authors: Lee
authors: Gwang Ha
authors: GH
authors: Kim
authors: Do Youn
authors: DY
authors: Park
authors: Dae Hwan
authors: DH
authors: Kim
authors: Tae Yong
authors: TY
authors: Jeon
authors: Su Bum
authors: SB
authors: Park
authors: Hyun Seok
authors: HS
authors: You
authors: Dong Yup
authors: DY
authors: Ryu
authors: Dong Uk
authors: DU
authors: Kim
authors: Geun Am
authors: GA
authors: Song
mesh_terms: D019342:Acetic Acid; D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004396:Coloring Agents; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D016099:Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005743:Gastrectomy; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D007203:Indigo Carmine; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D007203:Indigo Carmine; D019342:Acetic Acid