title: Quantitative evaluation for accumulative calibration error and video-CT registration errors in electromagnetic-tracked endoscopy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Electromagnetic (EM)-guided endoscopy has demonstrated its value in minimally invasive interventions. Accuracy evaluation of the system is of paramount importance to clinical applications. Previously, a number of researchers have reported the results of calibrating the EM-guided endoscope; however, the accumulated errors of an integrated system, which ultimately reflect intra-operative performance, have not been characterized. To fill this vacancy, we propose a novel system to perform this evaluation and use a 3D metric to reflect the intra-operative procedural accuracy.
  
  
  METHODS
  This paper first presents a portable design and a method for calibration of an electromagnetic (EM)-tracked endoscopy system. An evaluation scheme is then described that uses the calibration results and EM-CT registration to enable real-time data fusion between CT and endoscopic video images. We present quantitative evaluation results for estimating the accuracy of this system using eight internal fiducials as the targets on an anatomical phantom: the error is obtained by comparing the positions of these targets in the CT space, EM space and endoscopy image space. To obtain 3D error estimation, the 3D locations of the targets in the endoscopy image space are reconstructed from stereo views of the EM-tracked monocular endoscope. Thus, the accumulated errors are evaluated in a controlled environment, where the ground truth information is present and systematic performance (including the calibration error) can be assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We obtain the mean in-plane error to be on the order of 2 pixels. To evaluate the data integration performance for virtual navigation, target video-CT registration error (TRE) is measured as the 3D Euclidean distance between the 3D-reconstructed targets of endoscopy video images and the targets identified in CT. The 3D error (TRE) encapsulates EM-CT registration error, EM-tracking error, fiducial localization error, and optical-EM calibration error.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We present in this paper our calibration method and a virtual navigation evaluation system for quantifying the overall errors of the intra-operative data integration. We believe this phantom not only offers us good insights to understand the systematic errors encountered in all phases of an EM-tracked endoscopy procedure but also can provide quality control of laboratory experiments for endoscopic procedures before the experiments are transferred from the laboratory to human subjects.
authors: Department of Interventional Guidance Technology, Philips Research North America, Briarcliff Manor, New York, NY 10510, USA. sheena.liu@philips.com
authors: Sheena Xin
authors: SX
authors: Liu
authors: Luis F
authors: LF
authors: Gutiérrez
authors: Doug
authors: D
authors: Stanton
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001999:Bronchoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D002138:Calibration; D055590:Electromagnetic Phenomena; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000295:instrumentation*; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014584:User-Computer Interface; D014741:Video Recording