title: Cognitive error as the most frequent contributory factor in cases of medical injury: a study on verdict's judgment among closed claims in Japan.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cognitive errors in the course of clinical decision-making are prevalent in many cases of medical injury. We used information on verdict's judgment from closed claims files to determine the important cognitive factors associated with cases of medical injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected from claims closed between 2001 to 2005 at district courts in Tokyo and Osaka, Japan. In each case, we recorded all the contributory cognitive, systemic, and patient-related factors judged in the verdicts to be causally related to the medical injury. We also analyzed the association between cognitive factors and cases involving paid compensation using a multivariable logistic regression model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 274 cases (mean age 49 years old; 45% women), there were 122 (45%) deaths and 67 (24%) major injuries (incomplete recovery within a year). In 103 cases (38%), the verdicts ordered hospitals to pay compensation (median; 8,000,000 Japanese Yen). An error in judgment (199/274, 73%) and failure of vigilance (177/274, 65%) were the most prevalent causative cognitive factors, and error in judgment was also significantly associated with paid compensation (odds ratio, 1.9; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.0-3.4). Systemic causative factors including poor teamwork (11/274, 4%) and technology failure (5/274, 2%) were less common.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The closed claims analysis based on verdict's judgment showed that cognitive errors were common in cases of medical injury, with an error in judgment being most prevalent and closely associated with compensation payment. Reduction of this type of error is required to produce safer healthcare.
authors: Mito Medical Center, University of Tsukuba Hospital; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan. tokuyasu@orange.ocn.ne.jp
authors: Yasuharu
authors: Y
authors: Tokuda
authors: Naoki
authors: N
authors: Kishida
authors: Ryota
authors: R
authors: Konishi
authors: Shunzo
authors: S
authors: Koizumi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003071:Cognition; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007345:Insurance Claim Review / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D007351:Insurance, Liability / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D007564:Japan; D007600:Judgment; D033222:Judicial Role; D008297:Male; D008318:Malpractice / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D019300:Medical Errors / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence* / Q000523:psychology; D008875:Middle Aged