title: Clinical algorithms for the surgical management of locally recurrent rectal cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Advances in surgical practice have helped expand the options for patients with locally recurrent rectal cancer through improvements in reconstructive options, management of operative complications, addition of intraoperative adjuvant therapies, and postoperative care. This review outlines the presentation and management of patients with locally recurrent rectal cancer, and it describes easy-to-apply clinical algorithms to aid management.
  
  
  METHODS
  The electronic literature was searched for studies reporting outcomes for locally recurrent rectal cancer limited to the English language.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prospective and retrospective case series and single-center experiences were identified. A total of 106 articles were selected for full-text review of which 82 fulfilled the inclusion criteria. No randomized studies were identified. We found that multimodality treatment of locally recurrent rectal cancer can improve 5-year survival from 0% to over 40%, and selected patients may survive up to 10 years. A mixture of imaging modalities is used in patient selection for surgery. An R0 resection is consistently a favorable prognostic factor. R1 resection and surgery in the setting of oligometastases compare favorably with nonoperative palliation. Although mortality figures remain low, morbidity is significant and mostly wound related.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Improvements in radiological imaging modalities and technical improvements in surgical and reconstructive options have facilitated more accurate staging, better selection of patients for surgery, reduced morbidity and mortality, and higher R0 resections. Optimal management is in specialist units with a multidisciplinary approach with the use of multimodal therapy.
authors: John Goligher Colorectal Unit, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom.
authors: Alexander H
authors: AH
authors: Mirnezami
authors: Peter M
authors: PM
authors: Sagar
authors: Dara
authors: D
authors: Kavanagh
authors: Paul
authors: P
authors: Witherspoon
authors: Peter
authors: P
authors: Lee
authors: Des
authors: D
authors: Winter
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging; D006801:Humans; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D018579:Patient Selection; D012004:Rectal Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D016019:Survival Analysis