title: Case-control genome-wide association study of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although twin and family studies have shown attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) to be highly heritable, genetic variants influencing the trait at a genome-wide significant level have yet to be identified. Thus additional genomewide association studies (GWAS) are needed.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used case-control analyses of 896 cases with DSM-IV ADHD genotyped using the Affymetrix 5.0 array and 2,455 repository controls screened for psychotic and bipolar symptoms genotyped using Affymetrix 6.0 arrays. A consensus SNP set was imputed using BEAGLE 3.0, resulting in an analysis dataset of 1,033,244 SNPs. Data were analyzed using a generalized linear model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No genome-wide significant associations were found. The most significant results implicated the following genes: PRKG1, FLNC, TCERG1L, PPM1H, NXPH1, PPM1H, CDH13, HK1, and HKDC1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current analyses are a useful addition to the present literature and will make a valuable contribution to future meta-analyses. The candidate gene findings are consistent with a prior meta-analysis in suggesting that the effects of ADHD risk variants must, individually, be very small and/or include multiple rare alleles.
authors: Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusettes General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
authors: Benjamin M
authors: BM
authors: Neale
authors: Sarah
authors: S
authors: Medland
authors: Stephan
authors: S
authors: Ripke
authors: Richard J L
authors: RJ
authors: Anney
authors: Philip
authors: P
authors: Asherson
authors: Jan
authors: J
authors: Buitelaar
authors: Barbara
authors: B
authors: Franke
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Gill
authors: Lindsey
authors: L
authors: Kent
authors: Peter
authors: P
authors: Holmans
authors: Frank
authors: F
authors: Middleton
authors: Anita
authors: A
authors: Thapar
authors: Klaus-Peter
authors: KP
authors: Lesch
authors: Stephen V
authors: SV
authors: Faraone
authors: Mark
authors: M
authors: Daly
authors: Thuy Trang
authors: TT
authors: Nguyen
authors: Helmut
authors: H
authors: Schäfer
authors: Hans-Christoph
authors: HC
authors: Steinhausen
authors: Andreas
authors: A
authors: Reif
authors: Tobias J
authors: TJ
authors: Renner
authors: Marcel
authors: M
authors: Romanos
authors: Jasmin
authors: J
authors: Romanos
authors: Andreas
authors: A
authors: Warnke
authors: Susanne
authors: S
authors: Walitza
authors: Christine
authors: C
authors: Freitag
authors: Jobst
authors: J
authors: Meyer
authors: Haukur
authors: H
authors: Palmason
authors: Aribert
authors: A
authors: Rothenberger
authors: Ziarih
authors: Z
authors: Hawi
authors: Joseph
authors: J
authors: Sergeant
authors: Herbert
authors: H
authors: Roeyers
authors: Eric
authors: E
authors: Mick
authors: Joseph
authors: J
authors: Biederman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D015897:Comorbidity; D004200:Diseases in Twins / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D056726:Genetic Association Studies; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics; D014644:Genetic Variation; D055106:Genome-Wide Association Study; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics