title: Symptoms experienced by intensive care unit patients at high risk of dying.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To provide a focused, detailed assessment of the symptom experiences of intensive care unit patients at high risk of dying and to evaluate the relationship between delirium and patients' symptom reports.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, observational study of patients' symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two intensive care units in a tertiary medical center in the western United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred seventy-one intensive care unit patients at high risk of dying.
  
  
  METHODS
  None.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients were interviewed every other day for up to 14 days. Patients rated the presence, intensity (1 = mild; 2 = moderate; 3 = severe), and distress (1 = not very distressing; 2 = moderately distressing; 3 = very distressing) of ten symptoms (that is, pain, tired, short of breath, restless, anxious, sad, hungry, scared, thirsty, confused). The Confusion Assessment Method-Intensive Care Unit was used to ascertain the presence of delirium. A total of 405 symptom assessments were completed by 171 patients. Patients' average age was 58 ± 15 yrs; 64% were males. Patients were mechanically ventilated during 34% of the 405 assessments, and 22% died in the hospital. Symptom prevalence ranged from 75% (tired) to 27% (confused). Thirst was moderately intense, and shortness of breath, scared, confusion, and pain were moderately distressful. Delirium was found in 34.2% of the 152 patients who could be evaluated. Delirious patients were more acutely ill and received significantly higher doses of opioids. Delirious patients were significantly more likely to report feeling confused (43% vs. 22%, p = .004) and sad (46% vs. 31%, p = .04) and less likely to report being tired (57% vs. 77%, p = .006) than nondelirious patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Study findings suggest that unrelieved and distressing symptoms are present for the majority of intensive care unit patients, including those with delirium. Symptom assessment in high-risk intensive care unit patients may lead to more focused interventions to avoid or minimize unnecessary suffering.
authors: University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA. kathleen.puntillo@nursing.ucsf.edu
authors: Kathleen A
authors: KA
authors: Puntillo
authors: Shoshana
authors: S
authors: Arai
authors: Neal H
authors: NH
authors: Cohen
authors: Michael A
authors: MA
authors: Gropper
authors: John
authors: J
authors: Neuhaus
authors: Steven M
authors: SM
authors: Paul
authors: Christine
authors: C
authors: Miaskowski
mesh_terms: D000046:Academic Medical Centers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003221:Confusion / Q000401:mortality; D016292:Procedural Sedation / Q000401:mortality; D003422:Critical Care; D003693:Delirium / Q000401:mortality; D004417:Dyspnea / Q000401:mortality; D005221:Fatigue / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000401:mortality; D012307:Risk Factors