title: Primary resistance to clarithromycin, metronidazole and amoxicillin of Helicobacter pylori isolated from Tunisian patients with peptic ulcers and gastritis: a prospective multicentre study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The frequency of primary resistance to antibiotics in H. pylori isolates is increasing worldwide. In Tunisia, there are limited data regarding the pattern of H. pylori antibiotic primary resistance.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the primary resistance of H. pylori to clarithromycin, metronidazole and amoxicillin and to detect the mutations involved in clarithromycin resistance.
  
  
  METHODS
  273 strains isolated from adults and children were enrolled. The primary resistance to clarithromycin, metronidazole and amoxicillin was evaluated by means of E-test minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC). The real-time PCR using Scorpion primers was performed in all cases to assess clarithromycin primary resistance and point mutations involved.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No resistance to amoxicillin was detected. For adults, resistance to clarithromycin and metronidazole was found respectively in 14.6% and 56.8%, and respectively in 18.8% and 25% in children. Overall, the rates of global primary resistance to clarithromycin and metronidazole in Tunisia were respectively determined in 15.4% and 51.3%.By the use of Scorpion PCR, the A2143G was the most frequent point mutation observed (88.1%), followed by the A2142G (11.9%); the A2142C was not found and 18 of 42 patients (42.8%) were infected by both the resistant and the susceptible genotype.The association of clarithromycin resistance with gender was not statistically significant, but metronidazole resistant strains were isolated more frequently in females (67.8%) than in males (32.2%) and the difference was significant. As for gastroduodenal diseases, the difference between strains isolated from patients with peptic ulceration and those with non peptic ulceration was not statistically significant. When about the distribution of resistant strains to clarithromycin and metronidazole between the three Tunisian cities (Tunis, Menzel Bourguiba and Mahdia), the difference was not statistically significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Local data regarding the primary resistance of H. pylori to clarithromycin, metronidazole and amoxicillin and the main genetic mutation involved in clarithromycin resistance in vivo (A2143G) are necessary to prove a clear need for a periodic evaluation of antibiotic consumption and new therapeutic strategies in Tunisia in order to avoid the emergence of resistant strains.
authors: Microbiology laboratory/UR04SP08 Rabta University Hospital-Tunis, 1007 El Jabbari, Tunisia. bmkhansa@gmail.com
authors: Khansa
authors: K
authors: Ben Mansour
authors: Christophe
authors: C
authors: Burucoa
authors: Meriem
authors: M
authors: Zribi
authors: Afef
authors: A
authors: Masmoudi
authors: Sami
authors: S
authors: Karoui
authors: Lamia
authors: L
authors: Kallel
authors: Soufiène
authors: S
authors: Chouaib
authors: Samira
authors: S
authors: Matri
authors: Monia
authors: M
authors: Fekih
authors: Sonia
authors: S
authors: Zarrouk
authors: Mounir
authors: M
authors: Labbene
authors: Jalel
authors: J
authors: Boubaker
authors: Imed
authors: I
authors: Cheikh
authors: Mongi Ben
authors: MB
authors: Hriz
authors: Nadia
authors: N
authors: Siala
authors: Abdelkarim
authors: A
authors: Ayadi
authors: Azza
authors: A
authors: Filali
authors: Nabil Ben
authors: NB
authors: Mami
authors: Taoufik
authors: T
authors: Najjar
authors: Ahmed
authors: A
authors: Maherzi
authors: Mohamed Tahar
authors: MT
authors: Sfar
authors: Chedlia
authors: C
authors: Fendri
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000658:Amoxicillin / Q000494:pharmacology; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D017291:Clarithromycin / Q000494:pharmacology; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; D005260:Female; D005756:Gastritis / Q000150:complications / Q000382:microbiology*; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000382:microbiology*; D016480:Helicobacter pylori / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008795:Metronidazole / Q000494:pharmacology; D008875:Middle Aged; D010437:Peptic Ulcer / Q000150:complications / Q000382:microbiology*; D017354:Point Mutation; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014416:Tunisia; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D008795:Metronidazole; D000658:Amoxicillin; D017291:Clarithromycin