title: Human rhinovirus C infections mirror those of human rhinovirus A in children with community-acquired pneumonia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) are among the most common causes of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in children. However, the differential roles of the three HRV species HRV-A, HRV-B, and HRV-C in pediatric CAP are not fully understood.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the distribution of HRV species and their roles in children hospitalized with CAP in Beijing, China.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nasopharyngeal aspirates were collected between April 2007 and March 2008 from 554 children with a primary diagnosis of CAP. HRVs in the clinical samples were detected by RT-PCR and by sequencing. Infections with other respiratory viruses were identified by PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HRVs were detected in 99 patients (17.87%). Among these patients, 51.52% tested positive for HRV-A, 38.38% for HRV-C, and 10.10% for HRV-B. HRVs were detected throughout the study period. The monthly distribution of HRV infections varied with HRV species. Median age, gender, symptoms, severity, and duration of hospitalization for single HRV-C infections were similar to those observed for single HRV-A infections. Co-infections with other respiratory viruses were detected in 57.58% of the HRV-positive children. HRV/RSV dual infections were correlated with a higher frequency of shortness of breath (HRV-A group, P(2 tail)= 0.01; HRV-C group, P(2 tail) = 0.015) and lower median ages (HRV-A group, P(2 tail) = 0.049; HRV-C group, P(2 tail) = 0.009).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study shows that HRV-C strains circulate at a prevalence intermediate between HRV-A and HRV-B. The severity of clinical manifestations for HRV-C is comparable to that for HRV-A in children with CAP. These findings point to an important role of both HRV-A and HRV-C in pediatric CAP.
authors: Christophe Mérieux Laboratory, IPB, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100730, PR China.
authors: Zichun
authors: Z
authors: Xiang
authors: Richard
authors: R
authors: Gonzalez
authors: Zhengde
authors: Z
authors: Xie
authors: Yan
authors: Y
authors: Xiao
authors: Jun
authors: J
authors: Liu
authors: Lan
authors: L
authors: Chen
authors: Chunyan
authors: C
authors: Liu
authors: Jing
authors: J
authors: Zhang
authors: Lili
authors: L
authors: Ren
authors: Guy
authors: G
authors: Vernet
authors: Gláucia
authors: G
authors: Paranhos-Baccalà
authors: Kunling
authors: K
authors: Shen
authors: Qi
authors: Q
authors: Jin
authors: Jianwei
authors: J
authors: Wang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D017714:Community-Acquired Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology*; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009305:Nasopharynx / Q000821:virology; D010850:Picornaviridae Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology*; D011024:Pneumonia, Viral / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D012229:Rhinovirus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D012367:RNA, Viral