title: Comparable sensitivity of postmenopausal and young women to the effects of intranasal insulin on food intake and working memory.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We have previously shown that enhancing brain insulin signaling by intranasal administration of a single dose of the hormone acutely reduces food intake in young men but not women, whereas its improving effects on spatial and working memory are restricted to young women.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Against the background of animal studies suggesting that low estrogen concentrations are a prerequisite for the anorexigenic impact of central nervous insulin, we extended our foregoing study by assessing intranasal insulin effects in postmenopausal women with comparatively low estrogen concentrations, expecting them to be more sensitive than young women to the anorexigenic effects of the hormone.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a within-subject, double-blind comparison performed at the University of Lübeck, 14 healthy postmenopausal women (body mass index, 23.71±0.6 kg/m2; age, 57.61±1.14 yr) were intranasally administered 160 IU regular human insulin or vehicle.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects performed a working memory task (digit span) and a hippocampus-dependent visuospatial memory task. Subsequently, free-choice food intake from an ad libitum breakfast buffet was measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Contrary to expectations, results in postmenopausal women mirrored those found in young women (22.44±0.63 yr), i.e. insulin administration did not affect food intake (P>0.46), but did enhance performance in the prefrontal cortex-dependent working memory task (P<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low estrogen levels as present in postmenopausal women do not modulate the effects of intranasal insulin in females, suggesting that in humans as opposed to rats, estrogen signaling does not critically alter central nervous system sensitivity to the effects of insulin on energy homeostasis and cognition.
authors: Department of Neuroendocrinology, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, Hs. 50.1, 23538 Lübeck, Germany.
authors: Rosemarie
authors: R
authors: Krug
authors: Christian
authors: C
authors: Benedict
authors: Jan
authors: J
authors: Born
authors: Manfred
authors: M
authors: Hallschmid
mesh_terms: D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D002096:C-Peptide / Q000097:blood; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D054439:Ghrelin / Q000097:blood; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000187:drug effects*; D008875:Middle Aged; D017698:Postmenopause; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats; D012016:Reference Values; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D013028:Space Perception / Q000187:drug effects; D014785:Vision, Ocular / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D002096:C-Peptide; D054439:Ghrelin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D020738:Leptin