title: Human Sulfatase 2 inhibits in vivo tumor growth of MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer xenografts.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Extracellular human sulfatases modulate growth factor signaling by alteration of the heparin/heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) 6-O-sulfation state. HSPGs bind to numerous growth factor ligands including fibroblast growth factors (FGF), epidermal growth factors (EGF), and vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF), and are critically important in the context of cancer cell growth, invasion, and metastasis. We hypothesized that sulfatase activity in the tumor microenvironment would regulate tumor growth in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  We established a model of stable expression of sulfatases in the human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 and purified recombinant human Sulfatase 2 (rhSulf2) for exogenous administration. In vitro studies were performed to measure effects on breast cancer cell invasion and proliferation, and groups were statistically compared using Student's t-test. The effects of hSulf2 on tumor progression were tested using in vivo xenografts with two methods. First, MDA-MB-231 cells stably expressing hSulf1, hSulf2, or both hSulf1/hSulf2 were grown as xenografts and the resulting tumor growth and vascularization was compared to controls. Secondly, wild type MDA-MB-231 xenografts were treated by short-term intratumoral injection with rhSulf2 or vehicle during tumor growth. Ultrasound analysis was also used to complement caliper measurement to monitor tumor growth. In vivo studies were statistically analyzed using Student's t test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In vitro, stable expression of hSulf2 or administration of rhSulf2 in breast cancer cells decreased cell proliferation and invasion, corresponding to an inhibition of ERK activation. Stable expression of the sulfatases in xenografts significantly suppressed tumor growth, with complete regression of tumors expressing both hSulf1 and hSulf2 and significantly smaller tumor volumes in groups expressing hSulf1 or hSulf2 compared to control xenografts. Despite significant suppression of tumor volume, sulfatases did not affect vascular density within the tumors. By contrast, transient exogenous treatment of MDA-MB-231 xenografts with rhSulf2 was not sufficient to inhibit or reverse tumor growth.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data indicate that in vivo progression of human breast cancer xenografts can be inhibited with sulfatase expression, and therapeutic effect requires constant delivery at the tumor site. Our results support a direct effect of sulfatases on tumor growth or invasion, rather than an effect in the stromal compartment.
authors: Maine Medical Center Research Institute, 81 Research Drive, Scarborough, ME 04074, USA.
authors: Sarah M
authors: SM
authors: Peterson
authors: Andrea
authors: A
authors: Iskenderian
authors: Lynette
authors: L
authors: Cook
authors: Alla
authors: A
authors: Romashko
authors: Kristen
authors: K
authors: Tobin
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Jones
authors: Angela
authors: A
authors: Norton
authors: Alicia
authors: A
authors: Gómez-Yafal
authors: Michael W
authors: MW
authors: Heartlein
authors: Michael F
authors: MF
authors: Concino
authors: Lucy
authors: L
authors: Liaw
authors: Paolo G V
authors: PG
authors: Martini
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002448:Cell Adhesion; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002465:Cell Movement; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013429:Sulfatases; D015238:Sulfotransferases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D015238:Sulfotransferases; C470792:SULF2 protein, human; D013429:Sulfatases