title: Particle size distribution and chemical composition of total mixed rations for dairy cattle: water addition and feed sampling effects.
abstract: Four dairy farms were used to determine the effects of water addition to diets and sample collection location on the particle size distribution and chemical composition of total mixed rations (TMR). Samples were collected weekly from the mixing wagon and from 3 locations in the feed bunk (top, middle, and bottom) for 5 mo (April, May, July, August, and October). Samples were partially dried to determine the effect of moisture on particle size distribution. Particle size distribution was measured using the Penn State Particle Size Separator. Crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber contents were also analyzed. Particle fractions 19 to 8, 8 to 1.18, and <1.18 mm were judged adequate in all TMR for rumen function and milk yield; however, the percentage of material>19 mm was greater than recommended for TMR, according to the guidelines of Cooperative Extension of Pennsylvania State University. The particle size distribution in April differed from that in October, but intermediate months (May, July, and August) had similar particle size distributions. Samples from the bottom of the feed bunk had the highest percentage of particles retained on the 19-mm sieve. Samples from the top and middle of the feed bunk were similar to that from the mixing wagon. Higher percentages of particles were retained on >19, 19 to 8, and 8 to 1.18 mm sieves for wet than dried samples. The reverse was found for particles passing the 1.18-mm sieve. Mean particle size was higher for wet than dried samples. The crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber contents of TMR varied with month of sampling (18-21, 40-57, and 21-34%, respectively) but were within recommended ranges for high-yielding dairy cows. Analyses of TMR particle size distributions are useful for proper feed bunk management and formulation of diets that maintain rumen function and maximize milk production and quality. Water addition may help reduce dust associated with feeding TMR.
authors: Facultad de Zootecnia y Ecología, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Chihuahua, Mexico 31453. carzola@uach.mx
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Arzola-Alvarez
authors: J A
authors: JA
authors: Bocanegra-Viezca
authors: M R
authors: MR
authors: Murphy
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Salinas-Chavira
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Corral-Luna
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Romanos
authors: O
authors: O
authors: Ruíz-Barrera
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Rodríguez-Muela
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis / Q000592:standards; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D003612:Dairying / Q000379:methods*; D004032:Diet / Q000662:veterinary; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000032:analysis; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D008800:Mexico; D009753:Nutritive Value; D010316:Particle Size; D012621:Seasons; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D004043:Dietary Fiber; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D014867:Water