title: Foetal nicotine exposure causes PKCε gene repression by promoter methylation in rat hearts.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  foetal nicotine exposure results in decreased protein kinase C epsilon (PKCε) expression and increased cardiac vulnerability to ischaemia and reperfusion injury in adult rat offspring. The present study tested the hypothesis that maternal nicotine administration causes increased promoter methylation of the PKCε gene resulting in PKCε repression in the heart.
  
  
  RESULTS
  nicotine treatment of pregnant rats starting at day 4 of gestation increased the methylation of the Egr-1 binding site at the PKCε gene promoter and decreased PKCε protein and mRNA abundance in near-term foetal hearts. Methylation of the Egr-1 binding site reduced Egr-1 binding to the PKCε promoter in the heart. Site-specific deletion of the Egr-1 binding site significantly decreased PKCε promoter activity. The effects of nicotine were sustained in the heart of adult offspring. Ex vivo studies found no direct effect of nicotine on PKCε gene expression. However, maternal nicotine administration increased norepinephrine content in the foetal heart. Treatment of isolated foetal hearts with norepinephrine resulted in the same effects of increased methylation of the Egr-1 binding site and PKCε gene repression in the heart. 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine inhibited the norepinephrine-induced increase in methylation of the Egr-1 binding site and restored Egr-1 binding and PKCε gene expression to the control levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  this study demonstrates that prolonged nicotine exposure increases the sympathetic neurotransmitter release in the foetal heart and causes programming of PKCε gene repression through promoter methylation, linking maternal smoking to pathophysiological consequences in the offspring heart.
authors: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center for Perinatal Biology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA.
authors: Jennifer
authors: J
authors: Lawrence
authors: Man
authors: M
authors: Chen
authors: Fuxia
authors: F
authors: Xiong
authors: Daliao
authors: D
authors: Xiao
authors: Haitao
authors: H
authors: Zhang
authors: John N
authors: JN
authors: Buchholz
authors: Lubo
authors: L
authors: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D001665:Binding Sites / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D002460:Cell Line; D019175:DNA Methylation / Q000187:drug effects; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000235:genetics; D051766:Early Growth Response Protein 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D006321:Heart / Q000187:drug effects*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D009206:Myocardium / Q000201:enzymology*; D009538:Nicotine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects; D051744:Protein Kinase C-epsilon / Q000235:genetics*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D051766:Early Growth Response Protein 1; C486110:Egr1 protein, rat; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D009538:Nicotine; D051744:Protein Kinase C-epsilon; D009638:Norepinephrine