title: Metal oxide nanoparticles induce unique inflammatory footprints in the lung: important implications for nanoparticle testing.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) have been widely used in industry, cosmetics, and biomedicine.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We examined hazards of several well-characterized high production volume NPs because of increasing concern about occupational exposure via inhalation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A panel of well-characterized NPs [cerium oxide (CeO₂NP), titanium dioxide (TiO₂NP), carbon black (CBNP), silicon dioxide (SiO₂NP), nickel oxide (NiONP), zinc oxide (ZnONP), copper oxide (CuONP), and amine-modified polystyrene beads] was instilled into lungs of rats. We evaluated the inflammation potencies of these NPs 24 hr and 4 weeks postinstillation. For NPs that caused significant inflammation at 24 hr, we then investigated the characteristics of the inflammation. All exposures were carried out at equal-surface-area doses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Only CeO₂NP, NiONP, ZnONP, and CuONP were inflammogenic to the lungs of rats at the high doses used. Strikingly, each of these induced a unique inflammatory footprint both acutely (24 hr) and chronically (4 weeks). Acutely, patterns of neutrophil and eosinophil infiltrates differed after CeO₂NP, NiONP, ZnONP, and CuONP treatment. Chronic inflammatory responses also differed after 4 weeks, with neutrophilic, neutrophilic/lymphocytic, eosinophilic/fibrotic/granulomatous, and fibrotic/granulomatous inflammation being caused respectively by CeO₂NP, NiONP, ZnONP, and CuONP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Different types of inflammation imply different hazards in terms of pathology, risks, and risk severity. In vitro testing could not have differentiated these complex hazard outcomes, and this has important implications for the global strategy for NP hazard assessment. Our results demonstrate that NPs cannot be viewed as a single hazard entity and that risk assessment should be performed separately and with caution for different NPs.
authors: ELEGI (The Edinburgh Lung and the Environment Group Initiative), Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
authors: Wan-Seob
authors: WS
authors: Cho
authors: Rodger
authors: R
authors: Duffin
authors: Craig A
authors: CA
authors: Poland
authors: Sarah E M
authors: SE
authors: Howie
authors: William
authors: W
authors: MacNee
authors: Mark
authors: M
authors: Bradley
authors: Ian L
authors: IL
authors: Megson
authors: Ken
authors: K
authors: Donaldson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / Q000166:cytology; D002563:Cerium / Q000633:toxicity; D003300:Copper / Q000633:toxicity; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D015386:Hazardous Substances / Q000633:toxicity*; D019570:Inhalation Exposure; D008168:Lung / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000633:toxicity*; D009532:Nickel / Q000633:toxicity; D010087:Oxides / Q000633:toxicity*; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012822:Silicon Dioxide / Q000633:toxicity; D053260:Soot / Q000633:toxicity; D014025:Titanium / Q000633:toxicity; D018675:Toxicity Tests; D015034:Zinc Oxide / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D015386:Hazardous Substances; D010087:Oxides; D053260:Soot; C009495:titanium dioxide; D002563:Cerium; C030583:ceric oxide; D012822:Silicon Dioxide; D003300:Copper; D009532:Nickel; C028007:nickel monoxide; D014025:Titanium; D015034:Zinc Oxide; C000520:cuprous oxide