title: Acute nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review recent literature (2009-2010) on acute nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There is a decreasing trend in the incidence and hospitalization for acute nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage worldwide, with significant improvement in rebleeding and mortality. One study showed that Glasgow-Blatchford score was superior to Rockall score in predicting the need of intervention or death. None of those categorized as low risk required any intervention. Another database research from United States demonstrated that those managed as outpatients upon clinician decision had 6.3% mortality. Recent meta-analysis demonstrated that epinephrine injection should be used in combination with one other modality for hemostasis in bleeding ulcers, whereas thermal, sclerosant, clips and thrombin/fibrin glue appeared to be effective alone. Despite meta-analysis showing that second look endoscopy with thermal therapy reduced rebleeding, international consensus from experts recommended proton pump inhibitor infusion as the preferred strategy to prevent ulcer rebleeding.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Epidemiological studies worldwide confirmed reduction in the incidence and improvement in clinical outcomes for acute nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Patients categorized as low risk may be managed as outpatients. Endoscopic therapy remained the mainstay of ulcer hemostasis and high dose proton pump inhibitor infusion should be employed to prevent rebleeding.
authors: Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong.
authors: Philip W Y
authors: PW
authors: Chiu
authors: Joseph J Y
authors: JJ
authors: Sung
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004381:Duodenal Ulcer; D016099:Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal / Q000379:methods*; D016558:Hemostasis, Endoscopic / Q000379:methods*; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D010438:Peptic Ulcer Hemorrhage / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D011379:Prognosis; D013276:Stomach Ulcer; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology