title: Prediction of critical illness during out-of-hospital emergency care.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Early identification of nontrauma patients in need of critical care services in the emergency setting may improve triage decisions and facilitate regionalization of critical care.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the out-of-hospital clinical predictors of critical illness and to characterize the performance of a simple score for out-of-hospital prediction of development of critical illness during hospitalization.
  
  
  METHODS
  Population-based cohort study of an emergency medical services (EMS) system in greater King County, Washington (excluding metropolitan Seattle), that transports to 16 receiving facilities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nontrauma, non-cardiac arrest adult patients transported to a hospital by King County EMS from 2002 through 2006. Eligible records with complete data (N = 144,913) were linked to hospital discharge data and randomly split into development (n = 87,266 [60%]) and validation (n = 57,647 [40%]) cohorts.
  
  
  METHODS
  Development of critical illness, defined as severe sepsis, delivery of mechanical ventilation, or death during hospitalization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Critical illness occurred during hospitalization in 5% of the development (n = 4835) and validation (n = 3121) cohorts. Multivariable predictors of critical illness included older age, lower systolic blood pressure, abnormal respiratory rate, lower Glasgow Coma Scale score, lower pulse oximetry, and nursing home residence during out-of-hospital care (P < .01 for all). When applying a summary critical illness prediction score to the validation cohort (range, 0-8), the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.77 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.76-0.78), with satisfactory calibration slope (1.0). Using a score threshold of 4 or higher, sensitivity was 0.22 (95% CI, 0.20-0.23), specificity was 0.98 (95% CI, 0.98-0.98), positive likelihood ratio was 9.8 (95% CI, 8.9-10.6), and negative likelihood ratio was 0.80 (95% CI, 0.79- 0.82). A threshold of 1 or greater for critical illness improved sensitivity (0.98; 95% CI, 0.97-0.98) but reduced specificity (0.17; 95% CI, 0.17-0.17).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In a population-based cohort, the score on a prediction rule using out-of-hospital factors was significantly associated with the development of critical illness during hospitalization. This score requires external validation in an independent population.
authors: Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Harborview Medical Center, PO Box 359762, Seattle, WA 98104, USA. seymoc@u.washington.edu
authors: Christopher W
authors: CW
authors: Seymour
authors: Jeremy M
authors: JM
authors: Kahn
authors: Colin R
authors: CR
authors: Cooke
authors: Timothy R
authors: TR
authors: Watkins
authors: Susan R
authors: SR
authors: Heckbert
authors: Thomas D
authors: TD
authors: Rea
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016638:Critical Illness / Q000145:classification* / Q000401:mortality; D020000:Decision Support Systems, Clinical; D004632:Emergency Medical Services; D005260:Female; D005544:Forecasting; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D007440:Intubation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018805:Sepsis; D014218:Triage; D014861:Washington