title: Linguistic validation of the N-QOL (ICIQ), OAB-q (ICIQ), PPBC, OAB-S and ICIQ-MLUTSsex questionnaires in 16 languages.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Overactive bladder (OAB) is a highly prevalent condition with a negative impact on both health-related quality of life and sexual functioning. We aimed to create and validate conceptually equivalent tools to assess OAB for use in diverse cultural and linguistic settings.
  
  
  METHODS
  To evaluate the linguistic validity of harmonised translations of the Nocturia Quality of Life (N-QOL) questionnaire, Overactive Bladder Questionnaire (OAB-q) family, Patient Perception of Bladder Condition (PPBC) questionnaire, Overactive Bladder Satisfaction Questionnaire (OAB-S) and International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire (ICIQ) Male Sexual Matters associated with Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms Questionnaire (ICIQ-MLUTSsex), bilingual (target language and English) interviewers cognitively debriefed subjects to assess their ability to paraphrase and understand the instructions, questions and responses within each questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall item comprehension rates were 96% for the N-QOL, 98.9% for the OAB-q, 92% for the PPBC, 98.5% for the OAB-S and 94.3% for the ICIQ-MLUTSsex.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found that the translations were well-understood by subjects, although a number of minor changes were made to the N-QOL, OAB-q, OAB-S and ICIQ-MLUTSsex translations in an effort to improve clarity and cultural appropriateness. In a few instances, the majority of subjects in a language were unable to paraphrase a specific term or phrase prior to the revisions. In several cases, problems arose from the wording of the question in the source language.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The translated instruments in this study demonstrated a high level of overall linguistic validity.
authors: Corporate Translations, Inc, Linguistic Validation, Chicago, IL 60647, USA. smckown@corptransinc.com
authors: S
authors: S
authors: McKown
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Abraham
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Coyne
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Gawlicki
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Piault
authors: V
authors: V
authors: Vats
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D032882:Comprehension; D003466:Cultural Characteristics; D018864:Cultural Diversity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008037:Linguistics; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology*; D012735:Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*; D053201:Urinary Bladder, Overactive / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult