title: Simulating avian wingbeat kinematics.
abstract: Inverse dynamics methods are used to simulate avian wingbeats in varying flight conditions. A geometrically scalable multi-segment bird model is constructed, and optimisation techniques are employed to determine segment motions that generate desired aerodynamic force coefficients with minimal mechanical power output. The results show that wingbeat kinematics vary gradually with changes in cruise speed, which is consistent with experimental data. Optimised solutions for cruising flight of the pigeon suggest that upstroke wing retraction is used as a method of saving energy. Analysis of the aerodynamic force coefficient variation in high and low speed cruise leads to the proposal that a suitable gait metric should include both thrust and lift generation during each half-stroke.
authors: School of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, The University of Manchester, UK. ben.parslew-2@postgrad.manchester.ac.uk
authors: Ben
authors: B
authors: Parslew
authors: William J
authors: WJ
authors: Crowther
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001717:Birds / Q000502:physiology*; D010856:Columbidae / Q000502:physiology; D005426:Flight, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D008954:Models, Biological; D014921:Wings, Animal / Q000502:physiology*