title: Effects of cellular iron deficiency on the formation of vascular endothelial growth factor and angiogenesis. Iron deficiency and angiogenesis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Young women diagnosed with breast cancer are known to have a higher mortality rate from the disease than older patients. Specific risk factors leading to this poorer outcome have not been identified. In the present study, we hypothesized that iron deficiency, a common ailment in young women, contributes to the poor outcome by promoting the hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) formation. This hypothesis was tested in an in vitro cell culture model system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells were transfected with transferrin receptor-1 (TfR1) shRNA to constitutively impair iron uptake. Cellular iron status was determined by a set of iron proteins and angiogenesis was evaluated by levels of VEGF in cells as well as by a mouse xenograft model. Significant decreases in ferritin with concomitant increases in VEGF were observed in TfR1 knockdown MDA-MB-231 cells when compared to the parental cells. TfR1 shRNA transfectants also evoked a stronger angiogenic response after the cells were injected subcutaneously into nude mice. The molecular mechanism appears that cellular iron deficiency elevates VEGF formation by stabilizing HIF-1α. This mechanism is also true in human breast cancer MCF-7 and liver cancer HepG2 cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cellular iron deficiency increased HIF-1α, VEGF, and angiogenesis, suggesting that systemic iron deficiency might play an important part in the tumor angiogenesis and recurrence in this young age group of breast cancer patients.
authors: Department of Environmental Medicine and New York University (NYU) Cancer Institute, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA. xi.huang@nyumc.org.
authors: Jonathan
authors: J
authors: Eckard
authors: Jisen
authors: J
authors: Dai
authors: Jing
authors: J
authors: Wu
authors: Jinlong
authors: J
authors: Jian
authors: Qing
authors: Q
authors: Yang
authors: Haobin
authors: H
authors: Chen
authors: Max
authors: M
authors: Costa
authors: Krystyna
authors: K
authors: Frenkel
authors: Xi
authors: X
authors: Huang