title: That's close enough--a threshold effect of time headway on the experience of risk, task difficulty, effort, and comfort.
abstract: Subjective impressions of task difficulty, risk, effort, and comfort are key variables of several theories of driver behaviour. A point of difference between many of these theories is not only the importance of these variables, but also whether they are continuously present and monitored or only experienced by individuals at certain critical points in the driving task. Both a threshold relationship and evidence of constant monitoring of risk and task difficulty have been found for speed choice. In light of these conflicting findings this study seeks to examine a different part of the driving task, the choice of time headway. Participants (N=40, aged 19 to 30) drove in a simulator behind a vehicle travelling at 50 km/h at set time headways ranging from 0.5 seconds to 4.0 seconds. After each drive ratings of task difficulty, risk, comfort, and effort were collected. In addition participants were asked to drive at the time headway they preferred. In order to assess familiarity participants also drove on both the left and right hand side of the road and the role of driving experience was also examined. The results show support for a threshold awareness of task difficulty, risk, effort, and comfort in relation to time headway. Participant's ratings of these variables tended to be low or nil at large time headways, but then around the 2.0 second mark began to noticeably increase. Feelings of task difficulty, risk, and effort were also found to be highly correlated with each other. No effect of driving experience or side of the road was found.
authors: Traffic and Environmental Psychology Group, Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712TS, The Netherlands. b.lewis.evans@rug.nl
authors: Ben
authors: B
authors: Lewis-Evans
authors: Dick
authors: D
authors: De Waard
authors: Karel A
authors: KA
authors: Brookhuis
mesh_terms: D000054:Acceleration / Q000009:adverse effects; D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology; D000328:Adult; D001288:Attention; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000523:psychology*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003657:Decision Making; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007600:Judgment; D008297:Male; D009949:Orientation; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012449:Safety; D013315:Stress, Psychological; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D013997:Time Factors; D013998:Time Perception; D055815:Young Adult