title: Forced-use, without therapy, in children with hemiplegia: preliminary study of a new approach for the upper limb.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Forced use (FU) is an emerging treatment for children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy (CP). It involves constraining the unaffected arm and no additional treatment of the affected arm. Our study examined a new approach to FU in children with hemiplegic CP: that is, restraint of the unaffected limb and no rehabilitation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten children with hemiplegic CP aged between 5 and 9 years were compared with 10 control children (aged between 5 and 8 y). All participants were classified as MACS level II.The FU group wore a fixed cast, on the unaffected arm for 21 consecutive days, and, such as the control group, did not receive any physical therapy.All participants were assessed by the Melbourne Assessment of Unilateral Upper Limb Function and the Shriners Hospital Upper Extremity Evaluation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A statistically significant increase in both the functional scales was already apparent after cast removal and was maintained during follow-ups. The total Melbourne Assessment of Unilateral Upper Limb Function percentage score increased significantly to 9.5% and 12.3% on 3-week and 3-month follow-up examinations, respectively (P<0.05). A statistically significant increase was observed in 2 of the 3 parts of the Shriners Hospital Upper Extremity Evaluation: spontaneous use (P<0.05) and the ability of the involved limb to grasp and release (G/R) (P<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These preliminary results suggest that FU without rehabilitation improves the spontaneous use and function of the affected upper limb. In children with hemiplegia, this approach may be an economically viable means of upper limb treatment that has no side effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions to Authors for complete description of level of evidence.
authors: Department of Paediatric Orthopaedics, V. Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan, Italy. f.motta@icp.mi.it
authors: Francesco
authors: F
authors: Motta
authors: Clara E
authors: CE
authors: Antonello
authors: Cecilia
authors: C
authors: Stignani
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002547:Cerebral Palsy / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006429:Hemiplegia / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D006801:Humans; D007103:Immobilization / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D034941:Upper Extremity / Q000503:physiopathology