title: Sustained elevation of intraocular pressure after intravitreal injections of anti-VEGF agents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report the rate of intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation associated with repeated intravitreal injections of antivascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) agents and to determine if a pre-existing diagnosis of glaucoma is a risk factor for this phenomenon.
  
  
  METHODS
  The charts of 215 eyes undergoing intravitreal injection with anti-VEGF agents for wet age-related macular degeneration (AMD) were retrospectively examined with respect to frequency of injections, number of injections and changes in IOP. Data were analysed independently for two groups (1) pre-existing glaucoma and (2) no history of glaucoma.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 215 eyes receiving injections with bevacizumab and/or ranibizumab, 6% (n=13) had sustained IOP elevation requiring medical or laser interventions. Of the eyes receiving only bevacizumab, 9.9% (10/101) had sustained elevated IOP, while 3.1% (3/96) of eyes receiving only ranibizumab experienced increases (p=0.049). Patients with pre-existing glaucoma experienced higher rates of elevated IOP when compared with patients without pre-existing glaucoma (33% vs 3.1% respectively; p<0.001). The glaucoma subgroup had a lower median number of injections (6; interquartile range 5-10) compared with the non-glaucoma group (9.5; interquartile range 6-13.7; p=0.031).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The incidence of sustained elevated IOP in patients receiving intravitreal anti-VEGF injections is significant. Additionally, these data suggest the possibility of a heightened risk for further elevation of IOP in patients with pre-existing glaucoma who receive either bevacizumab or ranibizumab. Prospective studies are needed to verify these results and better understand the implications of these findings.
authors: University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Rocky Mountain Lions Eye Institute, 1675 Aurora Court, PO Box 6510 Mail Stop F-731, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
authors: Travis J
authors: TJ
authors: Good
authors: Alan E
authors: AE
authors: Kimura
authors: Naresh
authors: N
authors: Mandava
authors: Malik Y
authors: MY
authors: Kahook
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000068258:Bevacizumab; D005260:Female; D005901:Glaucoma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007429:Intraocular Pressure / Q000187:drug effects*; D058449:Intravitreal Injections; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008268:Macular Degeneration / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D000069579:Ranibizumab; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*
chemical_list: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; C467484:VEGFA protein, human; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D000068258:Bevacizumab; D000069579:Ranibizumab