title: Adherence to recommendations of the German food pyramid and risk of chronic diseases: results from the EPIC-Potsdam study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The German food pyramid was set up to foster and communicate healthy food choices.
  
  
  METHODS
  The adherence to recommendations of the food pyramid was translated into an index (German Food Pyramid Index (GFPI)) by scoring the ratio of consumed and recommended daily servings of eight food groups, wherein higher scores indicated greater adherence. The GFPI was calculated for 23 531 subjects who participated in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition-Potsdam study and were recruited between 1994 and 1998. Associations between quintiles of GFPI scores and risk of incident cardiovascular diseases (CVD), type-2 diabetes (T2D) and cancer were evaluated using Cox proportional hazard regression models. During 183 740 person-years of follow-up, 363 incident cases of CVD (myocardial infarction or stroke), 837 incident cases of T2D and 844 incident cases of cancer occurred.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The GFPI was inversely related to CVD risk in men (multivariable-adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for highest versus lowest quintiles=0.56; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.34-0.94) but not in women (HR=1.39; 95% CI: 0.76-2.55). No association between GFPI and cancer was observed. An inverse relation between GFPI and T2D (men: HR= 0.71 (0.52-0.97); women: HR= 0.69 (0.50-0.96)) in age-adjusted models was substantially attenuated after multivariable adjustments, particularly by body mass index (BMI) (men: HR=0.94 (0.69-1.30); women: HR=1.09 (0.77-1.54)). The same was observed for overall major chronic disease risk (CVD, T2D and total cancer).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adherence to the German food pyramid recommendations is not associated with a decreased risk of chronic diseases when considering BMI as confounder, except of CVD in men.
authors: Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany. Anne.von.Ruesten@dife.de
authors: A
authors: A
authors: von Ruesten
authors: A-K
authors: AK
authors: Illner
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Buijsse
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Heidemann
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Boeing
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D004032:Diet; D004034:Diet Surveys; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D019983:Guideline Adherence; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D018673:Nutrition Policy; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires