title: Anaesthesia for endoscopic neurosurgical procedures.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Endoscopic neurosurgical procedures are becoming more frequent and popular in the treatment of intracranial disease. When endoscopy involves the intraventricular structures, irrigating solutions are required and may contribute to sudden and sharp increases in intracranial pressure. More recently, nasal endoscopic approach has been used to perform skull base surgery for aneurysms and tumours. We have analysed published articles in order to detect anaesthesia management and perioperative complications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sudden and dangerously low decreases in cerebral perfusion pressures do not provoke the 'traditional Cushing's response' usually associated with significantly high intracranial pressure. It is important to note that tachycardia (not bradycardia) and/or hypertension are the most frequent haemodynamic complications during neuroendoscopic procedures. With the transnasal approach severe intraoperative haemorrhage is the most important complication to consider followed by direct injury to surrounding neural structures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Invasive arterial blood pressure and intracranial pressure should be measured continuously during neuroendoscopies to detect early intraoperative cerebral ischaemia instead of waiting for the appearance of bradycardia which may be a late sign. General anaesthesia remains the technique of choice. Intracranial haemorrhage increases the likelihood of perioperative complications. Close postoperative monitoring is required to diagnose and treat complications such as convulsions, persistent hydrocephalus, haemorrhage or electrolytic imbalance.
authors: Anaesthesiology Department, Hospital Clínic, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. fabregas@ub.edu
authors: Neus
authors: N
authors: Fàbregas
authors: Rosemary Ann
authors: RA
authors: Craen
mesh_terms: D000758:Anesthesia; D002552:Cerebral Ventricles / Q000601:surgery; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000502:physiology; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007427:Intracranial Pressure; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000628:therapy; D007432:Intraoperative Period; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative; D044582:Neuroendoscopes; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000628:therapy; D007507:Therapeutic Irrigation