title: Reference group effects in the measurement of personality and attitudes.
abstract: Reference-group effects (discovered in cross-cultural settings) occur when responses to self-report items are based not on respondents' absolute level of a construct but rather on their level relative to a salient comparison group. In this article, we examine the impact of reference-group effects on the assessment of self-reported personality and attitudes. Two studies illustrate that a reference-group effect can be induced by small changes to instruction sets, changes that mirror the instruction sets of commonly used measures of personality. Scales that specified different reference groups showed substantial reductions in criterion-related validities for academic performance, self-reported counterproductive behaviors, and self-reported health outcomes relative to reference-group-free versions of those scales.
authors: Department of Psychology, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY 12222, USA. mcrede@albany.edu
authors: Marcus
authors: M
authors: Credé
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Bashshur
authors: Sarah
authors: S
authors: Niehorster
mesh_terms: D001294:Attitude to Health; D035061:Control Groups; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D010379:Peer Group; D010551:Personality; D010555:Personality Inventory; D012016:Reference Values; D020377:Self Efficacy; D012933:Social Identification; D012938:Social Perception; D012945:Social Values; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult