title: Warfarin dosing in patients with impaired kidney function.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In patients with kidney impairment, warfarin, a drug metabolized primarily by the cytochrome P-450 system, is initiated at similar doses and managed similarly as in the general medical population. Unfortunately, few data exist to guide dose adjustment in patients with decreased kidney function. Here, we determine the degree of warfarin dose reduction associated with kidney impairment and make recommendations for warfarin dosing.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Long-term warfarin users followed up at anticoagulation clinics (n = 980); 708 participants from the University of Alabama (UAB) and 272 participants from the University of Chicago (UIC).
  
  
  METHODS
  No/mild (estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR] ≥ 60 mL/min/1.73 m(2)), moderate (eGFR, 30-59 mL/min/1.73 m(2)), and severe (eGFR < 30 mL/min/1.73 m(2)) kidney impairment; CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genotype; age; race; sex; body mass; sociodemographic factors; smoking status; alcohol; vitamin K intake; comorbid conditions (eg, congestive heart failure); and drug interactions (eg, amiodarone and statins).
  
  
  METHODS
  Warfarin dose (milligrams per day) was evaluated using linear regression after adjustment for clinical, demographic, and genetic factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prevalences of moderate (31.8% and 27.6%) and severe kidney impairment (8.9% and 6.6%) were similar in the UAB and UIC cohorts. Warfarin dose requirements were significantly lower in patients with moderate and severe kidney impairment compared with those with no/mild kidney impairment in the UAB (P < 0.001) and UIC (P < 0.001) cohorts. Compared with patients with no/mild kidney impairment, patients with moderate kidney impairment required 9.5% lower doses (P < 0.001) and patients with severe kidney impairment required 19% lower doses (P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  No measurement of warfarin, serum albumin, vitamin K, and coagulation factors; no evaluation of other markers (eg, cystatin).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Moderate and severe kidney impairment were associated with a reduction in warfarin dose requirements.
authors: Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL 35294-0021, USA. nlimdi@uab.edu
authors: Nita A
authors: NA
authors: Limdi
authors: Mohit A
authors: MA
authors: Limdi
authors: Larisa
authors: L
authors: Cavallari
authors: Aaron M
authors: AM
authors: Anderson
authors: Michael R
authors: MR
authors: Crowley
authors: Melissa F
authors: MF
authors: Baird
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Allon
authors: T Mark
authors: TM
authors: Beasley
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D065729:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9; D004247:DNA / Q000235:genetics; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005838:Genotype; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D051437:Renal Insufficiency / Q000150:complications* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D019851:Thrombophilia / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics; D064417:Vitamin K Epoxide Reductases; D014859:Warfarin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D014859:Warfarin; D004247:DNA; D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases; C450260:CYP2C9 protein, human; D065729:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases; C578523:VKORC1 protein, human; D064417:Vitamin K Epoxide Reductases