title: Lung cancer among postmenopausal women treated with estrogen alone in the women's health initiative randomized trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) randomized controlled trial, use of estrogen plus progestin increased lung cancer mortality. We conducted post hoc analyses in the WHI trial evaluating estrogen alone to determine whether use of conjugated equine estrogen without progestin had a similar adverse influence on lung cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  The WHI study is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial conducted in 40 centers in the United States. A total of 10 739 postmenopausal women aged 50-79 years who had a previous hysterectomy were randomly assigned to receive a once-daily 0.625-mg tablet of conjugated equine estrogen (n = 5310) or matching placebo (n = 5429). Incidence and mortality rates for all lung cancers, small cell lung cancers, and non-small cell lung cancers in the two randomization groups were compared by use of hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) that were estimated from Cox proportional hazards regression analyses. Analyses were by intention to treat, and all statistical tests were two-sided.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After a mean of 7.9 years (standard deviation = 1.8 years) of follow-up, 61 women in the hormone therapy group were diagnosed with lung cancer compared with 54 in the placebo group (incidence of lung cancer per year = 0.15% vs 0.13%, respectively; HR of incidence = 1.17, 95% CI = 0.81 to 1.69, P = .39). Non-small cell lung cancers were of comparable number, stage, and grade in both groups. Deaths from lung cancer did not differ between the two groups (34 vs 33 deaths in estrogen and placebo groups, respectively; HR of death = 1.07, 95% CI = 0.66 to 1.72, P = .79).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Unlike use of estrogen plus progestin, which increased deaths from lung cancer, use of conjugated equine estrogen alone did not increase incidence or death from lung cancer.
authors: Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA. rchlebowski@gmail.com
authors: Rowan T
authors: RT
authors: Chlebowski
authors: Garnet L
authors: GL
authors: Anderson
authors: JoAnn E
authors: JE
authors: Manson
authors: Ann G
authors: AG
authors: Schwartz
authors: Heather
authors: H
authors: Wakelee
authors: Margery
authors: M
authors: Gass
authors: Rebecca J
authors: RJ
authors: Rodabough
authors: Karen C
authors: KC
authors: Johnson
authors: Jean
authors: J
authors: Wactawski-Wende
authors: Jane Morley
authors: JM
authors: Kotchen
authors: Judith K
authors: JK
authors: Ockene
authors: Mary Jo
authors: MJ
authors: O'Sullivan
authors: F Allan
authors: FA
authors: Hubbell
authors: Jason W
authors: JW
authors: Chien
authors: Chu
authors: C
authors: Chen
authors: Marcia L
authors: ML
authors: Stefanick
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000453:epidemiology; D018288:Carcinoma, Small Cell / Q000453:epidemiology; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods*; D004966:Estrogens, Conjugated (USP) / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D008875:Middle Aged; D017698:Postmenopause; D011372:Progestins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D016387:Women's Health
chemical_list: D004966:Estrogens, Conjugated (USP); D011372:Progestins