title: Effect of extraoral aging conditions on color stability of maxillofacial silicone elastomer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Maxillofacial prostheses require enhancement or replacement due to deterioration in their color during service. The purpose of this study was to investigate color stability of pigmented and nonpigmented maxillofacial silicone elastomer exposed to different human and environmental aging conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and twelve disk-shaped silicone (TechSil S25, Technovent, Leeds, UK) specimens were prepared and equally divided into pigmented (using intrinsic rose-pink skin shade, P409, Principality Medical, Newport, UK) and nonpigmented categories of seven groups (n = 16; 8 pigmented and 8 nonpigmented): dark storage (control) (group 1), sebum solution storage (group 2), acidic perspiration storage (group 3), light aging (group 4), natural outdoor weathering (group 5), silicone-cleaning solution (group 6), and mixed conditioning of sebum storage and light aging (group 7). Conditioning periods (groups) were 6 months (groups 1, 2, 3, 5), 360 hours (groups 4, 7), and 30 hours (group 6). Color change (ΔE) was measured at the start and end of conditioning. In addition, for groups 1, 2, and 4, ΔE was measured at fixed intervals of 30 days, 15 days, and 30 hours, respectively. Data were analyzed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Dunnett's-T3 post hoc, and independent t-tests (p < 0.05). Linear regression was implemented to investigate ΔE with time for groups 1, 2, and 4.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six of the seven treatment conditions induced perceivable color change (ΔE > 3). Within the nonpigmented category, specimens stored in the dark for 6 months (group 1) exhibited high ΔE (6.17), which was greater (p < 0.05) than that produced by silicone-cleaning solution for 30 hours (group 6) (ΔE = 2.08). Within the pigmented category, light aging (group 4), outdoor (group 5), and mixed (group 7) conditionings induced greatest color changes (ΔE = 8.26, 8.30, 9.89, respectively) (p < 0.05); however, there was a strong positive linear function of log-time after dark storage (group 1) and light aging (group 4).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is inherent color instability of nonpigmented silicone elastomer, which adds to the overall color change of silicone prostheses. Storing silicone elastomer in simulated sebum under light aging induced the greatest color changes. Overall, the color stability of TechSil S25 maxillofacial heat-temperature-vulcanizing (HTV) silicone elastomer was unacceptable (ΔE > 3.0, range from 3.48 to 9.89 for pigmented and 3.89 to 10.78 for nonpigmented) when subjected to six of the seven extraoral aging conditionings used in this study. Inherent color instability of nonpigmented facial silicone elastomers primarily contributes to the color degradation of extraoral facial prostheses. Sebaceous skin secretions along with daylight radiation cause the greatest perceivable color change to the silicone and pigment used in this study.
authors: School of Dentistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK. muhanad.hatamleh@manchester.ac.uk
authors: Muhanad M
authors: MM
authors: Hatamleh
authors: David C
authors: DC
authors: Watts
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003116:Color; D003624:Darkness; D003902:Detergents; D006801:Humans; D008027:Light; D016014:Linear Models; D008422:Materials Testing; D008447:Maxillofacial Prosthesis; D017797:Prosthesis Coloring; D012629:Sebum; D012826:Silicone Elastomers; D013542:Sweat; D013997:Time Factors; D014887:Weather
chemical_list: D003902:Detergents; D012826:Silicone Elastomers