title: Fluoride releasing restorative materials: Effects of pH on mechanical properties and ion release.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Secondary caries and restorative fracture are the two main reasons for restoration failures. Fluoride ion (F) release can help inhibit caries. Plaque pH after a sucrose rinse can decrease to a cariogenic pH of 4-4.5. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of solution pH and immersion time on the mechanical properties and F release of restorative materials.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three resin-modified glass ionomers (Viremer, Fuji II LC, Ketac Nano), one compomer (Dyract Flow), and one composite (Heliomolar), were tested. Flexural strength and elastic modulus were measured before and after 84d of immersion in solutions of pH 4, 5.5, and 7. F release was measured as a function of pH and immersion time.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Immersion and material type had significant effects on mechanical properties. Vitremer had a flexural strength (mean±sd; n=6) of 99±25MPa before immersion; it decreased to 32±9MPa after 84d of immersion (p<0.05). In comparison, Heliomolar had a smaller strength loss, decreasing from 99±9MPa to 65±7MPa (p<0.05). Solution pH had little effect on mechanical properties. For example, Fuji II LC had a strength of 63±15MPa at pH 4, similar to 61±30MPa at pH 5.5, and 56±22MPa at pH 7 (p>0.1). In contrast, solution pH had a significant effect on F release. F release at 84d for Fuji was 609±25μg/cm(2) at pH 4, much higher than 258±36μg/cm(2) at pH 5.5, and 188±9μg/cm(2) at pH 7.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The restoratives tested were able to greatly increase the F release at acidic, cariogenic pH, when these ions are most needed to inhibit caries. However, mechanical properties of these F-releasing restoratives degraded significantly in immersion. Efforts are needed to develop F-releasing restoratives with high levels of sustained F release, as well as improved durability of mechanical properties for large stress-bearing restorations.
authors: Department of Endodontics, Prosthodontics and Operative Dentistry, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States.
authors: Jennifer L
authors: JL
authors: Moreau
authors: Hockin H K
authors: HH
authors: Xu
mesh_terms: D000085:Acetates / Q000737:chemistry; D000180:Acrylic Resins / Q000737:chemistry; D002021:Buffers; D002327:Cariostatic Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D020770:Compomers / Q000737:chemistry; D003188:Composite Resins / Q000737:chemistry; D003764:Dental Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D004058:Diffusion; D055119:Elastic Modulus; D005459:Fluorides / Q000737:chemistry*; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements / Q000737:chemistry; D006531:HEPES / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007101:Immersion; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D008422:Materials Testing; D055595:Mechanical Phenomena; D018583:Pliability; D011140:Polyurethanes / Q000737:chemistry; D019279:Resin Cements / Q000737:chemistry; D012117:Resins, Synthetic / Q000737:chemistry; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000085:Acetates; D000180:Acrylic Resins; D002021:Buffers; D002327:Cariostatic Agents; D020770:Compomers; D003188:Composite Resins; D003764:Dental Materials; C477384:Dyract Flow Compomer; C079765:Fuji II LC cement; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements; C513708:Heliomolar; C000613151:Ketac Nano; D011140:Polyurethanes; D019279:Resin Cements; D012117:Resins, Synthetic; C084550:Vitremer; D019344:Lactic Acid; D005459:Fluorides; D006531:HEPES