title: Validation of a novel laparoscopic adjustable gastric band simulator.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Morbid obesity accounts for more than 90,000 deaths per year in the United States. Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB) is the second most common weight loss procedure performed in the US and the most common in Europe and Australia. Simulation in surgical training is a rapidly advancing field that has been adopted by many to prepare surgeons for surgical techniques and procedures. The aim of our study was to determine face, construct, and content validity for a novel virtual reality laparoscopic adjustable gastric band simulator.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-eight subjects were categorized into two groups (expert and novice), determined by their skill level in laparoscopic surgery. Experts consisted of subjects who had at least 4 years of laparoscopic training and operative experience. Novices consisted of subjects with medical training but with less than 4 years of laparoscopic training. The subjects used the virtual reality laparoscopic adjustable band surgery simulator. They were automatically scored according to various tasks. The subjects then completed a questionnaire to evaluate face and content validity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On a 5-point Likert scale (1 = lowest score, 5 = highest score), the mean score for visual realism was 4.00 ± 0.67 and the mean score for realism of the interface and tool movements was 4.07 ± 0.77 (face validity). There were significant differences in the performances of the two subject groups (expert and novice) based on total scores (p < 0.001) (construct validity). Mean score for utility of the simulator, as addressed by the expert group, was 4.50 ± 0.71 (content validity).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We created a virtual reality laparoscopic adjustable gastric band simulator. Our initial results demonstrate excellent face, construct, and content validity findings. To our knowledge, this is the first virtual reality simulator with haptic feedback for training residents and surgeons in the laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding procedure.
authors: JEC 2046, Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Nuclear Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110, 8th Street, Troy, NY 12180, USA.
authors: Ganesh
authors: G
authors: Sankaranarayanan
authors: James D
authors: JD
authors: Adair
authors: Tansel
authors: T
authors: Halic
authors: Mark A
authors: MA
authors: Gromski
authors: Zhonghua
authors: Z
authors: Lu
authors: Woojin
authors: W
authors: Ahn
authors: Daniel B
authors: DB
authors: Jones
authors: Suvranu
authors: S
authors: De
mesh_terms: D002983:Clinical Competence; D003194:Computer-Assisted Instruction / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D004521:Educational Measurement; D004867:Equipment Design; D056228:Feedback, Sensory; D015391:Gastroplasty / Q000193:education* / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007431:Intraoperative Complications; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000193:education* / Q000379:methods; D007858:Learning; D009767:Obesity, Morbid / Q000601:surgery; D010820:Physicians / Q000523:psychology; D012984:Software; D013337:Students, Medical / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014110:Touch; D014584:User-Computer Interface