title: Boosting in athletes with high-level spinal cord injury: knowledge, incidence and attitudes of athletes in paralympic sport.
abstract: Autonomic dysreflexia (AD) is unique to individuals with spinal injuries (SCI) at T6 or above and can be voluntarily induced. Although AD improves wheelchair racing performance in some athletes, it also elicits exaggerated blood pressure, which could be dangerous. The International Paralympic Committee considers AD doping and banned its use.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study is to evaluate AD knowledge, incidence and attitudes (KIA) of Paralympians with SCI.
  
  
  METHODS
  An existing questionnaire was modified to include questions of AD KIA, validated by three experts and piloted with a small sample. It was administered on-line, mailed to members of a scientific network and distributed during the Beijing Paralympic Games. Fisher Exact test was used to evaluate differences across gender, injury and education.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 99 participants, 54.5% had previously heard of AD while 39.4% were unaware; 16.7%, all males, had used AD to enhance performance. Participants reported that AD was (1) useful for middle (78.6%) and long distance (71.4%), marathon (64.3%) and wheelchair rugby (64.3%); (2) somewhat dangerous (48.9%), dangerous (21.3%) or very dangerous (25.5%) to health. Results were not influenced by age, injury level or injury duration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings indicate the need for educational programmes directed towards enhancing the AD knowledge of rehabilitation professionals, coaches and trainers working with SCI individuals.
authors: Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta, Canada. yagesh.bhambhani@ualberta.ca
authors: Yagesh
authors: Y
authors: Bhambhani
authors: Jennifer
authors: J
authors: Mactavish
authors: Sharon
authors: S
authors: Warren
authors: Walter R
authors: WR
authors: Thompson
authors: Anthony
authors: A
authors: Webborn
authors: Elizabeth
authors: E
authors: Bressan
authors: Marco Tuilo
authors: MT
authors: De Mello
authors: Sean
authors: S
authors: Tweedy
authors: Laurie
authors: L
authors: Malone
authors: Kennet
authors: K
authors: Frojd
authors: Peter
authors: P
authors: Van De Vliet
authors: Yves
authors: Y
authors: Vanlandewijck
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D054874:Athletic Performance; D020211:Autonomic Dysreflexia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010264:Paraplegia / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D010865:Pilot Projects; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D013177:Sports; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014910:Wheelchairs