title: Epigenetic silencing of SOCS3 identifies a subset of prostate cancer with an aggressive behavior.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic inflammation and subsequent tissutal alterations may play a key role in prostate carcinogenesis. In this way, molecular alterations of the suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3), one of the most important inhibitory molecule of inflammatory signal transduction circuitries, could contribute to explain the pleiotropic role of interleukin-6 (IL-6) in this type of cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed the methylation status and mRNA expression of SOCS3 in 20 benign prostate hyperplasias (BPH) and in 51 prostate cancer specimens. We analyzed the SOCS3 methylation status using methylation-specific PCR. Hypermethylation was confirmed by sequencing after subcloning. Epigenetic silencing of this gene was also demonstrated by real-time PCR and by immunohistochemistry. Results and correlation with clinical data were statistically analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that the promoter of SOCS3 was methylated in 39.2% of prostate cancer. On the contrary, all BPH and normal controls had an unmethylated pattern. Real-time analysis showed that in methylated cases SOCS3 mRNA expression was reduced by three and four folds as compared to BPH and unmethylated cases, respectively. Interestingly, SOCS3 mRNA level was higher in unmethylated prostate cancer than in BPH. The immunohistochemical staining analysis for SOCS 3 confirmed mRNA results. Moreover, methylation of SOCS3 promoter significantly associated with intermediate-high grade Gleason score (P = 0.0007) and with an unfavorable clinical outcome (P = 0.0019).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest that SOCS3 hypermethylation may be involved in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer and could identify a tumor subset with an aggressive behavior.
authors: Institute of Pathological Anatomy, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy.
authors: Francesco
authors: F
authors: Pierconti
authors: Maurizio
authors: M
authors: Martini
authors: Francesco
authors: F
authors: Pinto
authors: Tonia
authors: T
authors: Cenci
authors: Sara
authors: S
authors: Capodimonti
authors: Alessandro
authors: A
authors: Calarco
authors: Pier Francesco
authors: PF
authors: Bassi
authors: Luigi Maria
authors: LM
authors: Larocca
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001483:Base Sequence; D019175:DNA Methylation; D020868:Gene Silencing; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011470:Prostatic Hyperplasia / Q000235:genetics; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D000071223:Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 3 Protein; D050826:Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling Proteins / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: C106644:SOCS3 protein, human; D000071223:Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 3 Protein; D050826:Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling Proteins