title: Sex-related differences in gene expression following Coxiella burnetii infection in mice: potential role of circadian rhythm.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Q fever, a zoonosis due to Coxiella burnetii infection, exhibits sexual dimorphism; men are affected more frequently and severely than women for a given exposure. Here we explore whether the severity of C. burnetii infection in mice is related to differences in male and female gene expression profiles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mice were infected with C. burnetii for 24 hours, and gene expression was measured in liver cells using microarrays. Multiclass analysis identified 2,777 probes for which expression was specifically modulated by C. burnetti infection. Only 14% of the modulated genes were sex-independent, and the remaining 86% were differentially expressed in males and females. Castration of males and females showed that sex hormones were responsible for more than 60% of the observed gene modulation, and this reduction was most pronounced in males. Using functional annotation of modulated genes, we identified four clusters enriched in males that were related to cell-cell adhesion, signal transduction, defensins and cytokine/Jak-Stat pathways. Up-regulation of the IL-10 and Stat-3 genes may account for the high susceptibility of men with Q fever to C. burnetii infection and autoantibody production. Two clusters were identified in females, including the circadian rhythm pathway, which consists of positive (Clock, Arntl) and negative (Per) limbs of a feedback loop. We found that Clock and Arntl were down-modulated whereas Per was up-regulated; these changes may be associated with efficient bacterial elimination in females but not in males, in which an exacerbated host response would be prominent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This large-scale study revealed for the first time that circadian rhythm plays a major role in the anti-infectious response of mice, and it provides a new basis for elucidating the role of sexual dimorphism in human infections.
authors: Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses Tropicales et Emergentes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 6236, Faculté de Médecine, Marseille, France.
authors: Julien
authors: J
authors: Textoris
authors: Leang Heng
authors: LH
authors: Ban
authors: Christian
authors: C
authors: Capo
authors: Didier
authors: D
authors: Raoult
authors: Marc
authors: M
authors: Leone
authors: Jean-Louis
authors: JL
authors: Mege
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000235:genetics*; D016997:Coxiella burnetii / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D023281:Genomics; D006801:Humans; D042541:Intracellular Space / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D021381:Protein Transport; D011778:Q Fever / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012727:Sex Characteristics