Emergence of promising therapies in diabetes mellitus.
Diabetes mellitus (DM) results from defects in insulin secretion (type 1) or insulin resistance (type 2). Insulin is used to manage type 1 DM, and oral hypoglycemic agents are used to manage type 2 DM. These therapies are inconsistent in maintaining glycemic control and cause some severe adverse effects such as undue weight gain and hypoglycemia. New and appropriate therapies are needed to overcome these problems. Drugs that are in the pipeline include oral insulins for type 1 DM and incretin mimetics, incretin enhancers, gastric inhibitory peptides, amylin analogues, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α/γ ligands, sodium-dependent glucose transporter inhibitors, and fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase inhibitors for type 2 DM. This article describes the mechanisms of action and relative advantages and disadvantages of the promising therapies.
Akkati
Sindhu
S
Department of Pharmacy Practice, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India 576104, USA. akkati.sindhureddy@gmail.com
Sam
Kishore Gnana
KG
Tungha
Girish
G
D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000188:drug therapy*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy*; D015507:Drugs, Investigational / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*
D001786:Blood Glucose; D015507:Drugs, Investigational; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents