title: Walking and cycling to health: a comparative analysis of city, state, and international data.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We sought to determine the magnitude, direction, and statistical significance of the relationship between active travel and rates of physical activity, obesity, and diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined aggregate cross-sectional health and travel data for 14 countries, all 50 US states, and 47 of the 50 largest US cities through graphical, correlation, and bivariate regression analysis on the country, state, and city levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At all 3 geographic levels, we found statistically significant negative relationships between active travel and self-reported obesity. At the state and city levels, we found statistically significant positive relationships between active travel and physical activity and statistically significant negative relationships between active travel and diabetes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Together with many other studies, our analysis provides evidence of the population-level health benefits of active travel. Policies on transport, land-use, and urban development should be designed to encourage walking and cycling for daily travel.
authors: Bloustein School of Planning and Public Policy, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA. pucher@rutgers.edu
authors: John
authors: J
authors: Pucher
authors: Ralph
authors: R
authors: Buehler
authors: David R
authors: DR
authors: Bassett
authors: Andrew L
authors: AL
authors: Dannenberg
mesh_terms: D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D040343:Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System; D001642:Bicycling / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D014186:Transportation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D016138:Walking / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*