title: Performance of a craving criterion in DSM alcohol use disorders.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Adding a craving criterion--presently in the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision, diagnosis of alcohol dependence--has been under consideration as one possible improvement to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV), and was recently proposed for inclusion by the DSM Substance-Related Disorders Work Group in the Fifth Revision of diagnostic criteria for alcohol use disorders. To inform cross-cultural applicability of this modification, performance of a craving criterion was examined in emergency departments in four countries manifesting distinctly different culturally based drinking patterns (Mexico, Poland, Argentina, United States).
  
  
  METHODS
  Exploratory factor analysis and item response theory were used to examine psychometric properties and individual item characteristics of the 11 DSM-IV abuse and dependence criteria with and without craving for each country separately. Differential item functioning analysis was performed to examine differences in the difficulty of endorsement (severity) and discrimination of craving across countries.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Exploratory factor analysis found craving fit well within a one-dimensional solution, and factor loadings were high across all countries. Results from item-response theory analyses indicated that both discrimination and difficulty estimates for the craving item were located in the middle of the corresponding discrimination and difficulty ranges for the other 11 items for each country but did not substantially increase the efficiency (or information) of the overall diagnostic scheme. Across the four countries, no differential item functioning was found for difficulty, but significant differential item functioning was found for discrimination (similar to other DSM-IV criteria).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings suggest that, although craving performed similarly across emergency departments in the four countries, it does not add much in identification of individuals with alcohol use disorders.
authors: Alcohol Research Group, 6475 Christie Avenue, Suite 400, Emeryville, California 94608, USA. ccherpitel@arg.org
authors: Cheryl J
authors: CJ
authors: Cherpitel
authors: Guilherme
authors: G
authors: Borges
authors: Yu
authors: Y
authors: Ye
authors: Jason
authors: J
authors: Bond
authors: Mariana
authors: M
authors: Cremonte
authors: Jacek
authors: J
authors: Moskalewicz
authors: Grazyna
authors: G
authors: Swiatkiewicz
mesh_terms: D019973:Alcohol-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000208:ethnology*; D001118:Argentina / Q000208:ethnology; D016739:Behavior, Addictive / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000208:ethnology*; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D006801:Humans; D008800:Mexico / Q000208:ethnology; D011044:Poland / Q000208:ethnology; D014481:United States / Q000208:ethnology