title: Respecting patient autonomy: understanding the impact on NHS hospital in-patients of legislation and guidance relating to patient capacity and consent.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  to determine the extent and nature of the decisions individuals are asked to make as in-patients, and whether doctors, nurses, other health care practitioners, and housekeepers engaged in routine (non-emergency) medical assessments, investigations and treatments, or acts of personal care observe the Reference Guide to Consent for Examination or Treatment, the principles of the Mental Capacity Act (England and Wales) 2005, and the guidance from the Dignity in Care Campaign.
  
  
  METHODS
  hospital staff working on a general medical ward and a ward for older people in a large teaching hospital in England were observed for over 50 hours carrying out acts of medical and personal care. The observations were recorded using a semi-structured record sheet, complemented by unstructured field notes. Observations were subsequently categorized, coded and counted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  a total of 206 acts were observed, 127 (62%) of which were acts of medical care and 79 (38%) were acts of personal care. Patients approached for acts of personal care were generally presented with choices and options (78%). In contrast, when approached for acts of medical care, they were rarely presented with a choice (6%); instead, health care practitioners either requested permission to perform a procedure (29%) or informed patients that they were about to perform a procedure (50%). Irrespective of the way in which health care practitioners approached patients about acts of medical care, in the overwhelming majority of instances, patients complied (80%, 99 cases), either by giving permission for the act to be performed, or by complying and/or cooperating with the health care practitioner. In only a minority of cases did patients either refuse or resist a proposed procedure (9%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  patients were asked to make many varied decisions and the approaches taken by hospital staff differed depending on the nature of the decision and/or act in question. In contrast to personal care decisions, when health care practitioners approached patients in order to undertake routine acts of medical care, they generally did so in a manner that did not acknowledge that the patient had a right to exercise a choice. This is contrary to current law, policy and guidance. It seems to be rooted in the practical demands of running a hospital ward and uncertainties as to the purpose of securing patient consent before undertaking routine acts of medical care.
authors: Cambridge Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Group, Department of Psychiatry, UK. mr382@medschl.cam.ac.uk
authors: Marcus
authors: M
authors: Redley
authors: Helen
authors: H
authors: Keeley
authors: Isabel
authors: I
authors: Clare
authors: Dianne
authors: D
authors: Hinds
authors: Lydia
authors: L
authors: Luke
authors: Anthony
authors: A
authors: Holland
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004739:England; D006783:Hospitals, State; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching; D006801:Humans; D007258:Informed Consent / Q000592:standards*; D016743:Mental Competency / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D010358:Patient Participation; D028701:Patient Rights; D026684:Personal Autonomy; D011369:Professional-Patient Relations; D013222:State Medicine / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000592:standards