title: Heme amplifies the innate immune response to microbial molecules through spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk)-dependent reactive oxygen species generation.
abstract: Infectious diseases that cause hemolysis are among the most threatening human diseases, because of severity and/or global distribution. In these conditions, hemeproteins and heme are released, but whether heme affects the inflammatory response to microorganism molecules remains to be characterized. Here, we show that heme increased the lethality and cytokine secretion induced by LPS in vivo and enhanced the secretion of cytokines by macrophages stimulated with various agonists of innate immune receptors. Activation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and MAPKs and the generation of reactive oxygen species were essential to the increase in cytokine production induced by heme plus LPS. This synergistic effect of heme and LPS was blocked by a selective inhibitor of spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) and was abrogated in dendritic cells deficient in Syk. Moreover, inhibition of Syk and the downstream molecules PKC and PI3K reduced the reactive oxygen species generation by heme. Our results highlight a mechanism by which heme amplifies the secretion of cytokines triggered by microbial molecule activation and indicates possible pathways for therapeutic intervention during hemolytic infectious diseases.
authors: From the Laboratório de Inflamação e Imunidade, Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnologia, 0843-01103 Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá.
authors: Patricia L
authors: PL
authors: Fernandez
authors: From the Laboratório de Inflamação e Imunidade, Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors: Fabianno F
authors: FF
authors: Dutra
authors: From the Laboratório de Inflamação e Imunidade, Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors: Letícia
authors: L
authors: Alves
authors: From the Laboratório de Inflamação e Imunidade, Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Pólo de Xerém, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors: Rodrigo T
authors: RT
authors: Figueiredo
authors: Immunobiology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratories, London WC2A 3PX, United Kingdom.
authors: Diego
authors: D
authors: Mourão-Sa
authors: From the Laboratório de Inflamação e Imunidade, Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors: Guilherme B
authors: GB
authors: Fortes
authors: From the Laboratório de Inflamação e Imunidade, Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors: Sophie
authors: S
authors: Bergstrand
authors: From the Laboratório de Inflamação e Imunidade, Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Lönn
authors: Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnologia, 0843-01103 Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá.
authors: Ricardo R
authors: RR
authors: Cevallos
authors: Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors: Renata M S
authors: RMS
authors: Pereira
authors: Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors: Ulisses G
authors: UG
authors: Lopes
authors: From the Laboratório de Inflamação e Imunidade, Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors: Leonardo H
authors: LH
authors: Travassos
authors: From the Laboratório de Inflamação e Imunidade, Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors: Claudia N
authors: CN
authors: Paiva
authors: From the Laboratório de Inflamação e Imunidade, Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Electronic address: mbozza@micro.ufrj.br.
authors: Marcelo T
authors: MT
authors: Bozza
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016207:Cytokines / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D006418:Heme / Q000819:agonists / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000819:agonists / Q000276:immunology* / Q000494:pharmacology; D017737:Macrophages, Peritoneal / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D000081082:Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D000072377:Syk Kinase
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D006418:Heme; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D016328:NF-kappa B; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D000081082:Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D000072377:Syk Kinase; C000606896:SYK protein, human; C000606897:Syk protein, mouse