Chronic label-free volumetric photoacoustic microscopy of melanoma cells in three-dimensional porous scaffolds.
Visualizing cells in three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds has been one of the major challenges in tissue engineering. Most current imaging modalities either suffer from poor penetration depth or require exogenous contrast agents. Here, we demonstrate photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) of the spatial distribution and temporal proliferation of cells inside three-dimensional porous scaffolds with thicknesses over 1 mm. Specifically, we evaluated the effects of seeding and culture methods on the spatial distribution of melanoma cells. Spatial distribution of the cells in the scaffold was well-resolved in PAM images. Moreover, the number of cells in the scaffold was quantitatively measured from the as-obtained volumetric information. The cell proliferation profile obtained from PAM correlated well with what was obtained using the traditional 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay.
Zhang
Yu
Y
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, One Brookings Drive, St Louis, MO 63130, USA.
Cai
Xin
X
Choi
Sung-Wook
SW
Kim
Chulhong
C
Wang
Lihong V
LV
Xia
Younan
Y
D000162:Acoustics; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging; D006801:Humans; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D008027:Light; D008545:Melanoma / Q000473:pathology*; D008853:Microscopy / Q000379:methods*; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D008863:Microspheres; D011100:Polyglycolic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D000077182:Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer; D016062:Porosity / Q000187:drug effects; D013194:Staining and Labeling; D013997:Time Factors; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds / Q000737:chemistry*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
D000077182:Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer; D011100:Polyglycolic Acid; D019344:Lactic Acid