title: Echocardiography, dyssynchrony, and the response to cardiac resynchronization therapy.
abstract: Biventricular pacing or cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) has been a considerable advance in the therapy of chronic heart failure. However, it is clear that not all patients benefit either in terms of symptoms or cardiac function, and some may be worsened by CRT. In this review, we consider the arguments, both clinical and economical, in favour of improved selection of patients for CRT other than those in current guidelines. It also seems clear that the fundamental mechanism of CRT is correction of dyssynchrony, and we review the various methodologies available to detect dyssynchrony. Other factors are probably also important in determining outcomes such as lead position, the extent and form of myocardial damage, optimizing pacemaker performance, and clinical expertise. The potential costs of inappropriate CRT implantation are high to our patients and to the health economy, and it behooves the cardiology community to develop better selection criteria. The current guidelines can and should be improved.
authors: Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China. cmyu@cuhk.edu.hk
authors: Cheuk-Man
authors: CM
authors: Yu
authors: John E
authors: JE
authors: Sanderson
authors: John
authors: J
authors: Gorcsan
mesh_terms: D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000191:economics / Q000628:therapy*; D058406:Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods; D019560:Echocardiography, Three-Dimensional / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods; D005544:Forecasting; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000191:economics / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D017211:Treatment Failure