title: Upregulation of eNOS and unchanged energy metabolism in increased susceptibility of the aging type 2 diabetic GK rat heart to ischemic injury.
abstract: We investigated the tolerance of the insulin-resistant diabetic heart to ischemic injury in the male Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rat, a model of type 2 diabetes. Changes in energy metabolism, nitric oxide (NO) pathway, and cardiac function were assessed in the presence of physiological substrates. Age-matched control Wistar (n = 19) and GK (n = 18) isolated rat hearts were perfused with 0.4 mM palmitate, 3% albumin, 11 mM glucose, 3 U/l insulin, 0.2 mM pyruvate, and 0.8 mM lactate for 24 min before switching to 1.2 mM palmitate (11 rats/group) during 32 min low-flow (0.5 ml·min(-1)·g wet wt(-1)) ischemia. Next, flow was restored with 0.4 mM palmitate buffer for 32 min. A subset of hearts from each group (n = 8 for control and n = 7 for GK groups) were freeze-clamped for determining baseline values after the initial perfusion of 24 min. ATP, phosphocreatine (PCr), and intracellular pH (pH(i)) were followed using (31)P magnetic resonance spectroscopy with simultaneous measurement of contractile function. The NO pathway was determined by nitric oxide synthase (NOS) isoform expression and total nitrate concentration (NOx) in hearts. We found that coronary flow was 26% lower (P < 0.05) during baseline conditions and 61% lower (P < 0.05) during reperfusion in GK vs. control rat hearts. Rate pressure product was lower during reperfusion in GK vs. control rat hearts (P < 0.05). ATP, PCr, and pH(i) during ischemia-reperfusion were similar in both groups. Endothelial NOS expression was increased in GK rat hearts during baseline conditions (P < 0.05). NOx was increased during baseline conditions (P < 0.05) and after reperfusion (P < 0.05) in GK rat hearts. We report increased susceptibility of type 2 diabetic GK rat heart to ischemic injury that is not associated with impaired energy metabolism. Reduced coronary flow, upregulation of eNOS expression, and increased total NOx levels confirm NO pathway modifications in this model, presumably related to increased oxidative stress. Modifications in the NO pathway may play a major role in ischemia-reperfusion injury of the type 2 diabetic GK rat heart.
authors: Centre de Résonance Magnétique Biologique et Médicale, UMR CNRS n°6612, Faculté de Médecine de Marseille, Université de Méditerranée, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France. martine.desrois@univmed.fr
authors: Martine
authors: M
authors: Desrois
authors: Kieran
authors: K
authors: Clarke
authors: Carole
authors: C
authors: Lan
authors: Christiane
authors: C
authors: Dalmasso
authors: Mark
authors: M
authors: Cole
authors: Bernard
authors: B
authors: Portha
authors: Patrick J
authors: PJ
authors: Cozzone
authors: Monique
authors: M
authors: Bernard
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000503:physiopathology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D006321:Heart / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D015428:Myocardial Reperfusion Injury / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D011922:Rats, Mutant Strains; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000502:physiology; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D009569:Nitric Oxide; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III