title: CHD risk in relation to alcohol intake from categorical and open-ended dietary instruments.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the risk of CHD in relation to alcohol intake from three different instruments.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer in Norfolk study, weekly alcohol intake was estimated from a single question in a mail-in health and lifestyle questionnaire (HLQ), a semi-quantitative FFQ, and a 7 d diet diary (7DD). Information on smoking status, physical activity, disease history, social class and medication use was reported in the HLQ. Height, weight, blood pressure and blood lipids were measured at a health check-up. The average length of follow-up was 11 years. The association between alcohol intake and incident fatal and non-fatal CHD in a nested case-control sample was calculated using logistic regression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Norfolk, England.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 2151 cases of incident fatal and non-fatal CHD and 5354 controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Spearman correlation values between the 7DD, FFQ and HLQ alcohol estimates ranged from r = 0·70 to 0·82 (P < 0·0001 for all r values). Alcohol intake from all instruments was inversely associated with the risk of CHD in age- and multivariate-adjusted models. The relationships between the risk of CHD and alcohol intake from the 7DD, HLQ or FFQ were not significantly different from each other (P >0·10). A marginal difference between men and women was detected for the risk of CHD in relation to HLQ alcohol intake (P = 0·065).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, while the instruments were not uniform in their assessment of alcohol intake levels, the 7DD, HLQ and FFQ yielded similar inverse associations between alcohol intake and risk of CHD.
authors: MRC Centre for Nutritional Epidemiology in Cancer Prevention and Survival, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK. heather.ward@srl.cam.ac.uk
authors: Heather
authors: H
authors: Ward
authors: Robert N
authors: RN
authors: Luben
authors: Nicholas J
authors: NJ
authors: Wareham
authors: Kay-Tee
authors: KT
authors: Khaw
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004032:Diet; D015930:Diet Records; D004739:England; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL