title: In vitro study on the schedule-dependency of the interaction between pemetrexed, gemcitabine and irradiation in non-small cell lung cancer and head and neck cancer cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Based on their different mechanisms of action, non-overlapping side effects and radiosensitising potential, combining the antimetabolites pemetrexed (multitargeted antifolate, MTA) and gemcitabine (2',2'-difluorodeoxycytidine, dFdC) with irradiation (RT) seems promising. This in vitro study, for the first time, presents the triple combination of MTA, dFdC and irradiation using various treatment schedules.
  
  
  METHODS
  The cytotoxicity, radiosensitising potential and cell cycle effect of MTA were investigated in A549 (NSCLC) and CAL-27 (SCCHN) cells. Using simultaneous or sequential exposure schedules, the cytotoxicity and radiosensitising effect of 24 h MTA combined with 1 h or 24 h dFdC were analysed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Including a time interval between MTA exposure and irradiation seemed favourable to MTA immediately preceding or following radiotherapy. MTA induced a significant S phase accumulation that persisted for more than 8 h after drug removal. Among different MTA/dFdC combinations tested, the highest synergistic interaction was produced by 24 h MTA followed by 1 h dFdC. Combined with irradiation, this schedule showed a clear radiosensitising effect.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results from our in vitro model suggest that the sequence 24 h MTA --> 1 h dFdC --> RT is the most rational design and would, after confirmation in an in vivo setting, possibly provide the greatest benefit in the clinic.
authors: Laboratory of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology, Department of Medical Oncology, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium. an.wouters@ua.ac.be
authors: An
authors: A
authors: Wouters
authors: Bea
authors: B
authors: Pauwels
authors: Filip
authors: F
authors: Lardon
authors: Greet G O
authors: GG
authors: Pattyn
authors: Hilde A J
authors: HA
authors: Lambrechts
authors: Marc
authors: M
authors: Baay
authors: Paul
authors: P
authors: Meijnders
authors: Jan B
authors: JB
authors: Vermorken
mesh_terms: D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003841:Deoxycytidine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D004347:Drug Interactions; D004357:Drug Synergism; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005971:Glutamates / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006147:Guanine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D000068437:Pemetrexed; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D000093542:Gemcitabine
chemical_list: D005971:Glutamates; D000068437:Pemetrexed; D003841:Deoxycytidine; D006147:Guanine; D000093542:Gemcitabine