title: An evaluation of bag-valve-mask ventilation using an ergonomically designed facemask among novice users: a simulation-based pilot study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We sought to compare the ability of novice operators to provide artificial ventilation using a standard facemask and a new ergonomically designed facemask. Whether or not proper technique was used was also assessed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-two allied-health students used both masks in random crossover fashion to ventilate an airway trainer. Breaths were delivered by a mechanical ventilator and exhaled tidal volume was recorded for each of 12 breaths for each participant for each mask. The effect of each mask during ventilation over time was assessed using repeated-measures ANOVA. Assessment of mask technique among participants and association between mask type and hand repositioning were analyzed using the Wilcoxon-Rank Sum Test and McNemar's paired proportions test, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The tidal volume achieved when participants used the ergonomic mask was higher than when participants used the standard mask by the fourth breath (361+/-104 mL vs. 264+/-163 mL; Bonferroni adjusted p-value=0.040) and increased over time. The repeated-measures ANOVA showed that the ergonomic mask consistently resulted in higher tidal volumes than the standard mask regardless of rescuer's gender. Over time the standard mask resulted in a linear decrease in tidal volume of -10 mL/breath (estimated difference in decay of 10 mL/breath versus the ergonomic mask; p<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Novice airway operators were better able to provide facemask ventilation using an ergonomically designed mask than with a traditional facemask. We conclude that better hand position facilitating improved mask seal and less operator fatigue account for our findings.
authors: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA. ebauman@wisc.edu
authors: Eric B
authors: EB
authors: Bauman
authors: Aaron M
authors: AM
authors: Joffe
authors: Lynn
authors: L
authors: Lenz
authors: Stephen A
authors: SA
authors: DeVries
authors: Scott
authors: S
authors: Hetzel
authors: Samuel P
authors: SP
authors: Seider
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D058109:Airway Management / Q000295:instrumentation*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004493:Education; D004867:Equipment Design; D006804:Ergonomics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D013990:Tidal Volume