title: Upper cervical spine injuries: age-specific clinical features.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There are few reports on the age-specific clinical features of upper cervical spine injury. To identify these age-specific changes, we reviewed 103 patients with upper cervical spine injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  We subdivided the patients into four groups according to age: 12 patients were classified as old elderly (> or = 75 years), 18 patients as young elderly (65-74 years), 67 patients as young adults (18-64 years), and 6 patients as adolescents (< or = 17 years). Data were collected on injury etiology, mortality, neurological deficit, distribution and pattern of injury, degenerative changes of each joint in the upper cervical spine and disc in the cervical spine, and osteoporosis of the axis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The proportion of patients with a simple fall as the etiology of their injury showed a statistically significant trend to increase with aging. Although no specific distribution or pattern of injury was statistically elucidated, we were able to detect some common features. A high proportion of the old elderly group (5/12) had a type II odontoid fracture. Body fracture of the axis tends to be frequent in the young elderly and traumatic spondylolisthesis and hyperextension teardrop fracture to be frequent in the young adults. In adolescents, a traffic accident as an unbelted rear seat passenger was the most frequent etiology. Among the 103 patients, 16 died during the initial hospitalization. The mortality rate for upper cervical spine injury was similar in all groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the old elderly, stiffness of the lower cervical spine, caused by degenerative changes and osteopenia, might contribute to upper cervical spine injury in response to low-energy trauma. The disproportion of degenerative change in joints of the upper cervical spine might also contribute to the high frequency of type II odontoid fracture. In young adults, high-energy and hyperextension injury was the most frequent cause of upper cervical spine injury.
authors: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Surgical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan.
authors: Masahiko
authors: M
authors: Watanabe
authors: Daisuke
authors: D
authors: Sakai
authors: Yukihiro
authors: Y
authors: Yamamoto
authors: Masato
authors: M
authors: Sato
authors: Joji
authors: J
authors: Mochida
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging; D001270:Cervical Atlas / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D055959:Intervertebral Disc Degeneration / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009809:Odontoid Process / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000293:injuries*; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D015995:Prevalence; D011859:Radiography; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016103:Spinal Fractures / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000401:mortality; D055815:Young Adult