title: Strictosidine activation in Apocynaceae: towards a "nuclear time bomb"?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The first two enzymatic steps of monoterpene indole alkaloid (MIA) biosynthetic pathway are catalysed by strictosidine synthase (STR) that condensates tryptamine and secologanin to form strictosidine and by strictosidine beta-D-glucosidase (SGD) that subsequently hydrolyses the glucose moiety of strictosidine. The resulting unstable aglycon is rapidly converted into a highly reactive dialdehyde, from which more than 2,000 MIAs are derived. Many studies were conducted to elucidate the biosynthesis and regulation of pharmacologically valuable MIAs such as vinblastine and vincristine in Catharanthus roseus or ajmaline in Rauvolfia serpentina. However, very few reports focused on the MIA physiological functions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this study we showed that a strictosidine pool existed in planta and that the strictosidine deglucosylation product(s) was (were) specifically responsible for in vitro protein cross-linking and precipitation suggesting a potential role for strictosidine activation in plant defence. The spatial feasibility of such an activation process was evaluated in planta. On the one hand, in situ hybridisation studies showed that CrSTR and CrSGD were coexpressed in the epidermal first barrier of C. roseus aerial organs. However, a combination of GFP-imaging, bimolecular fluorescence complementation and electromobility shift-zymogram experiments revealed that STR from both C. roseus and R. serpentina were localised to the vacuole whereas SGD from both species were shown to accumulate as highly stable supramolecular aggregates within the nucleus. Deletion and fusion studies allowed us to identify and to demonstrate the functionality of CrSTR and CrSGD targeting sequences.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A spatial model was drawn to explain the role of the subcellular sequestration of STR and SGD to control the MIA metabolic flux under normal physiological conditions. The model also illustrates the possible mechanism of massive activation of the strictosidine vacuolar pool upon enzyme-substrate reunion occurring during potential herbivore feeding constituting a so-called "nuclear time bomb" in reference to the "mustard oil bomb" commonly used to describe the myrosinase-glucosinolate defence system in Brassicaceae.
authors: Université François Rabelais de Tours, EA 2106 Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, Tours, France. burlat@scsv.ups-tlse.fr
authors: Grégory
authors: G
authors: Guirimand
authors: Vincent
authors: V
authors: Courdavault
authors: Arnaud
authors: A
authors: Lanoue
authors: Samira
authors: S
authors: Mahroug
authors: Anthony
authors: A
authors: Guihur
authors: Nathalie
authors: N
authors: Blanc
authors: Nathalie
authors: N
authors: Giglioli-Guivarc'h
authors: Benoit
authors: B
authors: St-Pierre
authors: Vincent
authors: V
authors: Burlat
mesh_terms: D019759:Carbon-Nitrogen Lyases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D030008:Catharanthus / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D005959:Glucosidases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D039821:Monoterpenes / Q000378:metabolism; D035261:Plant Components, Aerial / Q000378:metabolism; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics; D055503:Protein Multimerization; D011926:Rauwolfia / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics; D014617:Vacuoles / Q000378:metabolism; D014748:Vinca Alkaloids / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D039821:Monoterpenes; D014748:Vinca Alkaloids; C021093:strictosidine; D005959:Glucosidases; C456847:strictosidine glucosidase; D019759:Carbon-Nitrogen Lyases; C022684:strictosidine synthetase