title: Inotropes in cardiac patients: update 2011.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  ICU patients frequently develop low output syndromes due to cardiac dysfunction, myocardial injury, and inflammatory activation. Conventional inotropic agents seem to be useful in restoring hemodynamic parameters and improving peripheral organ perfusion, but can increase short-term and long-term mortality in these patients. Novel inotropes may be promising in the management of ICU patients, having no serious adverse effects. This review summarizes all the current knowledge about the use of conventional and new inotropic agents in various clinical entities of critically ill patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In recent European Society of Cardiology guidelines, inotropic agents are administered in patients with low output syndrome due to impaired cardiac contractility, and signs and symptoms of congestion. The most recommended inotropes in this condition are levosimendan and dobutamine (both class of recommendation: IIa, level of evidence: B). Recent data indicate that levosimendan may be useful in postmyocardial infarction cardiac dysfunction and septic shock through increasing coronary flow and attenuating inflammatory activation, respectively. Furthermore, calcium sensitizing by levosimendan can be effectively used for weaning of mechanical ventilation in postcardiac surgery patients and has also cardioprotective effect as expressed by the absence of troponin release in this patient population. Finally, new agents, such as istaroxime and cardiac myosin activators may be safe and improve central hemodynamics in experimental models of heart failure and heart failure patients in phase II clinical trials; however, large-scale randomized clinical trials are required.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In an acute cardiac care setting, short-term use of inotropic agents is crucial for the restoration of arterial blood pressure and peripheral tissue perfusion, as well as weaning of cardiosurgery. New promising agents should be tested in randomized clinical trials.
authors: Heart Failure Unit, Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece. jparissis@yahoo.com
authors: John T
authors: JT
authors: Parissis
authors: Pinelopi
authors: P
authors: Rafouli-Stergiou
authors: Vassilios
authors: V
authors: Stasinos
authors: Panagiotis
authors: P
authors: Psarogiannakopoulos
authors: Alexandre
authors: A
authors: Mebazaa
mesh_terms: D002316:Cardiotonic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016638:Critical Illness / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans
chemical_list: D002316:Cardiotonic Agents