title: Enhancing detection of bladder carcinoma in situ by 3-dimensional optical coherence tomography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We examined the usefulness of 3-dimensional optical coherence tomography to enhance the diagnosis of urothelial carcinoma in situ.
  
  
  METHODS
  By expressing SV40T antigen with uroplakin II promoter, carcinoma in situ readily develops in SV40T transgenic mice at about ages 8 to 20 weeks and then frank high grade papillary carcinoma develops in bladder epithelium. We examined 10 control and 40 SV40T mice during weeks 8 to 20 after birth by parallel en face white light imaging and 3-dimensional optical coherence tomography, and compared results with histology findings. We applied quantitative analysis of computer aided detection to 3-dimensional tomography images to enhance the diagnosis of carcinoma in situ, including 3-dimensional segmentation, speckle reduction, fast Fourier transform analysis, and standard deviation and histogram evaluation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified carcinoma in situ in 23 SV40T mice by histology. Most carcinoma could not be detected by en face imaging and 2-dimensional optical coherence tomography but was well differentiated by 3-dimensional optical coherence tomography. The 56.5% sensitivity and 61.5% specificity of 2-dimensional optical coherence tomography for carcinoma in situ diagnosis were significantly enhanced by 3-dimensional optical coherence tomography to 95.7% and 92.3%, respectively (p ≤0.031).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  On quantitative analysis of increased urothelial heterogeneity induced by carcinogenesis we noted that 3-dimensional optical coherence tomography enabled accurate differentiation of carcinoma in situ from normal bladder and benign lesions. Results reveal the potential of cystoscopic 3-dimensional optical coherence tomography to significantly enhance the clinical diagnosis of nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer, particularly carcinoma in situ.
authors: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA.
authors: Hugang
authors: H
authors: Ren
authors: Zhijia
authors: Z
authors: Yuan
authors: Wayne
authors: W
authors: Waltzer
authors: Kenneth
authors: K
authors: Shroyer
authors: Yingtian
authors: Y
authors: Pan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002278:Carcinoma in Situ / Q000473:pathology*; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*