title: Risk factors for skin lesions on the necks of Norwegian dairy cows.
abstract: Physical restrictions at the feed barrier may cause skin lesions, especially on the necks of cows. Thus, some aspects of the functionality of feed barrier design can be assessed by observing skin lesions on the necks of dairy cattle. In this study, 232 herds, mainly of the breed Norwegian Red (94%), were investigated between September 2006 and June 2007. The herds were categorized into 2 groups. One data set, based on 1,148 cows (115 herds), was from farms using feed barriers with post-and-rail designs (86 herds) and combinations of barriers (29 herds). The second data set, which included 1,168 cows (117 herds), was from farms using only vertical feed barriers such as tombstone, diagonal, and headlock. Skin lesions were observed on the necks of 21% of the 2,335 cows observed. Forty-two percent of cows had neck lesions in herds with post-and-rail barriers, whereas 4% of cows had neck lesions in herds with vertical barriers and 30% of cows had neck lesions in herds with a combination of both horizontal and vertical barriers. Alternating logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with skin lesions on the necks of cows. The estimates were transformed into odds ratios (OR). In herds in which post-and-rail design barriers were used, the following risk factors were associated with skin lesions: manger front lower than 63 cm versus higher (OR=3.6), no feed stalls versus feed stalls (OR=10.9), mixed rations versus no mixed ration (OR=3.8), cows later than 30 DIM versus earlier (OR=1.9), cows with low milk production versus those producing 1,000 kg higher (OR=1.4), feeding frequency of less than 3 times daily versus 3 and more times daily (OR=1.9), using only post-and-rail feed barriers (OR=1.8) versus using combinations, and farmer disagreement with the statement "animals experience physical pain as humans do" (OR=1.9) versus agreement. Diagonal barriers, categorized as vertical barriers, increased the association of skin lesions with increasing manger front heights. Feed barrier design was associated with skin lesions on the necks of cows, particularly for barriers of a post-and-rail design. To minimize the risk of neck lesions, the top rail height of post-and-rail barriers should be above 109 cm, especially for cows taller than 126 cm, and the manger front should not be lower than 63 cm. Feed stalls, feeding frequency of 3 or more times daily, and the feeding of unmixed rations were also identified as preventive factors.
authors: Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, 0033 Oslo, Norway. camilla.kielland@nvh.no
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Kielland
authors: K E
authors: KE
authors: Bøe
authors: A J
authors: AJ
authors: Zanella
authors: O
authors: O
authors: Østerås
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle / Q000293:injuries*; D003612:Dairying / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D006799:Housing, Animal; D019838:Neck Injuries / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D009664:Norway; D012307:Risk Factors; D012867:Skin / Q000293:injuries* / Q000473:pathology