title: Cleavable cross-linker for protein structure analysis: reliable identification of cross-linking products by tandem MS.
abstract: Chemical cross-linking combined with a subsequent enzymatic cleavage of the created cross-linked complex and a mass spectrometric analysis of the resulting cross-linked peptide mixture presents an alternative approach to high-resolution analysis, such as NMR spectroscopy or X-ray crystallography, to obtain low-resolution protein structures and to gain insight into protein interfaces. Here, we describe a novel urea-based cross-linker, which allows distinguishing different cross-linking products by collision-induced dissociation (CID) tandem MS experiments based on characteristic product ions and constant neutral losses. The novel cross-linker is part of our ongoing efforts in developing collision-induced dissociative reagents that allow an efficient analysis of cross-linked proteins and protein complexes. Our innovative analytical concept is exemplified for the Munc13-1 peptide and the recombinantly expressed ligand binding domain of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha, for which cross-linking reaction mixtures were analyzed both by offline nano-HPLC/MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry and by online nano-HPLC/nano-ESI-LTQ-orbitrap mass spectrometry. The characteristic fragment ion patterns of the novel cross-linker greatly simplify the identification of different cross-linked species, namely, modified peptides as well as intrapeptide and interpeptide cross-links, from complex mixtures and drastically reduce the potential of identifying false-positive cross-links. Our novel urea-based CID cleavable cross-linker is expected to be highly advantageous for analyzing protein 3D structures and protein-protein complexes in an automated manner.
authors: Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Strasse 4, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
authors: Mathias Q
authors: MQ
authors: Müller
authors: Frank
authors: F
authors: Dreiocker
authors: Christian H
authors: CH
authors: Ihling
authors: Mathias
authors: M
authors: Schäfer
authors: Andrea
authors: A
authors: Sinz
mesh_terms: D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents / Q000737:chemistry*; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000737:chemistry; D047493:PPAR alpha / Q000737:chemistry; D010455:Peptides / Q000737:chemistry*; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization / Q000379:methods*; D019032:Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization / Q000379:methods*; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D014508:Urea / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D047493:PPAR alpha; D010455:Peptides; D014508:Urea