title: The NRF2-mediated oxidative stress response pathway is associated with tumor cell resistance to arsenic trioxide across the NCI-60 panel.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Drinking water contaminated with inorganic arsenic is associated with increased risk for different types of cancer. Paradoxically, arsenic trioxide can also be used to induce remission in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) with a success rate of approximately 80%. A comprehensive study examining the mechanisms and potential signaling pathways contributing to the anti-tumor properties of arsenic trioxide has not been carried out.
  
  
  METHODS
  Here we applied a systems biology approach to identify gene biomarkers that underlie tumor cell responses to arsenic-induced cytotoxicity. The baseline gene expression levels of 14,500 well characterized human genes were associated with the GI50 data of the NCI-60 tumor cell line panel from the developmental therapeutics program (DTP) database. Selected biomarkers were tested in vitro for the ability to influence tumor susceptibility to arsenic trioxide.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant association was found between the baseline expression levels of 209 human genes and the sensitivity of the tumor cell line panel upon exposure to arsenic trioxide. These genes were overlayed onto protein-protein network maps to identify transcriptional networks that modulate tumor cell responses to arsenic trioxide. The analysis revealed a significant enrichment for the oxidative stress response pathway mediated by nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) with high expression in arsenic resistant tumor cell lines. The role of the NRF2 pathway in protecting cells against arsenic-induced cell killing was validated in tumor cells using shRNA-mediated knock-down.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this study, we show that the expression level of genes in the NRF2 pathway serve as potential gene biomarkers of tumor cell responses to arsenic trioxide. Importantly, we demonstrate that tumor cells that are deficient for NRF2 display increased sensitivity to arsenic trioxide. The results of our study will be useful in understanding the mechanism of arsenic-induced cytotoxicity in cells, as well as the increased applicability of arsenic trioxide as a chemotherapeutic agent in cancer treatment.
authors: Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
authors: Qian
authors: Q
authors: Liu
authors: Hao
authors: H
authors: Zhang
authors: Lisa
authors: L
authors: Smeester
authors: Fei
authors: F
authors: Zou
authors: Matt
authors: M
authors: Kesic
authors: Ilona
authors: I
authors: Jaspers
authors: Jingbo
authors: J
authors: Pi
authors: Rebecca C
authors: RC
authors: Fry
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000633:toxicity*; D000077237:Arsenic Trioxide; D001152:Arsenicals; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D006801:Humans; D015473:Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute / Q000209:etiology; D051267:NF-E2-Related Factor 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D054547:National Cancer Institute (U.S.); D018384:Oxidative Stress; D010087:Oxides / Q000633:toxicity*; D034622:RNA Interference; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D001152:Arsenicals; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D051267:NF-E2-Related Factor 2; C495635:NFE2L2 protein, human; D010087:Oxides; D000077237:Arsenic Trioxide