title: Outcomes of minimal and moderate support versions of an internet-based diabetes self-management support program.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Internet and other interactive technology-based programs offer great potential for practical, effective, and cost-efficient diabetes self-management (DSM) programs capable of reaching large numbers of patients. This study evaluated minimal and moderate support versions of an Internet-based diabetes self-management program, compared to an enhanced usual care condition.
  
  
  METHODS
  A three-arm practical randomized trial was conducted to evaluate minimal contact and moderate contact versions of an Internet-based diabetes self-management program, offered in English and Spanish, compared to enhanced usual care. A heterogeneous sample of 463 type 2 patients was randomized and 82.5% completed a 4-month follow-up. Primary outcomes were behavior changes in healthy eating, physical activity, and medication taking. Secondary outcomes included hemoglobin A1c, body mass index, lipids, and blood pressure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Internet-based intervention produced significantly greater improvements than the enhanced usual care condition on three of four behavioral outcomes (effect sizes [d] for healthy eating = 0.32; fat intake = 0.28; physical activity= 0.19) in both intent-to-treat and complete-cases analyses. These changes did not translate into differential improvements in biological outcomes during the 4-month study period. Added contact did not further enhance outcomes beyond the minimal contact intervention.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Internet intervention meets several of the RE-AIM criteria for potential public health impact, including reaching a large number of persons, and being practical, feasible, and engaging for participants, but with mixed effectiveness in improving outcomes, and consistent results across different subgroups. Additional research is needed to evaluate longer-term outcomes, enhance effectiveness and cost-effectiveness, and understand the linkages between intervention processes and outcomes.
authors: Institute for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Denver, CO 80237-8066, USA. russg@re-aim.net
authors: Russell E
authors: RE
authors: Glasgow
authors: Deanna
authors: D
authors: Kurz
authors: Diane
authors: D
authors: King
authors: Jennifer M
authors: JM
authors: Dickman
authors: Andrew J
authors: AJ
authors: Faber
authors: Eve
authors: E
authors: Halterman
authors: Tim
authors: T
authors: Wooley
authors: Deborah J
authors: DJ
authors: Toobert
authors: Lisa A
authors: LA
authors: Strycker
authors: Paul A
authors: PA
authors: Estabrooks
authors: Diego
authors: D
authors: Osuna
authors: Debra
authors: D
authors: Ritzwoller
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D040242:Risk Reduction Behavior; D012648:Self Care / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome