title: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation artefact suppression using a Kalman filter and the frequency of chest compressions as the reference signal.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop a new method to suppress the artefact generated by chest compressions during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) using only the frequency of the compressions as additional information.
  
  
  METHODS
  The CPR artefact suppression method was developed and tested using a database of 381 ECG records (89 shockable and 292 non-shockable) from 299 patients. All records were extracted from real out-of-hospital cardiac arrest episodes. The suppression method consists of a Kalman filter that uses the frequency of the measured compressions to estimate the artefact and to remove it from the ECG. The performance of the filter was evaluated by comparing the sensitivity and specificity of an automated external defibrillator before and after the artefact suppression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the test database, the sensitivity improved from 57.8% (95% confidence interval, 43.3-71.0%) to 93.3% (81.5-98.4%) and the specificity decreased from 92.5% (87.0-95.9%) to 89.1% (83.0-93.3%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For a similar sensitivity, we obtained better specificity than that reported for other methods, although still short of the values recommended by the American Heart Association. The results suggest that the CPR artefact can be accurately modelled using only the frequency of the compressions. This information could be easily acquired through the defibrillator's CPR help pads, with minimal hardware modifications.
authors: Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, University of the Basque Country, Alameda de Urquijo s/n, 48013 Bilbao, Vizcaya, Spain.
authors: Jesus
authors: J
authors: Ruiz
authors: Unai
authors: U
authors: Irusta
authors: Sofia
authors: S
authors: Ruiz de Gauna
authors: Trygve
authors: T
authors: Eftestøl
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D016477:Artifacts; D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D047548:Defibrillators; D004562:Electrocardiography; D006801:Humans; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D058687:Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest / Q000628:therapy*