title: Transfer RNA gene arrangement and codon usage in vertebrate mitochondrial genomes: a new insight into gene order conservation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mitochondrial (mt) gene arrangement has been highly conserved among vertebrates from jawless fishes to mammals for more than 500 million years. It remains unclear, however, whether such long-term persistence is a consequence of some constraints on the gene order.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Based on the analysis of codon usage and tRNA gene positions, we suggest that tRNA gene order of the typical vertebrate mt-genomes may be important for their translational efficiency. The vertebrate mt-genome encodes 2 rRNA, 22 tRNA, and 13 transmembrane proteins consisting mainly of hydrophobic domains. We found that the tRNA genes specifying the hydrophobic residues were positioned close to the control region (CR), where the transcription efficiency is estimated to be relatively high. Using 47 vertebrate mt-genome sequences representing jawless fishes to mammals, we further found a correlation between codon usage and tRNA gene positions, implying that highly-used tRNA genes are located close to the CR. In addition, an analysis considering the asymmetric nature of mtDNA replication suggested that the tRNA loci that remain in single-strand for a longer time tend to have more guanine and thymine not suffering deamination mutations in their anticodon sites.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our analyses imply the existence of translational constraint acting on the vertebrate mt-gene arrangement. Such translational constraint, together with the deamination-related constraint, may have contributed to long-term maintenance of gene order.
authors: Collection Center, National Museum of Nature and Science, 3-23-1 Hyakunincho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-0073, Japan.
authors: Takashi P
authors: TP
authors: Satoh
authors: Yukuto
authors: Y
authors: Sato
authors: Naoharu
authors: N
authors: Masuyama
authors: Masaki
authors: M
authors: Miya
authors: Mutsumi
authors: M
authors: Nishida
mesh_terms: D000596:Amino Acids / Q000235:genetics; D000818:Animals; D000926:Anticodon / Q000235:genetics; D003062:Codon / Q000235:genetics*; D017124:Conserved Sequence / Q000235:genetics*; D004261:DNA Replication / Q000235:genetics; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics; D023061:Gene Order / Q000235:genetics*; D050259:Genes, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics; D056426:Genetic Loci / Q000235:genetics; D054629:Genome, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics*; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D016014:Linear Models; D024101:Mitochondrial Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D014176:Protein Biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D012343:RNA, Transfer / Q000235:genetics*; D014714:Vertebrates / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D000926:Anticodon; D003062:Codon; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial; D024101:Mitochondrial Proteins; D012343:RNA, Transfer