title: Disparities in the evaluation and diagnosis of abuse among infants with traumatic brain injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate in a national database the association of race and socioeconomic status with radiographic evaluation and subsequent diagnosis of child abuse after traumatic brain injury (TBI) in infants.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a retrospective study of infants with non-motor vehicle-associated TBI who were admitted to 39 pediatric hospitals from January 2004 to June 2008. Logistic regression controlling for age, type, and severity of TBI and the presence of other injuries was performed to examine the association of race and socioeconomic status with the principal outcomes of radiographic evaluation for suspected abuse and diagnosis of abuse. Regression coefficients were transformed to probabilities.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After adjustment for type and severity of TBI, age, and other injuries, publicly insured/uninsured infants were more likely to have had skeletal surveys performed than were privately insured infants (81% vs 59%). The difference in skeletal survey performance for infants with public or no insurance versus private insurance was greater among white (82% vs 53%) infants than among black (85% vs 75%) or Hispanic (72% vs 55%) infants (P=.022). Although skeletal surveys were performed in a smaller proportion of white than black or Hispanic infants, the adjusted probability for diagnosis of abuse among infants evaluated with a skeletal survey was higher among white infants (61%) than among black (51%) or Hispanic (53%) infants (P=.009).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  National data suggest continued biases in the evaluation for abusive head trauma. The conflicting observations of fewer skeletal surveys among white infants and higher rates of diagnosis among those screened elicit concern for overevaluation in some infants (black or publicly insured/uninsured) or underevaluation in others (white or privately insured).
authors: General Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 3535 Market Street, Room 1517, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. woodjo@email.chop.edu
authors: Joanne N
authors: JN
authors: Wood
authors: Matthew
authors: M
authors: Hall
authors: Samantha
authors: S
authors: Schilling
authors: Ron
authors: R
authors: Keren
authors: Nandita
authors: N
authors: Mitra
authors: David M
authors: DM
authors: Rubin
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology*; D002649:Child Abuse / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005260:Female; D054625:Healthcare Disparities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D011859:Radiography; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D044465:White People