title: The proteasome inhibitor bortezomib drastically affects inflammation and bone disease in adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the effect of bortezomib in splenocytes and fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) and its in vivo potency in a rat model of adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA), which resembles human rheumatoid arthritis (RA).
  
  
  METHODS
  AIA was induced with Freund's complete adjuvant. Splenocyte and FLS proliferation and apoptosis were measured by radioactivity incorporation and flow cytometry, respectively. The invasiveness of FLS from rats with AIA was tested in a Transwell system. The pattern of cytokine secretion was evaluated by cytometric bead array in splenocyte supernatants. Bortezomib was administered prophylactically or therapeutically, and arthritis was assessed clinically and histologically. Immunohistochemistry was performed for markers of inflammation and angiogenesis in joints. Hematologic and biochemical parameters were tested in peripheral blood (PB). Representative animals were examined by computed tomography (CT) scanning before and after bortezomib administration. The expression of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR-2), TLR-3, and TLR-4 in PB and FLS was measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction, and alterations in specific cell populations in PB and spleen were determined by flow cytometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In vitro, bortezomib exhibited significant inhibitory and proapoptotic activity in splenocytes and FLS from rats with AIA, altered the inflammatory cytokine pattern, and reduced the invasiveness of FLS from rats with AIA. In vivo, bortezomib significantly ameliorated disease severity. Remission was associated with improved histology and decreased expression of CD3, CD79a, CD11b, cyclooxygenase 1, and factor VIII in target tissues as well as down-regulation of TLR expression in PB and cultured FLS. CT scanning demonstrated a bone healing effect after treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that bortezomib affects AIA in a pleiotropic manner and that this drug may be effective in RA.
authors: George Papanicolaou Hospital, Gene and Cell Therapy Center, Thessaloniki, Greece. eyannaki@u.washington.edu
authors: Evangelia
authors: E
authors: Yannaki
authors: Anastasia
authors: A
authors: Papadopoulou
authors: Evangelia
authors: E
authors: Athanasiou
authors: Panayotis
authors: P
authors: Kaloyannidis
authors: Argyro
authors: A
authors: Paraskeva
authors: Dimitris
authors: D
authors: Bougiouklis
authors: Panayotis
authors: P
authors: Palladas
authors: Minas
authors: M
authors: Yiangou
authors: Achilles
authors: A
authors: Anagnostopoulos
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001169:Arthritis, Experimental / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D001847:Bone Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D001897:Boronic Acids / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000069286:Bortezomib; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D007596:Joints / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D011719:Pyrazines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D051381:Rats; D011917:Rats, Inbred Lew; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013154:Spleen / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D013583:Synovial Membrane / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors / Q000378:metabolism; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D001897:Boronic Acids; D016207:Cytokines; D011719:Pyrazines; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors; D000069286:Bortezomib