title: Complementary effect of Phloxine B on the insecticidal efficacy of Isaria fumosorosea SFP-198 wettable powder against greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum West.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Insecticidal activities of five photoactive dyes against greenhouse whitefly (GWF), Trialeurodes vaporariorum West., in tomatoes were investigated to improve the control efficacy of an entomopathogenic fungal product, Isaria fumosorosea SFP-198 wettable powder (WP). Azorubine, Eosin B, Erythrosine, Brilliant Green and Phloxine B were used in this work, accompanying pyriproxyfen emulsifiable concentrate (EC) as a commercial standard for comparison.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Phloxine B had the highest control efficacy in glasshouse conditions. The most suitable dose of Phloxine B was determined as 0.005 g L(-1) , given the dosage-dependent control efficacy and phytotoxicity of the dye, and its influence on the germination of SFP-198 conidia. In field conditions, SFP-198 WP + Phloxine B (2 + 0.005 g L(-1) ; tank mix) showed 89.1 and 95.3% control efficacy 7 and 14 days post-application, which was significantly higher than the efficacy of SFP-198 WP alone (43.5 and 64.0%), Phloxine B (47.5 and 30.7%) or pyriproxyfen EC (67.7 and 80.2%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Phloxine B cooperates with SFP-198 WP complementarily, possibly in the order of killing action (early: Phloxine B; late: SFP-198 WP). The dye can be incorporated into SFP-198 WP to improve its efficacy and applied to other Hypocrelean entomopathogenic fungal products.
authors: Entomology Research Laboratory, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA. jae-su.kim@uvm.edu
authors: Jae Su
authors: JS
authors: Kim
authors: Yeon Ho
authors: YH
authors: Je
authors: Jae Young
authors: JY
authors: Choi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000898:Antibiosis; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D010697:Eosine I Bluish / Q000737:chemistry*; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000737:chemistry*; D006430:Hemiptera / Q000187:drug effects*; D006999:Hypocreales / Q000502:physiology*; D007300:Insect Control; D007306:Insecticides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018551:Solanum lycopersicum / Q000382:microbiology / Q000469:parasitology*; D010572:Pest Control, Biological; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000469:parasitology*
chemical_list: D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D007306:Insecticides; D010697:Eosine I Bluish