title: Endotoxin tolerance and cross-tolerance in mast cells involves TLR4, TLR2 and FcepsilonR1 interactions and SOCS expression: perspectives on immunomodulation in infectious and allergic diseases.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The study of the endotoxin tolerance phenomenon in light of the recently defined roles of mast cells and toll-like receptors as essential components of the innate immune response and as orchestrators of acquired immunity may reveal potentially useful mechanisms of immunomodulation of infectious and allergic inflammatory responses, such as sepsis or asthma. Here we evaluated the phenomenon of direct tolerance of endotoxins, as well as the induction of cross-tolerance and synergism by stimulation with toll-like receptor-2 (TLR2) and FcepsilonR1 agonists, in murine mast cells prestimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Additionally, we evaluated some stimulatory and inhibitory signaling molecules potentially involved in these phenomena.
  
  
  METHODS
  MC/9 cells and primary bone marrow-derived mast cells obtained from C57BL/6 and TLR4-/- knock-out mice were sensitized to DNP-HSA (antigen) by incubation with DNP-IgE and were prestimulated with LPS for 18 hr prior to stimulation. Cultures were stimulated with LPS or Pam3Cys-Ser-(Lys)4 3HCl (P3C), a TLR2 agonist, individually or in combination with antigen. The production of IL-6 and TNFalpha, the phosphorylation of NFkappaB and p38 MAPK, and the expression of TLR4 and SOCS-1 and -3 were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that production of TNFalpha and IL-6 in murine mast cells that have been pretreated with LPS and challenged with TLR4 (LPS) or -2 (P3C) agonists was reduced, phenomena described as endotoxin tolerance (LPS) and cross-tolerance (P3C), respectively. The expression of TLR4 was not affected by LPS pretreatment. Our results show that the FcepsilonR1 agonist DNP-HSA (antigen) interacts synergistically with LPS or P3C to markedly enhance production of cytokines (TNFalpha and IL-6). This synergistic effect with LPS and P3C was also attenuated by LPS pretreatment and was mediated by TLR4. These results may be attributed to the reduction in phosphorylation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), p38, and the transcription factor NFkappaB, as well as to an increase in the expression of the suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS)-1 and -3 proteins in LPS-pretreated mast cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings can be explored with respect to the modulation of inflammatory responses associated with infectious and allergic processes in future studies.
authors: Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 30130100, Brazil.
authors: Saulo F
authors: SF
authors: Saturnino
authors: Roberta O
authors: RO
authors: Prado
authors: José R
authors: JR
authors: Cunha-Melo
authors: Marcus V
authors: MV
authors: Andrade
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000276:immunology* / Q000633:toxicity; D056747:Immunomodulation; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D008407:Mast Cells / Q000276:immunology*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D017455:Receptors, IgE / Q000819:agonists / Q000276:immunology*; D050826:Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2 / Q000819:agonists / Q000276:immunology*; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4 / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004731:Endotoxins; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016328:NF-kappa B; D017455:Receptors, IgE; D050826:Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling Proteins; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases