title: T-cell recognition of chemicals, protein allergens and drugs: towards the development of in vitro assays.
abstract: Chemicals can elicit T-cell-mediated diseases such as allergic contact dermatitis and adverse drug reactions. Therefore, testing of chemicals, drugs and protein allergens for hazard identification and risk assessment is essential in regulatory toxicology. The seventh amendment of the EU Cosmetics Directive now prohibits the testing of cosmetic ingredients in mice, guinea pigs and other animal species to assess their sensitizing potential. In addition, the EU Chemicals Directive REACh requires the retesting of more than 30,000 chemicals for different toxicological endpoints, including sensitization, requiring vast numbers of animals. Therefore, alternative methods are urgently needed to eventually replace animal testing. Here, we summarize the outcome of an expert meeting in Rome on 7 November 2009 on the development of T-cell-based in vitro assays as tools in immunotoxicology to identify hazardous chemicals and drugs. In addition, we provide an overview of the development of the field over the last two decades.
authors: Allergy Research Group, Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Hauptstrasse 7, 79104, Freiburg, Germany. stefan.martin@uniklinik-freiburg.de
authors: Stefan F
authors: SF
authors: Martin
authors: Philipp R
authors: PR
authors: Esser
authors: Sonja
authors: S
authors: Schmucker
authors: Lisa
authors: L
authors: Dietz
authors: Dean J
authors: DJ
authors: Naisbitt
authors: B Kevin
authors: BK
authors: Park
authors: Marc
authors: M
authors: Vocanson
authors: Jean-Francois
authors: JF
authors: Nicolas
authors: Monika
authors: M
authors: Keller
authors: Werner J
authors: WJ
authors: Pichler
authors: Matthias
authors: M
authors: Peiser
authors: Andreas
authors: A
authors: Luch
authors: Reinhard
authors: R
authors: Wanner
authors: Enrico
authors: E
authors: Maggi
authors: Andrea
authors: A
authors: Cavani
authors: Thomas
authors: T
authors: Rustemeyer
authors: Anne
authors: A
authors: Richter
authors: Hermann-Josef
authors: HJ
authors: Thierse
authors: Federica
authors: F
authors: Sallusto
mesh_terms: D000485:Allergens / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology*; D000826:Animal Testing Alternatives; D000818:Animals; D001681:Biological Assay / Q000379:methods*; D003358:Cosmetics; D017449:Dermatitis, Allergic Contact / Q000276:immunology; D006241:Haptens / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D011948:Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell / Q000276:immunology; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000485:Allergens; D003358:Cosmetics; D006241:Haptens; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D011948:Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell