title: Phase I trial of lapatinib in children with refractory CNS malignancies: a Pediatric Brain Tumor Consortium study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the maximum-tolerated dose, dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs), and pharmacokinetic properties of lapatinib, a selective epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and ERBB2 inhibitor, in children with refractory or recurrent CNS malignancies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Lapatinib was administered orally twice daily at escalating doses starting at 300 mg/m(2) to patients who were not (stratum I) or were (stratum II) receiving steroids. Pharmacokinetic studies were performed during the first two courses. Expression of the four ERBB receptors and downstream signaling elements in tumor tissue was evaluated by immunohistochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-nine patients were enrolled (stratum I, n = 32; stratum II, n = 27). Of 29 patients evaluable for toxicity in stratum I, one experienced a DLT (diarrhea) at 520 mg/m(2) twice daily, and all three receiving 1,150 mg/m(2) twice daily experienced DLTs (one each of rash, diarrhea, and fatigue). Two of 21 patients evaluable for toxicity in stratum II experienced DLTs of rash at 900 mg/m(2) twice daily. Lapatinib dosage was related linearly to area under the [concentration-time] curve from start time to 12 hours later (AUC(0-12)) and dose-normalized maximum serum concentration and AUC values for patients in stratum II were both significantly higher (P = .001) than those for patients in stratum I. Frequent, high-level expression of activated (phosphorylated) EGFR and ERBB2 receptors and downstream signal intermediates were observed in tumors, particularly in ependymomas that displayed prolonged stable disease on lapatinib therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lapatinib is well tolerated in children with recurrent CNS malignancies, with rash, diarrhea, and fatigue identified as DLTs. The recommended phase II dose, regardless of steroid use, is 900 mg/m(2) twice daily.
authors: St Jude Children' s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA. maryam.fouladi@cchmc.org
authors: Maryam
authors: M
authors: Fouladi
authors: Clinton F
authors: CF
authors: Stewart
authors: Susan M
authors: SM
authors: Blaney
authors: Arzu
authors: A
authors: Onar-Thomas
authors: Paula
authors: P
authors: Schaiquevich
authors: Roger J
authors: RJ
authors: Packer
authors: Amar
authors: A
authors: Gajjar
authors: Larry E
authors: LE
authors: Kun
authors: James M
authors: JM
authors: Boyett
authors: Richard J
authors: RJ
authors: Gilbertson
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000293:Adolescent; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D016543:Central Nervous System Neoplasms / Q000737:chemistry / Q000188:drug therapy*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000139:chemically induced; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000032:analysis / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D005076:Exanthema / Q000139:chemically induced; D005221:Fatigue / Q000139:chemically induced; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D000077341:Lapatinib; D008297:Male; D020714:Maximum Tolerated Dose; D010766:Phosphorylation; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D011799:Quinazolines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases / Q000032:analysis / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D013256:Steroids / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D066246:ErbB Receptors; D000077341:Lapatinib; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D011799:Quinazolines; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases; D013256:Steroids; C512478:EGFR protein, human; C508053:ERBB2 protein, human