title: Day/night variations of high-molecular-weight adiponectin and lipocalin-2 in healthy men studied under fed and fasted conditions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Adiponectin and lipocalin-2 are adipocyte-derived plasma proteins that have been proposed to have opposite effects on insulin sensitivity. Given the epidemiological, physiological and molecular links between sleep, the circadian timing system and glucose metabolism, the aim of this study was to assess effects of the sleep/wake cycle and the fasting/feeding cycle on high-molecular-weight adiponectin (HMW-adiponectin; the biologically active form) and lipocalin-2. We also aimed to compare the 24 h rhythms in the levels of these proteins with those of cortisol, leptin, leptin-binding protein and total adiponectin.
  
  
  METHODS
  Lean men underwent a 3 day in-laboratory study, either in the fed state (n = 8, age: 20.9 ± 2.1 years, BMI: 22.8 ± 2.3 kg/m²) or fasting state (3 day fast, n = 4, age: 25.3 ± 3.9 years, BMI: 23.3 ± 2.2 kg/m²). The sleep episode was scheduled in darkness from 23:00 to 07:00 hours. Blood was sampled every 15 min for 24 h on the third day of each study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  While fed, HMW-adiponectin and lipocalin-2 had large daily rhythms with troughs at night (HMW-adiponectin: ~04:00 hours, peak-to-trough amplitude 36%, p < 0.0001; lipocalin-2: ~04:00 hours, 40%, p < 0.0001). On the third day of fasting, the timing and relative amplitudes were unchanged (HMW-adiponectin: ~04:00 hours, 38%, p = 0.0014; lipocalin-2: ~05:00 hours, 38%, p = 0.0043).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data show that HMW-adiponectin and lipocalin-2 both have significant day/night rhythms, both with troughs at night, that these are not driven by the feeding/fasting cycle, and that it is important to report and/or standardise the time of day for such assays. Further studies are required to determine whether the daily rhythm of HMW-adiponectin levels influences the daily rhythm of insulin sensitivity.
authors: Division of Sleep Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA, fscheer@rics.bwh.harvard.edu.
authors: F A J L
authors: FA
authors: Scheer
authors: J L
authors: JL
authors: Chan
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Fargnoli
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Chamberland
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Arampatzi
authors: S A
authors: SA
authors: Shea
authors: G L
authors: GL
authors: Blackburn
authors: C S
authors: CS
authors: Mantzoros
mesh_terms: D052242:Adiponectin / Q000097:blood*; D000328:Adult; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005215:Fasting / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D054834:Lipocalins / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008970:Molecular Weight; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D052242:Adiponectin; D054834:Lipocalins