title: Matrix metalloproteinase 9 gene haplotypes affect left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertensive patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are involved in cardiac remodeling and are encoded by genes showing genetic polymorphisms that have functional implications. We examined whether MMP-9 genetic polymorphisms are associated with hypertension and with left ventricular (LV) remodeling in hypertensive patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 173 hypertensive patients and 137 age, race and gender matched healthy controls. Heart echocardiography was performed in all patients and the following MMP-9 genetic polymorphisms were analyzed: C(-1562)T (rs3918242), -90 (CA)(14-24) (rs2234681) and Q279R (rs17576). Haplo.stats analysis was used to assess whether MMP-9 haplotypes are associated with hypertension. Linear regression analysis was performed to assess whether MMP-9 haplotypes affect LV mass index (LVMI) and other echocardiography parameters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MMP-9 -90 (CA)(14-24) "HH" genotype (H allele defined by number of CA repeats ≥21) was associated with hypertension (P=0.0085; OR=2.321, 95% confidence interval=1.250 to 4.309). While one MMP-9 haplotype ("C, H, Q") protects against LVMI and end-diastolic diameter increases due to remodeling (P=0.0490 and P=0.0367), another MMP-9 haplotype apparently has detrimental effects over both parameters in hypertensive patients ("T, H, Q", P=0.0015 and P=0.0057, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Genetic polymorphisms in MMP-9 gene may modify the susceptibility of hypertensive patients to LV remodeling. Further studies are necessary to examine whether these polymorphisms affect clinical events in hypertensive patients.
authors: Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.
authors: Riccardo
authors: R
authors: Lacchini
authors: Anna L B
authors: AL
authors: Jacob-Ferreira
authors: Marcelo R
authors: MR
authors: Luizon
authors: Fernanda B
authors: FB
authors: Coeli
authors: Tatiane C
authors: TC
authors: Izidoro-Toledo
authors: Sandra
authors: S
authors: Gasparini
authors: Maria C
authors: MC
authors: Ferreira-Sae
authors: Roberto
authors: R
authors: Schreiber
authors: Wilson
authors: W
authors: Nadruz
authors: Jose E
authors: JE
authors: Tanus-Santos
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005091:Exons / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; D005787:Gene Frequency; D006239:Haplotypes; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics*; D017379:Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular / Q000150:complications* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000235:genetics*; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats / Q000235:genetics; D008875:Middle Aged; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9