title: The carbon footprint of a renal service in the United Kingdom.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Anthropogenic climate change presents a major global health threat. However, the very provision of healthcare itself is associated with a significant environmental impact. Carbon footprinting techniques are increasingly used outside of the healthcare sector to assess greenhouse gas emissions and inform strategies to reduce them.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study represents the first assessment of the carbon footprint of an individual specialty service to include both direct and indirect emissions.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a component analysis study. Activity data were collected for building energy use, travel and procurement. Established emissions factors were applied to reconcile this data to carbon dioxide equivalents (CO(2)eq) per year.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Dorset Renal Service has a carbon footprint of 3006 tonnes CO(2)eq per annum, of which 381 tonnes CO(2)eq (13% of overall emissions) result from building energy use, 462 tonnes CO(2)eq from travel (15%) and 2163 tonnes CO(2)eq (72%) from procurement. The contributions of the major subsectors within procurement are: pharmaceuticals, 1043 tonnes CO(2)eq (35% of overall emissions); medical equipment, 753 tonnes CO(2)eq (25%). The emissions associated with healthcare episodes were estimated at 161 kg CO(2)eq per bed day for an inpatient admission and 22 kg CO(2)eq for an outpatient appointment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that carbon-reduction strategies focusing upon supply chain emissions are likely to yield the greatest benefits. Sustainable waste management and strategies to reduce emissions associated with building energy use and travel will also be important. A transformation in the way that clinical care is delivered is required, such that lower carbon clinical pathways, treatments and technologies are embraced. The estimations of greenhouse gas emissions associated with outpatient appointments and inpatient stays calculated here may facilitate modelling of the emissions of alternative pathways of care.
authors: Department of Renal Medicine, Dorset County Hospital, Dorchester, DT1 1JY, UK. andrew.connor@kintoa.org
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Connor
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Lillywhite
authors: M W
authors: MW
authors: Cooke
mesh_terms: D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000378:metabolism; D058572:Carbon Footprint; D003695:Delivery of Health Care / Q000458:organization & administration*; D005740:Gases / Q000378:metabolism; D017752:Greenhouse Effect; D006801:Humans; D013222:State Medicine; D014195:Travel; D006113:United Kingdom; D018505:Waste Management
chemical_list: D005740:Gases; D002245:Carbon Dioxide