title: Relapse to smoking during unaided cessation: clinical, cognitive and motivational predictors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Neurobiological models of addiction suggest that abnormalities of brain reward circuitry distort salience attribution and inhibitory control processes, which in turn contribute to high relapse rates.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study is to determine whether impairments of salience attribution and inhibitory control predict relapse in a pharmacologically unaided attempt at smoking cessation.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred forty one smokers were assessed on indices of nicotine consumption/dependence (e.g. The Fagerström Test of Nicotine Dependence, cigarettes per day, salivary cotinine) and three trait impulsivity measures. After overnight abstinence, they completed experimental tests of cue reactivity, attentional bias to smoking cues, response to financial reward, motor impulsiveness and response inhibition (antisaccades). They then started a quit attempt with follow-up after 7 days, 1 month and 3 months; abstinence was verified via salivary cotinine levels ≤20 ng/ml.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Relapse rates at each point were 52.5%, 64% and 76.3%. The strongest predictor was pre-cessation salivary cotinine; other smoking/dependence indices did not explain additional outcome variance and neither did trait impulsivity. All experimental indices except responsivity to financial reward significantly predicted a 1-week outcome. Salivary cotinine, attentional bias to smoking cues and antisaccade errors explained unique as well as shared variance. At 1 and 3 months, salivary cotinine, motor impulsiveness and cue reactivity were all individually predictive; the effects of salivary cotinine and motor impulsiveness were additive.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data provide some support for the involvement of abnormal cognitive and motivational processes in sustaining smoking dependence and suggest that they might be a focus of interventions, especially in the early stages of cessation.
authors: Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths University of London, Lewisham Way, New Cross, London, SE14 6NW, UK. j.powell@gold.ac.uk
authors: Jane
authors: J
authors: Powell
authors: Lynne
authors: L
authors: Dawkins
authors: Robert
authors: R
authors: West
authors: John
authors: J
authors: Powell
authors: Alan
authors: A
authors: Pickering
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001288:Attention; D016739:Behavior, Addictive; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003071:Cognition; D003463:Cues; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004739:England; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007175:Impulsive Behavior; D007266:Inhibition, Psychological; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009042:Motivation; D009043:Motor Activity; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012008:Recurrence; D012201:Reward; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012438:Saccades; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods* / Q000523:psychology; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D013997:Time Factors; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D014040:Token Economy; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult