title: Purine receptors modulate chondrocyte extracellular inorganic pyrophosphate production.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Extracellular inorganic pyrophosphate (ePPi) plays a key role in the regulation of normal and pathologic mineralization. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the role of P1 and P2 purine receptors in modulating ePPi production by articular chondrocytes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Porcine cartilage explants and chondrocyte monolayers were cultured in the presence of P1 agonists, or a P2 agonist or antagonist and inhibitors of P2 signaling. Ambient media ePPi concentrations were measured after 48-96h.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The P1 agonists NECA and CGS 21680 significantly decreased ePPi concentrations surrounding chondrocytes and cartilage explants. The P2 agonist, ADP, increased ePPi levels, and the P2 antagonist, suramin, decreased ePPi concentrations. Thapsigargin and 1,2 bis-(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N'N'-tetra acetic acid (BAPTA), which dampen Ca(2+)-related P2 signaling, suppressed the response to ADP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Purine receptors are important regulators of ePPi production by chondrocytes. P1 receptor stimulation diminishes and P2 receptor stimulation enhances ePPi production. Alterations in receptor signaling or aberrations of extracellular purine nucleotide metabolism resulting in abnormal quantities or proportions of P1 and P2 receptor ligands could foster changes in ePPi production that in turn affect mineralization. We propose a homeostatic role for extracellular purine nucleotides and purine receptors in stabilizing ePPi concentrations.
authors: The Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA. akrose@mcw.edu
authors: A K
authors: AK
authors: Rosenthal
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Hempel
authors: I V
authors: IV
authors: Kurup
authors: I
authors: I
authors: Masuda
authors: L M
authors: LM
authors: Ryan
mesh_terms: D000244:Adenosine Diphosphate / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000378:metabolism*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000378:metabolism; D011756:Diphosphates / Q000378:metabolism*; D058906:Purinergic P1 Receptor Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D058910:Purinergic P2 Receptor Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D058919:Purinergic P2 Receptor Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D011983:Receptors, Purinergic / Q000187:drug effects*; D013498:Suramin / Q000494:pharmacology; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D011756:Diphosphates; D058906:Purinergic P1 Receptor Agonists; D058910:Purinergic P2 Receptor Agonists; D058919:Purinergic P2 Receptor Antagonists; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011983:Receptors, Purinergic; D013498:Suramin; D000244:Adenosine Diphosphate; D000242:Cyclic AMP