Effects of smoking cessation on body composition in postmenopausal women.
BACKGROUND
Smoking cessation is associated with weight gain, but the effects of smoking cessation on measures of body composition (BC) have not been adequately evaluated. The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of 16 months of cigarette abstinence on areas of BC measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA).


METHODS
One hundred fifty-two postmenopausal women participated in a smoking cessation study using the nicotine patch. Secondary analyses were conducted on data from 119 subjects (age 56 +/- 7 years, range 41-78 years) who had had DXA scans at baseline and 16 months later. Participants were classified either as quitters (self-reported cigarette abstinence confirmed with exhaled carbon monoxide [co] <or=8 ppm at 3 and 16 months after quit date) or as continued smokers. BC was assessed using a General Electric Lunar DXA IQ machine. Four areas of BC (kg) were measured: whole body weight, fat mass, muscle mass, and functional skeletal muscle mass in arms and legs (ASM/ht(2)). Multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) assessed changes in BC in quitters vs. continued smokers between baseline and 16 months of follow-up. Increases in BC measures were evaluated as a function of increased calorie intake or change in physical activity, using linear regression.


RESULTS
Quitters significantly increased body weight (p < 0.001), fat mass (p < 0.001), muscle mass (p = 0.04), and functional muscle mass (p = 0.004) over time, when baseline BC measures and other confounding factors were controlled. Regression analysis indicated change in BC could not be accounted for by calorie intake or physical activity.


CONCLUSIONS
Smoking cessation may be associated with increased fat and muscle mass in postmenopausal women. The novel finding of an increase in functional muscle mass suggests that smoking cessation could increase functional capacity. Further studies need to replicate these findings and examine mechanisms of these effects.
Kleppinger
Alison
A
Center on Aging, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 6030-6147, USA. kleppinger@nso2.uchc.edu
Litt
Mark D
MD
Kenny
Anne M
AM
Oncken
Cheryl A
CA
D000273:Adipose Tissue; D001823:Body Composition; D015992:Body Mass Index; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal; D017698:Postmenopause; D016540:Smoking Cessation; D061485:Tobacco Use Cessation Devices; D015430:Weight Gain