Preclinical and clinical research on inflammation after intracerebral hemorrhage.
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is one of the most lethal stroke subtypes. Despite the high morbidity and mortality associated with ICH, its pathophysiology has not been investigated as well as that of ischemic stroke. Available evidence from preclinical and clinical studies suggests that inflammatory mechanisms are involved in the progression of ICH-induced secondary brain injury. For example, in preclinical ICH models, microglial activation has been shown to occur within 1h, much earlier than neutrophil infiltration. Recent advances in our understanding of neuroinflammatory pathways have revealed several new molecular targets, and related therapeutic strategies have been tested in preclinical ICH models. This review summarizes recent progress made in preclinical models of ICH, surveys preclinical and clinical studies of inflammatory cells (leukocytes, macrophages, microglia, and astrocytes) and inflammatory mediators (matrix metalloproteinases, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, heme oxygenase, and iron), and highlights the emerging areas of therapeutic promise.
Wang
Jian
J
Department of Anesthesiology/Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Traylor Building 809, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. jwang79@jhmi.edu.
D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D035843:Biomedical Research / Q000379:methods*; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000150:complications; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006419:Heme Oxygenase (Decyclizing) / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D007501:Iron / Q000378:metabolism; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000187:drug effects; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases / Q000378:metabolism; D051267:NF-E2-Related Factor 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D009457:Neuroglia / Q000187:drug effects
D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D051267:NF-E2-Related Factor 2; D007501:Iron; D006419:Heme Oxygenase (Decyclizing); D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases