title: Peritoneal macrophage priming in cirrhosis is related to ERK phosphorylation and IL-6 secretion.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bacterial infections are common complications arising in patients with cirrhosis and ascites. Translocation of bacterial DNA is a dynamic process that is associated with an increased inflammatory response and a poor prognosis in this setting. The aim of this study was to study whether peritoneal macrophages remain in a chronic primed status to allow a rapid response to subsequent events of bacterial translocation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Peritoneal monocyte-derived macrophages were isolated from 25 patients with cirrhosis and non-infected ascites and compared with donor's blood monocytes. Activation cell-surface markers were screened using flow-cytometry, and the phosphorylation state of ERK 1/2, p38 MAP Kinase, PKB/Akt and transcription factors c-Jun and p65 NFκB were evaluated using Western blot. Synthesis of tumour necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 6 (IL-6) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) at baseline and in response to bacterial stimuli was evaluated using ELISA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A high expression of CD54, CD86 and HLA-DR at baseline was displayed by peritoneal macrophages. Increased phosphorylated levels of ERK1/2, protein kinase B (PKB) and c-Jun, together with IL-6 production, were observed in peritoneal macrophages at baseline compared with donors' blood monocytes. A positive correlation was established between basal IL-6 levels and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation in peritoneal macrophages from patients with cirrhosis (r=0·9; P=0·005). Addition of lipopolysaccharide induced higher phosphorylation levels of all studied signalling intermediates than synthetic-oligodeoxydinucleotides, but similar end-stage p65 NFκB.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A sustained immune response is present in ascitic fluid of cirrhotic patients, even in the temporal absence of bacterial antigens. This would facilitate a fast response, probably controlled by IL-6, against repeated bacterial-DNA translocation or in liver chronic inflammation.
authors: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology B and Immunology, School of Medicine, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
authors: Antonio J
authors: AJ
authors: Ruiz-Alcaraz
authors: María
authors: M
authors: Martínez-Esparza
authors: Rocío
authors: R
authors: Caño
authors: Trinidad
authors: T
authors: Hernández-Caselles
authors: Chiara
authors: C
authors: Recarti
authors: Lucía
authors: L
authors: Llanos
authors: Pedro
authors: P
authors: Zapater
authors: Ana
authors: A
authors: Tapia-Abellán
authors: Ana
authors: A
authors: Tapia
authors: Elena
authors: E
authors: Martín-Orozco
authors: Miguel
authors: M
authors: Pérez-Mateo
authors: José
authors: J
authors: Such
authors: Pilar
authors: P
authors: García-Peñarrubia
authors: Rubén
authors: R
authors: Francés
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001202:Ascitic Fluid / Q000276:immunology*; D018988:Bacterial Translocation / Q000276:immunology*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000276:immunology; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000276:immunology*; D017737:Macrophages, Peritoneal / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000276:immunology*; D009000:Monocytes / Q000276:immunology; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D015850:Interleukin-6; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases