title: Predominance of CTX-M genotype among extended spectrum beta lactamase isolates in a tertiary hospital in Saudi Arabia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the molecular characterization of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) isolates from a tertiary center in Saudi Arabia using multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique and assess their antibiotic susceptibility pattern.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective study conducted at the Saudi Aramco Dhahran Health Center, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia between April-December 2006. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases phenotype of isolates identified by automated methods was confirmed using E-test. Multiplex PCR for the detection of blaTEM, blaSHV and blaCTX-M was performed. Susceptibility to a panel of antibiotics was determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred isolates (Escherichia coli [E.coli] n=84; Klebsiella pneumoniae [K. pneumoniae] n=16) were studied and 71% harbored the blaCTX-M gene. For E.coli isolates 43 (51%) harbored CTX-M+TEM combination and 21 (25%) had CTX-M alone. In contrast, only one K. pneumoniae isolate (6.2%) harbored the CTX-M+TEM combination and 3 (18.8%) isolates had CTX-M only. One E.coli and 7 K. pneumoniae isolates were blaSHV positive. The blaCTX-M gene was found predominantly in urinary isolates (n=63/71; 88.7%). The presence of blaCTX-M was significantly higher in isolates from outpatients compared to inpatient (p<0.05). Sensitivity to imipenem was 100% and 78% to nitrofurantoin. Resistance to amoxicillin-sulbactam was significantly higher in blaCTX-M positive isolates (p<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings indicate a high-level of blaCTX-M positive ESBL isolates circulating in our setting with the dissemination of these in the community. The trend of multidrug resistance profile associated with carriage of blaCTX-M gene is cause for concern.
authors: Department Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain. Bindayna@agu.edu.bh
authors: Khalid
authors: K
authors: Bindayna
authors: Husam S
authors: HS
authors: Khanfar
authors: Abiola C
authors: AC
authors: Senok
authors: Giuseppe A
authors: GA
authors: Botta
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics*; D005838:Genotype; D006761:Hospitals; D007711:Klebsiella pneumoniae / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics*; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D012529:Saudi Arabia; D001618:beta-Lactamases / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001618:beta-Lactamases