title: Two-photon fluorescence imaging of DNA in living plant turbid tissue with carbazole dicationic salt.
abstract: Three carbazole dicationic salts, namely 3,6-bis(1-methyl-4-vinylpyridinium) carbazole diiodide (BMVC), 9-ethyl-3,6-bis(1-methyl-4-vinylpyridinium) carbazole diiodide (9E-BMVC) and 9-ethyl-3,6-bis(1-hydroxyethyl-4-vinylpyridinium)carbazole diiodide (9E-BHVC), were synthesized successfully. Their photophysical properties were evaluated by absorption, one- and two-photon fluorescence spectra, and their higher fluorescence intensity and larger two-photon excited fluorescence action cross-sections (Φ×δ) in the presence of DNA than those in the absence of DNA give them good DNA two-photon light-switch properties. Furthermore, their ability to image nuclei in living plant cells and turbid tissues by using two-photon excited fluorescence was carefully studied, and the experimental results indicate that these dicationic salts can exclusively label nuclei in intact living plant cells and tissues. In particular, 9E-BHVC exhibits optimized DNA labeling performance. Very importantly, compared to DAPI, 9E-BHVC can be used to carry out deeper observation using the same incident power, or can be used to obtain usable fluorescent images by using a lower incident power.
authors: State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China.
authors: Yuanhong
authors: Y
authors: Zhang
authors: Junjie
authors: J
authors: Wang
authors: Pengfei
authors: P
authors: Jia
authors: Xiaoqiang
authors: X
authors: Yu
authors: Heng
authors: H
authors: Liu
authors: Xin
authors: X
authors: Liu
authors: Ning
authors: N
authors: Zhao
authors: Baibiao
authors: B
authors: Huang
mesh_terms: D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000235:genetics / Q000648:ultrastructure; D002227:Carbazoles / Q000737:chemistry*; D018744:DNA, Plant / Q000032:analysis*; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000737:chemistry*; D017785:Photons; D011726:Pyridinium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: C486012:3,6-bis(1-methyl-4-vinylpyridium)carbazole diiodide; C555719:9-ethyl-3,6-bis(1-hydroxyethyl-4-vinylpyridinium)carbazole; C555718:9-ethyl-3,6-bis(1-methyl-4-vinylpyridinium)carbazole; D002227:Carbazoles; D018744:DNA, Plant; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D011726:Pyridinium Compounds