Perceived discrimination and its association with psychological distress among newly arrived immigrants before and after September 11, 2001.
OBJECTIVE
We compared the evolution of perception of discrimination from 1998 to 2007 among recent Arab (Muslim and non-Muslim) and Haitian immigrants to Montreal; we also studied the association between perception of discrimination and psychological distress in 1998 and 2007.


METHODS
We conducted this cross-sectional comparative research with 2 samples: one recruited in 1998 (n = 784) and the other in 2007 (n = 432). The samples were randomly extracted from the registry of the Ministry of Immigration and Cultural Communities of Quebec. Psychological distress was measured with the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25.


RESULTS
The perception of discrimination increased from 1998 to 2007 among the Arab Muslim, Arab non-Muslim, and Haitian groups. Muslim Arabs experienced a significant increase in psychological distress associated with discrimination from 1998 to 2007.


CONCLUSIONS
These results confirm an increase in perception of discrimination and psychological distress among Arab Muslim recent immigrant communities after September 11, 2001, and highlight the importance this context may have for other immigrant groups.
Rousseau
Cécile
C
Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. cecile.rousseau@mcgill.ca
Hassan
Ghayda
G
Moreau
Nicolas
N
Thombs
Brett D
BD
D000328:Adult; D018912:Arabs / Q000523:psychology; D057189:Checklist; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D054242:Emigrants and Immigrants / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006205:Haiti / Q000208:ethnology; D006801:Humans; D007514:Islam / Q000523:psychology; D008297:Male; D011287:Prejudice; D011792:Quebec / Q000453:epidemiology; D012044:Regression Analysis; D047851:September 11 Terrorist Attacks / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D013997:Time Factors