title: Lead extraction in pediatric and congenital heart disease patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Transvenous pacemaker and defibrillator implantation is an expanding practice in pediatric and congenital heart disease patients, and given the finite longevity of current lead designs, lead extraction is an eventuality for a significant subset of these patients. Data on the safety and efficacy of different lead extraction techniques in this specific patient population are limited.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We report our experience from a single-center cohort study with a retrospective review of prospectively collected data on all lead extractions performed between January 2002 and December 2008. Lead extraction procedures involved a total of 144 patients and 203 leads. Of these, 61 patients (42%) were female and 86 (60%) had structural heart disease. Successful simple extraction, requiring the use of only a nonlocking stylet, was achieved in 59 (29%) leads. Of the remaining leads, 35 were abandoned and 109 underwent complex extraction techniques, including a radiofrequency-powered sheath used in 78 of 109 leads. Successful extraction was achieved in 80% (162/203) of all leads and 94% (103/109) of leads undergoing a complex extraction. On multivariable analysis, older lead age (odds ratio [OR], 0.63; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.48 to 0.82; P<0.0001), ventricular lead position (OR, 0.40; 95% CI, 0.20 to 0.79; P=0.015), and polyurethane insulation (OR, 0.34; 95% CI, 0.14 to 0.80; P=0.017) were found to be associated with a decreased likelihood of simple extraction. There were 4 major and 4 minor procedural complications involving 8 patients and no procedure-related deaths. On univariate analysis, lead age (OR, 1.28; 95% CI, 1.09 to 1.50; P=0.002) was the only factor associated with procedural complications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The majority of leads implanted in pediatric and congenital heart disease patients can be extracted successfully; however, the procedure carries a risk of serious complications. Older lead age, ventricular leads, and polyurethane insulation were independent predictors of the decreased likelihood of an extraction by simple traction.
authors: Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. frank.cecchin@cardio.chboston.org
authors: Frank
authors: F
authors: Cecchin
authors: Joseph
authors: J
authors: Atallah
authors: Edward P
authors: EP
authors: Walsh
authors: John K
authors: JK
authors: Triedman
authors: Mark E
authors: ME
authors: Alexander
authors: Charles I
authors: CI
authors: Berul
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial / Q000379:methods*; D002648:Child; D020878:Device Removal / Q000379:methods*; D004554:Electric Countershock / Q000379:methods*; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D004868:Equipment Failure; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult