title: Granzyme G is expressed in the two-cell stage mouse embryo and is required for the maternal-zygotic transition.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Detailed knowledge of the molecular and cellular mechanisms that direct spatial and temporal gene expression in pre-implantation embryos is critical for understanding the control of the maternal-zygotic transition and cell differentiation in early embryonic development. In this study, twenty-three clones, expressed at different stages of early mouse development, were identified using differential display reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (DDRT-PCR). One of these clones, which is expressed in 2-cell stage embryos at 48 hr post-hCG injection, shows a perfect sequence homology to the gene encoding the granzyme G protein. The granzyme family members are serine proteases that are present in the secretory granules of cytolytic T lymphocytes. However, the pattern of granzyme G expression and its function in early mouse embryos are entirely unknown.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Upon the introduction of an antisense morpholino (2 mM) against granzyme G to knock-down endogenous gene function, all embryos were arrested at the 2- to 4-cell stages of egg cleavage, and the de novo synthesis of zygotic RNAs was decreased. The embryonic survival rate was dramatically decreased at the late 2-cell stage when serine protease-specific inhibitors, 0.1 mM 3,4-dichloroisocoumarin (3,4-DCI), and 2 mM phenyl methanesulphonyl fluoride (PMSF), were added to the in vitro embryonic culture medium. Survival was not affected by the addition of 0.5 mM EDTA, a metalloproteinase inhibitor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We characterized for the first time the expression and function of granzyme G during early stage embryogenesis. Our data suggest that granzyme G is an important factor in early mouse embryonic development and may play a novel role in the elimination of maternal proteins and the triggering of zygotic gene expression during the maternal-zygotic transition.
authors: Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan.
authors: Tung-Chou
authors: TC
authors: Tsai
authors: William
authors: W
authors: Lin
authors: Shang-Hsun
authors: SH
authors: Yang
authors: Winston T K
authors: WT
authors: Cheng
authors: En-Hui
authors: EH
authors: Cheng
authors: Maw-Sheng
authors: MS
authors: Lee
authors: Kowit-Yu
authors: KY
authors: Chong
authors: Chuan-Mu
authors: CM
authors: Chen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian / Q000378:metabolism; D047108:Embryonic Development; D005260:Female; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D055785:Gene Knockdown Techniques; D053804:Granzymes / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D016372:RNA, Antisense / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D015842:Serine Proteinase Inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D015053:Zygote / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D016372:RNA, Antisense; D015842:Serine Proteinase Inhibitors; D053804:Granzymes; C066158:Gzmg protein, mouse