title: A prospective study of the impact of smoking on outcomes in bipolar and schizoaffective disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tobacco smoking is more prevalent among people with mental illnesses, including bipolar disorder, than in the general community. Most data are cross-sectional, and there are no prospective trials examining the relationship of smoking to outcome in bipolar disorder. The impact of tobacco smoking on mental health outcomes was investigated in a 24-month, naturalistic, longitudinal study of 240 people with bipolar disorder or schizoaffective disorder.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were interviewed and data recorded by trained study clinicians at 9 interviews during the study period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Comparisons were made between participants who smoked daily (n = 122) and the remaining study participants (n = 117). During the 24-month study period, the daily smokers had poorer scores on the Clinical Global Impressions-Depression (P = .034) and Clinical Global Impressions-Overall Bipolar (P = .026) scales and had lengthier stays in hospital (P = .012), compared with nonsmokers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Smoking status was determined by self-report. Nicotine dependence was not measured.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that smoking is associated with poorer mental health outcomes in bipolar and schizoaffective disorder.
authors: Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, Barwon Health, The University of Melbourne, PO Box 281, Geelong VIC 3220, Australia.
authors: Seetal
authors: S
authors: Dodd
authors: Alan J M
authors: AJ
authors: Brnabic
authors: Lesley
authors: L
authors: Berk
authors: Paul B
authors: PB
authors: Fitzgerald
authors: Anthony R
authors: AR
authors: de Castella
authors: Sacha
authors: S
authors: Filia
authors: Kate
authors: K
authors: Filia
authors: Katarina
authors: K
authors: Kelin
authors: Meg
authors: M
authors: Smith
authors: William
authors: W
authors: Montgomery
authors: Jayashri
authors: J
authors: Kulkarni
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Berk
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016018:Least-Squares Analysis; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014739:Victoria / Q000453:epidemiology