title: Activation of plasminogen by staphylokinase reduces the severity of Staphylococcus aureus systemic infection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Staphylokinase (SAK) is produced by the majority of Staphylococcus aureus strains. It is an extracellular protein that activates the conversion of human plasminogen (plg) to plasmin. The role played by SAK in staphylococcal infection is unclear.
  
  
  METHODS
  Wild-type S. aureus strain LS-1, which lacks the ability to produce SAK, was modified by an insertion of the sak gene into its chromosome. The sak gene was integrated in 2 forms--(1) linked to its own promoter and (2) fused to the promoter of the protein A gene--which resulted in the overexpression of SAK. SAK is highly specific for human plg and exhibits almost no activity toward murine plg. To investigate the role played by SAK in a murine infection model, human plg transgenic mice and their wild-type counterparts were inoculated intravenously with congenic S. aureus strains differing in SAK production.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Human plg transgenic mice inoculated with SAK-expressing strains displayed significantly reduced mortality, less weight loss, and lower bacterial loads in kidneys than did the wild-type mice. No difference in the severity of sepsis was observed between transgenic and wild-type mice infected with a SAK-deficient strain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that expression of SAK followed by activation of plg alleviates the course of S. aureus sepsis.
authors: Departments of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Box 480, 40530 Göteborg, Sweden. jakub.kwiecinski@rheuma.gu.se, jkwiecinski@gmail.com
authors: Jakub
authors: J
authors: Kwieciński
authors: Elisabet
authors: E
authors: Josefsson
authors: Jennifer
authors: J
authors: Mitchell
authors: Judy
authors: J
authors: Higgins
authors: Mattias
authors: M
authors: Magnusson
authors: Timothy
authors: T
authors: Foster
authors: Tao
authors: T
authors: Jin
authors: Maria
authors: M
authors: Bokarewa
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000382:microbiology; D008666:Metalloendopeptidases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D016254:Mutagenesis, Insertional; D010958:Plasminogen / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011995:Recombination, Genetic; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000473:pathology*; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D016019:Survival Analysis
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D010958:Plasminogen; D008666:Metalloendopeptidases; C022653:auR protein, Staphylococcus aureus