title: Acidic extracellular environments strongly impair ABCA1-mediated cholesterol efflux from human macrophage foam cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In the deep microenvironments of advanced human atherosclerotic lesions, the intimal fluid becomes acidic. We examined the effect of an acidic extracellular pH on cholesterol removal (efflux) from primary human macrophages.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When cholesterol efflux from acetyl-low-density lipoprotein-loaded macrophages to various cholesterol acceptors was evaluated at pH 7.5, 6.5, or 5.5, the lower the pH the more was cholesterol efflux reduced. The reduction of efflux to lipid-free apolipoprotein A-I was stronger than to high-density lipoprotein(2) or to plasma. Cholesterol efflux to every acceptor was severely compromised also at neutral pH when the macrophages had been loaded with cholesterol at acidic pH, or when both loading and efflux were carried out at acidic pH. Compatible with these observations, the typical upregulation of ABCA1 and ABCG1 mRNA levels in macrophages loaded with cholesterol at neutral pH was rapidly attenuated in acidic medium. The secondary structure of apolipoprotein A-I did not changed over the pH range studied, supporting the notion that the inhibitory effect of acidic pH on cholesterol efflux rather impaired the ability of the foam cells to facilitate ABCA1-mediated cholesterol release. Secretion of apolipoprotein E from the foam cells was fully inhibited when the pH was 5.5, which further reduced cholesterol efflux.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An acidic pH reduces cholesterol efflux via different pathways and particularly impairs the function of the ABCA1 transporter. The pH-sensitive function of human macrophage foam cells in releasing cholesterol may accelerate lipid accumulation in deep areas of advanced atherosclerotic plaques where the intimal fluid is acidic.
authors: Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki 00140, Finland.
authors: Miriam
authors: M
authors: Lee-Rueckert
authors: Jani
authors: J
authors: Lappalainen
authors: Hannele
authors: H
authors: Leinonen
authors: Tero
authors: T
authors: Pihlajamaa
authors: Matti
authors: M
authors: Jauhiainen
authors: Petri T
authors: PT
authors: Kovanen
mesh_terms: D064286:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter 1; D000070998:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 1; D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D016632:Apolipoprotein A-I / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D001692:Biological Transport; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000378:metabolism*; D015536:Down-Regulation; D005487:Foam Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007700:Kinetics; D053439:Lipoproteins, HDL2 / Q000378:metabolism; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000378:metabolism; D017433:Protein Structure, Secondary; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C577836:ABCA1 protein, human; C419353:ABCG1 protein, human; C505693:APOA1 protein, human; D064286:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter 1; D000070998:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 1; D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; D016632:Apolipoprotein A-I; D053439:Lipoproteins, HDL2; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C032629:acetyl-LDL; D002784:Cholesterol