Development of anxiety: the role of threat appraisal and fear learning.
Anxious individuals exhibit threat biases at multiple levels of information processing. From a developmental perspective, abnormal safety learning in childhood may establish threat-related appraisal biases early, which may contribute to chronic disorders in adulthood. This review illustrates how the interface among attention, threat appraisal, and fear learning can generate novel insights for outcome prediction. This review summarizes data on amygdala function, as it relates to learning and attention, highlights the importance of examining threat appraisal, and introduces a novel imaging paradigm to investigate the neural correlates of threat appraisal and threat-sensitivity during extinction recall. This novel paradigm can be used to investigate key questions relevant to prognosis and treatment. Depression and Anxiety, 2011.© 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Britton
Jennifer C
JC
Mood and Anxiety Disorders Program, National Institute of Mental Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. brittonjen@mail.nih.gov
Lissek
Shmuel
S
Grillon
Christian
C
Norcross
Maxine A
MA
Pine
Daniel S
DS
D000328:Adult; D000679:Amygdala / Q000503:physiopathology; D000818:Animals; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D001143:Arousal / Q000502:physiology; D001245:Association Learning; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002648:Child; D003214:Conditioning, Classical / Q000502:physiology; D005108:Extinction, Psychological; D005239:Fear / Q000502:physiology*; D005793:Generalization, Psychological / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007600:Judgment; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000503:physiopathology; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity / Q000502:physiology; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology