Effective induction of protective systemic immunity with nasally administered vaccines adjuvanted with IL-1.
IL-1α and IL-1β were evaluated for their ability to provide adjuvant activity for the induction of serum antibody responses when nasally administered with protein antigens in mice and rabbits. In mice, intranasal (i.n.) immunization with pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) or tetanus toxoid (TT) combined with IL-1β induced protective immunity that was equivalent to that induced by parenteral immunization. Nasal immunization of awake (i.e., not anesthetized) rabbits with IL-1-adjuvanted vaccines induced highly variable serum antibody responses and was not as effective as parenteral immunization for the induction of antigen-specific serum IgG. However, i.n. immunization of deeply anesthetized rabbits with rPA+IL-1α consistently induced rPA-specific serum IgG ELISA titers that were not significantly different than those induced by intramuscular (IM) immunization with rPA+alum although lethal toxin-neutralizing titers induced by nasal immunization were lower than those induced by IM immunization. Gamma scintigraphy demonstrated that the enhanced immunogenicity of nasal immunization in anesthetized rabbits correlated with an increased nasal retention of i.n. delivered non-permeable radio-labeled colloidal particles. Our results demonstrate that, in mice, IL-1 is an effective adjuvant for nasally administered vaccines for the induction of protective systemic immunity and that in non-rodent species, effective induction of systemic immunity with nasally administered vaccines may require formulations that ensure adequate retention of the vaccine within the nasal cavity.
Gwinn
William M
WM
Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
Kirwan
Shaun M
SM
Wang
Sheena H
SH
Ashcraft
Kathleen A
KA
Sparks
Neil L
NL
Doil
Catherine R
CR
Tlusty
Tom G
TG
Casey
Leslie S
LS
Hollingshead
Susan K
SK
Briles
David E
DE
Dondero
Richard S
RS
Hickey
Anthony J
AJ
Foster
W Michael
WM
Staats
Herman F
HF
D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000818:Animals; D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial / Q000097:blood; D000942:Antigens, Bacterial / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology; D001428:Bacterial Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D007114:Immunization / Q000379:methods; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood; D053582:Interleukin-1alpha / Q000276:immunology*; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000276:immunology*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D009500:Neutralization Tests; D011817:Rabbits; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000276:immunology; D013745:Tetanus Toxoid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology
D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial; D000942:Antigens, Bacterial; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D001428:Bacterial Vaccines; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D053582:Interleukin-1alpha; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D013745:Tetanus Toxoid; C030325:anthrax toxin; C051592:pneumococcal surface protein A