title: Myopodin methylation is associated with clinical outcome in patients with T1G3 bladder cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Bacillus Calmette-Guerin is standard treatment to decrease tumor recurrence and delay progression of high risk, nonmuscle invasive bladder tumors. However, it is not yet clear which T1G3 cases are more prone to more aggressive clinical behavior or susceptible to respond to bacillus Calmette-Guerin. We evaluated the role of myopodin methylation as a clinical outcome prognosticator and predictive biomarker for the bacillus Calmette-Guerin response in patients with T1G3 bladder tumors.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed the methylation status of myopodin in tumor specimens from 170 patients with T1G3 bladder cancer, including a subset of 108 who underwent bacillus Calmette-Guerin treatment. Myopodin methylation was assessed by methylation specific polymerase chain reactions. Recurrence, progression to muscle invasive tumors and disease specific overall survival were analyzed using competing risks regression analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 170 cases analyzed 72 recurred (42.4%) and 36 progressed (21.2%). A total of 24 patients (14.1%) died of the disease. Univariate and multivariate survival analysis revealed that myopodin methylation was significantly associated with an increased recurrence rate (p = 0.004), progression (p = 0.002) and shorter disease specific overall survival (p = 0.020). In a subset treated with bacillus Calmette-Guerin myopodin methylation was also related to an increased recurrence rate (p = 0.011), progression (p = 0.030) and shorter disease specific overall survival (p = 0.028).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Epigenetic analysis revealed that myopodin methylation was associated with tumor aggressiveness and clinical outcome in patients with T1G3 disease. Myopodin methylation distinguished patients responding to bacillus Calmette-Guerin from those who may require a more aggressive therapeutic approach.
authors: Molecular Pathology Program, Spanish National Cancer Center, Madrid, Spain.
authors: Miguel
authors: M
authors: Alvarez-Múgica
authors: Virginia
authors: V
authors: Cebrian
authors: Jesus M
authors: JM
authors: Fernández-Gómez
authors: Florentino
authors: F
authors: Fresno
authors: Safwan
authors: S
authors: Escaf
authors: Marta
authors: M
authors: Sánchez-Carbayo
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001500:BCG Vaccine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008745:Methylation; D008840:Microfilament Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D001500:BCG Vaccine; D008840:Microfilament Proteins; C503979:SYNPO2 protein, human