title: Socioeconomic disparities in adverse birth outcomes: a systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Adverse birth outcomes, such as preterm birth and low birth weight, have serious health consequences across the life course. Socioeconomic disparities in birth outcomes have not been the subject of a recent systematic review. The aim of this study was to systematically review the literature on the association of socioeconomic disadvantage with adverse birth outcomes, with specific attention to the strength and consistency of effects across socioeconomic measures, birth outcomes, and populations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Relevant articles published from 1999 to 2007 were obtained through electronic database searches and manual searches of reference lists. English-language studies from industrialized countries were included if (1) study objectives included examination of a socioeconomic disparity in a birth outcome and (2) results were presented on the association between a socioeconomic predictor and a birth outcome related to birth weight, gestational age, or intrauterine growth. Two reviewers extracted data and independently rated study quality; data were analyzed in 2008-2009.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ninety-three of 106 studies reported a significant association, overall or within a population subgroup, between a socioeconomic measure and a birth outcome. Socioeconomic disadvantage was consistently associated with increased risk across socioeconomic measures, birth outcomes, and countries; many studies observed racial/ethnic differences in the effect of socioeconomic measures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Socioeconomic differences in birth outcomes remain pervasive, with substantial variation by racial or ethnic subgroup, and are associated with disadvantage measured at multiple levels (individual/family, neighborhood) and time points (childhood, adulthood), and with adverse health behaviors that are themselves socially patterned. Future reviews should focus on identifying interventions to successfully reduce socioeconomic disparities in birth outcomes.
authors: Center on Social Disparities in Health, Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94118, USA.
authors: Philip
authors: P
authors: Blumenshine
authors: Susan
authors: S
authors: Egerter
authors: Colleen J
authors: CJ
authors: Barclay
authors: Catherine
authors: C
authors: Cubbin
authors: Paula A
authors: PA
authors: Braveman
mesh_terms: D005006:Ethnicity / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006801:Humans; D007230:Infant, Low Birth Weight; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000209:etiology*; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome / Q000453:epidemiology*; D047928:Premature Birth / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D044469:Racial Groups / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012306:Risk; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors