title: Cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes: Attributable risk due to modifiable risk factors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the common clinical and behavioural factors that contribute to cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk (ie, attributable risk) among those with type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Analysis of data from a larger observational study. Using the validated UK Prospective Diabetes Study risk engine, the primary analysis examined the prevalence and attributable risk of CVD for 4 factors. Multivariable models also examined the association between attributable CVD risk and appropriate self-management behaviour.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty primary health care clinics in the South Texas area of the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 313 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus currently receiving primary care services for their condition.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prevalence of elevated CVD risk factors (glycated hemoglobin [HbA(1c)] levels, blood pressure, lipid levels, and smoking status), the attributable risk owing to these factors, and the association between attributable risk of CVD and diet, exercise, and medication adherence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean 10-year CVD risk for the study population (N = 313) was 16.2%, with a range of 6.5% to 48.5% across clinics; nearly one-third of this total risk was attributable to modifiable factors. The primary variable driving risk reduction was HbA(1c) levels, followed by smoking status and lipid levels. Patients who were carefully engaged in monitoring their diets and medications reduced their CVD risk by 44% and 39%, respectively (P < .03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with diabetes experience a substantial risk of CVD owing to potentially modifiable behavioural factors. High-quality diabetes care requires targeting modifiable patient factors strongly associated with CVD risk, including self-management behaviour such as diet and medication adherence, to better tailor clinical interventions and improve the health status of individuals with this chronic condition.
authors: US Department of Veterans Affairs Health Services Research, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA. zeber@uthscsa.edu
authors: John
authors: J
authors: Zeber
authors: Michael L
authors: ML
authors: Parchman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications*; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D013781:Texas / Q000453:epidemiology; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult