title: Multiple resistance of Botrytis cinerea from kiwifruit to SDHIs, QoIs and fungicides of other chemical groups.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Botrytis cinerea Pers.: Fr. is a high-risk pathogen for fungicide resistance development that has caused resistance problems on many crops throughout the world. This study investigated the fungicide sensitivity profile of isolates from kiwifruits originating from three Greek locations with different fungicide use histories. Sensitivity was measured by in vitro fungitoxicity tests on artificial nutrient media.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy-six single-spore isolates were tested for sensitivity to the SDHI fungicide boscalid, the QoI pyraclostrobin, the anilinopyrimidine cyprodinil, the hydroxyanilide fenhexamid, the phenylpyrrole fludioxonil, the dicarboxamide iprodione and the benzimidazole carbendazim. All isolates from Thessaloniki showed resistance to both boscalid and pyraclostrobin, while in the other two locations the fungal population was sensitive to these two fungicides. Sensitive isolates showed EC(50) values to boscalid and pyraclostrobin ranging from 0.9 to 5.2 and from 0.04 to 0.14 mg L(-1) respectively, while the resistant isolates showed EC(50) values higher than 50 mg L(-1) for boscalid and from 16 to > 50 mg L(-1) for pyraclostrobin. All QoI-resistant isolates carried the G143A mutation in cytb. Sensitivity determinations to the remaining fungicides revealed in total eight resistance phenotypes. No isolates were resistant to the fungicides fenhexamid and fludioxonil.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first report of B. cinerea field isolates with resistance to both boscalid and pyraclostrobin, and it strongly suggests that there may be a major problem in controlling this important pathogen on kiwifruit.
authors: Faculty of Agriculture, Aristotelian University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors: George A
authors: GA
authors: Bardas
authors: Thomas
authors: T
authors: Veloukas
authors: Olga
authors: O
authors: Koutita
authors: George S
authors: GS
authors: Karaoglanidis
mesh_terms: D029042:Actinidia / Q000382:microbiology*; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity*; D020171:Botrytis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D002219:Carbamates / Q000633:toxicity*; D018432:Drug Resistance, Multiple / Q000235:genetics; D042963:Electron Transport Complex II / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000633:toxicity*; D009536:Niacinamide / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity; D017354:Point Mutation; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000633:toxicity*; D000073739:Strobilurins
chemical_list: D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D002219:Carbamates; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D011720:Pyrazoles; D000073739:Strobilurins; D009536:Niacinamide; C550088:2-chloro-N-(4-chlorobiphenyl-2-yl)nicotinamide; C513428:pyrachlostrobin; D042963:Electron Transport Complex II