title: The impact of comorbid dysthymic disorder on outcome in personality disorders.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The goal of our study was to investigate the impact of dysthymic disorder (DD), a form of chronic depression, on naturalistic outcome in individuals with personality disorders (PDs).
  
  
  METHODS
  The Collaborative Longitudinal Personality Disorders Study is a cohort initially including 573 subjects with 4 targeted PDs (borderline, avoidant, schizotypal, and obsessive-compulsive) and 95 subjects with major depression but no PD. At baseline, 115 subjects were diagnosed with coexisting DD, of whom 109 (94.8%) were PD subjects. Regression analyses were performed to predict 3 classes of broad clinical outcome after 2 years of prospective follow-up. We hypothesized that DD diagnosis at baseline would be associated with worse outcome on (1) persistence of a PD diagnosis, (2) impairment in psychosocial functioning (as measured by the Longitudinal Interval Follow-up Evaluation), and (3) crisis-related treatment utilization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Baseline DD diagnosis was associated with persistence of PD diagnosis at 2 years, particularly for borderline and avoidant PDs. It was associated with worse outcome on global social adjustment, life satisfaction, recreation, and friendships, but not employment or relationship with spouse. Contrary to expectation, DD did not increase suicide attempts, emergency room visits, or psychiatric hospitalizations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Comorbidity of DD is associated with persistence of PD diagnosis and with worse outcome on many, but not all, measures of psychosocial functioning.
authors: New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA. hellers@pi.cpmc.columbia.edu
authors: David J
authors: DJ
authors: Hellerstein
authors: Andrew E
authors: AE
authors: Skodol
authors: Eva
authors: E
authors: Petkova
authors: Hui
authors: H
authors: Xie
authors: John C
authors: JC
authors: Markowitz
authors: Shirley
authors: S
authors: Yen
authors: John
authors: J
authors: Gunderson
authors: Carlos
authors: C
authors: Grilo
authors: Maria T
authors: MT
authors: Daversa
authors: Thomas H
authors: TH
authors: McGlashan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000628:therapy; D019263:Dysthymic Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D010554:Personality Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States