title: The earthworm Aporrectodea caliginosa stimulates abundance and activity of phenoxyalkanoic acid herbicide degraders.
abstract: 2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) is a widely used phenoxyalkanoic acid (PAA) herbicide. Earthworms represent the dominant macrofauna and enhance microbial activities in many soils. Thus, the effect of the model earthworm Aporrectodea caliginosa (Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae) on microbial MCPA degradation was assessed in soil columns with agricultural soil. MCPA degradation was quicker in soil with earthworms than without earthworms. Quantitative PCR was inhibition-corrected per nucleic acid extract and indicated that copy numbers of tfdA-like and cadA genes (both encoding oxygenases initiating aerobic PAA degradation) in soil with earthworms were up to three and four times higher than without earthworms, respectively. tfdA-like and 16S rRNA gene transcript copy numbers in soil with earthworms were two and six times higher than without earthworms, respectively. Most probable numbers (MPNs) of MCPA degraders approximated 4 × 10(5) g(dw)(-1) in soil before incubation and in soil treated without earthworms, whereas MPNs of earthworm-treated soils were approximately 150 × higher. The aerobic capacity of soil to degrade MCPA was higher in earthworm-treated soils than in earthworm-untreated soils. Burrow walls and 0-5 cm depth bulk soil displayed higher capacities to degrade MCPA than did soil from 5-10 cm depth bulk soil, expression of tfdA-like genes in burrow walls was five times higher than in bulk soil and MCPA degraders were abundant in burrow walls (MPNs of 5 × 10(7) g(dw)(-1)). The collective data indicate that earthworms stimulate abundance and activity of MCPA degraders endogenous to soil by their burrowing activities and might thus be advantageous for enhancing PAA degradation in soil.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecological Microbiology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany.
authors.forename: Ya-Jun
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Adrienne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zaprasis
authors.forename: Shuang-Jiang
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Harold L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Drake
authors.forename: Marcus A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Horn
mesh_terms: D008456:2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D005798:Genes, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D006540:Herbicides / Q000378:metabolism*; D009835:Oligochaeta / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology*; D010105:Oxygenases / Q000235:genetics; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry*; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D006540:Herbicides; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D008456:2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic Acid; D010105:Oxygenases