title: Cercarial dermatitis transmitted by exotic marine snail.
abstract: Cercarial dermatitis (swimmer's itch) is caused by the penetration of human skin by cercariae of schistosome parasites that develop in and are released from snail hosts. Cercarial dermatitis is frequently acquired in freshwater habitats, and less commonly in marine or estuarine waters. To investigate reports of a dermatitis outbreak in San Francisco Bay, California, we surveyed local snails for schistosome infections during 2005-2008. We found schistosomes only in Haminoea japonica, an Asian snail first reported in San Francisco Bay in 1999. Genetic markers place this schistosome within a large clade of avian schistosomes, but do not match any species for which there are genetic data. It is the second known schistosome species to cause dermatitis in western North American coastal waters; these species are transmitted by exotic snails. Introduction of exotic hosts can support unexpected emergence of an unknown parasite with serious medical or veterinary implications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA. sbrant@unm.edu
authors.forename: Sara V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Brant
authors.forename: Andrew N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Andrew N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: James
authors.forename: Lucia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hui
authors.forename: Albert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hom
authors.forename: Eric S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Loker
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D058487:Cercaria / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity; D021821:Communicable Diseases, Emerging / Q000469:parasitology / Q000635:transmission*; D004197:Disease Reservoirs / Q000469:parasitology; D006801:Humans; D010802:Phylogeny; D018510:RNA, Helminth / Q000235:genetics; D012337:RNA, Ribosomal, 18S / Q000235:genetics; D012339:RNA, Ribosomal, 28S / Q000235:genetics; D012495:San Francisco; D012551:Schistosomatidae / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D012876:Skin Diseases, Parasitic / Q000469:parasitology / Q000635:transmission*; D012908:Snails / Q000469:parasitology*; D013550:Swimming; D014201:Trematode Infections / Q000469:parasitology / Q000635:transmission*
chemical_list: D018510:RNA, Helminth; D012337:RNA, Ribosomal, 18S; D012339:RNA, Ribosomal, 28S