title: Efficacy of perphenazine to prevent postoperative nausea and vomiting: a quantitative systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  despite the introduction of newer antiemetics in the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV), perphenazine is recommended in current guidelines, as the concept of multimodal management of PONV in high-risk patients requires more than two drugs to be combined. The aim of this quantitative systematic review was to assess the efficacy and safety of perphenazine in the prophylaxis of PONV in adults and children.
  
  
  METHODS
  randomised controlled trials investigating the efficacy of perphenazine in the prevention of PONV in comparison with any other drug or placebo were systematically searched in MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL and the Cochrane Library. Dichotomous data on the efficacy and adverse effects were combined and relative risks (RRs) as well as corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  eleven trials published between 1965 and 1999 including a total of 2081 participants fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were further analysed. In children, perphenazine 0.07 mg kg was effective in preventing vomiting (RR, 0.31; 95% CI, 0.18-0.54), whereas in adults, a dose of about 5 mg was effective for the prevention of PONV (RR, 0.50; 95% CI, 0.37-0.67). When compared with established newer drugs, for example, ondansetron, dexamethasone or droperidol, no significant differences were observed in the pooled analysis with limited data. Reporting of adverse events was poor. Transient sedation was reported in three eligible trials (RR, 0.9; 95% CI, 0.40-2.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  there is evidence that perphenazine is effective in the prevention of PONV in children and adults without serious adverse effects compared with placebo.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schnabel
authors.forename: Leopold H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Eberhart
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Muellenbach
authors.forename: Astrid M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Morin
authors.forename: Norbert
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Roewer
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kranke
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000932:Antiemetics / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D010546:Perphenazine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D020250:Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000932:Antiemetics; D010546:Perphenazine