title: Thyroid hormone mediates otolith growth and development during flatfish metamorphosis.
abstract: Flatfish begin life as bilaterally symmetrical larvae that swim up-right, then abruptly metamorphose into asymmetrically shaped juveniles with lateralized swimming postures. Flatfish metamorphosis is mediated entirely by thyroid hormone (TH). Changes in flatfish swim posture are thought to be regulated via vestibular remodeling, although the influence of TH on teleost inner ear development remains unclear. This study addresses the role of TH on the development of the three otolith end-organs (sacculus, utricle, and lagena) during southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma) metamorphosis. Compared with pre-metamorphosis, growth rates of the sacculus and utricle otoliths increase dramatically during metamorphosis in a manner that is uncoupled from general somatic growth. Treatment of P. lethostigma larvae with methimazol (a pharmacological inhibitor of endogenous TH production) inhibits growth of the sacculus and utricle, whereas treatment with TH dramatically accelerates their growth. In contrast with the sacculus and utricle otoliths that begin to form and mineralize during embryogenesis, a non-mineralized lagena otolith is first visible 10-12 days after hatching. The lagena grows during pre- and pro-metamorphosis, then abruptly mineralizes during metamorphic climax. Mineralization of the lagena, but not growth, can be induced with TH treatment, whereas treatment with methimazol completely inhibits lagena mineralization without inhibiting its growth. These findings suggest that during southern flounder metamorphosis TH exerts differential effects on growth and development among the three types of otolith.
authors.affiliation: Carnegie Institution, Department of Embryology, Baltimore, MD 21210, USA. aschreiber@stlawu.edu
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Schreiber
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: Q
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Sievers
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sievers
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Burrall
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D013956:Antithyroid Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D005412:Flatfishes / Q000254:growth & development*; D008675:Metamorphosis, Biological / Q000187:drug effects*; D008713:Methimazole / Q000494:pharmacology; D010037:Otolithic Membrane / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development*; D012444:Saccule and Utricle / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D013963:Thyroid Hormones / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D013956:Antithyroid Agents; D013963:Thyroid Hormones; D008713:Methimazole