title: Novel ZEB1 expression in bladder tumorigenesis.
abstract: What's known on the subject? and What does the study add? Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is involved in tumor progression where the underlying cellular changes associated with EMT have been identified in in vitro models and confirmed in a limited number of in vivo studies. ZEB1, which targets E-cadherin repression, is a transcriptional regulator that has been implicated in EMT, and is associated with uterine and colorectal cancers. Regulation of ZEB1 expression has been shown to involve different microRNAs (miRNAs), identifying a potential role for miRNA in EMT. In the present study we have identified novel expression of ZEB1 in bladder tumours and shown a role for ZEB1 in enhanced migration and invasion potential in in vitro assays. Confirmation of ZEB1 expression in bladder tumours was shown in tissue microarrays (TMAs).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate ZEB1 expression in bladder tumorigenesis and define a possible role for this transcription factor in urothelial carcinomas of the bladder (UCBs).
  
  
  METHODS
  Five hundred and fifty-eight samples were assembled in 10 tissue microarrays (TMAs; 263 non-muscle-invasive Ta/T1/Tis, 295 muscle-invasive T2-T4). All tumours were transitional cell carcinomas (TCCs) and processed for immunohistochemistry to assess nuclear ZEB1 expression. Expression levels of ZEB1 were modulated in bladder carcinoma cell lines CUBIII or UM-UC-3 after forced expression or shRNA knockdown, respectively. Protein expression levels were determined using western blot analysis and transfectants were assessed for migration and invasion potential in standard in vitro assays.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nuclear ZEB1 expression was recorded in 22.8% of non-muscle-invasive UCBs and 21.7% of muscle-invasive UCBs, including 24.1% grade I/II and 21.1% grade III tumours, and absent in normal bladder mucosa. No significant correlation was observed for tumour stage and grade, nodal involvement, vascular invasion, metastasis and overall or cancer-specific survival. The introduction or knockdown of ZEB1 expression in bladder carcinoma cell lines showed enhanced or reduced migration and invasive potential, respectively. Changes in ZEB1 expression were accompanied by altered microRNA (miRNA) expression underlying events linked to epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results in the present study showed novel expression of ZEB1 in bladder cancer in the absence of a link to clinical variables of change, including metastasis and survival. However, in vitro assays showed enhanced or reduced migration and invasion after the introduction or reduction of ZEB1, respectively, in transfected bladder cell lines. Modulation in expression of ZEB1 was closely linked to changes in the miR-200 family along with alternative known prognostic indicators of bladder tumour progression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Lahey Clinic, Burlington, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Patrick A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Kenney
authors.forename: Matthew F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Wszolek
authors.forename: Kimberly M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Rieger-Christ
authors.forename: Brasil Silva
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Neto
authors.forename: Justin J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Gould
authors.forename: Niall J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Harty
authors.forename: Juan Miguel
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Mosquera
authors.forename: Ron
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zeheb
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Loda
authors.forename: Douglas S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Darling
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Libertino
authors.forename: Ian C
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Summerhayes
mesh_terms: D015153:Blotting, Western; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002465:Cell Movement; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness / Q000473:pathology; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D046888:Tissue Array Analysis; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D000071799:Zinc Finger E-box-Binding Homeobox 1
chemical_list: D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; C486307:ZEB1 protein, human; D000071799:Zinc Finger E-box-Binding Homeobox 1