title: Infection.
abstract: Musculoskeletal infection is a clinical problem with significant direct healthcare costs. The prevalence of infection after closed, elective surgery is frequently estimated to be less than 2%, but in severe injuries, posttraumatic infection rates have been reported as 10% or greater. Although clinical infections are found outside the realm of medical devices, it is clear that the enormous increase of infections associated with the use of implants presents a major challenge worldwide. This review summarizes recent advances in the understanding, diagnosis, and treatment of musculoskeletal infections.
authors.affiliation: Orthopaedic Trauma Institute, San Francisco General Hospital, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA. ortho.attending.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: Theodore
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Miclau
authors.forename: Andrew H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: Joseph C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Wenke
authors.forename: Lawrence X
authors.initials: LX
authors.lastname: Webb
authors.forename: Janette M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Harro
authors.forename: Ranjani
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Prabhakara
authors.forename: Mark E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Shirtliff
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000382:microbiology; D018441:Biofilms; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D006801:Humans; D009140:Musculoskeletal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000382:microbiology; D019736:Prostheses and Implants / Q000382:microbiology*; D016459:Prosthesis-Related Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000382:microbiology; D013530:Surgical Wound Infection / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000382:microbiology