title: Impact of cystic fibrosis on bone health.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This review summarizes recently published data on the epidemiology, pathophysiology and treatment of cystic fibrosis (CF)-related low bone mineral density (BMD).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A systematic literature review reports that the pooled prevalence of osteoporosis in adults with CF is 23.5% [95% confidence interval (CI) 16.6-31.0] and the pooled prevalences of radiologically confirmed vertebral and nonvertebral fractures are 14% (95% CI 7.8-21.7) and 19.7% (95% CI 6.0-38.8), respectively. Recent data suggest that the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is expressed in bone cells and that CFTR dysfunction affects bone cell activity. The secondary effects of CFTR dysfunction also influence bone metabolism. For example, bone resorption increases during CF pulmonary exacerbations due to the stimulatory effects of proinflammatory cytokines on osteoclast activity. Bisphosphonates inhibit osteoclastic bone resorption and recent data show that both oral and intravenous bisphosphonates improve BMD in patients with CF.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CF-related low BMD is a common but treatable complication of CF.
authors.affiliation: Adult Cystic Fibrosis Centre, Papworth Hospital, Cambridge, UK. charles.haworth@papworth.nhs.uk
authors.forename: Charles S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Haworth
mesh_terms: D015519:Bone Density / Q000502:physiology; D002118:Calcium / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002762:Cholecalciferol / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003550:Cystic Fibrosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D019005:Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator / Q000502:physiology; D004164:Diphosphonates / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D014812:Vitamin K / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D004164:Diphosphonates; D014812:Vitamin K; D019005:Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator; D002762:Cholecalciferol; D002118:Calcium