title: When do supervising physicians decide to entrust residents with unsupervised tasks?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Patient-care responsibilities stimulate trainee learning but training may compromise patient safety. The authors investigated factors guiding clinical supervisors' decisions to trust residents with critical patient-care tasks.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a mixed quantitative and qualitative descriptive study carried out at University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands, from March to September 2008, the authors surveyed attending anesthetists and resident anesthetists regarding when attendings should entrust each of six selected critical tasks to residents. The authors conducted structured interviews with both groups, using trigger case vignettes to solicit opinions on factors that affect entrustment decisions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-two attending anesthetists and 31 residents answered the questionnaire (response rate 58%), and 10 participants from each group were interviewed. Attendings varied in their opinions regarding how much independence to give residents, particularly postgraduate year (PGY) 2, 3, and 4 residents. PGY1 residents reported working above their expected level of competence but estimate their own ability as sufficient, whereas PGY5 residents reported working below their expected level of competence. The authors classified factors that determine entrustment into four groups: characteristics of the resident, the attending, the clinical context, and the critical task.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Residents' and attendings' opinions and impressions differ regarding what is expected from residents, what residents actually do, and what residents think they can do safely. The authors list factors affecting why and when supervisors trust residents to proceed without supervision. Future studies should address drivers behind entrustment decisions, correlations with patient outcomes, and tools that enable faculty to justify their entrustment decisions.
authors.affiliation: Center for Research and Development of Education, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Anneke
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sterkenburg
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Barach
authors.forename: Cor
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kalkman
authors.forename: Mathieu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gielen
authors.forename: Olle
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: ten Cate
mesh_terms: D000776:Anesthesiology / Q000193:education*; D002983:Clinical Competence; D003162:Competency-Based Education; D003657:Decision Making; D004503:Education, Medical, Graduate / Q000592:standards*; D005180:Faculty, Medical; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency; D007400:Interprofessional Relations; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D019300:Medical Errors / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009426:Netherlands; D017009:Professional Autonomy; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires