title: Environmental nitration processes enhance the mutagenic potency of aromatic compounds.
abstract: This work is an attempt to establish if aromatic nitration processes are always associated with an increase of genotoxicity. We determined the mutagenic and genotoxic effects of Benzene (B), Nitrobenzene (NB), Phenol (P), 2-Nitrophenol (2-NP), 2,4-Dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP), Pyrene (Py), 1-Nitropyrene (1-NPy), 1,3-Dinitropyrene (1,3-DNPy), 1,6-Dinitropyrene (1,6-DNPy), and 1,8-Dinitropyrene (1,8-DNPy). The mutagenic activities were evaluated with umuC test in presence and in absence of metabolic activation with S9 mix. Then, we used both cytokinesis-blocked micronucleus (CBMN) assay, in combination with fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) of human pan-centromeric DNA probes on human lymphocytes in order to evaluate the genotoxic effects. Analysis of all results shows that nitro polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are definitely environmental genotoxic/mutagenic hazards and confirms that environmental aromatic nitration reactions lead to an increase in genotoxicity and mutagenicity properties. Particularly 1-NPy and 1,8-DNPy can be considered as human potential carcinogens. They seem to be significant markers of the genotoxicity, mutagenicity, and potential carcinogenicity of complex PAHs mixtures present in traffic emission and industrial environment. In prevention of environmental carcinogenic risk 1-NPy and 1,8-DNPy must therefore be systematically analyzed in environmental complex mixtures in association with combined umuC test, CBMN assay, and FISH on cultured human lymphocytes. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2012.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Biogénotoxicologie et Mutagénèse Environnementale, EA 1784/FR 3098 ECCOREV, Faculté de Médecine, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France. aurelie.bonnefoy@univmed.fr
authors.forename: Aurélie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bonnefoy
authors.forename: Serge
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chiron
authors.forename: Alain
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Botta
mesh_terms: D001554:Benzene / Q000633:toxicity*; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000633:toxicity; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D009578:Nitrobenzenes / Q000633:toxicity*; D009596:Nitrophenols / Q000633:toxicity*; D011721:Pyrenes / Q000633:toxicity*; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D002273:Carcinogens; D009578:Nitrobenzenes; D009596:Nitrophenols; D011721:Pyrenes; C036077:nitrobenzene; D001554:Benzene