title: Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis, Pakistan.
abstract: Frequency of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis in Pakistan increased from 1.5% in 2006 to 4.5% in 2009 (p<0.01). To understand the epidemiology, we genotyped selected strains by using spoligotyping, mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units-variable number of tandem repeats, and IS6110 restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan. rumina.hasan@aku.edu
authors.forename: Rumina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hasan
authors.forename: Kauser
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jabeen
authors.forename: Asho
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.forename: Yasraba
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Rafiq
authors.forename: Rabia
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Laiq
authors.forename: Babar
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Malik
authors.forename: Mahnaz
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tanveer
authors.forename: Ramona
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Groenheit
authors.forename: Solomon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ghebremichael
authors.forename: Sven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hoffner
authors.forename: Zahra
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Hasan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001483:Base Sequence; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000235:genetics; D004251:DNA Transposable Elements; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D054908:Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology*; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D020071:Interspersed Repetitive Sequences; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018598:Minisatellite Repeats; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D010154:Pakistan / Q000453:epidemiology; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D004251:DNA Transposable Elements; D004269:DNA, Bacterial