title: DHT selectively reverses Smad3-mediated/TGF-beta-induced responses through transcriptional down-regulation of Smad3 in prostate epithelial cells.
abstract: Androgens suppress TGF-β responses in the prostate through mechanisms that are not fully explored. We have recently reported that 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) suppresses the ability of TGF-β to inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis of prostatic epithelial cells and provided evidence that such suppression was fueled by transcriptional down-regulation of TGF-β receptor II (ΤβRII). We now show that androgen receptor (AR) activated by DHT suppresses the TGF-β-induced phosphorylation of Sma- and Mad-related protein (Smad)3 in LNCaP cells overexpressing TβRII under the control of a cytomegalovirus promoter, which is not regulated by DHT, suggesting that transcriptional repression of TβRII alone does not fully account for the impact of DHT on TGF-β responses. Instead, we demonstrate that such suppression occurs through loss of total Smad3, resulting from transcriptional suppression of Smad3. We provide evidence that DHT down-regulates the promoter activity of Smad3 in various prostate cancer cell lines, including NRP-154+AR, DU145+AR, LNCaP, and VCaP, at least partly through androgen-dependent inactivation of Sp1. Moreover, we show that overexpression of Smad3 reverses the ability of DHT to protect against TGF-β-induced apoptosis in NRP-154+AR, supporting our model that loss of Smad3 by DHT is involved in the protection against TGF-β-induced apoptosis. Together, these findings suggest that deregulated/enhanced expression and activation of AR in prostate carcinomas may intercept the tumor suppressor function of TGF-β through transcriptional suppression of Smad3, thereby providing new mechanistic insight into the development of castration-resistant prostate cancer.
authors.affiliation: Case Comprehensive Cancer Center Research Laboratories, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA.
authors.forename: Kyung
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Tracy L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Krebs
authors.forename: Bingcheng
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Kelley
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Danielpour
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D013196:Dihydrotestosterone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011467:Prostate / Q000166:cytology*; D051381:Rats; D011944:Receptors, Androgen / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051900:Smad3 Protein / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D011944:Receptors, Androgen; D051900:Smad3 Protein; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D013196:Dihydrotestosterone