title: Diabetes, Alzheimer disease, and vascular dementia: a population-based neuropathologic study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the relation of diabetes to dementia, Alzheimer disease (AD), and vascular dementia (VaD), through analyses of incidence, mortality, and neuropathologic outcomes in a prospective population-based study of the oldest old.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Vantaa 85+ study included 553 residents living in the city of Vantaa, Finland, and aged ≥85 years on April 1, 1991. Survivors were reexamined in 1994, 1996, 1999, and 2001. Autopsies were performed in 291 persons who died during the follow-up (48% of total population). Diabetes was assessed according to self-report, medical record of physician-diagnosed diabetes, or use of antidiabetic medication. Macroscopic infarcts were identified from 1-cm coronal slices of cerebral hemispheres, 5-mm transverse brainstem slices, and sagittal cerebellum slices. Methenamine silver staining was used for β-amyloid, methenamine silver-Bodian staining for neurofibrillary tangles, and modified Bielschowsky method for neuritic plaques. Cox proportional hazards and multiple logistic regression models were used to analyze the association of diabetes with dementia and neuropathology, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Diabetes at baseline doubled the incidence of dementia, AD, and VaD, and increased mortality. Individuals with diabetes were less likely to have β-amyloid (hazard ratio [HR] [95% confidence interval (CI)] was 0.48 [0.23-0.98]) and tangles (HR [95% CI] 0.72 [0.39-1.33]) but more likely to have cerebral infarcts (HR [95% CI] 1.88 [1.06-3.34]) after all adjustments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Elderly patients with diabetes develop more extensive vascular pathology, which alone or together with AD-type pathology (particularly in APOE ε4 carriers) results in increased dementia risk.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland. satu.ahtiluoto@thl.fi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ahtiluoto
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Polvikoski
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Peltonen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Solomon
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tuomilehto
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Winblad
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sulkava
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kivipelto
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology; D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides / Q000378:metabolism; D001057:Apolipoproteins E / Q000235:genetics; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D018672:Community Health Planning; D015140:Dementia, Vascular / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides; D001057:Apolipoproteins E