title: Genome-wide analysis of thiourea-modulated salinity stress-responsive transcripts in seeds of Brassica juncea: identification of signalling and effector components of stress tolerance.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Abiotic stresses including salinity are the major constraints to crop production. In this regard, the use of thiourea (TU) in imparting salinity-stress tolerance to Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) has been demonstrated earlier. To gain an insight into the mechanism of TU action, various molecular and biochemical studies were conducted.
  
  
  METHODS
  Microarray analysis was performed in seeds subjected to distilled water (control), 1 m NaCl, 1 m NaCl + 6·5 mm TU and 6·5 mm TU alone for 1 h. Real-time PCR validation of selected genes and biochemical studies were conducted under similar treatments at 1 h and 6 h.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The microarray analysis revealed a differential expression profile of 33 genes in NaCl- and NaCl + TU-treated seeds, most of which are established markers of stress tolerance. The temporal regulation of eight selected genes by real-time PCR indicated their early and co-ordinated induction at 1 h in NaCl + TU only. Besides, NaCl + TU-treated seeds also maintained a higher level of abscisic acid, reduced to oxidized glutathione (GSH : GSSG) ratio and activities of catalase, phenylalanine ammonia lyase and glutathione-S-transferases, as compared with that of NaCl treatment. The addition of LaCl(3) (a specific calcium-channel blocker) restricted the responses of TU both at molecular and biochemical level suggesting the possible involvement of a cytosolic calcium burst in the TU-mediated response. The TU-alone treatment was comparable to that of the control; however, it reduced the expression of some transcription factors and heat-shock proteins presumably due to the stabilization of the corresponding proteins.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The TU treatment co-ordinately regulates different signalling and effector mechanisms at an early stage to alleviate stress even under a high degree of salinity. This also indicates the potential of TU to be used as an effective bioregulator to impart salinity tolerance under field conditions.
authors.affiliation: Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India.
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Srivastava
authors.forename: N K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Ramaswamy
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Suprasanna
authors.forename: S F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: D'Souza
mesh_terms: D000040:Abscisic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D019803:Glutathione Disulfide / Q000378:metabolism; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000378:metabolism; D009149:Mustard Plant / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D010650:Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase / Q000378:metabolism; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D054712:Salinity; D012639:Seeds / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013312:Stress, Physiological; D013890:Thiourea / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D010940:Plant Proteins; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D000040:Abscisic Acid; D002374:Catalase; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; D010650:Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase; D005978:Glutathione; D013890:Thiourea; D019803:Glutathione Disulfide