title: Early fetal growth, PAPP-A and free β-hCG in relation to risk of delivering a small-for-gestational age infant.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine early fetal growth, pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) and free β-human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG) in relation to the risk of delivering a small-for-gestational age (SGA) infant.
  
  
  METHODS
  Included in the study were 9450 singleton pregnant women who attended the prenatal screening program at Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark, between January 2005 and December 2007. Maternal serum levels of PAPP-A and free β-hCG were measured between gestational weeks 8 and 13. Two ultrasound examinations were performed, the first at 11-13 weeks and the second at 18-22 weeks, from which gestational age was estimated based on crown-rump length and biparietal diameter, respectively. Early fetal growth was expressed as an index: the ratio between the estimated number of days from the first to the second scan and the actual calendar time elapsed in days. SGA was defined as birth weight < 5(th) centile for gestational age, and the risk of SGA was evaluated according to different cut-offs of the early fetal growth index and the serum markers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PAPP-A < 0.4 MoM combined with an early fetal growth index < 10(th) centile resulted in an increased risk of SGA (odds ratio (OR), 5.8; 95% CI, 2.7-12.7). Low PAPP-A, low free β-hCG and slow early fetal growth were statistically, independently associated with SGA, and the association between free β-hCG < 0.3 MoM and SGA was as strong as that between PAPP-A < 0.3 MoM and SGA (OR, 3.1 and 3.0, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combination of slow early fetal growth and low PAPP-A resulted in a nearly six-fold increased risk of delivery of an SGA infant. These findings might improve our chances of early identification of fetuses at increased risk of growth restriction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark. ida.kirkegaard@ki.au.dk
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kirkegaard
authors.forename: T B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Henriksen
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Uldbjerg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D018997:Chorionic Gonadotropin, beta Subunit, Human / Q000097:blood*; D003718:Denmark / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D047109:Fetal Development; D005317:Fetal Growth Retardation / Q000097:blood* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007236:Infant, Small for Gestational Age; D011247:Pregnancy; D011261:Pregnancy Trimester, First; D011266:Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein-A / Q000378:metabolism*; D012307:Risk Factors; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D018997:Chorionic Gonadotropin, beta Subunit, Human; D011266:Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein-A