title: Longitudinal treatment outcomes for geriatric patients with chronic non-cancer pain at an interdisciplinary pain rehabilitation program.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examined depression, pain catastrophizing, psychosocial functioning, and physical and emotional health attributes for geriatric patients admitted to an interdisciplinary pain rehabilitation center compared with middle and younger age groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  Quasi-experimental time series.
  
  
  METHODS
  Interdisciplinary pain rehabilitation center at a tertiary referral medical center.
  
  
  METHODS
  In total, 411 patients with chronic non-cancer pain completed the pain rehabilitation program from October 2004 to April 2006. Patients were divided into three groups based on age: older (ages 60+; n = 78); middle-age (ages 40-59; n = 230) and younger (ages 18-39; n = 141).
  
  
  METHODS
  A 3-week outpatient interdisciplinary pain rehabilitation program based on a cognitive-behavioral model that incorporates opioid withdrawal.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Multidimensional Pain Inventory (MPI), Short Form-36 Health Status Questionnaire (SF-36), Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS), and Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D) were administered at admission, discharge, and 6 months following treatment. The frequency of patients using opioids, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and benzodiazepines at each assessment point were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Older patients reported reduced depression, catastrophizing, pain severity, and pain interference (P < 0.001) at discharge and 6 months follow-up. Older patients also reported increased perceived control, and physical and social functioning at discharge and follow-up (P < 0.001). Improvement in older patients was comparable in magnitude to that of middle-age patients on all variables, whereas younger patients exhibited greater improvement on four variables. Significant reductions in analgesic use were observed in all groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Interdisciplinary pain rehabilitation incorporating opioid withdrawal can improve long-term psychological, social and physical functioning for geriatric chronic pain patients.
authors.affiliation: Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Behavioral Health Service, Columbia, Missouri 65201, USA. kathleen.darchuk@va.gov
authors.forename: Kathleen M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Darchuk
authors.forename: Cynthia O
authors.initials: CO
authors.lastname: Townsend
authors.forename: Jeffrey D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Rome
authors.forename: Barbara K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Bruce
authors.forename: W Michael
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Hooten
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000700:Analgesics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use; D058443:Catastrophization; D002908:Chronic Disease / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D003863:Depression / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000534:rehabilitation; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid