title: A ChIP-seq defined genome-wide map of vitamin D receptor binding: associations with disease and evolution.
abstract: Initially thought to play a restricted role in calcium homeostasis, the pleiotropic actions of vitamin D in biology and their clinical significance are only now becoming apparent. However, the mode of action of vitamin D, through its cognate nuclear vitamin D receptor (VDR), and its contribution to diverse disorders, remain poorly understood. We determined VDR binding throughout the human genome using chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by massively parallel DNA sequencing (ChIP-seq). After calcitriol stimulation, we identified 2776 genomic positions occupied by the VDR and 229 genes with significant changes in expression in response to vitamin D. VDR binding sites were significantly enriched near autoimmune and cancer associated genes identified from genome-wide association (GWA) studies. Notable genes with VDR binding included IRF8, associated with MS, and PTPN2 associated with Crohn's disease and T1D. Furthermore, a number of single nucleotide polymorphism associations from GWA were located directly within VDR binding intervals, for example, rs13385731 associated with SLE and rs947474 associated with T1D. We also observed significant enrichment of VDR intervals within regions of positive selection among individuals of Asian and European descent. ChIP-seq determination of transcription factor binding, in combination with GWA data, provides a powerful approach to further understanding the molecular bases of complex diseases.
authors.affiliation: Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom. sreeramr@well.ox.ac.uk
authors.forename: Sreeram V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Ramagopalan
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Heger
authors.forename: Antonio J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Berlanga
authors.forename: Narelle J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Maugeri
authors.forename: Matthew R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Lincoln
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Burrell
authors.forename: Lahiru
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Handunnetthi
authors.forename: Adam E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Handel
authors.forename: Giulio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Disanto
authors.forename: Sarah-Michelle
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Orton
authors.forename: Corey T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Watson
authors.forename: Julia M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Morahan
authors.forename: Gavin
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Giovannoni
authors.forename: Chris P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Ponting
authors.forename: George C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Ebers
authors.forename: Julian C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Knight
mesh_terms: D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000235:genetics*; D001665:Binding Sites; D047369:Chromatin Immunoprecipitation; D003424:Crohn Disease / Q000235:genetics; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000235:genetics; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D055106:Genome-Wide Association Study; D006801:Humans; D050835:Interferon Regulatory Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000235:genetics; D011485:Protein Binding; D054578:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018167:Receptors, Calcitriol / Q000378:metabolism*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA / Q000379:methods; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000378:metabolism*; D000099185:Interferon Regulatory Factor-8
chemical_list: D050835:Interferon Regulatory Factors; D054578:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 2; D018167:Receptors, Calcitriol; D014807:Vitamin D; D000099185:Interferon Regulatory Factor-8; C516649:PTPN2 protein, human