title: Potential economic impact of increasing low dose aspirin usage on CVD in the US.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading cause of death in the US and Western Europe, but regular use of preventive low-dose aspirin has proven effective in preventing CVD events. The purpose of this study was to explore the potential economic impact in the US if preventive aspirin usage were to be increased in line with clinical guidelines for primary and secondary prevention.
  
  
  METHODS
  The risk profile of the US population was characterized using NHANES data, and Framingham cardiovascular risk equations were applied to calculate risk for myocardial infarction, angina and ischemic stroke according to age and gender. Primary and secondary patients were considered separately. Using publicly available unit costs, a budget impact model calculated the annual impact of increased preventive aspirin usage considering gastrointestinal bleeding and hemorrhagic stroke adverse events and diminishing aspirin adherence over a 10-year time horizon.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In a base population of 1,000,000 patients, full implementation of clinical guidelines would potentially prevent an additional 1273 myocardial infarctions, 2184 angina episodes and 565 ischemic strokes in primary prevention patients and an additional 578 myocardial infarctions, and 607 ischemic strokes in secondary prevention patients. This represents a total savings of $79.6 million for primary prevention and $32.2 million for secondary and additional out-of-pocket expense to patients of $29.0 million for primary prevention and $2.6 million for secondary prevention for the cost of aspirin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This budgetary model suggests that there is a strong economic case, both for payers and society, to encourage aspirin use for patients at appropriate risk and per clinical guidelines. It also provides an example of how minimizing costs do not necessarily have to imply a rationing of care. Limitations include the exclusion of other CVD interventions in the analysis.
authors.affiliation: United BioSource Corporation, London, UK. stephanie.manson@unitedbiosource.com
authors.forename: Stephanie C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Manson
authors.forename: Agnes
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Benedict
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.forename: Kim U
authors.initials: KU
authors.lastname: Wittrup-Jensen
authors.forename: A Mark
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Fendrick
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001241:Aspirin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018890:Chemoprevention / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017046:Cost Savings / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018803:Models, Economic; D010349:Patient Compliance / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011322:Primary Prevention / Q000191:economics; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001241:Aspirin