title: Changes in water content and distribution in Quercus ilex leaves during progressive drought assessed by in vivo 1H magnetic resonance imaging.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Drought is a common stressor in many regions of the world and current climatic global circulation models predict further increases in warming and drought in the coming decades in several of these regions, such as the Mediterranean basin. The changes in leaf water content, distribution and dynamics in plant tissues under different soil water availabilities are not well known. In order to fill this gap, in the present report we describe our study withholding the irrigation of the seedlings of Quercus ilex, the dominant tree species in the evergreen forests of many areas of the Mediterranean Basin. We have monitored the gradual changes in water content in the different leaf areas, in vivo and non-invasively, by 1H magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using proton density weighted (rhow) images and spin-spin relaxation time (T2) maps.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Rhow images showed that the distal leaf area lost water faster than the basal area and that after four weeks of similar losses, the water reduction was greater in leaf veins than in leaf parenchyma areas and also in distal than in basal leaf area. There was a similar tendency in all different areas and tissues, of increasing T2 values during the drought period. This indicates an increase in the dynamics of free water, suggesting a decrease of cell membranes permeability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate a non homogeneous leaf response to stress with a differentiated capacity to mobilize water between its different parts and tissues. This study shows that the MRI technique can be a useful tool to follow non-intrusively the in vivo water content changes in the different parts of the leaves during drought stress. It opens up new possibilities to better characterize the associated physiological changes and provides important information about the different responses of the different leaf areas what should be taken into account when conducting physiological and metabolic drought stress studies in different parts of the leaves during drought stress.
authors.affiliation: Unitat d'Ecofisiologia i Canvi Global CSIC-CEAB, Centre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplicacions Forestals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain. j.sardans@creaf.uab.cat
authors.forename: Jordi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sardans
authors.forename: Josep
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Peñuelas
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lope-Piedrafita
mesh_terms: D055864:Droughts; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000378:metabolism*; D029963:Quercus / Q000378:metabolism*; D036226:Seedlings / Q000378:metabolism; D012987:Soil / Q000032:analysis; D013312:Stress, Physiological; D013997:Time Factors; D014867:Water / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D012987:Soil; D014867:Water