title: Evidence of multiple virulence subtypes in nosocomial and community-associated MRSA genotypes in companion animals from the upper midwestern and northeastern United States.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Not much is known about the zoonotic transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in companion animals in the United States. We report the rate of prevalence of S. aureus and MRSA recovered from clinical samples of animals requiring treatment at veterinary clinics throughout the upper midwestern and northeastern United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared phenotypes, genotypes, and virulence profiles of the MRSA isolates identified in companion animals, such as cats, dogs, horses, and pigs, with typical human nosocomial and community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA) genotypes to assess implied zoonotic transmission or zooanthroponosis. Five hundred thirty-three coagulase-positive staphylococci (CPS) isolates recovered between 2006 and 2008 from a variety of animal-source samples were screened for S. aureus by S. aureus-specific 16S rDNA primers and were screened for methicillin-resistance. All MRSA isolates were genotyped by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), multilocus sequence typing (MLST), and spa typing. They were also screened for common staphylococcal enterotoxin and adhesion genes by multiplex and singleplex PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the 533 CPS isolates recovered, 66 (12.4%) were determined to be S. aureus and 24 (4.5%) were MRSA. The percent of animals that were positive for S. aureus were as follows: 6.6% (32 of 487) dogs, 39.6% (19 of 48) cats, 83.3% (10 of 12) horses, and 100% of pigs, rabbits, hamsters and rats. Notably, 36.4% of all S. aureus identified were MRSA. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus was present in clinical samples from 12 of 487 dogs (2.5%), 6 of 48 cats (12.5%), 5 of 12 horses (42%), and 1 of 2 pigs (50%). The 24 MRSA isolates resolved into 4 PFGE clones: USA100 (50%), USA300 (16.7%), USA500 (20.8%) and USA800 (12.5%) and 6 sequence types (ST5, ST8, ST105, ST830, and ST986) or 2 clonal complexes, CC5 and CC8. Five major virulence profiles (clusters A to E) were observed in these MRSA isolates. Genotypic and virulence profiles of cats and dogs were more similar to each other than to those of horses. A Panton-Valentine leukocidin positive isolate with ST8:USA300 background was identified in a pig causing skin and soft infection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of human MRSA clones in these animals suggests possible reverse zoonotic transmission. This study reports the first case of a USA300 genotype in a pig. Presence of multiple virulence profiles within a MRSA genotype in these animals suggests the potential of emergence of new MRSA clones by gaining or losing additional virulence genes.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation, WI 54449, USA.
authors.forename: Yihan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Emily
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Barker
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kislow
authors.forename: Pravin
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kaldhone
authors.forename: Mary E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Stemper
authors.forename: Madhulatha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pantrangi
authors.forename: Frances M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: Thomas R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Fritsche
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Novicki
authors.forename: Steven L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Foley
authors.forename: Sanjay K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Shukla
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002415:Cats; D003141:Communicable Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000382:microbiology / Q000635:transmission*; D006224:Cricetinae; D004285:Dogs; D005838:Genotype; D006736:Horses; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D055624:Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; D015995:Prevalence; D011817:Rabbits; D051381:Rats; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000382:microbiology / Q000635:transmission*; D013552:Swine; D014481:United States; D015047:Zoonoses / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000635:transmission*