title: Does chronic pain alter the normal interaction between cardiovascular and pain regulatory systems? Pain modulation in the hypertensive-monoarthritic rat.
abstract: Hypertension-associated hypoalgesia is widely recognized in acute pain conditions. In chronic pain states, however, the relationship between blood pressure and pain sensitivity is still ill-defined, with different authors reporting negative, positive, or even no relationship at all. This work addresses this issue, using complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced monoarthritis in different models of hypertension: Spontaneous (spontaneously hypertensive rats, SHR), induced by infusion of angiotensin II (ANG) or 1,3-dipropyl-8-sulfophenylxanthine (DPSPX, an adenosine receptors' antagonist), and renal artery ligation (RAL). Nociceptive responses associated with monoarthritis were evaluated by different behavioral tests (von Frey, ankle-bend and CatWalk) and by quantification of Fos expression at the dorsal horn upon noxious stimulation. In all hypertension models, higher von Frey thresholds and lower Fos expression were detected in hypertensive rats with chronic inflammatory pain, as compared to normotensive monoarthritic rats. In SHR and DPSPX, but not ANG or RAL models, hypertensive animals displayed lower inflammation than normotensives. Ankle-bend and CatWalk results indicated lower pain sensitivity in hypertensive rats only in SHR and DPSPX models. The present study shows the importance of using multiple models of hypertension, and evaluating pain responses by various methods, to better understand the complexity of the interactions between pain and cardiovascular regulatory systems.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study used different models of hypertension to investigate whether chronic pain alters the normal integration of cardiovascular and pain regulatory systems. A complete understanding of the mechanisms underlying the complex interactions between these systems may disclose future therapeutic approaches to treat hypertension/chronic pain comorbidity states.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Farmacologia e Terapêutica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Dora
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pinho
authors.forename: Manuela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Morato
authors.forename: Marta R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Couto
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Marques-Lopes
authors.forename: Isaura
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Tavares
authors.forename: António
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Albino-Teixeira
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001168:Arthritis / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D002320:Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006973:Hypertension / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D010148:Intractable Pain / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D051381:Rats; D011918:Rats, Inbred SHR; D011921:Rats, Inbred WKY; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D017208:Rats, Wistar