title: Polyphenols of Camellia sinenesis decrease mortality, hepatic injury and generation of cytokines and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species after hemorrhage/resuscitation in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are produced during hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation (H/R), which may contribute to multiple organ failure. The Aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that green tea (Camellia sinenesis) extract containing 85% polyphenols decreases injury after H/R in rats by scavenging ROS and RNS.
  
  
  METHODS
  Female Sprague Dawley rats were given 100 mg polyphenol extract/kg body weight or vehicle 2 h prior to hemorrhagic shock. H/R was induced by two protocols: 1) withdrawal of blood to a mean arterial pressure of 40 mm Hg followed by further withdrawals to decrease blood pressure progressively to 28 mm Hg over 1 h (severe), and 2) withdrawal of blood to a sustained hypotension of 40 mm Hg for 1 h (moderate). Rats were then resuscitated over 1 h with 60% of the shed blood volume plus twice the shed blood volume of lactated Ringer's solution. Serum samples were collected at 10 min and 2 h after resuscitation. At 2 or 18 h, livers were harvested for cytokine and 3-nitrotyrosine quantification, immunohistochemical detection of 4-hydroxynonenol (4-HNE) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein expression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After severe H/R, 18-h survival increased from 20% after vehicle to 70% after polyphenols (p < 0.05). After moderate H/R, survival was greater (80%) and not different between vehicle and polyphenols. In moderate H/R, serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) increased at 10 min and 2 h postresuscitation to 345 and 545 IU/L, respectively. Polyphenol treatment blunted this increase to 153 and 252 IU/L at 10 min and 2 h (p < 0.01). Polyphenols also blunted increases in liver homogenates of TNFalpha (7.0 pg/mg with vehicle vs. 4.9 pg/mg with polyphenols, p < 0.05), IL-1beta (0.80 vs. 0.37 pg/mg, p < 0.05), IL-6 (6.9 vs. 5.1 pg/mg, p < 0.05) and nitrotyrosine (1.9 pg/mg vs. 0.6 pg/mg, p < 0.05) measured 18 h after H/R. Hepatic 4-HNE immunostaining indicative of lipid peroxidation also decreased from 4.8% after vehicle to 1.5% after polyphenols (p < 0.05). By contrast, polyphenols did not block increased iNOS expression at 2 h after H/R.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Polyphenols decrease ROS/RNS formation and are beneficial after hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 280 Calhoun Street, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lehnert
authors.forename: Henrik
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lind
authors.forename: Zhi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhong
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schoonhoven
authors.forename: Ingo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Marzi
authors.forename: John J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Lemasters
mesh_terms: D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000097:blood; D000818:Animals; D001803:Blood Transfusion; D028241:Camellia sinensis / Q000737:chemistry*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000378:metabolism; D010636:Phenols / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D059808:Polyphenols; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D026361:Reactive Nitrogen Species / Q000378:metabolism*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*; D012151:Resuscitation; D012771:Shock, Hemorrhagic / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D005419:Flavonoids; D010636:Phenols; D010936:Plant Extracts; D059808:Polyphenols; D026361:Reactive Nitrogen Species; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; C002744:3-nitrotyrosine; D014443:Tyrosine; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D000410:Alanine Transaminase