title: Plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 is an independent marker of metabolic disorders in young adults born small for gestational age.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Metabolic syndrome (MS) has been associated with being born small for gestational age (SGA). In epidemiological studies plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1) levels have been associated with MS. Few studies have examined this association in subjects born SGA.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five hundred and fifty-seven SGA adults (birth weight < 10th percentile) were compared with 671 subjects with a birth weight between the 25th and 75th percentiles (control group). MS was defined using the World Health Organization (WHO) definition. Active PAI-1 was measured on citrated plasma with bio-immunoassay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MS was more prevalent in the SGA group (8.7%) than in the control group (5.5%; P = 0.03). In both groups, PAI-1 concentrations were significantly correlated with waist circumference, plasma triglycerides, homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and associated with male sex and MS. PAI-1 concentrations were significantly increased in the SGA group (12.2 ± 21.2 vs. 10.0 ± 13.5 IU mL⁻¹, P = 0.03) and this remained after adjustment of metabolic variables (P = 0.009). PAI-1 concentrations above 4.9 IU mL⁻¹ (= median of PAI-1 concentration in the control group) were present in 94% of the subjects with MS. Moreover, the adjusted odds ratio (OR) for having elevated PAI-1 was 1.48 (1.08; 1.95) in the SGA group in comparison with the control group (P = 0.005).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PAI-1 plasma concentrations were significantly increased in SGA subjects independently of MS. These data suggest that elevation of PAI-1 concentrations might be an indication of an abnormal secretion at the level of the adipose tissue, endothelial cells or liver and implicated in metabolic disorders reported in SGA subjects.
authors.affiliation: INSERM, hôpital Robert Debré, Paris Université Paris, France. talyphilip@free.fr
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Meas
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Deghmoun
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chevenne
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gaborit
authors.forename: M-C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Alessi
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lévy-Marchal
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007236:Infant, Small for Gestational Age; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 / Q000097:blood*; D049629:Waist-Hip Ratio
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1