title: Usefulness of frailty profile for targeting older heart failure patients in disease management programs: a cost-effectiveness, pilot study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Disease management programs (DMP) improve outcomes in patients with heart failure. Because older heart failure patients represent a heterogeneous population, the aim of this study was to determine which patients benefit mostly from a DMP, by means of their frailty profile.
  
  
  METHODS
  Heart failure outpatient clinic.
  
  
  METHODS
  Consecutive (n = 173) patients aged more than 70 years were randomized to a multidisciplinary DMP (n = 86) or usual care (n = 87). A modified frailty score (range 1-6) was used as an index of global functional impairment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mild to moderate frailty (frailty score = 2-3) was associated with significant improvements in outcomes (death and/or heart failure admission, heart failure admissions and all-cause admissions) in DMP patients vs. usual care. Even in more frail patients (frailty score = 4-6) a significant reduction in heart failure admissions was observed. By contrast, nonfrail patients (frailty score = 1) did not derive significant benefit. In the cost-effectiveness analysis, the mean savings per patient, stratified according to their frailty score, were -1003.31 euro for frailty score 1 (95% confidence interval -3717.00-1709.00), 1104.72 euro for frailty score 2 (-280.6-2491.00), 2635.42 euro for frailty score 3 (352.60-4917.00, P = 0.025) and 419.53 euro for frailty score 4-6 (-1909.00-2749.00). Intervention was therefore significantly cost saving in moderately frail, but not in nonfrail or severely frail patients. Thus, DMP was dominant (i.e. both less costly and more effective than usual care) in moderately frail patients. At sensitivity analysis, DMP remained dominant even to changes in cost of intervention and hospitalizations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This suggests that an intensive, hospital-based DMP appears to be more effective in older patients with mild-to-moderate levels of frailty. Thus, a multidimensional assessment of frailty seems to be a useful tool for appropriate selection of model of care.
authors.affiliation: Heart Failure Clinic, Division of Cardiology/Coronary Care Unit, San Camillo Hospital, Trieste, Italy. gipulig@yahoo.it
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pulignano
authors.forename: Donatella
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Del Sindaco
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Di Lenarda
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tarantini
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cioffi
authors.forename: Dario
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gregori
authors.forename: Maria Denitza
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Tinti
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Monzo
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Minardi
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D019468:Disease Management; D005260:Female; D016330:Frail Elderly; D015577:Geriatric Assessment; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006302:Health Services Research; D006299:Health Services for the Aged / Q000191:economics*; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000191:economics / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018803:Models, Economic; D015337:Multicenter Studies as Topic; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care / Q000191:economics*; D010348:Patient Care Team / Q000191:economics; D018579:Patient Selection; D010865:Pilot Projects; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome