title: Characterization of duplication breakpoints in the factor VIII gene.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hemophilia A is caused by a wide spectrum of different mutations in the factor (F)VIII gene (F8), leading to deficiencies in coagulation FVIII activity and thus resulting in an inefficient blood clotting cascade. Large duplications comprising whole exons of F8 have been published for only a few cases so far.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the current study, we characterized the exact breakpoints for a total of 10 exon-spanning duplications of F8, including six novel duplications in seven unrelated patients. Seven breakpoints were located within long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs), whereas short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs) of the Alu-repeat type were observed at both breakpoint sites in four of the 10 duplications. At three breakpoints, microhomologies of 2 bp and 3 bp each could be identified.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Duplication breakpoints in F8 were shown to be located in repetitive elements, especially SINEs or LINEs, but also in unique sequences. In addition, microhomologies, particular genomic features or sequence motifs, contribute to the duplication formation mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Genetics, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Zimmermann
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Oldenburg
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rost
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D043283:Chromosome Fragile Sites; D019295:Computational Biology; D004247:DNA / Q000235:genetics; D005169:Factor VIII / Q000235:genetics*; D020440:Gene Duplication; D006467:Hemophilia A / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007438:Introns; D020084:Long Interspersed Nucleotide Elements; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012091:Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid; D012689:Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid; D020086:Short Interspersed Nucleotide Elements
chemical_list: D005169:Factor VIII; D004247:DNA