title: Epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors in oncology.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Inhibition of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) by small molecules or antibodies has been pursued as a paradigm to treat human cancers for over two decades. It is now clear that these agents can induce tumor regressions in a variety of human cancers, proving the critical role of EGFR signals for tumor maintenance in subsets of patients with these cancers. Clinically meaningful responses, however, are only transient and further refinement of EGFR-targeted therapies is urgently needed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Several studies provide new insights into the molecular basis of EGFR kinase inhibitor resistance, including co-activation of the MET growth factor receptor, loss of the phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) tumor suppressor, and KRAS mutation. Potential strategies are emerging to overcome acquired EGFR kinase inhibitor resistance associated with the T790 M EGFR mutation, including a new compound identified in a chemical library screen and a combination regimen of an anti-EGFR antibody plus a small molecule EGFR kinase inhibitor. Lastly, pulsatile dosing schedules are being pursued to accomplish more complete target inhibition.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Current data point toward a strong association between EGFR genotype and EGFR kinase inhibitor response, similar to the findings with other oncogenic kinases (BCR-ABL, HER2, KIT, PDGFRA, BRAF). This relationship is less obvious for antibodies targeting EGFR. More complete inhibition of EGFR in tumor cells and more focused clinical drug development remain important goals toward further success with this class of anticancer agents.
authors.affiliation: Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Cornell University, New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Igor
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Vivanco
authors.forename: Ingo K
authors.initials: IK
authors.lastname: Mellinghoff
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D066246:ErbB Receptors