title: The antihyperalgesic effect of levetiracetam in an inflammatory model of pain in rats: mechanism of action.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Levetiracetam, a novel antiepileptic drug, has recently been shown to have antinociceptive effects in various animal models of pain. The purpose of this study was to investigate the antihyperalgesic effect of levetiracetam and its mechanism of action, by examining the involvement of GABAergic, opioidergic, 5-hydroxytryptaminergic (5-HTergic) and adrenergic systems in its effect, in a rat model of inflammatory pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats were intraplantarly injected with the pro-inflammatory compound carrageenan. A paw pressure test was used to determine: (i) the effect of levetiracetam on carrageenan-induced hyperalgesia; and (ii) the effects of bicuculline (selective GABA(A) receptor antagonist), naloxone (non-selective opioid receptor antagonist), methysergide (non-selective 5-HT receptor antagonist) and yohimbine (selective alpha(2)-adrenoceptor antagonist) on the antihyperalgesic action of levetiracetam.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Levetiracetam (10-200 mg.kg(-1); p.o.) significantly reduced, in a dose-dependent manner, the inflammatory hyperalgesia induced by carrageenan. The antihyperalgesic effect of levetiracetam was significantly decreased after administration of bicuculline (0.5-2 mg.kg(-1); i.p.), naloxone (1-3 mg.kg(-1); i.p.), methysergide (0.25-1 mg.kg(-1); i.p.) and yohimbine (1-3 mg.kg(-1); i.p.).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results show that levetiracetam produced antihyperalgesia which is at least in part mediated by GABA(A), opioid, 5-HT and alpha(2)-adrenergic receptors, in an inflammatory model of pain. The efficacy of levetiracetam in this animal model of inflammatory pain suggests that it could be a potentially important agent for treating inflammatory pain conditions in humans.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Micov
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tomić
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Popović
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Stepanović-Petrović
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002351:Carrageenan; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006930:Hyperalgesia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D000077287:Levetiracetam; D008297:Male; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D010889:Piracetam / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D018341:Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D011963:Receptors, GABA-A / Q000378:metabolism; D011957:Receptors, Opioid / Q000378:metabolism; D011985:Receptors, Serotonin / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D018341:Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-2; D011963:Receptors, GABA-A; D011957:Receptors, Opioid; D011985:Receptors, Serotonin; D000077287:Levetiracetam; D002351:Carrageenan; D010889:Piracetam