title: Insecticide use and risk of rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus in the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Farming and agricultural pesticide use has been associated with 2 autoimmune rheumatic diseases, rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). However, risk associated with other residential or work place insecticide use is unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed data from the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study (n=76,861 postmenopausal women, ages 50-79 years). Incident cases (n=213: 178 for RA, 27 for SLE, and 8 for both) were identified based on self-report and use of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs at year 3 of followup. We examined self-reported residential or work place insecticide use (personally mixing/applying by self and application by others) in relation to RA/SLE risk, overall and in relation to farm history. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were adjusted for age, race, region, education, occupation, smoking, reproductive factors, asthma, other autoimmune diseases, and comorbidities.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with never used, personal use of insecticides was associated with increased RA/SLE risk, with significant trends for greater frequency (HR 2.04, 95% CI 1.17-3.56 for ≥6 times/year) and duration (HR 1.97, 95% CI 1.20-3.23 for ≥20 years). Risk was also associated with long-term insecticide application by others (HR 1.85, 95% CI 1.07-3.20 for ≥20 years) and frequent application by others among women with a farm history (HR 2.73, 95% CI 1.10-6.78 for ≥6 times/year).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest residential and work place insecticide exposure is associated with the risk of autoimmune rheumatic diseases in postmenopausal women. Although these findings require replication in other populations, they support a role for environmental pesticide exposure in the development of autoimmune rheumatic diseases.
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Environmental Health Science, Durham, North Carolina, USA. parks1@mail.nih.gov
authors.forename: Christine G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Parks
authors.forename: Brian T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Walitt
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pettinger
authors.forename: Jiu-Chiuan
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Anneclaire J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: de Roos
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hunt
authors.forename: Gloria
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sarto
authors.forename: Barbara V
authors.initials: BV
authors.lastname: Howard
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000139:chemically induced*; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007306:Insecticides / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000139:chemically induced*; D008875:Middle Aged; D017698:Postmenopause; D012307:Risk Factors; D016387:Women's Health
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides