title: A novel mechanism of cytokine release in phagocytes induced by aggretin, a snake venom C-type lectin protein, through CLEC-2 ligation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Macrophages are major immune cells and play an important role in modulating homeostasis and the immune defense mechanism. In inflammatory responses to the infection of pathogens, macrophages are activated, producing various inflammatory mediators. Snake venom C-type lectin proteins (snaclecs) have diverse targets, including platelet GPVI, GPIb, integrin α2β1 or CLEC-2 expressed in platelets, endothelial cells or myeloid cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, murine macrophages (RAW 264.7 cells) and human monocytes (THP-1) were treated with different snaclecs, including aggretin, gramicetin, trowaglerix and convulxin, in the absence or presence of LPS for 24 h.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The production of cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), in supernatants was measured by ELISA. Aggretin increased the production of TNF-α and IL-6 in both RAW264.7 and THP-1 cells; however, the other snaclecs did not. Aggretin induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) tyrosine phosphorylation of RAW264.7 cells. Pretreatments with inhibitor of ERK, JNK, p38 or NF-κB abolished cytokine release caused by aggretin. Aggretin bound to THP-1 cells in a concentration-dependent manner and it displaced the CLEC-2 mAb binding to THP-1 cells and the immobilized aggretin selectively bound to CLEC-2 of both platelets and THP-1 cell lysates. Furthermore, aggretin elevated the plasma level of IL-6 in ICR mice as it was administered intramuscularly.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that aggretin may induce cytokine TNF-α/IL-6 release via interacting with CLEC-2 receptor and the subsequent MAPK and NF-κB activation in monocytes/macrophages.
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: C-H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: C-H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: C-C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: T-Y
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: T-F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D007249:Inflammation; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D037181:Lectins, C-Type / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System; D008264:Macrophages / Q000166:cytology; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D009000:Monocytes / Q000166:cytology; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D010586:Phagocytes / Q000166:cytology*; D012910:Snake Venoms; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D014757:Viper Venoms / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: C529518:CLEC-2 protein, mouse; D016207:Cytokines; D015850:Interleukin-6; D037181:Lectins, C-Type; D016328:NF-kappa B; D012910:Snake Venoms; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D014757:Viper Venoms; C112292:rhodocytin protein, Calloselasma rhodostoma