title: Effect of HLA class I and class II alleles on progression from autoantibody positivity to overt type 1 diabetes in children with risk-associated class II genotypes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Class II alleles define the main HLA effect on type 1 diabetes, but there is an independent effect of certain class I alleles. Class II and class I molecules are differently involved in the initiation and effector phases of the immune response, suggesting that class I alleles would be important determinants in the rate of β-cell destruction. To test this hypothesis we analyzed the role of HLA class I and class II gene polymorphisms in the progression from diabetes-associated autoimmunity to clinical disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effect of HLA-DR-DQ haplotypes and a panel of class I HLA-A and -B alleles on the progression from autoantibody seroconversion to clinical diabetes was studied in 249 children persistently positive for at least one biochemical diabetes-associated autoantibody in addition to islet cell autoantibody.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The progression to clinical disease was separately analyzed after the appearance of the first and the second persistent biochemical autoantibody using Cox regression. Multivariate analysis demonstrated a significant protective effect of the A*03 allele (odds ratio [OR] 0.61, P = 0.042 after the first and OR 0.55, P = 0.027 after the second autoantibody), whereas the B*39 allele had a promoting effect after seroconversion for the second autoantibody (OR 2.4, P = 0.014). When children with the DR3/DR4 genotype were separately analyzed, HLA-B*39 had a strong effect (OR 6.6, P = 0.004 and OR 7.5, P = 0.007, after the appearance of the first and the second autoantibody, respectively). The protective effect of A*03 was seen only among children without the DR3/DR4 combination.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results confirm that class I alleles affect the progression of diabetes-associated autoimmunity and demonstrate interactions between class I and class II alleles.
authors.affiliation: Immunogenetics Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: Kati
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lipponen
authors.forename: Zsofia
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Gombos
authors.forename: Minna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kiviniemi
authors.forename: Heli
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Siljander
authors.forename: Johanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lempainen
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hermann
authors.forename: Riitta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Veijola
authors.forename: Olli
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Simell
authors.forename: Mikael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Knip
authors.forename: Jorma
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ilonen
mesh_terms: D017668:Age of Onset; D000483:Alleles; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000235:genetics*; D002648:Child; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D018450:Disease Progression; D005387:Finland; D005838:Genotype; D006683:HLA-DQ Antigens / Q000235:genetics; D059866:HLA-DQ beta-Chains; D006684:HLA-DR Antigens / Q000235:genetics; D015395:Histocompatibility Antigens Class I / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D018570:Risk Assessment
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; D006683:HLA-DQ Antigens; D059866:HLA-DQ beta-Chains; C069051:HLA-DQB1 antigen; D006684:HLA-DR Antigens; D015395:Histocompatibility Antigens Class I