title: Insulin resistance is associated with the pathology of Alzheimer disease: the Hisayama study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We examined the association between diabetes-related factors and pathology of Alzheimer disease (AD) to evaluate how diabetes affects the pathogenic process of AD.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study included specimens from a series of 135 autopsies of residents of the town of Hisayama in Fukuoka prefecture (74 men and 61 women) performed between 1998 and 2003, who underwent a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test in clinical examinations in 1988. We measured diabetes-related factors including fasting glucose, 2-hour post-load plasma glucose, fasting insulin, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) in 1988. Neuritic plaques (NPs) were assessed according to the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease guidelines and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) were assessed according to Braak stage. The associations between each factor and AD pathology were examined by analysis of covariance and logistic regression analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Higher levels of 2-hour post-load plasma glucose, fasting insulin, and HOMA-IR were associated with increased risk for NPs after adjustment for age, sex, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, body mass index, habitual smoking, regular exercise, and cerebrovascular disease. However, there were no relationships between diabetes-related factors and NFTs. Regarding the effects of APOE genotype on the risk of AD pathology, the coexistence of hyperglycemia and APOE epsilon4 increased the risk for NP formation. A similar enhancement was observed for hyperinsulinemia and high HOMA-IR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study suggest that hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia caused by insulin resistance accelerate NP formation in combination with the effects of APOE epsilon4.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuropathology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Matsuzaki
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tanizaki
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hata
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fujimi
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Matsui
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sekita
authors.forename: S O
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kanba
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kiyohara
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Iwaki
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology; D006946:Hyperinsulinism / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D058225:Plaque, Amyloid / Q000473:pathology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin