title: Meta-analysis of digit ratio 2D:4D shows greater sex difference in the right hand.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our aims are, first, to describe the sex difference in the length ratio of the second and fourth digits (2D:4D), which likely reflects prenatal testosterone levels in humans. Second, to infer the loss of reliability observed in 2D:4D based on self-measured finger lengths.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used random-effects meta-analysis of 2D:4D based on expert-measured finger lengths (116 samples with 13,260 females and 11,789 males).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We find a moderate sex difference (with lower 2D:4D for males), which shows substantial heterogeneity (which is unrelated to age). The sex difference is moderated by the type of finger length measurement and by hand. Measurement involving the distortion of soft tissue leads to a significantly larger sex difference than finger length measurement avoiding this. The sex difference in 2D:4D is larger in the right hand than in the left. The reliability of self-measured 2D:4D in the BBC internet study, by far the largest study on 2D:4D, is estimated to be 46% of that of expert-measured 2D:4D.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Right-hand 2D:4D might be a better indicator of prenatal androgenisation than left-hand 2D:4D. The view that 2D:4D has allometric properties (Kratochvil L, Flegr J. 2009. Differences in 2nd to 4th digit length ratio in humans reflect shifts along the common allometric line. Biol Lett 5:643-646.) is not supported. Bone lengths contribute to the sex difference in 2D:4D. In addition, there might be a sex difference in fingers' soft tissue, which should be investigated. Because of measurement unreliability, correlations between 2D:4D and variables of interest are about one-third smaller in the BBC internet study than in studies in which 2D:4D is based on expert-measured finger lengths.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, United Kingdom. johannes.honekopp@unn.ac.uk
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hönekopp
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Watson
mesh_terms: D000650:Amnion / Q000378:metabolism; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D005260:Female; D005385:Fingers / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000254:growth & development*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D013739:Testosterone / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D013739:Testosterone