title: Remediating office environments of spore-forming bacteria.
abstract: This study examines decontamination processes that were developed on an emergency basis to eliminate Bacillus anthracis spores from deliberately contaminated buildings. The recommended steps include a survey with sampling, the removal of sensitive items, and HEPA vacuuming of all readily available surfaces, followed by biocide treatment and subsequent analyses for viable cells. There are several analytical challenges posed by this approach. These include the ability to discriminate the added strain from naturally occurring resident microbes, determining detection limits for anthrax spores in settled dusts, and detecting viable but nonculturable spores. There are also logistical issues relating to the various skill sets required from investigation to reconstruction. In the present study, a model office was constructed, and a strain of Bacillus pumilus was isolated from the carpet and reintroduced to the office in excess. The abundance of the B. pumilus strain was monitored in settled dust using a strain-specific, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (QPCR)-based detection method following repeated HEPA vacuum cleanings. The QPCR method had a limit of detection corresponding to < or = 10(2) colony forming units per gram of settled dust. QPCR results were compared with measures of dust recoveries and fungal glucan and endotoxin levels in the dust samples. The largest fraction (ca. 81%) of added spores was recovered during the first HEPA cleaning. Subsequent cleanings resulted in incrementally lower recoveries, with removal of 93% of the initial inoculum by the third HEPA vacuuming. HEPA vacuuming prior to removal of items such as office contents and furnishings would result in much less resuspension of dust and limiting the extent of contamination. This approach also ensures that residual contaminants are as low as can be reasonably achieved.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Luke
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Myron L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Melissa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Begin
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Fraser
authors.forename: J David
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Miller
mesh_terms: D001408:Bacillus anthracis / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D023482:Bioterrorism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003666:Decontamination / Q000379:methods*; D004391:Dust; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000032:analysis; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000517:prevention & control*; D052918:Environmental Restoration and Remediation / Q000379:methods*; D005374:Filtration / Q000295:instrumentation; D005936:Glucans / Q000032:analysis; D010316:Particle Size; D013171:Spores, Bacterial / Q000302:isolation & purification
chemical_list: D004391:Dust; D004731:Endotoxins; D005936:Glucans