title: Tuning in to Kids: improving emotion socialization practices in parents of preschool children--findings from a community trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study evaluated a new prevention and early intervention parenting program: Tuning in to Kids. The program aims to improve emotion socialization practices in parents of preschool children and is based on research evidence that parents' responses to, and coaching of, their children's emotions influence emotional and behavioral functioning in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred and sixteen primary caregiver parents of children aged 4.0-5.11 years were randomized into an intervention or waitlist control group. Parents in the intervention condition attended a 6-session group parenting program plus two booster sessions. Assessment occurred pre-intervention, post-intervention and at six-month follow-up. Questionnaires assessed parent emotion awareness and regulation, parent beliefs and practices of emotion socialization (emotion dismissing, emotion coaching, empathy) and child behavior (parent and teacher report). Observation of emotion socialization practices and child emotional knowledge was conducted pre-intervention and at follow-up with 161 parent-child dyads.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Parents in the intervention condition reported significant improvements in their own emotion awareness and regulation, increases in emotion coaching, and decreases in emotionally dismissive beliefs and behaviors. There were increases in parents' observed use of emotion labels and discussion of causes and consequences of emotions with their children. Child emotional knowledge improved, and reductions in child behavior problems were reported by parents and teachers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides support for the efficacy of a parenting intervention targeting parent emotion socialization practices that lead to improved child emotional knowledge and behavior. This preventative intervention targeting parents' own emotion awareness and regulation, as well as emotional communication in parent-child relationships, is a promising addition to available parenting programs.
authors.affiliation: Mindful: Centre for Training and Research in Developmental Health, University of Melbourne, Australia. sophie.h@unimelb.edu.au
authors.forename: Sophie S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Havighurst
authors.forename: Katherine R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Ann E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Harley
authors.forename: Margot R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Prior
authors.forename: Christiane
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kehoe
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003156:Community Mental Health Services / Q000379:methods; D018479:Early Intervention, Educational / Q000379:methods; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology*; D010290:Parents / Q000193:education*; D012919:Social Behavior; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome