title: Inhibition of monoacylglycerol lipase by troglitazone, N-arachidonoyl dopamine and the irreversible inhibitor JZL184: comparison of two different assays.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Drugs used clinically usually have a primary mechanism of action, but additional effects on other biological targets can contribute to their effects. A potentially useful additional target is the endocannabinoid metabolizing enzyme monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL). We have screened a range of drugs for inhibition of MGL and compared the observed potencies using different MGL enzyme assays.
  
  
  METHODS
  MGL activity was screened using recombinant human MGL (cell lysates and purified enzyme) with 4-nitrophenyl acetate (NPA) as substrate. 2-Oleolyglycerol metabolism by rat cerebellar cytosolic MGL and by recombinant MGL was also investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the 96 compounds screened in the NPA assay, troglitazone, CP55,940, N-arachidonoyl dopamine and AM404 inhibited NPA hydrolysis by the lysates with IC(50) values of 1.1, 4.9, 0.78 and 3.1µM, respectively. The potency for troglitazone is in the same range as its primary pharmacological activity, activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) γ. Among PPARγ ligands, the potency order towards human MGL was troglitazone > ciglitazone > rosiglitazone > 15-deoxy-Δ(12,14) -prostaglandin J(2) ≈ CAY 10415 > CAY 10514. In contrast to the time-dependent inhibitor JZL184, the potency of troglitazone was dependent upon the enzyme assay system used. Thus, troglitazone inhibited rat cytosolic 2-oleoylglycerol hydrolysis less potently (IC(50) 41µM) than hydrolysis of NPA by the human MGL lysates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  'Hits' in screening programmes for MGL inhibitors should be assessed in different MGL assays. Troglitazone may be a useful lead for the design of novel, dual action MGL inhibitors/PPARγ activators.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Björklund
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Norén
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nilsson
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Fowler
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001095:Arachidonic Acids / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D052117:Benzodioxoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D063385:Cannabinoid Receptor Modulators / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D002839:Chromans / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003511:Cyclohexanols / Q000378:metabolism; D004298:Dopamine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D057075:Enzyme Assays; D005989:Glycerides / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008994:Monoacylglycerol Lipases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D009596:Nitrophenols / Q000378:metabolism; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000819:agonists / Q000378:metabolism; D010880:Piperidines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D045162:Thiazolidinediones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000077288:Troglitazone
chemical_list: D001095:Arachidonic Acids; D052117:Benzodioxoles; D063385:Cannabinoid Receptor Modulators; D002839:Chromans; D003511:Cyclohexanols; D005989:Glycerides; C534333:JZL 184; D009596:Nitrophenols; D047495:PPAR gamma; D010880:Piperidines; D045162:Thiazolidinediones; C474941:arachidonyl dopamine; C008642:4-nitrophenyl acetate; C054649:3-(2-hydroxy-4-(1,1-dimethylheptyl)phenyl)-4-(3-hydroxypropyl)cyclohexanol; C505247:2-oleoylglycerol; D008994:Monoacylglycerol Lipases; D000077288:Troglitazone; D004298:Dopamine; C107594:N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)arachidonylamide