title: Late-life alcohol consumption and 20-year mortality.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Growing epidemiological evidence indicates that moderate alcohol consumption is associated with reduced total mortality among middle-aged and older adults. However, the salutary effect of moderate drinking may be overestimated owing to confounding factors. Abstainers may include former problem drinkers with existing health problems and may be atypical compared to drinkers in terms of sociodemographic and social-behavioral factors. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between alcohol consumption and all-cause mortality over 20 years among 1,824 older adults, controlling for a wide range of potential confounding factors associated with abstention.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample at baseline included 1,824 individuals between the ages of 55 and 65. The database at baseline included information on daily alcohol consumption, sociodemographic factors, former problem drinking status, health factors, and social-behavioral factors. Abstention was defined as abstaining from alcohol at baseline. Death across a 20-year follow-up period was confirmed primarily by death certificate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Controlling only for age and gender, compared to moderate drinkers, abstainers had a more than 2 times increased mortality risk, heavy drinkers had 70% increased risk, and light drinkers had 23% increased risk. A model controlling for former problem drinking status, existing health problems, and key sociodemographic and social-behavioral factors, as well as for age and gender, substantially reduced the mortality effect for abstainers compared to moderate drinkers. However, even after adjusting for all covariates, abstainers and heavy drinkers continued to show increased mortality risks of 51 and 45%, respectively, compared to moderate drinkers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings are consistent with an interpretation that the survival effect for moderate drinking compared to abstention among older adults reflects 2 processes. First, the effect of confounding factors associated with alcohol abstention is considerable. However, even after taking account of traditional and nontraditional covariates, moderate alcohol consumption continued to show a beneficial effect in predicting mortality risk.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology (A8000), University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA. holahan@psy.utexas.edu
authors.forename: Charles J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Holahan
authors.forename: Kathleen K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Schutte
authors.forename: Penny L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Brennan
authors.forename: Carole K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Holahan
authors.forename: Bernice S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Moos
authors.forename: Rudolf H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Moos
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological / Q000502:physiology; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000401:mortality*; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000401:mortality*; D016208:Databases, Factual; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D005544:Forecasting; D033062:Friends; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D012919:Social Behavior; D012931:Social Environment; D012944:Social Support; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013695:Temperance