title: Prolactin serum levels and breast cancer: relationships with risk factors and tumour characteristics among pre- and postmenopausal women in a population-based case-control study from Poland.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous prospective studies have found an association between prolactin (PRL) levels and increased risk of breast cancer. Using data from a population-based breast cancer case-control study conducted in two cities in Poland (2000-2003), we examined the association of PRL levels with breast cancer risk factors among controls and with tumour characteristics among the cases.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analysed PRL serum levels among 773 controls without breast cancer matched on age and residence to 776 invasive breast cancer cases with available pretreatment serum. Tumours were centrally reviewed and prepared as tissue microarrays for immunohistochemical analysis. Breast cancer risk factors, assessed by interview, were related to serum PRL levels among controls using analysis of variance. Mean serum PRL levels by tumour characteristics are reported. These associations also were evaluated using polytomous logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prolactin levels were associated with nulliparity in premenopausal (P=0.05) but not in postmenopausal women. Associations in postmenopausal women included an inverse association with increasing body mass index (P=0.0008) and direct association with use of recent/current hormone therapy (P=0.0006). In case-only analyses, higher PRL levels were more strongly associated with lobular compared with ductal carcinoma among postmenopausal women (P=0.02). Levels were not different by tumour size, grade, node involvement or oestrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, or human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 status.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our analysis demonstrates that PRL levels are higher among premenopausal nulliparous as compared with parous women. Among postmenopausal women, levels were higher among hormone users and lower among obese women. These results may have value in understanding the mechanisms underlying several breast cancer risk factor associations.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Prevention Fellowship Program, Center for Cancer Training, National Cancer Institute, 6120 Executive Blvd (EPS), Suite 150E, MSC 7105, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. badgerje@mail.nih.gov
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Faupel-Badger
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Sherman
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Garcia-Closas
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Gaudet
authors.forename: R T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Falk
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Andaya
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Pfeiffer
authors.forename: X R
authors.initials: XR
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lissowska
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Brinton
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Peplonska
authors.forename: B K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Vonderhaar
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Figueroa
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000097:blood*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D010298:Parity; D011044:Poland / Q000453:epidemiology; D017698:Postmenopause; D011247:Pregnancy; D017697:Premenopause; D011388:Prolactin / Q000097:blood*; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D011388:Prolactin