title: Nutritional assessment and support of the patient with acute heart failure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A significant number of patients hospitalized with heart failure are malnourished. Depletion of micronutrients, which is known to occur in heart failure for a variety of reasons, may contribute to myocardial abnormalities noted in heart failure. In this review, we focus on nutritional supplementation strategies that might improve myocardial performance and, as a consequence, decrease mortality and morbidity in these patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The available data suggest that micronutrient and macronutrient supplementation may play a role in improving the myocardial metabolic abnormalities noted in heart failure. A recent trial of omega-3 fatty acid macronutrient supplementation showed a modest decrease in mortality and hospitalizations when used in patients with New York Heart Association class II-IV heart failure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Recommendations for nutritional support in patients with heart failure are difficult to make due to a lack of large randomized trials. Supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids, and micronutrients such as thiamine, coenzyme Q-10 and carnitine has shown promise in several studies. Since the data is not conclusive, large trials are needed to address whether these positive findings are reproducible in a wider subset of patients. In addition, these trials should study the combination of different micronutrients and macronutrients since heart failure patients are rarely deficient in just one micronutrient or macronutrient.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Center for Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
authors.forename: Satyam
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sarma
authors.forename: Mihai
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gheorghiade
mesh_terms: D003422:Critical Care; D006333:Heart Failure; D006801:Humans; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D018529:Nutritional Support