title: Emission factors of particulate matter and elemental carbon for crop residues and coals burned in typical household stoves in China.
abstract: Both particulate matter (PM) and black carbon (BC) impact climate change and human health. Uncertainties in emission inventories of PM and BC are partially due to large variation of measured emission factors (EFs) and lack of EFs from developing countries. Although there is a debate whether thermal-optically measured elemental carbon (EC) may be referred to as BC, EC is often treated as the same mass of BC. In this study, EFs of PM (EF(PM)) and EC (EF(EC)) for 9 crop residues and 5 coals were measured in actual rural cooking and coal stoves using the carbon mass balance method. The dependence of the EFs on fuel properties and combustion conditions was investigated. It was found that the mean EF(PM) were 8.19 ± 4.27 and 3.17 ± 4.67 g/kg and the mean EF(EC) were 1.38 ± 0.70 and 0.23 ± 0.36 g/kg for crop residues and coals, respectively. PM with size less than 10 μm (PM(10)) from crop residues were dominated by particles of aerodynamic size ranging from 0.7 to 2.1 μm, while the most abundant size ranges of PM(10) from coals were either from 0.7 to 2.1 μm or less than 0.7 μm. Of various fuel properties and combustion conditions tested, fuel moisture and modified combustion efficiency (MCE) were the most critical factors affecting EF(PM) and EF(EC) for crop residues. For coal combustion, EF(PM) were primarily affected by MCE and volatile matter, whereas EF(EC) were significantly influenced by ash content, volatile matter, heat value, and MCE. It was also found that EC emissions were significantly correlated with emissions of PM with size less than 0.4 μm.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
authors.forename: Guofeng
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Yifeng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Shu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tao
authors.forename: Chen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Yujia
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Min
authors.forename: Miao
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Xue
authors.forename: Junnan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Rong
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Huizhong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Xilong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Armistead G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Russell
mesh_terms: D002244:Carbon / Q000737:chemistry*; D002681:China; D003031:Coal / Q000032:analysis*; D018556:Crops, Agricultural / Q000737:chemistry*; D006794:Household Articles; D017745:Incineration; D010316:Particle Size; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000737:chemistry*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D014866:Waste Products / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D003031:Coal; D052638:Particulate Matter; D014866:Waste Products; D002244:Carbon