title: High-fidelity simulation demonstrates the influence of anesthesiologists' age and years from residency on emergency cricothyroidotomy skills.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Age-related deterioration in both cognitive function and the capacity to control fine motor movements has been demonstrated in numerous studies. However, this decline has not been described with respect to complex clinical anesthesia skills. Cricothyroidotomy is an example of a complex, lifesaving procedure that requires competency in the domains of both cognitive processing and fine motor control. Proficiency in this skill is vital to minimize time to reestablish oxygenation during a "cannot intubate, cannot ventilate" scenario. In this prospective, controlled, single-blinded study, we tested the hypothesis that age affects the learning and performance of emergency percutaneous cricothyroidotomy in a high-fidelity simulated cannot intubate/cannot ventilate scenario.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-six staff anesthesiologists (19 aged younger than 45 years and 17 older than 45 years) managed a high-fidelity cannot intubate/cannot ventilate scenario in a high-fidelity simulator before and after a 1-hour standardized training session. The group division cutoff age of 45 years was based on the median age of our sample subject population before enrollment. The scenarios required the insertion of an emergency percutaneous cricothyroidotomy. We compared cricothyroidotomy skills in the older group with those in the younger group using procedural time, 5-point task-specific checklist score, and global rating scale score. Correlation based on age, years from residency, weekly clinical hours worked, previous continuing medical education in airway management, and previous simulation experience was also performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In both prestandardization and poststandardization, age and years from residency correlated with procedural time, checklist scores, and global rating scores. Baseline, prestandardization variables were all better for the younger group, with a mean age of 37 years, compared with the older group, with a mean age of 58 years. Procedural time was 100 (72-128) seconds versus 152 (120-261) seconds. Checklist scores were 7.0 (6.1-8.0) versus 6.0 (4.8-8.0). Global rating scale scores were 22.0 (17.8-29.8) versus 17.5 (10.4-20.6). After the 1-hour standardized training session, the younger group continued to perform better than the older group with procedural time of 75 (66-91) seconds versus 87 (78-123) seconds, checklist scores of 10.0 (9.1-10.0) versus 9.0 (8.0-10.0), and global rating scale scores of 35.0 (32.1-35.0) versus 32.0 (29.0-33.8). Regression analysis was performed on the poststandardization data. Both age and years from residency independently affected procedural time, checklist scores, and global rating scale scores (all P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Baseline proficiency with simulated emergency cricothyroidotomy is associated with age and years from residency. Despite standardized training, operator age and years from residency were associated with decreased proficiency. Further research should explore the potential of using age and years from residency as factors for implementing periodic continuing medical education.
authors.affiliation: FRCPC, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Lyndon W
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Siu
authors.forename: Sylvain
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Boet
authors.forename: Bruno C R
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Borges
authors.forename: Heinz R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Bruppacher
authors.forename: Vicki
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: LeBlanc
authors.forename: Viren N
authors.initials: VN
authors.lastname: Naik
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Riem
authors.forename: Deven B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Chandra
authors.forename: Hwan S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Joo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000776:Anesthesiology / Q000193:education* / Q000592:standards; D002983:Clinical Competence / Q000592:standards; D004502:Education, Medical, Continuing / Q000592:standards; D004635:Emergency Medicine / Q000193:education* / Q000592:standards; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency / Q000592:standards; D007821:Laryngeal Muscles / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008348:Manikins; D008875:Middle Aged; D010820:Physicians / Q000592:standards; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000592:standards; D016037:Single-Blind Method