title: Effects of torsion on intervertebral disc gene expression and biomechanics, using a rat tail model.
abstract: METHODS
  In vitro and in vivo rat tail model to assess effects of torsion on intervertebral disc biomechanics and gene expression.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Investigate effects of torsion on promoting biosynthesis and producing injury in rat caudal intervertebral discs.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Torsion is an important loading mode in the disc and increased torsional range of motion is associated with clinical symptoms from disc disruption. Altered elastin content is implicated in disc degeneration, but its effects on torsional loading are unknown. Although effects of compression have been studied, the effect of torsion on intervertebral disc gene expression is unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  In vitro biomechanical tests were performed in torsion on rat tail motion segments subjected to 4 treatments: elastase, collagenase, genipin, control. In vivo tests were performed on rats with Ilizarov-type fixators implanted to caudal motion segments with five 90 minute loading groups: 1 Hz cyclic torsion to ± 5 ± 15° and ± 30°, static torsion to + 30°, and sham. Anulus and nucleus tissues were separately analyzed using qRT-PCR for gene expression of anabolic, catabolic, and proinflammatory cytokine markers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In vitro tests showed decreased torsional stiffness following elastase treatment and no changes in stiffness with frequency. In vivo tests showed no significant changes in dynamic stiffness with time. Cyclic torsion upregulated elastin expression in the anulus fibrosus. Up regulation of TNF-α and IL-1β was measured at ±30°.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that strong differences in the disc response to cyclic torsion and compression are apparent with torsion increasing elastin expression and compression resulting in a more substantial increase in disc metabolism in the nucleus pulposus. Results highlight the importance of elastin in torsional loading and suggest that elastin remodels in response to shearing. Torsional loading can cause injury to the disc at excessive amplitudes that are detectable biologically before they are biomechanically.
authors.affiliation: School of Engineering, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Barbir
authors.forename: Karolyn E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Godburn
authors.forename: Arthur J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Michalek
authors.forename: Alon
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Monsey
authors.forename: James C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Iatridis
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D019245:Compressive Strength / Q000502:physiology; D004549:Elastin / Q000235:genetics; D015870:Gene Expression; D006801:Humans; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000235:genetics; D007403:Intervertebral Disc / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D023421:Models, Animal; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013131:Spine / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013623:Tail / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics; D016474:Weight-Bearing / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D004549:Elastin