title: Fetal tracheolaryngeal airway obstruction: prenatal evaluation by sonography and MRI.
abstract: We reviewed the sonographic and MRI findings of tracheolaryngeal obstruction in the fetus. Conditions that can cause tracheolaryngeal obstruction include extrinsic causes such as lymphatic malformation, cervical teratoma and vascular rings and intrinsic causes such as congenital high airway obstruction syndrome (CHAOS). Accurate distinction of these conditions by sonography or MRI can help facilitate parental counseling and management, including the decision to utilize the ex utero intrapartum treatment (EXIT) procedure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of California San Francisco, Box 0628, M-372, 505 Parnassus Ave., San Francisco, CA 94143-0628, USA.
authors.forename: Jesse
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Courtier
authors.forename: Liina
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Poder
authors.forename: Zhen J
authors.initials: ZJ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Antonio C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Westphalen
authors.forename: Benjamin M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Yeh
authors.forename: Fergus V
authors.initials: FV
authors.lastname: Coakley
mesh_terms: D000402:Airway Obstruction / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000196:embryology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007829:Laryngostenosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000196:embryology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D014135:Tracheal Stenosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000196:embryology; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal / Q000379:methods*