title: Growth factors: beyond bone morphogenetic proteins.
abstract: The current landscape of growth factors in orthopaedic trauma is dominated by the BMPs, as they are the most extensively studied growth factors in clinical applications pertaining to orthopaedic trauma. Despite this, their application and indications for use in trauma remain controversial. This article highlights a number of selected growth factors, other than BMPs, that are currently being investigated in orthopaedic trauma applications. These growth factors have shown significant promise in preclinical and early clinical investigation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Division of Orthopaedics, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: Aaron
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nauth
authors.forename: Peter V
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Giannoudis
authors.forename: Thomas A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Einhorn
authors.forename: Kurt D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Hankenson
authors.forename: Gary E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Friedlaender
authors.forename: Ru
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Emil H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Schemitsch
mesh_terms: D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 / Q000627:therapeutic use; D055419:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 7 / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017102:Fracture Healing / Q000502:physiology*; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000378:metabolism*; D015316:Genetic Therapy; D006801:Humans; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: C525718:BMP2 protein, human; D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2; D055419:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 7; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone; D011994:Recombinant Proteins