title: Intratumoral macrophage counts correlate with tumor progression in colorectal cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The role of intratumoral tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in colorectal cancer (CRC) is not clear. We aim to examine the relationships of TAMs and the clinicopathologic features of CRC and the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-2 and MMP-9.
  
  
  METHODS
  Immunohistochemical staining of CD68, MMP-2, and MMP-9 was determined in tissue samples from CRC patients. To test the biological effect of macrophages on tumor cells, cancer cells were cocultured with macrophages and function change of cancer cells were examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intratumoral TAM count correlated with depth of invasion (P = 0.048), lymph node metastasis (P < 0.0001), and staging (P < 0.0001) of CRC. MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression was significantly associated with lymph node metastasis and staging. A significant association between intratumoral TAM counts and MMP-2 (P < 0.0001) and MMP-9 (P < 0.0001) expression was noted. When cocultured with macrophages, cancer cells increased their invasiveness and migration and elevated MMP-2 and MMP-9 secretion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intratumoral TAMs cause cancer cells to have a more aggressive behavior, and this may be due to an upregulation of tumor cell-derived MMP-2 and MMP-9. Examination of intratumoral TAMs can serve as a progressive marker for CRC patients.
authors.affiliation: Division of Colon & Rectum, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Jung-Cheng
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Jin-Shuen
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Chien-Hsing
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Jao-Jen
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Yi-Shing
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Shieh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002452:Cell Count; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002465:Cell Movement; D018920:Coculture Techniques; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008264:Macrophages / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000032:analysis / Q000502:physiology; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000032:analysis / Q000502:physiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness
chemical_list: D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9