title: Protein polymer MRI contrast agents: Longitudinal analysis of biomaterials in vivo.
abstract: Despite recent advances in tissue engineering to regenerate biological function by combining cells with material supports, development is hindered by inadequate techniques for characterizing biomaterials in vivo. Magnetic resonance imaging is a tomographic technique with high temporal and spatial resolution and represents an excellent imaging modality for longitudinal noninvasive assessment of biomaterials in vivo. To distinguish biomaterials from surrounding tissues for magnetic resonance imaging, protein polymer contrast agents were developed and incorporated into hydrogels. In vitro and in vivo images of protein polymer hydrogels, with and without covalently incorporated protein polymer contrast agents, were acquired by magnetic resonance imaging. T(1) values of the labeled gels were consistently lower when protein polymer contrast agents were included. As a result, the protein polymer contrast agent hydrogels facilitated fate tracking, quantification of degradation, and detection of immune response in vivo. For the duration of the in vivo study, the protein polymer contrast agent-containing hydrogels could be distinguished from adjacent tissues and from the foreign body response surrounding the gels. The hydrogels containing protein polymer contrast agent have a contrast-to-noise ratio 2-fold greater than hydrogels without protein polymer contrast agent. In the absence of the protein polymer contrast agent, hydrogels cannot be distinguished by the end of the gel lifetime.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA.
authors.forename: Lindsay S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Karfeld-Sulzer
authors.forename: Emily A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Waters
authors.forename: Ellen K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Kohlmeir
authors.forename: Hermann
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kissler
authors.forename: Xiaomin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Dixon B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Kaufman
authors.forename: Annelise E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Barron
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Meade
mesh_terms: D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry*; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000138:chemical synthesis*; D004355:Drug Stability; D004356:Drug Storage; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008422:Materials Testing; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry*; D011506:Proteins / Q000737:chemistry*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D003287:Contrast Media; D011108:Polymers; D011506:Proteins