title: Adenosine and inosine release during hypoxia in the isolated spinal cord of neonatal rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Adenosine and inosine accumulate extracellularly during hypoxia/ischaemia in the brain and may act as neuroprotectants. In spinal cord, there is pharmacological evidence for increases in extracellular adenosine during hypoxia, but no direct measurements of purine release. Furthermore, the efflux pathways and origin of extracellular purines are not defined. To characterize hypoxia-evoked purine accumulation, we examined the effect of acute hypoxia on the extracellular levels of adenosine and inosine in isolated spinal cords from rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Extracellular adenosine and inosine concentrations were assayed in an in vitro preparation of the isolated spinal cord of the neonatal rat by HPLC.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The extracellular level of inosine was about 10-fold higher than that of adenosine. Acute hypoxia (10 min) caused a temperature-dependent increase in these two purines, which were inhibited by an increase in external Ca(2+), but not by several inhibitors of efflux pathways or metabolic enzymes of adenine nucleotides. Inhibitors of adenosine deaminase or the equilibrative nucleoside transporter (ENT) abolished the hypoxia-evoked increase in inosine but not adenosine. The inhibition of glial metabolism abolished the increase of both purines evoked by hypoxia but not by oxygen-glucose deprivation, hypercapnia or an adenosine kinase inhibitor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest that hypoxia releases adenosine itself from intracellular sources. Inosine formed intracellularly may be released through ENTs. During hypoxia, astrocytes appear to play a key role in purine release from neonatal rat spinal cord.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Otsuguro
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ohta
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ito
mesh_terms: D000227:Adenine Nucleotides / Q000378:metabolism; D000241:Adenosine / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D045604:Extracellular Fluid / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000378:metabolism; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007288:Inosine / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000227:Adenine Nucleotides; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D007288:Inosine; D000241:Adenosine