Inflammation-induced secretion of CCL21 in lymphatic endothelium is a key regulator of integrin-mediated dendritic cell transmigration.
Tissue inflammation induces rapid mobilization of antigen-charged dendritic cells (DCs), which migrate to draining lymph nodes via afferent lymphatics to elicit the immune response. This increase in DC trafficking has been shown to require integrin-dependent adhesion to ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, expressed on inflamed lymphatic endothelium. In addition, both constitutive- and inflammation-induced DC migration involves the chemokine CCL21, which most likely triggers integrin activation on DC via its receptor CCR7. Recently, however, conflicting evidence has suggested that DC entry occurs independently of integrins, implying that the role of CCL21 in lymphatics is purely chemotactic. Hence, while CCL21 is reported to be inducible during inflammation, the details of this induction and the role of CCL21 during initial DC trafficking are unclear. Here, we have characterized both the production of CCL21 and the mechanism of its action in DC transmigration using primary human dermal lymphatic endothelial cells (HDLECs) and a mouse model of skin contact hypersensitivity. We showed that CCL21 is constitutively expressed intracellularly but rapidly secreted after exposure to the inflammatory cytokine tumour necrosis factor (TNF) α following de novo RNA and protein synthesis. Furthermore, using in vitro transmigration assays, we showed that endogenous HDLEC-derived CCL21 stimulates DC translymphatic migration by a predominantly chemotactic mechanism in resting HDLEC and by a β2 integrin-mediated mechanism in TNFα-stimulated HDLEC. These results imply a direct role for CCL21 in lymphatic transmigration that involves the selective use of integrin activation in inflammation.
Johnson
Louise A
LA
Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK. louise.johnson@imm.ox.ac.uk
Jackson
David G
DG
D000818:Animals; D018821:CD18 Antigens / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000276:immunology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D054421:Chemokine CCL21 / Q000378:metabolism*; D002633:Chemotaxis / Q000276:immunology; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D003877:Dermatitis, Contact / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D004729:Endothelium, Lymphatic / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000276:immunology*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D012867:Skin / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism
D018821:CD18 Antigens; D054421:Chemokine CCL21