title: Cytokine and chemokine levels in tears from healthy subjects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There is growing evidence for the existence of an 'immune tone' in normal tears. The aim of this study was to determine the levels of a large panel of cytokines and chemokines in tears obtained from healthy subjects. These levels can then serve as baseline values for comparison with patients suffering from ocular surface diseases.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine healthy subjects participated in this study, and normal ocular surface health was documented by the results of a dry eye questionnaire, Schirmer strip wetting, and vital staining of the cornea. Four microliters of tears were collected from each eye and analysed separately with multiplex bead-based assays for the concentration of 30 cytokines and chemokines.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-five cytokines/chemokines were detected. CCL11/Eotaxin1, GM-CSF, G-CSF, IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-13, IL-12p70, IL-15, CX3CL1/Fractalkine, TNF-α, epidermal growth factor, and CCL4/MIP-1β were present at 5-100 pg/ml. IL-1β, IL-6, IL-7A, CXCL8/IL-8, and CCL2/MCP-1 were present at 100-400 pg/ml. IL-1Ra, CXCL10/IP-10 and vascular endothelial growth factor were present at more than 1000 pg/ml.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Multiplex bead-based assays are convenient for cytokine/chemokine detection in tears. Fracktalkine has been detected in human healthy tears for the first time. The knowledge of cytokine/chemokine concentrations in tears from normal subjects is an important reference for further comparison with patients suffering from ocular surface diseases. Variability in their levels can reflect a phenomenon of potential importance for the understanding of the ocular surface cytokine pattern.
authors.affiliation: Instituto Universitario de Oftalmobiología, University of Valladolid, Spain.
authors.forename: Ester
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Carreño
authors.forename: Amalia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Enríquez-de-Salamanca
authors.forename: Marisa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tesón
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: García-Vázquez
authors.forename: Michael E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Stern
authors.forename: Scott M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Whitcup
authors.forename: Margarita
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Calonge
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018925:Chemokines / Q000032:analysis*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D012016:Reference Values; D013194:Staining and Labeling; D013666:Tears / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D018925:Chemokines; D016207:Cytokines