title: Comparison of some of the physicochemical characteristics of type 2 diabetic and normal human bones: a sample study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to compare some of the physicochemical characteristics of type 2 diabetic bones (DBs) and normal bones (NBs).
  
  
  METHODS
  The organic and inorganic parts of human NBs and DBs were separated using conventional methods, and their physicochemical characteristics were compared using infrared (IR) spectroscopy, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The IR spectrum of the collagen part of DBs has showed the presence of carbonyl groups, indicating cross-linking in the α-chain. This was also confirmed by the increased thermal stability (22°C) in DB collagen. The XRD data of the inorganic part of DBs have revealed decreased crystallinity. SEM images of the inorganic part of DBs have shown a porous (weak) nature compared to those of NBs, which exhibited a compact (healthy) nature.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The cross-linking in DB collagen molecules and the decreased and defective crystallinity in the inorganic portion of DBs might be the reasons for the increased risk of fracture among diabetic patients.
authors.affiliation: Bio-products Laboratory, Central Leather Research Institute, Chennai 600 020, India.
authors.forename: Santhanam
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sekar
authors.forename: Annamalai
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chandrasekaran
authors.forename: Urmila
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.forename: Thotapalli Parvathaleswara
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Sastry
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D015519:Bone Density; D001847:Bone Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D006801:Humans; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D013055:Spectrophotometry, Infrared; D013818:Thermogravimetry