title: Surgical options for drug-refractory overactive bladder patients.
abstract: Overactive bladder (OAB) is a symptom complex of urinary frequency, urinary urgency, and nocturia, with or without urgency incontinence. This syndrome is idiopathic in most instances without clearly defined pathophysiology. Studies clearly show that OAB negatively impacts health-related quality of life and impairs daily functioning in a large proportion of patients. Despite recent advances in drug delivery and improved tolerability of antimuscarinic drug class, a large percentage of patients remain refractory to conventional pharmacological therapy for this chronic condition. There are several unique and effective treatments that are available for this difficult population. We review the various surgical options within the urological armamentarium to treat patients with refractory OAB.
authors.forename: Jonathan S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Starkman
authors.forename: Christopher P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Staskin
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