title: Endogenous regeneration after collagenase-induced knee joint damage in the adult newt Notophthalmus viridescens.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether adult newts (Notophthalmus viridescens) are able to repair experimentally-induced joint damage in order to generate a model system for the study of endogenous joint regeneration.
  
  
  METHODS
  Joint instability and articular cartilage lesions of the knee joint of adult newts (N viridescens) were induced by intra-articular injection of collagenase. The changes over time were analysed clinically, by MRI, histologically and by reverse transcription PCR to detect selected relevant markers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After rapid onset of disease with joint luxation, loss of proteoglycans and cartilage volume, the signs ameliorated continuously by regeneration of the affected joint compartments. The majority of joints were morphologically intact and functionally operative after 10 weeks. Upregulation of chondrogenic key genes, homogenous expression levels of factors implicated in cartilage homeostasis and limb regeneration as well as the distribution of the blastemal marker 22/18 in both treated and untreated knees suggest that joint regeneration in adult newts only partially invokes pathways of embryological organogenesis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Newts are able to regenerate articular cartilage injuries and to restore tissue integrity and function after induction of damage using a procedure known to induce experimental osteoarthritis in murine models. Further analysis of the underlying molecular mechanisms may contribute to the development of novel treatment approaches in joint failure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Justus-Liebig-University of Gießen, Internal Medicine and Rheumatology, Kerckhoff-Klinik, Bad Nauheim, Germany. m.geyer@kerckhoff-klinik.de
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Geyer
authors.forename: Thilo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Borchardt
authors.forename: Carina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schreiyäck
authors.forename: Astrid
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wietelmann
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Müller-Schrobsdorff
authors.forename: Clemens
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: Ulf
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Müller-Ladner
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dinser
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001169:Arthritis, Experimental / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D024043:Collagen Type II / Q000378:metabolism; D017364:Collagenases; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D007596:Joints / Q000502:physiology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D009673:Notophthalmus viridescens; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011509:Proteoglycans / Q000378:metabolism; D012038:Regeneration / Q000502:physiology*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D024043:Collagen Type II; D011509:Proteoglycans; D017364:Collagenases