title: Your resting brain CAREs about your risky behavior.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Research on the neural correlates of risk-related behaviors and personality traits has provided insight into mechanisms underlying both normal and pathological decision-making. Task-based neuroimaging studies implicate a distributed network of brain regions in risky decision-making. What remains to be understood are the interactions between these regions and their relation to individual differences in personality variables associated with real-world risk-taking.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We employed resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (R-fMRI) and resting state functional connectivity (RSFC) methods to investigate differences in the brain's intrinsic functional architecture associated with beliefs about the consequences of risky behavior. We obtained an individual measure of expected benefit from engaging in risky behavior, indicating a risk seeking or risk-averse personality, for each of 21 participants from whom we also collected a series of R-fMRI scans. The expected benefit scores were entered in statistical models assessing the RSFC of brain regions consistently implicated in both the evaluation of risk and reward, and cognitive control (i.e., orbitofrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, lateral prefrontal cortex, dorsal anterior cingulate). We specifically focused on significant brain-behavior relationships that were stable across R-fMRI scans collected one year apart. Two stable expected benefit-RSFC relationships were observed: decreased expected benefit (increased risk-aversion) was associated with 1) stronger positive functional connectivity between right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and right insula, and 2) weaker negative functional connectivity between left nucleus accumbens and right parieto-occipital cortex.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Task-based activation in the IFG and insula has been associated with risk-aversion, while activation in the nucleus accumbens and parietal cortex has been associated with both risk seeking and risk-averse tendencies. Our results suggest that individual differences in attitudes toward risk-taking are reflected in the brain's functional architecture and may have implications for engaging in real-world risky behaviors.
authors.affiliation: Phyllis Green and Randolph Cōwen Institute for Pediatric Neuroscience at the New York University Child Study Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America.
authors.forename: Christine L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Cox
authors.forename: Kristin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gotimer
authors.forename: Amy K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Roy
authors.forename: F Xavier
authors.initials: FX
authors.lastname: Castellanos
authors.forename: Michael P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Milham
authors.forename: Clare
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kelly
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology; D003657:Decision Making / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009415:Nerve Net; D010551:Personality / Q000502:physiology; D012146:Rest / Q000502:physiology*; D012309:Risk-Taking; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
references.citation: Neuropsychologia. 2008 Jan 15;46(1):213-23
references.pmid: 17854845
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2007 Jun 6;27(23):6212-8
references.pmid: 17553993
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2010 Jan 1;49(1):738-44
references.pmid: 19703568
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2006 Jun 14;26(24):6469-72
references.pmid: 16775134
references.citation: Am J Psychiatry. 2007 Feb;164(2):318-27
references.pmid: 17267796
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2007 Aug 15;37(2):579-88
references.pmid: 17604651
references.citation: Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2008 Oct 12;363(1507):3267-76
references.pmid: 18640911
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2010 May 1;50(4):1690-701
references.pmid: 20079856
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2009 Feb 1;44(3):893-905
references.pmid: 18976716
references.citation: Cereb Cortex. 2008 Nov;18(11):2553-9
references.pmid: 18296434
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2008 Dec 17;28(51):13754-64
references.pmid: 19091966
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2009 Oct 1;47(4):1929-39
references.pmid: 19442744
references.citation: Brain Res. 2009 Sep 22;1290:28-51
references.pmid: 19576868
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2009 Apr 15;45(3):778-87
references.pmid: 19162206
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Mar 9;107(10):4734-9
references.pmid: 20176931
references.citation: Neuron. 2007 Oct 4;56(1):171-84
references.pmid: 17920023
references.citation: Sleep. 2007 May;30(5):603-9
references.pmid: 17552375
references.citation: Drug Alcohol Depend. 1999 Aug 2;56(1):47-53
references.pmid: 10462092
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2009 Oct 7;29(40):12574-83
references.pmid: 19812332
references.citation: Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2005 May 29;360(1457):937-46
references.pmid: 16087438
references.citation: Neuron. 2005 Sep 1;47(5):763-70
references.pmid: 16129404
references.citation: Trends Cogn Sci. 2004 Apr;8(4):170-7
references.pmid: 15050513
references.citation: Science. 2007 Jan 26;315(5811):515-8
references.pmid: 17255512
references.citation: Neuron. 2009 May 28;62(4):593-602
references.pmid: 19477159
references.citation: Trends Neurosci. 2006 Feb;29(2):116-24
references.pmid: 16406092
references.citation: Magn Reson Med. 2009 Dec;62(6):1619-28
references.pmid: 19859933
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 2006 Aug 15;60(4):383-7
references.pmid: 16780813
references.citation: Brain. 2008 May;131(Pt 5):1311-22
references.pmid: 18390562
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2008 Feb 1;39(3):966-72
references.pmid: 17996464
references.citation: Med Image Anal. 2001 Jun;5(2):143-56
references.pmid: 11516708
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 2009 Jan 1;65(1):7-14
references.pmid: 18718573
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2010 May 15;51(1):345-55
references.pmid: 20188198
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Aug 4;106(31):13040-5
references.pmid: 19620724
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 2005 Jun 1;57(11):1285-92
references.pmid: 15950000
references.citation: Dev Sci. 2007 Mar;10(2):F8-F14
references.pmid: 17286837
references.citation: BMJ. 1998 Apr 18;316(7139):1236-8
references.pmid: 9553006
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 1997 Sep 15;42(6):446-52
references.pmid: 9285080
references.citation: Psychol Sci. 2008 Apr;19(4):320-3
references.pmid: 18399882
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Jul 5;102(27):9673-8
references.pmid: 15976020
references.citation: Behav Brain Res. 2010 Dec 1;213(2):135-41
references.pmid: 20420859
references.citation: Magn Reson Med. 1995 Oct;34(4):537-41
references.pmid: 8524021
references.citation: Comput Biomed Res. 1996 Jun;29(3):162-73
references.pmid: 8812068
references.citation: Addiction. 2009 Jun;104(6):1006-15
references.pmid: 19466924
references.citation: Addiction. 1999 Mar;94(3):371-83
references.pmid: 10605866
references.citation: Soc Neurosci. 2009;4(4):347-58
references.pmid: 19466680
references.citation: J Atten Disord. 2012 Feb;16(2):164-73
references.pmid: 20410321
references.citation: Trends Cogn Sci. 2000 Jun;4(6):215-222
references.pmid: 10827444
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999 Jul 6;96(14):8301-6
references.pmid: 10393989
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2002 Oct;17(2):825-41
references.pmid: 12377157
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 2005 Oct 15;58(8):597-604
references.pmid: 16095567
references.citation: Hum Brain Mapp. 2005 Jul;25(3):328-35
references.pmid: 15834861
references.citation: Trends Neurosci. 2009 Jan;32(1):56-67
references.pmid: 18986715
references.citation: Cereb Cortex. 2008 Dec;18(12):2735-47
references.pmid: 18400794
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2010 Jan 15;49(2):1432-45
references.pmid: 19782143
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2008 Jan 1;39(1):527-37
references.pmid: 17919929
references.citation: Schizophr Bull. 2010 Sep;36(5):1020-8
references.pmid: 19336392
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2003 Aug 27;23(21):7931-9
references.pmid: 12944524
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 2007 Mar 1;61(5):720-4
references.pmid: 16950228
references.citation: J Neurophysiol. 2007 Feb;97(2):1621-32
references.pmid: 17122317
references.citation: J Cogn Neurosci. 2006 Mar;18(3):444-55
references.pmid: 16513008
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2010 May 12;30(19):6613-9
references.pmid: 20463224
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2010 Feb 1;49(3):2556-63
references.pmid: 19879367
references.citation: Science. 2007 Oct 26;318(5850):602-6
references.pmid: 17962553
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2005 May 1;25(4):1279-91
references.pmid: 15850746
references.citation: Nat Rev Neurosci. 2007 Sep;8(9):700-11
references.pmid: 17704812
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2009 Jun 3;29(22):7364-78
references.pmid: 19494158
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 Jan 7;100(1):253-8
references.pmid: 12506194
references.citation: Front Syst Neurosci. 2010 Apr 06;4:8
references.pmid: 20407579
references.citation: Addiction. 2007 Apr;102 Suppl 1:33-43
references.pmid: 17493051
references.citation: Neurosci Lett. 2008 Jun 20;438(2):138-41
references.pmid: 18479820
references.citation: Nat Rev Neurosci. 2000 Oct;1(1):59-65
references.pmid: 11252769
references.citation: PLoS Comput Biol. 2008 Jun 27;4(6):e1000100
references.pmid: 18584043
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2010 Feb 1;49(3):2163-77
references.pmid: 19896537
references.citation: Am J Psychiatry. 2009 Aug;166(8):891-9
references.pmid: 19605539
references.citation: Neuron. 2007 Dec 6;56(5):924-35
references.pmid: 18054866
references.citation: Cereb Cortex. 2009 Oct;19(10):2209-29
references.pmid: 19221144
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2003 Aug;19(4):1439-48
references.pmid: 12948701
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2006 Aug 1;32(1):477-84
references.pmid: 16632383