title: Lymph duct ligation during ischemia/reperfusion prevents pulmonary dysfunction in a rat model with ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid and glutamine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The release of injurious factors into the mesenteric lymph from the ischemic intestine has been shown to contribute to lung injury and systemic inflammation after severe injury. We studied the effects of lung injury and systemic inflammatory reaction after intestinal ischemia/reperfusion and mesenteric lymph duct ligation with different nutritional statuses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats (n = 72) were fed with a normal diet or received one of three diets (enteral nutrition, glutamine, or ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid) that were isocaloric and isonitrogenous. After 7 d, rats were subjected to 60 min of intestinal ischemia, ischemia plus mesenteric lymph duct ligation, or sham procedures. After 3 d of ischemia, the lymph nodes, lung, intestinal, liver, and blood were harvested and analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the different groups, lung injury, including levels of myeloperoxidase, nitric oxide, nitric oxide synthase, and the index of alveolar apoptosis, were partly prevented by mesenteric lymph duct ligation (P < 0.05). Likewise, the rats with ischemia/reperfusion, but not those with duct ligation plus ischemia/reperfusion, had a significant increase in intestinal permeability and decreased mucosal thickness. The serum cytokine and endotoxin concentrations were also lower in the lymph duct ligation groups, although there was no significant difference between lymph duct ligation and sham procedure. The lung and intestinal injuries were attenuated in the groups fed with glutamine and ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that lymph duct ligation prevents lung injury, a systemic inflammation reaction, and gut-barrier dysfunction. Enteral glutamine and ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid modified the gut inflammation, prevented lung injury, and attenuated the systemic inflammation reaction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China. hgzpumc@163.com
authors.forename: Gui-zhen
authors.initials: GZ
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Liang-guang
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.forename: Xue-feng
authors.initials: XF
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Kai-guo
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000032:analysis; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D005973:Glutamine / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy; D007410:Intestinal Diseases / Q000473:pathology; D007422:Intestines / Q000473:pathology; D008026:Ligation; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000097:blood; D055370:Lung Injury / Q000188:drug therapy; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000473:pathology; D008208:Lymphatic System / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008643:Mesentery / Q000378:metabolism; D010539:Permeability; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D004731:Endotoxins; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D005973:Glutamine