title: Are cell cycle and apoptosis genes associated with prostate cancer risk in North Indian population?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Prostate cancer (CaP) is a heterogeneous, multifactorial, and multifocal disease. Therefore, the search for a combination of functional polymorphisms using cell cycle and apoptotic genes as tumor markers is fundamental for a more precise and reliable diagnosis. In the present study, we investigated the diagnostic value of 3 different genes associated with CaP carcinogenesis, encoding for cell cycle (MDM2, CCND1) and apoptotic (Fas) genes that are differentially expressed in CaP.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a hospital-based case control study of northern India, blood samples were obtained from 192 CaP patients and 224 cancer-free age matched unrelated healthy controls of similar ethnicity. They were genotyped for MDM2 G309T, CCND1 G870A, Fas A670G, and G1377A polymorphisms using polymerase chain restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MDM2 309GG variant was at reduced risk for developing CaP (P = 0.041; OR, 0.59). Whereas CCND1 AA genotype demonstrated increased risk (P = 0.018; OR, 1.86). The diplotype analysis of Fas G670A and G1377A (G-A) was observed to be associated with a significant increase in CaP risk (P = 0.024; OR, 1.63).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings based on current sample size our results suggested a positive association of CCND1AA genotype and diplotype analysis of Fas G670A and G1377A (G-A) to be associated with CaP risk that could influence the pathophysiology, thereby modulating the risk of CaP.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology and Renal Transplantation, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Raju Kumar
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Mandal
authors.forename: Rama Devi
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Mittal
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000483:Alleles; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D019938:Cyclin D1 / Q000235:genetics*; D005787:Gene Frequency; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics*; D005838:Genotype; D006239:Haplotypes; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics*; D051736:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mdm2 / Q000235:genetics*; D012307:Risk Factors; D019014:fas Receptor / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: C530104:CCND1 protein, human; C491901:FAS protein, human; D019014:fas Receptor; D019938:Cyclin D1; C497206:MDM2 protein, human; D051736:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mdm2; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen