title: [Closed carrier device: a reality to vitrify oocytes and embryos in aseptic conditions].
abstract: Vitrification with the use of "Open" carrier devices (Cryoloop, cryotop, cryoleaf, Vitriplug) which allowed the contact with liquid nitrogen has become a more popular way to achieve cooling rate superior to 20,000 °C/min. Even though the question of contamination with liquid nitrogen during ultra-rapid cooling and storage remain debatable with the use of "open" devices, it is important to revise the carrier system in a way, which minimizes the risk of contamination. According to the EU tissues and cells directive, it is advisable that the cooling and storage should be carried out in embryo carrier devices ensuring complete separation of the embryos from liquid nitrogen in a way, which minimizes the risk of contamination. The consequence of a reduction in the cooling rate resulting from the heat-insulating barrier of aseptic devices has to be counteracted by gradually increasing intracellular concentrations of cryoprotectants without inducing a toxic effect. We developed an aseptic vitrification method of vitrification for MII oocytes and embryos at different stage of development using the "VitriSafe" as "closed" carrier device.
authors.affiliation: IVF centers Prof. Zech, Bregenz, Austria. pierrevdz@hotmail.com
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vanderzwalmen
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zech
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Prapas
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Panagiotidis
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Papatheodorou
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lejeune
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jareño
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vanderzwalmen
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ectors
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001755:Blastocyst / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D015925:Cryopreservation / Q000295:instrumentation*; D003451:Cryoprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009865:Oocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D058989:Vitrification
chemical_list: D003451:Cryoprotective Agents