title: Improved sample treatment for the determination of insoluble soap in sewage sludge samples by liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection.
abstract: A new selective and sensitive method for the determination of insoluble fatty acid salts (soap) in sewage sludge samples is proposed. The method involves a clean up of sample with petroleum ether, the conversion of calcium and magnesium insoluble salts into soluble potassium salts, potassium salts extraction with methanol, and a derivatization procedure previous to the liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (LC-FLD) analysis. Three different extraction techniques (Soxhlet, microwave-assisted extraction and ultrasounds) were compared and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) was selected as appropriate for our purpose. This allowed to reduce the extraction time and solvent waste (50 mL of methanol in contrast with 250 mL for Soxhlet procedure). The absence of matrix effect was demonstrated with two standards (C(13:0) and C(17:0)) that are not commercials and neither of them has been detected in sewage sludge samples. Therefore, it was possible to evaluate the matrix effect since both standards have similar environmental behaviour (adsorption and precipitation) to commercial soaps (C(10:0)-C(18:0)). The method was successfully applied to samples from different sources and consequently, with different composition.
authors.affiliation: Research Group of Analytical Chemistry and Life Sciences, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, Campus of Fuentenueva, E-18071 Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cantarero
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zafra-Gómez
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ballesteros
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Navalón
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Vílchez
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Crovetto
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Verge
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: de Ferrer
mesh_terms: D002853:Chromatography, Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D008872:Microwaves; D012722:Sewage; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D012722:Sewage