Association between cystatin C and inflammation in patients with essential hypertension.
BACKGROUND
Serum cystatin C is not only a marker of renal function but also acts as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular damage, heart failure, and death. It is known that the initiation and progression of these cardiovascular events contributes to renal dysfunction and chronic inflammation. In this study, we investigated the relationship between cystatin C and proinflammatory cytokines.


METHODS
Eighty-eight patients with essential hypertension participated in the study, which involved measuring proinflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, and C reactive protein (CRP).


RESULTS
Positive correlations were detected between cystatin C and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (r = -0.503, p < 0.001), systolic blood pressure (r = -0.246, p = 0.034), and pulse pressure (r = -0.295, p = 0.010). In contrast, serum creatinine correlated only with eGFR (r = -0.755, p < 0.001) and eGFR correlated only with age (r = -0.339, p = 0.001) and not with the other clinical parameters, whereas cystatin C also correlated with log natural (ln) IL-6 (r = -0.247, p = 0.033) and ln TNF-α (r = -0.405, p < 0.001) but not with CRP (r = -0.188, p = 0.108). In contrast, plasma creatinine and eGFR did not correlate with any of these proinflammatory cytokines. Stepwise regression analysis showed that ln TNF-α, eGFR and pulse pressure were independent determinants of serum cystatin C concentration.


CONCLUSIONS
This study showed that cystatin C is a marker of inflammation as well as renal function.
Okura
Takafumi
T
Department of Integrated Medicine and Informatics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan. okura@m.ehime-u.ac.jp
Jotoku
Masanori
M
Irita
Jun
J
Enomoto
Daijiro
D
Nagao
Tomoaki
T
Desilva
Veena Rasika
VR
Yamane
Shiho
S
Pei
Zuowei
Z
Kojima
Shiho
S
Hamano
Yasuyuki
Y
Mashiba
Shinichi
S
Kurata
Mie
M
Miyoshi
Ken-ichi
K
Higaki
Jitsuo
J
D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D055316:Cystatin C; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000097:blood; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D007668:Kidney / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood
D015415:Biomarkers; D055316:Cystatin C; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D003404:Creatinine
Kidney Int. 2004 Apr;65(4):1416-21
15086483
J Hum Hypertens. 2005 Feb;19(2):149-54
15361891
Am J Hypertens. 2004 Mar;17(3):240-4
15001198
N Engl J Med. 1999 Feb 11;340(6):448-54
9971870
Clin Nephrol. 1997 Aug;48(2):104-8
9285147
Hypertens Res. 2003 Nov;26(11):895-9
14714581
Hypertension. 2001 Sep;38(3):399-403
11566912
Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 1985 Apr;45(2):97-101
3923607
Nature. 2002 Dec 19-26;420(6917):868-74
12490960
Kidney Int. 1998 Aug;54(2):627-36
9690231
Kidney Int. 1991 May;39(5):954-60
2067212
Clin Exp Hypertens. 2006 Jul;28(5):451-61
16820342
Circulation. 2007 Jan 16;115(2):173-9
17190862
N Engl J Med. 2004 Sep 23;351(13):1296-305
15385656
Kidney Int. 1995 Jan;47(1):312-8
7731163
J Hypertens. 1998 Mar;16(3):291-303
9557922
Biochem J. 1990 Jun 1;268(2):287-94
2363674
J Hypertens. 2001 May;19(5):857-61
11393667
Kidney Int. 2007 Feb;71(3):239-44
17183246
N Engl J Med. 1999 Jan 14;340(2):115-26
9887164
Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2009 Nov;41(11):2262-9
19446036
Kidney Int. 1994 Mar;45(3):890-6
8196293
Arch Intern Med. 2005 Dec 12-26;165(22):2666-70
16344426
N Engl J Med. 2005 May 19;352(20):2049-60
15901858
Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2007 Apr;22(4):1087-92
17210589
Kidney Int. 2009 Mar;75(6):652-60
19119287
Circ Res. 2001 Oct 26;89(9):763-71
11679405
Acta Med Scand. 1985;218(5):499-503
3911736
Ann Intern Med. 2005 Apr 5;142(7):497-505
15809461
Clin Chem. 1994 Oct;40(10):1921-6
7923773
Ann Intern Med. 2008 Apr 1;148(7):501-8
18378946