A novel six-rhodopsin system in a single archaeon.
Microbial rhodopsins, a diverse group of photoactive proteins found in Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya, function in photosensing and photoenergy harvesting and may have been present in the resource-limited early global environment. Four different physiological functions have been identified and characterized for nearly 5,000 retinal-binding photoreceptors, these being ion transporters that transport proton or chloride and sensory rhodopsins that mediate light-attractant and/or -repellent responses. The greatest number of rhodopsins previously observed in a single archaeon had been four. Here, we report a newly discovered six-rhodopsin system in a single archaeon, Haloarcula marismortui, which shows a more diverse absorbance spectral distribution than any previously known rhodopsin system, and, for the first time, two light-driven proton transporters that respond to the same wavelength. All six rhodopsins, the greatest number ever identified in a single archaeon, were first shown to be expressed in H. marismortui, and these were then overexpressed in Escherichia coli. The proteins were purified for absorption spectra and photocycle determination, followed by measurement of ion transportation and phototaxis. The results clearly indicate the existence of a proton transporter system with two isochromatic rhodopsins and a new type of sensory rhodopsin-like transducer in H. marismortui.
Fu
Hsu-Yuan
HY
Institute of Microbiology and Biochemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
Lin
Yu-Cheng
YC
Chang
Yung-Ning
YN
Tseng
Hsiaochu
H
Huang
Ching-Che
CC
Liu
Kang-Cheng
KC
Huang
Ching-Shin
CS
Su
Che-Wei
CW
Weng
Rueyhung Roc
RR
Lee
Yin-Yu
YY
Ng
Wailap Victor
WV
Yang
Chii-Shen
CS
D019843:Archaeal Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D001692:Biological Transport; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D004926:Escherichia coli; D015870:Gene Expression; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D019614:Haloarcula marismortui / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D008027:Light; D009068:Movement; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D012243:Rhodopsin / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D013057:Spectrum Analysis
D019843:Archaeal Proteins; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D012243:Rhodopsin
FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2001 Sep 11;203(1):11-21
11557134
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996 Aug 6;93(16):8230-5
8710852
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1982 Oct;79(20):6250-4
6959114
Photochem Photobiol. 2008 Jul-Aug;84(4):863-8
18346091
Photochem Photobiol. 2010 Sep-Oct;86(5):1084-90
20553410
Methods Enzymol. 1996;266:131-41
8743682
J Biol Chem. 1982 Sep 10;257(17):10306-13
7107607
J Biol Chem. 2004 Oct 8;279(41):42964-9
15252049
Biochemistry. 1994 May 31;33(21):6387-93
8204571
J Biochem. 1999 Apr;125(4):649-57
10101275
FEBS Lett. 1999 Jan 15;442(2-3):198-202
9929001
J Biol Chem. 2003 Sep 5;278(36):33985-91
12821661
Trends Microbiol. 2006 Nov;14(11):480-7
17005405
Nature. 1984 Dec 6-12;312(5994):509-13
6504161
Nat New Biol. 1971 Sep 29;233(39):149-52
4940442
Nature. 1975 Sep 4;257(5521):46-8
1161001
Biophys J. 1998 Aug;75(2):999-1009
9675200
Biophys J. 2001 Sep;81(3):1600-12
11509373
Extremophiles. 2008 Mar;12(2):177-96
18278431
Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1985 Feb 28;127(1):99-105
3977930
Nucleic Acids Res. 2009 Jan;37(Database issue):D229-32
18978020
J Bacteriol. 2003 Mar;185(5):1492-4
12591864
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Feb 20;104(8):2885-90
17299051
J Bacteriol. 1998 Mar;180(6):1600-2
9515936
Arch Biochem Biophys. 1980 Jan;199(1):297-303
7356338
Genome Res. 2004 Nov;14(11):2221-34
15520287
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Jun 25;99(13):8689-94
12060707
Photochem Photobiol. 2009 Mar-Apr;85(2):556-63
19222796
Science. 1995 Jul 7;269(5220):73-5
7604281
Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 2000;16:365-92
11031241
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998 May 26;95(11):5857-64
9600884
J Mol Biol. 1990 Oct 5;215(3):403-10
2231712
Curr Biol. 2010 Feb 9;20(3):R114-24
20144772
Nat Genet. 1993 Mar;3(3):266-72
8485583
BMC Genomics. 2006 Jul 04;7:169
16820047
FEBS Lett. 2000 Jan 21;466(1):67-9
10648814