title: A physiologically based toxicokinetic model for methylmercury in female American kestrels.
abstract: A physiologically based toxicokinetic (PBTK) model was developed to describe the uptake, distribution, and elimination of methylmercury (CH(3)Hg) in female American kestrels. The model consists of six tissue compartments corresponding to the brain, liver, kidney, gut, red blood cells, and remaining carcass. Additional compartments describe the elimination of CH(3)Hg to eggs and growing feathers. Dietary uptake of CH(3)Hg was modeled as a diffusion-limited process, and the distribution of CH(3)Hg among compartments was assumed to be mediated by the flow of blood plasma. To the extent possible, model parameters were developed using information from American kestrels. Additional parameters were based on measured values for closely related species and allometric relationships for birds. The model was calibrated using data from dietary dosing studies with American kestrels. Good agreement between model simulations and measured CH(3)Hg concentrations in blood and tissues during the loading phase of these studies was obtained by fitting model parameters that control dietary uptake of CH(3)Hg and possible hepatic demethylation. Modeled results tended to underestimate the observed effect of egg production on circulating levels of CH(3)Hg. In general, however, simulations were consistent with observed patterns of CH(3)Hg uptake and elimination in birds, including the dominant role of feather molt. This model could be used to extrapolate CH(3)Hg kinetics from American kestrels to other bird species by appropriate reassignment of parameter values. Alternatively, when combined with a bioenergetics-based description, the model could be used to simulate CH(3)Hg kinetics in a long-term environmental exposure.
authors.affiliation: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Boulevard, Duluth, Minnesota 55804, USA. nichols.john@epa.gov
authors.forename: John W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Nichols
authors.forename: Richard S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Bennett
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rossmann
authors.forename: John B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: French
authors.forename: Keith G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Sappington
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000378:metabolism / Q000592:standards / Q000633:toxicity*; D046093:Falconiformes / Q000378:metabolism*; D005241:Feathers / Q000378:metabolism; D005243:Feces / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D007668:Kidney / Q000378:metabolism; D007700:Kinetics; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D008767:Methylmercury Compounds / Q000378:metabolism / Q000592:standards / Q000633:toxicity*; D008954:Models, Biological; D008956:Models, Chemical; D009132:Muscles / Q000378:metabolism; D010063:Ovum / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D008767:Methylmercury Compounds