title: Handheld array-based photoacoustic probe for guiding needle biopsy of sentinel lymph nodes.
abstract: By modifying a clinical ultrasound array system, we develop a novel handheld photoacoustic probe for image-guided needle biopsy. The integration of optical fiber bundles for pulsed laser light delivery enables photoacoustic image-guided insertion of a needle into rat axillary lymph nodes with accumulated indocyanine green (ICG). Strong photoacoustic contrast of the needle is achieved. After subcutaneous injection of the dye in the left forepaw, sentinel lymph nodes are easily detected, in vivo and in real time, beneath 2-cm-thick chicken breast overlaying the axillary region. ICG uptake in axillary lymph nodes is confirmed with fluorescence imaging both in vivo and ex vivo. These results demonstrate the clinical potential of this handheld photoacoustic system for facile identification and needle biopsy of sentinel lymph nodes for cancer staging and metastasis detection in humans.
authors.affiliation: Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4899, USA.
authors.forename: Chulhong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Todd N
authors.initials: TN
authors.lastname: Erpelding
authors.forename: Konstantin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Maslov
authors.forename: Ladislav
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jankovic
authors.forename: Walter J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Akers
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Achilefu
authors.forename: Julie A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Margenthaler
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Pashley
authors.forename: Lihong V
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001707:Biopsy, Needle / Q000295:instrumentation*; D002645:Chickens; D054459:Elasticity Imaging Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology*; D008904:Miniaturization; D021701:Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy / Q000295:instrumentation*; D014159:Transducers; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional / Q000295:instrumentation*
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