title: Interpretation bias and depressive symptoms: The role of self-relevance.
abstract: Cognitive theories of depression emphasize negatively biased interpretations as an important target of therapy. Much of the research on interpretation bias in depression has focused on selection, or deciding which of several interpretations is likely. However, depressive biases may also exist in the generation of possible interpretations, or the ability to think of positive alternatives. If biases exist for generation as well as selection, therapeutic techniques to encourage the generation of more positive interpretations would be warranted. Asking therapy clients to consider someone else in a similar situation is a commonly used therapy strategy but has not been sufficiently examined empirically. In the current studies, we examine interpretation generation and selection in dysphoric and nondysphoric individuals, and contrast interpretations made for the self to interpretations made for two types of "other." Our studies reveal depressive biases in both interpretation generation and selection, and indicate that interpretation valence is highly sensitive to the type of other considered. All participants generated and selected significantly more positive interpretations for friends than for themselves, but generated significantly more negative interpretations for hypothetical others than for themselves. Our results suggest that encouraging dysphoric individuals to imagine others can be beneficial, but the type of "other" used is critically important, with instructions to consider a close friend most likely to be effective in decreasing negativity in interpretation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA. blair.wisco@yale.edu
authors.forename: Blair E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Wisco
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nolen-Hoeksema
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007092:Imagination; D008297:Male; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012649:Self Concept; D012938:Social Perception; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013850:Thinking