title: Where did the day go?--a time-motion study of hospitalists.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Within the last decade hospitalists have become an integral part of inpatient care in the United States and now care for about half of all Medicare patients requiring hospitalization. However, little data exists describing hospitalist workflow and their activities in daily patient care.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To clarify how hospitalists spend their time and how patient volumes affect their workflow.
  
  
  METHODS
  Observers continuously shadowed each of 24 hospitalists for two complete shifts. Observations were recorded using a handheld computer device with customized data collection software.
  
  
  METHODS
  Urban, tertiary care, academic medical center.
  
  
  RESULTS
  : Hospitalists spent 17% of their time on direct patient contact, and 64% on indirect patient care. For 16% of all time recorded, more than one activity was occurring simultaneously (i.e., multitasking). Professional development, personal time, and travel each accounted for about 6% of their time. Communication and electronic medical record (EMR) use, two components of indirect care, occupied 25% and 34% of recorded time respectively. Hospitalists with above average patient loads spent less time per patient communicating with others and working with the EMR than those hospitalists with below average patient loads, but reported delaying documentation until later in the evening or next day. Patient load did not change the amount of time hospitalists spent with each patient.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hospitalists spend more time reviewing the EMR and documenting in it, than directly with the patient. Multi-tasking occurred frequently and occupied a significant portion of each shift.
authors.affiliation: Division of Hospital Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Tipping
authors.forename: Victoria E
authors.initials: VE
authors.lastname: Forth
authors.forename: Kevin J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: O'Leary
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Malkenson
authors.forename: David B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Magill
authors.forename: Kate
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Englert
authors.forename: Mark V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Williams
mesh_terms: D000046:Academic Medical Centers / Q000458:organization & administration; D000328:Adult; D002641:Chicago; D003142:Communication; D057286:Electronic Health Records; D005260:Female; D020445:Hospitalists; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D019370:Observation; D005791:Patient Care; D013996:Time and Motion Studies; D000078329:Workforce