title: [Patient-controlled intravenous analgesia with remifentanil as an alternative to epidural analgesia during labor: case series and discussion of medicolegal aspects].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Epidural analgesia is considered as the standard method for labor analgesia by inducing a minimal negative impact on labor while providing effective analgesia. Labor analgesia in the absence of epidural analgesia is difficult to achieve with the commonly used analgesic interventions. If epidural analgesia is not feasible due to coagulation disorders, anticoagulation, inability to insert an epidural catheter or due to the mother''s refusal to accept neuraxial analgesia, there is a need for interventions to cope with labor pain. So far, pethidine, diamorphine, meptazinol and spasmolytics remain the most widely used substances for IM and IV use. Unfortunately, in addition to not being very effective, these interventions may be associated with undesirable side effects for the parturient and the newborn. For a decade, anaesthesiologists have experienced the unique properties of remifentanil in the settings of surgical anaesthesia and conscious sedation since it was introduced for labor analgesia. Unfortunately, remifentanil is not licensed for administration to the pregnant patient, and it is unlikely that the manufacturers would consider the cost justified.
  
  
  METHODS
  Therefore, relevant concerns, legal issues and precautions are discussed based on the presentation of case series and a protocol is presented on how the use of remifentanil can be safely implemented for labor analgesia in selected situations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Proper informed consent, appropriate monitoring for the mother and the newborn, one-to-one nursing or midwifery care as well as the availability of an attending physician experienced in neonatal resuscitation and an anaesthesiologist with experience regarding the use of remifentanil are important to ensure that this method retains its good reputation for obstetric analgesia.
authors.affiliation: Universitäts-Frauenklinik Würzburg.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Frambach
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wirbelauer
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schelling
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rieger
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Muellenbach
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Roewer
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kranke
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015360:Analgesia, Epidural; D016362:Analgesia, Obstetrical / Q000379:methods*; D016058:Analgesia, Patient-Controlled / Q000379:methods*; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D007258:Informed Consent / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D048949:Labor Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D009774:Obstetrics / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D010880:Piperidines / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011247:Pregnancy; D000077208:Remifentanil; D012646:Self Administration
chemical_list: D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D010880:Piperidines; D000077208:Remifentanil