title: Large-scale proteomic identification of S100 proteins in breast cancer tissues.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Attempts to reduce morbidity and mortality in breast cancer is based on efforts to identify novel biomarkers to support prognosis and therapeutic choices. The present study has focussed on S100 proteins as a potentially promising group of markers in cancer development and progression. One reason of interest in this family of proteins is because the majority of the S100 genes are clustered on a region of human chromosome 1q21 that is prone to genomic rearrangements. Moreover, there is increasing evidence that S100 proteins are often up-regulated in many cancers, including breast, and this is frequently associated with tumour progression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Samples of breast cancer tissues were obtained during surgical intervention, according to the bioethical recommendations, and cryo-preserved until used. Tissue extracts were submitted to proteomic preparations for 2D-IPG. Protein identification was performed by N-terminal sequencing and/or peptide mass finger printing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The majority of the detected S100 proteins were absent, or present at very low levels, in the non-tumoral tissues adjacent to the primary tumor. This finding strengthens the role of S100 proteins as putative biomarkers. The proteomic screening of 100 cryo-preserved breast cancer tissues showed that some proteins were ubiquitously expressed in almost all patients while others appeared more sporadic. Most, if not all, of the detected S100 members appeared reciprocally correlated. Finally, from the perspective of biomarkers establishment, a promising finding was the observation that patients which developed distant metastases after a three year follow-up showed a general tendency of higher S100 protein expression, compared to the disease-free group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This article reports for the first time the comparative proteomic screening of several S100 protein members among a large group of breast cancer patients. The results obtained strongly support the hypothesis that a significant deregulation of multiple S100 protein members is associated with breast cancer progression, and suggest that these proteins might act as potential prognostic factors for patient stratification. We propose that this may offer a significant contribution to the knowledge and clinical applications of the S100 protein family to breast cancer.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Oncologia Sperimentale e Applicazioni Cliniche (DOSAC), Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
authors.forename: Patrizia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cancemi
authors.forename: Gianluca
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Di Cara
authors.forename: Nadia Ninfa
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Albanese
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Costantini
authors.forename: Maria Rita
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Marabeti
authors.forename: Rosa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Musso
authors.forename: Carmelo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lupo
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Roz
authors.forename: Ida
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Pucci-Minafra
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D001940:Breast / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015180:Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D011379:Prognosis; D020543:Proteome / Q000032:analysis*; D009418:S100 Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D019032:Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D020543:Proteome; D009418:S100 Proteins
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