title: Swine manure/crude glycerol co-liquefaction: physical properties and chemical analysis of bio-oil product.
abstract: The aim of this work was to investigate the principal structural and physico-chemical changes of bio-oils associated with liquefaction of swine manure with crude glycerol and its key fraction, free fatty acids. Bio-oils have been obtained from liquefaction processes at 340 °C. They were subjected to various physico-chemical characterization methods. FTIR data indicated a reduction in aliphatic structures and an increase in more oxidized and, probably, more polycondensed aromatic components resulting from the addition of crude glycerol to swine manure. GC-MS data indicated that the addition of crude glycerol facilitated the esterification reaction in sub-critical water to convert organic acids contained in bio-oil into various kinds of esters. The dynamic viscosity of bio-oil decreased dramatically by adding crude glycerol into the swine manure.
authors.affiliation: Biological Engineering Program, Department of Natural Resource and Environmental Design, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC, USA. xshuangn@ncat.edu
authors.forename: Shuangning
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Xiu
authors.forename: Abolghasem
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shahbazi
authors.forename: Vestel B
authors.initials: VB
authors.lastname: Shirley
authors.forename: Lijun
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D056804:Biofuels / Q000032:analysis*; D001709:Biotechnology / Q000379:methods*; D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D005990:Glycerol / Q000737:chemistry*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008372:Manure / Q000032:analysis*; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000032:analysis; D009821:Oils / Q000737:chemistry*; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D013552:Swine; D014783:Viscosity
chemical_list: D056804:Biofuels; D008372:Manure; D019216:Metals, Heavy; D009821:Oils; D005990:Glycerol