title: Parent-of-origin effects in autism identified through genome-wide linkage analysis of 16,000 SNPs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Autism is a common heritable neurodevelopmental disorder with complex etiology. Several genome-wide linkage and association scans have been carried out to identify regions harboring genes related to autism or autism spectrum disorders, with mixed results. Given the overlap in autism features with genetic abnormalities known to be associated with imprinting, one possible reason for lack of consistency would be the influence of parent-of-origin effects that may mask the ability to detect linkage and association.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We have performed a genome-wide linkage scan that accounts for potential parent-of-origin effects using 16,311 SNPs among families from the Autism Genetic Resource Exchange (AGRE) and the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) autism repository. We report parametric (GH, Genehunter) and allele-sharing linkage (Aspex) results using a broad spectrum disorder case definition. Paternal-origin genome-wide statistically significant linkage was observed on chromosomes 4 (LOD(GH) = 3.79, empirical p<0.005 and LOD(Aspex) = 2.96, p = 0.008), 15 (LOD(GH) = 3.09, empirical p<0.005 and LOD(Aspex) = 3.62, empirical p = 0.003) and 20 (LOD(GH) = 3.36, empirical p<0.005 and LOD(Aspex) = 3.38, empirical p = 0.006).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These regions may harbor imprinted sites associated with the development of autism and offer fruitful domains for molecular investigation into the role of epigenetic mechanisms in autism.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America.
authors.forename: Delphine
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fradin
authors.forename: Keely
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Cheslack-Postava
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ladd-Acosta
authors.forename: Craig
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Newschaffer
authors.forename: Aravinda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chakravarti
authors.forename: Dan E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Arking
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Feinberg
authors.forename: M Daniele
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Fallin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001321:Autistic Disorder / Q000235:genetics*; D002648:Child; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D005260:Female; D008040:Genetic Linkage; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D055106:Genome-Wide Association Study; D018392:Genomic Imprinting; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010375:Pedigree; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D055815:Young Adult
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