title: A near infra-red spectroscopy study of the effects of pre-frontal single and paired pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Concentration changes in hemoglobin following single and paired pulse (2 and 15 ms inter-stimulus interval) transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was investigated using near infra-red spectroscopy (NIRS).
  
  
  METHODS
  TMS was delivered to left pre-frontal cortex at typical intensities used in neuroscience research and concentrations of deoxyhemoglobin (Hb), oxyhemoglobin (HbO) and total hemoglobin (HbT) were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant drops in concentration of HbO and HbT were observed and while there was no effect of the different pulse types on amplitude, there was a difference in the time taken to return to baseline.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The changes observed imply that in pre-frontal cortex, the different TMS pulse types result in differential effects on oxygen consumption.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study aids our understanding of the physiological effects of single and paired pulse TMS.
authors.affiliation: Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, The Alfred and Monash University School of Psychology, Psychiatry and Psychological Medicine, Vic., Australia.
authors.forename: Richard H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Thomson
authors.forename: Zafiris J
authors.initials: ZJ
authors.lastname: Daskalakis
authors.forename: Paul B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Fitzgerald
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared / Q000379:methods*; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D055815:Young Adult