title: Role of transglutaminases in cuff-induced atherosclerotic lesion formation in femoral arteries of ApoE3 Leiden mice.
abstract: Transglutaminases play an important role in vascular remodeling, calcification, cell adhesion and endothelial barrier function. In this study we investigate the influence of combined inhibition of both tissue-type transglutaminase (TG2) and the plasma transglutaminase FXIIIA on early lesion development.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cuff was placed around the femoral arteries of ApoE3 Leiden mice while fed a Western type diet to induce atherosclerotic lesion development. An osmotic minipump was placed in the intraperitoneal cavity containing an irreversible inhibitor of TG2 and FXIIIA activity ((1,3,4,5-tetramethyl-2-[(2-oxopropyl)thio]imidazolium chloride, Zedira). Atherosclerotic lesion composition was analyzed using immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Inhibition of transglutaminases did not influence lesion size or geometric remodeling of the vessels. However, systemic transglutaminase inhibition resulted in 41% less macrophage infiltrate in the media of the vessels. Additional in vitro experiments on HL60 cells confirmed a decreased migratory response during transglutaminase inhibition.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Inhibition of TG2 and FXIIIA during early development of lesions reduced the macrophage content in the media of atherosclerotic vessels, while not affecting lesion size or geometric remodeling.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Academic Medical Center, PO Box 22700, 1100 DE Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Hanke L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Matlung
authors.forename: Ed
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: VanBavel
authors.forename: Jeroen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van den Akker
authors.forename: Carlie J M
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: de Vries
authors.forename: Erik N T P
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Bakker
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D053318:Apolipoprotein E3 / Q000378:metabolism*; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000378:metabolism*; D002448:Cell Adhesion; D005176:Factor XIII / Q000378:metabolism; D005263:Femoral Artery / Q000473:pathology*; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; D018922:HL-60 Cells; D006801:Humans; D008264:Macrophages / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011503:Transglutaminases / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D053318:Apolipoprotein E3; D005176:Factor XIII; D011503:Transglutaminases