Analysis of volatile organic compounds in human saliva by a static sorptive extraction method and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
Human saliva not only helps control oral health (with anti-microbial proteins), but it may also play a role in chemical communication. As is the case with other mammalian species, human saliva contains peptides, proteins, and numerous volatile organic compounds (VOCs). A high-throughput analytical method is described for profiling a large number of saliva samples to screen the profiles of VOCs. Saliva samples were collected in a non-stimulated fashion. The method utilized static stir bar extraction followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The method provided excellent reproducibility for a wide range of salivary compounds, including alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, amines, amides, lactones, and hydrocarbons. Furthermore, substantial overlap of salivary VOCs and the previously reported skin VOCs in the same subject group was found in this study by using pattern recognition analyses. Sensitivity, precision, and reproducibility of the method suggest that this technique has potential in physiological, metabolomic, pharmacokinetic, forensic, and toxicological studies of small organic compounds where a large number of human saliva samples are involved.
Soini
Helena A
HA
Institute for Pheromone Research and Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
Klouckova
Iveta
I
Wiesler
Donald
D
Oberzaucher
Elisabeth
E
Grammer
Karl
K
Dixon
Sarah J
SJ
Xu
Yun
Y
Brereton
Richard G
RG
Penn
Dustin J
DJ
Novotny
Milos V
MV
D005591:Chemical Fractionation / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009930:Organic Chemicals / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry*; D014835:Volatilization
D009930:Organic Chemicals
Horm Res. 2005;64(2):55-60
16103684
Crit Rev Oral Biol Med. 1994;5(3-4):203-48
7703323
Free Radic Res. 2003 Jan;37(1):29-31
12653214
J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2004 Jun 5;805(1):49-56
15113539
J Comp Psychol. 2009 Feb;123(1):34-44
19236143
Science. 1981 Mar 6;211(4486):1062-4
7466378
J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2007 Feb 15;847(1):45-53
17070117
Eur J Biochem. 1998 Mar 15;252(3):563-8
9546674
Anal Chem. 2006 Oct 15;78(20):7161-8
17037916
J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2007 Jun 15;853(1-2):54-61
17416556
Clin Chim Acta. 2007 Jan;375(1-2):115-8
16914128
J Chromatogr. 1981 Dec 11;226(2):315-23
7320162
Skin Pharmacol Appl Skin Physiol. 2003 Jan-Feb;16(1):28-35
12566826
Physiol Behav. 2009 Aug 4;98(1-2):147-55
19460393
J Morphol. 1977 Jul;153(1):107-17
894716
Physiol Behav. 2007 Nov 23;92(4):583-90
17572453
Chem Senses. 1997 Aug;22(4):417-37
9279465
Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2004 Dec;61(6):675-82
15579180
Physiol Behav. 2002 Feb 1-15;75(1-2):169-81
11890965
J Chem Ecol. 2005 Feb;31(2):377-92
15856790
Am J Physiol. 1999 Feb;276(2):E223-32
9950780
Steroids. 2006 Dec;71(13-14):1097-100
17070563
J Dermatol. 1983 Jun;10(3):229-39
6358312
J Dent. 2005 Mar;33(3):223-33
15725522
Oral Dis. 2002 Jan;8(1):12-22
11936451
J Chromatogr A. 2009 Apr 3;1216(14):2749-56
19036381
Lancet. 1997 Aug 30;350(9078):636
9288049
Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 1998 Mar;62(1):71-109
9529888
Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 2004 Jun;72(6):1226-31
15362453
J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 2001 Oct 5;762(1):67-75
11589460
J Anal Toxicol. 2003 Jul-Aug;27(5):284-9
12908941
J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2007 Feb 1;846(1-2):195-201
16979390
J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2009 Jul 15;877(22):2011-8
19553163
Clin Chim Acta. 2007 Aug;383(1-2):30-40
17512510
J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2004 Jun 5;805(1):161-7
15113553
Nature. 1994 Apr 7;368(6471):502
8139683
Trends Ecol Evol. 1998 Oct 1;13(10):391-6
21238358
J Chromatogr. 1986 Jun 13;378(2):267-82
3733987
J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2003 Jan 25;784(1):63-8
12504183
Mol Cell Biochem. 1994 Aug 17;137(1):39-55
7845377
J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2006 Jun 7;41(3):925-34
16497466
Arch Toxicol. 2005 Nov;79(11):647-52
15995852
Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1974 Dec;16(6):1052-8
4433472
J R Soc Interface. 2007 Apr 22;4(13):331-40
17251141
J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2007 Jun 15;853(1-2):1-9
17418649
Anal Bioanal Chem. 2007 Aug;388(7):1437-53
17404716
J Chromatogr A. 2001 Nov 23;935(1-2):297-307
11762781
J Chromatogr B Biomed Appl. 1996 Jun 28;682(1):137-45
8832434
Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2005 Jul-Sep;18(3):567-73
16164838
Anal Chem. 2007 Aug 1;79(15):5633-41
17602669
Eugen Rev. 1915 Oct;7(3):184-92
21259607