title: Emphysematous pyelonephritis: tertiary care center experience in management and review of the literature.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In recent years there have been changes in management modality and a lower mortality with conservative management. We analyzed the result of emphysematous pyelonephritis (EPN) management by a review of the literature.
  
  
  METHODS
  We made a retrospective study for the period from August 2005 to July 2009. Patients were evaluated by CT and subclassified based on CT. The patients managed in different modalities and their outcomes were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 28 patients were admitted with the diagnosis of EPN. The age range was 22-70 years. Five patients were managed conservatively, 17 patients underwent minimally invasive modalities (double J stent, pigtail drainage). Open drainage of the abscess was conducted in 2 patients, and 4 patients required emergency nephrectomy. Emergency nephrectomy is associated with a high mortality (75%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the majority of cases, EPN was successfully treated by resuscitation and minimally invasive modalities. Percutaneous drainage should be part of the initial management strategy. This strategy is associated with a lower mortality than emergency nephrectomy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, LTMG Hospital, Mumbai, India. drjayeshdhabalia @ rediffmail.com
authors.forename: Jayesh V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Dhabalia
authors.forename: Girish G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Nelivigi
authors.forename: Vikash
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Aniruddha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gokhale
authors.forename: Mahendra S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Punia
authors.forename: Nandan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pujari
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004646:Emphysema / Q000150:complications* / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009392:Nephrectomy / Q000379:methods; D009398:Nephrology / Q000379:methods; D011704:Pyelonephritis / Q000150:complications* / Q000628:therapy*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018805:Sepsis; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods; D016896:Treatment Outcome