title: Piloting the use of personal digital assistants for tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus surveillance, Kenya, 2007.
abstract: METHODS
  Improved documentation of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing and care among tuberculosis (TB) patients is needed to strengthen TB-HIV programs. In 2007, Kenya piloted the use of personal digital assistants (PDAs) instead of paper registers to collect TB-HIV surveillance data from TB clinics.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the acceptability, data quality and usefulness of PDAs.
  
  
  METHODS
  We interviewed four of 31 district coordinators who collected data in PDAs for patients initiating TB treatment from April to June 2007. In 10 of 93 clinics, we randomly selected patient records for comparison with corresponding records in paper registers or PDAs. Using Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel tests, we compared missing data proportions in paper registers with PDAs. We evaluated PDA usefulness by analyzing PDA data from all 93 clinics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PDAs were well accepted. Patient records were more frequently missing (28/97 vs. 1/112, P < 0.001) and data fields more frequently incomplete (148/1449 vs. 167/2331, P = 0.03) in PDAs compared with paper registers. PDAs, however, facilitated clinic-level analyses: 48/93 (52%) clinics were not reaching the targets of testing >or=80% of TB patients for HIV, and 8 (9%) clinics were providing <80% of TB-HIV co-infected patients with cotrimoxazole (CTX).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PDAs had high rates of missing data but helped identify clinics that were undertesting for HIV or underprescribing CTX.
authors.affiliation: Care and Treatment Team, Global AIDS Program, National Center for HIV, Hepatitis, STD and TB Prevention, Global AIDS Program, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA. aauld@cdc.gov
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Auld
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wambua
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Onyango
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Marston
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Namulanda
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ackers
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Oluoch
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Karisa
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hightower
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Shiraishi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nakashima
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sitienei
mesh_terms: D000554:Ambulatory Care Facilities; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D034201:Computers, Handheld; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D007630:Kenya / Q000453:epidemiology; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011159:Population Surveillance / Q000379:methods*; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000592:standards; D012042:Registries / Q000592:standards; D015662:Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D015662:Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination