title: Long work hours and physical fitness: 30-year risk of ischaemic heart disease and all-cause mortality among middle-aged Caucasian men.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  No previous long-term studies have examined if workers with low physical fitness have an increased risk of cardiovascular mortality due to long work hours. The aim of this study was to test this hypothesis.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study comprised 30-year follow-up of a cohort of 5249 gainfully employed men aged 40-59years in the Copenhagen Male Study. 274 men with cardiovascular disease were excluded from the follow-up. Physical fitness (maximal oxygen consumption, Vo(2)max) was estimated using the Åstrand bicycle ergometer test, and number of work hours was obtained from questionnaire items; 4943 men were eligible for the incidence study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  587 men (11.9%) died because of ischaemic heart disease (IHD). Cox analyses adjusted for age, blood pressure, smoking, alcohol, body mass index, diabetes, hypertension, physical work demands, and social class, showed that working more than 45h/week was associated with an increased risk of IHD mortality in the least fit (Vo(2)max range 15-26; HR 2.28, 95% CI 1.10 to 4.73), but not intermediate (Vo(2)max range 27-38; HR 0.94, 95% CI 0.59 to 1.51) and most fit men (Vo(2)max range 39-78; HR 0.91, 95% CI 0.41 to 2.02) referencing men working less than 40h/week.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings indicate that men with low physical fitness are at increased risk for IHD mortality from working long hours. Men working long hours should be physically fit.
authors.affiliation: National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, Copenhagen Ø 2100, Denmark. aho@nrcwe.dk
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Holtermann
authors.forename: Ole Steen
authors.initials: OS
authors.lastname: Mortensen
authors.forename: Hermann
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Burr
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Søgaard
authors.forename: Finn
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gyntelberg
authors.forename: Poul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Suadicani
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003718:Denmark / Q000453:epidemiology; D005080:Exercise Test / Q000379:methods; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology; D010809:Physical Fitness / Q000502:physiology*; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D044465:White People; D014940:Work Schedule Tolerance / Q000502:physiology; D016526:Workload / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*