title: Gastrointestinal symptoms in type-1 diabetes: is it all about brain plasticity?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Autonomic neuropathy seems to play a central role in the development of gastrointestinal symptoms in diabetes. In order to explore the neuronal mechanisms behind the symptoms we evaluated the brain processing of painful visceral stimuli.
  
  
  METHODS
  Evoked brain potentials were recorded to assess the response to painful oesophageal electrical stimuli in 15 healthy volunteers and 14 type-1 diabetes patients with autonomic neuropathy and related gastrointestinal symptoms. Source reconstruction analysis (fixed Multiple Signal Classification (MUSIC) algorithm) was applied to estimate the location of the evoked electrical activity in the brain.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The patients had increased oesophageal sensory thresholds compared to the controls (P=0.004). The latencies of the evoked brain potentials at vertex (Cz) were increased (P=0.007) and amplitudes reduced (P=0.011) in diabetics. Compared with controls the patients had a posterior shift of the electrical sources in the anterior cingulate cortex at 54 ms, and additional sources close to the posterior insula at 95 ms and in medial frontal gyrus at 184 ms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is evidence of altered central processing to visceral stimulation, and both peripheral and central mechanisms seem involved. Central neuronal reorganisation may contribute to our understanding of the gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with diabetic autonomic neuropathy and this may guide development and evaluation of new treatment modalities.
authors.affiliation: Mech-Sense, Department of Gastroenterology, Aalborg Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark. jf@mech-sense.com
authors.forename: Jens Brøndum
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Frøkjær
authors.forename: Line Lindhardt
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Egsgaard
authors.forename: Carina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Graversen
authors.forename: Eirik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Søfteland
authors.forename: Georg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dimcevski
authors.forename: Rolf Ankerlund
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Blauenfeldt
authors.forename: Asbjørn Mohr
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Drewes
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001342:Autonomic Nervous System Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D001786:Blood Glucose; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003929:Diabetic Neuropathies / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004947:Esophagus / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005071:Evoked Potentials / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose