title: Engaging community pharmacists in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease: protocol for the Pharmacist Assessment of Adherence, Risk and Treatment in Cardiovascular Disease (PAART CVD) pilot study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death globally. Community pharmacist intervention studies have demonstrated clinical effectiveness for improving several leading individual CVD risk factors. Primary prevention strategies increasingly emphasise the need for consideration of overall cardiovascular risk and concurrent management of multiple risk factors. It is therefore important to demonstrate the feasibility of multiple risk factor management by community pharmacists to ensure continued currency of their role.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study will be a longitudinal pre- and post-test pilot study with a single cohort of up to 100 patients in ten pharmacies. Patients aged 50-74 years with no history of heart disease or diabetes, and taking antihypertensive or lipid-lowering medicines, will be approached for participation. Assessment of cardiovascular risk, medicines use and health behaviours will be undertaken by a research assistant at baseline and following the intervention (6 months). Validated interview scales will be used where available. Baseline data will be used by accredited medicines management pharmacists to generate a report for the treating community pharmacist. This report will highlight individual patients' overall CVD risk and individual risk factors, as well as identifying modifiable health behaviours for risk improvement and suggesting treatment and behavioural goals. The treating community pharmacist will use this information to finalise and implement a treatment plan in conjunction with the patient and their doctor. Community pharmacists will facilitate patient improvements in lifestyle, medicines adherence, and medicines management over the course of five counselling sessions with monthly intervals. The primary outcome will be the change to average overall cardiovascular risk, assessed using the Framingham risk equation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study will assess the feasibility of implementing holistic primary CVD prevention programs into community pharmacy, one of the most accessible health services in most developed countries.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Australia and New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry Number: ACTRN12609000677202.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Centre for Medicine Use and Safety, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia. kevin.p.mcnamara@monash.edu
authors.forename: Kevin P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Mc Namara
authors.forename: Johnson
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: George
authors.forename: Sharleen L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: O'Reilly
authors.forename: Shane L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: Gregory M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Peterson
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Howarth
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Bailey
authors.forename: Gregory
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Duncan
authors.forename: Peta
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Trinder
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Morabito
authors.forename: Jill
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Finch
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bunker
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Janus
authors.forename: Jon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Emery
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Dunbar
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001315:Australia; D002317:Cardiovascular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003157:Community Pharmacy Services / Q000458:organization & administration*; D005260:Female; D019983:Guideline Adherence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010595:Pharmacists / Q000458:organization & administration*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011322:Primary Prevention / Q000458:organization & administration*; D015397:Program Evaluation; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012424:Rural Population; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014505:Urban Population
chemical_list: D002317:Cardiovascular Agents
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