title: Methods to assess stem cell lineage, fate and function.
abstract: Stem cell therapy has the potential to regenerate injured tissue. For stem cells to achieve their full therapeutic potential, stem cells must differentiate into the target cell, reach the site of injury, survive, and engraft. To fully characterize these cells, evaluation of cell morphology, lineage specific markers, cell specific function, and gene expression must be performed. To monitor survival and engraftment, cell fate imaging is vital. Only then can organ specific function be evaluated to determine the effectiveness of therapy. In this review, we will discuss methods for evaluating the function of transplanted cells for restoring the heart, nervous system, and pancreas. We will also highlight the specific challenges facing these potential therapeutic areas.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305, USA.
authors.forename: Patricia K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: Divya
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nag
authors.forename: Joseph C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D019070:Cell Lineage; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy; D006412:Hematopoietic Stem Cells / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy; D010182:Pancreatic Diseases / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy; D012038:Regeneration; D033581:Stem Cell Transplantation; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000502:physiology*
references.citation: Nat Protoc. 2006;1(6):3069-75
references.pmid: 17406570
references.citation: Circulation. 2006 Mar 14;113(10):1287-94
references.pmid: 16520413
references.citation: Gene Ther. 1997 Oct;4(10):1013-22
references.pmid: 9415306
references.citation: Physiol Genomics. 2006 Mar 13;25(1):29-38
references.pmid: 16390873
references.citation: PLoS One. 2010 Feb 01;5(2):e8975
references.pmid: 20126639
references.citation: NMR Biomed. 2004 Nov;17(7):513-7
references.pmid: 15526348
references.citation: J Magn Reson Imaging. 2007 Sep;26(3):720-7
references.pmid: 17729351
references.citation: Nat Biotechnol. 2007 Sep;25(9):1015-24
references.pmid: 17721512
references.citation: Bioconjug Chem. 2009 Apr;20(4):702-9
references.pmid: 19331388
references.citation: Mol Imaging Biol. 2009 May-Jun;11(3):178-87
references.pmid: 19034584
references.citation: Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2008 Sep;1(2):94-103
references.pmid: 19808526
references.citation: Circ Res. 2002 Aug 9;91(3):189-201
references.pmid: 12169644
references.citation: Nat Biotechnol. 2006 Nov;24(11):1392-401
references.pmid: 17053790
references.citation: Diabetes. 2004 Oct;53(10):2603-9
references.pmid: 15448090
references.citation: Genes Dev. 2003 Mar 1;17(5):545-80
references.pmid: 12629038
references.citation: J Nucl Cardiol. 2004 Jul-Aug;11(4):491-505
references.pmid: 15295418
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2006 Nov 29;26(48):12497-511
references.pmid: 17135412
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Dec 10;99(25):16267-72
references.pmid: 12444255
references.citation: Nature. 2006 Jun 29;441(7097):1094-6
references.pmid: 16810245
references.citation: Nat Biotechnol. 2000 Apr;18(4):410-4
references.pmid: 10748521
references.citation: Thromb Haemost. 2010 Jul;104(1):13-22
references.pmid: 20458434
references.citation: Nucl Med Biol. 2003 Nov;30(8):889-95
references.pmid: 14698793
references.citation: J Nucl Med. 2004 Mar;45(3):512-8
references.pmid: 15001696
references.citation: Neuropathology. 2006 Apr;26(2):129-40
references.pmid: 16708545
references.citation: JAMA. 2009 Apr 15;301(15):1573-9
references.pmid: 19366777
references.citation: Curr Biol. 2001 Apr 3;11(7):514-8
references.pmid: 11413002
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Jul 25;103(30):11294-9
references.pmid: 16868090
references.citation: Nature. 2004 Apr 8;428(6983):668-73
references.pmid: 15034594
references.citation: Circulation. 2008 Sep 30;118(14 Suppl):S121-9
references.pmid: 18824743
references.citation: Nat Protoc. 2009;4(8):1192-201
references.pmid: 19617890
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Jul 17;104(29):12175-80
references.pmid: 17586681
references.citation: J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2001 Aug;60(8):741-52
references.pmid: 11487048
references.citation: Phys Med Biol. 2003 Jun 7;48(11):1519-37
references.pmid: 12817935
references.citation: Nature. 2002 Jul 4;418(6893):50-6
references.pmid: 12077607
references.citation: J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007 Mar 20;49(11):1137-48
references.pmid: 17367656
references.citation: Circulation. 2006 Feb 21;113(7):1005-14
references.pmid: 16476845
references.citation: Science. 2001 May 18;292(5520):1389-94
references.pmid: 11326082
references.citation: Nat Med. 2004 May;10(5):494-501
references.pmid: 15107841
references.citation: FASEB J. 2009 Dec;23(12):4168-80
references.pmid: 19703934
references.citation: Am J Cardiol. 2004 Jul 1;94(1):92-5
references.pmid: 15219514
references.citation: J Nucl Cardiol. 2008 May-Jun;15(3):308-10
references.pmid: 18513636
references.citation: Circ Res. 2009 Feb 13;104(3):398-402
references.pmid: 19096027
references.citation: Circulation. 2005 Aug 30;112(9 Suppl):I178-83
references.pmid: 16159812
references.citation: Nat Protoc. 2006;1(2):495-507
references.pmid: 17406275
references.citation: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010 Mar;95(3):1034-43
references.pmid: 20061422
references.citation: Neuroscience. 2007 Oct 12;149(1):38-52
references.pmid: 17870247
references.citation: Mol Cells. 2007 Apr 30;23(2):132-7
references.pmid: 17464188
references.citation: PLoS One. 2008;3(10):e3474
references.pmid: 18941512
references.citation: Cell Mol Biol Lett. 2009;14(1):100-12
references.pmid: 18839068
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Mar 2;107(9):4335-40
references.pmid: 20160098
references.citation: Circulation. 2003 Aug 19;108(7):863-8
references.pmid: 12900340
references.citation: Stroke. 2007 Mar;38(3):1031-5
references.pmid: 17272763
references.citation: Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2006 Oct;33(10):1171-7
references.pmid: 16763813
references.citation: Science. 2003 Jan 17;299(5605):363
references.pmid: 12532008
references.citation: Nature. 2008 Feb 21;451(7181):937-42
references.pmid: 18288183
references.citation: Circ Res. 2009 Feb 27;104(4):e30-41
references.pmid: 19213953
references.citation: Stem Cells. 2008 Apr;26(4):864-73
references.pmid: 18218820
references.citation: J Nucl Med Technol. 2004 Jun;32(2):47-57; quiz 58-9
references.pmid: 15175400
references.citation: Stem Cells. 2007 Oct;25(10):2677-84
references.pmid: 17628019
references.citation: Circulation. 2003 Sep 16;108(11):1302-5
references.pmid: 12963637
references.citation: Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med. 2006 Oct;3(10):554-62
references.pmid: 16990841
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2004 Jun 30;24(26):5982-6002
references.pmid: 15229246
references.citation: Circulation. 2007 Sep 11;116(11 Suppl):I46-54
references.pmid: 17846325
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2006 Sep 21;355(12):1222-32
references.pmid: 16990385
references.citation: Stem Cells. 2008 Jul;26(7):1831-40
references.pmid: 18436862
references.citation: PLoS One. 2007 Dec 05;2(12):e1272
references.pmid: 18060066
references.citation: Nature. 2003 Oct 30;425(6961):968-73
references.pmid: 14555960
references.citation: PLoS One. 2007 Jan 17;2(1):e156
references.pmid: 17225860
references.citation: Cancer Res. 2003 Apr 15;63(8):1936-42
references.pmid: 12702586
references.citation: Proteomics. 2006 Dec;6(23):6234-49
references.pmid: 17080479
references.citation: Magn Reson Med. 2004 Nov;52(5):1214-9
references.pmid: 15508153
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 Mar 4;100(5):2397-402
references.pmid: 12606728
references.citation: Nature. 2010 Sep 16;467(7313):285-90
references.pmid: 20644535
references.citation: Stem Cells. 2007 May;25(5):1204-12
references.pmid: 17218400
references.citation: Am Heart J. 2006 Oct;152(4):684.e11-6
references.pmid: 16996834
references.citation: Mol Ther. 2009 Jul;17(7):1282-91
references.pmid: 19436269
references.citation: Diabetes. 2006 Sep;55(9):2419-28
references.pmid: 16936189
references.citation: J Nucl Med. 2007 Dec;48(12):1916-9
references.pmid: 18056330
references.citation: Nature. 2010 Feb 25;463(7284):1035-41
references.pmid: 20107439
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Dec 10;99(25):16105-10
references.pmid: 12441403
references.citation: Circulation. 2003 Apr 29;107(16):2134-9
references.pmid: 12695305
references.citation: Curr Opin Chem Biol. 2010 Feb;14(1):71-9
references.pmid: 19879798