title: The effects of electrical microstimulation on cortical signal propagation.
abstract: Electrical stimulation has been used in animals and humans to study potential causal links between neural activity and specific cognitive functions. Recently, it has found increasing use in electrotherapy and neural prostheses. However, the manner in which electrical stimulation-elicited signals propagate in brain tissues remains unclear. We used combined electrostimulation, neurophysiology, microinjection and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to study the cortical activity patterns elicited during stimulation of cortical afferents in monkeys. We found that stimulation of a site in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) increased the fMRI signal in the regions of primary visual cortex (V1) that received input from that site, but suppressed it in the retinotopically matched regions of extrastriate cortex. Consistent with previous observations, intracranial recordings indicated that a short excitatory response occurring immediately after a stimulation pulse was followed by a long-lasting inhibition. Following microinjections of GABA antagonists in V1, LGN stimulation induced positive fMRI signals in all of the cortical areas. Taken together, our findings suggest that electrical stimulation disrupts cortico-cortical signal propagation by silencing the output of any neocortical area whose afferents are electrically stimulated.
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany. nikos.logothetis@tuebingen.mpg.de
authors.forename: Nikos K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Logothetis
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Augath
authors.forename: Yusuke
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Murayama
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rauch
authors.forename: Fahad
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sultan
authors.forename: Jozien
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Goense
authors.forename: Axel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Oeltermann
authors.forename: Hellmut
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Merkle
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D000777:Anesthetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001640:Bicuculline / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D055592:Biophysical Phenomena / Q000502:physiology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000098:blood supply / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D018756:GABA Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D005829:Geniculate Bodies / Q000502:physiology; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D013788:Thalamus / Q000502:physiology; D014795:Visual Pathways / Q000098:blood supply / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000777:Anesthetics; D018756:GABA Antagonists; C017069:bicuculline methiodide; D010100:Oxygen; D001640:Bicuculline
references.citation: J Physiol. 1991;440:659-96
references.pmid: 1804981
references.citation: J Comp Neurol. 1995 Mar 6;353(2):291-305
references.pmid: 7745137
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Dec 10;99(25):16261-6
references.pmid: 12461179
references.citation: Nat Rev Neurosci. 2004 Oct;5(10):793-807
references.pmid: 15378039
references.citation: Magn Reson Imaging. 2007 Jul;25(6):754-9
references.pmid: 17482409
references.citation: Nature. 1988 Jun 2;333(6172):452-4
references.pmid: 3374585
references.citation: Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2007 Aug;17(4):417-22
references.pmid: 17707635
references.citation: J Neurophysiol. 2005 Jan;93(1):1-19
references.pmid: 15371496
references.citation: Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2005 Jun 29;360(1458):1185-205
references.pmid: 16147516
references.citation: Neuron. 2005 Dec 22;48(6):901-11
references.pmid: 16364895
references.citation: Neuroimage. 1995 Mar;2(1):45-53
references.pmid: 9343589
references.citation: Neuron. 2003 Nov 13;40(4):671-83
references.pmid: 14622573
references.citation: J Neurophysiol. 1979 Sep;42(5):1271-81
references.pmid: 490198
references.citation: Cereb Cortex. 1993 Sep-Oct;3(5):430-41
references.pmid: 8260811
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 May 1;104(18):7670-5
references.pmid: 17452646
references.citation: Science. 2007 Sep 28;317(5846):1918-21
references.pmid: 17901333
references.citation: J Neurophysiol. 2006 Sep;96(3):1227-36
references.pmid: 16837655
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2002 Dec 1;22(23):10416-26
references.pmid: 12451141
references.citation: Nat Neurosci. 2004 Oct;7(10):1123-8
references.pmid: 15378066
references.citation: J Neurosci. 1986 Dec;6(12):3749-66
references.pmid: 2432205
references.citation: Cereb Cortex. 1991 Jan-Feb;1(1):1-47
references.pmid: 1822724
references.citation: Curr Biol. 2007 May 15;17(10):862-7
references.pmid: 17462895
references.citation: J Physiol. 2009 Nov 15;587(Pt 22):5411-25
references.pmid: 19770187
references.citation: Neuron. 2007 Sep 6;55(5):809-23
references.pmid: 17785187
references.citation: J Neurophysiol. 2003 Nov;90(5):3024-39
references.pmid: 12878710
references.citation: J Cell Comp Physiol. 1963 Apr;61:165-79
references.pmid: 13930386
references.citation: Curr Biol. 2006 Aug 8;16(15):1479-88
references.pmid: 16890523
references.citation: Neuron. 2006 Jun 1;50(5):791-8
references.pmid: 16731516
references.citation: Curr Biol. 2007 Jul 3;17(13):R496-500
references.pmid: 17610826
references.citation: Curr Biol. 2008 May 6;18(9):631-40
references.pmid: 18439825
references.citation: J Anat. 1995 Dec;187 ( Pt 3):583-92
references.pmid: 8586557
references.citation: Science. 2008 Jul 18;321(5887):414-7
references.pmid: 18635806
references.citation: Neuron. 1998 Jun;20(6):1177-89
references.pmid: 9655505
references.citation: Science. 2009 Apr 17;324(5925):354-9
references.pmid: 19299587
references.citation: J Physiol. 1991;440:697-722
references.pmid: 1804983
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 May 6;105(18):6759-64
references.pmid: 18456837
references.citation: Neuron. 2007 Jul 19;55(2):187-99
references.pmid: 17640522
references.citation: Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2003 Oct 29;358(1438):1605-24
references.pmid: 14561322
references.citation: J Neurosci. 1995 Jun;15(6):4464-87
references.pmid: 7540675
references.citation: Trends Cogn Sci. 2009 Jul;13(7):319-27
references.pmid: 19540793
references.citation: Nat Neurosci. 2008 May;11(5):535-7
references.pmid: 18376400
references.citation: Nat Neurosci. 2006 Apr;9(4):569-77
references.pmid: 16547508
references.citation: J Neurosci. 1992 Jun;12(6):2331-55
references.pmid: 1607944
references.citation: Nature. 2001 Jul 12;412(6843):150-7
references.pmid: 11449264
references.citation: Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 1983 Aug 22;219(1214):53-9
references.pmid: 6137827
references.citation: Science. 2008 Jun 6;320(5881):1355-9
references.pmid: 18535247
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2009 Aug 26;29(34):10683-94
references.pmid: 19710320
references.citation: J Physiol. 1991;440:735-69
references.pmid: 1666655
references.citation: Nature. 2003 Jan 23;421(6921):370-3
references.pmid: 12540901
references.citation: Eur J Neurosci. 2007 Apr;25(7):2161-9
references.pmid: 17419757