title: Hunger and associated harms among injection drug users in an urban Canadian setting.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Food insufficiency is often associated with health risks and adverse outcomes among marginalized populations. However, little is known about correlates of food insufficiency among injection drug users (IDU).
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a cross-sectional study to examine the prevalence and correlates of self-reported hunger in a large cohort of IDU in Vancouver, Canada. Food insufficiency was defined as reporting "I am hungry, but don't eat because I can't afford enough food". Logistic regression was used to determine independent socio-demographic and drug-use characteristics associated with food insufficiency.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 1,053 participants, 681 (64.7%) reported being hungry and unable to afford enough food. Self-reported hunger was independently associated with: unstable housing (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 1.68, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.20 - 2.36, spending ≥ $50/day on drugs (AOR: 1.43, 95% CI: 1.06 - 1.91), and symptoms of depression (AOR: 3.32, 95% CI: 2.45 - 4.48).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that IDU in this setting would likely benefit from interventions that work to improve access to food and social support services, including addiction treatment programs which may reduce the adverse effect of ongoing drug use on hunger.
authors.affiliation: British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, St, Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
authors.forename: Aranka
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Anema
authors.forename: Evan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.forename: Sheri D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Weiser
authors.forename: Jiezhi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Qi
authors.forename: Julio Sg
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Montaner
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kerr
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001955:British Columbia; D002170:Canada; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006815:Hunger; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous; D014505:Urban Population
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