title: Hypospadias surgery past, present and future.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hypospadias surgery has been in continuous evolution for many years with steadily improving reported results. Despite this many unanswered questions on its cause, management and outcomes remain. Recent research has done little to clarify most matters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There is increasing evidence of a balance of genetic and developmental factors in the development of hypospadias, but there is doubt whether the incidence of hypospadias is increasing or not. Many technical aspects of hypospadias repair and variations of perioperative management seem to have little effect on outcome, whereas the age at which surgery is performed may. Although efforts are being made to relate anatomical findings to outcome, a lack of objective assessment and standardization is a handicap. Severe hypospadias, particularly that associated with significant chordee, remains challenging although strategies for management are being developed. The future may lie in development of autologous tissue culture for these severe cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Further development of hypospadias surgery would benefit from objective, standardized methods of describing anatomy and outcome measures to facilitate effective comparison of techniques and procedures.
authors.affiliation: Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK. julian.roberts@sch.nhs.uk
authors.forename: Julian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Roberts
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D006801:Humans; D007021:Hypospadias / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D013520:Urologic Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000639:trends*