title: Geographical association between livestock density and human Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 infections.
abstract: Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) bacteria can cause outbreaks and sporadic cases of gastroenteritis in humans. Ruminants are seen as the main reservoir. The aim of this study was to evaluate the spatial association between reported human STEC O157 infections in The Netherlands and different livestock densities. Data were collected at the municipality level and a spatial regression analysis was performed. Between April 1999 and December 2008, 409 symptomatic sporadic cases were registered. Adding an interaction term between season, age, and livestock density showed an increased risk of STEC cases in summer for living in areas with cattle, in particular for young children. In conclusion, cattle, but not pigs or poultry, are indicated as an important source for human STEC O157 infections in rural areas. The association is probably due to direct or indirect contact with cattle, resulting in symptomatic infections, especially in young children.
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology and Surveillance, Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: I H M
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Friesema
authors.affiliation: Expertise Centre for Methodology and Information Services, Public Health and Health Services Division, RIVM, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Van De Kassteele
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology and Surveillance, Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: DE Jager
authors.affiliation: Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority, Zutphen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Heuvelink
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology and Surveillance, Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Van Pelt
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004197:Disease Reservoirs / Q000382:microbiology; D004927:Escherichia coli Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary; D019453:Escherichia coli O157; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D011156:Population Density; D012307:Risk Factors; D012621:Seasons; D012737:Sex Factors; D055815:Young Adult