title: Emerging clinical imaging techniques for cerebral cavernous malformations: a systematic review.
abstract: Cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) are divided into sporadic and familial forms. For clinical imaging, T2-weighted gradient-echo sequences have been shown to be more sensitive than conventional sequences. Recently more advanced imaging techniques such as high-field and susceptibility-weighted MR imaging have been employed for the evaluation of CCMs. Furthermore, diffusion tensor imaging and functional MR imaging have been applied to the preoperative and intraoperative management of these lesions. In this paper, the authors attempt to provide a concise review of the emerging imaging methods used in the clinical diagnosis and treatment of CCMs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Thomas Jefferson University and Jefferson Hospital for Neuroscience, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Peter G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: Pascal
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jabbour
authors.forename: Sanjay
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yadla
authors.forename: Issam A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Awad
mesh_terms: D038524:Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D017352:Echo-Planar Imaging / Q000379:methods; D020786:Hemangioma, Cavernous, Central Nervous System / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D002538:Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D018810:Magnetic Resonance Angiography / Q000379:methods; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
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