title: The latent symptom structure of the Beck Depression Inventory-II in outpatients with major depression.
abstract: The Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) is a self-report instrument frequently used in clinical and research settings to assess depression severity. Although investigators have examined the factor structure of the BDI-II, a clear consensus on the best fitting model has not yet emerged, resulting in different recommendations regarding how to best score and interpret BDI-II results. In the current investigation, confirmatory factor analysis was used to evaluate previously identified models of the latent symptom structure of depression as assessed by the BDI-II. In contrast to previous investigations, we utilized a reliably diagnosed, homogenous clinical sample, composed only of patients with major depressive disorder (N = 425)--the population for whom this measure of depression severity was originally designed. Two 3-factor models provided a good fit to the data and were further evaluated by means of factor associations with an external, interviewer-rated measure of depression severity. The results contribute to a growing body of evidence for the Ward (2006) model, including a General (G) depression factor, a Somatic (S) factor, and a Cognitive (C) factor. The results also support the use of the BDI-II total scale score. Research settings may wish to model minor factors to remove variance extraneous to depression where possible.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Research Department, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Lena C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Quilty
authors.forename: K Anne
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: R Michael
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Bagby
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008960:Models, Psychological; D010045:Outpatients / Q000523:psychology; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011594:Psychometrics; D012044:Regression Analysis