title: A population-based competing-risks analysis of the survival of patients treated with radical cystectomy for bladder cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients treated with radical cystectomy represent a very heterogeneous group with respect to cancer-specific and other-cause mortality. Comorbidities and comorbidity-associated events represent very important causes of mortality in those individuals. The authors examined the rates of cancer-specific and other-cause mortality in a population-based radical cystectomy cohort.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors identified 11,260 patients treated with radical cystectomy for urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder between 1988 and 2006 within 17 Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results registries. Patients were stratified into 20 strata according to patient age and tumor stage at radical cystectomy. Smoothed Poisson regression models were fitted to obtain estimates of cancer-specific and other-cause mortality rates at specific time points after radical cystectomy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After stratification according to disease stage and patient age, cancer-specific mortality emerged as the main cause of mortality in all patient strata. Nonetheless, at 5 years after radical cystectomy, between 8.5% and 27.1% of deaths were attributable to other-cause mortality. The 3 most common causes of other-cause mortality were other malignancies, heart disease, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The most prominent effect on cancer-specific mortality was exerted by locally advanced bladder cancer stages. Conversely, age was the main determinant of other-cause mortality. Interestingly, even after adjusting for bladder cancer pathologic stage, cancer-specific mortality was higher in older individuals than their younger counterparts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current study provides a valuable graphical aid for prediction of cancer-specific and other-cause mortality according to disease stage and patient age. It can help clinicians to better stratify the risk-benefit ratio of radical cystectomy. Hopefully, these findings will be considered in treatment decision making and during informed consent before radical cystectomy.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Prognostics and Health Outcomes Unit, University of Montreal Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lughezzani
authors.forename: Maxine
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Shahrokh F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Shariat
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Budäus
authors.forename: Rodolphe
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Thuret
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jeldres
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Liberman
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Montorsi
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Perrotte
authors.forename: Pierre I
authors.initials: PI
authors.lastname: Karakiewicz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002423:Cause of Death; D015653:Cystectomy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011159:Population Surveillance; D018570:Risk Assessment; D018426:SEER Program; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*