Triggering germination represents a novel strategy to enhance killing of Clostridium difficile spores.
BACKGROUND
Clostridium difficile is an anaerobic, spore-forming bacterium that is the most common cause of healthcare-associated diarrhea in developed countries. Control of C. difficile is challenging because the spores are resistant to killing by alcohol-based hand hygiene products, antimicrobial soaps, and most disinfectants. Although initiation of germination has been shown to increase susceptibility of spores of other bacterial species to radiation and heat, it was not known if triggering of germination could be a useful strategy to increase susceptibility of C. difficile spores to radiation or other stressors.


RESULTS
Here, we demonstrated that exposure of dormant C. difficile spores to a germination solution containing amino acids, minerals, and taurocholic acid resulted in initiation of germination in room air. Germination of spores in room air resulted in significantly enhanced killing by ultraviolet-C (UV-C) radiation and heat. On surfaces in hospital rooms, application of germination solution resulted in enhanced eradication of spores by UV-C administered by an automated room decontamination device. Initiation of germination under anaerobic, but not aerobic, conditions resulted in increased susceptibility to killing by ethanol, suggesting that exposure to oxygen might prevent spores from progressing fully to outgrowth. Stimulation of germination also resulted in reduced survival of spores on surfaces in room air, possibly due to increased susceptibility to stressors such as oxygen and desiccation.


CONCLUSIONS
Taken together, these data demonstrate that stimulation of germination could represent a novel method to enhance killing of spores by UV-C, and suggest the possible application of this strategy as a means to enhance killing by other agents.
Nerandzic
Michelle M
MM
Research Service, Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America.
Donskey
Curtis J
CJ
D000388:Air; D000438:Alcohols / Q000494:pharmacology; D000693:Anaerobiosis; D016360:Clostridioides difficile / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000528:radiation effects; D004203:Disinfection / Q000379:methods*; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D016983:Enterococcus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D006761:Hospitals; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D055624:Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus / Q000528:radiation effects; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D012996:Solutions; D013171:Spores, Bacterial / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000528:radiation effects; D013997:Time Factors; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D014640:Vancomycin / Q000494:pharmacology
D000438:Alcohols; D012996:Solutions; D014640:Vancomycin
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