title: tRNA biology charges to the front.
abstract: tRNA biology has come of age, revealing an unprecedented level of understanding and many unexpected discoveries along the way. This review highlights new findings on the diverse pathways of tRNA maturation, and on the formation and function of a number of modifications. Topics of special focus include the regulation of tRNA biosynthesis, quality control tRNA turnover mechanisms, widespread tRNA cleavage pathways activated in response to stress and other growth conditions, emerging evidence of signaling pathways involving tRNA and cleavage fragments, and the sophisticated intracellular tRNA trafficking that occurs during and after biosynthesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Center for RNA Biology, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York 14642, USA. eric_phizicky@urmc.rochester.edu
authors.forename: Eric M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Phizicky
authors.forename: Anita K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Hopper
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002466:Cell Nucleolus / Q000378:metabolism; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D006801:Humans; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational; D012326:RNA Splicing; D020871:RNA Stability; D034443:RNA Transport; D012343:RNA, Transfer / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D012343:RNA, Transfer
references.citation: PLoS Biol. 2006 Oct;4(10):e332
references.pmid: 17020411
references.citation: Genes Dev. 2008 Aug 15;22(16):2204-14
references.pmid: 18708579
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1988 Jan 5;263(1):52-7
references.pmid: 3275649
references.citation: Biochem J. 2009 Aug 27;422(3):483-92
references.pmid: 19555350
references.citation: FEBS Lett. 2009 Jan 22;583(2):437-42
references.pmid: 19114040
references.citation: Nucleic Acids Res. 2003 May 1;31(9):2272-8
references.pmid: 12711671
references.citation: Cell. 1979 Sep;18(1):11-26
references.pmid: 389430
references.citation: Nature. 2005 Feb 10;433(7026):657-61
references.pmid: 15654328
references.citation: Cell Cycle. 2009 Dec 15;8(24):4085-90
references.pmid: 19823048
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2002 Jul 12;277(28):25090-5
references.pmid: 11983710
references.citation: Mol Biol Evol. 2010 Sep;27(9):2062-77
references.pmid: 20382657
references.citation: Genes Dev. 2009 Aug 15;23(16):1929-43
references.pmid: 19684113
references.citation: Nucleic Acids Res. 2005 Jun 27;33(11):3636-43
references.pmid: 15983136
references.citation: PLoS Biol. 2005 Jun;3(6):e189
references.pmid: 15828860
references.citation: Nucleic Acids Res. 2009 May;37(9):2894-909
references.pmid: 19287007
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 1989 Oct;109(4 Pt 1):1411-9
references.pmid: 2677019
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2005 Nov 11;280(45):37616-22
references.pmid: 16162496
references.citation: FEBS Lett. 2010 Jan 21;584(2):318-24
references.pmid: 19932103
references.citation: Cell. 1983 Dec;35(3 Pt 2):849-57
references.pmid: 6197186
references.citation: Mol Microbiol. 2002 Feb;43(3):783-91
references.pmid: 11929532
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1982 Sep 25;257(18):10562-5
references.pmid: 7050116
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 2001 Dec;21(23):8203-12
references.pmid: 11689709
references.citation: EMBO J. 2006 May 17;25(10):2142-54
references.pmid: 16642040
references.citation: Science. 1993 Jul 9;261(5118):206-8
references.pmid: 8392224
references.citation: Nature. 2003 Oct 16;425(6959):686-91
references.pmid: 14562095
references.citation: Acta Biochim Pol. 2008;55(2):215-25
references.pmid: 18560610
references.citation: Nucleic Acids Res. 1979 Apr;6(4):1571-81
references.pmid: 377228
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2004 Mar 26;279(13):12363-8
references.pmid: 14722066
references.citation: Eukaryot Cell. 2005 Apr;4(4):832-5
references.pmid: 15821142
references.citation: EMBO J. 1987 Feb;6(2):477-83
references.pmid: 3556165
references.citation: Nat Rev Microbiol. 2007 Apr;5(4):278-86
references.pmid: 17363966
references.citation: EMBO J. 1987 Aug;6(8):2473-7
references.pmid: 3311729
references.citation: Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2010 Jan;17(1):83-9
references.pmid: 19966801
references.citation: Mol Cell. 2006 Jan 6;21(1):75-85
references.pmid: 16387655
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2001 Sep 14;276(37):34934-40
references.pmid: 11406626
references.citation: Cancer. 2006 Dec 15;107(12):2760-9
references.pmid: 17109444
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2009 May 8;284(19):12604-8
references.pmid: 19299514
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2004 Dec 17;279(51):53498-505
references.pmid: 15459185
references.citation: Nat Genet. 2008 Sep;40(9):1113-8
references.pmid: 18711368
references.citation: Cell. 1982 Mar;28(3):543-50
references.pmid: 7074684
references.citation: RNA. 2010 May;16(5):1068-77
references.pmid: 20360392
references.citation: RNA. 2007 Oct;13(10):1641-7
references.pmid: 17684231
references.citation: Am J Hum Genet. 2001 Mar;68(3):753-8
references.pmid: 11179021
references.citation: Mol Biol Cell. 2010 Jan 15;21(2):254-65
references.pmid: 19910488
references.citation: Mol Cell. 2006 Jan 6;21(1):87-96
references.pmid: 16387656
references.citation: Genes Cells. 1997 Jan;2(1):13-28
references.pmid: 9112437
references.citation: EMBO J. 1988 Jun;7(6):1567-74
references.pmid: 16453848
references.citation: Nature. 1978 Aug 3;274(5670):438-45
references.pmid: 353564
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 2003 Dec;23(24):9283-92
references.pmid: 14645538
references.citation: Biochem J. 2004 Mar 15;378(Pt 3):809-16
references.pmid: 14640976
references.citation: Nature. 2009 Mar 12;458(7235):228-32
references.pmid: 19145231
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2008 Jun 20;283(25):17168-74
references.pmid: 18445601
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Jun 6;103(23):8640-5
references.pmid: 16731615
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1982 Nov;79(21):6475-9
references.pmid: 6292903
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2005 Apr 8;280(14):14138-44
references.pmid: 15701599
references.citation: EMBO J. 2009 Aug 5;28(15):2220-30
references.pmid: 19574957
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1998 Jan 16;273(3):1316-23
references.pmid: 9430663
references.citation: Nature. 1988 Nov 10;336(6195):179-81
references.pmid: 3054566
references.citation: RNA. 1999 Aug;5(8):1105-18
references.pmid: 10445884
references.citation: EMBO J. 1990 Apr;9(4):1245-52
references.pmid: 2182322
references.citation: Traffic. 2009 Sep;10(9):1243-56
references.pmid: 19602197
references.citation: Genes Dev. 2004 Jun 1;18(11):1227-40
references.pmid: 15145828
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Mar 14;103(11):4192-7
references.pmid: 16537507
references.citation: RNA. 2003 Mar;9(3):319-30
references.pmid: 12592006
references.citation: Nucleic Acids Res. 2009 May;37(9):2910-25
references.pmid: 19287006
references.citation: Mol Cell. 1999 Jul;4(1):123-8
references.pmid: 10445034
references.citation: Biol Chem. 2003 Mar;384(3):333-42
references.pmid: 12715884
references.citation: Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol. 2006 Mar-Apr;41(2):77-102
references.pmid: 16595295
references.citation: RNA. 1999 Feb;5(2):302-17
references.pmid: 10024181
references.citation: RNA. 2004 Apr;10(4):712-9
references.pmid: 15037780
references.citation: Int J Oncol. 2005 May;26(5):1159-68
references.pmid: 15809705
references.citation: Nature. 2009 Jan 8;457(7226):161-6
references.pmid: 19092806
references.citation: RNA. 1999 Apr;5(4):539-49
references.pmid: 10199570
references.citation: Genes Dev. 1998 Dec 1;12(23):3650-62
references.pmid: 9851972
references.citation: Curr Biol. 1999 Nov 4;9(21):1231-41
references.pmid: 10556086
references.citation: Plant Physiol. 2003 Aug;132(4):2135-43
references.pmid: 12913168
references.citation: FEBS Lett. 2010 Jan 21;584(2):265-71
references.pmid: 19931536
references.citation: Genes Dev. 2003 Dec 1;17(23):2889-901
references.pmid: 14633974
references.citation: EMBO J. 1998 Aug 17;17(16):4780-9
references.pmid: 9707437
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2005 Feb 25;280(8):6455-62
references.pmid: 15590667
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1992 Mar 5;267(7):4577-82
references.pmid: 1537841
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Aug 17;107(33):14573-8
references.pmid: 20675586
references.citation: Mol Cell. 2006 Jun 9;22(5):623-32
references.pmid: 16762835
references.citation: Cell. 1997 Jun 13;89(6):849-58
references.pmid: 9200603
references.citation: Nature. 2009 Nov 26;462(7272):522-6
references.pmid: 19940929
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1994 May 6;269(18):13361-6
references.pmid: 8175766
references.citation: J Mol Biol. 1981 Jan 15;145(2):405-20
references.pmid: 7196457
references.citation: Genome Res. 2009 Mar;19(3):347-59
references.pmid: 19106332
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1985 Jan 25;260(2):1271-9
references.pmid: 2981839
references.citation: Plant Physiol. 2003 Aug;132(4):1913-24
references.pmid: 12913148
references.citation: EMBO J. 1996 May 1;15(9):2270-84
references.pmid: 8641292
references.citation: EMBO J. 1998 Dec 15;17(24):7430-41
references.pmid: 9857198
references.citation: Mol Cell. 1998 Feb;1(3):359-69
references.pmid: 9660920
references.citation: Cell. 2004 Apr 30;117(3):311-21
references.pmid: 15109492
references.citation: Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2006 Jul;7(7):529-39
references.pmid: 16829983
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 1991 Apr;11(4):2133-48
references.pmid: 1848673
references.citation: Traffic. 2005 Mar;6(3):187-98
references.pmid: 15702987
references.citation: Nature. 2009 Sep 3;461(7260):60-5
references.pmid: 19680239
references.citation: Annu Rev Biochem. 2005;74:129-77
references.pmid: 15952884
references.citation: RNA. 2006 Jun;12(6):1007-14
references.pmid: 16625026
references.citation: Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2006 Jul;13(7):611-8
references.pmid: 16799560
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1990 Sep 25;265(27):16216-20
references.pmid: 2204621
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2006 Jan 6;281(1):115-20
references.pmid: 16269406
references.citation: Genetics. 1996 Jun;143(2):699-712
references.pmid: 8725220
references.citation: Trends Cell Biol. 2008 Mar;18(3):98-104
references.pmid: 18262788
references.citation: J Bacteriol. 2007 Mar;189(5):1954-62
references.pmid: 17172343
references.citation: Genes Dev. 2002 May 1;16(9):1102-15
references.pmid: 12000793
references.citation: Genetics. 2005 Aug;170(4):1553-60
references.pmid: 15911569
references.citation: Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Mar 15;28(6):1374-80
references.pmid: 10684932
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 2010 May;30(10):2449-59
references.pmid: 20308323
references.citation: Eukaryot Cell. 2009 Sep;8(9):1362-72
references.pmid: 19633267
references.citation: Nature. 2005 Feb 3;433(7025):537-41
references.pmid: 15690044
references.citation: Mol Cell. 2007 Dec 14;28(5):860-70
references.pmid: 18082610
references.citation: Mol Biol Cell. 2009 Dec;20(23):5007-25
references.pmid: 19812255
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 2001 Aug;21(15):5031-40
references.pmid: 11438659
references.citation: Nat Struct Biol. 1994 Sep;1(9):580-2
references.pmid: 7634096
references.citation: Nucleic Acids Res. 2004 Sep 08;32(16):4776-85
references.pmid: 15356295
references.citation: Cell. 2009 Jul 23;138(2):215-9
references.pmid: 19632169
references.citation: Mol Microbiol. 2006 May;60(3):723-37
references.pmid: 16629673
references.citation: EMBO J. 2002 Jun 3;21(11):2769-77
references.pmid: 12032089
references.citation: EMBO J. 2003 Dec 15;22(24):6562-72
references.pmid: 14657028
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2010 Apr 2;285(14):10959-68
references.pmid: 20129916
references.citation: RNA. 2001 Jun;7(6):833-45
references.pmid: 11424937
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Nov 8;102(45):16484-9
references.pmid: 16251277
references.citation: RNA. 2008 Oct;14(10):2095-103
references.pmid: 18719243
references.citation: Biochimie. 2007 Oct;89(10):1183-94
references.pmid: 17624654
references.citation: EMBO J. 2000 Mar 15;19(6):1357-65
references.pmid: 10716935
references.citation: RNA. 2007 Aug;13(8):1245-55
references.pmid: 17592039
references.citation: Genetics. 2004 Sep;168(1):117-27
references.pmid: 15454531
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Aug 9;102(32):11290-5
references.pmid: 16040803
references.citation: Mol Cell. 2006 Jan 20;21(2):149-52
references.pmid: 16427005
references.citation: Science. 2003 Nov 21;302(5649):1399-401
references.pmid: 14631041
references.citation: RNA. 2008 Feb;14(2):225-32
references.pmid: 18094117
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 2009 Apr 6;185(1):43-50
references.pmid: 19332891
references.citation: Mol Genet Genomics. 2003 May;269(2):188-96
references.pmid: 12756531
references.citation: Mol Microbiol. 2008 Sep;69(5):1266-77
references.pmid: 18657261
references.citation: EMBO J. 2002 Nov 15;21(22):6205-15
references.pmid: 12426392
references.citation: Biochem Cell Biol. 2009 Apr;87(2):431-43
references.pmid: 19370060
references.citation: RNA. 2008 Jun;14(6):1214-27
references.pmid: 18456844
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2005 Dec 30;280(52):42744-9
references.pmid: 16272149
references.citation: Cell. 2008 Apr 4;133(1):78-89
references.pmid: 18394991
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 1992 Nov;12(11):4946-59
references.pmid: 1328868
references.citation: RNA Biol. 2004 May;1(1):16-20
references.pmid: 17194933
references.citation: Biochemistry. 1987 Aug 11;26(16):5141-6
references.pmid: 3663649
references.citation: Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2008 Aug;15(8):783-4
references.pmid: 18679433
references.citation: Plant Physiol. 2009 Jul;150(3):1494-502
references.pmid: 19411372
references.citation: Nat Genet. 2001 Feb;27(2):172-80
references.pmid: 11175785
references.citation: Biochimie. 1994;76(12):1161-7
references.pmid: 7748951
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1996 Mar 1;271(9):4679-86
references.pmid: 8617732
references.citation: Nucleic Acids Res. 1997 Nov 15;25(22):4493-9
references.pmid: 9358157
references.citation: Cell Metab. 2005 Apr;1(4):273-7
references.pmid: 16054071
references.citation: Trends Biochem Sci. 2007 Feb;32(2):51-3
references.pmid: 17174096
references.citation: Science. 2009 May 1;324(5927):657-9
references.pmid: 19407206
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Nov 25;105(47):18255-60
references.pmid: 19017811
references.citation: Mol Biol Cell. 2004 Mar;15(3):1459-69
references.pmid: 14718557
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999 Dec 7;96(25):14366-71
references.pmid: 10588711
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 1991 Nov;11(11):5410-6
references.pmid: 1922054
references.citation: Biochemistry. 1999 Sep 14;38(37):12089-96
references.pmid: 10508413
references.citation: Cell. 1986 Jul 18;46(2):235-43
references.pmid: 3521891
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1996 Nov 15;271(46):29029-33
references.pmid: 8910555
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1985 Jul 25;260(15):9002-8
references.pmid: 3848432
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1983 Oct 10;258(19):11974-80
references.pmid: 6413507
references.citation: Biochemistry. 1979 Oct 16;18(21):4600-5
references.pmid: 387075
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 May 22;104(21):8845-50
references.pmid: 17502605
references.citation: Mol Cell. 2005 Apr 15;18(2):141-2
references.pmid: 15837415
references.citation: Cell. 2001 Dec 28;107(7):881-91
references.pmid: 11779464
references.citation: Mol Microbiol. 2003 Sep;49(5):1297-307
references.pmid: 12940988
references.citation: Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1998 Jun 18;247(2):234-41
references.pmid: 9642109
references.citation: RNA. 2006 Jul;12(7):1315-22
references.pmid: 16741232
references.citation: RNA. 2002 Jan;8(1):97-109
references.pmid: 11871663
references.citation: Mol Cell. 2007 May 11;26(3):367-79
references.pmid: 17499043
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 2001 Jan;21(2):548-61
references.pmid: 11134342
references.citation: RNA. 2005 Apr;11(4):424-36
references.pmid: 15769872
references.citation: EMBO J. 1987 Aug;6(8):2499-503
references.pmid: 2444436
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 1987 Mar;7(3):1208-16
references.pmid: 3031485
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1986 Feb 25;261(6):2978-86
references.pmid: 3512545
references.citation: Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2006 Apr;13(4):376-7
references.pmid: 16518398
references.citation: Biochimie. 1995;77(1-2):113-24
references.pmid: 7541250
references.citation: Cell. 1983 Feb;32(2):537-46
references.pmid: 6297798
references.citation: EMBO J. 2002 Apr 2;21(7):1811-20
references.pmid: 11927565
references.citation: Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2005 Aug 26;334(2):433-40
references.pmid: 16005430
references.citation: Cell. 2008 Oct 31;135(3):462-74
references.pmid: 18984158
references.citation: Curr Biol. 1999 Nov 4;9(21):R803-6
references.pmid: 10556084
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2008 Oct 10;283(41):27469-27476
references.pmid: 18664566
references.citation: Nature. 2008 May 1;453(7191):120-3
references.pmid: 18451863
references.citation: Mol Cell. 2005 Mar 18;17(6):841-53
references.pmid: 15780940
references.citation: RNA. 2003 Feb;9(2):202-8
references.pmid: 12554863
references.citation: PLoS One. 2006 Dec 27;1:e134
references.pmid: 17205138
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Mar 19;99(6):3517-22
references.pmid: 11904415
references.citation: RNA. 2000 Jun;6(6):844-60
references.pmid: 10864043
references.citation: RNA. 2007 May;13(5):682-90
references.pmid: 17379814
references.citation: Science. 1998 Dec 11;282(5396):2082-5
references.pmid: 9851929
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998 Nov 24;95(24):14136-41
references.pmid: 9826666
references.citation: Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun. 2007 Aug 1;63(Pt 8):637-41
references.pmid: 17671357
references.citation: Biochimie. 2007 Nov;89(11):1351-65
references.pmid: 17698277
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987 Apr;84(8):2238-41
references.pmid: 3470787
references.citation: RNA. 2008 Jan;14(1):107-16
references.pmid: 18000032
references.citation: Nucleic Acids Res. 2004 Jan 09;32(1):255-62
references.pmid: 14715923
references.citation: Int J Biol Sci. 2007 May 01;3(5):292-302
references.pmid: 17505538
references.citation: Nucleic Acids Res. 2005 Jan 1;33(Database issue):D139-40
references.pmid: 15608164
references.citation: Mol Biol Cell. 2003 Aug;14(8):3266-79
references.pmid: 12925762
references.citation: Genes Cells. 2007 Mar;12(3):285-97
references.pmid: 17352735
references.citation: Cell. 1983 Feb;32(2):525-36
references.pmid: 6186398
references.citation: Mol Cell. 2006 Oct 6;24(1):139-48
references.pmid: 17018299
references.citation: RNA. 2003 May;9(5):574-85
references.pmid: 12702816
references.citation: Cell. 2005 Jun 3;121(5):713-24
references.pmid: 15935758
references.citation: J Bacteriol. 1975 Jun;122(3):855-65
references.pmid: 1097403
references.citation: RNA. 2005 May;11(5):739-51
references.pmid: 15811915
references.citation: Nature. 2006 Mar 30;440(7084):631-6
references.pmid: 16429126
references.citation: Cell. 2008 Nov 28;135(5):919-32
references.pmid: 19041754
references.citation: Cancer Res. 2009 Apr 1;69(7):3157-64
references.pmid: 19293182
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2007 Sep 7;282(36):26026-34
references.pmid: 17623669
references.citation: EMBO J. 2001 Jan 15;20(1-2):231-9
references.pmid: 11226173
references.citation: J Mol Biol. 2005 May 13;348(4):801-15
references.pmid: 15843014
references.citation: Cell. 1979 Jun;17(2):389-97
references.pmid: 378409
references.citation: RNA. 1998 Jul;4(7):856-69
references.pmid: 9671058
references.citation: EMBO J. 2001 Sep 3;20(17):4863-73
references.pmid: 11532950
references.citation: Trends Cell Biol. 2007 Apr;17(4):165-72
references.pmid: 17306546
references.citation: Nucleic Acids Res. 2006;34(17):4711-21
references.pmid: 16963774
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Jan 12;107(2):674-9
references.pmid: 20080734
references.citation: Genetics. 1999 Jan;151(1):57-75
references.pmid: 9872948
references.citation: Nucleic Acids Res. 2008 Feb;36(3):732-41
references.pmid: 18084030
references.citation: Genes Dev. 2003 Jan 15;17(2):162-80
references.pmid: 12533506
references.citation: Genes Dev. 2010 Aug 1;24(15):1590-5
references.pmid: 20679393
references.citation: Nature. 1998 Dec 3;396(6710):482-6
references.pmid: 9853758
references.citation: Science. 2004 Jan 2;303(5654):95-8
references.pmid: 14631048
references.citation: J Bacteriol. 2006 Feb;188(4):1607-14
references.pmid: 16452444
references.citation: RNA. 2008 Apr;14(4):666-74
references.pmid: 18314501
references.citation: Science. 2007 Oct 19;318(5849):450-3
references.pmid: 17947580
references.citation: Nature. 2005 Sep 22;437(7058):584-7
references.pmid: 16113684
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Feb 13;104(7):2062-7
references.pmid: 17284611
references.citation: J Mol Biol. 2008 Aug 29;381(2):289-99
references.pmid: 18602113
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 May 13;105(19):6864-9
references.pmid: 18458335
references.citation: Mol Cell. 2007 Jan 12;25(1):167-74
references.pmid: 17218280
references.citation: RNA. 2007 Jan;13(1):87-96
references.pmid: 17095544
references.citation: Genes Dev. 1998 Aug 15;12(16):2463-8
references.pmid: 9716399
references.citation: Eukaryot Cell. 2009 Sep;8(9):1429-38
references.pmid: 19581440
references.citation: FEBS Lett. 2010 Jan 21;584(2):366-75
references.pmid: 19925795
references.citation: Nucleic Acids Res. 2009 Jan;37(1):298-308
references.pmid: 19042972
references.citation: Cell. 1997 Sep 19;90(6):1031-9
references.pmid: 9323131
references.citation: Biochemistry. 2006 May 2;45(17):5486-92
references.pmid: 16634630
references.citation: Nature. 1975 Jan 3;253(5486):66-7
references.pmid: 163007
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Mar 8;102(10):3691-6
references.pmid: 15738428
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1994 Feb 25;269(8):6064-71
references.pmid: 7509797
references.citation: Nucleic Acids Res. 1995 Feb 11;23(3):389-94
references.pmid: 7885835
references.citation: Cell. 1983 Feb;32(2):547-57
references.pmid: 6186399
references.citation: RNA. 2008 Jan;14(1):158-69
references.pmid: 18025252
references.citation: EMBO J. 2003 Sep 1;22(17):4534-43
references.pmid: 12941704
references.citation: Mol Biol Cell. 2001 May;12(5):1381-92
references.pmid: 11359929
references.citation: Curr Biol. 1998 Mar 12;8(6):305-14
references.pmid: 9512417
references.citation: Science. 1999 Nov 5;286(5442):1146-9
references.pmid: 10550050
references.citation: Acta Chem Scand B. 1981;35(5):379-85
references.pmid: 6914867
references.citation: Biochemistry. 1992 Nov 10;31(44):10817-24
references.pmid: 1384700
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Oct 31;103(44):16147-52
references.pmid: 17053064
references.citation: RNA. 1999 Feb;5(2):245-56
references.pmid: 10024176
references.citation: Science. 2009 Nov 27;326(5957):1275-9
references.pmid: 19965479
references.citation: Cell. 1980 Mar;19(3):741-51
references.pmid: 7363329
references.citation: RNA. 2008 Oct;14(10):2183-94
references.pmid: 18755837
references.citation: EMBO J. 1997 Dec 1;16(23):7184-95
references.pmid: 9384595
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2001 Aug 31;276(35):32743-9
references.pmid: 11435442
references.citation: Genes Dev. 2000 Apr 1;14(7):830-40
references.pmid: 10766739
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 2007 Apr;27(8):2841-7
references.pmid: 17283054
references.citation: Nucleic Acids Res. 1997 Jul 15;25(14):2694-701
references.pmid: 9207014
references.citation: RNA. 2003 Nov;9(11):1371-82
references.pmid: 14561887
references.citation: Genetics. 2007 Jun;176(2):841-52
references.pmid: 17409072
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1992 May 25;267(15):10289-94
references.pmid: 1316896
references.citation: Mol Cell. 2008 Dec 5;32(5):735-46
references.pmid: 19061648
references.citation: J Mol Biol. 1999 Jan 8;285(1):115-31
references.pmid: 9878393
references.citation: J Embryol Exp Morphol. 1980 Apr;56:253-67
references.pmid: 7400745
references.citation: EMBO J. 2007 Jan 24;26(2):288-300
references.pmid: 17203074
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 1993 Dec;13(12):7935-41
references.pmid: 8247008
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1986 Jul 25;261(21):9703-9
references.pmid: 2426253
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 2005 Jun;25(11):4359-70
references.pmid: 15899842
references.citation: FEBS Lett. 1989 Jul 3;250(2):311-6
references.pmid: 2666158
references.citation: RNA. 2006 Mar;12(3):508-21
references.pmid: 16431988
references.citation: Cell. 1997 May 2;89(3):393-402
references.pmid: 9150139
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999 Jul 6;96(14):7803-8
references.pmid: 10393902
references.citation: RNA. 2005 Nov;11(11):1648-54
references.pmid: 16244131
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 May 8;104(19):7821-6
references.pmid: 17483465
references.citation: FEBS Lett. 2010 Jan 21;584(2):387-95
references.pmid: 19903480
references.citation: Cell. 2007 Nov 30;131(5):915-26
references.pmid: 18045534
references.citation: Science. 2005 Mar 18;307(5716):1776-8
references.pmid: 15774759
references.citation: Int J Biochem. 1992 Mar;24(3):493-7
references.pmid: 1551462
references.citation: Plant Physiol. 2009 May;150(1):378-87
references.pmid: 19261735
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1991 Dec 5;266(34):22832-6
references.pmid: 1660462
references.citation: Mol Biol Cell. 1998 Nov;9(11):3041-55
references.pmid: 9802895
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 2005 Sep;25(18):8191-201
references.pmid: 16135808
references.citation: RNA. 2003 Dec;9(12):1516-31
references.pmid: 14624007
references.citation: Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2004 Dec;11(12):1186-91
references.pmid: 15558052
references.citation: Genes Dev. 2008 Aug 15;22(16):2215-27
references.pmid: 18708580
references.citation: Am J Hum Genet. 2001 Mar;68(3):598-605
references.pmid: 11179008
references.citation: RNA. 2000 Jul;6(7):1019-30
references.pmid: 10917597
references.citation: RNA. 1997 Dec;3(12):1388-400
references.pmid: 9404890
references.citation: Biol Chem. 2005 Dec;386(12):1253-64
references.pmid: 16336119
references.citation: Nucleic Acids Res. 1999 Jul 1;27(13):2770-6
references.pmid: 10373595
references.citation: J Mol Biol. 2008 Jun 6;379(3):579-88
references.pmid: 18466919
references.citation: Virology. 2001 Jan 5;279(1):130-5
references.pmid: 11145896
references.citation: Genes Dev. 2008 May 15;22(10):1369-80
references.pmid: 18443146
references.citation: Science. 2005 Jul 1;309(5731):140-2
references.pmid: 15905365
references.citation: Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci. 2009;85:319-68
references.pmid: 19215776
references.citation: Cell. 1978 Jun;14(2):221-36
references.pmid: 352537
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2002 Nov 8;277(45):43495-504
references.pmid: 12171921
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Apr 16;99(8):5412-7
references.pmid: 11959996
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2004 Apr 9;279(15):15688-97
references.pmid: 14749326
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Dec 13;102(50):17934-9
references.pmid: 16330750
references.citation: Nature. 1980 Mar 13;284(5752):143-8
references.pmid: 6987526
references.citation: PLoS Genet. 2009 Jul;5(7):e1000561
references.pmid: 19593383
references.citation: Mol Cell. 1999 Jan;3(1):109-18
references.pmid: 10024884
references.citation: RNA. 1999 Sep;5(9):1138-9
references.pmid: 10496214
references.citation: Mol Cell. 2007 Jun 8;26(5):625-37
references.pmid: 17560369
references.citation: Nucleic Acids Res. 1982 Jul 24;10(14):4397-407
references.pmid: 7122242
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 2008 May;28(10):3301-12
references.pmid: 18332122
references.citation: Science. 2006 Jan 20;311(5759):395-8
references.pmid: 16424344
references.citation: Mol Biol Cell. 2010 Feb 15;21(4):639-49
references.pmid: 20032305
references.citation: Mol Cell. 2006 Nov 3;24(3):445-56
references.pmid: 17081993
references.citation: Biochemistry. 1992 Feb 4;31(4):1040-6
references.pmid: 1310418
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1990 Oct 25;265(30):18104-11
references.pmid: 1698785
references.citation: Mol Microbiol. 2001 Nov;42(4):1095-105
references.pmid: 11737649
references.citation: RNA. 2008 May;14(5):928-37
references.pmid: 18369184
references.citation: Mol Cell. 2006 Jan 6;21(1):97-108
references.pmid: 16387657
references.citation: Nucleic Acids Res. 1982 Oct 25;10(20):6421-32
references.pmid: 6924749
references.citation: RNA. 2002 Oct;8(10):1253-66
references.pmid: 12403464
references.citation: Biochemistry. 2003 Feb 4;42(4):1109-17
references.pmid: 12549933
references.citation: Eur J Biochem. 1996 Dec 15;242(3):747-59
references.pmid: 9022706
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Oct 10;103(41):15044-9
references.pmid: 17005718
references.citation: Chromosoma. 2010 Feb;119(1):13-25
references.pmid: 19727792
references.citation: EMBO J. 2002 Nov 15;21(22):6216-24
references.pmid: 12426393
references.citation: Mol Cell. 2007 Jul 20;27(2):324-31
references.pmid: 17643380
references.citation: RNA. 2004 Oct;10(10):1533-40
references.pmid: 15337843
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 1998 Nov;18(11):6374-86
references.pmid: 9774653
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1997 May 16;272(20):13203-10
references.pmid: 9148937
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2004 Apr 23;279(17):17850-60
references.pmid: 14970222
references.citation: Cell. 1996 Nov 1;87(3):405-13
references.pmid: 8898194
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 1987 Jan;7(1):177-84
references.pmid: 3031456
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 2009 Apr 6;185(1):35-42
references.pmid: 19332886
references.citation: Nature. 2006 May 18;441(7091):375-7
references.pmid: 16710424
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000 May 9;97(10):5173-8
references.pmid: 10779558
references.citation: RNA. 2009 Dec;15(12):2147-60
references.pmid: 19850906
references.citation: Genes Dev. 1998 Jun 1;12(11):1678-90
references.pmid: 9620854
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2000 Sep 8;275(36):27681-8
references.pmid: 10874035
references.citation: Biochemistry. 1999 Oct 5;38(40):13338-46
references.pmid: 10529209
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 1999 Aug 9;146(3):559-72
references.pmid: 10444065
references.citation: Nature. 2002 Jan 3;415(6867):92-6
references.pmid: 11780124
references.citation: Mol Biol Cell. 2007 Jul;18(7):2678-86
references.pmid: 17475781
references.citation: Mol Cell. 2002 Dec;10(6):1489-94
references.pmid: 12504022
references.citation: RNA. 1999 Jan;5(1):66-81
references.pmid: 9917067
references.citation: RNA. 2003 Jun;9(6):760-8
references.pmid: 12756333
references.citation: Genes Dev. 2009 Nov 15;23(22):2639-49
references.pmid: 19933153
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2004 Dec 17;279(51):52998-3006
references.pmid: 15466869
references.citation: Science. 2006 May 12;312(5775):906-10
references.pmid: 16690865
references.citation: Cell. 1994 Nov 4;79(3):535-46
references.pmid: 7954819
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 1992 Dec;12(12):5652-8
references.pmid: 1448094
references.citation: Mol Cell. 2008 Jul 25;31(2):278-86
references.pmid: 18657509
references.citation: Nucleic Acids Res. 1994 Nov 25;22(23):5031-7
references.pmid: 7800496
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 1989 Apr;9(4):1611-20
references.pmid: 2657400
references.citation: Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2009 Apr;16(4):430-7
references.pmid: 19287396
references.citation: Nucleic Acids Res. 1978 Nov;5(11):4329-42
references.pmid: 364426
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 2000 Apr;20(7):2505-16
references.pmid: 10713174
references.citation: Acta Biochim Pol. 1994;41(4):441-8
references.pmid: 7732762
references.citation: Nature. 2007 May 10;447(7141):222-6
references.pmid: 17495927
references.citation: Mol Cell. 2010 Mar 12;37(5):668-78
references.pmid: 20227371
references.citation: FEBS Lett. 2008 Jun 18;582(14):1987-96
references.pmid: 18394429
references.citation: Mol Cell. 2004 Dec 22;16(6):943-54
references.pmid: 15610737
references.citation: RNA. 2002 Mar;8(3):370-81
references.pmid: 12003496
references.citation: Cell. 1996 Aug 9;86(3):503-12
references.pmid: 8756732
references.citation: FEBS Lett. 2010 Jan 21;584(2):310-7
references.pmid: 19931532
references.citation: Biochemistry. 2008 Dec 23;47(51):13659-65
references.pmid: 19053288
references.citation: Cell. 1978 Jun;14(2):211-9
references.pmid: 352536
references.citation: RNA. 2007 Mar;13(3):404-13
references.pmid: 17242307
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Aug 26;105(34):12218-23
references.pmid: 18713869
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000 Nov 21;97(24):13108-13
references.pmid: 11069303
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2004 Nov 26;279(48):49656-63
references.pmid: 15358761
references.citation: Genes Dev. 2008 Oct 15;22(20):2773-85
references.pmid: 18923076
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2005 Mar 11;280(10):8637-9
references.pmid: 15654076
references.citation: Biochimie. 1997 May;79(5):293-302
references.pmid: 9258438
references.citation: Cell Cycle. 2009 Dec 15;8(24):4023-4
references.pmid: 19959933
references.citation: Mol Cell. 2010 Mar 26;37(6):809-20
references.pmid: 20347423
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 1986 Feb;6(2):525-9
references.pmid: 3023854
references.citation: Nucleic Acids Res. 2009 Mar;37(4):1335-52
references.pmid: 19151091