title: Long-term results of a randomized trial on the sequencing of radiotherapy and chemotherapy in breast cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A prospective, phase III randomized study was undertaken to compare the outcomes of 2 different radiotherapy and chemotherapy sequences in conservatively treated patients with breast cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between January 1997 and November 2002, 206 patients operated of quadrantectomy and axillary dissection for breast cancer, candidates to receive adjuvant CMF chemotherapy (cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and fluorouracil) were assigned to concurrent or sequential radiation treatment by using a balanced randomization method. Before randomization patients were stratified by tumor diameter, age, and lymph node status. The primary end point was the freedom from breast recurrence, and secondary end points were overall and disease-free survival. Overall outcomes were analyzed according to the intention-to-treat principle.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All 206 patients enrolled and randomized in the trial were analyzed. The median follow-up was 111 months, with no patient lost for follow-up. No difference in 10-years breast recurrence-free, disease-free, metastasis-free, and overall survival rates was observed in the 2 treatment sequence groups. The Hazard Ratios, calculated for each prognostic factor, showed no difference in all outcomes between the 2 treatment sequences.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  No influence of the treatment sequence on long-term outcomes was observed in this trial. This finding suggests that to avoid an increased risk of distant recurrence or an excessive toxicity, radiation therapy may be delayed until after the end of the more, recently used, anthracycline-based chemotherapy without increasing the risk of breast recurrences, thus allowing the delivery of full-dose chemotherapy in patients at risk for systemic disease spread.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiotherapy, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pinnarò
authors.forename: Rita
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rambone
authors.forename: Carolina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Giordano
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Giannarelli
authors.forename: Lidia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Strigari
authors.forename: Giorgio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Arcangeli
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant / Q000379:methods*; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000008:administration & dosage; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D005472:Fluorouracil / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008727:Methotrexate / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018714:Radiotherapy, Adjuvant / Q000379:methods*; D012008:Recurrence; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D003520:Cyclophosphamide; D005472:Fluorouracil; D008727:Methotrexate