title: Parental hopeful patterns of thinking, emotions, and pediatric palliative care decision making: a prospective cohort study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the hypothesis that hopeful patterns of thoughts and emotions of parents of pediatric patients receiving palliative care consultative services are related to subsequent decisions, specifically regarding limit of intervention (LOI) orders.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children's hospital and surrounding region.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-three pediatric patients receiving palliative care consultative services who did not have LOI orders at time of cohort entry and their 43 parental adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  Parental levels at time of cohort entry of hopeful patterns of thinking and emotions, in conjunction with perceptions about patients' health trajectories.
  
  
  METHODS
  Enactment of an LOI order after entry into the cohort.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the 6 months of observation, 14 patients (42.4%) had an LOI order enacted. In adjusted analyses, higher levels of parental hopeful patterns of thinking were significantly associated with increased odds of enactment of an LOI order (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 2.73; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.04-7.22). Increased odds of LOI enactment were associated to nonsignificant degrees with lower levels of parental positive affect (AOR, 0.44; 95% CI, 0.17-1.12), higher levels of parental negative affect (AOR, 2.02; 95% CI, 0.98-4.16), and parental perceptions of worsening health over time (AOR, 1.72; 95% CI, 0.73-4.07).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For pediatric patients receiving palliative care consultative services, higher levels of parents' hopeful patterns of thinking are associated with subsequent enactment of LOI orders, suggesting that emotional and cognitive processes have a combined effect on medical decision making.
authors.affiliation: General Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 34th and Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104. USA. feudtner@email.chop.edu
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Feudtner
authors.forename: Karen W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Carroll
authors.forename: Kari R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Hexem
authors.forename: Jordan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Silberman
authors.forename: Tammy I
authors.initials: TI
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Anne E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Kazak
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003657:Decision Making; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D010166:Palliative Care / Q000523:psychology*; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013850:Thinking
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