title: Post-traumatic hydrocephalus after decompressive craniectomy: an underestimated risk factor.
abstract: The incidence of post-traumatic hydrocephalus (PTH) has been reported to be 0.7-51.4%, and we have frequently observed the development of PTH in patients undergoing decompressive craniectomy (DC). For this reason we performed a retrospective review of a consecutive series of patients undergoing DC after traumatic brain injury (TBI). From January 2006 to December 2009, 41 patients underwent DC after closed head injury. Study outcomes focused specifically on the development of hydrocephalus after DC. Variables described by other authors to be associated with PTH were studied, including advanced age, the timing of cranioplasty, higher score on the Fisher grading system, low post-resuscitation Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) infection. We also analyzed the influence of the area of craniotomy and the distance of craniotomy from the midline. Logistic regression was used with hydrocephalus as the primary outcome measure. Of the nine patients who developed hydrocephalus, eight patients (89%) had undergone craniotomy with the superior limit <25 mm from the midline. This association was statistically significant (p = 0.01 - Fisher's exact test). Logistic regression analysis showed that the only factor independently associated with the development of hydrocephalus was the distance from the midline. Patients with craniotomy whose superior limit was <25 mm from the midline had a markedly increased risk of developing hydrocephalus (OR = 17). Craniectomy with a superior limit too close to the midline can predispose patients undergoing DC to the development of hydrocephalus. We therefore suggest performing wide DCs with the superior limit >25 mm from the midline.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neurosurgery, Catholic University School of Medicine, Rome, Italy. debonisvox@gmail.com
authors.forename: Pasquale
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: De Bonis
authors.forename: Angelo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pompucci
authors.forename: Annunziato
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mangiola
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rigante
authors.forename: Carmelo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Anile
mesh_terms: D000058:Accidental Falls; D000063:Accidents, Traffic; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003399:Craniotomy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D019299:Decompression, Surgical / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D023261:Glasgow Outcome Scale; D016489:Head Injuries, Closed / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D006849:Hydrocephalus / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D019586:Intracranial Hypertension / Q000150:complications / Q000209:etiology; D007427:Intracranial Pressure; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D055815:Young Adult