title: Immunomodulatory effect of Aegle marmelos leaf extract on freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio infected by bacterial pathogen Aeromonas hydrophila.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Aquatic organisms (especially fish) require potent defense mechanisms to protect themselves against pathogen invasion and disease formation. The use of immunostimulants in fish culture can prevent the diseases through augmentation of both specific and non-specific immunity.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  A study was conducted to investigate the efficacy of different dietary doses of Aegle marmelos (Linn.) Corr. Serr. (Rutaceae) leaf extract for the immune response and the disease resistance of the freshwater fish, Cyprinus carpio Linn. (Cyprinidae) infected by Aeromonas hydrophila Chester (Aeromonadaceae).
  
  
  METHODS
  Hematological, specific immune response, non-specific immune response and enzyme assay studies were performed on fish and were scrutinized after 50 days of feeding trial.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fish were challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila at a dose of 1.5 × 10(4) cells/mL through intraperitoneal injection, and the hematological changes, the immune response, the enzyme activity and the disease resistance of Cyprinus carpio against the pathogen were also studied for 20 days at 5-day intervals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results obtained from the study demonstrated that the fish fed with leaf extract of Aegle marmelos incorporated into feed significantly enhanced the red blood cell count, white blood cell count, hemoglobin, phagocytic activity, nitroblue tetrazolium chloride assay, lysozyme, pathogen clearance and enzyme activity compared with the control group. The survivability was higher in the fish which consumed leaf extract-incorporated feed, and the fish group fed with 5 g diet showed highest percentage survival of the fish.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that Aegle marmelos stimulates the immunity and makes the freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio more resistant to Aeromonas hydrophila.
authors.affiliation: Department of Aquaculture Biotechnology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Sri Paramakalyani Center for Environmental Sciences, Alwarkurchi, Tamil Nadu, India. vpratheepa@rediffmail.com
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Pratheepa
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ramesh
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sukumaran
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000284:Administration, Oral; D045471:Aegle; D016980:Aeromonas hydrophila; D000821:Animal Feed; D000818:Animals; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000276:immunology / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001772:Blood Cell Count; D002347:Carps; D004306:Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic; D005393:Fish Diseases / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005399:Fishes; D005618:Fresh Water; D016905:Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary*; D010587:Phagocytosis / Q000187:drug effects; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000276:immunology / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018515:Plant Leaves; D016019:Survival Analysis
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts