Nonthermal irreversible electroporation for tissue decellularization.
Tissue scaffolding is a key component for tissue engineering, and the extracellular matrix (ECM) is nature's ideal scaffold material. A conceptually different method is reported here for producing tissue scaffolds by decellularization of living tissues using nonthermal irreversible electroporation (NTIRE) pulsed electrical fields to cause nanoscale irreversible damage to the cell membrane in the targeted tissue while sparing the ECM and utilizing the body's host response for decellularization. This study demonstrates that the method preserves the native tissue ECM and produces a scaffold that is functional and facilitates recellularization. A two-dimensional transient finite element solution of the Laplace and heat conduction equations was used to ensure that the electrical parameters used would not cause any thermal damage to the tissue scaffold. By performing NTIRE in vivo on the carotid artery, it is shown that in 3 days post NTIRE the immune system decellularizes the irreversible electroporated tissue and leaves behind a functional scaffold. In 7 days, there is evidence of endothelial regrowth, indicating that the artery scaffold maintained its function throughout the procedure and normal recellularization is taking place.
Phillips
Mary
M
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California-Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. mary_phillips@berkeley.edu
Maor
Elad
E
Rubinsky
Boris
B
D000818:Animals; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000166:cytology; D002462:Cell Membrane; D018274:Electroporation / Q000379:methods*; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000378:metabolism; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D006358:Hot Temperature; D032389:Myocytes, Smooth Muscle / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013997:Time Factors; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds; D017540:Tunica Media / Q000166:cytology