title: Comparative survival and cost of antifungal therapy: posaconazole versus standard antifungals in the treatment of refractory invasive aspergillosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Refractory invasive aspergillosis (IA) is a life-threatening condition. Cost of treatment, although secondary, is important if newer drugs are to be widely accepted. Posaconazole has been shown to have activity against aspergillosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Analyses were conducted to compare the effectiveness and cost of posaconazole 800 mg/day with those of standard antifungal therapy, using Walsh et al. 2007 data. All-cause mortality and total drug costs were analyzed for three patient groups: All Refractory, Refractory Non-neutropenic, and Refractory Neutropenic IA Patients. Comparative survival analysis using Kaplan-Meier estimates after censoring data at 28, 42, 84, 182, and 365 days and Cox proportional hazard method was used to estimate hazard rates after controlling for difference in baseline neutropenia. For cost analysis, only antifungal drug acquisition cost was used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significantly more of the 94 patients treated with posaconazole remained alive at every time point compared with the 68 external control patients within the All Refractory group (p = 0.0001). Similar results were obtained for the other two groups. For the posaconazole-treated patients mean total drug costs were $11846 (±$12406), $12642 (±$11811), and $8903 (±$14345), and for the external controls total drug costs were $35537 (±$73059), $48097 (±$88702), and $13556 (±$16324) for the All Refractory, Refractory Non-neutropenic, and Neutropenic IA groups, respectively. Key limitations of the study included noninclusion of hospitalization or other drug costs, low patient numbers beyond 84 days, and the fact that the Walsh et al. 2007 study was completed before other newer antifungal agents (such as voriconazole and caspofungin) were available.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Posaconazole appears to confer a survival benefit and reduced total drug cost compared with standard antifungal therapy, such as amphotericin B (lipid and nonlipid formulations), itraconazole, or both, to treat patients with probable or proven refractory IA.
authors.affiliation: Hôpital de Hautepierre, Strasbourg, France.
authors.forename: Raoul
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Herbrecht
authors.forename: Srinivasan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rajagopalan
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Danna
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Papadopoulos
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001228:Aspergillosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality*; D002423:Cause of Death; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D018450:Disease Progression; D016527:Drug Costs; D025141:Drug Resistance, Fungal / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D016555:Matched-Pair Analysis; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014230:Triazoles / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D014230:Triazoles; C101425:posaconazole