title: Echo-guided presentation of the aortic valve minimises contrast exposure in transcatheter valve recipients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We have developed a method using transthoracic echocardiography in establishing optimal visualization of the aortic root, to reduce the amount of contrast medium used in each patient.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  During transcatheter aortic valve implantation, it is necessary to obtain an optimal fluoroscopic projection for deployment of the valve showing the aortic ostium with the three cusps aligned in the beam direction. This may require repeat aortic root angiograms at this stage of the procedure with a high amount of contrast medium with a risk of detrimental influence on renal function.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied the conventional way and an echo guided way to optimize visualisation of the aortic root. Echocardiography was used initially allowing easier alignment of the image intensifier with the transducer's direction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Contrast volumes, radiation/fluoroscopy exposure times, and postoperative creatinine levels were significantly less in patients having the echo-guided orientation of the optimal fluoroscopic angles compared with patients treated with the conventional approach.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We present a user-friendly echo-guided method to facilitate fluoroscopy adjustment during transcatheter aortic valve implantation. In our series, the amounts of contrast medium and radiation have been significantly reduced, with a concomitant reduction in detrimental effects on renal function in the early postoperative phase.
authors.affiliation: Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden. Jacek.baranowski@lio.se
authors.forename: Jacek
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Baranowski
authors.forename: Henrik
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ahn
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Freter
authors.forename: Niels-Erik
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nylander
authors.forename: Birgitta
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Janerot-Sjoberg
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sandborg
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wallby
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001021:Aortic Valve / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization / Q000295:instrumentation; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000009:adverse effects; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005471:Fluoroscopy; D006349:Heart Valve Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000628:therapy*; D006350:Heart Valve Prosthesis; D019918:Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015641:Radiography, Interventional / Q000009:adverse effects; D018570:Risk Assessment; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D003287:Contrast Media; D003404:Creatinine