title: Effect of cigarette smoking on epithelial ovarian cancer survival.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine associations between smoking and survival in patients with ovarian cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a retrospective review of patients undergoing surgery for ovarian cancer. Abstracted patient data included age, smoking history, stage, grade, extent of cytoreduction, and survival. Data were examined with Fisher's exact test, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, and Cox regression analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 130 patients met criteria for review. Seventeen (13%) smoked cigarettes at the time of initial laparotomy. Twenty-one (16%) were left with > 1 cm residual disease. Smoking did not correlate with the incidence of suboptimal cytoreduction. There were no statistical differences in incidence of hypertension, obesity, or coronary artery disease in smokers compared to nonsmokers. Smoking was found to negatively influence length of progression-free survival. Similarly, smokers were found to have decreased disease-specific overall survival compared to nonsmokers. Cigarette smoking retained independent significance as poor prognostic factors, after controlling for age, stage, and grade.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings identify a negative correlation with cigarette smoking and survival in women with ovarian cancer. Further studies are proposed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying these clinical observations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA.
authors.forename: Yevgeniya J M
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Ioffe
authors.forename: R Geoffrey
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Elmore
authors.forename: Beth Y
authors.initials: BY
authors.lastname: Karlan
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D018292:Cystadenoma, Papillary / Q000401:mortality* / Q000601:surgery; D018293:Cystadenoma, Serous / Q000401:mortality* / Q000601:surgery; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008875:Middle Aged; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality* / Q000601:surgery; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*