title: Nucleic acid extraction efficiency and bacterial recovery from maxillary sinus mucosal samples obtained by brushing or biopsy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a common disease with a complex pathophysiology involving a microbial component. Culture-independent molecular analysis represents a promising new approach to clarify the microbiology of CRS, but standardized, optimized sampling methods still have not been defined. This study was designed to compare nucleic acid extraction rates and recovery of bacteria for two methods of sampling the maxillary sinus, mucosal biopsy, and brushing.
  
  
  METHODS
  Samples were obtained from 20 patients undergoing maxillary sinus surgery. Total extracted nucleic acid concentration and bacterial burden were compared between sample types.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Total nucleic acid concentration varied across patients. No statistically significant difference in mean total DNA concentration from mucosal biopsy specimens or brushings was observed. However, compared with biopsy specimens, brush samples possessed a significant (p < 0.035) increase in bacterial copy number.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Endoscopically directed mucosal brushings of the maxillary sinus provide equivalent concentrations of total DNA to mucosal biopsy specimens but possess greater concentrations of bacterial DNA, likely because of the greater surface area sampled by this method. Given the additional advantage of lower risk associated with obtaining brush samples, we suggest they represent the preferred sampling method for future genomic sinus studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA.
authors.forename: Frederick C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Roediger
authors.forename: Nicole A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Slusher
authors.forename: Silke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Allgaier
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Cox
authors.forename: Steven D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Pletcher
authors.forename: Andrew N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Goldberg
authors.forename: Susan V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Lynch
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D053000:Analytic Sample Preparation Methods; D058491:Bacterial Load; D001706:Biopsy; D005591:Chemical Fractionation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004724:Endoscopy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008443:Maxillary Sinus / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D008875:Middle Aged; D009297:Nasal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D009696:Nucleic Acids / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D012220:Rhinitis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology*; D012852:Sinusitis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D009696:Nucleic Acids