title: Tools for delivering entomopathogenic fungi to malaria mosquitoes: effects of delivery surfaces on fungal efficacy and persistence.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Entomopathogenic fungi infection on malaria vectors increases daily mortality rates and thus represents a control measure that could be used in integrated programmes alongside insecticide-treated bed nets (ITNs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS). Before entomopathogenic fungi can be integrated into control programmes, an effective delivery system must be developed.
  
  
  METHODS
  The efficacy of Metarhizium anisopliae ICIPE-30 and Beauveria bassiana I93-825 (IMI 391510) (2 × 10(10) conidia m(-2)) applied on mud panels (simulating walls of traditional Tanzanian houses), black cotton cloth and polyester netting was evaluated against adult Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto. Mosquitoes were exposed to the treated surfaces 2, 14 and 28 d after conidia were applied. Survival of mosquitoes was monitored daily.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All fungal treatments caused a significantly increased mortality in the exposed mosquitoes, descending with time since fungal application. Mosquitoes exposed to M. anisopliae conidia on mud panels had a greater daily risk of dying compared to those exposed to conidia on either netting or cotton cloth (p < 0.001). Mosquitoes exposed to B. bassiana conidia on mud panels or cotton cloth had similar daily risk of death (p = 0.14), and a higher risk than those exposed to treated polyester netting (p < 0.001). Residual activity of fungi declined over time; however, conidia remained pathogenic at 28 d post application, and were able to infect and kill 73 - 82% of mosquitoes within 14 d.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both fungal isolates reduced mosquito survival on immediate exposure and up to 28 d after application. Conidia were more effective when applied on mud panels and cotton cloth compared with polyester netting. Cotton cloth and mud, therefore, represent potential substrates for delivering fungi to mosquitoes in the field.
authors.affiliation: Biomedical and Environmental Group, Ifakara Health Institute, P,O, Box 53, Off Mlabani Passage, Ifakara, Tanzania. llaurent@ihi.or.tz
authors.forename: Ladslaus L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Mnyone
authors.forename: Matthew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Kirby
authors.forename: Dickson W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Lwetoijera
authors.forename: Monica W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Mpingwa
authors.forename: Emmanuel T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Simfukwe
authors.forename: Bart G J
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Knols
authors.forename: Willem
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Takken
authors.forename: Tanya L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Russell
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000382:microbiology*; D052982:Beauveria / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D052981:Metarhizium / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D009032:Mosquito Control / Q000379:methods*; D016019:Survival Analysis
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