title: Driveway runover, the influence of the built environment: a case control study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Driveway runover injuries are a frequent cause of paediatric mortality and morbidity throughout the world. Driveway runovers occur as a result of an interaction between human factors (child and driver), vehicle factors (visibility) and environmental factors (driveway design and surroundings). This study investigates the environmental factors involved in these injuries.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case control study, Auckland, New Zealand. Cases were the properties where paediatric driveway injuries (age < 7 years) requiring hospital admission had occurred. Control properties were selected from the addresses of children presenting to the emergency department with a non-driveway injury. Blinded assessment of properties was completed using satellite images, site visits and searches of council records.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Analysis was completed on 88 case properties and 181 controls. The risk of injury was increased by a driveway length greater than 12m (OR = 1.8, 95%CI = 1.1-3.0), exiting the driveway onto a local road (OR = 5.5, 95% CI = 2.7-11.2) and the driveway exiting onto a cul-de-sac (OR = 2.3, 95%CI = 1.4-3.9). The risk of driveway injury was increased when more parking areas were on the property (accessed from the driveway) (OR = 3.0, 95%CI = 1.6-5.4) and when the driveway runs along the property boundary (OR = 2.9, 95%CI = 1.6-5.2). A separate pedestrian pathway on the property was associated with a lower risk of injury (OR = 0.4, 95%CI= 0.2-0.9).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A number of built environment features contribute to driveway runover injuries. This information should be used by those within the design and building community to reduce the risk of further driveway runover injury.
authors.affiliation: Paediatric Emergency Department, Starship Children's Health, Auckland District Health Board, Auckland, New Zealand. michaels@adhb.govt.nz
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shepherd
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Austin
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chambers
mesh_terms: D000059:Accidents / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001334:Automobile Driving; D015984:Causality; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004779:Environment Design; D005260:Female; D006798:Housing; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009520:New Zealand; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000209:etiology