title: α-Lipoic acid protects diabetic apolipoprotein E-deficient mice from nephropathy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Both hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia increase oxidative stress and contribute to the development of diabetic nephropathy (DN). We investigated the effects of α-lipoic acid, a natural antioxidant and a cofactor in the multienzyme complexes, on the development of DN in diabetic apolipoprotein E-deficient mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve-week-old male apoE-/- mice on C57BL/6J genetic background were made diabetic with injections of streptozotocin (STZ). STZ-treated diabetic apoE-/- mice and non-diabetic control were fed with a synthetic high-fat (HF) diet with or without lipoic acid (LA) supplementation. Multiple parameters including plasma glucose, cholesterol, oxidative stress markers, cytokines, and kidney cortex gene expression, and glomerular morphology were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  LA supplementation markedly protected the β cells, reduced cholesterol levels, and attenuated albuminuria and glomerular mesangial expansion in the diabetic mice. Renoprotection by LA was equally effective regardless of whether the dietary supplementation was started 4 weeks before, simultaneously with, or 4 weeks after the induction of diabetes by STZ. LA supplementation significantly improved DN and oxidative stress in the diabetic mice. Severity of albuminuria was positively correlated with level of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs) in the kidney (r(2)=0.62, P<.05). Diabetes significantly changed the kidney expression of Rage, Sod2, Tgfb1 and Ctgf, Pdp2, nephrin, and Lias. LA supplementation corrected these changes except that it further suppressed the expression of the Lias gene coding for lipoic acid synthase.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data indicate that LA supplementation effectively attenuates the development and progression of DN through its antioxidant effect as well as enhances glucose oxidation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7525, USA. xyi2000@med.unc.edu
authors.forename: Xianwen
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yi
authors.forename: Volker
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Nickeleit
authors.forename: Leighton R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: James
authors.forename: Nobuyo
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Maeda
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001057:Apolipoproteins E / Q000235:genetics*; D001794:Blood Pressure; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D050171:Dyslipidemias / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy; D004204:Joint Dislocations; D007668:Kidney / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008817:Mice, Mutant Strains; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D008063:Thioctic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D001057:Apolipoproteins E; D016207:Cytokines; D008063:Thioctic Acid
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