title: Role of Chemokines and Chemokine Receptors in Prostate Cancer Development and Progression.
abstract: Prostate cancer (PC) is the second leading cause of cancer deaths in men in America and Western Europe. Epidemiological studies suggest that prostate cancer incidences increased in last few years in Asian. The causes or consequences of increasing trend of prostate cancer incidence are not completely known. Emerging evidences suggest that among the many risk factors, inflammation is the major risk factor for developing prostate cancer and its progression to metastasis. It is proposed that exposure to environmental factors such as infectious agents, dietary agents and saturated lipids leads to injury of the prostate due to chronic inflammation and regenerative risk factor lesions referred to as proliferative inflammatory atrophy (PIA). These phenomena predominantly control by a number of proinflammatory macro molecules such as chemokines, and their receptors. Some recent studies suggest that many of these pro-inflammatory chemokines and their receptors are the products of protooncogenes in many cancers including that of the prostate. This review will focus on the current biology of chemokines and chemokine receptors in prostate cancer. An understanding of this axis may enable researchers to develop targeted strategies for prostate cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
authors.forename: Rajendra K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Akulapalli
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sudhakar
authors.forename: Bal L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Lokeshwar
references.citation: Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab. 2009 Sep 1;4(5):417-422
references.pmid: 20228873
references.citation: Clin Cancer Res. 2005 Jun 1;11(11):4117-27
references.pmid: 15930347
references.citation: Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue. 2010 Jan;16(1):40-3
references.pmid: 20180403
references.citation: Cancer Res. 2004 Aug 1;64(15):5489-95
references.pmid: 15289359
references.citation: J Immunol. 2000 Apr 1;164(7):3465-70
references.pmid: 10725697
references.citation: Arthritis Rheum. 2002 Oct;46(10):2730-41
references.pmid: 12384933
references.citation: J Immunol. 1999 May 15;162(10):5671-5
references.pmid: 10229797
references.citation: Neuro Oncol. 2005 Apr;7(2):122-33
references.pmid: 15831231
references.citation: Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2002 Apr;13(2):143-54
references.pmid: 11900990
references.citation: Mol Cancer. 2009 Jul 31;8:57
references.pmid: 19646263
references.citation: Cancer Res. 2002 Feb 15;62(4):1093-102
references.pmid: 11861388
references.citation: Int J Cancer. 2007 Oct 1;121(7):1571-8
references.pmid: 17450530
references.citation: Nat Rev Immunol. 2002 Mar;2(3):175-84
references.pmid: 11913068
references.citation: Urology. 2001 Apr;57(4 Suppl 1):39-45
references.pmid: 11295593
references.citation: Prostate. 2009 Dec 1;69(16):1774-80
references.pmid: 19670242
references.citation: Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2007 Dec;26(3-4):453-67
references.pmid: 17828470
references.citation: J Exp Med. 2006 Sep 4;203(9):2201-13
references.pmid: 16940167
references.citation: Cancer Res. 2005 Nov 1;65(21):9891-8
references.pmid: 16267013
references.citation: Future Oncol. 2008 Oct;4(5):637-45
references.pmid: 18922121
references.citation: J Exp Med. 1999 Dec 20;190(12):1755-68
references.pmid: 10601351
references.citation: J Am Geriatr Soc. 1996 Aug;44(8):934-7
references.pmid: 8708303
references.citation: Lancet Oncol. 2008 May;9(5):445-52
references.pmid: 18424233
references.citation: J Immunol. 1999 Aug 15;163(4):2017-22
references.pmid: 10438939
references.citation: Front Biosci. 2008 May 01;13:4595-604
references.pmid: 18508531
references.citation: J Urol. 2005 Jan;173(1):10-20
references.pmid: 15592017
references.citation: Exp Cell Res. 2006 Jan 15;312(2):184-97
references.pmid: 16297907
references.citation: Front Biosci. 2006 May 01;11:1388-413
references.pmid: 16368524
references.citation: Cancer Res. 2007 Jul 15;67(14):6854-62
references.pmid: 17638896
references.citation: Am J Pathol. 1999 May;154(5):1503-12
references.pmid: 10329603
references.citation: Nat Immunol. 2001 Feb;2(2):108-15
references.pmid: 11175802
references.citation: Adv Urol. 2009;:327945
references.pmid: 19730753
references.citation: J Natl Cancer Inst. 1999 Nov 17;91(22):1950-6
references.pmid: 10564679
references.citation: Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2002 May;282(5):C947-70
references.pmid: 11940508
references.citation: Int J Cancer. 2007 Oct 1;121(7):1424-32
references.pmid: 17551921
references.citation: Clin Cancer Res. 2007 Sep 1;13(17):5056-62
references.pmid: 17785557
references.citation: PLoS One. 2009;4(5):e5562
references.pmid: 19440546
references.citation: Curr Drug Targets Immune Endocr Metabol Disord. 2004 Dec;4(4):343-61
references.pmid: 15578986
references.citation: Nat Rev Cancer. 2005 Jan;5(1):21-8
references.pmid: 15630412
references.citation: Clin Exp Metastasis. 2008;25(4):345-56
references.pmid: 17891505
references.citation: Br J Urol. 1996 Jun;77(6):851-5
references.pmid: 8705220
references.citation: Nat Rev Cancer. 2007 Apr;7(4):256-69
references.pmid: 17384581
references.citation: J Oncol. 2010;2010:361836
references.pmid: 20169138
references.citation: J Natl Cancer Inst. 2007 Oct 17;99(20):1516-24
references.pmid: 17925537
references.citation: J Dermatol Sci. 2004 Nov;36(2):71-8
references.pmid: 15519136
references.citation: Eur Urol. 2007 Oct;52(4):964-72
references.pmid: 17618043
references.citation: Br J Cancer. 2006 Jan 16;94(1):101-7
references.pmid: 16404363
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2000 Mar 31;275(13):9550-6
references.pmid: 10734104
references.citation: Stem Cells. 2001;19(5):388-96
references.pmid: 11553847
references.citation: Cancer. 2006 Aug 1;107(3):620-30
references.pmid: 16802287
references.citation: Cancer Sci. 2005 Jun;96(6):317-22
references.pmid: 15958053
references.citation: PLoS One. 2009 Aug 19;4(8):e6695
references.pmid: 19690611
references.citation: Cancer Res. 2008 Feb 1;68(3):927-36
references.pmid: 18245496
references.citation: CA Cancer J Clin. 2008 Mar-Apr;58(2):71-96
references.pmid: 18287387
references.citation: J Urol. 1995 Oct;154(4):1420-5
references.pmid: 7658548
references.citation: BJU Int. 2007 Oct;100(4):733-7
references.pmid: 17662075
references.citation: Clin Prostate Cancer. 2005 Jun;4(1):24-30
references.pmid: 15992458
references.citation: Prostate. 2002 Mar 1;50(4):203-15
references.pmid: 11870798
references.citation: PLoS One. 2010 Jan 15;5(1):e8736
references.pmid: 20090948
references.citation: J Natl Cancer Inst. 2005 Oct 19;97(20):1525-32
references.pmid: 16234566
references.citation: Cancer. 2007 Jun 15;109(12):2392-404
references.pmid: 17503430
references.citation: J Sex Med. 2010 Jan;7(1 Pt 2):389-413
references.pmid: 20092446
references.citation: Urology. 1997 Jun;49(6):875-80
references.pmid: 9187694
references.citation: Annu Rev Immunol. 2000;18:217-42
references.pmid: 10837058
references.citation: Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2000 Jun;44(6):1667-73
references.pmid: 10817726
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2009 Mar 26;360(13):1320-8
references.pmid: 19297566
references.citation: J Clin Oncol. 2001 May 1;19(9):2517-26
references.pmid: 11331331
references.citation: Cancer. 2002 Jul 15;95(2):287-95
references.pmid: 12124828
references.citation: Cancer Biol Ther. 2008 Nov;7(11):1849-51
references.pmid: 18981717
references.citation: J Natl Cancer Inst. 2004 Sep 15;96(18):1358-67
references.pmid: 15367568
references.citation: Prostate. 2005 Jun 15;64(1):40-9
references.pmid: 15651067
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1998 Jun 26;273(26):16551-4
references.pmid: 9632725
references.citation: Semin Cancer Biol. 2009 Apr;19(2):68-75
references.pmid: 19084599
references.citation: Cancer. 2004 Nov 15;101(10 Suppl):2371-490
references.pmid: 15495199
references.citation: Science. 1999 Dec 10;286(5447):2098-102
references.pmid: 10617422
references.citation: Immunity. 2000 Feb;12(2):121-7
references.pmid: 10714678
references.citation: Semin Cancer Biol. 2004 Jun;14(3):181-5
references.pmid: 15246053
references.citation: Endocr Relat Cancer. 2009 Sep;16(3):663-73
references.pmid: 19556286
references.citation: J Exp Med. 1998 Mar 16;187(6):875-83
references.pmid: 9500790
references.citation: J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2004 Oct 1;37(2):1253-62
references.pmid: 15385732
references.citation: Cancer Res. 2002 Mar 15;62(6):1832-7
references.pmid: 11912162