title: A prospective cohort study of biomarkers of prenatal tobacco smoke exposure: the correlation between serum and meconium and their association with infant birth weight.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The evaluation of infant meconium as a cumulative matrix of prenatal toxicant exposure requires comparison to established biomarkers of prenatal exposure.
  
  
  METHODS
  We calculated the frequency of detection and concentration of tobacco smoke metabolites measured in meconium (nicotine, cotinine, and trans-3'-hydroxycotinine concentrations) and three serial serum cotinine concentrations taken during the latter two-thirds of pregnancy among 337 mother-infant dyads. We estimated the duration and intensity of prenatal tobacco smoke exposure using serial serum cotinine concentrations and calculated geometric mean meconium tobacco smoke metabolite concentrations according to prenatal exposure. We also compared the estimated associations between these prenatal biomarkers and infant birth weight using linear regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We detected nicotine (80%), cotinine (69%), and trans-3'-hydroxycotinine (57%) in most meconium samples. Meconium tobacco smoke metabolite concentrations were positively associated with serum cotinine concentrations and increased with the number of serum cotinine measurements consistent with secondhand or active tobacco smoke exposure. Like serum cotinine, meconium tobacco smoke metabolites were inversely associated with birth weight.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Meconium is a useful biological matrix for measuring prenatal tobacco smoke exposure and could be used in epidemiological studies that enroll women and infants at birth. Meconium holds promise as a biological matrix for measuring the intensity and duration of environmental toxicant exposure and future studies should validate the utility of meconium using other environmental toxicants.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7435, USA. jbraun@hsph.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Joe M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Braun
authors.forename: Julie L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Daniels
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Poole
authors.forename: Andrew F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Olshan
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hornung
authors.forename: John T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Bernert
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.forename: Cynthia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bearer
authors.forename: Dana Boyd
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Barr
authors.forename: Bruce P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Lanphear
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood; D001724:Birth Weight / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003367:Cotinine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D018811:Maternal Exposure; D008470:Meconium / Q000737:chemistry*; D009538:Nicotine / Q000032:analysis; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution; C001381:hydroxycotinine; D009538:Nicotine; D003367:Cotinine
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