title: Biodegradability of lingering crude oil 19 years after the Exxon Valdez oil spill.
abstract: In 2001 and 2003, geospatial surveys of lingering oil were conducted in Prince William Sound (PWS) resulting in a prediction of significant acreage being contaminated with substantial subsurface oil from the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill (EVOS). In 2007, other researchers developed a mass weathering index (MWI) based on the degree of weathering of PAHs normalized to conserved biomarkers: if the degree of weathering of oil is 70% or more, further attempts at bioremediation would be unjustified. The objective of our study was to measure the biodegradability of the 19-year lingering oil in laboratory microcosms. Samples of beach substrate were collected from representative sites in PWS contaminated with oil residues of varying weathering states according to the MWI model. Enough sacrificial microcosms were set up to accommodate two treatments for each site (natural attenuation and biostimulation). Results indicated that lingering oil is biodegradable. Nutrient addition stimulated biodegradation compared to natural attenuation in all treatments regardless of the degree of weathering. The most weathered oil according to the MWI was the most biodegradable. Substantial biodegradation occurred in the natural attenuation microcosms due to the high sediment Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN), which served as a nitrogen source for biodegradation. Most of the observed biodegradation was due to the presence of dissolved oxygen. Nitrogen was a limiting factor but oxygen was the predominant one.
authors.affiliation: US Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268, USA. venosa.albert@epa.gov
authors.forename: Albert D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Venosa
authors.forename: Pablo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Campo
authors.forename: Makram T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Suidan
mesh_terms: D000413:Alaska; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D052918:Environmental Restoration and Remediation; D010578:Petroleum / Q000378:metabolism*; D014887:Weather
chemical_list: D010578:Petroleum