Smoking behavior among low-income black adults: patterns and correlates of smoking trajectories.
BACKGROUND
Limited research has focused on identifying smoking patterns and correlates of cigarette use among low-income Blacks. Identifying smoking patterns and correlates of use would assist health providers to develop more culturally sensitive interventions.


METHODS
A semiparametric group-based trajectory modeling strategy was used to empirically identify patterns of cigarette use among 947 low-income Black adults (47% women) enrolled in a sexual risk reduction intervention at a sexually transmitted disease clinic. Patients' cigarette use was assessed 4 times over a 12-month period; correlates of cigarette use were examined.


RESULTS
Six smoking trajectories were empirically identified: none/rare smokers (n = 536), decreasing light smokers (n = 69), increasing light smokers (n = 51), low light smokers (n = 112), upper light smokers (n = 142), and moderate smokers (n = 33). Smoking trajectories were predicted by alcohol use, prior substance use treatment, marijuana use, and other illegal drug use, but the patterns varied by trajectory.


CONCLUSIONS
Results from this study show that Blacks' smoking patterns are associated with several risk factors. These findings suggest that development of prevention and cessation programs should be targeted to the specific needs of Blacks' smoking trajectories.
Scott-Sheldon
Lori A J
LA
Center for Health and Behavior, Syracuse University, 430 Huntington Hall, Syracuse, NY 13244-2340, USA. lajss@syr.edu
Carey
Michael P
MP
Senn
Theresa E
TE
Vanable
Peter A
PA
D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D055815:Young Adult
Nicotine Tob Res. 2009 Jul;11(7):797-805
19423697
J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2003 Jan-Feb;5(1 Suppl 1):5-11
12556667
Tob Control. 2006 Dec;15(6):472-80
17130377
Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2010;6:109-38
20192788
Nicotine Tob Res. 2009 Feb;11(2):122-5
19246630
Sex Transm Dis. 2006 Sep;33(9):565-70
16572042
JAMA. 1998 Jul 8;280(2):152-6
9669788
Health Psychol. 2001 Mar;20(2):127-35
11315730
Ann Epidemiol. 2003 Apr;13(4):294-302
12684197
Am J Public Health. 1991 Nov;81(11):1483-6
1951809
Health Psychol. 2002 Jul;21(4):384-92
12090681
MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2008 Nov 14;57(45):1226-8
19008791
Am J Public Health. 1995 Jul;85(7):921-6
7604914
Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2006;32(2):225-36
16595325
Addict Behav. 2009 Feb;34(2):197-203
18976867
Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2008 May;32(5):723-37
18331376
Psychol Methods. 2001 Mar;6(1):18-34
11285809
Nicotine Tob Res. 2000 Aug;2(3):263-74
11082827
Am J Psychiatry. 2003 Sep;160(9):1663-9
12944343
Nicotine Tob Res. 2000 May;2(2):133-9
11072451
Addict Behav. 2001 Mar-Apr;26(2):273-7
11316382
J Addict Dis. 2000;19(4):11-24
11110061
Addiction. 2002 Jul;97(7):861-9
12133125
Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2008 Nov;17(11):2908-12
18990730
Natl Vital Stat Rep. 2008 Apr 24;56(10):1-120
18512336
Pediatrics. 1994 Apr;93(4):561-6
8134209
Sex Transm Dis. 2001 May;28(5):281-4
11354267
AIDS Behav. 2010 Jun;14(3):504-17
19590947
JAMA. 2007 Mar 21;297(11):1224-32
17369405
Tob Control. 2005 Oct;14(5):315-20
16183982
Addiction. 2003 Dec;98(12):1755-63
14651508
J Consult Clin Psychol. 2001 Apr;69(2):215-26
11393599
Prev Med. 1998 Nov-Dec;27(6):792-7
9922060
Am J Public Health. 2006 Feb;96(2):299-308
16380569
Am J Addict. 2007 May-Jun;16(3):195-201
17612823
Neuropsychobiology. 2008;57(1-2):26-31
18424908
Nicotine Tob Res. 2009 Feb;11(2):111-21
19246425
Alcohol Alcohol. 2007 May-Jun;42(3):226-33
17526632
Health Psychol. 2003 May;22(3):245-52
12790251
Drug Alcohol Depend. 2006 Jan 4;81(1):1-9
16006056
Nicotine Tob Res. 2009 Feb;11(2):203-10
19246433
Matern Child Health J. 2009 Jul;13(4):512-9
18543090
Tob Control. 2002 Dec;11(4):368-71
12432163
Am J Addict. 2007 Jan-Feb;16(1):32-7
17364419
Alcohol Res Health. 1999;23(1):5-14
10890793
JAMA. 2004 Mar 10;291(10):1238-45
15010446
MMWR Recomm Rep. 1998 Oct 9;47(RR-18):v-xv, 1-16
9784089
Health Psychol. 2000 May;19(3):223-31
10868766
Nicotine Tob Res. 2009 Feb;11(2):107-10
19264864
J Natl Med Assoc. 2007 Dec;99(12):1386-94
18229775
J Epidemiol Community Health. 2002 Sep;56(9):702-6
12177089
Am J Addict. 2008 Jan-Feb;17(1):65-9
18214725
Nicotine Tob Res. 2009 Feb;11(2):156-63
19264862
Nicotine Tob Res. 2009 May;11(5):564-71
19359391
Nicotine Tob Res. 2008 Jan;10(1):219-29
18188763
Contemp Clin Trials. 2008 Jul;29(4):569-86
18325853
Subst Abus. 2004 Jun;25(2):35-43
15982966
Drug Alcohol Depend. 2004 Dec 7;76(3):219-27
15561473
Tob Control. 2007 Oct;16(5):e5
17897974
Drug Alcohol Depend. 2002 Aug 1;67(3):243-8
12127195