title: No difference in Gag and Env immune-response profiles between vaccinated and non-vaccinated rhesus macaques that control immunodeficiency virus replication.
abstract: Recent advances in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccine design have resulted in induction of strong CD4 T-cell proliferative and polyfunctional cytokine responses, which are also characteristic for long-term non-progressing (LTNP) HIV-infected individuals. However, limited information is available on the persistence of these responses after infection. Results from studies in non-human primates indicate that vaccine-induced immune responses are partially maintained upon viral infection and differ from the responses seen in non-vaccinated animals that typically progress to disease. However, it is unclear how these partially preserved responses compare to immune responses that are acquired naturally by LTNP animals. In this study, immune-response profiles were compared between vaccinated animals that, upon SHIV₈₉.₆ challenge, became infected but were able to control virus replication, and a group of animals having spontaneous control of this viral infection. Both groups were found to develop very similar immune responses with regard to induction of CD4 and CD8 T-cell polyfunctional cytokine responses, proliferative capacity and cytotoxic capacity, as measured by a standard ₅₁Cr release assay and more direct ex vivo and in vivo CTL assays. Hence, vaccinated animals that become infected, but control infection, appear to establish immune responses that are similar to those elicited by long-term non-progressors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ivonne
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Nieuwenhuis
authors.forename: Niels
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Beenhakker
authors.forename: Willy M J M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Bogers
authors.forename: Nel
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Otting
authors.forename: Ronald E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Bontrop
authors.forename: Patrice
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dubois
authors.forename: Petra
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mooij
authors.forename: Jonathan L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Heeney
authors.forename: Gerrit
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Koopman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D018414:CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002860:Chromium Radioisotopes / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D003602:Cytotoxicity, Immunologic; D015686:Gene Products, env / Q000276:immunology*; D015683:Gene Products, gag / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D018449:SAIDS Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*; D016097:Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000276:immunology*; D015302:Simian Immunodeficiency Virus / Q000276:immunology*; D014779:Virus Replication
chemical_list: D002860:Chromium Radioisotopes; D016207:Cytokines; D015686:Gene Products, env; D015683:Gene Products, gag; D018449:SAIDS Vaccines