title: Vascular disease in pre-diabetes: new insights derived from systems biology.
abstract: In many cases vascular disease is present before the clinical onset of type 2 diabetes, that is, during the pre-diabetic period when insulin levels are markedly increased. In pre-diabetes, microvascular dysfunction correlates with plasma insulin levels and not blood glucose. Here we discuss the concept that insulin, at levels found in pre-diabetes, contributes to microvascular disease in skeletal muscle by inhibiting the release of the vasodilator, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), from erythrocytes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, USA. spraguer@slu.edu
authors.forename: Randy S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Sprague
authors.forename: Mary L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Ellsworth
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000097:blood; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D055806:Microvessels / Q000503:physiopathology; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D011236:Prediabetic State / Q000097:blood* / Q000503:physiopathology; D049490:Systems Biology; D014652:Vascular Diseases / Q000097:blood* / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D010100:Oxygen
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