title: Glutamatergic modulators: the future of treating mood disorders?
abstract: Mood disorders such as bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder are common, chronic, and recurrent conditions affecting millions of individuals worldwide. Existing antidepressants and mood stabilizers used to treat these disorders are insufficient for many. Patients continue to have low remission rates, delayed onset of action, residual subsyndromal symptoms, and relapses. New therapeutic agents able to exert faster and sustained antidepressant or mood-stabilizing effects are urgently needed to treat these disorders. In this context, the glutamatergic system has been implicated in the pathophysiology of mood disorders in unique clinical and neurobiological ways. In addition to evidence confirming the role of the glutamatergic modulators riluzole and ketamine as proof-of-concept agents in this system, trials with diverse glutamatergic modulators are under way. Overall, this system holds considerable promise for developing the next generation of novel therapeutics for the treatment of bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder.
authors.affiliation: Experimental Therapeutics & Pathophysiology Branch, Division of Intramural Research Programs, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health & Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. zaratec@mail.nih.gov
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zarate
authors.forename: Rodrigo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Machado-Vieira
authors.forename: Ioline
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Henter
authors.forename: Lobna
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ibrahim
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Diazgranados
authors.forename: Giacomo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Salvadore
mesh_terms: D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy; D018683:Excitatory Amino Acid Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007649:Ketamine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019964:Mood Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy*; D017470:Receptors, Glutamate / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D019782:Riluzole / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D018683:Excitatory Amino Acid Agents; D017470:Receptors, Glutamate; D007649:Ketamine; D019782:Riluzole
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