title: Resolution of disulfide heterogeneity in Nogo receptor I fusion proteins by molecular engineering.
abstract: NgRI (Nogo-66 receptor) is part of a signalling complex that inhibits axon regeneration in the central nervous system. Truncated soluble versions of NgRI have been used successfully to promote axon regeneration in animal models of spinal-cord injury, raising interest in this protein as a potential therapeutic target. The LRR (leucine-rich repeat) regions in NgRI are flanked by N- and C-terminal disulfide-containing 'cap' domains (LRRNT and LRRCT respectively). In the present work we show that, although functionally active, the NgRI(310)-Fc fusion protein contains mislinked and heterogeneous disulfide patterns in the LRRCT domain, and we report the generation of a series of variant molecules specifically designed to prevent this heterogeneity. Using these variants we explored the effects of modifying the NgRI truncation site or the spacing between the NgRI and Fc domains, or replacing cysteines within the NgRI or IgG hinge regions. One variant, which incorporates replacements of Cys²⁶⁶ and Cys³⁰⁹ with alanine residues, completely eliminated disulfide scrambling while maintaining functional in vitro and in vivo efficacy. This modified NgRI-Fc molecule represents a significantly improved candidate for further pharmaceutical development, and may serve as a useful model for the optimization of other IgG fusion proteins made from LRR proteins.
authors.affiliation: Biogen Idec, Inc., 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. paul.weinreb@biogenidec.com
authors.forename: Paul H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Weinreb
authors.forename: Dingyi
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wen
authors.forename: Fang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Qian
authors.forename: Craig P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Wildes
authors.forename: Ellen A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Garber
authors.forename: Lee
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Walus
authors.forename: Mi-young
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: Joy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Jane K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Relton
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Amatucci
authors.forename: Ruizhong
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Porreca
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Silvian
authors.forename: Werner
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Meier
authors.forename: R Blake
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Pepinsky
authors.forename: Daniel H S
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004220:Disulfides / Q000378:metabolism*; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D058851:GPI-Linked Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D058977:Molecular Sequence Annotation; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009185:Myelin Proteins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics; D000070816:Nogo Receptor 1; D015202:Protein Engineering / Q000379:methods*; D055550:Protein Stability; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000188:drug therapy; D013126:Spinal Nerve Roots / Q000293:injuries
chemical_list: D004220:Disulfides; D058851:GPI-Linked Proteins; D009185:Myelin Proteins; D000070816:Nogo Receptor 1; C486580:RTN4R protein, human; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; C486581:Rtn4r protein, rat