title: Internally generated error signals in monkey frontal eye field during an inferred motion task.
abstract: An internal model for predictive saccades in frontal cortex was investigated by recording neurons in monkey frontal eye field (FEF) during an inferred motion task. Monkeys were trained to make saccades to the extrapolated position of a small moving target that was rendered temporarily invisible and whose trajectory was altered. On approximately two-thirds of the trials, monkeys made multiple saccades while the target was invisible. Primary saccades were correlated with extrapolated target position. Secondary saccades significantly reduced residual errors resulting from imperfect accuracy of the first saccade. These observations suggest that the second saccade was corrective. Because there was no visual feedback, corrective saccades could only be driven by an internally generated error signal. Neuronal activity in the frontal eye field was directionally tuned before both primary and secondary saccades. Separate subpopulations of cells encoded either saccade direction or direction error before the second saccade. These results suggest that FEF neurons encode the error after the first saccade, as well as the direction of the second saccade. Hence, FEF appears to contribute to detecting and correcting movement errors based on internally generated signals.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Columbia University, Keck-Mahoney Center for Brain and Behavior Research, New York, New York 10032, USA. vpf3@columbia.edu
authors.forename: Vincent P
authors.initials: VP
authors.lastname: Ferrera
authors.forename: Andrei
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Barborica
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005133:Eye Movements / Q000502:physiology*; D056228:Feedback, Sensory / Q000502:physiology; D000882:Haplorhini; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008297:Male; D009039:Motion Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D014794:Visual Fields / Q000502:physiology*
references.citation: J Neurophysiol. 1997 Sep;78(3):1373-83
references.pmid: 9310428
references.citation: J Comput Neurosci. 2006 Aug;21(1):51-70
references.pmid: 16633937
references.citation: Science. 1986 Sep 26;233(4771):1416-9
references.pmid: 3749885
references.citation: Vision Res. 2000;40(10-12):1609-26
references.pmid: 10788661
references.citation: J Physiol. 2007 Jul 15;582(Pt 2):647-64
references.pmid: 17510192
references.citation: J Neurophysiol. 2003 Mar;89(3):1423-33
references.pmid: 12611997
references.citation: Nature. 2000 Mar 23;404(6776):390-4
references.pmid: 10746726
references.citation: Vision Res. 1980;20(6):535-8
references.pmid: 6776685
references.citation: Cereb Cortex. 2007 Apr;17(4):918-28
references.pmid: 16723405
references.citation: Nat Neurosci. 2006 May;9(5):690-6
references.pmid: 16617339
references.citation: Exp Brain Res. 2006 Jan;168(3):313-21
references.pmid: 16180042
references.citation: J Neurophysiol. 2007 Sep;98(3):1405-14
references.pmid: 17553954
references.citation: Brain Behav Evol. 1989;33(2-3):85-9
references.pmid: 2758307
references.citation: Annu Rev Neurosci. 2008;31:317-38
references.pmid: 18558858
references.citation: J Neurophysiol. 2008 Sep;100(3):1544-56
references.pmid: 18632886
references.citation: J Neurophysiol. 2003 Oct;90(4):2205-18
references.pmid: 12815015
references.citation: Anim Cogn. 2006 Jan;9(1):55-61
references.pmid: 16163481
references.citation: Exp Brain Res. 2005 Feb;161(2):220-32
references.pmid: 15517220
references.citation: Vision Res. 1972 Nov;12(11):1795-808
references.pmid: 4627952
references.citation: Exp Brain Res. 2000 Feb;130(4):433-40
references.pmid: 10717786
references.citation: Science. 1995 Sep 29;269(5232):1880-2
references.pmid: 7569931
references.citation: J Comput Neurosci. 1994 Jun;1(1-2):89-107
references.pmid: 8792227
references.citation: Nat Neurosci. 2003 Jan;6(1):66-74
references.pmid: 12483216
references.citation: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2005 Apr;1039:149-59
references.pmid: 15826969
references.citation: Exp Brain Res. 1990;80(3):525-31
references.pmid: 2387352
references.citation: Cereb Cortex. 2009 Nov;19(11):2625-39
references.pmid: 19276327
references.citation: J Vis. 2008 Nov 17;8(15):6.1-13
references.pmid: 19146290
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2004 Mar 31;24(13):3260-7
references.pmid: 15056705
references.citation: J Neurophysiol. 2006 Jan;95(1):418-27
references.pmid: 16162830
references.citation: Vision Res. 1981;21(4):479-90
references.pmid: 7269326
references.citation: J Neurophysiol. 2005 Mar;93(3):1510-22
references.pmid: 15483070
references.citation: J Neurophysiol. 2002 Mar;87(3):1646-50
references.pmid: 11877535
references.citation: J Neurophysiol. 1985 Sep;54(3):714-34
references.pmid: 4045546
references.citation: Exp Brain Res. 2001 May 1;138(1):1-7
references.pmid: 11374075
references.citation: J Neurophysiol. 1987 Dec;58(6):1387-419
references.pmid: 3437337
references.citation: Nat Neurosci. 1999 Feb;2(2):176-85
references.pmid: 10195203
references.citation: Exp Brain Res. 2007 Mar;178(1):99-114
references.pmid: 17053910
references.citation: J Neurophysiol. 1969 Sep;32(5):637-48
references.pmid: 4980022
references.citation: Schizophr Res. 2000 Sep 29;45(1-2):83-92
references.pmid: 10978876
references.citation: J Neurophysiol. 1985 Mar;53(3):603-35
references.pmid: 3981231
references.citation: J Neurophysiol. 2001 Aug;86(2):550-8
references.pmid: 11495930
references.citation: J Comp Psychol. 1996 Dec;110(4):386-95
references.pmid: 8956508
references.citation: J Neurophysiol. 1992 Dec;68(6):1967-85
references.pmid: 1491252