title: In vivo normal knee kinematics: is ethnicity or gender an influencing factor?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In vivo studies have suggested Caucasians achieve lower average knee flexion than non-Western populations. Some previous studies have also suggested gender may influence condylar AP translation and axial rotation, while others report an absence of such an influence.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We determined whether different ethnic and gender groups residing in the United States had different knee translations and rotations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three-dimensional knee rotations and translations were determined for 72 healthy subjects (24 Caucasian men, 24 Caucasian women, 13 Japanese men, 11 Japanese women) from full extension to maximum flexion using a fluoroscopic technique, under in vivo, weightbearing conditions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although we observed substantial variability in all groups, small differences between groups were found, especially in deep flexion. Japanese women and men and Caucasian women achieved higher maximum flexion (153°, 151°, and 152°, respectively) than Caucasian men (146°). External rotation was higher for these three groups than for Caucasian men. The medial condyle remained more anterior for Caucasian women and all Japanese subjects than for Caucasian men, possibly leading to greater axial rotation and flexion, observed for these three groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We identified small differences in maximum flexion between genders and ethnic groups. While no differences were identified in the lateral condyle translation, the medial condyle remained more stationary and more anterior for the groups that achieved highest (and similar) maximum flexion. Therefore, it may be important for future implant designs to incorporate these characteristics, such that only the lateral condyle experiences greater posterior femoral rollback, while the medial condyle remains more stationary throughout flexion.
authors.affiliation: University of Tennessee, 301 Perkins Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996-2030, USA.
authors.forename: Filip
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Leszko
authors.forename: Kristen R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Hovinga
authors.forename: Amy L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Lerner
authors.forename: Richard D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Komistek
authors.forename: Mohamed R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Mahfouz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019645:Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee / Q000295:instrumentation; D044466:Asian People; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D007564:Japan; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology*; D007720:Knee Prosthesis; D008297:Male; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D011857:Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D012016:Reference Values; D012737:Sex Factors; D014481:United States; D016474:Weight-Bearing; D044465:White People; D055815:Young Adult
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