title: Expression of immune-response genes in lepidopteran host is suppressed by venom from an endoparasitoid, Pteromalus puparum.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The relationships between parasitoids and their insect hosts have attracted attention at two levels. First, the basic biology of host-parasitoid interactions is of fundamental interest. Second, parasitoids are widely used as biological control agents in sustainable agricultural programs. Females of the gregarious endoparasitoid Pteromalus puparum (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) inject venom along with eggs into their hosts. P. puparum does not inject polydnaviruses during oviposition. For this reason, P. puparum and its pupal host, the small white butterfly Pieris rapae (Lepidoptera: Pieridae), comprise an excellent model system for studying the influence of an endoparasitoid venom on the biology of the pupal host. P. puparum venom suppresses the immunity of its host, although the suppressive mechanisms are not fully understood. In this study, we tested our hypothesis that P. puparum venom influences host gene expression in the two main immunity-conferring tissues, hemocytes and fat body.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At 1 h post-venom injection, we recorded significant decreases in transcript levels of 217 EST clones (revealing 113 genes identified in silico, including 62 unknown contigs) derived from forward subtractive libraries of host hemocytes and in transcript levels of 288 EST clones (221 genes identified in silico, including 123 unknown contigs) from libraries of host fat body. These genes are related to insect immune response, cytoskeleton, cell cycle and apoptosis, metabolism, transport, stress response and transcriptional and translational regulation. We verified the reliability of the suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) data with semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis of a set of randomly selected genes. This analysis showed that most of the selected genes were down-regulated after venom injection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings support our hypothesis that P. puparum venom influences gene expression in host hemocytes and fat body. Specifically, the venom treatments led to reductions in expression of a large number of genes. Many of the down-regulated genes act in immunity, although others act in non-immune areas of host biology. We conclude that the actions of venom on host gene expression influence immunity as well as other aspects of host biology in ways that benefit the development and emergence of the next generation of parasitoids.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China.
authors.forename: Qi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Jiaying
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Yanmin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Qisheng
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Stanley
authors.forename: Zunnu-Raen
authors.initials: ZR
authors.lastname: Akhtar
authors.forename: Gongyin
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ye
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002080:Butterflies / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology*; D057075:Enzyme Assays; D005216:Fat Body / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000276:immunology*; D015723:Gene Library; D017344:Genes, Insect / Q000235:genetics; D006434:Hemocytes / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D006790:Host-Parasite Interactions / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D056724:Immunity, Humoral / Q000235:genetics; D019476:Insect Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D058977:Molecular Sequence Annotation; D010271:Parasites / Q000276:immunology*; D010802:Phylogeny; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000235:genetics; D014862:Wasp Venoms / Q000276:immunology*; D014863:Wasps / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D019476:Insect Proteins; D014862:Wasp Venoms
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