title: Effects of nordic walking and exercise in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Both Nordic walking and Exercise on Prescription have potential as elements in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. These programs are recommended, but their effectiveness has not yet been established. The aim was to evaluate the efficacy of these 2 interventions compared with standard information on physical activity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Single-blinded, randomized, controlled intervention study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-eight patients (37 men and 31 women) were randomized into 3 groups: Nordic walking (NW; n = 22), Exercise on Prescription (EP; n = 24), and control (CG; n = 22).
  
  
  METHODS
  : Patients were recruited from a diabetes outpatient clinic and via newspaper advertisement.
  
  
  METHODS
  Consisted of a 4-month intervention period followed by an 8-month follow-up, during which the participants were recommended to train on their own.
  
  
  METHODS
  : HbA1c.
  
  
  RESULTS
  : There was no difference in HbA1c when comparing the intervention groups relative to the control group: DeltaNW = -0.4% [95% confidence intervals (CI), -0.9% to 0.1%] and DeltaEP = -0.2% (95% CI, -0.6% to 0.2%) after 4 months; DeltaNW = 0.0% (95% CI, -0.6% to 0.5%) and DeltaEP = 0.3% (95% CI, -0.3% to 0.9%) after 12 months. However, fat mass assessed by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) decreased significantly in the NW group after 4 months [-1.0 kg (95% CI, -1.7 to 0.1)] and after 12 months in both NW [-1.8 kg (95% CI, -3.2 to -0.4)] and EP [-1.5 kg (95% CI, -2.9 to -0.05)] groups. No significant changes in other variables.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Four-month exercise programs at moderate intensity of either Nordic walking or Exercise on Prescription did not significantly improve HbA1c in patients with type 2 diabetes either at the end of the program or at the follow-up.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark. bgram@health.sdu.dk
authors.forename: Bibi
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gram
authors.forename: Robin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Christensen
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Christiansen
authors.forename: Jeppe
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gram
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000534:rehabilitation / Q000628:therapy*; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010045:Outpatients; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D016730:Program Development; D015397:Program Evaluation; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin