title: Enhanced prefrontal function with pharmacotherapy on a response inhibition task in adolescent bipolar disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the current study is to determine whether pharmacotherapy normalizes cognitive circuitry function supporting voluntary behavioral inhibition in adolescent bipolar disorder.
  
  
  METHODS
  Healthy controls and unmedicated patients with DSM-IV adolescent bipolar disorder in manic, mixed, or hypomanic episodes were matched on demographics and IQ (n = 13 per group; mean age = 14.4 ± 2.4 years). Functional magnetic resonance imaging studies were performed at baseline and after 14 weeks, during which time patients with adolescent bipolar disorder were treated initially with second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) followed by lamotrigine monotherapy. The primary outcome measure was a Response Inhibition Task, which involved a planned motor response, already "on the way" to execution, that had to be voluntarily inhibited by the subjects in the trials in which a stop signal was presented. There were 6 blocks, each with a predominant rate of either "go" or "stop" trials. The study was conducted from June 2006 through July 2009.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All patients showed significant improvement (P < .001) in both the manic and depressive symptoms from baseline. Behavioral data showed that accuracy improved over 14 weeks in patients and healthy controls. Significant time by group interaction effects for the difference between stop versus go blocks showed greater increases of activation in prefrontal (left inferior and middle frontal gyri and medial frontal gyrus bilaterally) and temporal (left superior temporal gyrus and right middle temporal gyrus) regions and greater decreases in activation in right putamen and bilateral thalamus at follow-up in the adolescent bipolar disorder group than in healthy controls. Increased ventrolateral prefrontal cortex function was related to clinical treatment response.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Treatment with SGAs followed by lamotrigine monotherapy enhanced prefrontal and temporal lobe activity during a Response Inhibition Task demonstrating the reversal of disorder-relevant neural circuitry dysfunction in patients with adolescent bipolar disorder. Patient performance was not slowed down with this treatment regimen.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00176228.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Juvenile Research and Center for Cognitive Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 912 South Wood St (M/C 913), Chicago, IL 60612, USA. mpavuluri@psych.uic.edu
authors.forename: Mani N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Pavuluri
authors.forename: Alessandra M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Passarotti
authors.forename: Erin M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Harral
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Sweeney
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D018692:Antimanic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D000077213:Lamotrigine; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D013702:Temporal Lobe / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D014227:Triazines / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D018692:Antimanic Agents; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D014227:Triazines; D000077213:Lamotrigine
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