title: The suitability of different cellular in vitro immunotoxicity and genotoxicity methods for the analysis of nanoparticle-induced events.
abstract: Suitable assays and test strategies are needed to analyze potential genotoxic and immunotoxic health effects caused by nanoparticle exposure. The development and validation of such methods is challenging because nanoparticles may show unexpected behavior, like aggregation or interference with optical measurements, when routine in vitro assays are performed. In our interdisciplinary study, the effects of inorganic gold (4.5 nm) and iron oxide (7.3 nm) nanoparticles with a narrow size distribution were tested on human cells using different assay systems. The results show that cytotoxicity as well as immunotoxicity and genotoxicity induced by these two inorganic nanoparticles was low or absent when using a panel of cell-based tests in different laboratories. However, several technical issues had to be tackled that were specific for working with nanoparticles. The methods used, their suitability for nanotoxicity testing, and the technical problems encountered are carefully described and discussed in this paper.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biology, Division of Allergy and Immunology Biochemistry, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, Salzburg, Austria.
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pfaller
authors.forename: Renato
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Colognato
authors.forename: Inge
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Nelissen
authors.forename: Flavia
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Favilli
authors.forename: Eudald
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Casals
authors.forename: Daniëlla
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ooms
authors.forename: Hilde
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Leppens
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ponti
authors.forename: René
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Stritzinger
authors.forename: Victor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Puntes
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Boraschi
authors.forename: Albert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Duschl
authors.forename: Gertie J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Oostingh
mesh_terms: D002460:Cell Line; D004249:DNA Damage; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology; D005290:Ferric Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D006046:Gold / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000276:immunology; D000922:Immunotoxins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D058025:Interdisciplinary Studies; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000378:metabolism; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D009000:Monocytes / Q000276:immunology; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests / Q000379:methods*; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D005290:Ferric Compounds; D000922:Immunotoxins; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; C000499:ferric oxide; D006046:Gold