title: A brief intervention is sufficient for many adolescents seeking help from low threshold adolescent psychiatric services.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There has been a considerable increase in the need for psychiatric services for adolescents. Primary health care practitioners have a major role in detecting, screening and helping these adolescents. An intervention entitled SCREEN is described in this article. The SCREEN intervention was developed to help practitioners to detect and screen adolescent needs, to care for adolescents at the primary health care level and to facilitate the referral of adolescents to secondary care services in collaboration between primary and secondary health care. Secondly, the article presents the background and clinical characteristics of youths seeking help from the SCREEN services, and compares the background factors and clinical characteristics of those patients referred and not referred to secondary care services.
  
  
  METHODS
  The SCREEN intervention consisted of 1 to 5 sessions, including assessment by a semi-structured anamnesis interview, the structured Global Assessment Scale, and by a structured priority rating scale, as well as a brief intervention for each adolescent's chosen problem. Parents took part in the assessment in 39% of cases involving girls and 50% involving boys. During 34 months, 2071 adolescents (69% females) entered the intervention and 70% completed it. The mean age was 17.1 years for boys and 17.3 years for girls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For 69% of adolescents, this was the first contact with psychiatric services. The most common reasons for seeking services were depressive symptoms (31%). Self-harming behaviour had occurred in 25% of girls and 16% of boys. The intervention was sufficient for 37% of those who completed it. Psychosocial functioning improved during the intervention. Factors associated with referral for further treatment were female gender, anxiety as the main complaint, previous psychiatric treatment, self-harming behaviour, a previous need for child welfare services, poor psychosocial functioning and a high score in the priority rating scale.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A brief intervention carried out by a team including professionals from both primary and secondary level services was sufficient for a considerable proportion of adolescents seeking help for their psychiatric problems. Referral practices and counselling in special level services can be standardized. In the future, it will be important to develop and assess psychiatric services for adolescents using randomised controlled trials.
authors.affiliation: Department of Adolescent Psychiatry, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland. eila.laukkanen@kuh.fi
authors.forename: Eila
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Laukkanen
authors.forename: Jukka J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Hintikka
authors.forename: Jari
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kylmä
authors.forename: Virve
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kekkonen
authors.forename: Mauri
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marttunen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior; D016497:Adolescent Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000296:Adolescent Psychiatry / Q000592:standards / Q000639:trends; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010349:Patient Compliance / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011614:Psychotherapy, Brief / Q000379:methods*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016896:Treatment Outcome
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