title: White matter hyperintensities, medial temporal lobe atrophy, cortical atrophy, and response to electroconvulsive therapy in severely depressed elderly patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a valuable treatment option in severely depressed elderly patients. Structural abnormalities in the brain, such as white matter hyperintensities, medial temporal lobe atrophy (MTA), or global cortical atrophy, may influence therapeutic response. The respective value of these factors in response prediction is unclear.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a naturalistic clinical cohort of 81 elderly patients diagnosed with DSM-IV major depressive disorder, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was recorded and rated before ECT treatment. The study was conducted at the clinic for Geriatric Psychiatry of the VU University Medical Center/Stichting Buitenamstel Geestgronden, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, over a 5-year period (2001-2006). Severity of depressive symptoms was measured by using the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS). Response to ECT was defined as a decrease of at least 50 percent on the MADRS, and remission was defined as a score below 10 points on the MADRS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with moderate or severe MTA had a lower mean percentage decrease in MADRS scores after ECT (37.9% in those with MTA, compared to 66.2% in those without MTA, P = .008). Patients without MTA had a 3 times greater chance of remitting from their depression compared to patients with moderate or severe MTA, ie, the hazard ratio for remission was 3.22 (95% CI, 1.30 to 7.69, P = .01). In contrast, no differences in change in MADRS scores were found for white matter hyperintensities or global cortical atrophy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Medial temporal lobe atrophy--not white matter hyperintensities or global cortical atrophy--contributes to poor response to ECT in severely depressed elderly patients. These findings suggest that assessment of MTA in severely depressed elderly patients may be useful in the prediction of potential ECT response.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Stichting Buitenamstel Geestgronden, VU University Medical Centre, AJ Ernststraat 887, 1081 HL Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Mardieno@ggzba.nl
authors.forename: Mardien L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Oudega
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: van Exel
authors.forename: Mike P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Wattjes
authors.forename: Hannie C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Comijs
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Scheltens
authors.forename: Frederik
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Barkhof
authors.forename: Piet
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Eikelenboom
authors.forename: Anton J M
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: de Craen
authors.forename: Aartjan T F
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Beekman
authors.forename: Max L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Stek
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001284:Atrophy / Q000473:pathology; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000473:pathology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D004351:Drug Resistance; D004565:Electroconvulsive Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013702:Temporal Lobe / Q000473:pathology*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents