title: The efficacy of shikonin on cartilage protection in a mouse model of rheumatoid arthritis.
abstract: The potential therapeutic action of shikonin in an experimental model of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) was investigated. As a RA animal model, DBA/1J mice were immunized two times with type II collagen. After the second collagen immunization, mice were orally administered shikonin (2 mg/kg) once a day for 35 days, and the incidence, clinical score, bone mineral density (BMD), bone mineral content (BMC) and joint histopathology were evaluated. BMD in the proximal regions of the tibia largely increased in the shikonin treatment group compared with the control group. We also examined the effect of shikonin on inflammatory cytokines and cartilage protection. Shikonin treatment significantly reduced the incidence and severity of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), markedly abrogating joint swelling and cartilage destruction. Shikonin also significantly inhibited the production of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 and up-regulated tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 in mice with CIA. In conclusion, shikonin exerted therapeutic effects through regulation of MMP/TIMP; these results suggest that shikonin is an outstanding candidate as a cartilage protective medicine for RA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Eumseong 369-873, Korea.
authors.forename: Young Ock
authors.initials: YO
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Seung Jae
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: Sung-Vin
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Yim
references.citation: Rheumatology (Oxford). 2003 Jan;42(1):83-8
references.pmid: 12509618
references.citation: Arthritis Rheum. 2002 Jul;46(7):1926-36
references.pmid: 12124878
references.citation: FASEB J. 1991 May;5(8):2145-54
references.pmid: 1850705
references.citation: Yakugaku Zasshi. 1994 Jul;114(7):533-8
references.pmid: 7932098
references.citation: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2003 Sep-Oct;21(5 Suppl 31):S54-8
references.pmid: 14969051
references.citation: Rheumatology (Oxford). 2002 Nov;41(11):1232-9
references.pmid: 12421995
references.citation: Ann Rheum Dis. 1998 Mar;57(3):158-61
references.pmid: 9640131
references.citation: J Ethnopharmacol. 2005 Dec 1;102(3):412-7
references.pmid: 16054790
references.citation: Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2005 Dec;1(4):739-51
references.pmid: 16863437
references.citation: Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol. 1996 Feb;18(1):105-14
references.pmid: 8683032
references.citation: J Bone Miner Res. 2003 Jul;18(7):1206-16
references.pmid: 12854830
references.citation: Jikken Dobutsu. 1990 Jan;39(1):27-34
references.pmid: 2303092
references.citation: Bone. 2001 Jan;28(1):87-93
references.pmid: 11165947
references.citation: Rheumatol Int. 2011 May;31(5):595-603
references.pmid: 20049449
references.citation: Bone. 2002 Feb;30(2):340-6
references.pmid: 11856640
references.citation: Clin Exp Immunol. 1993 Oct;94(1):145-9
references.pmid: 8403497
references.citation: J Rheumatol. 2004 Feb;31(2):238-42
references.pmid: 14760791
references.citation: Biol Pharm Bull. 2007 May;30(5):928-34
references.pmid: 17473437
references.citation: Korean J Physiol Pharmacol. 2009 Dec;13(6):417-24
references.pmid: 20054486
references.citation: Nat Protoc. 2007;2(5):1269-75
references.pmid: 17546023
references.citation: Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2000 May;12(3):195-9
references.pmid: 10803748
references.citation: Ann Rheum Dis. 2002 Nov;61(11):975-80
references.pmid: 12379519
references.citation: Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 1999 Feb 1;38(3):270-301
references.pmid: 29711637
references.citation: Endocrinology. 1984 Jul;115(1):50-4
references.pmid: 6547388
references.citation: Trends Genet. 1990 Apr;6(4):121-5
references.pmid: 2132731
references.citation: J Rheumatol. 1995 Apr;22(4):600-6
references.pmid: 7540690
references.citation: Agents Actions. 1982 Dec;12(5-6):650-6
references.pmid: 7164936