title: Relation of omega-3 fatty acid and dietary fish intake with brachial artery flow-mediated vasodilation in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The relation between dietary fish intake and brachial artery measures, including brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD), has not been well established across sex and racial-ethnic groups.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We hypothesized that consumption of nonfried fish and plasma phospholipid measures of long-chain omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids would be positively associated with larger FMD in men and women across racial-ethnic groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated cross-sectional associations of brachial artery measures with fish intake (ascertained with a food-frequency questionnaire) and plasma phospholipid omega-3 concentrations in 3045 adults, aged 45-84 y, who were free of clinical cardiovascular disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In overall multivariate-adjusted analyses, there were no significant associations between fish intake or any brachial artery measures. However, when stratified by sex, there was an association between the highest quartile of nonfried fish consumption and a 0.10-mm lower (1 SD) brachial artery diameter in men (P = 0.01) and a 0.27% smaller FMD in women (P = 0.02) compared with the lowest quartile of nonfried fish intake in each respective sex strata. When stratified by race-ethnicity and race-ethnicity by sex, additional heterogeneity was noted, but results were difficult to interpret because of small sample sizes. Plasma phospholipid omega-3 concentrations showed a similar directionality of association with brachial artery measures observed for nonfried fish consumption, although statistical significance was not achieved in fully adjusted models.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study indicates that the association between nonfried fish intake and baseline brachial artery size varies by sex, with suggestive evidence of sex differences in the association between nonfried fish intake and FMD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine/Cardiology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27127, USA. jeanders@wfubmc.edu
authors.forename: Jennifer S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Jennifer A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Nettleton
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Herrington
authors.forename: W Craig
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Michael Y
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Siscovick
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000517:prevention & control; D001916:Brachial Artery / Q000502:physiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005006:Ethnicity; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D005399:Fishes; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010743:Phospholipids / Q000097:blood / Q000737:chemistry*; D017747:Seafood; D012737:Sex Factors; D014664:Vasodilation / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D010743:Phospholipids
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