title: Quality and safety issues related to traditional animal medicine: role of taurine.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Calculus Bovis (:C.Bovis) is one of the most precious and commonly-used medicinal materials in Japan and China. As the natural occurrence is very rare, a source of supply for C. Bovis is far behind the actual need and great efforts have been taken for some substitutes of natural C. Bovis. Unfortunately, very little information is available on the quality and/or clinical efficacy of medication based on C. Bovis. To ensure sustainable use of traditional therapeutic agents derived from C. Bovis, we felt that several issues needed to be addressed: 1) the source of the C. Bovis materials and quality control; 2) the role of taurine in the efficacy of C. Bovis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine samples of natural C. Bovis and its substitutes were collected. ICP-MS was used for elemental analysis and the characterization was performed by principal component analysis (PCA) and soft independent modeling of class analogy (SIMCA) as multivariate approaches. The efficacy of C. Bovis was evaluated for morphology, viability and beating pattern on cultured cardiac myocytes and/or fibroblasts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PCA and multi-elemental focus was effective in discriminating C. Bovis samples derived from different habitats. A satisfactory classification using SIMCA was obtained among Australia C. Bovis, other habitats and the substitutes. Australian samples had better batch uniformity than other habitats and were composed of fewer elements. We have used Australian C. Bovis for assessment on its bioactive compounds. Rat cardiac cells incubated with C. Bovis extract (0.01-0.1 mg/ml) maintained normal morphology, viability and beating pattern. Cardiac myocytes and fibroblasts treated for 48 h with CA (0.5 mM) or DCA (0.1 mM) caused cell injury, as reflected by changes in appearance and a reduction of viability detected by the MTS assay. In cardiomyocytes, 0.5 h exposure of CA (0.5 mM) markedly decreased the velocity ratio of beating, whereas the simultaneous addition of 1 mM taurine largely prevented the decrease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The multi-elemental focus provided some references for the quality control and the efficacy of C. Bovis. Taurine partly attenuated the harmful actions of bile acids. It is plausible that the relationship between taurine and the bile acids contributes to therapeutic effect of C. Bovis.
authors.affiliation: The Museum of Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan. kyokot@museum.osaka-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Kyoko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: Yuko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Azuma
authors.forename: Kayoko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shimada
authors.forename: Tadashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Saito
authors.forename: Masaya
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kawase
authors.forename: Stephen W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Schaffer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001315:Australia; D001630:Bezoars; D001647:Bile Acids and Salts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D002417:Cattle; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D008519:Medicine, Traditional; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D011786:Quality Control; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013654:Taurine / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D001647:Bile Acids and Salts; D013654:Taurine
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