title: Bovine parvovirus uses clathrin-mediated endocytosis for cell entry.
abstract: Entry events of bovine parvovirus (BPV) were studied. Transmission electron micrographs of infected cells showed virus particles in cytoplasmic vesicles. Chemical inhibitors that block certain aspects of the cellular machinery were employed to assess viral dependency upon those cellular processes. Chlorpromazine, ammonium chloride, chloroquine and bafilamicin A1 were used to inhibit acidification of endosomes and clathrin-associated endocytosis. Nystatin was used as an inhibitor of the caveolae pathway. Cytochalasin D and ML-7 were used to inhibit actin and myosin functions, respectively. Nocodazole and colchicine were employed to inhibit microtubule activity. Virus entry was assessed by measuring viral transcription using real-time PCR, synthesis of capsid protein and assembly of infectious progeny virus in the presence of inhibitor blockage. The results indicated that BPV entry into embryonic bovine trachael cells utilizes endocytosis in clathrin-coated vesicles, is dependent upon acidification, and appears to be associated with actin and microtubule dependency. Evidence for viral entry through caveolae was not obtained. These findings provide a fuller understanding of the early cell-entry events of the replication cycle for members of the genus Bocavirus.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA.
authors.forename: Enkhmart
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dudleenamjil
authors.forename: Chin-Yo
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Devin
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dredge
authors.forename: Byron K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Robison
authors.forename: F Brent
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D052660:Bocavirus / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D002417:Cattle; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D022163:Clathrin-Coated Vesicles / Q000648:ultrastructure / Q000821:virology*; D004705:Endocytosis; D004847:Epithelial Cells; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D053586:Virus Internalization