title: Comparative analysis of proteome maps of silkworm hemolymph during different developmental stages.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The silkworm Bombyx mori is a lepidopteran insect with four developmental stages: egg, larva (caterpillar), pupa, and adult. The hemolymph of the silkworm is in an open system that circulates among all organs, and functions in nutrient and hormone transport, injury, and immunity. To understand the intricate developmental mechanisms of metamorphosis, silkworm hemolymph from different developmental stages, including the 3rd day of fifth instar, the 6th day of fifth instar, the 3rd day of pupation, the 8th day of pupal stage and the first day of the moth stage, was investigated by two-dimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that from the larval to moth stages, silkworm hemolymph proteins changed markedly. Not only did major proteins such as SP1, SP2, and the 30 K lipoprotein change, but other proteins varied greatly at different stages. To understand the functions of these proteins in silkworm development, 56 spots were excised from gels for analysis by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). We identified 34 proteins involved in metamorphosis, programmed cell death, food digestion, metabolism, and nutrient storage and transport. Most proteins showed different expression at different stages, suggesting functions in development and metamorphosis. An abundance of proteins related to immunity were found, including hemolin, prophenoloxidase, serine proteinase-like protein, paralytic peptide-binding protein, and protease inhibitor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Proteomics research not only provides the opportunity for direct investigation of protein expression patterns, but also identifies many attractive candidates for further study. Two-dimensional maps of hemolymph proteins expressed during the growth and metamorphosis of the silkworm offer important insights into hemolymph function and insect metamorphosis.
authors.affiliation: College of Biotechnology, Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, PR China. zhaop@swu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hou
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zou
authors.forename: Fei
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gong
authors.forename: Xiaowu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhong
authors.forename: Qingyou
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zhao
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