Nonsuicidal self-injury in adolescence: prospective rates and risk factors in a 2½ year longitudinal study.
Little is known about which risk factors longitudinally predict non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) during adolescence, a period when these self-injurious behaviors become alarmingly prevalent. We prospectively studied the rates, course, and longitudinal prediction of NSSI from early through middle adolescence with a community sample of 103 youth (ages 11-14) who were assessed for NSSI at baseline and 2 ½ years later (94% retention; final N=97). Multiple risk factors (temperament, cognitive and interpersonal vulnerabilities, stressors; youths' and mothers' depression) were examined as prospective predictors of NSSI over the 2½ year follow-up. Analyses showed that 18% of youth engaged in NSSI over the 2½-year follow-up; 14% for the first time. Distal risks (assessed at baseline) that differentiated youth who engaged in NSSI from those who did not included negative cognitive style and mothers' prior depression. Proximal factors (assessed 2 years after baseline) that differentiated NSSI from non-NSSI youth included stressors, depressive symptoms, poor relationship quality, excessive reassurance seeking, and mothers' onset of depression. Several of these factors predicted new engagement of NSSI over 2½ years.
Hankin
Benjamin L
BL
Department of Psychology, University of Denver, 2155 South Race St., Denver, CO 80208, USA. ben.hankin@psy.du.edu
Abela
John R Z
JR
D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior; D002648:Child; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008016:Life Change Events; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D015995:Prevalence; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011594:Psychometrics; D012307:Risk Factors; D016728:Self-Injurious Behavior / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2008 Oct;36(7):999-1014
18437551
J Abnorm Psychol. 1991 Nov;100(4):569-82
1757671
J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2003 Jun;42(6):720-7
12921480
J Abnorm Psychol. 1997 Feb;106(1):3-14
9103713
J Abnorm Psychol. 2008 Nov;117(4):762-75
19025224
Arch Suicide Res. 2007;11(2):129-47
17453692
J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1998 Jun;37(6):612-9
9628081
J Pers Soc Psychol. 1995 Oct;69(4):778-88
7473031
J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2001 Apr;40(4):427-34
11314568
J Consult Clin Psychol. 1986 Apr;54(2):241-5
3700812
Arch Suicide Res. 2008;12(3):181-96
18576200
J Pers Disord. 2009 Apr;23(2):122-40
19379091
J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2005 Mar;34(1):182-92
15677292
Psychiatry. 1976 Feb;39(1):28-40
1257353
Curr Dir Psychol Sci. 2009 Apr 1;18(2):78-83
20161092
Psychol Med. 2000 Jan;30(1):23-39
10722173
J Consult Clin Psychol. 2008 Feb;76(1):92-103
18229987
J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2006 Jun;35(2):253-63
16597221
Arch Suicide Res. 2008;12(3):219-31
18576203
Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2008 Oct;38(5):523-38
19014305
J Pers Soc Psychol. 1998 Feb;74(2):387-406
9491584
J Abnorm Psychol. 2008 May;117(2):324-33
18489208
J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1991 Jul;30(4):604-8
1890094
J Consult Clin Psychol. 2008 Feb;76(1):1-8
18229976
J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2008 Oct;37(4):701-13
18991122
J Clin Psychol. 2007 Nov;63(11):1045-56
17932985
Psychol Med. 2007 Aug;37(8):1183-92
17349105
Psychopharmacol Bull. 1985;21(4):995-8
4089116
Am J Psychiatry. 2005 Feb;162(2):297-303
15677594
J Consult Clin Psychol. 2004 Oct;72(5):885-90
15482046
J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2002 Oct;30(5):515-27
12403154
J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2002 Dec;31(4):491-504
12402568
J Consult Clin Psychol. 2008 Feb;76(1):52-62
18229983