title: The risk of deep venous thrombosis associated with injectable depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate contraceptives or a levonorgestrel intrauterine device.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the risk of venous thrombosis associated with nonoral contraceptives (ie, injectable depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate contraceptives, hormone [levonorgestrel]-releasing intrauterine devices, a contraceptive patch, or a contraceptive implant).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Analyses were performed in the Multiple Environmental and Genetic Assessment study, a large case-control study on risk factors for venous thrombosis. For the current analyses, we selected premenopausal women, aged 18 to 50 years, who were not pregnant nor within 4 weeks postpartum and were not using oral contraceptives; 446 patients and 1146 controls were included. Injectable depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate contraceptives were associated with a 3.6-fold (95% CI, 1.8- to 7.1-fold) increased risk of venous thrombosis compared with nonusers of hormonal contraceptives. The use of a levonorgestrel intrauterine device was not associated with an increased risk (odds ratio, 0.3; 95% CI, 0.1 to 1.1). Unfortunately, the few women using a contraceptive patch or an implant prevented a reliable estimate of the risk of thrombosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The risk of venous thrombosis was increased for injectable depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate contraceptive users, while we were able to reliably exclude an increased risk associated with levonorgestrel intrauterine device use. Therefore, the latter seems to be the safest option regarding the risk of venous thrombosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, C7-P, PO Box 9600, NL-2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Astrid
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: van Hylckama Vlieg
authors.forename: Frans M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Helmerhorst
authors.forename: Frits R
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Rosendaal
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003271:Contraceptive Agents, Female / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007434:Intrauterine Devices / Q000009:adverse effects; D016912:Levonorgestrel / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D017258:Medroxyprogesterone Acetate / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000209:etiology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D003271:Contraceptive Agents, Female; D016912:Levonorgestrel; D017258:Medroxyprogesterone Acetate