title: The role of contralesional dorsal premotor cortex after stroke as studied with concurrent TMS-fMRI.
abstract: Contralesional dorsal premotor cortex (cPMd) may support residual motor function following stroke. We performed two complementary experiments to explore how cPMd might perform this role in a group of chronic human stroke patients. First, we used paired-coil transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to establish the physiological influence of cPMd on ipsilesional primary motor cortex (iM1) at rest. We found that this influence became less inhibitory/more facilitatory in patients with greater clinical impairment. Second, we applied TMS over cPMd during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in these patients to examine the causal influence of cPMd TMS on the whole network of surviving cortical motor areas in either hemisphere and whether these influences changed during affected hand movement. We confirmed that hand grip-related activation in cPMd was greater in more impaired patients. Furthermore, the peak ipsilesional sensorimotor cortex activity shifted posteriorly in more impaired patients. Critical new findings were that concurrent TMS-fMRI results correlated with the level of both clinical impairment and neurophysiological impairment (i.e., less inhibitory/more facilitatory cPMd-iM1 measure at rest as assessed with paired-coil TMS). Specifically, greater clinical and neurophysiological impairment was associated with a stronger facilitatory influence of cPMd TMS on blood oxygenation level-dependent signal in posterior parts of ipsilesional sensorimotor cortex during hand grip, corresponding to the posteriorly shifted sensorimotor activity seen in more impaired patients. cPMd TMS was not found to influence activity in other brain regions in either hemisphere. This state-dependent influence on ipsilesional sensorimotor regions may provide a mechanism by which cPMd supports recovered function after stroke.
authors.affiliation: Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom. s.bestmann@ion.ucl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Sven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bestmann
authors.forename: Orlando
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Swayne
authors.forename: Felix
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Blankenburg
authors.forename: Christian C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Ruff
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Teo
authors.forename: Nikolaus
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Weiskopf
authors.forename: Jon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Driver
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Rothwell
authors.forename: Nick S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Ward
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001931:Brain Mapping; D019054:Evoked Potentials, Motor / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D006225:Hand / Q000294:innervation; D018737:Hand Strength / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000098:blood supply / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D020521:Stroke / Q000473:pathology*; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen
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