title: Risk factors associated with Salmonella status of broiler flocks delivered to grow-out farms.
abstract: In a prospective field observational study in the southeastern USA, we sampled gastrointestinal (GI) tracts from chicks of 65 broiler flocks delivered to conventional grow-out farms for rearing. The flocks were hatched at seven broiler hatcheries. The mean within-flock prevalence of Salmonella-positive samples was 6.5% and ranged from 0% to 86.7%. Of the 65 flocks studied, 25 (38.5%) had at least one Salmonella-positive sample. Accounting for confounding variability among the hatcheries and broiler companies, we tested whether the probability of detecting Salmonella in GI tracts of the chicks delivered was associated with certain characteristics of parent breeder flocks; hatchery production volume; hatchery ventilation system; hatchery egg-room conditions; egg incubation, candling, hatching, eggshell and bird separation, and bird-processing procedures; management of hatchery-to-farm transportation; day of week of hatch; weather conditions during transportation; or season of the hatch. Two risk factor models were adopted. The first model indicated that a greater number of parent flocks, manual separation of eggshell and bird, and a greater amount of fluff and feces on tray liners used during hatchery-to-farm transportation at delivery were associated with increased probability of detecting Salmonella in chick GI tracts, whereas a greater number of birds in the delivery vehicle was associated with decreased probability. The second model indicated that broiler flocks hatched on Tuesdays versus either Mondays or Thursdays (with no hatches on Wednesdays, Fridays or week-ends), increased average hatchability of the eggs from the parent flocks, and greater amounts of fluff and feces on the transport tray liners at delivery were all associated with increased probability of detecting Salmonella in chick GI tracts. The results of this study suggest potential management decisions to lessen Salmonella contamination of broilers supplied by commercial hatcheries and areas for further research.
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology Group, Centre for Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, Kings Buildings, Edinburgh, UK.
authors.forename: V V
authors.initials: VV
authors.lastname: Volkova
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Bailey
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Hubbard
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Magee
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Byrd
authors.forename: W W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Robert
mesh_terms: D000822:Animal Husbandry / Q000379:methods*; D000818:Animals; D002645:Chickens / Q000382:microbiology*; D004531:Eggs / Q000382:microbiology; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000517:prevention & control; D005516:Food Microbiology; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D011201:Poultry Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012475:Salmonella / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D012481:Salmonella Infections, Animal / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D015144:Southeastern United States; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires