title: Presentation of reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome in patients on calcineurin inhibitors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome (RPLS) is a clinico-radiologic diagnosis associated with numerous medical conditions including hypertension, immunosuppressant medications, and eclampsia. It is characterized by headache, altered mental status, seizures, visual disturbance, and neuroimaging consistent with posterior-predominant vasogenic edema. The objective of this study was to characterize the clinical spectrum and outcomes in a large series of RPLS patients, and to compare the presentation of patients taking calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs) to that of other RPLS patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed records of patients seen by the neurology and transplant services over an 18-year period. Comorbid conditions, medications, blood pressure, laboratory testing, clinical outcomes, and radiographic findings were collected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  84 episodes of RPLS were identified in 79 patients. Etiologies included CNIs (43%), hypertension (29%), renal disease (12%), preeclampsia/eclampsia (7%), and chemotherapy (5%). Patients on CNIs had lower blood pressures (p=0.002) and a lower prevalence of headache (p=0.02) compared to RPLS patients with other etiologies. Clinical recovery occurred in 65% of episodes, and radiographic resolution occurred in 67%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with CNI-induced RPLS have lower blood pressure than other RPLS patients, but otherwise present similarly. RPLS typically occurs within days to weeks of CNI initiation in patients without elevated medication levels. Clinical and radiographic recovery occurred in the majority of patients in this series, but one-third suffered residual neurologic deficits or death. These findings highlight the importance of prompt recognition and treatment of RPLS triggers to prevent permanent sequelae.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0114, USA. molly.burnett@ucsf.edu
authors.forename: Molly M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Burnett
authors.forename: Christopher P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Hess
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: Nathan M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Bass
authors.forename: Vanja C
authors.initials: VC
authors.lastname: Douglas
authors.forename: S Andrew
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Josephson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D019703:Calcineurin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D065095:Calcineurin Inhibitors; D005260:Female; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000517:prevention & control; D006261:Headache / Q000139:chemically induced; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000523:psychology; D008875:Middle Aged; D010291:Paresis / Q000139:chemically induced; D054038:Posterior Leukoencephalopathy Syndrome / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000523:psychology; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012640:Seizures / Q000139:chemically induced; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D065095:Calcineurin Inhibitors; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D019703:Calcineurin