title: Geminin, Ki67, and minichromosome maintenance 2 in gastric hyperplastic polyps, adenomas, and intestinal-type carcinomas: pathobiological significance.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Geminin negatively regulates Cdt1 and induces the formation of prereplicative complexes by loading mini-chromosome maintenance proteins (Mcm) onto chromatin and limiting DNA replication to once per cell cycle. Recent studies have suggested that geminin expression is a marker of the S/G2/M phase of the cell cycle and is associated with a poor prognosis in various human malignancies. This study aimed to clarify the pathobiological role of geminin in intestinal-type gastric carcinoma, and its relationships with minichromosome maintenance 2 (Mcm2) and Ki67 expression.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed western blot analysis of seven human gastric cancer cell lines, and immunohistochemical analysis of 72 gastric mucosal lesions and 128 surgically removed advanced intestinal-type gastric carcinomas. Double-labeling immuno-fluorescence was performed to identify the coexpression of geminin and Ki67.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Geminin was detected in all cell lines. Geminin labeling indices (LIs) in hyperplastic polyps, low-grade adenomas, high-grade adenomas, and intestinal-type adenocarcinomas were 3.9%, 10.5%, 18.6%, and 27.2%, respectively. The equivalent LIs for Ki67 and Mcm2 were 17.7%, 42.2%, 52.6%, and 59.7%; and 26.7%, 70.0%, 67.8%, and 77.8%, respectively. Double-labeling immunofluorescence revealed coexpression of geminin and Ki67 in both normal and tumor cells. The LI for geminin was significantly correlated with N stage, International Union Against Cancer (UICC) stage, Mcm2 LI, and Ki67 LI. Patients in stages I-IV and stage III with higher LIs for geminin (>25%) had significantly worse prognoses (P < 0.05 and P < 0.04, respectively). Univariate Cox regression analysis indicated that the overall survival of stage I-IV tumors was significantly correlated with high geminin LIs (relative risk [RR] = 1.94; P = 0.04).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Geminin expression might reflect the biological nature of gastric intramucosal neoplasms and could be a possible prognostic marker in advanced intestinal-type gastric carcinomas.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8503, Japan.
authors.forename: Kohei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shomori
authors.forename: Keisuke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nishihara
authors.forename: Takayuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tamura
authors.forename: Shigeru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tatebe
authors.forename: Yasushi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Horie
authors.forename: Kanae
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nosaka
authors.forename: Tomohiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Haruki
authors.forename: Yuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hamamoto
authors.forename: Tatsushi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shiomi
authors.forename: Motoki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nakabayashi
authors.forename: Hisao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ito
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D000236:Adenoma / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D015153:Blotting, Western; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000096:biosynthesis; D005260:Female; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D064248:Geminin; D006801:Humans; D006965:Hyperplasia; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007414:Intestinal Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D007564:Japan; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen / Q000032:analysis* / Q000096:biosynthesis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D064111:Minichromosome Maintenance Complex Component 2; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000096:biosynthesis; D011127:Polyps / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D011379:Prognosis; D012044:Regression Analysis; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; C577995:GMNN protein, human; D064248:Geminin; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; C084859:MCM2 protein, human; D064111:Minichromosome Maintenance Complex Component 2
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