title: Calibration of the 1-MHz Sonitron ultrasound system.
abstract: Successful drug and gene delivery across cellular membranes can lead to improved therapeutic outcomes. Recent studies have suggested that sonoporation may enhance drug and gene delivery across cellular membranes. The enhancement may be a result of transient permeation of the membrane from cavitation or microstreaming effects of microbubbles exposed to ultrasound. Given limited acoustic pressure calibration and beam profile characterization of the Sonitron ultrasound systems in cellular bioeffects studies previously published, the objective of this work was to calibrate the acoustic output and explore the potential for standing waves in a cell-well plate. In this study, three 1-MHz transducers driven by Sonitron ultrasound systems, which have been used in a number of sonoporation studies, were calibrated. Transducers with 10-mm, 6-mm and 20-mm-diameter apertures (Sonitron 1000 and 2000, Rich-Mar, Inola, OK, USA) were calibrated using polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) needle hydrophones. Axial and transverse beam profiles were obtained, and the pressures were measured as a function of Sonitron intensity dial setting and duty cycle. The acoustic intensity was calculated and compared with the Sonitron intensity dial setting for duty cycles from 10-100%. Standing waves caused by reflections from the hydrophone holder were detected for each transducer. This observation may also have implications for in vitro sonoporation studies. Acoustic field characterization is an important first step in understanding the mechanisms of sonoporation and drug delivery across biomembranes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Colleges of Engineering and Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0586, USA. kopechja@uc.edu
authors.forename: Jonathan A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Kopechek
authors.forename: Hyunggun
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: David D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: McPherson
authors.forename: Christy K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Holland
mesh_terms: D002138:Calibration; D013010:Sonication / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000592:standards*; D014159:Transducers / Q000592:standards; D014465:Ultrasonics / Q000379:methods*
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