title: Image-guided transnasal endoscopic techniques in the management of orbital disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the utility of image-guided transnasal endoscopic surgery for a variety of orbital diseases requiring decompression of at least one orbital wall.
  
  
  METHODS
  A descriptive case series of consecutive orbital procedures requiring decompression of at least one wall. All procedures were performed using a transnasal endoscopic approach and an intraoperative image-guided LandmarX system for anatomical guidance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A 3-year review yielded 17 cases, including 6 cases with compressive mucoceles, 4 neoplasms, 4 patients with proptosis secondary to Graves' Ophthalmopathy, 1 case of an intraorbital abscess, 1 fungal mycetoma, and 1 hemangioma. These cases all had improved postoperative clinical status without any serious complications. The LandmarX system was a valuable intraoperative tool in all 17 cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The endoscopic transnasal approach to orbital decompression surgery allows for good visualization and is minimally invasive. Using this approach in conjunction with the LandmarX image-guided system allows for improved anatomical localization and provided good results in all cases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Ivey Eye Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Jerrod S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Kent
authors.forename: Larry H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: Brian W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Rotenberg
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D019299:Decompression, Surgical / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009864:Ontario; D009916:Orbital Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000503:physiopathology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods; D016896:Treatment Outcome