title: Levels of salivary stress markers in patients with anxiety about halitosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the relationship between salivary stress markers and mental stress states in patients complaining of oral malodour. The utility of the salivary stress markers in assessment of mental conditions of those patients was also investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study population included 74 patients, aged 20-59 years, who complained of oral malodour and were referred to the Breath Odor Clinic at Tokushima University Hospital. Patients were classified into two groups, genuine halitosis (GH) and psychosomatic halitosis (PH), according to the results of organoleptic rating measurement. All patients were subjected to examination by the Cornell Medical Index (CMI) Health Questionnaire. Resting saliva was collected and levels of salivary IgA, cortisol and chromogranin A were determined by ELISA. Twenty-three volunteers not complaining of halitosis were included as the control group. Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney's U-test were used for statistical analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant increase was observed in the concentrations of salivary cortisol in the PH group as compared with GH and control groups (p<0.05). Concentrations of IgA and chromogranin A in saliva were not significantly different among the three groups. In addition, higher salivary cortisol concentrations were found in CMI scale III and IV (tendency towards neurosis) than in scale I and II (normal) (p<0.05). Since salivary cortisol reflects a status of chronic stress condition, psychosomatic halitosis might be closely related to this state of chronic stress.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Determination of cortisol levels in saliva may provide useful information for evaluating the mental status of patients complaining of halitosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Dentistry, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Kuramotocho, Japan. fmakoto@dent.tokushima-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fukui
authors.forename: Daisuke
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hinode
authors.forename: Masaaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yokoyama
authors.forename: Masami
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yoshioka
authors.forename: Kosuke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kataoka
authors.forename: Hiro-O
authors.initials: HO
authors.lastname: Ito
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000523:psychology*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D053379:Chromogranin A / Q000378:metabolism; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006209:Halitosis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000378:metabolism*; D007070:Immunoglobulin A / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011602:Psychophysiologic Disorders / Q000378:metabolism*; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D053379:Chromogranin A; D007070:Immunoglobulin A; D006854:Hydrocortisone