VP23R of infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus mediates formation of virus-mock basement membrane to provide attaching sites for lymphatic endothelial cells.
Putative open reading frames (ORFs) encoding laminin-like proteins are found in all members of the genus Megalocytivirus, family Iridoviridae. This is the first study that identified the VP23R protein encoded by ORF23R of the infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV), a member of these genes of megalocytiviruses. The VP23R mRNA covering the ISKNV genomic coordinates 19547 to 22273 was transcribed ahead of the major capsid protein. Immunofluorescence analysis demonstrated that VP23R was expressed on the plasma membrane of the ISKNV-infected cells and could not be a viral envelope protein. Residues 292 to 576 of VP23R are homologous to the laminin γ1III2-6 fragment, which covers the nidogen-binding site. An immunoprecipitation assay showed that VP23R could interact with nidogen-1, and immunohistochemistry showed that nidogen-1 was localized on the outer membrane of the infected cells. Electron microscopy showed that a virus-mock basement membrane (VMBM) was formed on the surface of the infected cells and a layer of endothelial cells (ECs) was attached to the VMBM. The VMBM contained VP23R and nidogen-1 but not collagen IV. The attached ECs were identified as lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs), which have unique feature of overlapping intercellular junctions and can be stained by immunohistochemistry using an antibody against a specific lymphatic marker, Prox-1. Such infection signs have never been described in viruses. Elucidating the functions of LECs attached to the surface of the infected cells may be useful for studies on the pathogenic mechanisms of megalocytiviruses and may also be important for studies on lymphangiogenesis and basement membrane functions.
Xu
Xiaopeng
X
Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
Weng
Shaoping
S
Lin
Ting
T
Tang
Junliang
J
Huang
Lichao
L
Wang
Jing
J
Yu
Xiaoqiang
X
Lu
Ling
L
Huang
Zhijian
Z
He
Jianguo
J
D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D001485:Basement Membrane / Q000821:virology*; D004266:DNA Virus Infections / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000821:virology*; D005393:Fish Diseases / Q000821:virology*; D005399:Fishes; D007497:Iridoviridae / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016366:Open Reading Frames; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D053585:Virus Attachment
D014764:Viral Proteins
Anat Rec. 1989 Apr;223(4):376-83
2712351
J Biol Chem. 1994 Jul 22;269(29):19167-75
8034675
Int J Oncol. 2009 Mar;34(3):673-80
19212672
J Am Soc Nephrol. 1995 Oct;6(4):1178-85
8589284
J Cell Biol. 2004 Mar 29;164(7):959-63
15037599
J Cell Sci. 2001 Mar;114(Pt 6):1137-44
11228157
Pediatr Dermatol. 1996 Jan-Feb;13(1):5-9
8919515
J Virol. 2008 May;82(9):4371-83
18305039
Matrix. 1993 May;13(3):215-22
8326911
Lymphology. 1989 Mar;22(1):31-5
2725055
Virology. 2008 Jun 20;376(1):1-12
18423508
J Gen Virol. 2006 Oct;87(Pt 10):2907-2915
16963749
PLoS One. 2009 Sep 17;4(9):e7067
19759906
J Biochem. 1996 Jul;120(1):133-7
8864855
Dis Aquat Organ. 2008 Jan 24;78(3):209-15
18380219
Virology. 1983 Apr 30;126(2):466-79
6857994
Virology. 2001 Dec 5;291(1):126-39
11878882
Am J Pathol. 2000 Jun;156(6):1901-10
10854213
Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol. 1992;27(1-2):93-127
1309319
Mol Cell Probes. 2006 Jun-Aug;20(3-4):212-22
16697343
Science. 2000 Apr 7;288(5463):150-4
10753123
Lymphology. 1987 Dec;20(4):257-66
2451095
Development. 1997 Feb;124(3):683-91
9043083
Kidney Int. 1993 Jan;43(1):7-12
8433572
FASEB J. 2005 Jun;19(8):1027-9
15774577
N Engl J Med. 2003 Jun 19;348(25):2543-56
12815141
Adv Virus Res. 1996;46:345-412
8824704
J Virol. 1984 Feb;49(2):609-14
16789247
J Clin Invest. 2005 Sep;115(9):2363-72
16138190
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Aug 4;106(31):12573-9
19633189
Development. 2004 Apr;131(7):1619-28
14998921
J Biol Chem. 1993 Dec 15;268(35):26033-6
8253711
Arch Dermatol. 1992 Aug;128(8):1078-82
1497362
Virology. 1997 Apr 14;230(2):207-16
9143276
Nat Med. 2006 Feb;12(2):230-4
16415878
J Biol Chem. 1990 Jun 25;265(18):10597-603
2191952
Arch Virol. 2007;152(4):763-73
17131065
J Cell Biol. 1992 Jun;117(5):1119-33
1577869
Cell. 2010 Feb 19;140(4):460-76
20178740
EMBO J. 1993 May;12(5):1879-85
8491180
J Biol Chem. 1993 May 25;268(15):10881-7
8496153
Science. 2010 Jan 1;327(5961):88-92
20044576
Matrix Biol. 2004 Jan;22(7):521-38
14996432
J Cell Biol. 1991 Dec;115(5):1383-95
1955479
Lymphology. 2005 Dec;38(4):159-66
16515224
J Cell Biol. 2005 Apr 11;169(1):179-89
15824137
Development. 2002 Jun;129(11):2711-22
12015298
Cell Cycle. 2005 Feb;4(2):228-30
15655347
J Clin Invest. 1992 Dec;90(6):2251-7
1469085
EMBO J. 1994 Aug 15;13(16):3741-7
8070402
Curr Opin Lipidol. 2007 Oct;18(5):540-5
17885425
Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1998 Oct 23;857:130-42
9917838
J Exp Med. 2005 Apr 4;201(7):1089-99
15809353
Curr Opin Cell Biol. 1989 Oct;1(5):983-8
2697299
Virus Res. 2008 Aug;135(2):273-81
18485510
WormBook. 2005 Sep 01;:1-15
18050423
J Biomech Eng. 2003 Jun;125(3):407-14
12929246
FEBS Lett. 2006 Apr 17;580(9):2253-7
16574105
Biochem J. 2003 Apr 15;371(Pt 2):289-99
12519075
Virology. 1985 Oct 30;146(2):292-301
2996221
Nat Rev Cancer. 2003 Jun;3(6):422-33
12778132
Int J Oncol. 2003 Aug;23(2):533-9
12851706
J Mol Med (Berl). 2007 Aug;85(8):825-36
17426950