title: The use of music intervention in healthcare research: a narrative review of the literature.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although music has been widely used in healthcare, there has been scant review of literature analyzing the use of music as an intervention in healthcare research.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this article was to provide a narrative review of the literature to explore how "music therapy" has been used in healthcare research to promote healing in adult populations. The following five questions were addressed: (a) In what populations and under what conditions has music intervention been studied? (b) What specific kinds of music have been used for study intervention? (c) How has the music intervention been operationalized? (d) What metrics have been used as outcome measures? (e) Have music interventions been effective?
  
  
  METHODS
  Articles were retrieved from several scientific databases (PubMed, CINAHL, and PsycINFO) using the following search parameters: MeSH search terms "music therapy" in the title field with the search limit to "adults 19 years and older," "humans," "clinical randomized controlled studies," and "English." A total of 33 clinical randomized controlled studies that met the search criteria were reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  (a) In the reviewed studies (studied articles), subjects with dementia were the most commonly studied population group, and the predominant aim of the study was to alleviate anxiety. (b) Employed music interventions may be categorized as one of two types: passive (receptive) and active. The passive (receptive) music intervention commonly involved subjects in a resting position listening to music, whereas the active music intervention is usually carried out in a group format in which subjects are actively involved in the music intervention. (c) Intervention frequency, dosing, and duration were highly variable across the reviewed studies. Very few studies described the intervention setting, which made evaluation of these studies difficult. Direct supervision seemed to be an influential factor for adherence. (d) Outcome measures in retrieved articles involved two types: psychological and physiological or biological. (e) The effectiveness of music intervention was reported as successful in most of the retrieved studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Much work has been done on the use of music interventions in the clinical setting. Future research should consider participant music selection preferences, and the selection of active versus passive intervention approach should be based on a clear conceptual framework. Combining both physiological and psychological measures in the study design is a recommended approach to increase measurement validity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community and Psychosocial Nursing, College of Nursing, Seattle University, WA, USA. jtang@seattleu.edu
authors.forename: Hsin-Yi Jean
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Toni
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Vezeau
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D006302:Health Services Research; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009146:Music