Systemic lupus erythematosus: from genes to organ damage.
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a disease characterized by inappropriate response to self-antigens. Genetic, environmental and hormonal factors are believed to contribute to the development of the disease. We think of SLE pathogenesis as occurring in three phases of variable duration. A series of regulatory failures during the ontogeny of the immune system lead to the emergence of auto-reactive clones and the production of auto-antibodies (phase I). As the immune response to self-antigens broadens, the auto-antibody repertoire is enriched (phase II) and clinical manifestations eventually ensue (phase III). The final result is tissue damage that if not treated will lead to the functional failure of such important organs as the kidney and brain.
Kyttaris
Vasileios C
VC
Division of Rheumatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. vkyttari@bidmc.harvard.edu
D017209:Apoptosis; D019411:Clinical Laboratory Techniques; D003165:Complement System Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D004777:Environment; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D056724:Immunity, Humoral; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D017678:Sex Distribution
D016207:Cytokines; D003165:Complement System Proteins
J Exp Med. 1998 Dec 21;188(12):2313-20
9858517
Semin Arthritis Rheum. 1996 Apr;25(5):318-36
8778988
J Immunol. 1989 Jul 1;143(1):103-12
2525144
J Exp Med. 2003 Dec 15;198(12):1863-73
14662906
J Immunol. 1983 Jun;130(6):2651-5
6222112
Arthritis Rheum. 1985 Jan;28(1):80-6
3966940
Lupus. 2008 May;17(5):426-30
18490421
Medicine (Baltimore). 2004 Jan;83(1):1-17
14747764
Rheumatology (Oxford). 2005 Aug;44(8):989-94
15870153
Autoimmun Rev. 2005 Jun;4(5):296-302
15990077
Ann Intern Med. 1995 Jul 1;123(1):42-53
7762914
Trends Immunol. 2003 May;24(5):259-63
12738420
Medicine (Baltimore). 1993 Mar;72(2):113-24
8479324
Curr Dir Autoimmun. 2004;7:87-97
14719376
J Immunol. 2005 Dec 15;175(12):8392-400
16339581
J Immunol. 2002 Nov 15;169(10):6048-55
12421992
J Exp Med. 1999 Jan 4;189(1):111-21
9874568
Arthritis Rheum. 1992 Mar;35(3):311-8
1536669
J Clin Invest. 1996 Dec 1;98(11):2549-57
8958217
Lupus. 1998;7(1):23-8
9493145
Lupus. 2002;11(12):770-3
12529036
Arthritis Rheum. 1998 May;41(5):778-99
9588729
J Exp Med. 1999 Aug 16;190(4):585-90
10449529
Clin Immunol. 2002 May;103(2):145-53
12027419
J Exp Med. 2005 Mar 7;201(5):703-11
15738055
Arthritis Rheum. 1995 Sep;38(9):1260-70
7575721
EMBO J. 1996 Sep 16;15(18):4909-18
8890164
N Engl J Med. 2005 Nov 24;353(21):2219-28
16306519
Arch Intern Med. 1990 Apr;150(4):849-53
2327845
Arthritis Rheum. 2001 May;44(5):1122-6
11352244
Arthritis Rheum. 1996 Dec;39(12):2046-51
8961910
J Immunol. 2002 May 15;168(10):5070-8
11994459
Nat Med. 2004 Apr;10(4):411-5
14991050
N Engl J Med. 2007 Sep 6;357(10):977-86
17804842
Arthritis Rheum. 1996 Apr;39(4):663-70
8630118
J Clin Invest. 1996 May 1;97(9):2063-73
8621796
Nat Genet. 2001 Aug;28(4):313-4
11479590
Arthritis Rheum. 2001 Apr;44(4):739-50
11315912
Nature. 2005 Mar 10;434(7030):243-9
15665823
Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2005 Sep;17(5):518-22
16093827
Ann Intern Med. 1995 Jun 15;122(12):940-50
7755231
Annu Rev Immunol. 2004;22:431-56
15032584
Blood. 2005 Jun 1;105(11):4390-8
15701725
Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2004 Sep;16(5):513-21
15314487
J Immunol. 2007 Feb 15;178(4):2579-88
17277168
Medicine (Baltimore). 2002 May;81(3):169-78
11997714
J Immunol. 2005 Mar 15;174(6):3518-25
15749888
Semin Arthritis Rheum. 1973;3(1):1-54
4125999
Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2004 Nov-Dec;22(6):713-21
15638045
Nat Genet. 2006 May;38(5):550-5
16642019
J Immunol. 2001 Mar 15;166(6):4216-22
11238674
Lupus. 1995 Apr;4(2):83-5
7795628
Hum Genet. 2002 Oct;111(4-5):452-5
12384790
Am J Hum Genet. 2002 Sep;71(3):543-53
12145745
J Clin Invest. 2005 Apr;115(4):996-1005
15841182
Curr Opin Rheumatol. 1999 Sep;11(5):352-6
10503654
Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2004 Oct;34(2):501-37
15505768
Am J Med. 1979 May;66(5):727-32
87128
Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2004 Oct;6(5):382-90
15355751
Hum Mol Genet. 2004 Jan 1;13(1):137-47
14645206
Arthritis Rheum. 1997 Sep;40(9):1725
9324032
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 Sep;87(18):7020-4
2144899
Arthritis Rheum. 2005 May;52(5):1491-503
15880830
N Engl J Med. 2008 Feb 28;358(9):900-9
18204098
Kidney Int. 2003 Apr;63(4):1475-82
12631364
J Immunol. 2007 Feb 1;178(3):1960-6
17237447
N Engl J Med. 2003 Oct 16;349(16):1526-33
14561795
J Clin Invest. 2005 Nov;115(11):3193-204
16224536
Arthritis Rheum. 2001 May;44(5):1114-21
11352243
J Clin Invest. 1998 Apr 1;101(7):1448-57
9525988
Am J Hum Genet. 2004 Sep;75(3):504-7
15273934
Eur J Immunol. 1994 Jan;24(1):191-5
8020556
Annu Rev Immunol. 2001;19:225-52
11244036
Arthritis Rheum. 1995 Nov;38(11):1713-4
7488298
Ann Rheum Dis. 1992 Nov;51(11):1197-201
1466595
Lupus. 2002;11(8):528-32
12220107
J Immunol. 2004 Jun 15;172(12):7821-31
15187166
Arthritis Rheum. 2000 Jan;43(1):120-8
10643707
J Immunol. 2007 Feb 1;178(3):1938-47
17237445
J Immunol. 2004 Sep 1;173(5):3557-63
15322221
Arthritis Rheum. 2001 Dec;44(12):2819-27
11762942
Lupus. 2002;11(11):722-9
12475002
J Exp Med. 2006 Sep 4;203(9):2157-64
16923849
Arthritis Rheum. 2002 Jun;46(6):1563-71
12115187
Arch Dermatol. 1990 Jan;126(1):52-5
2404463
J Immunol. 2002 Oct 15;169(8):4147-52
12370343
J Biol Chem. 2005 May 13;280(19):18959-66
15743765
Clin Immunol. 2001 Nov;101(2):130-5
11683571
J Immunol. 2003 Apr 15;170(8):4189-95
12682251
J Immunol. 2008 Dec 15;181(12):8761-6
19050297