title: Neuropsychiatric manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus: Iranian experience.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the prevalence and characteristics of different neurological and psychiatric presentations in patients admitted to hospital with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
  
  
  METHODS
  In this retrospective hospital-based study, we examined the medical records of patients with SLE who were referred to the hospitals affiliated to Shiraz University of Medical Sciences from 1995 to 2005. All patients of SLE who had clinical neurological or psychiatric features were included in this study. The patients demographic data, findings on general examination, neuropsychiatric manifestations, and the results of laboratory investigations and imaging studies were recorded. Clinical manifestations were classified according to the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) case definitions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 407 study patients, 11.3% had neuropsychiatric complications. The most frequent findings were seizure (63%), headache (60%), and decreased level of consciousness (50%). Cerebrovascular disease (28.3%), seizure disorder (26.5%), and acute confusional state (19.6%) were the most prevalent syndromes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence and nature of different neurological presentations of SLE in Iranian patients has some similarities to that seen in other populations, as well as some differences. Ethnic and environmental factors may contribute to these differences.
authors.affiliation: Transgenic Technology Research Center and Departments of Neurology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. borhanihaghighi@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Afshin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Borhani Haghighi
authors.forename: Shahab Ghasem
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Haza
references.citation: Lupus. 1993 Aug;2(4):281-3
references.pmid: 8268979
references.citation: Neurol India. 2006 Mar;54(1):75-7
references.pmid: 16679649
references.citation: Arthritis Rheum. 1992 Apr;35(4):411-6
references.pmid: 1567490
references.citation: Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol. 2005 Apr-May;45(3):145-8
references.pmid: 15981685
references.citation: Neurology. 2001 Aug 14;57(3):496-500
references.pmid: 11502919
references.citation: Lupus. 1995 Feb;4(1):67-9
references.pmid: 7767342
references.citation: Mov Disord. 2002 Nov;17(6):1329-35
references.pmid: 12465077
references.citation: Med Klin (Munich). 2002 Dec 15;97(12):730-7
references.pmid: 12491066
references.citation: Stroke. 1989 May;20(5):583-91
references.pmid: 2718197
references.citation: Br J Rheumatol. 1997 Oct;36(10):1067-74
references.pmid: 9374923
references.citation: Pediatr Neurol. 1995 Oct;13(3):191-7
references.pmid: 8554655
references.citation: Neurology. 2003 Jul 8;61(1):108-10
references.pmid: 12847168
references.citation: Curr Opin Rheumatol. 1993 Sep;5(5):575-86
references.pmid: 8398608
references.citation: Arthritis Rheum. 1999 Apr;42(4):599-608
references.pmid: 10211873
references.citation: Neurology. 2002 Apr 23;58(8):1214-20
references.pmid: 11971089
references.citation: Headache. 1990 Mar;30(4):232-5
references.pmid: 2335479
references.citation: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1999 Jul-Aug;17(4):395-8
references.pmid: 10464546
references.citation: Lupus. 2003;12(12):919-28
references.pmid: 14714912
references.citation: Arthritis Rheum. 1999 Feb;42(2):338-46
references.pmid: 10025929
references.citation: Rheumatology (Oxford). 2002 Jun;41(6):605-18
references.pmid: 12048286
references.citation: Stroke. 1990 Aug;21(8):1226-31
references.pmid: 2389304
references.citation: Neurology. 1992 Sep;42(9):1649-57
references.pmid: 1513450
references.citation: Lupus. 2006;15(4):191-7
references.pmid: 16686257
references.citation: Eur Neurol. 1984;23(4):278-90
references.pmid: 6489390
references.citation: J Rheumatol. 1992 Jan;19(1):47-52
references.pmid: 1556699
references.citation: Am J Med Sci. 2006 Jan;331(1):4-9
references.pmid: 16415656
references.citation: Lupus. 2004;13(3):149-58
references.pmid: 15119542
references.citation: Clin Rheumatol. 2006 Nov;25(6):850-3
references.pmid: 16437362
references.citation: Am J Med. 2005 Dec;118(12):1415
references.pmid: 16378793
references.citation: Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2005 Oct;59(5):584-9
references.pmid: 16194262
references.citation: Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol. 2002 Sep;20(3):179-85
references.pmid: 12587842