title: Reproductive factors and exogenous hormone use in relation to risk of glioma and meningioma in a large European cohort study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The etiologies of glioma and meningioma tumors are largely unknown. Although reproductive hormones are thought to influence the risk of these tumors, epidemiologic data are not supportive of this hypothesis; however, few cohort studies have published on this topic. We examined the relation between reproductive factors and the risk of glioma and meningioma among women in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC).
  
  
  METHODS
  After a mean of 8.4 years of follow-up, 193 glioma and 194 meningioma cases were identified among 276,212 women. Information on reproductive factors and hormone use was collected at baseline. Cox proportional hazard regression was used to determine hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  No associations were observed between glioma or meningioma risk and reproductive factors, including age at menarche, parity, age at first birth, menopausal status, and age at menopause. A higher risk of meningioma was observed among postmenopausal women who were current users of hormone replacement therapy (HR, 1.79; 95% CI, 1.18-2.71) compared with never users. Similarly, current users of oral contraceptives were at higher risk of meningioma than never users (HR, 3.61; 95% CI, 1.75-7.46).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results do not support a role for estrogens and glioma risk. Use of exogenous hormones, especially current use, seems to increase meningioma risk. However, these findings could be due to diagnostic bias and require confirmation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Elucidating the role of hormones in brain tumor development has important implications and needs to be further examined using biological measurements.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom. Dominique_Michaud@brown.edu
authors.forename: Dominique S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Michaud
authors.forename: Valentina
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gallo
authors.forename: Brigitte
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schlehofer
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tjønneland
authors.forename: Anja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Olsen
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Overvad
authors.forename: Christina C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Dahm
authors.forename: Rudolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kaaks
authors.forename: Annekatrin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lukanova
authors.forename: Heiner
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Boeing
authors.forename: Madlen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schütze
authors.forename: Antonia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Trichopoulou
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bamia
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kyrozis
authors.forename: Carlotta
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sacerdote
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Agnoli
authors.forename: Domenico
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Palli
authors.forename: Rosario
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tumino
authors.forename: Amalia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mattiello
authors.forename: H Bas
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Bueno-de-Mesquita
authors.forename: Martine M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Ros
authors.forename: Petra H M
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Peeters
authors.forename: Carla H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: van Gils
authors.forename: Eiliv
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lund
authors.forename: Kjersti
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bakken
authors.forename: Inger T
authors.initials: IT
authors.lastname: Gram
authors.forename: Aurelio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Barricarte
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Navarro
authors.forename: Miren
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dorronsoro
authors.forename: Maria José
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Sánchez
authors.forename: Laudina
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rodríguez
authors.forename: Eric J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Duell
authors.forename: Göran
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hallmans
authors.forename: Beatrice S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Melin
authors.forename: Jonas
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Manjer
authors.forename: Signe
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Borgquist
authors.forename: Kay-Tee
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Khaw
authors.forename: Nick
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wareham
authors.forename: Naomi E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: Konstantinos K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Tsilidis
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Romieu
authors.forename: Sabina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rinaldi
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vineis
authors.forename: Elio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Riboli
mesh_terms: D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003276:Contraceptives, Oral / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005910:Glioma / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism; D020249:Hormone Replacement Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008577:Meningeal Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism; D008579:Meningioma / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism; D008875:Middle Aged; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D017584:Reproductive History
chemical_list: D003276:Contraceptives, Oral
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