title: Patient-to-patient transmission of hepatitis C virus (HCV) during colonoscopy diagnosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  No recognized risk factors can be identified in 10-40% of hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected patients suggesting that the modes of transmission involved could be underestimated or unidentified. Invasive diagnostic procedures, such as endoscopy, have been considered as a potential HCV transmission route; although the actual extent of transmission in endoscopy procedures remains controversial. Most reported HCV outbreaks related to nosocomial acquisition have been attributed to unsafe injection practices and use of multi-dose vials. Only a few cases of likely patient-to-patient HCV transmission via a contaminated colonoscope have been reported to date. Nosocomial HCV infection may have important medical and legal implications and, therefore, possible transmission routes should be investigated. In this study, a case of nosocomial transmission of HCV from a common source to two patients who underwent colonoscopy in an endoscopy unit is reported.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A retrospective epidemiological search after detection of index cases revealed several potentially infective procedures: sample blood collection, use of a peripheral catheter, anesthesia and colonoscopy procedures. The epidemiological investigation showed breaches in colonoscope reprocessing and deficiencies in the recording of valuable tracing data. Direct sequences from the NS5B region were obtained to determine the extent of the outbreak and cloned sequences from the E1-E2 region were used to establish the relationships among intrapatient viral populations. Phylogenetic analyses of individual sequences from viral populations infecting the three patients involved in the outbreak confirmed the patient pointed out by the epidemiological search as the source of the outbreak. Furthermore, the sequential order in which the patients underwent colonoscopy correlates with viral genetic variability estimates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patient-to-patient transmission of HCV could be demonstrated although the precise route of transmission remained unclear. Viral genetic variability is proposed as a useful tool for tracing HCV transmission, especially in recent transmissions.
authors.affiliation: Centre Superior d'Investigació en Salut Pública (CSISP), Area de Genòmica i Salut, Conselleria de Sanitat, Generalitat Valenciana, València, Spain.
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: González-Candelas
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Guiral
authors.forename: Rosa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Carbó
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Valero
authors.forename: Hermelinda
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Vanaclocha
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: González
authors.forename: Maria Alma
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Bracho
mesh_terms: D003113:Colonoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission*; D018562:Disease Transmission, Infectious; D016174:Hepacivirus / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission*; D006801:Humans; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D017361:Viral Nonstructural Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D012324:RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase
chemical_list: D012367:RNA, Viral; D017361:Viral Nonstructural Proteins; C087036:NS-5 protein, hepatitis C virus; D012324:RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase
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