title: 'Hands on, Hands off': a model of clinical supervision that recognises trainees' need for support and independence.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This article presents a study of junior doctor supervision at a rural hospital. The objective of the present study was to gain insight into the types of supervision events experienced, the quality of supervisory relationships, the frequencies of supervision contact in a rural hospital setting, and the implications of these factors for supervision practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cohort of junior doctors was asked to provide in-depth information about their interactions with their supervisors and other relevant clinical colleagues. The information was filled in on diary sheets to capture the nature, focus and quality of the cohort's supervision experiences over 2 weeks. The information also covered frequency and types of supervisory contacts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The quantitative data reveals that supervisory events occur predominantly as part of ongoing patient care and rarely off-line as part of targeted supervisory practice. The qualitative data analysis reveals that junior doctors value supervisory support of two kinds: assistance from more senior clinicians who are expert in areas where trainees need help, and trust to act independently, without being abandoned.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Supervision must be both structured and dynamic. Besides providing a regular forum for discussion and reflection, supervision must accommodate the variable needs of individual junior doctors and navigate between being hands-on and hands-off. Such dynamic approach is necessary to reassure junior doctors they are in a 'zone of safe learning' where they can act with adequate and flexible support and negotiate changes in supervisory attention.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Health Communication, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia. r.iedema@uts.edu.au
authors.forename: Rick
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Iedema
authors.forename: Suzanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Brownhill
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Haines
authors.forename: Bill
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lancashire
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shaw
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Street
mesh_terms: D030881:Disclosure; D006780:Hospitals, Rural; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency / Q000458:organization & administration*; D007400:Interprofessional Relations; D009517:New South Wales