title: From structure to function: the ecology of host-associated microbial communities.
abstract: In the past several years, we have witnessed an increased interest in understanding the structure and function of the indigenous microbiota that inhabits the human body. It is hoped that this will yield novel insight into the role of these complex microbial communities in human health and disease. What is less appreciated is that this recent activity owes a great deal to the pioneering efforts of microbial ecologists who have been studying communities in non-host-associated environments. Interactions between environmental microbiologists and human microbiota researchers have already contributed to advances in our understanding of the human microbiome. We review the work that has led to these recent advances and illustrate some of the possible future directions for continued collaboration between these groups of researchers. We discuss how the application of ecological theory to the human-associated microbiota can lead us past descriptions of community structure and toward an understanding of the functions of the human microbiota. Such an approach may lead to a shift in the prevention and treatment of human diseases that involves conservation or restoration of the normal community structure and function of the host-associated microbiota.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Michigan, 4618D Medical Sciences II, 1150 W. Medical Center Dr., Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5623, USA.
authors.forename: Courtney J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: Brendan J M
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Bohannan
authors.forename: Vincent B
authors.initials: VB
authors.lastname: Young
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000378:metabolism; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D006801:Humans; D054892:Metagenome / Q000502:physiology*
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2003 Nov;69(11):6816-24
references.pmid: 14602645
references.citation: J Bacteriol. 1988 Feb;170(2):720-6
references.pmid: 2448289
references.citation: Nature. 2008 Oct 9;455(7214):804-7
references.pmid: 18724361
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 2001 Feb;73(2 Suppl):361S-364S
references.pmid: 11157342
references.citation: PLoS One. 2008 May 14;3(5):e2193
references.pmid: 18478107
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 1985 Jun;49(6):1379-84
references.pmid: 2409920
references.citation: Eur J Oral Sci. 1998 Apr;106(2 Pt 1):616-22
references.pmid: 9584907
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 1987 Jan;53(1):22-6
references.pmid: 3030194
references.citation: PLoS One. 2008 Mar 19;3(3):e1805
references.pmid: 18350144
references.citation: PLoS Genet. 2008 Nov;4(11):e1000255
references.pmid: 19023400
references.citation: Am J Gastroenterol. 2006 Jul;101(7):1581-90
references.pmid: 16863564
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 1972 Dec;25(12):1475-9
references.pmid: 4346128
references.citation: J Bacteriol. 2001 Jun;183(12):3770-83
references.pmid: 11371542
references.citation: ISME J. 2007 May;1(1):38-47
references.pmid: 18043612
references.citation: J Clin Microbiol. 2009 Apr;47(4):1181-9
references.pmid: 19158255
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2007 Nov;73(22):7169-76
references.pmid: 17827330
references.citation: FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2004 Jun 1;235(1):139-46
references.pmid: 15158273
references.citation: Anaerobe. 1998 Jun;4(3):153-63
references.pmid: 16887636
references.citation: ISME J. 2010 Jul;4(7):839-51
references.pmid: 20182526
references.citation: Environ Microbiol. 2006 Jul;8(7):1137-44
references.pmid: 16817922
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2002 Dec;68(12):5918-24
references.pmid: 12450811
references.citation: FEMS Microbiol Ecol. 2004 Jun 1;48(3):437-46
references.pmid: 19712312
references.citation: BMC Evol Biol. 2009 Jul 09;9:158
references.pmid: 19586555
references.citation: Mol Ecol. 2009 Jan;18(2):332-42
references.pmid: 19192183
references.citation: Am Nat. 1998 Mar;151(3):277-82
references.pmid: 18811358
references.citation: Microb Ecol. 2006 Oct;52(3):378-88
references.pmid: 16767520
references.citation: Ecology. 2006 Oct;87(10):2614-25
references.pmid: 17089669
references.citation: Nature. 2000 Feb 10;403(6770):646-9
references.pmid: 10688198
references.citation: Nature. 2007 Oct 18;449(7164):811-8
references.pmid: 17943117
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2006 Jan;72(1):575-84
references.pmid: 16391094
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2009 Jun;75(12):4175-84
references.pmid: 19411417
references.citation: Infect Immun. 2001 Jun;69(6):3611-7
references.pmid: 11349021
references.citation: Appl Microbiol. 1975 Sep;30(3):381-5
references.pmid: 810086
references.citation: Trends Microbiol. 2004 Sep;12(9):412-6
references.pmid: 15337162
references.citation: Lancet Infect Dis. 2001 Sep;1(2):101-14
references.pmid: 11871461
references.citation: J Appl Microbiol. 2007 Apr;102(4):1138-49
references.pmid: 17381758
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2001 Oct;67(10):4399-406
references.pmid: 11571135
references.citation: Nature. 2006 Dec 21;444(7122):1027-31
references.pmid: 17183312
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2005 Dec;71(12):8802-10
references.pmid: 16332876
references.citation: Trends Ecol Evol. 2006 Sep;21(9):517-23
references.pmid: 16820245
references.citation: Environ Microbiol. 2005 Mar;7(3):301-13
references.pmid: 15683391
references.citation: Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2008 Aug;10(4):379-84
references.pmid: 18627649
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 1996 Oct;62(10):3620-31
references.pmid: 8837417
references.citation: J Pediatr. 1999 Nov;135(5):564-8
references.pmid: 10547243
references.citation: J Appl Bacteriol. 1989 May;66(5):365-78
references.pmid: 2666378
references.citation: Science. 2009 May 29;324(5931):1190-2
references.pmid: 19478181
references.citation: Science. 2008 Jun 20;320(5883):1647-51
references.pmid: 18497261
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Aug 12;105 Suppl 1:11512-9
references.pmid: 18695234
references.citation: Environ Entomol. 2009 Jun;38(3):686-99
references.pmid: 19508777
references.citation: Arch Oral Biol. 2005 Sep;50(9):779-87
references.pmid: 15970209
references.citation: Ecol Lett. 2007 Oct;10(10):917-25
references.pmid: 17845292
references.citation: J Hyg (Lond). 1971 Sep;69(3):405-11
references.pmid: 4999450
references.citation: Nutr Rev. 1992 Dec;50(12):438-46
references.pmid: 1488186
references.citation: Annu Rev Microbiol. 1985;39:321-46
references.pmid: 3904603
references.citation: Nat Rev Microbiol. 2005 Jun;3(6):499-504
references.pmid: 15886694
references.citation: Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2007 Dec;71(4):653-70
references.pmid: 18063722
references.citation: J Clin Microbiol. 2005 Jul;43(7):3059-65
references.pmid: 16000416
references.citation: J Nutr. 1997 Jan;127(1):130-6
references.pmid: 9040556
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2009 Dec;75(23):7537-41
references.pmid: 19801464
references.citation: Science. 1989 Mar 10;243(4896):1360-3
references.pmid: 2466341
references.citation: Science. 1999 Jan 29;283(5402):686-9
references.pmid: 9924028
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 1990 Jun;56(6):1919-25
references.pmid: 2200342
references.citation: Science. 2004 Nov 12;306(5699):1186-8
references.pmid: 15539604
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2007 Mar;73(6):1984-91
references.pmid: 17277211
references.citation: Lancet. 2003 Feb 8;361(9356):512-9
references.pmid: 12583961
references.citation: Poult Sci. 2008 Apr;87(4):606-11
references.pmid: 18339979
references.citation: Environ Microbiol. 2008 Oct;10(10):2692-703
references.pmid: 18643843
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Nov 2;101(44):15718-23
references.pmid: 15505215
references.citation: J Clin Microbiol. 2009 Dec;47(12):4067-77
references.pmid: 19794034
references.citation: Environ Pollut. 2006 Sep;143(1):129-37
references.pmid: 16413090
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2000 Aug;66(8):3290-6
references.pmid: 10919783
references.citation: Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis. 2008;2008:125081
references.pmid: 19277109
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2008 Apr;74(8):2554-7
references.pmid: 18310431
references.citation: J Med Microbiol. 2007 Oct;56(Pt 10):1370-1376
references.pmid: 17893176
references.citation: ISME J. 2009 Feb;3(2):243-51
references.pmid: 18843302
references.citation: APMIS. 2002 Nov;110(11):802-10
references.pmid: 12588421
references.citation: Infect Immun. 2009 Jun;77(6):2367-75
references.pmid: 19307217
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2008 Aug;74(15):4898-909
references.pmid: 18487399
references.citation: Poult Sci. 2007 Feb;86(2):309-17
references.pmid: 17234844
references.citation: ISME J. 2007 Jun;1(2):121-33
references.pmid: 18043622
references.citation: J Appl Microbiol. 2009 Aug;107(2):682-90
references.pmid: 19486429
references.citation: J Clin Microbiol. 2007 Mar;45(3):1016-8
references.pmid: 17202272
references.citation: Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2007 Jun;21(3):347-54
references.pmid: 17215167
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 1991 Sep;57(9):2767-70
references.pmid: 1768151
references.citation: J Dent Res. 2008 Nov;87(11):1016-20
references.pmid: 18946007
references.citation: Am Nat. 2009 Nov;174(5):651-9
references.pmid: 19775227
references.citation: Ecol Lett. 1999 Sep;2(5):286-293
references.pmid: 33810630
references.citation: Science. 1993 Jul 16;261(5119):310-5
references.pmid: 11536548
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2005 May;71(5):2267-77
references.pmid: 15870311
references.citation: PLoS Biol. 2007 Jul;5(7):e177
references.pmid: 17594176
references.citation: Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2007 Aug;51(8):2674-8
references.pmid: 17562807
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2003 Oct;69(10):6007-17
references.pmid: 14532056
references.citation: Poult Sci. 2003 Apr;82(4):627-31
references.pmid: 12710484
references.citation: PLoS Biol. 2008 Nov 18;6(11):e280
references.pmid: 19018661
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2009 May;75(10):3250-7
references.pmid: 19286780
references.citation: Curr Opin Microbiol. 2003 Jun;6(3):282-7
references.pmid: 12831905
references.citation: ISME J. 2010 Jun;4(6):719-28
references.pmid: 20164863
references.citation: Nature. 2004 Oct 14;431(7010):841-4
references.pmid: 15483611
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2006 May;72(5):3685-95
references.pmid: 16672518
references.citation: J Clin Microbiol. 1991 Feb;29(2):297-301
references.pmid: 1706728
references.citation: Annu Rev Genet. 2004;38:525-52
references.pmid: 15568985
references.citation: Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet. 2008;9:387-402
references.pmid: 18576944
references.citation: J Ind Microbiol. 1995 Sep;15(3):169-75
references.pmid: 8519474
references.citation: J Clin Microbiol. 1998 Mar;36(3):641-7
references.pmid: 9508288
references.citation: Curr Opin Microbiol. 1999 Jun;2(3):317-22
references.pmid: 10383868
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 1994 Jun;60(6):2023-30
references.pmid: 8031096
references.citation: Ann Bot. 2009 Apr;103(6):913-21
references.pmid: 19168861
references.citation: Microb Ecol. 2009 Jul;58(1):199-211
references.pmid: 19277770
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2006 Jul;72(7):5069-72
references.pmid: 16820507
references.citation: J Microbiol. 2005 Aug;43(4):345-53
references.pmid: 16145549
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 1990 Mar;56(3):713-8
references.pmid: 16348145
references.citation: Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005 Jan;49(1):457-60
references.pmid: 15616336
references.citation: Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2008 Nov;14(11):1585-96
references.pmid: 18623173
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2004 May;70(5):2692-701
references.pmid: 15128520
references.citation: Chemosphere. 2006 Oct;65(5):725-59
references.pmid: 16677683
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2005 Oct;71(10):5865-72
references.pmid: 16204498
references.citation: BMC Genomics. 2006 Mar 20;7:57
references.pmid: 16549033
references.citation: Br J Sports Med. 2010 Mar;44(4):222-6
references.pmid: 18272539
references.citation: FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2007 Jun;271(2):147-61
references.pmid: 17490428
references.citation: Int J Food Microbiol. 2008 Jul 31;125(3):286-92
references.pmid: 18524406
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2004 Jan;70(1):293-300
references.pmid: 14711655
references.citation: Nature. 2008 Oct 23;455(7216):1109-13
references.pmid: 18806780
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2005 Nov;71(11):6590-9
references.pmid: 16269686
references.citation: J Med Microbiol. 2008 Dec;57(Pt 12):1560-1568
references.pmid: 19018030
references.citation: J Nutr. 2000 May;130(5):1197-9
references.pmid: 10801918
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2007 Mar;73(6):1858-63
references.pmid: 17261517
references.citation: Adv Exp Med Biol. 2008;635:113-34
references.pmid: 18841708
references.citation: Science. 1984 Apr 27;224(4647):409-11
references.pmid: 17741220
references.citation: Gut. 2006 Mar;55(3):348-55
references.pmid: 16162680
references.citation: Microb Ecol. 2006 Nov;52(4):725-37
references.pmid: 17075733
references.citation: J Nutr. 2008 Dec;138(12):2348-55
references.pmid: 19022956
references.citation: Anaerobe. 2010 Apr;16(2):94-100
references.pmid: 19615457
references.citation: Lab Anim. 2009 Oct;43(4):362-70
references.pmid: 19535393
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 2009 May;119(5):1241-50
references.pmid: 19349688
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Jan 17;103(3):732-7
references.pmid: 16407106
references.citation: Gastroenterology. 2009 Nov;137(5):1716-24.e1-2
references.pmid: 19706296
references.citation: J Dent Res. 2010 Jan;89(1):8-18
references.pmid: 19918089
references.citation: Nat Biotechnol. 2008 Oct;26(10):1135-45
references.pmid: 18846087
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2005 Jun;71(6):2880-7
references.pmid: 15932981
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2007 Nov;73(21):6776-89
references.pmid: 17827310
references.citation: Oecologia. 2004 Jan;138(2):285-92
references.pmid: 14595554
references.citation: Microbes Infect. 2006 May;8(6):1450-4
references.pmid: 16697231
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2006 Apr;72(4):2815-23
references.pmid: 16597987
references.citation: Environ Microbiol. 2009 Apr;11(4):914-26
references.pmid: 19128319
references.citation: Poult Sci. 2004 Jul;83(7):1093-8
references.pmid: 15285498
references.citation: Nucleic Acids Res. 2007;35(21):7188-96
references.pmid: 17947321
references.citation: Genome Biol. 2007;8(6):217
references.pmid: 17601355
references.citation: J Nutr. 2004 Sep;134(9):2359-64
references.pmid: 15333729
references.citation: Ecol Lett. 2007 Nov;10(11):1037-45
references.pmid: 17803677
references.citation: FEMS Microbiol Ecol. 2007 Apr;60(1):126-35
references.pmid: 17313661
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2003 Nov;69(11):6659-68
references.pmid: 14602626
references.citation: Am J Gastroenterol. 2009 Feb;104(2):437-43
references.pmid: 19174792
references.citation: Infection. 1993 Jul-Aug;21(4):201-5
references.pmid: 8225621
references.citation: Ecology. 2006 Jul;87(7 Suppl):S100-8
references.pmid: 16922306
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Nov 26;99(24):15451-5
references.pmid: 12432102
references.citation: J Med Microbiol. 1991 Jul;35(1):5-11
references.pmid: 2072378
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Aug 12;105 Suppl 1:11505-11
references.pmid: 18695215
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2009 Jan;75(1):234-41
references.pmid: 18997025
references.citation: Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1994 Mar;38(3):409-14
references.pmid: 8203832
references.citation: Clin Infect Dis. 1992 Oct;15(4):573-81
references.pmid: 1420669
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Aug 8;103(32):12115-20
references.pmid: 16880384
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2005 Feb;71(2):867-75
references.pmid: 15691942
references.citation: Ecology. 2008 Feb;89(2):522-31
references.pmid: 18409441
references.citation: Nat Rev Microbiol. 2006 Feb;4(2):102-12
references.pmid: 16415926
references.citation: Infect Immun. 2001 Sep;69(9):5794-804
references.pmid: 11500457
references.citation: Nature. 2000 May 11;405(6783):228-33
references.pmid: 10821283
references.citation: Infect Immun. 2009 Jul;77(7):2691-702
references.pmid: 19433544
references.citation: Am J Pathol. 1963 Apr;42:471-83
references.pmid: 13966929
references.citation: PLoS One. 2008 Jul 30;3(7):e2836
references.pmid: 18665274
references.citation: Microb Ecol. 2010 Feb;59(2):199-211
references.pmid: 19924467
references.citation: Environ Microbiol. 2005 Nov;7(11):1809-17
references.pmid: 16232295
references.citation: Food Microbiol. 2006 Aug;23(5):498-503
references.pmid: 16943043
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2002 Jan;68(1):219-26
references.pmid: 11772630
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 1997 Nov;63(11):4516-22
references.pmid: 9361437
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 Mar 15;108 Suppl 1:4680-7
references.pmid: 20534435
references.citation: Am Nat. 2000 Nov;156(5):534-552
references.pmid: 29587515
references.citation: Science. 1980 Jul 25;209(4455):457-63
references.pmid: 6771870
references.citation: Annu Rev Microbiol. 2008;62:375-401
references.pmid: 18544040
references.citation: Infection. 1988;16(6):329-36
references.pmid: 3146551
references.citation: Nature. 2009 Jan 22;457(7228):480-4
references.pmid: 19043404
references.citation: J Appl Microbiol. 2009 Nov;107(5):1642-50
references.pmid: 19457023
references.citation: Genome Biol Evol. 2010 Jan 06;2:53-66
references.pmid: 20333224
references.citation: Gut. 2006 Feb;55(2):205-11
references.pmid: 16188921
references.citation: FEMS Microbiol Ecol. 2007 Nov;62(2):142-60
references.pmid: 17892477
references.citation: J Appl Microbiol. 2003;95(3):508-20
references.pmid: 12911699
references.citation: Annu Rev Microbiol. 1986;40:337-65
references.pmid: 2430518
references.citation: Curr Biol. 2007 Feb 20;17(4):R115-9
references.pmid: 17307040
references.citation: Science. 2008 Feb 8;319(5864):777-82
references.pmid: 18218863
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2009 Aug;75(16):5227-36
references.pmid: 19561178
references.citation: Nature. 2007 Nov 22;450(7169):560-5
references.pmid: 18033299
references.citation: ISME J. 2009 Jan;3(1):47-64
references.pmid: 18769457
references.citation: J Nutr. 1995 Jun;125(6):1401-12
references.pmid: 7782892
references.citation: J Clin Pathol. 2009 Mar;62(3):264-9
references.pmid: 18996905
references.citation: Environ Entomol. 2008 Oct;37(5):1344-53
references.pmid: 19036215
references.citation: PLoS One. 2009 Dec 14;4(12):e8230
references.pmid: 20011594
references.citation: Environ Microbiol. 2006 Feb;8(2):247-57
references.pmid: 16423013
references.citation: Microb Ecol. 2006 Feb;51(2):137-46
references.pmid: 16435168
references.citation: PLoS One. 2010 May 17;5(5):e10598
references.pmid: 20498722
references.citation: Annu Rev Microbiol. 1977;31:107-33
references.pmid: 334036
references.citation: Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2002 Sep;66(3):486-505, table of contents
references.pmid: 12209001
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Feb 10;106(6):1948-53
references.pmid: 19181843
references.citation: Am Nat. 2004 Dec;164(6):709-721
references.pmid: 29641929
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 1977 Nov;30(11):1781-92
references.pmid: 920638
references.citation: J Immunol. 2009 Mar 1;182(5):3047-54
references.pmid: 19234201
references.citation: Environ Microbiol. 2009 Jul;11(7):1736-51
references.pmid: 19508560
references.citation: Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc. 2007 Aug;82(3):425-54
references.pmid: 17624962
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 1998 Feb;64(2):752-5
references.pmid: 16349506
references.citation: Microbiol Rev. 1987 Jun;51(2):221-71
references.pmid: 2439888
references.citation: Environ Microbiol. 2005 Jul;7(7):916-32
references.pmid: 15946289
references.citation: Br J Nutr. 2002 Sep;88 Suppl 1:S39-49
references.pmid: 12215180
references.citation: Vet Microbiol. 2009 Jun 12;137(3-4):345-53
references.pmid: 19269115
references.citation: Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1995 Feb;14(2):107-11
references.pmid: 7746691
references.citation: Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2005 Sep;193(3 Pt 1):682-92
references.pmid: 16150261
references.citation: Mol Carcinog. 2007 Jan;46(1):42-8
references.pmid: 16929480
references.citation: Obstet Gynecol. 2007 Jan;109(1):114-20
references.pmid: 17197596
references.citation: J Exp Med. 1965 Jul 1;122:59-66
references.pmid: 14325473
references.citation: Science. 2007 Jul 6;317(5834):58-62
references.pmid: 17615333
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2004 Oct;70(10):6113-22
references.pmid: 15466557
references.citation: Microb Ecol. 2009 Apr;57(3):542-9
references.pmid: 18758845
references.citation: Ecol Lett. 2008 Apr;11(4):338-47
references.pmid: 18190524
references.citation: Poult Sci. 2008 Jul;87(7):1415-27
references.pmid: 18577625
references.citation: ISME J. 2008 Nov;2(11):1101-11
references.pmid: 18650927
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Aug 2;102(31):11070-5
references.pmid: 16033867
references.citation: Gastroenterology. 2008 Feb;134(2):577-94
references.pmid: 18242222
references.citation: Cell. 2004 Jul 23;118(2):229-41
references.pmid: 15260992
references.citation: Gut. 2004 Nov;53(11):1610-6
references.pmid: 15479681
references.citation: Nature. 2007 Oct 18;449(7164):804-10
references.pmid: 17943116
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2009 Sep;75(17):5489-95
references.pmid: 19617391
references.citation: Infect Immun. 2005 Oct;73(10):6952-61
references.pmid: 16177375
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 1986 Oct;52(4):623-30
references.pmid: 16347157
references.citation: Microbiol Immunol. 2000;44(8):643-52
references.pmid: 11021394
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 May 31;102(22):7952-7
references.pmid: 15911771
references.citation: J Bacteriol. 1941 Dec;42(6):757-90
references.pmid: 16560484
references.citation: Environ Microbiol. 2009 Sep;11(9):2463-72
references.pmid: 19558514
references.citation: J Trop Pediatr. 1996 Jun;42(3):162-5
references.pmid: 8699584
references.citation: Nat Rev Microbiol. 2007 May;5(5):384-92
references.pmid: 17435792
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 1999 Aug;65(8):3697-704
references.pmid: 10427068
references.citation: J Clin Microbiol. 2005 Nov;43(11):5588-92
references.pmid: 16272491
references.citation: Environ Microbiol. 2010 Feb;12(2):401-11
references.pmid: 19840104
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Dec;80(6):1658-64
references.pmid: 15585783
references.citation: PLoS One. 2008 Feb 27;3(2):e1584
references.pmid: 18301735
references.citation: Chem Biol. 1998 Oct;5(10):R245-9
references.pmid: 9818143
references.citation: J Nutr. 2004 Feb;134(2):473-8
references.pmid: 14747691
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2009 Jul;75(13):4565-72
references.pmid: 19429553
references.citation: NMR Biomed. 2010 Jan;23(1):2-12
references.pmid: 19593762
references.citation: J Bacteriol. 2009 Nov;191(22):6804-11
references.pmid: 19749049
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Feb 12;105(6):2193-7
references.pmid: 18268332
references.citation: Trends Microbiol. 2008 Jul;16(7):345-52
references.pmid: 18513972
references.citation: Clin Infect Dis. 2008 Jul 1;47(1):44-6
references.pmid: 18513145
references.citation: BMC Microbiol. 2009 Dec 15;9:259
references.pmid: 20003481
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2002 Oct;68(10):4986-95
references.pmid: 12324348
references.citation: J Clin Microbiol. 2004 Mar;42(3):1203-6
references.pmid: 15004076
references.citation: Gut. 2004 Nov;53(11):1617-23
references.pmid: 15479682
references.citation: J Bacteriol. 1991 Jul;173(14):4371-8
references.pmid: 2066334
references.citation: Science. 2009 Dec 18;326(5960):1694-7
references.pmid: 19892944
references.citation: Br J Nutr. 1999 Nov;82(5):375-82
references.pmid: 10673910
references.citation: ISME J. 2007 May;1(1):56-66
references.pmid: 18043614
references.citation: Trends Ecol Evol. 2006 Sep;21(9):501-7
references.pmid: 16815589
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Jan 26;107(4):1443-6
references.pmid: 20080690
references.citation: Cell. 2006 Feb 24;124(4):837-48
references.pmid: 16497592
references.citation: Microbes Infect. 2000 Apr;2(5):543-6
references.pmid: 10865199
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2003 Oct;69(10):6018-24
references.pmid: 14532057
references.citation: J Immunol. 1997 Aug 15;159(4):1739-45
references.pmid: 9257835
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Aug 21;104(34):13780-5
references.pmid: 17699621
references.citation: Nucleic Acids Res. 2009 Jan;37(Database issue):D141-5
references.pmid: 19004872
references.citation: J Antimicrob Chemother. 1992 Nov;30(5):685-91
references.pmid: 1493984
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2009 Aug;75(16):5345-55
references.pmid: 19542347
references.citation: Science. 2000 Sep 15;289(5486):1902-6
references.pmid: 10988064
references.citation: Gastroenterology. 2003 May;124(5):1202-9
references.pmid: 12730861
references.citation: FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2008 Aug;285(1):58-64
references.pmid: 18503543
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 1998 Oct;64(10):3854-9
references.pmid: 9758810
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2000 Sep;66(9):4058-67
references.pmid: 10966429
references.citation: Microbiology (Reading). 2006 Jun;152(Pt 6):1819-1826
references.pmid: 16735744
references.citation: Poult Sci. 2000 Sep;79(9):1311-9
references.pmid: 11020077
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2007 Jun;73(11):3669-76
references.pmid: 17435000
references.citation: J Bacteriol. 1996 Feb;178(3):591-9
references.pmid: 8550487
references.citation: Gastroenterology. 1995 Jun;108(6):1617-21
references.pmid: 7768364
references.citation: BMC Plant Biol. 2006 Aug 25;6:17
references.pmid: 16934154
references.citation: Mol Syst Biol. 2007;3:112
references.pmid: 17515922
references.citation: Nat Methods. 2010 May;7(5):335-6
references.pmid: 20383131
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 1999 May;69(5):1035S-1045S
references.pmid: 10232646
references.citation: J Med Microbiol. 1982 May;15(2):189-203
references.pmid: 7143428
references.citation: J Clin Microbiol. 2006 Nov;44(11):3980-8
references.pmid: 16988018
references.citation: Microb Ecol. 2000 Aug;40(2):125-138
references.pmid: 11029081
references.citation: ISME J. 2007 Aug;1(4):283-90
references.pmid: 18043639
references.citation: J Nutr. 2007 Nov;137(11 Suppl):2503S-2506S
references.pmid: 17951493
references.citation: FASEB J. 2008 Jul;22(7):2416-26
references.pmid: 18326786
references.citation: Environ Microbiol. 2006 Apr;8(4):732-40
references.pmid: 16584484
references.citation: Genome Res. 2009 Apr;19(4):636-43
references.pmid: 19251737
references.citation: Am J Med. 1983 Jan;74(1):14-22
references.pmid: 6600371
references.citation: Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis. 2008;2008:750479
references.pmid: 19282975
references.citation: Gastroenterology. 2000 Aug;119(2):305-9
references.pmid: 10930365
references.citation: Nature. 2006 Jun 1;441(7093):629-32
references.pmid: 16738658
references.citation: Trends Microbiol. 2006 Feb;14(2):86-91
references.pmid: 16406528
references.citation: Science. 2006 Aug 25;313(5790):1126-30
references.pmid: 16931762
references.citation: Pediatrics. 2006 Aug;118(2):511-21
references.pmid: 16882802
references.citation: Ecol Lett. 2009 Jul;12(7):693-715
references.pmid: 19473217
references.citation: PLoS Comput Biol. 2010 Jul 08;6(7):e1000844
references.pmid: 20628621
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2009 Aug;75(15):4927-35
references.pmid: 19502447
references.citation: Nat Med. 2009 Sep;15(9):1016-22
references.pmid: 19701202
references.citation: Pediatr Nephrol. 1993 Oct;7(5):509-14
references.pmid: 8251310
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Dec 24;99(26):17020-4
references.pmid: 12471157
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2006 Oct;72(10):6780-8
references.pmid: 17021231
references.citation: J Med Microbiol. 2005 Nov;54(Pt 11):1093-1101
references.pmid: 16192442
references.citation: J Med Microbiol. 2002 May;51(5):448-454
references.pmid: 11990498
references.citation: Science. 2005 Jun 10;308(5728):1635-8
references.pmid: 15831718
references.citation: Nat Immunol. 2010 Jan;11(1):76-83
references.pmid: 19855381
references.citation: Trends Microbiol. 2004 Mar;12(3):129-34
references.pmid: 15001189
references.citation: Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2006 Nov 29;361(1475):2023-37
references.pmid: 17028084
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Mar 30;107(13):5881-6
references.pmid: 20231463
references.citation: J Anim Sci. 2003 Dec;81(12):3035-45
references.pmid: 14677859
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Mar 23;101(12):4250-5
references.pmid: 15016918
references.citation: Gut. 2001 Feb;48(2):198-205
references.pmid: 11156640
references.citation: Science. 2006 Jun 2;312(5778):1355-9
references.pmid: 16741115
references.citation: Microbiol Rev. 1995 Mar;59(1):143-69
references.pmid: 7535888
references.citation: Br J Nutr. 2009 Oct;102(8):1154-60
references.pmid: 19445821
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 1997 May;65(5):1397-402
references.pmid: 9129468
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 1972 Dec;25(12):1292-4
references.pmid: 4639749
references.citation: Environ Microbiol. 2007 Mar;9(3):576-83
references.pmid: 17298358
references.citation: Nature. 1990 May 3;345(6270):60-3
references.pmid: 2330053
references.citation: Science. 1995 Jul 7;269(5220):63-6
references.pmid: 17787706