title: Meniscal shear stress for punching.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Experimental determination of the shear stress for punching meniscal tissue.
  
  
  METHODS
  Meniscectomy (surgical treatment of a lesion of one of the menisci) is the most frequently performed arthroscopic procedure. The performance of a meniscectomy is not optimal with the currently available instruments. To design new instruments, the punching force of meniscal tissue is an important parameter. Quantitative data are unavailable. The meniscal punching process was simulated by pushing a rod through meniscal tissue at constant speed. Three punching rods were tested: a solid rod of Oslash; 3.00 mm, and two hollow tubes (Oslash; 3.00-2.60 mm) with sharpened cutting edges of 0.15 mm and 0.125 mm thick, respectively. Nineteen menisci acquired from 10 human cadaveric knee joints were punched (30 tests). The force and displacement were recorded from which the maximum shear stress was determined (average added with three times the standard deviation).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The maximum shear stress for the solid rod was determined at 10.2 N/mm2. This rod required a significantly lower punch force in comparison with the hollow tube having a 0.15 mm cutting edge (plt;0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The maximum shear stress for punching can be applied to design instruments, and virtual reality training environments. This type of experiment is suitable to form a database with material properties of human tissue similar to databases for the manufacturing industry.
authors.affiliation: Orthopedic Research Center Amsterdam, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam and Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft - The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Gabrielle J M
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Tuijthof
authors.forename: Hubert N
authors.initials: HN
authors.lastname: Meulman
authors.forename: Just L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Herder
authors.forename: C Niek
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: van Dijk