title: Coordinated increased expression of Cyclooxygenase2 and nuclear factor κB is a steady feature of urinary bladder carcinogenesis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The inescapable relationship between chronic inflammation and carcinogenesis has long been established. Our objective was to investigate COX-2 and NF-κB immunohistochemical expression in a large series of normal epithelium and bladder carcinomas.
  
  
  METHODS
  Immunohistochemical methodology was performed on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections from urinary bladder carcinomas of 140 patients (94 males and 46 females with bladder carcinomas).
  
  
  RESULTS
  COX-2 expression is increased in the cytoplasm of bladder cells, during loss of cell differentiation (r(s) = 0.61, P-value < .001) and in muscle invasive carcinomas (P-value < .001). A strong positive association between tumor grade and nuclear expression of NFκB has been established. A positive correlation between COX-2 and nuclear NFκB immunoreactivity was observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The possible coordinated upregulation of NFκB and COX-2, during bladder carcinogenesis, indicates that agents inhibitors of these two molecules may represent a possible new treatment strategy, by virtue of their role in bladder carcinogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Medical School, University of Patras, 26504 Rion, Greece, Department of Urology, General Hospital of Nikaia, 18543 Peiraeus, Greece. kontostylianos@gmail.com
authors.forename: Stylianos
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kontos
authors.forename: Georgia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sotiropoulou-Bonikou
authors.forename: Athina
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kominea
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Melachrinou
authors.forename: Eleni
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Balampani
authors.forename: Dionysis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bonikos
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