title: Sleeping like a baby--does gender influence infant arousability?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Victims of the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) may have preexisting abnormalities in their arousal pathways, inhibiting the progression of subcortical activation (SCA) to full cortical arousal (CA). Approximately 60% of SIDS victims are male, and it has been suggested that male infants have delayed cortical maturation compared to females. We hypothesized that CA frequency would be lower and CA threshold would be higher in male infants during both active (AS) and quiet (QS) sleep.
  
  
  METHODS
  50 healthy term infants (21 male, 29 female) were studied with daytime polysomnography at 2-4 weeks and 2-3 months after birth. Arousal from sleep was induced using a pulsatile air-jet to the nostrils at increasing pressures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At 2-4 weeks, arousability from AS was similar in males and females, however during QS, male infants required a lower stimulus to induce SCA and CA. This gender difference in arousal threshold was not observed at 2-3 months. CA frequencies were similar between genders during both sleep states at both ages, though overall, CA was more frequent in AS than in QS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrated that at 2-4 weeks, male infants were easier to arouse than female infants during QS. There were no significant effects of gender on total arousability or SCA and CA frequencies at 2-3 months, the age of peak SIDS incidence. Thus, although male infants are at greater risk of SIDS than female infants, this difference is unlikely to be associated with gender differences in CA threshold or frequency.
authors.affiliation: The Ritchie Centre, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Heidi L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.forename: Adrian M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: Rosemary S C
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Horne
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D001143:Arousal / Q000502:physiology*; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D017286:Polysomnography; D012016:Reference Values; D012684:Sensory Thresholds / Q000502:physiology; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology*; D012894:Sleep Stages / Q000502:physiology; D013398:Sudden Infant Death / Q000209:etiology*
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