title: Combating meaninglessness: on the automatic defense of meaning.
abstract: Research has found that a substantial portion of human cognition occurs beyond conscious awareness to satisfy the superordinate goal of maintaining meaning. Three experiments used a newly developed method to examine the features of meaning and how individuals automatically defend against threats to meaning. In Experiment 1, individuals who subliminally processed meaninglessness-related words, relative to those in a control group, reported being more religious and having more meaningful lives. Experiment 2 extended these results, as individuals whose meaning was threatened bolstered alternative domains of meaning (termed fluid compensation) by reporting higher self-esteem, need for closure, symbolic immortality, and a reduced need to belong. Experiment 3 ruled out an alternative explanation and clarified the effects of threatened meaning on one's need to belong. These findings elucidate the processes of meaning maintenance in sustaining psychological equanimity. Implications for the automatic defense of meaning are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Virginia Commonwealth University, Department of Psychology, 806 West Franklin Street, P.O. Box 842018, Richmond, VA 23284-2018, USA.vantongeredr@vcu.edu
authors.forename: Daryl R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Van Tongeren
authors.forename: Jeffrey D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Green
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D001293:Attitude to Death; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation; D011593:Psychology, Social; D012069:Religion and Psychology; D012649:Self Concept; D035501:Uncertainty; D014481:United States