title: Initiation of antipsychotic treatment by general practitioners. a case-control study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Antipsychotics are approved treatment for severe conditions and have serious side effects. Antipsychotics are often prescribed off-label. Although a substantial proportion of antipsychotics are prescribed in primary care, it is largely unknown what motivates the general practitioner (GP) to initiate antipsychotic treatment. Therefore, we sought to examine the relation between pre-defined, licensed as well as off-label, reasons for antipsychotic treatment and the initiation of this treatment by the GP as well as report registration and incidence of antipsychotic treatment in general practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a case-control study, 723 patients selected from an electronic database and with a new antipsychotic prescription were compared with 3615 controls receiving any other new prescription. Using logistic regression, six pre-defined categories of International Classification of Primary Care (ICPC) codes ('psychosis', 'depression and anxiety', 'sleeping disorders', 'acute stress and surmenage', 'dementia' and 'somatic indications') were associated with initiating antipsychotic treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All, including off-label, categories were significantly related to initiating antipsychotic treatment. The incidence of initiating antipsychotic therapy was 1.28 per 1000 persons per year (95% confidence interval: 1.09, 1.48). GPs registered an ICPC code in 50% and prescribed typical antipsychotics in 90% of the cases. Prescription of atypical antipsychotics increased almost threefold over the study period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that GPs prescribe antipsychotics off-label. Despite serious side effects and relatively infrequent occurrence in Dutch general practices, GPs seem imprecise in underpinning and registrating the initiation of antipsychotic treatment. GPs increasingly prescribe atypical antipsychotics although the prescription of typical antipsychotics still dominates.
authors.affiliation: University Medical Centre Utrecht (UMCU), Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience (RMI), Department of Adult Psychiatry and Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Heidelberglaan, Utrecht, The Netherlands. g.boonstra@umcutrecht.nl
authors.forename: Geartsje
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Boonstra
authors.forename: Diederick E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Grobbee
authors.forename: Eelko
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hak
authors.forename: René S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Kahn
authors.forename: Huibert
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Burger
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D058005:General Practitioners; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011320:Primary Health Care; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents