title: Hand-assisted laparoscopic sigmoid colectomy skills acquisition: augmented reality simulator versus human cadaver training models.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to compare a simulator with the human cadaver model for hand-assisted laparoscopic colorectal skills acquisition training.
  
  
  METHODS
  An observational prospective comparative study was conducted to compare the laparoscopic surgery training models.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study took place during the laparoscopic colectomy training course performed at the annual scientific meeting of the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty four practicing surgeons performed hand-assisted laparoscopic sigmoid colectomy on human cadavers (n = 7) and on an augmented reality simulator (n = 27). Prior laparoscopic colorectal experience was assessed. Trainers and trainees completed independently objective structured assessment forms. Training models were compared by trainees' technical skills scores, events scores, and satisfaction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prior laparoscopic experience was similar in both surgeon groups. Generic and specific skills scores were similar on both training models. Generic events scores were significantly better on the cadaver model. The 2 most frequent generic events occurring on the simulator were poor hand-eye coordination and inefficient use of retraction. Specific events were scored better on the simulator and reached the significance limit (p = 0.051) for trainers. The specific events occurring on the cadaver were intestinal perforation and left ureter identification difficulties. Overall satisfaction was better for the cadaver than for the simulator model (p = 0.009).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With regard to skills scores, the augmented reality simulator had adequate qualities for the hand-assisted laparoscopic colectomy training. Nevertheless, events scores highlighted weaknesses of the anatomical replication on the simulator. Although improvements likely will be required to incorporate the simulator more routinely into the colorectal training, it may be useful in its current form for more junior trainees or those early on their learning curve.
authors.affiliation: Division of Colorectal Surgery, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-5047, USA.
authors.forename: Fabien
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Leblanc
authors.forename: Anthony J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Senagore
authors.forename: Clyde N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Ellis
authors.forename: Bradley J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Champagne
authors.forename: Knut M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Augestad
authors.forename: Paul C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Neary
authors.forename: Conor P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Delaney
mesh_terms: D002102:Cadaver; D002983:Clinical Competence; D003082:Colectomy / Q000193:education*; D012809:Colon, Sigmoid / Q000601:surgery*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004521:Educational Measurement; D058733:Hand-Assisted Laparoscopy / Q000193:education*; D006801:Humans; D059032:Learning Curve; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis