title: Estrogenic activity of bisphenol A and 2,2-bis(p-hydroxyphenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane (HPTE) demonstrated in mouse uterine gene profiles.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Interest and concern regarding potentially estrogenic substances have resulted in development of model systems to evaluate mechanisms of such chemicals. Microarray studies have indicated that estradiol (E2)-stimulated uterine responses can be divided into early and late phases. Comparison of E2 uterine transcript profiles and those of other estrogenic chemicals of interest in vivo indicates mechanisms and activities of test compounds.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We compared transcript responses and mechanisms of response using mouse reproductive tracts after treatment with E2, estriol (E3), bisphenol A (BPA), and 2,2-bis(p-hydroxyphenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane (HPTE).
  
  
  METHODS
  Uterine RNA from ovariectomized wild-type mice, estrogen receptor α (ERα) knockout (αERKO) mice, and mice expressing a DNA-binding-deficient ERα (KIKO) treated with E2, E3, BPA, or HPTE for 2 or 24 hr was analyzed by microarray. Resulting regulated transcripts were compared by hierarchical clustering and correlation analysis, and response patterns were verified by reverse-transcription real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both xenoestrogens, BPA and HPTE, showed profiles highly correlated to that of E2 in the early response phase (2 hr), but the correlation diminished in the later response phase (24 hr), similar to the known weak estrogen E3. Both xenoestrogens also mimicked E2 in samples from KIKO mice, indicating that they are able to utilize the indirect tethering mode of ERα signaling. No response was detected in ERα-null uteri, indicating that ERα mediates the responses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study forms a basis on which patterns of response and molecular mechanisms of potentially estrogenic chemicals can be assessed.
authors.affiliation: Receptor Biology Section, Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA. curtiss@niehs.nih.gov
authors.forename: Sylvia C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Hewitt
authors.forename: Kenneth S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Korach
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D004964:Estriol / Q000633:toxicity; D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004967:Estrogens / Q000633:toxicity*; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D010636:Phenols / Q000633:toxicity*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014599:Uterus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds
chemical_list: D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D004964:Estriol; D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha; D004967:Estrogens; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen; D010636:Phenols; C404910:2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane; C006780:bisphenol A; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds
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