title: Comparison of the effects of tramadol, codeine, and ketoprofen alone or in combination on postoperative pain and on concentrations of blood glucose, serum cortisol, and serum interleukin-6 in dogs undergoing maxillectomy or mandibulectomy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare analgesic effects of tramadol, codeine, and ketoprofen administered alone and in combination and their effects on concentrations of blood glucose, serum cortisol, and serum interleukin (IL)-6 in dogs undergoing maxillectomy or mandibulectomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  42 dogs with oral neoplasms.
  
  
  METHODS
  30 minutes before the end of surgery, dogs received SC injections of tramadol (2 mg/kg), codeine (2 mg/kg), ketoprofen (2 mg/kg), tramadol+ketoprofen, or codeine+ketoprofen (at the aforementioned dosages). Physiologic variables, analgesia, and sedation were measured before (baseline) and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 24 hours after surgery. Blood glucose, serum cortisol, and serum IL-6 concentrations were measured 1, 3, 5, and 24 hours after administration of analgesics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All treatments provided adequate postoperative analgesia. Significant increases in mean+/-SD blood glucose concentrations were detected in dogs receiving tramadol (96+/-14 mg/dL), codeine (120+/-66 mg/dL and 96+/-21 mg/dL), ketoprofen (105+/-22 mg/dL), and codeine+ketoprofen (104+/-16 mg/dL) at 5, 1 and 3, 5, and 3 hours after analgesic administration, respectively, compared with preoperative (baseline) values. There were no significant changes in physiologic variables, serum IL-6 concentrations, or serum cortisol concentrations. Dogs administered codeine+ketoprofen had light but significant sedation at 4, 5, and 24 hours.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Opioids alone or in combination with an NSAID promoted analgesia without adverse effects during the 24-hour postoperative period in dogs undergoing maxillectomy or mandibulectomy for removal of oral neoplasms.
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate Program of Anesthesiology of Faculdade de Medicina, Department of Surgery, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, CEP 05403-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: Teresinha L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Martins
authors.forename: Márcia A P
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Kahvegian
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Noel-Morgan
authors.forename: Marco A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Leon-Román
authors.forename: Denise A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Otsuki
authors.forename: Denise T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Fantoni
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D003061:Codeine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000601:surgery*; D004285:Dogs; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood*; D007660:Ketoprofen / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008334:Mandible / Q000601:surgery*; D008336:Mandibular Diseases / Q000601:surgery / Q000662:veterinary; D008339:Mandibular Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery / Q000662:veterinary*; D008437:Maxilla / Q000601:surgery*; D008439:Maxillary Diseases / Q000601:surgery / Q000662:veterinary; D008441:Maxillary Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery / Q000662:veterinary*; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary*; D014147:Tramadol / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D001786:Blood Glucose; D014147:Tramadol; D007660:Ketoprofen; D003061:Codeine; D006854:Hydrocortisone