title: Coffee, tea, and alcohol intake in relation to risk of type 2 diabetes in African American women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Numerous studies have reported inverse associations of coffee, tea, and alcohol intake with risk of type 2 diabetes, but none has reported results separately among African American women.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We prospectively examined the relation of coffee, tea, and alcohol consumption to diabetes risk in African American women.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included 46,906 Black Women's Health Study participants aged 30-69 y at baseline in 1995. Dietary intake was assessed in 1995 and 2001 by using a validated food-frequency questionnaire. During 12 y of follow-up, there were 3671 incident cases of type 2 diabetes. Relative risks (RRs) and 95% CIs were estimated by using Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for diabetes risk factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Multivariable RRs for intakes of 0-1, 1, 2-3, and ≥4 cups of caffeinated coffee/d relative to no coffee intake were 0.94 (95% CI: 0.86, 1.04), 0.90 (95% CI: 0.81, 1.01), 0.82 (95% CI: 0.72, 0.93), and 0.83 (95% CI: 0.69, 1.01), respectively (P for trend = 0.003). Multivariable RRs for intakes of 1-3, 4-6, 7-13, and ≥14 alcoholic drinks/wk relative to never consumption were 0.90 (95% CI: 0.82, 1.00), 0.68 (95% CI: 0.57, 0.81), 0.78 (95% CI: 0.63, 0.96), and 0.72 (95% CI: 0.53, 0.98), respectively (P for trend < 0.0001). Intakes of decaffeinated coffee and tea were not associated with risk of diabetes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that African American women who drink moderate amounts of caffeinated coffee or alcohol have a reduced risk of type 2 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Slone Epidemiology Center at Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
authors.forename: Deborah A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Boggs
authors.forename: Lynn
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rosenberg
authors.forename: Edward A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Ruiz-Narvaez
authors.forename: Julie R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Palmer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D044383:Black People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003069:Coffee; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013662:Tea; D001741:Black or African American
chemical_list: D003069:Coffee; D013662:Tea
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