title: Vitamin D status and periodontal disease among pregnant women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Maternal periodontal disease is found in < or = 40% of pregnant women and is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. Vitamin D deficiency may play a role in periodontal disease and tooth loss, and insufficient vitamin D status is common among pregnant women. The objective of this study is to examine the relationship between maternal vitamin D status and periodontal disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  A case-control study was conducted. Cases were defined as pregnant women with clinical moderate to severe periodontal disease; controls were pregnant women who were periodontally healthy. Maternal data were chart abstracted and serum was collected between 14 and 26 weeks of gestation. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) levels were measured using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Median serum 25(OH)D levels and prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency (defined as <75 nmol/l) were compared between cases and controls. The odds ratio and 95% confidence interval for moderate to severe periodontal disease among women with vitamin D insufficiency was calculated using multivariable logistic regression, adjusting for maternal race, season of blood draw, and other potential confounders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 117 cases were compared to 118 controls. Cases had lower median 25(OH)D levels than controls (59 versus 100 nmol/l; P <0.001) and were more likely to have vitamin D insufficiency (65% versus 29%; P <0.001). The adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval) for moderate to severe periodontal disease among women with vitamin D insufficiency was 2.1 (0.99 to 4.5).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vitamin D insufficiency (serum 25[OH]D <75 nmol/l) is associated with maternal periodontal disease during pregnancy. Vitamin D supplementation represents a potential therapeutic strategy to improve maternal oral health.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA. kboggess@med.unc.edu
authors.forename: Kim A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Boggess
authors.forename: Janice A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Espinola
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Moss
authors.forename: Jim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Beck
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Offenbacher
authors.forename: Carlos A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Camargo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D039382:Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D010510:Periodontal Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000208:ethnology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000097:blood*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012016:Reference Values; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000208:ethnology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014807:Vitamin D; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D