title: Extrinsic regulation of satellite cell specification.
abstract: Cellular commitment during vertebrate embryogenesis is controlled by an interplay of intrinsic regulators and morphogenetic signals. These mechanisms recruit a subset of cells in the developing organism to become the ancestors of skeletal muscle. Signals that control progression through the myogenic lineage converge on a battery of hierarchically organized transcription factors which modulate the cells to either remain in a primitive state or allow their commitment and differentiation into skeletal muscle fibers. A small population of cells will retain a largely unspecified state throughout development. Such stem cells, in conjunction with more committed myogenic progenitors, form a heterogeneous population that colonizes adult skeletal muscle as satellite cells. The satellite cell pool is responsible for the remarkable regenerative capacity of skeletal muscle. Similar to their counterparts during embryonic development, satellite cells are capable of self-renewal and can give rise to myogenic progeny. Impaired satellite cell homeostasis has been associated with numerous muscular disorders. Due to intense research efforts in the past two decades, the complex biology of muscle stem cells has now revealed some of its secrets and new avenues for the development of therapeutic molecules have emerged. In the present review we focus on the extrinsic mechanisms that control self-renewal, specification and differentiation of satellite cells and their significance for the development of biologic drugs.
authors.affiliation: The Sprott Centre for Stem Cell Research, Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Health Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1 H 8L6, Canada. fbentzinger@ohri.ca
authors.forename: C Florian
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Bentzinger
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: von Maltzahn
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Rudnicki
mesh_terms: D002454:Cell Differentiation; D006801:Humans; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D008648:Mesoderm / Q000166:cytology / Q000196:embryology / Q000254:growth & development; D024510:Muscle Development / Q000502:physiology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000166:cytology / Q000196:embryology*; D012038:Regeneration / Q000502:physiology; D032496:Satellite Cells, Skeletal Muscle / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D055153:Stem Cell Niche
chemical_list: D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
references.citation: Am J Pathol. 2004 Mar;164(3):1007-19
references.pmid: 14982854
references.citation: Exp Cell Res. 2010 Nov 1;316(18):3050-8
references.pmid: 20570674
references.citation: Aging (Albany NY). 2009 May 13;1(5):451-7
references.pmid: 20157530
references.citation: Nature. 2005 Feb 17;433(7027):760-4
references.pmid: 15716955
references.citation: Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2000 May 27;272(1):138-43
references.pmid: 10872817
references.citation: Exp Cell Res. 1979 Sep;122(2):317-26
references.pmid: 510407
references.citation: Nature. 1997 May 1;387(6628):83-90
references.pmid: 9139826
references.citation: Exp Cell Res. 1984 May;152(1):154-60
references.pmid: 6714317
references.citation: Dev Biol. 1987 Jul;122(1):11-20
references.pmid: 3297850
references.citation: J Physiol. 1999 Apr 15;516 ( Pt 2):583-92
references.pmid: 10087355
references.citation: FEBS Lett. 2002 Jul 3;522(1-3):156-60
references.pmid: 12095637
references.citation: Eur Cytokine Netw. 1990 Oct-Nov;1(4):215-9
references.pmid: 1966552
references.citation: Cell Stem Cell. 2008 Jan 10;2(1):22-31
references.pmid: 18371418
references.citation: Anim Sci J. 2010 Feb;81(1):11-20
references.pmid: 20163667
references.citation: Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2000 Jan;278(1):C174-81
references.pmid: 10644525
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2008 Jul 11;283(28):19371-8
references.pmid: 18453534
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 May 5;106(18):7479-84
references.pmid: 19383783
references.citation: Lancet. 2002 Feb 23;359(9307):687-95
references.pmid: 11879882
references.citation: J Cell Physiol. 1989 Feb;138(2):311-5
references.pmid: 2918032
references.citation: Cell. 2003 Jun 27;113(7):841-52
references.pmid: 12837243
references.citation: Drugs Today (Barc). 2007 Mar;43(3):149-55
references.pmid: 17380212
references.citation: Neurosci Lett. 1995 Dec 29;202(1-2):121-4
references.pmid: 8787846
references.citation: Development. 2005 Feb;132(4):689-701
references.pmid: 15659485
references.citation: Curr Top Dev Biol. 1998;38:225-87
references.pmid: 9399080
references.citation: Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2006 Jun;290(6):C1487-94
references.pmid: 16684931
references.citation: Growth Horm IGF Res. 2010 Aug;20(4):275-81
references.pmid: 20494600
references.citation: Nat Biotechnol. 2008 Jul;26(7):743-51
references.pmid: 18612293
references.citation: FEBS Lett. 2007 Jun 12;581(14):2727-32
references.pmid: 17531227
references.citation: Genes Dev. 2005 Jun 15;19(12):1426-31
references.pmid: 15964993
references.citation: Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 2004;20:61-86
references.pmid: 15473835
references.citation: J Biophys Biochem Cytol. 1961 Feb;9:493-5
references.pmid: 13768451
references.citation: J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2003 Oct;58(10):M911-6
references.pmid: 14570858
references.citation: FASEB J. 2005 Jun;19(8):934-42
references.pmid: 15923403
references.citation: Dev Biol. 2010 Aug 1;344(1):259-71
references.pmid: 20478295
references.citation: Nature. 2002 Nov 28;420(6914):418-21
references.pmid: 12459784
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Jan 24;103(4):945-50
references.pmid: 16418263
references.citation: Aging Cell. 2009 Dec;8(6):676-89
references.pmid: 19732043
references.citation: Dev Biol. 1996 Apr 10;175(1):84-94
references.pmid: 8608871
references.citation: Nature. 2006 Jun 29;441(7097):1075-9
references.pmid: 16810242
references.citation: Eur J Cancer. 2010 May;46(7):1232-40
references.pmid: 20307969
references.citation: Pediatr Res. 2004 Dec;56(6):831-41
references.pmid: 15531741
references.citation: Nature. 2005 Jun 16;435(7044):954-8
references.pmid: 15843802
references.citation: Trends Mol Med. 2008 Feb;14(2):82-91
references.pmid: 18218339
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 2006 Jun;100(6):1778-84
references.pmid: 16439513
references.citation: Curr Opin Investig Drugs. 2006 Apr;7(4):371-80
references.pmid: 16625824
references.citation: Dev Biol. 2001 Nov 1;239(1):79-94
references.pmid: 11784020
references.citation: Science. 2007 Aug 10;317(5839):807-10
references.pmid: 17690295
references.citation: Endocrinology. 2002 Feb;143(2):511-6
references.pmid: 11796505
references.citation: Dev Biol. 2007 Apr 1;304(1):246-59
references.pmid: 17239845
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Mar 18;105(11):4318-22
references.pmid: 18334646
references.citation: Nature. 2005 Jun 16;435(7044):948-53
references.pmid: 15843801
references.citation: Cell Stem Cell. 2009 Jun 5;4(6):535-47
references.pmid: 19497282
references.citation: J Cell Physiol. 2009 Dec;221(3):526-34
references.pmid: 19688776
references.citation: Biol Res. 2004;37(4):635-9
references.pmid: 15712402
references.citation: Physiol Rev. 2004 Jan;84(1):209-38
references.pmid: 14715915
references.citation: Curr Opin Genet Dev. 2005 Aug;15(4):371-80
references.pmid: 15950454
references.citation: J Neuroimmunol. 1995 Mar;57(1-2):85-91
references.pmid: 7706442
references.citation: J Cell Sci. 2006 Sep 15;119(Pt 18):3822-32
references.pmid: 16926191
references.citation: J Lab Clin Med. 1997 Nov;130(5):476-86
references.pmid: 9390635
references.citation: Mol Ther. 2002 May;5(5 Pt 1):517-27
references.pmid: 11991742
references.citation: Genome Res. 1997 Sep;7(9):910-6
references.pmid: 9314496
references.citation: Cell Stem Cell. 2008 Jan 10;2(1):50-9
references.pmid: 18371421
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1986 Mar 25;261(9):4337-45
references.pmid: 3456347
references.citation: Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol. 2008;73:323-31
references.pmid: 19329572
references.citation: Dev Biol. 2006 Jun 1;294(1):50-66
references.pmid: 16554047
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1989 Jun;256(6 Pt 1):C1262-6
references.pmid: 2735398
references.citation: Genes Dev. 1997 Aug 15;11(16):2040-51
references.pmid: 9284044
references.citation: Nat Med. 2007 Feb;13(2):204-10
references.pmid: 17237794
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 2003 Sep;23(17):6037-48
references.pmid: 12917328
references.citation: J Intern Med. 2009 Oct;266(4):372-89
references.pmid: 19765181
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 2001 Oct 1;155(1):123-31
references.pmid: 11581289
references.citation: Mol Pharm. 2009 May-Jun;6(3):895-904
references.pmid: 19317416
references.citation: Cell Cycle. 2010 May 15;9(10):1871-2
references.pmid: 20436299
references.citation: Development. 2009 Oct;136(19):3205-14
references.pmid: 19736321
references.citation: J Anat. 2003 Jan;202(1):59-68
references.pmid: 12587921
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 2010 Feb;120(2):403-7
references.pmid: 20101091
references.citation: Cell. 2007 Jun 1;129(5):999-1010
references.pmid: 17540178
references.citation: J Muscle Res Cell Motil. 2009 Dec;30(7-8):243-53
references.pmid: 20195710
references.citation: Muscle Nerve. 1982 Feb;5(2):152-61
references.pmid: 7070396
references.citation: Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2007;39(3):469-77
references.pmid: 17137828
references.citation: Mol Biol Cell. 2007 Apr;18(4):1397-409
references.pmid: 17287398
references.citation: Semin Cell Dev Biol. 2007 Dec;18(6):870-82
references.pmid: 18023213
references.citation: Endocrinology. 1996 Apr;137(4):1385-94
references.pmid: 8625915