title: Pharmacology.
abstract: Headache treatment has been based primarily on experiences with non-specific drugs such as analgesics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, or drugs that were originally developed to treat other diseases, such as beta-blockers and anticonvulsant medications. A better understanding of the basic pathophysiological mechanisms of migraine and other types of headache has led to the development over the past two decades of more target-specific drugs. Since activation of the trigeminovascular system and neurogenic inflammation are thought to play important roles in migraine pathophysiology, experimental studies modeling those events successfully predicted targets for selective development of pharmacological agents to treat migraine. Basically, there are two fundamental strategies for the treatment of migraine, abortive or preventive, based to a large degree on the frequency of attacks. The triptans, which exhibit potency towards selective serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) receptors expressed on trigeminal nerves, remain the most effective drugs for the abortive treatment of migraine. However, numerous preventive medications are currently available that modulate the excitability of the nervous system, particularly the cerebral cortex. In this chapter, the pharmacology of commercially available medications as well as drugs in development that prevent or abort headache attacks will be discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Gazi Hospital and Neuropsychiatry Centre, Gazi University, Besevler, Ankara, Turkey. hbolay@gazi.edu.tr
authors.forename: Hayrunnisa
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bolay
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Durham
mesh_terms: D000700:Analgesics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D006801:Humans; D008881:Migraine Disorders; D012701:Serotonin; D017366:Serotonin Receptor Agonists; D014363:Tryptamines
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D017366:Serotonin Receptor Agonists; D014363:Tryptamines; D012701:Serotonin
references.citation: Science. 2000 Jun 9;288(5472):1765-9
references.pmid: 10846153
references.citation: Eur J Neurol. 2006 Jun;13(6):560-72
references.pmid: 16796580
references.citation: Lancet. 2008 Dec 20;372(9656):2115-23
references.pmid: 19036425
references.citation: Nature. 1996 Dec 12;384(6609):560-4
references.pmid: 8955268
references.citation: Funct Neurol. 2000;15 Suppl 3:28-35
references.pmid: 11200798
references.citation: Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2006 Feb;6(1):68-74
references.pmid: 16376149
references.citation: Neurology. 1993 Jun;43(6 Suppl 3):S16-20
references.pmid: 8389008
references.citation: Neurology. 2002 Sep 10;59(5 Suppl 2):S2-7
references.pmid: 12221149
references.citation: Lancet. 1994 Apr 30;343(8905):1105-6
references.pmid: 7909130
references.citation: Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 1991 Aug;344(2):160-6
references.pmid: 1944610
references.citation: Eur J Neurol. 2006 Oct;13(10):1066-77
references.pmid: 16987158
references.citation: Epilepsia. 1986 Sep-Oct;27(5):490-7
references.pmid: 3757936
references.citation: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004;(2):CD003225
references.pmid: 15106196
references.citation: Ann Neurol. 2004 Jan;55(1):27-36
references.pmid: 14705109
references.citation: Nat Genet. 2003 Feb;33(2):192-6
references.pmid: 12539047
references.citation: Headache. 2007 Nov-Dec;47(10):1385-97
references.pmid: 18052948
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2001 May 11;276(19):16083-91
references.pmid: 11278900
references.citation: Thromb Res. 2003 Jun 15;110(5-6):269-72
references.pmid: 14592546
references.citation: Eur J Pharmacol. 1997 Jun 5;328(1):37-40
references.pmid: 9203565
references.citation: J Med Chem. 1997 Oct 24;40(22):3501-3
references.pmid: 9357515
references.citation: Biochim Biophys Acta. 1999 Nov 23;1441(2-3):278-87
references.pmid: 10570255
references.citation: J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2002 May;22(5):620-9
references.pmid: 11973435
references.citation: Lancet. 1998 Apr 4;351(9108):1043-51
references.pmid: 9546526
references.citation: Digestion. 2001;63(2):92-101
references.pmid: 11244247
references.citation: Br J Pharmacol. 2004 Feb;141(4):580-5
references.pmid: 14744815
references.citation: J Comp Neurol. 1989 Jan 8;279(2):249-71
references.pmid: 2563268
references.citation: Neuropharmacology. 1995 Mar;34(3):255-61
references.pmid: 7630480
references.citation: Ann Neurol. 2004 Jan;55(1):19-26
references.pmid: 14705108
references.citation: Ann Neurol. 1993 Jan;33(1):48-56
references.pmid: 8388188
references.citation: Headache. 1992 Feb;32(2):101-4
references.pmid: 1551787
references.citation: Curr Opin Investig Drugs. 2003 Jul;4(7):833-40
references.pmid: 14619405
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2001 Mar 1;21(5):1750-6
references.pmid: 11222664
references.citation: Trends Mol Med. 2002 Aug;8(8):390-6
references.pmid: 12127725
references.citation: Science. 1981 Jul 10;213(4504):228-30
references.pmid: 6166046
references.citation: JAMA. 2003 Jan 1;289(1):65-9
references.pmid: 12503978
references.citation: JAMA. 2004 Jan 28;291(4):493-4
references.pmid: 14747508
references.citation: Cephalalgia. 1995;15(4):277-80
references.pmid: 7585923
references.citation: Brain Res. 2001 Oct 12;915(2):218-26
references.pmid: 11595211
references.citation: Aquat Toxicol. 2007 May 15;82(3):145-62
references.pmid: 17382413
references.citation: Neuropharmacology. 2006 Jun;50(7):845-57
references.pmid: 16490221
references.citation: FEBS Lett. 1993 Sep 13;330(2):156-60
references.pmid: 8365485
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2001 Jun 1;21(11):3721-8
references.pmid: 11356859
references.citation: FASEB J. 1997 Apr;11(5):346-54
references.pmid: 9141501
references.citation: Neurosci Lett. 1995 Jan 30;184(3):189-92
references.pmid: 7715843
references.citation: Brain. 1994 Jun;117 ( Pt 3):427-34
references.pmid: 7518321
references.citation: Neurol Sci. 2003 Dec;24(5):318-21
references.pmid: 14716526
references.citation: Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2006 Sep;27(9):467-74
references.pmid: 16876882
references.citation: Nat Med. 2002 Feb;8(2):136-42
references.pmid: 11821897
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1989 Feb;256(2 Pt 1):E331-5
references.pmid: 2537579
references.citation: Mol Pharmacol. 1996 Aug;50(2):219-23
references.pmid: 8700126
references.citation: J Neurochem. 2001 Nov;79(4):777-86
references.pmid: 11723170
references.citation: Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat. 2002 Aug;68-69:535-56
references.pmid: 12432942
references.citation: Neuroscience. 1999 Mar;89(3):901-7
references.pmid: 10199623
references.citation: Pharmacotherapy. 2007 Jun;27(6):874-87
references.pmid: 17542770
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2001 Aug 15;21(16):5847-53
references.pmid: 11487607
references.citation: Trends Pharmacol Sci. 1991 Dec;12(12):444-6
references.pmid: 1665260
references.citation: Neuroscientist. 2005 Aug;11(4):373-86
references.pmid: 16061523
references.citation: Cephalalgia. 2002 May;22(4):260-4
references.pmid: 12100087
references.citation: Brain. 2002 Jun;125(Pt 6):1392-401
references.pmid: 12023327
references.citation: Br J Pharmacol. 2001 Nov;134(6):1296-302
references.pmid: 11704650
references.citation: Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat. 2008 Mar;85(3-4):89-99
references.pmid: 18083054
references.citation: Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2006 Apr;373(1):1-17
references.pmid: 16586083
references.citation: Neuroscience. 2004;123(2):491-505
references.pmid: 14698756
references.citation: Neuropharmacology. 2002 Feb;42(2):270-80
references.pmid: 11804624
references.citation: Cephalalgia. 1998 Sep;18(7):421-35
references.pmid: 9793694
references.citation: Lancet. 2005 Jul 30-Aug 5;366(9483):371-7
references.pmid: 16054936
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2004 Mar 11;350(11):1104-10
references.pmid: 15014183
references.citation: Brain. 2001 Dec;124(Pt 12):2490-502
references.pmid: 11701602
references.citation: Eur J Pharmacol. 1989 Jun 20;165(2-3):251-8
references.pmid: 2776831
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2006 Aug 9;26(32):8332-8
references.pmid: 16899728
references.citation: Cephalalgia. 1997 Dec;17(8):833-42
references.pmid: 9453271
references.citation: Arch Neurol. 1996 Feb;53(2):180-4
references.pmid: 8639069
references.citation: J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1999 Nov;19(11):1270-8
references.pmid: 10566974
references.citation: Neurology. 2004 May 11;62(9):1552-7
references.pmid: 15136680
references.citation: Headache. 2006 Nov;46 Suppl 4:S171-81
references.pmid: 17078849
references.citation: Pain. 2001 Jan;89(2-3):107-10
references.pmid: 11166465
references.citation: Headache. 1994 Jul-Aug;34(7):394-9
references.pmid: 7928323
references.citation: J Neuroimmunol. 2000 Nov 1;111(1-2):122-30
references.pmid: 11063829
references.citation: J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2004 Nov;311(2):576-84
references.pmid: 15254142
references.citation: Brain Res. 2004 Feb 13;998(1):130-5
references.pmid: 14725976
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 2004 May;113(10):1447-55
references.pmid: 15146242
references.citation: Ann Neurol. 2000 May;47(5):614-24
references.pmid: 10805332
references.citation: Peptides. 1985;6 Suppl 3:265-71
references.pmid: 3008119
references.citation: Ann Neurol. 2006 Apr;59(4):652-61
references.pmid: 16450381
references.citation: Clin Infect Dis. 2000 Oct;31 Suppl 5:S202-10
references.pmid: 11113024
references.citation: J Neurochem. 1998 Sep;71(3):1059-67
references.pmid: 9721730
references.citation: Immunology. 2002 Jan;105(1):20-2
references.pmid: 11849311
references.citation: Pathol Biol (Paris). 2000 Sep;48(7):648-57
references.pmid: 11072643
references.citation: Br J Pharmacol. 1995 Dec;116(8):3199-204
references.pmid: 8719796
references.citation: Clin Cornerstone. 2001;4(3):1-17
references.pmid: 12739312
references.citation: Brain Res. 1999 Feb 13;818(2):187-95
references.pmid: 10082803
references.citation: J Neurol. 1991;238 Suppl 1:S38-44
references.pmid: 2045830
references.citation: Brain Res Bull. 1998;45(2):189-97
references.pmid: 9443839
references.citation: Eur J Pharmacol. 1997 Jun 18;329(1):49-53
references.pmid: 9218683
references.citation: Cephalalgia. 2002 Nov;22(9):740-8
references.pmid: 12421160
references.citation: Neuroscience. 1992 Aug;49(3):669-80
references.pmid: 1501769
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2007 Apr 20;282(16):11613-7
references.pmid: 17329241
references.citation: Cephalalgia. 2005 Apr;25(4):290-5
references.pmid: 15773826
references.citation: Annu Rev Biochem. 2000;69:145-82
references.pmid: 10966456
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2000 Oct 20;275(42):32783-92
references.pmid: 10869354
references.citation: J Neurosci. 1987 Mar;7(3):894-903
references.pmid: 2951504
references.citation: Rev Neurol (Paris). 2005 Jul;161(6-7):655-7
references.pmid: 16141950
references.citation: Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 1997 Sep;21(5):649-78
references.pmid: 9353797
references.citation: Mol Pharmacol. 2005 Apr;67(4):1053-66
references.pmid: 15598972
references.citation: Fundam Clin Pharmacol. 1993;7(8):389-400
references.pmid: 8294079
references.citation: Pharmacol Rev. 2002 Jun;54(2):233-46
references.pmid: 12037140
references.citation: Cephalalgia. 1993 Jun;13(3):151-65
references.pmid: 8395342
references.citation: Inflamm Res. 2000 Aug;49(8):367-92
references.pmid: 11028754
references.citation: Neuropharmacology. 1999 Aug;38(8):1083-152
references.pmid: 10462127
references.citation: Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2003 Nov;69(5):339-43
references.pmid: 14580368
references.citation: Cephalalgia. 2000 Dec;20(10):907-18
references.pmid: 11304026
references.citation: Headache. 1981 Sep;21(5):190-5
references.pmid: 7026501
references.citation: Lancet. 2001 Nov 17;358(9294):1668-75
references.pmid: 11728541
references.citation: Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2008 Dec;4(6):1043-57
references.pmid: 19337450
references.citation: Cephalalgia. 1994 Oct;14(5):320-7
references.pmid: 7828188
references.citation: Neuropharmacology. 1994 Mar-Apr;33(3-4):275-317
references.pmid: 7984267
references.citation: Pharmacol Ther. 2002 Apr-May;94(1-2):77-92
references.pmid: 12191595
references.citation: Mol Pharmacol. 1993 Sep;44(3):575-82
references.pmid: 8396718
references.citation: Neuropharmacology. 1991 Nov;30(11):1193-200
references.pmid: 1663596
references.citation: Headache. 2003 Apr;43(4):376-88
references.pmid: 12656709
references.citation: Headache. 2007 Apr;47 Suppl 1:S26-43
references.pmid: 17425708
references.citation: Expert Rev Neurother. 2006 Apr;6(4):563-73
references.pmid: 16623655
references.citation: Nat Med. 1999 Feb;5(2):217-20
references.pmid: 9930871
references.citation: Acta Anaesthesiol Scand Suppl. 1995;103:1-44
references.pmid: 7725891
references.citation: Cell. 1996 Nov 1;87(3):543-52
references.pmid: 8898206
references.citation: Brain. 2005 Jan;128(Pt 1):86-97
references.pmid: 15574468
references.citation: Curr Top Med Chem. 2007;7(2):129-34
references.pmid: 17266601
references.citation: Neuroreport. 1997 Jul 7;8(9-10):2237-40
references.pmid: 9243618
references.citation: Cephalalgia. 2004 Dec;24(12):1049-56
references.pmid: 15566419
references.citation: Nature. 1983 Jul 14-20;304(5922):129-35
references.pmid: 6346105
references.citation: J Neurol. 1991;238 Suppl 1:S45-52
references.pmid: 2045831
references.citation: J Neurosci. 1988 Jul;8(7):2468-76
references.pmid: 2470872
references.citation: Trends Neurosci. 2007 Jun;30(6):284-91
references.pmid: 17418904
references.citation: Neuropeptides. 1990 Jun;16(2):69-75
references.pmid: 2250767
references.citation: Endocrine. 2006 Feb;29(1):49-60
references.pmid: 16622292
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1996 Mar 22;271(12):6758-65
references.pmid: 8636097
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999 Jul 6;96(14):7635-9
references.pmid: 10393872
references.citation: FASEB J. 2008 Feb;22(2):383-90
references.pmid: 17884974
references.citation: Br J Pharmacol. 2001 Aug;133(7):1029-34
references.pmid: 11487512
references.citation: J Neurosci. 1994 Aug;14(8):4987-97
references.pmid: 7519258
references.citation: Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1994;47(4):305-9
references.pmid: 7875179
references.citation: Br J Pharmacol. 2000 Feb;129(3):420-3
references.pmid: 10711339
references.citation: CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets. 2007 Aug;6(4):251-7
references.pmid: 17691981
references.citation: Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2007 Apr;28(4):188-95
references.pmid: 17337068
references.citation: Circulation. 2004 May 4;109(17):2068-73
references.pmid: 15096449
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2002 Jan 24;346(4):257-70
references.pmid: 11807151
references.citation: Biochim Biophys Acta. 1995 Oct 26;1259(1):109-19
references.pmid: 7492609
references.citation: Neuropharmacology. 2002 Mar;42(4):568-76
references.pmid: 11955527
references.citation: Prog Drug Res. 1998;51:219-44
references.pmid: 9949863
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2004 Aug 6;279(32):33684-95
references.pmid: 15140897
references.citation: Neurosci Lett. 1988 Mar 10;85(3):357-62
references.pmid: 2966310
references.citation: J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2008 Feb;324(2):416-21
references.pmid: 18039958
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Mar 23;101(12):4274-9
references.pmid: 15016917
references.citation: Ann Neurol. 2002 Apr;51(4):507-16
references.pmid: 11921057
references.citation: Nat Neurosci. 2002 Jan;5(1):34-40
references.pmid: 11740501
references.citation: Ann Neurol. 2005 Nov;58(5):698-705
references.pmid: 16240341
references.citation: Trends Neurosci. 2003 Sep;26(9):477-83
references.pmid: 12948658
references.citation: Headache. 1993 Nov-Dec;33(10):541-4
references.pmid: 8294191
references.citation: Arch Neurol. 1979 Nov;36(11):695-9
references.pmid: 508127
references.citation: Curr Top Med Chem. 2002 Jun;2(6):507-28
references.pmid: 12052191
references.citation: Brain Res. 1992 Jun 26;583(1-2):137-49
references.pmid: 1324091
references.citation: Neurol Sci. 2007 May;28 Suppl 2:S94-6
references.pmid: 17508188
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2000 Nov 23;343(21):1520-8, 2 p following 1528
references.pmid: 11087881
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2002 Apr 19;277(16):14294-8
references.pmid: 11847213
references.citation: Mol Endocrinol. 1998 Jul;12(7):1002-9
references.pmid: 9658404
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2007 Mar 7;27(10):2693-703
references.pmid: 17344407
references.citation: Headache. 1994 Oct;34(9):497-502
references.pmid: 8002320
references.citation: Trends Pharmacol Sci. 1994 May;15(5):149-53
references.pmid: 7538702
references.citation: Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz). 2000;48(6):473-80
references.pmid: 11197601
references.citation: Eur J Pharmacol. 1998 Nov 27;362(1):43-6
references.pmid: 9865528
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2001 Oct 15;21(20):8026-33
references.pmid: 11588175
references.citation: Brain Res. 2002 Jul 12;943(2):287-91
references.pmid: 12101052
references.citation: J Neurosci. 1997 Dec 15;17(24):9545-53
references.pmid: 9391009
references.citation: Nature. 1985 Jan 3-9;313(5997):54-6
references.pmid: 3917554
references.citation: Cephalalgia. 1996 Aug;16(5):310-6
references.pmid: 8869765
references.citation: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005 Jul 20;(3):CD002919
references.pmid: 16034880
references.citation: Headache. 2005 Feb;45(2):144-52
references.pmid: 15705120
references.citation: Regul Pept. 1999 Feb 5;79(2-3):153-8
references.pmid: 10100929
references.citation: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1992 Jun 30;657:88-105
references.pmid: 1322107
references.citation: Cephalalgia. 2007 Apr;27(4):315-24
references.pmid: 17346304
references.citation: Cephalalgia. 2001 Sep;21(7):781-5
references.pmid: 11595013
references.citation: Ann Neurol. 2004 Feb;55(2):276-80
references.pmid: 14755732
references.citation: Neurology. 2004 May 25;62(10):1706-11
references.pmid: 15159466
references.citation: J Comp Neurol. 1984 Feb 10;223(1):46-56
references.pmid: 6200513
references.citation: Biol Cell. 2004 Jun;96(5):343-8
references.pmid: 15207902
references.citation: Pharm World Sci. 2003 Aug;25(4):146-51
references.pmid: 12964492
references.citation: Physiol Rev. 1999 Oct;79(4):1193-226
references.pmid: 10508233
references.citation: Nat New Biol. 1971 Jun 23;231(25):232-5
references.pmid: 5284360
references.citation: Turk J Med Sci. 2016 Feb 27;47(1):343-347
references.pmid: 28263512
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1999 Sep;277(3):H924-30
references.pmid: 10484412
references.citation: Neuroscience. 1988 Apr;25(1):195-205
references.pmid: 2839796
references.citation: J Pain. 2007 Apr;8(4):315-24
references.pmid: 17175203
references.citation: Pain. 1995 Feb;60(2):119-123
references.pmid: 7540279
references.citation: J Med Chem. 2007 Nov 15;50(23):5564-7
references.pmid: 17929795
references.citation: Brain Res. 2001 Jan 26;890(1):184-8
references.pmid: 11164782
references.citation: Cephalalgia. 1996 Jun;16(4):224-30
references.pmid: 8792033
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2002 Mar 1;22(5):RC213
references.pmid: 11880534
references.citation: Pharmacol Rev. 2001 Dec;53(4):553-68
references.pmid: 11734618
references.citation: Neuropharmacology. 2006 Sep;51(4):866-72
references.pmid: 16846619
references.citation: Crit Rev Neurobiol. 1999;13(1):45-82
references.pmid: 10223523
references.citation: Headache. 2005 Apr;45 Suppl 1:S25-32
references.pmid: 15833087
references.citation: Biochem Pharmacol. 2007 Jan 15;73(2):165-74
references.pmid: 16959219
references.citation: Science. 1985 Sep 13;229(4718):1094-7
references.pmid: 2994212
references.citation: Am Heart J. 1991 Mar;121(3 Pt 2):1006-11
references.pmid: 1671724
references.citation: Br J Pharmacol. 2001 Apr;132(7):1549-57
references.pmid: 11264249
references.citation: Neuropharmacology. 2001;40(1):75-84
references.pmid: 11077073
references.citation: Lancet. 1993 Apr 24;341(8852):1091-2
references.pmid: 8096980
references.citation: Mol Pain. 2005 Jan 17;1:3
references.pmid: 15813989
references.citation: Can J Neurol Sci. 1999 Nov;26 Suppl 3:S12-9
references.pmid: 10563228
references.citation: Nature. 2001 Mar 22;410(6827):471-5
references.pmid: 11260714
references.citation: Cephalalgia. 2007 Sep;27(9):1010-3
references.pmid: 17681024
references.citation: Cephalalgia. 2000 Jul;20(6):546-53
references.pmid: 11075837
references.citation: J Neurophysiol. 1989 Sep;62(3):802-9
references.pmid: 2549214
references.citation: Pain. 1996 Oct;67(2-3):355-9
references.pmid: 8951929
references.citation: Cephalalgia. 2003 May;23(4):287-92
references.pmid: 12716347
references.citation: Mol Pharmacol. 1993 Aug;44(2):242-6
references.pmid: 8394988
references.citation: Neurobiol Aging. 1981 Summer;2(2):83-8
references.pmid: 6272144
references.citation: Headache. 2007 Jul-Aug;47(7):1008-23; discussion 24-5
references.pmid: 17635592
references.citation: Lancet. 1991 Jul 6;338(8758):13-7
references.pmid: 1676084
references.citation: Eur J Pharmacol. 2003 Aug 15;475(1-3):69-77
references.pmid: 12954361
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2005 Mar 17;352(11):1092-102
references.pmid: 15713943
references.citation: Eur J Pharmacol. 2004 Oct 1;500(1-3):203-19
references.pmid: 15464034
references.citation: Folia Biol (Praha). 2007;53(2):37-49
references.pmid: 17448293
references.citation: Cephalalgia. 1996 Dec;16(8):554-9
references.pmid: 8980858
references.citation: Science. 2004 May 7;304(5672):884-7
references.pmid: 15131310
references.citation: Neurology. 2008 Apr 15;70(16):1304-12
references.pmid: 17914062
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986 Jun;83(11):4067-70
references.pmid: 3012548
references.citation: FEBS Lett. 1985 Apr 22;183(2):403-7
references.pmid: 2985435
references.citation: Indian J Exp Biol. 2007 Jun;45(6):529-31
references.pmid: 17585687
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986 Aug;83(15):5731-5
references.pmid: 3488550
references.citation: Cephalalgia. 1997 May;17(3):166-74
references.pmid: 9170339
references.citation: Trends Pharmacol Sci. 1992 Aug;13(8):307-11
references.pmid: 1329294
references.citation: Pain. 1990 Apr;41(1):71-80
references.pmid: 2352767
references.citation: Headache. 1996 May;36(5):329-31
references.pmid: 8682677
references.citation: Neurosci Lett. 2004 Aug 19;366(3):241-4
references.pmid: 15288426
references.citation: Eur J Pharmacol. 1995 Apr 4;276(3):271-6
references.pmid: 7601213