title: Genetic divergence of influenza A NS1 gene in pandemic 2009 H1N1 isolates with respect to H1N1 and H3N2 isolates from previous seasonal epidemics.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Influenza A pandemic sustained by a new H1N1 variant (H1N1v) started in Mexico and the USA at the end of April 2009 spreading worldwide in a few weeks. In this study we investigate the variability of the NS1 gene of the pandemic H1N1v strain with respect to previous seasonal strains circulating in humans and the potential selection of virus variants through isolation in cell culture.
  
  
  METHODS
  During the period April 27th 2009-Jan 15th 2010, 1633 potential 2009 H1N1v cases have been screened at our center using the CDC detection and typing realtime RT-PCR assays. Virus isolation on MDCK cells was systematically performed in 1/10 positive cases. A subset of 51 H1N1v strains isolated in the period May-September 2009 was selected for NS1 gene sequencing. In addition, 15 H1N1 and 47 H3N2 virus isolates from three previous seasonal epidemics (2006-2009) were analyzed in parallel.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A low variability in the NS1 amino acid (aa) sequence among H1N1v isolates was shown (aa identity 99.5%). A slightly higher NS1 variability was observed among H1N1 and H3N2 strains from previous epidemics (aa identity 98.6% and 98.9%, respectively). The H1N1v strains were closely related (aa identity 92.1%) to swine reference strain (A/swine/Oklahoma/042169/2008). In contrast, substantial divergence (aa identity 83.4%) with respect to human reference strain A/Brevig Mission/1/1918 and previous epidemic strains H1N1 and H3N2 (aa identity 78.9% and 77.6%, respectively) was shown. Specific sequence signatures of uncertain significance in the new virus variant were a C-terminus deletion and a T215P substitution.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The H1N1v NS1 gene was more conserved than that of previous epidemic strains. In addition, a closer genetic identity of H1N1v with the swine than the human reference strains was shown. Hot-spots were shown in the H1N1v NS1 aa sequence whose biologic relevance remains to be investigated.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Virology Unit, Virology and Microbiology Dept, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
authors.forename: Giulia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Campanini
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Piralla
authors.forename: Stefania
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Paolucci
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rovida
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Percivalle
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Maga
authors.forename: Fausto
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Baldanti
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D004285:Dogs; D014644:Genetic Variation; D006801:Humans; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D053122:Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000821:virology*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D017385:Sequence Homology; D017361:Viral Nonstructural Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D014776:Virus Cultivation
chemical_list: C085820:INS1 protein, influenza virus; D012367:RNA, Viral; D017361:Viral Nonstructural Proteins
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