title: Myocardial ischemia during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: an overlooked issue with significant clinical impact.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The occurrence of peri-procedural myocardial ischemia with endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) has been documented, but its significance remains controversial. This study aimed to investigate the incidence and risk factors of myocardial ischemia during ERCP procedures and to analyze the potential association between myocardial ischemia and post-ERCP complications.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ambulatory 24-h ST-segment monitoring from 30 min prior to 24 h after ERCP was obtained on 71 patients from September 2006 to August 2007. Changes in vital signs during ERCP, post-ERCP complications, and their outcomes were recorded and analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cardiac ischemia occurred in 13 patients (18.3%) during ERCP and one patient developed myocardial infarction. More patients in the ischemic group (38.5%) than in the non-ischemic group (5.2%) had ST-T changes in pre-ERCP resting electrocardiography (P < 0.01). Hypotension during ERCP was found only in the ischemic group (15.4% vs 0%; P = 0.03). Patients with cardiac ischemia during ERCP had a significantly higher rate of elevated serum amylase and lipase levels (53.8% vs 15.5%; P < 0.01) and post-ERCP pancreatitis (30.8% vs 6.9%; P = 0.03). Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that cardiac ischemia during ERCP (OR: 5.21, P = 0.050) and pancreatic duct cannulation (OR: 5.7, P = 0.036) were independent predictors for post-ERCP pancreatitis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ST-T changes on resting electrocardiography and intra-procedural hypotension are risk factors of myocardial ischemia during ERCP. Post-ERCP hyperamylasemia, hyperlipasemia, and pancreatitis were associated with myocardial ischemia during ERCP.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, E-Da Hospital/I-Shou University, Kaohisung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Ching-Tai
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Thung-Lip
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Wei-Chih
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.forename: Chi-Yang
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Chi-Ming
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Tai
authors.forename: Tsung-Hsien
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Chiang
authors.forename: Chia-Hung
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Tu
authors.forename: Wei-Kung
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Tseng
authors.forename: Jaw-Town
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Lin
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002760:Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015716:Electrocardiography, Ambulatory; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000209:etiology; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010195:Pancreatitis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D013624:Taiwan / Q000453:epidemiology; D013997:Time Factors