title: Health-related quality of life and mortality in a general and elderly population of patients with type 2 diabetes (ZODIAC-18).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Diabetes negatively impacts the health-related quality of life (HRQOL) of patients with type 2 diabetes. An earlier analysis showed HRQOL to be associated with mortality, which suggests that measuring HRQOL could have clinical implications. We studied the association between HRQOL and total and cardiovascular mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes during long-term follow-up and specifically focused on old age and sex differences.
  
  
  METHODS
  HRQOL was measured in a prospectively followed cohort of 1,353 patients with type 2 diabetes using the RAND-36. Cox proportional hazard models were used to measure the independent effect of baseline HRQOL on mortality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During a mean follow-up of 9.6 years, 570 (42%) patients died, 280 of whom died of cardiovascular disease (49%). The Physical Component Score (PCS) and the Mental Component Score (MCS) were inversely associated with total mortality, with hazard ratios of 0.988 (95% CI 0.983-0.993) and 0.990 (95% CI 0.985-0.995), respectively. A 10-point-higher score on the PCS and MCS decreased the risk for total mortality by 11 and 10%, respectively. An inverse relationship with mortality was also seen for men, women, and for patients aged>75 years. Mental health was significantly related to mortality in men but not in women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lower physical and mental HRQOL was associated with a higher total mortality and cardiovascular mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes; this is also the case when studying men and women and the elderly separately. The dimension mental health, related to depression and anxiety, was only associated with mortality in men, not in women.
authors.affiliation: Diabetes Centre, Department of Internal Medicine, Isala Clinics, Zwolle, Overijssel, the Netherlands. g.w.d.landman@isala.nl
authors.forename: Gijs W D
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Landman
authors.forename: Kornelis J J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: van Hateren
authors.forename: Nanne
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kleefstra
authors.forename: Klaas H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Groenier
authors.forename: Rijk O B
authors.initials: RO
authors.lastname: Gans
authors.forename: Henk J G
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Bilo
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000401:mortality* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000401:mortality* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011788:Quality of Life; D012737:Sex Factors
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