title: Asymmetric and non-uniform evolution of recently duplicated human genes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Gene duplications are a source of new genes and protein functions. The innovative role of duplication events makes families of paralogous genes an interesting target for studies in evolutionary biology. Here we study global trends in the evolution of human genes that resulted from recent duplications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The pressure of negative selection is weaker during a short time immediately after a duplication event. Roughly one fifth of genes in paralogous gene families are evolving asymmetrically: one of the proteins encoded by two closest paralogs accumulates amino acid substitutions significantly faster than its partner. This asymmetry cannot be explained by differences in gene expression levels. In asymmetric gene pairs the number of deleterious mutations is increased in one copy, while decreased in the other copy as compared to genes constituting non-asymmetrically evolving pairs. The asymmetry in the rate of synonymous substitutions is much weaker and not significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The increase of negative selection pressure over time after a duplication event seems to be a major trend in the evolution of human paralogous gene families. The observed asymmetry in the evolution of paralogous genes shows that in many cases one of two gene copies remains practically unchanged, while the other accumulates functional mutations. This supports the hypothesis that slowly evolving gene copies preserve their original functions, while fast evolving copies obtain new specificities or functions.
authors.affiliation: M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Vorobyevy Gory 1-73, Moscow, 119992, Russia.
authors.forename: Alexander Y
authors.initials: AY
authors.lastname: Panchin
authors.forename: Mikhail S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Gelfand
authors.forename: Vasily E
authors.initials: VE
authors.lastname: Ramensky
authors.forename: Irena I
authors.initials: II
authors.lastname: Artamonova
mesh_terms: D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D020131:Genes, Duplicate / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D012641:Selection, Genetic / Q000235:genetics
references.citation: Hum Mol Genet. 2003 Dec 15;12(24):3325-30
references.pmid: 14570704
references.citation: PLoS Genet. 2009 May;5(5):e1000496
references.pmid: 19478994
references.citation: BMC Evol Biol. 2008 Feb 08;8:43
references.pmid: 18261230
references.citation: Mol Biol Evol. 2006 May;23(5):1068-75
references.pmid: 16510556
references.citation: Genome Biol. 2002;3(2):RESEARCH0008
references.pmid: 11864370
references.citation: J Mol Biol. 1992 Nov 5;228(1):7-12
references.pmid: 1447795
references.citation: Genome Biol. 2003;4(9):R56
references.pmid: 12952535
references.citation: Mol Biol Evol. 2007 Aug;24(8):1600-3
references.pmid: 17525472
references.citation: Mol Biol Evol. 2007 Feb;24(2):374-81
references.pmid: 17101719
references.citation: Genome. 1989;31(1):304-10
references.pmid: 2687099
references.citation: Proteomics. 2009 Sep;9(18):4276-83
references.pmid: 19662629
references.citation: Genome Res. 2005 Oct;15(10):1421-30
references.pmid: 16204195
references.citation: Trends Genet. 2004 Nov;20(11):534-8
references.pmid: 15475111
references.citation: Genome Res. 2008 Jan;18(1):137-47
references.pmid: 18025270
references.citation: Curr Protoc Bioinformatics. 2004 May;Chapter 4:Unit 4.10
references.pmid: 18428725
references.citation: Bioinformatics. 2004 Jun 12;20(9):1464-5
references.pmid: 14962934
references.citation: Bioinformatics. 2007 Nov 1;23(21):2947-8
references.pmid: 17846036
references.citation: Proc Biol Sci. 2004 Jan 7;271(1534):89-96
references.pmid: 15002776
references.citation: Science. 2000 Nov 10;290(5494):1151-5
references.pmid: 11073452
references.citation: Nucleic Acids Res. 2007 Jan;35(Database issue):D61-5
references.pmid: 17130148
references.citation: Genetica. 2009 Sep;137(1):77-86
references.pmid: 19184643
references.citation: Curr Protoc Bioinformatics. 2008 Mar;Chapter 13:Unit 13.8
references.pmid: 18428683
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001 Jun 19;98(13):7390-5
references.pmid: 11416212
references.citation: BMC Evol Biol. 2004 Jul 06;4:22
references.pmid: 15238160
references.citation: Am J Hum Genet. 2008 Jan;82(1):100-12
references.pmid: 18179889
references.citation: Nature. 2004 Apr 8;428(6983):617-24
references.pmid: 15004568
references.citation: Mol Biol Evol. 2007 Aug;24(8):1586-91
references.pmid: 17483113
references.citation: J Mol Evol. 2007 Nov;65(5):574-88
references.pmid: 17957399
references.citation: J Mol Biol. 1982 Jul 15;158(4):573-97
references.pmid: 6750137
references.citation: Mol Biol (Mosk). 2009 Nov-Dec;43(6):1025-31
references.pmid: 20088378
references.citation: Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet. 2007;8:17-35
references.pmid: 17386002
references.citation: Trends Genet. 2004 Nov;20(11):544-9
references.pmid: 15475113
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Jan 6;106(1):50-4
references.pmid: 19104062
references.citation: Mol Biol Evol. 2007 Mar;24(3):679-86
references.pmid: 17179139
references.citation: J Mol Evol. 2004 Nov;59(5):620-31
references.pmid: 15693618
references.citation: Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Sep 1;30(17):3894-900
references.pmid: 12202775
references.citation: J Mol Evol. 2001 Mar;52(3):275-80
references.pmid: 11428464
references.citation: Genome Res. 2002 Jun;12(6):996-1006
references.pmid: 12045153
references.citation: Mol Biol Evol. 2002 Oct;19(10):1760-8
references.pmid: 12270902
references.citation: Genome Res. 2003 Sep;13(9):2052-8
references.pmid: 12952876
references.citation: BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jan 27;7:46
references.pmid: 16441884
references.citation: Mol Biol Evol. 2006 Jan;23(1):144-51
references.pmid: 16151181
references.citation: J Comput Biol. 2000 Feb-Apr;7(1-2):203-14
references.pmid: 10890397
references.citation: Genome Biol. 2007;8(10):R209
references.pmid: 17916239
references.citation: PLoS Biol. 2004 Mar;2(3):E55
references.pmid: 15024414