title: Practical approaches to pharmacologic management of pain in older adults with cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify appropriate strategies for pharmacotherapeutic agents in the management of pain in older adults with cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  PubMed literature searches, personal reference collection, and clinical experience.
  
  
  RESULTS
  To make good decisions about pain management when developing treatment plans for older adults, healthcare providers should focus on the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of drugs in the context of the physiologic changes that occur with aging.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Unrelieved pain can have a detrimental effect on older adults; conversely, overmedicating can lead to an increased risk of adverse events. With advancing age, physiologic changes alter the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of drugs by reducing their absorption, changing their distribution, and modifying their metabolism and elimination. Also, common comorbidities increase the risk of pharmacologic toxicity and narrow the therapeutic window. In addition, polypharmacy-an issue more common in older adults-increases the complexity of prescribing and risk of adverse events. Consequently, older adults require individualization of their pharmacotherapies. Healthcare providers should consider carefully the risks and benefits of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, opioids, and adjuvants before initiating an analgesic trial. The 2009 guidelines published by the American Geriatrics Society described several key principles for prescribing analgesics to older adults and offered specific recommendations and caveats for each drug class.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Current guidelines support appropriate management of cancer pain in older adults with specific recommendations for each class of analgesics as well as general prescribing principles.
authors.affiliation: College of Nursing, Montana State University in Bozeman, Montana, USA. jbrant@billingsclinic.org
authors.forename: Jeannine M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Brant
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000700:Analgesics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications* / Q000451:nursing*; D009859:Oncology Nursing / Q000379:methods*; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology / Q000451:nursing; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D000928:Antidepressive Agents