title: Force of cochlear implant electrode insertion performed by a robotic insertion tool: comparison of traditional versus Advance Off-Stylet techniques.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Robotic cochlear implant electrode array insertion offers substantial potential advantages, namely repeatability and minimization of insertion forces, leading to decreased intracochlear trauma. Using such a robotic insertion tool, we sought to analyze force profiles during deployment of stylet-containing electrode arrays using either traditional insertion, in which the stylet is withdrawn after complete insertion of the electrode, or Advance Off-Stylet (AOS) insertion, in which the stylet is withdrawn simultaneous with electrode array insertion.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tertiary referral center.
  
  
  METHODS
  A robotic cochlear implant insertion tool coupled with a force-sensing carriage was used to perform electrode array insertions into an anatomically correct, three-dimensional scala tympani model during either straight insertion (n = 4) or AOS insertion (n = 4).
  
  
  METHODS
  Both insertion techniques begin with a 7-mm straight insertion during which forces were similar averaging approximately 0.006 N. For insertion from 7 to 17 mm, traditional insertion forces averaged 0.046 ± 0.027 N, with a peak of 0.093 N, and AOS insertion forces averaged 0.008 ± 0.006 N, with a peak of 0.034 N. Beyond 9.74 mm, the difference between traditional and AOS insertion forces was highly significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With the use of a robotic insertion tool, which minimizes operator variability and maximizes repeatability, we have shown that cochlear implant electrode insertion via AOS is associated with lower average and maximum insertion forces compared with traditional insertion. These findings support the use of AOS over traditional, straight insertion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA. daniel.schurzig@vanderbilt.edu
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schurzig
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Webster
authors.forename: Mary S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Dietrich
authors.forename: Robert F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Labadie
mesh_terms: D019929:Cochlear Implantation / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D003054:Cochlear Implants; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D006801:Humans; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012371:Robotics; D012533:Scala Tympani / Q000601:surgery*
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