title: Taurine in morning spot urine for the useful assessment of dietary seafood intake in Japanese children and adolescents.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Since our previous report on WHO CARDIAC Study data demonstrated that 24-hour urinary (24U) taurine (Tau) excretion was a useful biomarker of seafood (SF) intake and inversely related to the mortality rates of stroke and coronary heart diseases in the world, we determined that SF is important in the risk reduction of lifestyle related-diseases. The amounts of dietary SF intake are so far estimated from a nutritional survey or 24U Tau excretion.The sodium/potassium ratio of spot urine (SU) and the 24U ratio were reported to be significantly correlated with. Therefore, we presently examined the relationship of Tau excretion in the morning SU with 24U Tau for simplifying the population comparison and the follow-up of SF intake changes in the process of food education program (FEP).
  
  
  METHODS
  After informed consent was obtained, 54 children aged 6-11 years (Children) and 193 adolescents aged 13-18 years (Adolescents) participated in collecting precisely 24U and SU of the first urination on the same day and answered the questionnaire including age and height and weight measurements. The urine samples were measured for creatinine (Cre) and Tau, and the association of these between 24U and SU were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The success rates of 24U sampling were very high in Children and Adolescents, 96.4% and 82.4%, respectively. From the result of the multiple regression analysis of SU Tau/Cre and weight we obtained formulas for predicting 24U Tau excretion in Children and Adolescents as follows: Children: 24U Tau = 16.3 (weight) + 314.3 (SU Tau/Cre) -175.2; and Adolescents: 24U Tau = 20.2 (weight) + 644.7 (SU Tau/Cre) - 569.4.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study established the regression equation to estimate 24U Tau excretion from SU Tau/Cre and weight. These formulas are expected to contribute to the estimation of fish and SF intake and the follow-up of the change of the dietary behavior by FEP in Children and Adolescents.
authors.affiliation: Institute for World Health Development, Mukogawa Women's University, Nishinomiya, 6638143, Japan. mmori@mukogawa-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Mari
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mori
authors.forename: Hideki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mori
authors.forename: Atsumi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hamada
authors.forename: Yukio
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yamori
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D044466:Asian People; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D001835:Body Weight; D002648:Child; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D011188:Potassium / Q000652:urine; D017747:Seafood; D012964:Sodium / Q000652:urine; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013654:Taurine / Q000652:urine*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D013654:Taurine; D012964:Sodium; D011188:Potassium
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