title: Removal of uraemic retention solutes in standard bicarbonate haemodialysis and long-hour slow-flow bicarbonate haemodialysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several studies already stressed the importance of haemodialysis (HD) time in the removal of uraemic toxins. In those studies, however, also the amount of dialysate and/or processed blood was altered. The present study aimed to investigate the isolated effect of the factor time t (by processing the same total blood and dialysate volume in two different time schedules) on the removal and kinetic behaviour of some small, middle and protein-bound molecules.
  
  
  METHODS
  The present study had a crossover design: 11 stable anuric HD patients underwent two bicarbonate HD sessions (~ 4 and ~ 8 h) in a random sequence, at least 1 week apart. The GENIUS single-pass batch dialysis system and the high-flux FX80 dialysers (Fresenius Medical Care, Bad Homburg, Germany) were used. The volume of blood and dialysate processed, volume of ultrafiltration, and dialysate composition were prescribed to be the same. For each patient, blood was sampled from the arterial line at 0, 60, 120, 180 and 240 min (all sessions), and at 360 and 480 min (8-h sessions). Dialysate was sampled at the end of HD from the dialysate tank. The following solutes were investigated: (i) small molecules: urea, creatinine, phosphorus and uric acid; (ii) middle molecule: β(2)M; and (iii) protein-bound molecules: homocysteine, hippuric acid, indole-3-acetic acid and indoxyl sulphate. Total solute removals (solute concentration in the spent dialysate of each analyte × 90 L - the volume of dialysate) (TSR), clearances (TSR of a solute/area under the plasma water concentration time curve of the solute) (K), total cleared volumes (K × dialysis time) (TCV), and dialyser extraction ratios (K/blood flow rate) (ER) were determined. The percent differences of TSR, K, TCV and ER between 4- and 8-h dialyses were calculated. Single-pool Kt/Vurea, and post-dialysis percent rebounds of urea, creatinine and β(2)M were computed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TSR, TCV and ER were statistically significantly larger during prolonged HD for all small and middle molecules (at least, P < 0.01). Specifically, the percent increases of TSR (8 h vs 4 h) were: for urea 22.6.0% (P < 0.003), for creatinine 24.8% (P < 0.002), for phosphorus 26.6% (P < 0.001), and for β(2)M 39.2% (P < 0.005). No statistically significant difference was observed for protein-bound solutes in any of the parameters being studied. Single-pool Kt/Vurea was 1.41 ± 0.19 for the 4-h dialysis sessions and 1.80 ± 0.29 for the 8-h ones. The difference was statistically significant (P < 0.0001). Post-dialysis percent rebounds of urea, creatinine and β(2)M were statistically significantly greater in the 4-h dialysis sessions (at least, P < 0.0002).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present controlled study using a crossover design indicates that small and middle molecules are removed more adequately from the deeper compartments when performing a prolonged HD, even if blood and dialysate volumes are kept constant. Hence, factor time t is very important for these retention solutes. The kinetic behaviour of protein-bound solutes is completely different from that of small and middle molecules, mainly because of the strength of their protein binding.
authors.affiliation: Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Miulli General Hospital, Acquaviva delle Fonti, Italy. basile.miulli@libero.it
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Basile
authors.forename: Pasquale
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Libutti
authors.forename: Anna Lucia
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Di Turo
authors.forename: Francesco G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Casino
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vernaglione
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tundo
authors.forename: Pasquale
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Maselli
authors.forename: Edy Valentina
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: De Nicolò
authors.forename: Edmondo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ceci
authors.forename: Annalisa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Teutonico
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lomonte
mesh_terms: D001639:Bicarbonates / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D005260:Female; D017583:Hemodiafiltration; D015312:Hemodialysis Solutions / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000097:blood* / Q000628:therapy*; D007700:Kinetics; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010710:Phosphates / Q000097:blood; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000379:methods*; D014118:Toxins, Biological / Q000097:blood*; D014508:Urea / Q000097:blood; D014511:Uremia / Q000097:blood / Q000628:therapy*; D016055:Urinary Retention
chemical_list: D001639:Bicarbonates; D015312:Hemodialysis Solutions; D010710:Phosphates; D014118:Toxins, Biological; D014508:Urea; D003404:Creatinine