title: Peanut allergy: is maternal transmission of antigens during pregnancy and breastfeeding a risk factor?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Peanut allergy is an important public health problem in western countries. However, the risk factors associated with this allergy remain uncertain.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether the consumption of peanuts during pregnancy and breastfeeding is a risk factor for peanut allergy in infants.
  
  
  METHODS
  We enrolled 403 infants in a case-control study. The cases were infants aged 18 months or less with a diagnosis of peanut allergy based on a history of clinical reaction after exposure to peanuts and the presence of peanut-specific immunoglobulin E. Controls were age-matched infants with no known clinical history or signs of atopic disease. The mothers of the children filled out a detailed questionnaire about maternal diet during pregnancy and breastfeeding, the infant's diet, the presence of peanut products in the infant's environment, and family history of atopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean (SD) age of cases was 1.23 (0.03) years. The groups were comparable in terms of the rate and duration of breastfeeding. However, the reported consumption of peanuts during pregnancy and breastfeeding was higher in the case group and associated with an increased risk of peanut allergy in offspring (odds ratio [OR], 4.22 [95% confidence interval [CI], 1.57-11.30 and OR, 2.28 [95% CI, 1.31-3.97] for pregnancy and breastfeeding, respectively). Overall, the infants with peanut allergy did not seem to be more exposed to peanut products in their environment than the controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early exposure to peanut allergens, whether in utero or through human breast milk, seems to increase the risk of developing peanut allergy.
authors.affiliation: Immunology-Allergy Service, Sainte-Justine's Hospital, Montreal, Québec, Canada. a.des.roches@umontreal.ca
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: DesRoches
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Infante-Rivard
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Paradis
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Paradis
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Haddad
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D052179:Antigens, Plant / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D001942:Breast Feeding / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D005331:Fetomaternal Transfusion / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007114:Immunization; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D018811:Maternal Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D021183:Peanut Hypersensitivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology; D039401:Prenatal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena / Q000276:immunology; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D052179:Antigens, Plant