title: Dynamic properties of human brain structure: learning-related changes in cortical areas and associated fiber connections.
abstract: Recent findings in neuroscience suggest that adult brain structure changes in response to environmental alterations and skill learning. Whereas much is known about structural changes after intensive practice for several months, little is known about the effects of single practice sessions on macroscopic brain structure and about progressive (dynamic) morphological alterations relative to improved task proficiency during learning for several weeks. Using T1-weighted and diffusion tensor imaging in humans, we demonstrate significant gray matter volume increases in frontal and parietal brain areas following only two sessions of practice in a complex whole-body balancing task. Gray matter volume increase in the prefrontal cortex correlated positively with subject's performance improvements during a 6 week learning period. Furthermore, we found that microstructural changes of fractional anisotropy in corresponding white matter regions followed the same temporal dynamic in relation to task performance. The results make clear how marginal alterations in our ever changing environment affect adult brain structure and elucidate the interrelated reorganization in cortical areas and associated fiber connections in correlation with improvements in task performance.
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Department of Neurology, Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Taubert
authors.forename: Bogdan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Draganski
authors.forename: Alfred
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Anwander
authors.forename: Karsten
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: Annette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Horstmann
authors.forename: Arno
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Villringer
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ragert
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D009413:Nerve Fibers, Myelinated / Q000502:physiology*; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity / Q000502:physiology*; D004856:Postural Balance / Q000502:physiology; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
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