title: Mineral recovery from inland reverse osmosis concentrate using isothermal evaporation.
abstract: Mineral recovery from reverse osmosis (RO) concentrate after concentration by a secondary sea water-type RO system with lime-soda pretreatment was the focus of this study. Lime-soda pretreatment removed Ca, Mg and Si allowing for the application of sea water-type RO resulting in a concentrate composed of sodium, potassium, sulfate and chloride. The overall objective was reduction in concentrate volume that will require disposal by evaporation while producing by-products with potential resale value. Thermodynamic phase equilibrium calculations using Pitzer's correlations for 25 °C, accurately predicted the solubility and evaporation path of the sodium sulfate minerals as potential by-products. Bench-scale evaporation experiments verified the model predictions and indicated that 81-88% of the sodium sulfate by-products were Na(2)SO(4).
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil, Environmental and Sustainable Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, United States.
authors.forename: Farah
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mohammadesmaeili
authors.forename: Mostafa Kabiri
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Badr
authors.forename: Morteza
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Abbaszadegan
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fox
mesh_terms: D002712:Chlorides / Q000737:chemistry; D008903:Minerals / Q000737:chemistry*; D009995:Osmosis; D011188:Potassium / Q000737:chemistry; D012964:Sodium / Q000737:chemistry; D013431:Sulfates / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D002712:Chlorides; D008903:Minerals; D013431:Sulfates; C012036:sodium sulfate; D012964:Sodium; D011188:Potassium