Quasi-Static Ultrasound Elastography.
Elastography is a new imaging modality where elastic tissue parameters related to the structural organization of normal and pathological tissues are imaged. Basic principles underlying the quasi-static elastography concept and principles are addressed. The rationale for elastographic imaging is reinforced using data on elastic properties of normal and abnormal soft tissues. The several orders of magnitude difference between the elastic modulus of normal and abnormal tissues which is the primary contrast mechanism in elastographic imaging underlines the probability of success with this imaging modality. Recent advances enabling the clinical practice of elastographic imaging in real-time on clinical ultrasound systems is also discussed.In quasi-static elastography, radiofrequency echo signals acquired before and after a small (about 1%) of applied deformation are correlated to estimate tissue displacements. Local tissue displacement vector estimates between small segments of the pre- and post-deformation signals are estimated and the corresponding strain distribution imaged. Elastographic imaging techniques are based on the hypothesis that soft tissues deform more than stiffer tissue, and these differences can be quantified in images of the tissue strain tensor or the Young's modulus.Clinical applications of quasi-static elastography have mushroomed over the last decade, with the most commonly imaged areas being the breast, prostate, thyroid, cardiac, treatment monitoring of ablation procedures and vascular imaging applications.
Varghese
Tomy
T
Department of Medical Physics, The University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI-53706, USA.
IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control. 1999;46(5):1057-67
18244299
J Acoust Soc Am. 1997 Feb;101(2):1147-54
9035402
Ultrason Imaging. 2004 Jan;26(1):18-28
15134391
Ultrasound Med Biol. 2006 Feb;32(2):221-35
16464668
J Acoust Soc Am. 2001 Dec;110(6):3243-51
11785825
Ultrasound Med Biol. 2003 Nov;29(11):1593-605
14654155
Heart. 2006 Aug;92(8):1102-8
16387826
Ultrasound Med Biol. 1995;21(4):533-43
7571146
Dysphagia. 1999 Winter;14(1):8-16
9828269
J Ultrasound Med. 2006 Sep;25(9):1179-86
16929019
Circulation. 2006 Feb 21;113(7):960-8
16476850
Adv Cardiol. 2007;44:35-61
17075198
Phys Med Biol. 2002 Jun 21;47(12):2147-64
12118606
Proc Inst Mech Eng H. 1999;213(3):203-33
10420776
J Acoust Soc Am. 1999 Apr;105(4):2508-18
10212432
IEEE Trans Med Imaging. 1999 Jul;18(7):593-603
10504093
Ultrasound Med Biol. 1990;16(3):241-6
2194336
J Acoust Soc Am. 2005 May;117(5):2705-12
15957738
Ultrasound Med Biol. 1993;19(9):751-61
8134976
Ultrason Imaging. 1993 Apr;15(2):73-88
8346612
Phys Med Biol. 2008 Sep 7;53(17):4809-23
18701768
Ultrasound Med Biol. 2008 Dec;34(12):1980-97
18952364
Phys Med Biol. 2000 Jun;45(6):1521-40
10870708
Ultrasound Med Biol. 2002 Nov-Dec;28(11-12):1467-73
12498942
Med Image Anal. 2006 Apr;10(2):125-36
16143559
Ultrason Imaging. 2005 Jan;27(1):21-36
16003924
Ultrasound Med Biol. 1994;20(8):759-72
7863565
Ultrasound Med Biol. 1995;21(9):1153-62
8849830
Ultrasound Med Biol. 2007 Dec;33(12):1841-58
17698283
Phys Med Biol. 2000 Jun;45(6):1465-75
10870704
Ultrasound Med Biol. 2002 Apr;28(4):467-74
12049960
IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control. 2004 May;51(5):521-31
15217230
Ultrasonics. 2000 Mar;38(1-8):400-4
10829696
Ultrasound Med Biol. 1998 Oct;24(8):1183-99
9833588
Med Phys. 2009 Jun;36(6):2098-106
19610299
Ultrasound Med Biol. 2000 Nov;26(9):1525-37
11179627
Phys Med Biol. 2003 Jul 21;48(14):2183-98
12894978
J Biomech Eng. 1999 Dec;121(6):612-5
10633261
Phys Med Biol. 2006 Dec 21;51(24):6403-18
17148825
Ultrasound Med Biol. 2000 May;26 Suppl 1:S23-9
10794867
Ultrasound Med Biol. 2007 Apr;33(4):530-40
17280769
Ultrasound Med Biol. 2001 Nov;27(11):1461-9
11750744
IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control. 1997;44(1):164-72
18244114
Annu Rev Biomed Eng. 2003;5:57-78
12704084
Ultrasound Med Biol. 1996;22(4):463-70
8795173
J Ultrasound Med. 2006 Aug;25(8):1021-9
16870895
J Acoust Soc Am. 1996 May;99(5):3212-24
8642127
Ultrasound Med Biol. 2003 Jun;29(6):847-66
12837500
J Ultrasound Med. 2007 Jun;26(6):797-805
17526611
J Acoust Soc Am. 2008 Sep;124(3):1858-65
19045676
IEEE Trans Med Imaging. 2004 Dec;23(12):1479-89
15575406
Ultrasound Med Biol. 2003 Mar;29(3):427-35
12706194
Med Phys. 1995 Nov;22(11 Pt 1):1771-8
8587532
Ultrason Imaging. 1991 Apr;13(2):111-34
1858217
Ultrasound Med Biol. 1999 Sep;25(7):1115-29
10574343
Ultrasound Med Biol. 1997;23(5):735-46
9253821
Phys Med Biol. 2008 Nov 21;53(22):6377-94
18941278
Ultrasound Med Biol. 2008 Apr;34(4):546-58
18222031
J Ultrasound Med. 2007 Jul;26(7):899-908
17592053
Ultrasound Med Biol. 1998 Jul;24(6):915-24
9740393
Ultrason Imaging. 2001 Oct;23(4):216-48
12051276
J Interv Cardiol. 2003 Jun;16(3):253-9
12800404
Acad Radiol. 2007 Feb;14(2):193-200
17236992
Ultrasound Med Biol. 2006 Apr;32(4):547-67
16616601
IEEE Trans Med Imaging. 2008 Sep;27(9):1275-87
18753043
Phys Med Biol. 2000 Jun;45(6):1423-35
10870701
J Appl Physiol (1985). 1994 Jun;76(6):2749-59
7928910
Phys Med Biol. 2007 Nov 7;52(21):6525-41
17951860
Phys Med Biol. 2009 Mar 7;54(5):1191-207
19182325
J Biomech. 1998 Sep;31(9):801-7
9802780
J Appl Physiol (1985). 2000 Jul;89(1):3-14
10904029
Med Phys. 2008 Feb;35(2):412-23
18383661
Ultrason Imaging. 1997 Jan;19(1):19-38
9286011
J Magn Reson Imaging. 1995 Nov-Dec;5(6):733-8
8748495
Int J Med Inform. 1998 Apr;49(2):195-216
9741894
Ultrasound Med Biol. 2008 Oct;34(10):1622-37
18514999
IEEE Trans Med Imaging. 2004 Feb;23(2):153-63
14964561
Ultrason Imaging. 2002 Jul;24(3):161-76
12503771
Ultrasound Med Biol. 2003 Jun;29(6):813-23
12837497
Phys Med Biol. 2007 Jun 21;52(12):3643-63
17664564
Opt Express. 1998 Sep 14;3(6):199-211
19384362
Ultrason Imaging. 2003 Jan;25(1):1-16
12747424
Ultrasound Med Biol. 2002 Jan;28(1):101-13
11879957
Ultrasound Med Biol. 2001 Oct;27(10):1387-97
11731052
Phys Med Biol. 2007 Jan 21;52(2):389-401
17202622
Ultrasound Med Biol. 2008 Aug;34(8):1307-16
18374467
IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control. 1999;46(5):1128-33
18244306
Ultrason Imaging. 2000 Jan;22(1):35-54
10823496
Phys Med Biol. 2000 Jun;45(6):1449-64
10870703
Radiology. 1997 Jan;202(1):79-86
8988195
Ultrasound Med Biol. 2000 Mar;26(3):397-403
10773369
IEEE Trans Med Imaging. 2009 Aug;28(8):1325-34
19258195
Med Eng Phys. 2001 Nov;23(9):633-45
11755808
IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control. 1998;45(1):179-91
18244170
Phys Med Biol. 2004 Sep 21;49(18):4187-206
15509060
IEEE Trans Med Imaging. 1996;15(3):299-313
18215911
Ultrasound Med Biol. 1998 May;24(4):543-55
9651964
IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control. 2000;47(1):304-9
18238544
J Ultrasound Med. 2008 Jun;27(6):935-46
18499853
Ultrasonics. 2006 Jan;44(1):99-108
16243373
IEEE Trans Inf Technol Biomed. 2008 May;12(3):277-89
18693495
Ultraschall Med. 2000 Feb;21(1):8-15
10746278
Ultrasound Med Biol. 2003 May;29(5):695-704
12754069
Ultrason Imaging. 1999 Apr;21(2):127-46
10485566
Ultrason Imaging. 1982 Jan;4(1):71-82
7199773
Radiology. 2005 Oct;237(1):202-11
16118150
IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control. 1998;45(1):65-75
18244159
Med Phys. 2008 Aug;35(8):3436-43
18777903
Science. 1995 Sep 29;269(5232):1854-7
7569924
Ultrasound Med Biol. 2003 Dec;29(12):1705-13
14698338
Ultrasound Med Biol. 1998 Mar;24(3):401-8
9587995
Phys Med Biol. 2007 Jul 7;52(13):3773-90
17664576
Ultrasound Med Biol. 2007 Jan;33(1):57-66
17189047
Ultrason Imaging. 1999 Oct;21(4):259-72
10801211
Ultrasonics. 2009 Jan;49(1):98-111
18657839
IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control. 1998;45(2):491-503
18244199
Med Phys. 2007 Dec;34(12):4757-67
18196803
J Rehabil Res Dev. 1987 Spring;24(2):1-8
3295197
Phys Med Biol. 2006 Aug 7;51(15):3683-95
16861774
Ultrasound Med Biol. 2003 Jul;29(7):1007-15
12878247
Ultrasound Med Biol. 1998 Nov;24(9):1419-35
10385964
Ultrasound Med Biol. 1982;8(3):263-71
7101574
Ultrason Imaging. 1998 Oct;20(4):260-74
10197347
Ultrasound Med Biol. 2002 Apr;28(4):475-82
12049961
Arch Surg. 2001 Feb;136(2):204-8
11177142
IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control. 2004 May;51(5):510-20
15217229
AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2008 Aug;191(2):604-10
18647939
IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control. 1990;37(2):45-53
18285015
Med Phys. 2006 Mar;33(3):618-26
16878565
Ultrasound Q. 2007 Dec;23(4):255-68
18090836
Radiology. 2006 Feb;238(2):425-37
16436810
Radiology. 2007 Nov;245(2):401-10
17940302
Radiographics. 2003 Nov-Dec;23(6):1657-71
14615571
J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2004 Jun;17(6):630-3
15163933