title: Dynamics of changes in self-efficacy and locus of control expectancies in the behavioral and drug treatment of severe migraine.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Modification of expectancies (headache self-efficacy and headache locus of control) is thought to be central to the success of psychological treatments for migraine.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study is to examine expectancy changes with various combinations of Behavioral Migraine Management and migraine drug therapies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Frequent migraine sufferers who failed to respond to 5 weeks of optimized acute migraine drug therapy were randomized to a 2 (Behavioral Migraine Management+, Behavioral Migraine Management-) × 2 (β-blocker, placebo) treatment design.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mixed models for repeated measures analyses (N = 176) revealed large increases in headache self-efficacy and internal headache locus of control and large decreases in chance headache locus of control with Behavioral Migraine Management+ that were maintained over a 12-month evaluation period. Chance headache locus of control and socioeconomic status moderated changes in headache self-efficacy with Behavioral Migraine Management+.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The "deficiency" hypothesis best explained how patient characteristics influenced changes in of headache self-efficacy with Behavioral Migraine Management.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Ohio University, 200 Porter Hall, Athens, OH 45701-2979, USA. es842306@ohio.edu
authors.forename: Elizabeth K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Seng
authors.forename: Kenneth A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Holroyd
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007389:Internal-External Control; D008875:Middle Aged; D008881:Migraine Disorders / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy*; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D011433:Propranolol / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011788:Quality of Life; D020377:Self Efficacy; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D011433:Propranolol