Ghrelin cells in the gastrointestinal tract.
Ghrelin is 28-amino-acid peptide that was discovered from the rat and human stomach in 1999. Since the discovery of ghrelin, various functions of ghrelin, including growth hormone release, feeding behavior, glucose metabolism, memory, and also antidepressant effects, have been studied. It has also been reported that ghrelin in the gastrointestinal tract has an important physiological effect on gastric acid secretion and gastrointestinal motility. Ghrelin has a unique structure that is modified by O-acylation with n-octanoic acid at third serine residues, and this modification enzyme has recently been identified and named ghrelin O-acyl transferase (GOAT). Ghrelin is considered to be a gut-brain peptide and is abundantly produced from endocrine cells in the gastrointestinal mucosa. In the gastrointestinal tract, ghrelin cells are most abundant in the stomach and are localized in gastric mucosal layers. Ghrelin cells are also widely distributed throughout the gastrointestinal tract. In addition, abundance of ghrelin cells in the gastric mucosa is evolutionally conserved from mammals to lower vertebrates, indicating that gastric ghrelin plays important roles for fundamental physiological functions. Ghrelin cells in the gastrointestinal tract are a major source of circulating plasma ghrelin, and thus understanding the physiology of these cells would reveal the biological significance of ghrelin.
Sakata
Ichiro
I
Divisions of Hypothalamic Research and Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390-9077, USA.
Sakai
Takafumi
T
Pediatr Res. 2009 Jan;65(1):39-44
18784614
Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2001 Mar;281(5):1220-5
11243865
Regul Pept. 2003 Mar 28;111(1-3):123-8
12609759
Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2004 Nov;287(5):R1071-9
15475503
Eur J Endocrinol. 2007 Feb;156(2):263-9
17287417
Eur J Endocrinol. 2003 Jul;149(1):R1-3
12824869
Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2004 Oct;61(4):503-9
15473884
J Cell Biol. 2002 Dec 23;159(6):1029-37
12486113
Regul Pept. 2007 Oct 4;143(1-3):118-26
17573135
Regul Pept. 2004 Jun 15;119(1-2):77-81
15093700
J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004 Aug;89(8):3988-93
15292338
Histochem Cell Biol. 2002 Jun;117(6):521-5
12107502
Endocrinology. 2006 May;147(5):2306-14
16484324
J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008 May;93(5):1971-9
18198223
Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2008 Dec;69(6):911-20
18710462
Endocrinology. 2002 Sep;143(9):3454-63
12193558
Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2008 Aug;20(8):884-90
18452507
J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008 Oct;93(10):4020-6
18611978
Gastroenterology. 2000 Aug;119(2):395-405
10930375
Gastroenterology. 2001 Feb;120(2):337-45
11159873
Nature. 1999 Dec 9;402(6762):656-60
10604470
J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Jan;87(1):240-4
11788653
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2009 Jul;297(1):E134-41
19401456
Eur J Endocrinol. 2004 Jul;151(1):119-21
15248831
Endocrinology. 2002 Jan;143(1):185-90
11751608
Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol. 2008 Feb;149(2):109-28
18222718
Eur J Endocrinol. 2001 Jun;144(6):687-90
11375804
Gastroenterology. 2005 Jul;129(1):8-25
16012930
J Endocrinol. 2005 Sep;186(3):505-13
16135670
J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008 Nov;93(11):4440-7
18697865
Gut. 2004 Feb;53(2):187-94
14724148
Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2003 Mar 14;302(3):520-5
12615065
Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl. 1976;39:15-7
792982
Peptides. 2004 Feb;25(2):289-97
15063011
J Gastroenterol. 2006 Oct;41(10):954-61
17096064
J Histochem Cytochem. 2008 Sep;56(9):793-801
18474938
Gen Comp Endocrinol. 2008 Jan 15;155(2):341-51
17597623
Endocrinology. 2008 Sep;149(9):4710-6
18535105
Am J Dig Dis. 1978 Oct;23(10):929-35
717352
Helicobacter. 2005 Oct;10(5):373-8
16181346
Science. 2005 Nov 11;310(5750):996-9
16284174
J Endocrinol. 2002 Sep;174(3):463-71
12208667
Cell Tissue Res. 2008 Mar;331(3):575-87
18071756
J Endocrinol. 2002 May;173(2):239-45
12010631
J Endocrinol. 2006 Sep;190(3):749-57
17003276
Pharmacol Ther. 2009 Aug;123(2):207-23
19427331
Endocrinology. 2005 Feb;146(2):845-50
15528308
Can J Biochem. 1973 May;51(5):533-7
4706833
Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2002 Aug;283(2):G309-18
12121877
Eur J Endocrinol. 2001 Apr;144(4):R1-3
11275957
Peptides. 2008 Apr;29(4):639-45
18325633
Am J Gastroenterol. 2004 Nov;99(11):2121-7
15554990
J Mol Endocrinol. 2006 Aug;37(1):51-62
16901923
Scand J Gastroenterol. 2005 Apr;40(4):430-6
16028437
Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2005 Jan;30(1):115
15358450
Endocrinology. 2000 Nov;141(11):4255-61
11089560
Peptides. 2008 Jul;29(7):1255-70
18396350
Circ Res. 1986 May;58(5):678-91
3708765
Gen Comp Endocrinol. 2007 May 1;151(3):259-68
17362948
Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2007 Jun 15;357(4):865-70
17462598
Peptides. 2002 Mar;23(3):531-6
11836003
Endocrinology. 2005 Jun;146(6):2510-6
15774556
Peptides. 2009 May;30(5):982-90
19428777
World J Gastroenterol. 2008 Nov 7;14(41):6327-33
19009647
Regul Pept. 2008 Feb 7;146(1-3):12-8
17720259
Gen Comp Endocrinol. 2006 Sep 1;148(2):236-44
16630619
Regul Pept. 2001 Jun 15;99(2-3):141-50
11384775
Endocrinology. 2003 Jul;144(7):2765-7
12810528
J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004 Aug;89(8):4162-5
15292365
J Anat. 2004 Sep;205(3):239-46
15379929
J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005 May;90(5):2954-63
15872336
Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol. 2003 Jul;135(3):421-9
12831762
World J Gastroenterol. 2008 Nov 7;14(41):6318-26
19009646
Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2000 Dec 29;279(3):909-13
11162448
Eur J Endocrinol. 2006 Aug;155(2):337-45
16868149
J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001 Oct;86(10):4753-8
11600536
Nature. 2000 Oct 19;407(6806):908-13
11057670
Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2007 Jan 26;352(4):907-12
17157813
Peptides. 2009 Feb;30(2):318-29
18996160
Zoolog Sci. 2004 Jul;21(7):757-62
15277719
Acta Histochem. 2007;109(3):193-9
17367847
Gen Comp Endocrinol. 2004 Aug;138(1):50-7
15242751
Gut. 1999 Nov;45(5):653-61
10517899
Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2003 May 23;305(1):169-75
12732213
J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Oct;87(10):4829-32
12364482
Endocrinology. 2007 Jan;148(1):21-6
17008393
J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005 Jan;90(1):6-9
15483072
Eur J Endocrinol. 2006 May;154(5):667-73
16645013
J Endocrinol. 2008 Mar;196(3):529-38
18310448
J Biol Chem. 2001 Nov 2;276(44):40441-8
11546772
J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007 Sep;92(9):3573-81
17595255