title: Susceptibility of the human retrovirus XMRV to antiretroviral inhibitors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  XMRV (xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus) is the first known example of an exogenous gammaretrovirus that can infect humans. A limited number of reports suggest that XMRV is intrinsically resistant to many of the antiretroviral drugs used to treat HIV-1 infection, but is sensitive to a small subset of these inhibitors. In the present study, we used a novel marker transfer assay to directly compare the antiviral drug sensitivities of XMRV and HIV-1 under identical conditions in the same host cell type.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We extend the findings of previous studies by showing that, in addition to AZT and tenofovir, XMRV and HIV-1 are equally sensitive to AZddA (3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxyadenosine), AZddG (3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxyguanosine) and adefovir. These results indicate that specific 3'-azido or acyclic nucleoside analog inhibitors of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) also block XMRV infection with comparable efficacy in vitro. Our data confirm that XMRV is highly resistant to the non-nucleoside RT inhibitors nevirapine and efavirenz and to inhibitors of HIV-1 protease. In addition, we show that the integrase inhibitors raltegravir and elvitegravir are active against XMRV, with EC50 values in the nanomolar range.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our analysis demonstrates that XMRV exhibits a distinct pattern of nucleoside analog susceptibility that correlates with the structure of the pseudosugar moiety and that XMRV is sensitive to a broader range of antiretroviral drugs than has previously been reported. We suggest that the divergent drug sensitivity profiles of XMRV and HIV-1 are partially explained by specific amino acid differences in their respective protease, RT and integrase sequences. Our data provide a basis for choosing specific antiretroviral drugs for clinical studies in XMRV-infected patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA. smithra@u.washington.edu
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Geoffrey S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Gottlieb
authors.forename: A Dusty
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Miller
mesh_terms: D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral; D017988:Gammaretrovirus / Q000187:drug effects*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D020128:Inhibitory Concentration 50; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests / Q000379:methods; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents
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