title: Intravesical electromotive botulinum toxin type A administration--part II: Clinical application.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effect of electromotive botulinum toxin type A administration on urodynamic variables, urinary/fecal incontinence, and vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) due to refractory neurogenic detrusor overactivity in children with myelomeningocele.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 15 children (mean age 7.8 years) were included. Using a specially designed catheter, 10 IU/kg of electromotive botulinum toxin type A was inserted into the distended bladder. While connected to the indwelling catheter and 2 dispersive pads, a pulsed current generator delivered 10 mA for 15 minutes. The urodynamic parameters, including reflex volume, maximal bladder capacity, maximal detrusor pressure, and end-fill pressure, and the urinary/fecal incontinence status and VUR grade were evaluated before and at 1, 4, and 9 months after treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean reflex volume and maximal bladder capacity had increased considerably (99 ± 35 mL versus 216 ± 35 mL and 121 ± 39 mL versus 262 ± 41 mL, respectively; P < .001). In contrast, the mean maximal detrusor pressure and end-fill pressure had significantly decreased (75 ± 16 cm H(2)O versus 39 ± 10 cm H(2)O and 22 ± 7 cm H(2)O versus 13 ± 2 cm H(2)O) after treatment. The difference was statistically significant (P < .001). Urinary incontinence improved in 12 patients (80%). The VUR grade substantially decreased in 7 of the 12 children (mean VUR grade 2.25 ± 1.3 versus 1.37 ± 0.7; P = .001), and none of the children required surgical intervention. Fecal incontinence was alleviated in 10 (83.3%) of the 12 children. Skin erythema and burning sensation were observed in 6 children.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of our study have shown that electromotive botulinum toxin type A administration is a feasible and safe method with no need for anesthesia. This novel delivery system resulted in considerable improvement in the urodynamic parameters, urinary/fecal incontinence, and VUR in patients with refractory neurogenic detrusor overactivity.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Urology Research Center, Department of Pediatric Urology, Children's Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. kajbafzd@sina.tums.ac.ir
authors.forename: Abdol-Mohammad
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Kajbafzadeh
authors.forename: Hamed
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ahmadi
authors.forename: Laleh
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Montaser-Kouhsari
authors.forename: Lida
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sharifi-Rad
authors.forename: Farideh
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Nejat
authors.forename: Shahrzad
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bazargan-Hejazi
mesh_terms: D000283:Administration, Intravesical; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D053672:Electrochemotherapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009465:Neuromuscular Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D001750:Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D053201:Urinary Bladder, Overactive / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D009465:Neuromuscular Agents; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A