title: Retinal and retinol are potential regulators of gene expression in the keratinocyte cell line HaCaT.
abstract: Vitamin A is a pivotal regulator of differentiation and growth of developing and adult skin. Retinoic acid is the major physiologically active form of vitamin A regulating the expression of different genes through retinoic acid nuclear receptors. Here, we present evidence that other vitamin A derivates - retinol and retinal - are also capable of functioning as regulators of gene expression in the keratinocyte cell line HaCaT. We have shown that all-trans retinol (ATRol) and all-trans retinal (ATRal) are capable of modulating gene expression in keratinocytes, which is not because of vitamin A metabolism in the cells, and retinol and retinal modulate gene expression through nuclear receptors: retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and retinoid X receptors (RXRs). Based on the data, we propose that ATRol and all-trans retinal, in addition to all-trans retinoic acid, can function as important regulators of gene expression manifesting their effect through the nuclear receptors RARs and RXRs.
authors.forename: Philipp M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Amann
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schadendorf
authors.forename: Robert W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Owen
authors.forename: Bernhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Korn
authors.forename: Stefan B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Eichmüller
authors.forename: Alexandr V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Bazhin
mesh_terms: D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012172:Retinaldehyde / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D047488:Retinoid X Receptors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid; D047488:Retinoid X Receptors; D014801:Vitamin A; D012172:Retinaldehyde