title: Autistic disorders and schizophrenia: related or remote? An anatomical likelihood estimation.
abstract: Shared genetic and environmental risk factors have been identified for autistic spectrum disorders (ASD) and schizophrenia. Social interaction, communication, emotion processing, sensorimotor gating and executive function are disrupted in both, stimulating debate about whether these are related conditions. Brain imaging studies constitute an informative and expanding resource to determine whether brain structural phenotype of these disorders is distinct or overlapping. We aimed to synthesize existing datasets characterizing ASD and schizophrenia within a common framework, to quantify their structural similarities. In a novel modification of Anatomical Likelihood Estimation (ALE), 313 foci were extracted from 25 voxel-based studies comprising 660 participants (308 ASD, 352 first-episode schizophrenia) and 801 controls. The results revealed that, compared to controls, lower grey matter volumes within limbic-striato-thalamic circuitry were common to ASD and schizophrenia. Unique features of each disorder included lower grey matter volume in amygdala, caudate, frontal and medial gyrus for schizophrenia and putamen for autism. Thus, in terms of brain volumetrics, ASD and schizophrenia have a clear degree of overlap that may reflect shared etiological mechanisms. However, the distinctive neuroanatomy also mapped in each condition raises the question about how this is arrived in the context of common etiological pressures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: Charlton
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cheung
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Germaine
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fung
authors.forename: Meikei
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.forename: Clive
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Qi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Pak
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sham
authors.forename: Siew
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chua
authors.forename: Gráinne
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: McAlonan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001321:Autistic Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology*; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology; D002648:Child; D019295:Computational Biology; D006801:Humans; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D010641:Phenotype; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology*
references.citation: Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2001 Jul;156(2-3):234-58
references.pmid: 11549226
references.citation: Curr Opin Neurobiol. 1997 Apr;7(2):269-78
references.pmid: 9142760
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2010 Jan 1;49(1):44-56
references.pmid: 19683584
references.citation: Psychiatr Q. 1994 Winter;65(4):287-97
references.pmid: 7831415
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2004 Sep;23(1):364-9
references.pmid: 15325384
references.citation: Schizophr Res. 2008 Apr;101(1-3):95-105
references.pmid: 18378428
references.citation: Lancet. 1994 Jan 1;343(8888):63-4
references.pmid: 7905084
references.citation: Psychol Med. 2001 Jul;31(5):907-14
references.pmid: 11459388
references.citation: Psychiatry Res. 2009 Sep 30;173(3):163-9
references.pmid: 19616415
references.citation: J Autism Child Schizophr. 1971 Jan-Mar;1(1):33-47
references.pmid: 5172438
references.citation: Schizophr Res. 2004 Jul 1;69(1):29-33
references.pmid: 15145468
references.citation: Schizophr Bull. 2011 Jan;37(1):199-211
references.pmid: 19759093
references.citation: Neurology. 1994 Feb;44(2):214-23
references.pmid: 8309561
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2010 Jun;51(2):677-83
references.pmid: 20197097
references.citation: Hum Brain Mapp. 2010 Apr;31(4):556-66
references.pmid: 19790171
references.citation: Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1995 Nov;122(1):35-43
references.pmid: 8711062
references.citation: J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2010 Mar;35(2):95-104
references.pmid: 20184807
references.citation: Br J Psychiatry. 2007 Sep;191:224-8
references.pmid: 17766762
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 2003 Dec 1;54(11):1302-4
references.pmid: 14643099
references.citation: Neurology. 1999 Mar 23;52(5):911-6
references.pmid: 10102405
references.citation: Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 2007 Nov;17(4):495-509, ix
references.pmid: 17983966
references.citation: J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2004 Jul;29(4):282-6
references.pmid: 15309044
references.citation: Dev Med Child Neurol. 2004 Nov;46(11):760-4
references.pmid: 15540637
references.citation: J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2008 Dec;49(12):1287-95
references.pmid: 18673405
references.citation: J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2007 Dec;48(12):1251-8
references.pmid: 18093031
references.citation: Indian J Psychiatry. 2010 Jan;52(1):28-36
references.pmid: 20174515
references.citation: Schizophr Res. 2009 Mar;108(1-3):104-13
references.pmid: 19157788
references.citation: Behav Pharmacol. 2000 Jun;11(3-4):185-204
references.pmid: 11103873
references.citation: Brain Dev. 2008 Jun;30(6):396-401
references.pmid: 18362056
references.citation: Psychol Med. 2009 May;39(5):793-800
references.pmid: 18713487
references.citation: Mol Psychiatry. 1999 Mar;4(2):145-54
references.pmid: 10208446
references.citation: Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 2000 Mar;31(2-3):236-50
references.pmid: 10719151
references.citation: Schizophr Bull. 2006 Apr;32(2):200-2
references.pmid: 16469941
references.citation: Brain. 2002 Jul;125(Pt 7):1594-606
references.pmid: 12077008
references.citation: Trends Neurosci. 2009 Feb;32(2):69-72
references.pmid: 19135727
references.citation: Neuroreport. 1999 Jun 3;10(8):1647-51
references.pmid: 10501551
references.citation: Brain Res Bull. 2003 Oct 15;61(6):557-69
references.pmid: 14519452
references.citation: Am J Epidemiol. 2005 May 15;161(10):916-25; discussion 926-8
references.pmid: 15870155
references.citation: Cortex. 2008 Oct;44(9):1206-14
references.pmid: 18761134
references.citation: Br J Psychiatry. 2009 May;194(5):418-25
references.pmid: 19407271
references.citation: Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2007 Jan 30;31(1):151-7
references.pmid: 17011096
references.citation: Br J Psychiatry Suppl. 2007 Dec;51:s117-22
references.pmid: 18055927
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 2007 Feb 15;61(4):482-6
references.pmid: 16460695
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2004 Jun;22(2):619-25
references.pmid: 15193590
references.citation: Behav Brain Sci. 2008 Jun;31(3):241-61; discussion 261-320
references.pmid: 18578904
references.citation: Schizophr Res. 2007 Jan;89(1-3):12-21
references.pmid: 17098398
references.citation: Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2005;7(2):125-35
references.pmid: 16262208
references.citation: Am J Psychiatry. 2009 Feb;166(2):196-205
references.pmid: 18981063
references.citation: Am J Psychiatry. 2002 Jul;159(7):1232-5
references.pmid: 12091206
references.citation: Nat Neurosci. 2001 Aug;4(8):777-8
references.pmid: 11477419
references.citation: Behav Brain Res. 2002 Nov 15;136(2):571-82
references.pmid: 12429419
references.citation: Brain Cogn. 2000 Mar;42(2):183-200
references.pmid: 10744919
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2002 Jul;16(3 Pt 1):765-80
references.pmid: 12169260
references.citation: Neuron. 2007 Oct 25;56(2):399-413
references.pmid: 17964254
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2003 Jun;19(2 Pt 1):365-75
references.pmid: 12814586
references.citation: Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2009 May;22(3):320-5
references.pmid: 19293715
references.citation: Hum Brain Mapp. 2007 Nov;28(11):1194-205
references.pmid: 17266101
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 1992 Aug 27;327(9):604-12
references.pmid: 1640954
references.citation: Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2008 Dec 22;7:25
references.pmid: 19102744
references.citation: J Autism Dev Disord. 2005 Apr;35(2):177-82
references.pmid: 15909404
references.citation: Schizophr Res. 2008 Sep;104(1-3):265-73
references.pmid: 18554872
references.citation: Schizophr Res. 1999 Aug 17;38(2-3):93-9
references.pmid: 10463457
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 2009 Mar 15;65(6):527-34
references.pmid: 19013556
references.citation: Schizophr Res. 2006 Apr;83(2-3):155-71
references.pmid: 16448806
references.citation: Brain. 2005 Feb;128(Pt 2):268-76
references.pmid: 15548557
references.citation: Neurology. 1999 Mar 23;52(5):1106-7
references.pmid: 10102448
references.citation: Pediatrics. 2008 May;121(5):e1357-62
references.pmid: 18450879
references.citation: Psychiatry Res. 2010 Mar 30;181(3):204-10
references.pmid: 20153145
references.citation: Neurotox Res. 2006 Dec;10(3-4):211-20
references.pmid: 17197371
references.citation: Am J Psychiatry. 2005 Dec;162(12):2233-45
references.pmid: 16330585
references.citation: BMC Psychiatry. 2006 Dec 13;6:56
references.pmid: 17166273
references.citation: Neuroreport. 2008 Jun 11;19(9):921-5
references.pmid: 18520994
references.citation: Cogn Behav Neurol. 2009 Mar;22(1):28-37
references.pmid: 19372768
references.citation: Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2000 May;24(3):355-64
references.pmid: 10781695
references.citation: Schizophr Res. 2003 Sep 1;63(1-2):73-8
references.pmid: 12892860
references.citation: Lancet. 2009 Aug 22;374(9690):635-45
references.pmid: 19700006
references.citation: Hum Brain Mapp. 2005 May;25(1):155-64
references.pmid: 15846811
references.citation: Am J Psychiatry. 2010 Sep;167(9):1083-91
references.pmid: 20516153
references.citation: Hum Brain Mapp. 2005 May;25(1):1-5
references.pmid: 15846826
references.citation: J Clin Psychiatry. 2005 Dec;66(12):1592-7
references.pmid: 16401163
references.citation: Am J Psychiatry. 2002 Dec;159(12):1992-9
references.pmid: 12450947
references.citation: Med Hypotheses. 2008;70(4):750-9
references.pmid: 17920208
references.citation: Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2009 Oct;206(3):437-46
references.pmid: 19641900
references.citation: Schizophr Bull. 2011 Jan;37(1):177-88
references.pmid: 19633214
references.citation: Psychiatry Res. 2003 Feb 15;122(2):99-113
references.pmid: 12714174
references.citation: Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2007 Aug;10(4):463-77
references.pmid: 16923324
references.citation: Am J Psychiatry. 2008 Aug;165(8):1015-23
references.pmid: 18381902
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2008 Jul 15;41(4):1184-91
references.pmid: 18495494