title: Distinct patterns of mitochondrial genome diversity in bonobos (Pan paniscus) and humans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We have analyzed the complete mitochondrial genomes of 22 Pan paniscus (bonobo, pygmy chimpanzee) individuals to assess the detailed mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) phylogeny of this close relative of Homo sapiens.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified three major clades among bonobos that separated approximately 540,000 years ago, as suggested by Bayesian analysis. Incidentally, we discovered that the current reference sequence for bonobo likely is a hybrid of the mitochondrial genomes of two distant individuals. When comparing spectra of polymorphic mtDNA sites in bonobos and humans, we observed two major differences: (i) Of all 31 bonobo mtDNA homoplasies, i.e. nucleotide changes that occurred independently on separate branches of the phylogenetic tree, 13 were not homoplasic in humans. This indicates that at least a part of the unstable sites of the mitochondrial genome is species-specific and difficult to be explained on the basis of a mutational hotspot concept. (ii) A comparison of the ratios of non-synonymous to synonymous changes (dN/dS) among polymorphic positions in bonobos and in 4902 Homo sapiens mitochondrial genomes revealed a remarkable difference in the strength of purifying selection in the mitochondrial genes of the F0F1-ATPase complex. While in bonobos this complex showed a similar low value as complexes I and IV, human haplogroups displayed 2.2 to 7.6 times increased dN/dS ratios when compared to bonobos.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Some variants of mitochondrially encoded subunits of the ATPase complex in humans very likely decrease the efficiency of energy conversion leading to production of extra heat. Thus, we hypothesize that the species-specific release of evolutionary constraints for the mitochondrial genes of the proton-translocating ATPase is a consequence of altered heat homeostasis in modern humans.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurochemistry, Department of Epileptology and Life&Brain Center, University Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Gábor
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zsurka
authors.forename: Tatiana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kudina
authors.forename: Viktoriya
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Peeva
authors.forename: Kerstin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hallmann
authors.forename: Christian E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Elger
authors.forename: Konstantin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Khrapko
authors.forename: Wolfram S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Kunz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics; D054629:Genome, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D019974:Pan paniscus / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics*; D010802:Phylogeny; D006180:Proton-Translocating ATPases / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial; D006180:Proton-Translocating ATPases
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