title: Comparison of established and novel purity tests for the quality control of heparin by means of a set of 177 heparin samples.
abstract: The widespread occurrence of heparin contaminated with oversulfated chrondroitin sulfate (OSCS) in 2008 initiated a comprehensive revision process of the Pharmacopoeial heparin monographs and stimulated research in analytical techniques for the quality control of heparin. Here, a set of 177 heparin samples from the market in 2008 as well as pure heparin sodium spiked with defined amounts of OSCS and DS were used to evaluate established and novel methods for the quality control of heparin. Besides (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), the assessment included two further spectroscopic methods, i.e., attenuated total reflection-infrared spectroscopy (ATR-IR) and Raman spectroscopy, three coagulation assays, i.e., activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) performed with both sheep and human plasma and the prothrombin time (PT), and finally two novel purity assays, each consisting of an incubation step with heparinase I followed by either a fluorescence measurement (Inc-PolyH-assay) or by a chromogenic aXa-assay (Inc-aXa-assay). NMR was shown to allow not only sensitive detection, but also quantification of OSCS by using the peak-height method and a response factor determined by calibration. Chemometric evaluation of the NMR, ATR-IR, and Raman spectra by statistical classification techniques turned out to be best with NMR spectra concerning the detection of OSCS. The validity of the aPTT, the current EP assay, could be considerably improved by replacing the sheep plasma by human plasma. In this way, most of the contaminated heparin samples did not meet the novel potency limit of 180 IU/mg. However, also more than 50% of the uncontaminated samples had <180 IU/MG. In contrast to the aPTT, the PT specifically detects OSCS and other heparin mimetics (LOD 3%). About ten times more sensitive are both the Inc-PolyH-assay and the Inc-aXa-assay, two rapid and simple quantification assays for heparin mimetics. The determined OSCS contents of the heparin samples excellently correlated with those calculated from the NMR spectra. In conclusion, NMR proved to be the current spectroscopic method of choice. The two two-step-assays represent options to supplement NMR, especially as tests for the initial screening, since they detect any heparin mimetic without requiring special expertise for interpretation of the results.
authors.affiliation: Pharmaceutical Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University, Gutenbergstr. 76, 24118, Kiel, Germany.
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Alban
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lühn
authors.forename: Simone
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schiemann
authors.forename: Tanja
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Beyer
authors.forename: Jochen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Norwig
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schilling
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Rädler
authors.forename: Bernhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wolf
authors.forename: Magnus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Matz
authors.forename: Knut
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Baumann
authors.forename: Ulrike
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Holzgrabe
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D002809:Chondroitin Sulfates / Q000032:analysis; D003871:Dermatan Sulfate / Q000032:analysis; D004340:Drug Contamination; D015951:Factor Xa / Q000378:metabolism; D006493:Heparin / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods; D010314:Partial Thromboplastin Time / Q000379:methods; D011517:Prothrombin Time / Q000379:methods; D011786:Quality Control; D012756:Sheep; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence / Q000379:methods; D013055:Spectrophotometry, Infrared / Q000379:methods; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D003871:Dermatan Sulfate; D006493:Heparin; D002809:Chondroitin Sulfates; D015951:Factor Xa