title: Thermal effects of white light illumination during microsurgery: clinical pilot study on the application safety of surgical microscopes.
abstract: Modern operating microscopes offer high power illumination to ensure optimal visualization, but can also cause thermal damage. The aim of our study is to quantify the thermal effects in vivo and discuss conditions for safe use. In a pilot study on volunteers, we measured the temperature at the skin surface during microscope illumination, including the influence of anaesthesia and the effects of staining, draping, or moistening of the skin. Irradiation within the limit given by safety regulations (200 mW/cm(2)) results in skin surface temperature of 43 degrees C. Higher intensities (forearm 335 mW/cm(2), back 250 mW/cm(2)) are tolerated, resulting in reversible hyperaemia. At a very high illumination intensity (750 mW/cm(2)), pain occurs within 30 s at temperatures of 46 degrees C+/-1 degrees C (hand and forearm), and 43 degrees C+/-2 degrees C (back), respectively. Anaesthesia has no distinct effect on the temperature, whereas staining and drapes result in much higher temperatures (>100 degrees C). Moistening at practicable flow rates can reduce temperature efficiently when combined with a light absorbing and water absorbent drape. In conclusion, surgeons must be aware that surgical microscope illumination without protective means can cause skin temperatures to rise much above pain threshold, which in our study serves as a (conservative) benchmark for potential damage.
authors.affiliation: Universitat Ulm, Institut fur Lasertechnologien in der Medizin und Messtechnik an der Universitat Ulm, Ulm, Germany. raimund.hibst@ilm.uni-ulm.de
authors.forename: Raimund
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hibst
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Saal
authors.forename: Detlef
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Russ
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kunzi-Rapp
authors.forename: Alwin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kienle
authors.forename: Karl
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Stock
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D008029:Lighting / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008866:Microsurgery / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012881:Skin Temperature / Q000528:radiation effects*; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000295:instrumentation