title: Epidemiology of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus colonization in healthy Venezuelan children.
abstract: Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus cause significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. We investigated both the colonization and co-colonization characteristics for these pathogens among 250 healthy children from 2 to 5 years of age in Merida, Venezuela, in 2007. The prevalence of S. pneumoniae colonization, S. aureus colonization, and S. pneumoniae-S. aureus co-colonization was 28%, 56%, and 16%, respectively. Pneumococcal serotypes 6B (14%), 19F (12%), 23F (12%), 15 (9%), 6A (8%), 11 (8%), 23A (6%), and 34 (6%) were the most prevalent. Non-respiratory atopy was a risk factor for S. aureus colonization (p = 0.017). Vaccine serotypes were negatively associated with preceding respiratory infection (p = 0.02) and with S. aureus colonization (p = 0.03). We observed a high prevalence of pneumococcal resistance against trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (40%), erythromycin (38%), and penicillin (14%). Semi-quantitative measurement of pneumococcal colonization density showed that children with young siblings and low socioeconomic status were more densely colonized (p = 0.02 and p = 0.02, respectively). In contrast, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole- and multidrug-resistant-pneumococci colonized children sparsely (p = 0.03 and p = 0.01, respectively). Our data form an important basis to monitor the future impact of pneumococcal vaccination on bacterial colonization, as well as to recommend a rationalized and restrictive antimicrobial use in our community.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Los Andes University, Mérida, Venezuela.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Quintero
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Araque
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: van der Gaast-de Jongh
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Escalona
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Correa
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Morillo-Puente
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vielma
authors.forename: P W M
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Hermans
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D015373:Bacterial Typing Techniques; D002353:Carrier State / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D005192:Family Health; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D011008:Pneumococcal Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012703:Serotyping; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D014687:Venezuela / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents
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