Interleukin-21: a multifunctional regulator of immunity to infections.
Interleukin-21 (IL-21) is a cytokine that has broad effects on both innate and adaptive immune responses. The roles of IL-21 in determining immunity to infections are currently being defined, and notably, it has been shown that IL-21 is most critical for sustaining T cell responses during chronic viral infections. This article discusses our current understanding of the immunobiology of IL-21, as well as its known and potential roles in influencing immunity to infections.
Yi
John S
JS
Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 845 19th Street South, BBRB 446; Box 23, Birmingham, AL 35294-2170, USA.
Cox
Maureen A
MA
Zajac
Allan J
AJ
D002908:Chronic Disease; D006373:Helminthiasis / Q000276:immunology*; D007378:Interleukins / Q000276:immunology*; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D014777:Virus Diseases / Q000276:immunology*; D000098546:Interleukin-21
D007378:Interleukins; D000098546:Interleukin-21
Immunol Rev. 2004 Dec;202:84-95
15546387
J Immunol. 2005 Dec 15;175(12):7867-79
16339522
Science. 2009 Jun 19;324(5934):1572-6
19443735
Gut. 2006 Dec;55(12):1774-80
16682426
Nature. 2007 Jul 26;448(7152):484-487
17581588
J Leukoc Biol. 2010 May;87(5):857-67
20103765
Cytokine. 2006 Jan 7;33(1):41-5
16406655
J Immunol. 2007 Mar 1;178(5):2827-34
17312126
Immunity. 2008 Jul 18;29(1):138-49
18599325
J Immunol. 2008 Apr 1;180(7):4805-15
18354204
J Intern Med. 2009 Jan;265(1):29-42
19093958
J Immunol. 2010 Jan 1;184(1):114-26
19949086
J Exp Med. 2010 Feb 15;207(2):365-78
20142430
Eur J Immunol. 2003 Dec;33(12):3439-47
14635054
Immunity. 2002 Apr;16(4):559-69
11970879
PLoS Pathog. 2009 Feb;5(2):e1000295
19214220
J Leukoc Biol. 2009 Aug;86(2):435-43
19487306
Science. 2009 Aug 21;325(5943):1001-5
19628815
Blood. 2007 May 1;109(9):3873-80
17192392
J Exp Med. 2008 Jun 9;205(6):1369-79
18474630
Annu Rev Immunol. 2008;26:741-66
18173374
Eur J Immunol. 2007 Nov;37(11):3069-77
17918202
J Immunol. 2005 Aug 15;175(4):2261-9
16081794
J Immunol. 2005 Jul 15;175(2):755-62
16002671
Nat Immunol. 2007 Sep;8(9):967-74
17581537
Science. 2009 Jun 19;324(5934):1569-72
19423777
Science. 2009 Jun 19;324(5934):1576-80
19478140
J Immunol. 2010 Oct 15;185(8):4835-45
20844201
Nature. 2008 Jul 17;454(7202):350-2
18469800
Clin Exp Immunol. 2008 Mar;151(3):487-95
18190607
Blood. 2008 Jan 1;111(1):229-35
17921346
J Immunol. 2007 Jun 15;178(12):7640-8
17548600
J Immunol. 2004 Jul 1;173(1):657-65
15210829
AIDS. 2008 Aug 20;22(13):1551-60
18670213
Science. 2002 Nov 22;298(5598):1630-4
12446913
J Clin Invest. 2006 Jul;116(7):2044-55
16778988
J Exp Med. 2009 May 11;206(5):991-9
19380637
Science. 2009 Aug 21;325(5943):1006-10
19608860
J Immunol. 2007 Dec 15;179(12):8180-90
18056361
J Leukoc Biol. 2009 Nov;86(5):1191-203
19687290
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000 Oct 10;97(21):11439-44
11016959
Immunology. 2007 Dec;122(4):486-95
17635612
J Immunol. 2010 Jul 1;185(1):498-506
20519650
J Immunol. 2003 Jun 1;170(11):5464-9
12759422
Immunology. 2010 Apr;129(4):474-81
20201977
Nature. 2000 Nov 2;408(6808):57-63
11081504
J Immunol. 2004 Nov 1;173(9):5361-71
15494482
J Invest Dermatol. 2003 Dec;121(6):1379-82
14675186
Blood. 2008 Oct 1;112(7):2826-35
18664624
J Exp Med. 2010 Feb 15;207(2):353-63
20142429
Blood. 2007 Mar 1;109(5):2023-31
17077330
J Immunol. 2007 May 1;178(9):5957-65
17442980
J Leukoc Biol. 2010 Jan;87(1):43-9
19797296
J Immunol. 2009 Mar 1;182(5):2859-67
19234181
Nat Immunol. 2009 Feb;10(2):167-75
19098919
Immunity. 2008 Jul 18;29(1):127-37
18602282
J Leukoc Biol. 2006 Jun;79(6):1279-85
16551679
Blood. 2008 Jun 1;111(11):5326-33
18276844
J Exp Med. 2005 Jan 3;201(1):139-48
15630141
J Exp Med. 2005 Jun 20;201(12):1973-85
15967825
Annu Rev Immunol. 2008;26:57-79
17953510
J Exp Med. 2009 May 11;206(5):1001-7
19380638
Immunity. 2009 Dec 18;31(6):941-52
20064451
J Immunol. 2001 Jul 1;167(1):1-5
11418623
Nature. 2007 Jul 26;448(7152):480-3
17581589
J Immunol. 2004 Feb 15;172(4):2048-58
14764669
J Immunol. 2003 Apr 15;170(8):4111-8
12682241