title: Punctal occlusion for dry eye syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dry eye syndrome is a disorder of the tear film and is associated with symptoms of ocular discomfort. Punctal occlusion is a mechanical treatment in which the tear drainage system is blocked in order to aid in the preservation of natural tears on the ocular surface.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this review was to assess the safety and efficacy of punctal plugs for the management of dry eye.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (which contains the Cochrane Eyes and Vision Group Trials Register) (The Cochrane Library 2010, Issue 6), MEDLINE (January 1950 to June 2010), EMBASE (January 1980 to June 2010), Latin American and Caribbean Literature on Health Sciences (LILACS) (January 1982 to June 2010), the metaRegister of Controlled Trials (mRCT) (www.controlled-trials.com) and ClinicalTrials.gov (http://clinicaltrials.gov). We also searched the Science Citation Index-Expanded database and reference lists of included studies. There were no language or date restrictions in the search for trials. The electronic databases were last searched on 21 June 2010.
  
  
  METHODS
  We included randomized and quasi-randomized controlled trials of collagen or silicone punctal plugs in symptomatic participants diagnosed with aqueous tear deficiency or dry eye syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two review authors independently assessed trial quality and extracted data. We contacted study investigators for additional information.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seven randomized controlled trials including 305 participants (601 eyes) met the inclusion criteria and are summarized in this review. We did not perform meta-analysis due to appreciable variability in interventions and follow-up intervals. Although punctal plugs provided symptomatic improvement and clinical outcomes also improved from baseline measures, few studies demonstrated a benefit of punctal plugs over the comparison intervention. Reported adverse effects included epiphora (overflow of tears), foreign body sensation, eye irritation, and spontaneous plug loss.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This systematic review shows a relative scarcity of controlled clinical trials assessing the efficacy of punctal occlusion therapy in dry eye. Although the evidence is very limited, the data suggest that silicone plugs can provide symptomatic relief in severe dry eye. Moreover, temporary collagen plugs appear similarly effective to silicone plugs on a short-term basis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, W5010, Baltimore, Maryland, USA, 21205.
authors.forename: Ann-Margret
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Ervin
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wojciechowski
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Schein
mesh_terms: D015352:Dry Eye Syndromes / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007765:Lacrimal Apparatus; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
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