title: Erectile dysfunction in young non-obese type II diabetic Goto-Kakizaki rats is associated with decreased eNOS phosphorylation at Ser1177.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a risk factor for erectile dysfunction (ED). Although type 2 DM is responsible for 90-95% diabetes cases, type 1 DM experimental models are commonly used to study diabetes-associated ED.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rat model is relevant to ED studies since the great majority of patients with type 2 diabetes display mild deficits in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, insulin resistance, and hyperglycemia. We hypothesized that GK rats display ED which is associated with decreased nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability.
  
  
  METHODS
  Wistar and GK rats were used at 10 and 18 weeks of age. Changes in the ratio of intracavernosal pressure/mean arterial pressure (ICP/MAP) after electrical stimulation of cavernosal nerve were determined in vivo. Cavernosal contractility was induced by electrical field stimulation (EFS) and phenylephrine (PE). In addition, nonadrenergic-noncholinergic (NANC)- and sodium nitroprusside (SNP)-induced relaxation were determined. Cavernosal neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) mRNA and protein expression were also measured.
  
  
  METHODS
  GK diabetic rats display ED associated with decreased cavernosal expression of eNOS protein.
  
  
  RESULTS
  GK rats at 10 and 18 weeks demonstrated impaired erectile function represented by decreased ICP/MAP responses. Ten-week-old GK animals displayed increased PE responses and no changes in EFS-induced contraction. Conversely, contractile responses to EFS and PE were decreased in cavernosal tissue from GK rats at 18 weeks of age. Moreover, GK rats at 18 weeks of age displayed increased NANC-mediated relaxation, but not to SNP. In addition, ED was associated with decreased eNOS protein expression at both ages.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although GK rats display ED, they exhibit changes in cavernosal reactivity that would facilitate erectile responses. These results are in contrast to those described in other experimental diabetes models. This may be due to compensatory mechanisms in cavernosal tissue to overcome restricted pre-penile arterial blood supply or impaired veno-occlusive mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA. fcarneiro@mcg.edu
authors.forename: Fernando S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Carneiro
authors.forename: Fernanda R C
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Giachini
authors.forename: Zidonia N
authors.initials: ZN
authors.lastname: Carneiro
authors.forename: Victor V
authors.initials: VV
authors.lastname: Lima
authors.forename: Adviye
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ergul
authors.forename: R Clinton
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Webb
authors.forename: Rita C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Tostes
mesh_terms: D055372:AMP-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D008297:Male; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes / Q000378:metabolism; D052248:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I / Q000378:metabolism*; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III / Q000378:metabolism*; D010410:Penile Erection; D010413:Penis / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology; D010656:Phenylephrine / Q000494:pharmacology; D010766:Phosphorylation; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D012313:RNA; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012044:Regression Analysis; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D009097:Multienzyme Complexes; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D010656:Phenylephrine; D012313:RNA; C496320:NOS1 protein, human; C496314:NOS3 protein, human; D052248:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D055372:AMP-Activated Protein Kinases
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