title: Physicochemical characterization of the photosensitizers TPCS2a and TPPS2a 1. Spectroscopic evaluation of drug--solvent interactions.
abstract: The spectroscopic properties of the patented photosensitizer meso-tetraphenyl chlorin disulphonate (TPCS2a), intended for use in photochemical internalization (PCI) technology, and the chemically related photosensitizer meso-tetraphenyl porphyrin disulphonate (TPPS2a) were characterized in 14 organic solvents of varying polarity and amphiprotic properties. Absorption spectra and fluorescence emission spectra were acquired, and Stokes' shifts and fluorescence quantum yields determined. These investigations yield information on the physicochemical interactions between the photosensitizers and their surroundings (i.e., the physiological environment in vivo or the vehicle in vitro), which is essential for the further development of drug formulations. TPPS2a and TPCS2a are rigid molecules, built up by conjugated ring systems which possess limited interactions with the surroundings in the ground state (So). Accordingly, only small spectral shifts were observed in the absorption spectra, as well as in the fluorescence emission spectra. TPPS2a is spatially more planar than TPCS2a, which is twisted as a result of reduction of a double bond in the core. However, the two compounds were quite similarly influenced by properties of the solvents, indicating that twisting has limited importance in the interactions of the two photosensitizers with their environment. Both compounds possess a high character of pi-pi* transition upon light exposure, supported by high molar absorption coefficients. The fluorescence quantum yields (phi(f)) were influenced by solvent properties to a larger extent than the spectral shifts. This might indicate that the reactivity of the first excited singlet state (S1*) significantly depends on the properties of the surroundings.
authors.affiliation: Division Pharmaceutics, Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway. marianne.lilletvedt@farmasi.uio.no
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lilletvedt
authors.forename: H H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Tønnesen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Høgset
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Nardo
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kristensen
mesh_terms: D000042:Absorption; D000465:Algorithms; D008958:Models, Molecular; D014677:Pharmaceutical Vehicles; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D011166:Porphyrins / Q000737:chemistry*; D012996:Solutions; D012997:Solvents; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet
chemical_list: D014677:Pharmaceutical Vehicles; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents; D011166:Porphyrins; D012996:Solutions; D012997:Solvents; C016136:tetraphenylporphine sulfonate