title: Hypothalamic Angptl4/Fiaf is a novel regulator of food intake and body weight.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The angiopoietin-like protein 4 (Angptl4)/fasting-induced adipose factor (Fiaf) is known as a regulator of peripheral lipid and glucose metabolism. In the present study, we investigated the physiological role of Angptl4 in central regulation of body weight homeostasis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hypothalamic Angptl4 expression levels were measured using immunoblot assay during feeding manipulation or after administration of leptin, insulin, and nutrients. The effects of Angptl4 on food intake, body weight, and energy expenditure were determined following intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of Angptl4 in C57BL/6 mice. Food intake, energy metabolism, and feeding responses to leptin, insulin, and nutrients were compared between Angptl4-null mice and their wild littermates. Finally, the relationship of hypothalamic AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and Angptl4 was studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hypothalamic Angptl4 expression levels were increased upon food intake or administration of leptin, insulin, and nutrients. Furthermore, central administration of Angptl4 suppressed food intake and body weight gain but enhanced energy expenditure. These effects were mediated via suppression of hypothalamic AMPK activities. Consistently, Angptl4-null mice displayed increased body weight and hypothalamic AMPK activity but reduced energy expenditure. Food intake following a fast was significantly greater in Angptl4-null mice, which was normalized by centrally administered Angptl4. Moreover, anorectic responses to leptin, insulin, and glucose were diminished in Angptl4-null mice. In contrast, Angptl4-null mice were resistant to diet-induced obesity, indicating obesity-promoting effects of Angptl4 under the condition of fat-enriched diet.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have demonstrated that hypothalamic Angptl4 is regulated by physiological appetite regulators and mediates their anorexigenic effects via inhibition of hypothalamic AMPK activity. Therefore, Angptl4 appears to have an important role in central regulation of energy metabolism.
authors.affiliation: Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Hyun-Kyong
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Byung-Soo
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Youn
authors.forename: Mi-Seon
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.forename: Churl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Namkoong
authors.forename: Kyeong Han
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Ja Hyun
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Baik
authors.forename: Jae Bum
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Joong-Yeol
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Ki-Up
authors.initials: KU
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Young-Bum
authors.initials: YB
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Min-Seon
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000075803:Angiopoietin-Like Protein 4; D042682:Angiopoietins / Q000172:deficiency / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000378:metabolism; D004435:Eating / Q000502:physiology*; D002149:Energy Intake; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D006706:Homeostasis; D007031:Hypothalamus / Q000502:physiology*; D007328:Insulin / Q000494:pharmacology; D020738:Leptin / Q000494:pharmacology; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D008820:Mice, Obese / Q000235:genetics; D009043:Motor Activity; D009765:Obesity / Q000209:etiology
chemical_list: D000075803:Angiopoietin-Like Protein 4; D042682:Angiopoietins; C407088:Angptl4 protein, mouse; D004041:Dietary Fats; D007328:Insulin; D020738:Leptin
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