title: Change in human social behavior in response to a common vaccine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that exposure to a directly transmitted human pathogen-flu virus-increases human social behavior presymptomatically. This hypothesis is grounded in empirical evidence that animals infected with pathogens rarely behave like uninfected animals, and in evolutionary theory as applied to infectious disease. Such behavioral changes have the potential to increase parasite transmission and/or host solicitation of care.
  
  
  METHODS
  We carried out a prospective, longitudinal study that followed participants across a known point-source exposure to a form of influenza virus (immunizations), and compared social behavior before and after exposure using each participant as his/her own control.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Human social behavior does, indeed, change with exposure. Compared to the 48 hours pre-exposure, participants interacted with significantly more people, and in significantly larger groups, during the 48 hours immediately post-exposure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results show that there is an immediate active behavioral response to infection before the expected onset of symptoms or sickness behavior. Although the adaptive significance of this finding awaits further investigation, we anticipate it will advance ecological and evolutionary understanding of human-pathogen interactions, and will have implications for infectious disease epidemiology and prevention.
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program in Biomedical Anthropology, Department of Anthropology, Binghamton University (SUNY), Vestal, NY, USA. creiber@binghamton.edu
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Reiber
authors.forename: Eric C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Shattuck
authors.forename: Sean
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fiore
authors.forename: Pauline
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Alperin
authors.forename: Vanessa
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: Janice
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Moore
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016021:Epidemiologic Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012919:Social Behavior; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D007252:Influenza Vaccines