title: Implication of apoptosis in sperm cryoinjury.
abstract: Apoptosis is an ongoing physiological phenomenon that has been documented to play a role in male infertility, if deregulated. Caspase activation, externalization of phosphatidylserine, alteration of mitochondrial membrane potential and DNA fragmentation are markers of apoptosis found in ejaculated human spermatozoa. These markers appear in excess in subfertile men and functionally incompetent spermatozoa. Sperm cryopreservation is a widely used procedure in the context of assisted reproductive techniques. Cryopreservation and thawing is a procedure that inflicts irreversible injury on human spermatozoa. The damage is manifested by a decrease in recovery of viable spermatozoa with optimum fertilization potential. This review describes the implication of apoptosis as one of the possible mechanisms involved in sperm cryoinjury. Evidence shows significant increase in some apoptosis markers following cryopreservation and thawing. On the other hand, the increase in sperm DNA fragmentation following cryopreservation and thawing requires further investigation. Specific technical measures should be applied to minimize the induction of apoptosis in human spermatozoa during cryopreservation and thawing. These include standardization of freezing protocols and cryoprotectant use. Selection of non-apoptotic spermatozoa may also prove to be of benefit.
authors.affiliation: The Toronto Institute for Reproductive Medicine - ReproMed, 56 Aberfoyle Crescent, Toronto, ON, Canada M8X2W4.
authors.forename: Tamer M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Said
authors.forename: Aarti
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gaglani
authors.forename: Ashok
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Agarwal
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology*; D015925:Cryopreservation; D003451:Cryoprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D053938:DNA Fragmentation; D006801:Humans; D007248:Infertility, Male / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D012662:Semen Preservation / Q000009:adverse effects; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D003451:Cryoprotective Agents