title: Speech perception in congenitally deaf children receiving cochlear implants in the first year of life.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether children implanted in the first year of life show higher levels of speech perception than later-implanted children, when compared at the same ages and to investigate the time course of sensitive periods for developing speech perception skills. More specifically, to determine whether faster gains in speech perception are made by children implanted before 1 year old relative to those implanted at 2 or 3 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tertiary academic referral center.
  
  
  METHODS
  117 children with congenital profound bilateral sensorineural hearing loss, with no additional identified disabilities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cochlear implantation in the first, second, or third year of life.
  
  
  METHODS
  Development curves showing Lexical Neighborhood Test (LNT) word identification scores as a function of age.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Children implanted within the first year of life have a mean advantage of 8.2% LNT-easy word scores over those implanted in the second year (p < 0.001) and a 16.8% advantage in LNT-easy word scores over those implanted in the third year of life (p < 0.001). These advantages remained statistically significant after accounting for sex, residual hearing, and bilateral cochlear implant use. When speech perception scores were expressed as a function of "hearing age" rather than chronological age, however, there were no significant differences among the 3 groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a clear speech perception advantage for earlier-implanted children over later-implanted children when compared at the same age but not when compared at the same time after implantation. Thus, the sensitive period for developing word identification seems to extend at least until age 3 years.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA.
authors.forename: Bobby A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Tajudeen
authors.forename: Susan B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Waltzman
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jethanamest
authors.forename: Mario A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Svirsky
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002675:Child, Preschool; D019929:Cochlear Implantation; D003054:Cochlear Implants; D003423:Critical Period, Psychological; D006319:Hearing Loss, Sensorineural / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007804:Language Development; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013067:Speech Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
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