title: Synergistic antitumor activity of sorafenib in combination with epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors in colorectal and lung cancer cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cancer cell survival, invasion, and metastasis depend on cancer cell proliferation and on tumor-induced angiogenesis. We evaluated the efficacy of the combination of sorafenib and erlotinib or cetuximab.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sorafenib, erlotinib, and cetuximab, alone or in combination, were tested in vitro in a panel of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and colorectal cancer cell lines and in vivo in H1299 tumor xenografts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) ligand mRNAs were expressed in all NSCLC and colorectal cancer cell lines with variable levels ranging from 0.4- to 8.1-fold as compared with GEO colorectal cancer cells. Lung cancer cells had the highest levels of vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF) A, B, and C, and of VEGF receptors as compared with colorectal cancer cells. Combined treatments of sorafenib with erlotinib or cetuximab produced combination index values between 0.02 and 0.5, suggesting a significant synergistic activity to inhibit soft agar colony formation in all cancer cell lines, which was accompanied by a marked blockade in mitogen-activated protein kinase and AKT signals. The in vitro migration of H1299 cells, which expressed high levels of both VEGF ligands and receptors, was inhibited by treatment with sorafenib, and this effect was significantly increased by the combination with anti-EGFR drugs. In nude mice bearing established human H1299 xenografts, treatment with the combination of sorafenib and erlotinib or cetuximab caused a significant tumor growth delay resulting in 70 to 90 days increase in mice median overall survival as compared with single-agent sorafenib treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Combination treatment with sorafenib and erlotinib or cetuximab has synergistic antitumor effects in human colorectal and lung cancer cells.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento Medico-Chirurgico di Internistica Clinica e Sperimentale F Magrassi e A Lanzara, Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Napoli, Italy.
authors.forename: Erika
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Martinelli
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Troiani
authors.forename: Floriana
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Morgillo
authors.forename: Gabriella
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rodolico
authors.forename: Donata
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vitagliano
authors.forename: Maria Pia
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Morelli
authors.forename: Concetta
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tuccillo
authors.forename: Loredana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vecchione
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Capasso
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Orditura
authors.forename: Ferdinando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: De Vita
authors.forename: S Gail
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Eckhardt
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Santoro
authors.forename: Liberato
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Berrino
authors.forename: Fortunato
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ciardiello
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001557:Benzenesulfonates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D048708:Cell Growth Processes / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D000068818:Cetuximab; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D004357:Drug Synergism; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000096:biosynthesis; D000069347:Erlotinib Hydrochloride; D005260:Female; D045325:HCT116 Cells; D019073:HT29 Cells; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D009536:Niacinamide / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D010671:Phenylurea Compounds; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011725:Pyridines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011799:Quinazolines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D040262:Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor / Q000096:biosynthesis; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D000077157:Sorafenib; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D001557:Benzenesulfonates; D010671:Phenylurea Compounds; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D011725:Pyridines; D011799:Quinazolines; D009536:Niacinamide; D000077157:Sorafenib; D000069347:Erlotinib Hydrochloride; D066246:ErbB Receptors; D040262:Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor; D000068818:Cetuximab