title: Vascular insufficiency of the upper extremity.
abstract: Vascular insufficiency of the upper extremity can be due to acute vascular injury, chronic vasospastic disease, and occlusive disease. Its treatment requires a thorough understanding of the vascular anatomy of the upper extremity, diagnostic modalities, and medical and surgical management options. Promising advances continue to be made in surgical treatment and medical therapy.
authors.affiliation: Curtis National Hand Center, Union Memorial Hospital, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA. anne.mattson@medstar.net
authors.forename: James P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Higgins
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: McClinton
mesh_terms: D001132:Arm / Q000098:blood supply*; D001157:Arterial Occlusive Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D001808:Blood Vessels / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004502:Education, Medical, Continuing; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007511:Ischemia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D011379:Prognosis; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000502:physiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014652:Vascular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy*; D014654:Vascular Patency / Q000502:physiology; D014656:Vascular Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods; D057772:Vascular System Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery
chemical_list: D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A