title: Traffic-related air pollution and pregnancy outcomes in the Dutch ABCD birth cohort study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There is growing evidence for an adverse effect of maternal exposure to air pollution on pregnancy outcomes. As European data on this topic are limited, the aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of maternal exposure to traffic-related air pollution during different periods of pregnancy on preterm birth and fetal growth.
  
  
  METHODS
  We estimated maternal residential exposure to NO(2) during pregnancy (entire pregnancy and trimesters) for 7600 singleton births participating in the Amsterdam Born Children and their Development (ABCD) prospective birth cohort study by means of a temporally adjusted land-use regression model. Associations between air pollution concentrations and preterm birth and fetal growth (expressed as small for gestational age and term birth weight) were analysed by means of logistic and linear regression models with and without adjustment for maternal physiological, lifestyle and sociodemographic characteristics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no indication of an increase in preterm birth among highly exposed women. Children of mothers with NO(2) levels in the highest exposure category on average had the highest term birth weight of all children and were among those with the lowest risk of being small for gestational age with little indication of a dose-response relationship.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this study, there is no evidence for a harmful effect of estimated maternal exposure to traffic-related air pollution during pregnancy on pregnancy outcomes such as preterm birth, small for gestational age and term birth weight.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, 3508 TD Utrecht, the Netherlands. u.gehring@uu.nl
authors.forename: Ulrike
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Gehring
authors.forename: Manon
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van Eijsden
authors.forename: Marieke B A
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Dijkema
authors.forename: Marcel F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: van der Wal
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.forename: Bert
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Brunekreef
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D001724:Birth Weight; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D062665:Epidemiological Monitoring; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D007236:Infant, Small for Gestational Age; D008297:Male; D018811:Maternal Exposure; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D009585:Nitrogen Dioxide / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome / Q000453:epidemiology*; D047928:Premature Birth / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D001335:Vehicle Emissions / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D001335:Vehicle Emissions; D009585:Nitrogen Dioxide