title: Olfactory dysfunction in narcolepsy with cataplexy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Narcolepsy-cataplexy (NC) is caused by the loss of hypocretin neurons. Several lines of evidence suggest a role for hypocretin in olfactory function. Recent data have documented that NC is associated with olfactory dysfunction but smell testing has been performed only in small studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred thirty NC patients were recruited from two sleep disorders centers in France and Italy. They were compared to 129 age- and gender-matched healthy controls on two well standardized olfactory tests: the Sniffin' Sticks (France) and Brief Smell Identification (Italy) tests. Olfactory dysfunction was defined as a score below the tenth centile on each smell test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Altogether, olfactory deficit was higher in NC compared to controls (23.8% vs. 13.9%, p=0.042, OR: 1.93 CI 95%, 1.01-3.66); olfactory identification deficit was found in 35.8% of NC compared to 13.9% of controls in Italy (p=0.03), and in 11.2% vs. 8.2% in France (NS). Using the Sniffin' Sticks (France) we noted significant lower discrimination and global olfactory performance in NC compared to controls. Based on standardized criteria for Sniffin' Sticks, none of the NC patients or controls presented anosmia or severe hyposmia, but 6.4% of the NC patients had moderate hyposmia and 22.2% mild, in contrast to 6.4% of controls with only mild hyposmia. Finally except tobacco smoking, clinical potential factors including age at onset and severity of the condition did not modify olfactory performances in the whole population.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study is the largest investigation of olfactory performance in NC showing that the disease perse is associated with mild/moderate dysfunction in a quarter of patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Hôpital-Gui-de Chauliac, CHU Montpellier, National Reference Network for Narcolepsy, Inserm U888, France.
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bayard
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Plazzi
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Poli
authors.forename: Leonardo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Serra
authors.forename: Raffaele
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ferri
authors.forename: Yves
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Dauvilliers
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002385:Cataplexy / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D008297:Male; D009290:Narcolepsy / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D009479:Neuropeptides / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D000857:Olfaction Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D000068797:Orexins; D012684:Sensory Thresholds / Q000502:physiology; D012903:Smell / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D009479:Neuropeptides; D000068797:Orexins