title: Oxygen delivery during transtracheal oxygenation: a comparison of two manual devices.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Manujet™ and the ENK Oxygen Flow Modulator™ (ENK) deliver oxygen during transtracheal oxygenation. We sought to describe the ventilation characteristics of these 2 devices.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted in an artificial lung model consisting of a 15-cm ringed tube, simulating the trachea, connected via a flow analyzer and an artificial lung. A 15-gauge transtracheal wire reinforced catheter was used for transtracheal oxygenation. The ENK and Manujet were studied for 3 minutes at respiratory rates of 0, 4, and 12 breaths/min, with and without the artificial lung, in a totally and a partially occluded airway. Statistical analysis was performed using analysis of variance followed by a Fisher exact test; P < 0.05 was considered significant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Gas flow and tidal volume were 3 times greater with the Manujet than the ENK (approximately 37 vs 14 L · min(-1) and 700 vs 250 mL, respectively) and were not dependent on the respiratory rate. In the absence of ventilation, the ENK delivered a 0.6 ± 0.1 L · min(-1) constant gas flow. In the totally occluded airway, lung pressures increased to 136 cm H(2)O after 3 insufflations with the Manujet, whereas the ENK, which has a pressure release vent, generated acceptable pressures at a low respiratory rate (4 breaths/min) (peak pressure at 27.7 ± 0.7 and end-expiratory pressure at 18.8 ± 3.8 cm H(2)O). When used at a respiratory rate of 12 breaths/min, the ENK generated higher pressures (peak pressure at 95.9 ± 21.2 and end-expiratory pressure at 51.4 ± 21.4 cm H(2)O). In the partially occluded airway, lung pressures were significantly greater with the Manujet compared with the ENK, and pressures increased with the respiratory rate with both devices. Finally, the gas flow and tidal volume generated by the Manujet varied proportionally with the driving pressure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study confirms the absolute necessity of allowing gas exhalation between 2 insufflations and maintaining low respiratory rates during transtracheal oxygenation. In the case of total airway obstruction, the ENK may be less deleterious because it has a pressure release vent. Using a Manujet at lower driving pressures may decrease the risk of barotrauma and allow the safe use of higher respiratory rates.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, CHU de Dijon, General Hospital, Dijon Cedex, France. francois.lenfant@chu-dijon.fr
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lenfant
authors.forename: Didier
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Péan
authors.forename: Laurent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Brisard
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Freysz
authors.forename: Corinne
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lejus
mesh_terms: D002406:Catheterization, Peripheral / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D010102:Oxygen Inhalation Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D011659:Pulmonary Gas Exchange / Q000502:physiology; D013990:Tidal Volume / Q000502:physiology; D014132:Trachea; D012122:Ventilators, Mechanical