title: Functional outcomes after neonatal open cardiac surgery: comparison of survivors of the Norwood staged procedure and the arterial switch operation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Improvements in long-term survival of children undergoing the Norwood staged procedure and the arterial switch operation have resulted in the need to prepare these at-risk children for each stage of their developmental trajectory, including school readiness. This study describes and compares functional outcomes following the Norwood staged procedure and arterial switch operations.
  
  
  METHODS
  This prospective inception cohort study comprised a sample of 73 children (71% boys) who had the Norwood staged procedure (n = 28) or the arterial switch operation (n = 45) at the age of 6 weeks or younger at the Stollery Children’s Hospital, Edmonton, Alberta, between 2002 and 2005. We excluded children who had chromosomal abnormalities or cerebral palsy. When children were 18-24 months of age, parents completed the Adaptive Behavioral Assessment System II. Standard scores for the domains are mean 100, standard deviation (15); skill area scaled scores, 10 (3). Student’s t-test with Bonferonni correction was used to compare groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This population has greater than four times the number of children delayed on the General Adaptive Composite than the normative group. Functional outcomes were similar in the two groups other than those of home living (Norwood: 8.8 (2.8) compared with arterial switch: 11.2 (3.1), t = 3.389, p = 0.001) and self-care (Norwood: 5.9 (3.5) versus arterial switch: 8.1 (2.6), t = 3.140, p = 0.002).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These survivors are at increased risk for delayed functional abilities. Self-care, necessary for independence and confidence as children reach school age, was particularly low in the Norwood group. Reasons for low self-care abilities require further study.
authors.affiliation: Stollery Children’s Hospital, University of Alberta, Canada. gwen.alton@albertahealthservices.ca
authors.forename: Gwen Y
authors.initials: GY
authors.lastname: Alton
authors.forename: Gwen R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Rempel
authors.forename: Charlene M T
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Robertson
authors.forename: Christine V
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Newburn-Cook
authors.forename: Colleen M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Norris
mesh_terms: D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures; D002652:Child Behavior; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D018636:Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome / Q000601:surgery*; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D058327:Norwood Procedures; D014188:Transposition of Great Vessels / Q000601:surgery*