title: Regulatory T cells suppress natural killer cells during plasmid DNA vaccination in mice, blunting the CD8+ T cell immune response by the cytokine TGFbeta.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) suppress adaptive T cell-mediated immune responses to self- and foreign-antigens. Tregs may also suppress early innate immune responses to vaccine antigens and might decrease vaccine efficacy. NK and NKT cells are the first responders after plasmid DNA vaccination and are found at the site of inoculation. Earlier reports demonstrated that NKT cells could improve plasmid DNA efficacy, a phenomenon not found for NK cells. In fact, it has been shown that under certain disease conditions, NK cells are suppressed by Tregs via their release of IL-10 and/or TGFbeta. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that NK cell function is suppressed by Tregs in the setting of plasmid DNA vaccination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this study we show that Tregs directly inhibit NK cell function during plasmid DNA vaccination by suppressing the potentially 10-fold, NK cell-mediated, augmentation of plasmid DNA antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells. We found that this phenomenon is dependent on the secretion of cytokine TGFbeta by Tregs, and independent of IL-10.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data indicate a crucial function for Tregs in blocking plasmid DNA vaccine-elicited immune responses, revealing potentially novel strategies for improving the efficiency of plasmid DNA vaccines including chemical- or antibody-induced localized blockage of Treg-mediated suppression of NK cells at the site of plasmid DNA vaccine inoculation.
authors.affiliation: Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
authors.forename: Kwesi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Frimpong-Boateng
authors.forename: Nico
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: van Rooijen
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Geiben-Lynn
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018414:CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D007111:Immunity, Cellular / Q000276:immunology; D007694:Killer Cells, Natural / Q000276:immunology*; D051379:Mice; D010957:Plasmids; D050378:T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory / Q000276:immunology*; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000276:immunology*; D014611:Vaccination / Q000379:methods*; D019444:Vaccines, DNA / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D019444:Vaccines, DNA
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