title: Inflammatory cytokine release of astrocytes in vitro is reduced by all-trans retinoic acid.
abstract: In the central nervous system inflammation is mediated by microglia and astrocytes. To investigate its regulation, murine astrocyte cultures were treated with bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and analyzed with Affymetrix gene array, qRT-PCR and ELISA. Cells responded to LPS with a strong upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Treatment with the transcriptional activator retinoic acid (RA) suppressed mRNA expression and protein release of several important cytokines (IL-1β 4%, IL-6 21%, TNFα 30%, IL-12p40 42%, and IL-12p35/p40 27%; p<0.01). The data are consistent with the hypothesis that all-trans RA takes part in endogenous anti-inflammatory feedback loops in the CNS.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Biologie II, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Sabien
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: van Neerven
authors.forename: Andrei
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nemes
authors.forename: Philipp
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Imholz
authors.forename: Tommy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Regen
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Denecke
authors.forename: Sonja
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Johann
authors.forename: Cordian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Beyer
authors.forename: Uwe-Karsten
authors.initials: UK
authors.lastname: Hanisch
authors.forename: Jörg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mey
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D017306:Annexin A2 / Q000378:metabolism; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000187:drug effects*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000166:cytology; D004002:Clodronic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D003907:Dexamethasone / Q000494:pharmacology; D004347:Drug Interactions; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000379:methods; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling / Q000379:methods; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis / Q000379:methods; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D047488:Retinoid X Receptors / Q000378:metabolism; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D017306:Annexin A2; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D016207:Cytokines; D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D047488:Retinoid X Receptors; D004002:Clodronic Acid; D014212:Tretinoin; D003907:Dexamethasone; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase