title: The effect of iron and erythropoietin treatment on the A1C of patients with diabetes and chronic kidney disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the effect of intravenous iron and erythropoietin-stimulating agents (ESAs) on glycemic control and A1C of patients with diabetes and chronic kidney disease (CKD).
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a prospective study of patients with type 2 diabetes and CKD stage IIIB or IV undergoing intravenous iron (group A) and/or ESA (group B). Full blood profiles were determined over the study period. Glycemic control was monitored using A1C, seven-point daily glucose three times weekly, and continuous glucose monitoring (CGM).
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 15 patients in both group A and group B. Mean A1C (95% CI) values fell in both groups (7.40% [6.60-8.19] to 6.96% [6.27-7.25], P<0.01, with intravenous iron and 7.31% [6.42-8.54] to 6.63% [6.03-7.36], P=0.013, ESA). There was no change in mean blood glucose in group A (9.55 mmol/l [8.20-10.90] vs. 9.71 mmol/l [8.29-11.13], P=0.07) and in group B (8.72 mmol/l [7.31-10.12] vs. 8.78 mmol/l [7.47-9.99], P=0.61) over the study period. Hemoglobin and hematocrit values significantly increased following both treatments. There was no linear relationship found between the change in A1C values and the rise of hemoglobin following either treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both iron and ESA cause a significant fall in A1C values without a change to glycemic control in patients with diabetes and CKD. At the present time, regular capillary glucose measurements and the concurrent use of CGM remain the best alternative measurements of glycemic control in this patient group.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Hull York Medical School, East Yorkshire, UK. ben.ng@hey.nhs.uk
authors.forename: Jen M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cooke
authors.forename: Sunil
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bhandari
authors.forename: Stephen L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Atkin
authors.forename: Eric S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Kilpatrick
mesh_terms: D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D004921:Erythropoietin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007501:Iron / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D004921:Erythropoietin; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007501:Iron
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