title: Association between HIV replication and serum leptin levels: an observational study of a cohort of HIV-1-infected South African women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Advanced HIV infection can result in lipoatrophy and wasting, even in the absence of ongoing opportunistic infections, suggesting that HIV may directly affect adipose tissue amount and distribution.
  
  
  METHODS
  We assessed the relationship of fat (measured using anthropometry, DEXA, MRI scans) or markers related to glucose and lipid metabolism with viral load in a cross-sectional sample of 83 antiretroviral-naïve HIV-1-infected South African women. A multivariable linear model was fitted to log10VL to assess the combined effect of these variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In addition to higher T cell activation, women with viral load greater than the population median had lower waist circumference, body mass index and subcutaneous abdominal fat, as well as lower serum leptin. We demonstrate that leptin serum levels are inversely associated with viral replication, independent of the amount of adipose tissue. This association is maintained after adjusting for multiple variables associated with disease progression (i.e., cellular activation and innate immunity effector levels).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results demonstrate that serum leptin levels are inversely associated with viral replication, independent of disease progression: we postulate that leptin may affect viral replication.
authors.affiliation: The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA. montaner@mail.wistar.org.
authors.forename: Livio
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Azzoni
authors.forename: Nigel J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Crowther
authors.forename: Cynthia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Firnhaber
authors.forename: Andrea S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Foulkes
authors.forename: Xiangfan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Glencross
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gross
authors.forename: Mitch D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Kaplan
authors.forename: Emmanouil
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Papasavvas
authors.forename: Doreen
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schulze
authors.forename: Wendy
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Stevens
authors.forename: Tessa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: van der Merwe
authors.forename: Rita
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Waisberg
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sanne
authors.forename: Luis J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Montaner
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D050218:Body Fat Distribution; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000821:virology*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000254:growth & development*; D006801:Humans; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood*; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D013019:South Africa; D019562:Viral Load
chemical_list: D020738:Leptin; D005947:Glucose
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