title: Noninvasive method for assessing the human circadian clock using hair follicle cells.
abstract: A thorough understanding of the circadian clock requires qualitative evaluation of circadian clock gene expression. Thus far, no simple and effective method for detecting human clock gene expression has become available. This limitation has greatly hampered our understanding of human circadian rhythm. Here we report a convenient, reliable, and less invasive method for detecting human clock gene expression using biopsy samples of hair follicle cells from the head or chin. We show that the circadian phase of clock gene expression in hair follicle cells accurately reflects that of individual behavioral rhythms, demonstrating that this strategy is appropriate for evaluating the human peripheral circadian clock. Furthermore, using this method, we indicate that rotating shift workers suffer from a serious time lag between circadian gene expression rhythms and lifestyle. Qualitative evaluation of clock gene expression in hair follicle cells, therefore, may be an effective approach for studying the human circadian clock in the clinical setting.
authors.affiliation: Research Institute for Time Studies, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8511, Japan. akashima@yamaguchi-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Akashi
authors.forename: Haruhiko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Soma
authors.forename: Takuro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: Asuka
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tsugitomi
authors.forename: Shiko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yamashita
authors.forename: Takuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: Eisuke
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nishida
authors.forename: Akio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yasuda
authors.forename: James K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.forename: Koichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Node
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D001683:Biological Clocks / Q000502:physiology*; D056926:CLOCK Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D018859:Hair Follicle / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008957:Models, Genetic; D056953:Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group D, Member 1 / Q000235:genetics; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D056950:Period Circadian Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000235:genetics; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: C064353:NR1D1 protein, human; C090977:NR1D2 protein, human; D056953:Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group D, Member 1; C421902:PER2 protein, human; C512644:PER3 protein, human; D056950:Period Circadian Proteins; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D056926:CLOCK Proteins; C538943:CLOCK protein, human
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