title: Role of nitric oxide on purinergic signalling in the cochlea.
abstract: In the inner ear, there is considerable evidence that extracellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) plays an important role in auditory neurotransmission as a neurotransmitter or a neuromodulator, although the potential role of adenosine signalling in the modulation of auditory neurotransmission has also been reported. The activation of ligand-gated ionotropic P2X receptors and G protein-coupled metabotropic P2Y receptors has been reported to induce an increase of intracellular Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) in inner hair cells (IHCs), outer hair cells (OHCs), spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs), and supporting cells in the cochlea. ATP may participate in auditory neurotransmission by modulating [Ca(2+)](i) in the cochlear cells. Recent studies showed that extracellular ATP induced nitric oxide (NO) production in IHCs, OHCs, and SGNs, which affects the ATP-induced Ca(2+) response via the NO-cGMP-PKG pathway in those cells by a feedback mechanism. A cross-talk between NO and ATP may therefore exist in the auditory signal transduction. In the present article, I review the role of NO on the ATP-induced Ca(2+) signalling in IHCs and OHCs. I also consider the possible role of NO in the ATP-induced Ca(2+) signalling in SGNs and supporting cells.
authors.affiliation: Harada Ear Institute, Tomoi 2-34-27, Higashiosaka, Osaka, 577-0816 Japan.
authors.forename: Narinobu
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Harada
references.citation: Audiol Neurootol. 2002 Jan-Feb;7(1):55-61
references.pmid: 11914528
references.citation: J Membr Biol. 2006 Feb-Mar;209(2-3):177-86
references.pmid: 16773501
references.citation: Hear Res. 2002 Nov;173(1-2):10-20
references.pmid: 12372631
references.citation: Mol Neurobiol. 1998 Feb;16(1):21-48
references.pmid: 9554700
references.citation: Eur J Neurosci. 2005 Jun;21(11):2912-22
references.pmid: 15978003
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1999 Sep 24;274(39):27467-73
references.pmid: 10488080
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2000 Apr 15;20(8):2835-44
references.pmid: 10751435
references.citation: J Neurosci. 1994 Nov;14(11 Pt 2):6992-7007
references.pmid: 7965094
references.citation: J Neurochem. 1997 Feb;68(2):443-56
references.pmid: 9003029
references.citation: J Physiol. 1990 Sep;428:109-31
references.pmid: 2172519
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2006 Sep 13;26(37):9482-93
references.pmid: 16971532
references.citation: Cell Calcium. 1993 Mar;14(3):245-54
references.pmid: 8500138
references.citation: Annu Rev Med. 1996;47:219-27
references.pmid: 8712777
references.citation: J Comp Neurol. 2000 Jul 31;423(3):452-61
references.pmid: 10870085
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1996 Mar 8;271(10):5647-55
references.pmid: 8621428
references.citation: J Comp Neurol. 1999 Feb 1;404(1):52-63
references.pmid: 9886024
references.citation: J Neurosci. 1995 Jan;15(1 Pt 2):903-11
references.pmid: 7823188
references.citation: Nature. 2005 Feb 24;433(7028):880-3
references.pmid: 15696193
references.citation: Biochem Pharmacol. 1999 Jul 15;58(2):363-8
references.pmid: 10423179
references.citation: J Physiol. 2006 Oct 1;576(Pt 1):11-21
references.pmid: 16857713
references.citation: Anat Embryol (Berl). 1995 Feb;191(2):101-18
references.pmid: 7726389
references.citation: Br J Pharmacol. 1991 Feb;102(2):434-8
references.pmid: 1673072
references.citation: Trends Neurosci. 1993 Jan;16(1):5-9
references.pmid: 7679237
references.citation: Kidney Int. 2000 Apr;57(4):1395-403
references.pmid: 10760073
references.citation: J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2004 Oct;37(4):897-902
references.pmid: 15380680
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1996 Dec;271(6 Pt 1):C1935-41
references.pmid: 8997195
references.citation: Hypertens Res. 2008 Sep;31(9):1811-20
references.pmid: 18971560
references.citation: Otol Neurotol. 2001 Jan;22(1):18-23
references.pmid: 11314710
references.citation: Physiology (Bethesda). 2006 Oct;21:336-45
references.pmid: 16990454
references.citation: Brain Res. 1997 Jan 30;747(1):26-33
references.pmid: 9042524
references.citation: Br J Pharmacol. 2002 Mar;135(5):1079-95
references.pmid: 11877313
references.citation: Hear Res. 2002 Mar;165(1-2):96-102
references.pmid: 12031519
references.citation: Endocr Rev. 1990 May;11(2):201-20
references.pmid: 2194782
references.citation: Neurosci Lett. 2003 Feb 13;337(3):135-8
references.pmid: 12536042
references.citation: Brain Res. 1999 Jan 2;815(1):51-9
references.pmid: 9974122
references.citation: J Neurochem. 1992 Jan;58(1):335-41
references.pmid: 1370078
references.citation: J Physiol. 2004 Feb 1;554(Pt 3):721-30
references.pmid: 14617679
references.citation: Circ Res. 1995 May;76(5):922-4
references.pmid: 7729011
references.citation: Science. 1988 May 13;240(4854):889-95
references.pmid: 3283939
references.citation: Cell Tissue Res. 1998 Dec;294(3):415-20
references.pmid: 9799458
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Mar 1;90(5):2087-91
references.pmid: 8446634
references.citation: Neuroreport. 1996 Jan 31;7(2):537-42
references.pmid: 8730824
references.citation: Cell Regul. 1990 Jul;1(8):585-96
references.pmid: 2078569
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2000 Apr 15;20(8):2800-8
references.pmid: 10751431
references.citation: Inflamm Res. 1997 Jun;46(6):199-202
references.pmid: 9243302
references.citation: J Neurosci. 1989 Apr;9(4):1134-40
references.pmid: 2539439
references.citation: Neuroscience. 2003;121(2):411-9
references.pmid: 14521999
references.citation: Hear Res. 1995 Feb;82(2):135-8
references.pmid: 7775279
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998 Dec 22;95(26):15735-40
references.pmid: 9861039
references.citation: Nature. 1992 Jun 11;357(6378):503-5
references.pmid: 1351659
references.citation: Neuropsychopharmacology. 2003 Mar;28(3):435-44
references.pmid: 12629523
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2003 Jun 1;23(11):4437-44
references.pmid: 12805284
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1995 Jan 20;270(3):995-8
references.pmid: 7530714
references.citation: J Cell Sci. 2003 Jan 1;116(Pt 1):9-15
references.pmid: 12456711
references.citation: Eur J Pharmacol. 1998 Nov 13;361(1):119-27
references.pmid: 9851549
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2001 Apr 1;21(7):2215-23
references.pmid: 11264297
references.citation: Nat Med. 2002 May;8(5):473-9
references.pmid: 11984591
references.citation: Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 1997 Sep;48(2):251-8
references.pmid: 9332722
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2003 Nov 12;23(32):10302-10
references.pmid: 14614089
references.citation: Neuroscience. 2005;130(2):485-96
references.pmid: 15664705
references.citation: Physiol Rev. 2002 Oct;82(4):1013-67
references.pmid: 12270951
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2000 Jun 16;275(24):17979-85
references.pmid: 10849433
references.citation: J Physiol. 1996 Mar 15;491 ( Pt 3):707-18
references.pmid: 8815205
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996 Nov 12;93(23):13268-73
references.pmid: 8917580
references.citation: Brain Res. 2006 Apr 7;1081(1):101-12
references.pmid: 16500627
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2004 Jul 7;24(27):6070-7
references.pmid: 15240798
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2001 Aug 10;276(32):30036-42
references.pmid: 11395516
references.citation: Trends Neurosci. 1999 Mar;22(3):109-16
references.pmid: 10199635
references.citation: Physiology (Bethesda). 2007 Apr;22:131-44
references.pmid: 17420304
references.citation: J Neurosci. 1994 Sep;14(9):5147-59
references.pmid: 8083727
references.citation: Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2001 Oct;281(4):G1101-14
references.pmid: 11557531
references.citation: J Neurosci. 1999 Aug 15;19(16):6918-29
references.pmid: 10436049
references.citation: Acta Otolaryngol. 1996 Sep;116(5):726-31
references.pmid: 8908250
references.citation: Trends Pharmacol Sci. 1997 Aug;18(8):266-9
references.pmid: 9277129
references.citation: Brain Res. 1998 Nov 30;813(1):97-102
references.pmid: 9824677
references.citation: Brain Res. 2002 Apr 19;933(2):118-29
references.pmid: 11931856
references.citation: J Neurochem. 2002 Dec;83(6):1441-51
references.pmid: 12472898
references.citation: J Neurosci. 1999 Jan 15;19(2):520-8
references.pmid: 9880572
references.citation: J Comp Neurol. 1998 Apr 20;393(4):403-14
references.pmid: 9550147
references.citation: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1999 May-Jun;17(3):305-12
references.pmid: 10410263
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 1997 Oct 20;139(2):497-506
references.pmid: 9334351
references.citation: Neuroscience. 2003;116(2):325-33
references.pmid: 12559089
references.citation: J Neurosci Res. 1999 Sep 1;57(5):643-50
references.pmid: 10462688
references.citation: Hear Res. 1995 Oct;90(1-2):119-25
references.pmid: 8974988
references.citation: Physiol Rev. 1986 Oct;66(4):1121-88
references.pmid: 3532143
references.citation: Biochem Pharmacol. 1998 Mar 15;55(6):713-8
references.pmid: 9586942
references.citation: Hear Res. 1999 Jul;133(1-2):1-9
references.pmid: 10416859
references.citation: Curr Opin Neurol. 2002 Feb;15(1):11-5
references.pmid: 11796945
references.citation: Prog Brain Res. 1999;120:3-10
references.pmid: 10550983
references.citation: Hear Res. 1998 Apr;118(1-2):168-76
references.pmid: 9606072
references.citation: Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2002 Mar 1;22(3):364-73
references.pmid: 11884276
references.citation: Hear Res. 1999 Sep;135(1-2):181-9
references.pmid: 10491966
references.citation: Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1996 Jul;115(1):38-41
references.pmid: 8758627
references.citation: Eur J Pharmacol. 2000 Dec 15;409(3):243-57
references.pmid: 11108818
references.citation: Acta Otolaryngol. 2001 Jan;121(1):10-5
references.pmid: 11270486
references.citation: Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2000 Feb;21(2):156-60
references.pmid: 11263263
references.citation: Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 1996;253(3):117-21
references.pmid: 8652150
references.citation: J Physiol. 2002 Feb 15;539(Pt 1):77-91
references.pmid: 11850503
references.citation: Synapse. 2001 Jun 15;40(4):258-68
references.pmid: 11309841
references.citation: Prog Neurobiol. 2001 Nov;65(4):367-90
references.pmid: 11527573
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2001 Jul 15;21(14):5066-78
references.pmid: 11438582
references.citation: J Neurophysiol. 2003 Aug;90(2):1304-13
references.pmid: 12724368
references.citation: Brain Res. 2006 May 17;1089(1):143-52
references.pmid: 16643864
references.citation: J Physiol. 2002 Dec 15;545(3):869-78
references.pmid: 12482892
references.citation: Neuroreport. 1998 Jun 22;9(9):2109-14
references.pmid: 9674603
references.citation: Brain Res. 2000 Dec 1;885(1):6-13
references.pmid: 11121524
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1996 Dec;271(6 Pt 1):C1817-27
references.pmid: 8997181
references.citation: FEBS Lett. 1998 May 8;427(2):263-6
references.pmid: 9607324
references.citation: Annu Rev Physiol. 1995;57:707-36
references.pmid: 7539994
references.citation: Acta Otolaryngol. 1997 Jul;117(4):545-52
references.pmid: 9288210
references.citation: J Physiol. 1999 Apr 1;516 ( Pt 1):179-90
references.pmid: 10066932
references.citation: Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2004 Feb;16(1):81-98
references.pmid: 14764208
references.citation: J Hypertens Suppl. 1988 Dec;6(4):S366-8
references.pmid: 2853748
references.citation: Nature. 1992 Sep 17;359(6392):241-4
references.pmid: 1388246
references.citation: Nitric Oxide. 2009 May;20(3):207-16
references.pmid: 19291838
references.citation: Laryngoscope. 1993 Aug;103(8):865-71
references.pmid: 8361289
references.citation: Front Neuroendocrinol. 2008 May;29(2):268-72
references.pmid: 18067954
references.citation: Cell Calcium. 2007 Jan;41(1):77-86
references.pmid: 16828497
references.citation: Proc Biol Sci. 1992 Sep 22;249(1326):265-73
references.pmid: 1359556
references.citation: Pflugers Arch. 2003 Dec;447(3):305-11
references.pmid: 14564523
references.citation: Acta Otolaryngol. 2001 Jun;121(4):460-4
references.pmid: 11508504
references.citation: J Neurobiol. 2002 Nov 15;53(3):361-9
references.pmid: 12382263
references.citation: Neuroreport. 1998 Aug 3;9(11):2467-74
references.pmid: 9721916
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1993 Jun;264(6 Pt 2):H1745-52
references.pmid: 8322903
references.citation: Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2004 Mar;261(3):121-8
references.pmid: 15024573
references.citation: J Physiol. 2001 Mar 15;531(Pt 3):693-706
references.pmid: 11251051
references.citation: Hear Res. 2001 Jan;151(1-2):121-124
references.pmid: 11124458
references.citation: J Endocrinol. 1987 Dec;115(3):459-67
references.pmid: 3443807
references.citation: Life Sci. 2003 Mar 28;72(18-19):2151-4
references.pmid: 12628472
references.citation: J Neurosci. 1999 Oct 1;19(19):8377-88
references.pmid: 10493739