title: Local regulation of arterial L-type calcium channels by reactive oxygen species.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are implicated in the development of cardiovascular disease, and oxidants are important signaling molecules in many cell types. Recent evidence suggests that localized subcellular compartmentalization of ROS generation is an important feature of ROS signaling. However, mechanisms that transduce localized subcellular changes in redox status to functionally relevant changes in cellular processes such as Ca(2+) influx are poorly understood.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To test the hypothesis that ROS regulate L-type Ca(2+) channel activity in cerebral arterial smooth muscle.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using a total internal reflection fluorescence imaging-based approach, we found that highly localized subplasmalemmal generation of endogenous ROS preceded and colocalized with sites of enhanced L-type Ca(2+) channel sparklet activity in isolated cerebral arterial smooth muscle cells. Consistent with this observation and our hypothesis, exogenous ROS increased localized L-type Ca(2+) channel sparklet activity in isolated arterial myocytes via activation of protein kinase Cα and when applied to intact cerebral arterial segments, exogenous ROS increased arterial tone in an L-type Ca(2+) channel-dependent fashion. Furthermore, angiotensin II-dependent stimulation of local L-type Ca(2+) channel sparklet activity in isolated cells and contraction of intact arteries was abolished following inhibition of NADPH oxidase.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data support a novel model of local oxidative regulation of Ca(2+) influx where vasoconstrictors coupled to NAPDH oxidase (eg, angiotensin II) induce discrete sites of ROS generation resulting in oxidative activation of adjacent protein kinase Cα molecules that in turn promote local sites of enhanced L-type Ca(2+) channel activity, resulting in increased Ca(2+) influx and contraction.
authors.affiliation: Colorado State University, Department of Biomedical Sciences, 1617 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA. Gregory.Amberg@colostate.edu
authors.forename: Gregory C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Amberg
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Earley
authors.forename: Stephanie A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Glapa
mesh_terms: D000804:Angiotensin II / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001488:Basilar Artery / Q000166:cytology; D020746:Calcium Channels, L-Type / Q000502:physiology*; D020013:Calcium Signaling / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D019255:NADPH Oxidases / Q000378:metabolism; D018408:Patch-Clamp Techniques; D051571:Protein Kinase C-alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*; D014661:Vasoconstriction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D020746:Calcium Channels, L-Type; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D000804:Angiotensin II; D019255:NADPH Oxidases; D051571:Protein Kinase C-alpha
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