Both the stimulation and inhibition of root hair growth induced by extracellular nucleotides in Arabidopsis are mediated by nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species.
Root hairs secrete ATP as they grow, and extracellular ATP and ADP can trigger signaling pathways that regulate plant cell growth. In several plant tissues the level of extracellular nucleotides is limited in part by ectoapyrases (ecto-NTPDases), and the growth of these tissues is strongly influenced by their level of ectoapyrase expression. Both chemical inhibition of ectoapyrase activity and suppression of the expression of two ectoapyrase enzymes by RNAi in Arabidopsis resulted in inhibition of root hair growth. As assayed by a dose-response curve, different concentrations of the poorly hydrolysable nucleotides, ATPγS and ADPβS, could either stimulate (at 7.5-25 μM) or inhibit (at ≥ 150 μM) the growth rate of root hairs in less than an hour. Equal amounts of AMPS, used as a control, had no effect on root hair growth. Root hairs of nia1nia2 mutants, which are suppressed in nitric oxide (NO) production, and of atrbohD/F mutants, which are suppressed in the production of H(2)O(2), did not show growth responses to applied nucleotides, indicating that the growth changes induced by these nucleotides in wild-type plants were likely transduced via NO and H(2)O(2) signals. Consistent with this interpretation, treatment of root hairs with different concentrations of ATPγS induced different accumulations of NO and H(2)O(2) in root hair tips. Two mammalian purinoceptor antagonists also blocked the growth responses induced by extracellular nucleotides, suggesting that they were initiated by a receptor-based mechanism.
Clark
Greg
G
Section of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Texas, 78712, Austin, TX, USA.
Wu
Michael
M
Wat
Noel
N
Onyirimba
James
J
Pham
Trieu
T
Herz
Niculin
N
Ogoti
Justin
J
Gomez
Delmy
D
Canales
Arinda A
AA
Aranda
Gabriela
G
Blizard
Misha
M
Nyberg
Taylor
T
Terry
Anne
A
Torres
Jonathan
J
Wu
Jian
J
Roux
Stanley J
SJ
D000244:Adenosine Diphosphate / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D001081:Apyrase / Q000378:metabolism; D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009711:Nucleotides / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D034622:RNA Interference; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013873:Thionucleotides / Q000494:pharmacology
D009711:Nucleotides; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D013873:Thionucleotides; D009569:Nitric Oxide; C030812:adenosine 5'-O-(2-thiodiphosphate); C022571:adenosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate); D000244:Adenosine Diphosphate; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D001081:Apyrase
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