title: Barium toxicosis in a dog.
abstract: METHODS
  A 2-year-old 14.9-kg (32.8-lb) neutered female Shetland Sheepdog was admitted to the University of Liverpool Small Animal Teaching Hospital for evaluation of acute collapse.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At admission, the dog was tachypneic and had reduced limb reflexes and muscle tone in all limbs consistent with diffuse lower motor neuron dysfunction. The dog was severely hypokalemic (1.7 mEq/L; reference range, 3.5 to 5.8 mEq/L). Clinical status of the dog deteriorated; there was muscle twitching, flaccid paralysis, and respiratory failure, which was considered a result of respiratory muscle weakness. Ventricular arrhythmias and severe acidemia (pH, 7.18; reference range, 7.35 to 7.45) developed. Intoxication was suspected, and plasma and urine samples submitted for barium analysis had barium concentrations comparable with those reported in humans with barium toxicosis. Analysis of barium concentrations in 5 control dogs supported the diagnosis of barium toxicosis in the dog.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fluids and potassium supplementation were administered IV. The dog recovered rapidly. Electrolyte concentrations measured after recovery were consistently unremarkable. Quantification of plasma barium concentration 56 days after the presumed episode of intoxication revealed a large decrease; however, the plasma barium concentration remained elevated, compared with that in control dogs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To our knowledge, this case represented the first description of barium toxicosis in the veterinary literature. Barium toxicosis can cause life-threatening hypokalemia; however, prompt supportive treatment can yield excellent outcomes. Barium toxicosis is a rare but important differential diagnosis in animals with hypokalemia and appropriate clinical signs.
authors.affiliation: Small Animal Teaching Hospital, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Cheshire CH64 7TE, England. F.H.Adam@liv.ac.uk
authors.forename: Fiona H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Adam
authors.forename: Peter J M
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Noble
authors.forename: Simon T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Swift
authors.forename: Brent M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Higgins
authors.forename: Christine E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Sieniawska
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001464:Barium / Q000097:blood / Q000633:toxicity* / Q000652:urine; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced*; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female
chemical_list: D001464:Barium