title: Enhanced memory for the wolf in sheep's clothing: facial trustworthiness modulates face-trait associative memory.
abstract: Our decision about whether to trust and cooperate with someone is influenced by the individual's facial appearance despite its limited predictive power. Thus, remembering trustworthy-looking cheaters is more important than remembering untrustworthy-looking cheaters because we are more likely to trust and cooperate with the former, resulting in a higher risk of unreciprocated cooperation. The present study investigated whether our mind adaptively copes with this problem by enhancing memory for trustworthy-looking cheaters. Participants played a debt game, wherein they learned to discriminate among good, neutral, and bad lenders, who respectively charged no, moderate, and high interest on the debt. Each lender had either a trustworthy- or untrustworthy-looking face. A subsequent memory test revealed that participants remembered the bad traits of trustworthy-looking lenders more accurately than those of untrustworthy-looking lenders. The results demonstrate enhanced memory for trustworthy-looking cheaters, or wolves in sheep's clothing, implying that humans are equipped with protective mechanisms against disguised, unfaithful signs of trustworthiness.
authors.affiliation: Department of Social and Human Environment, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya Aichi 464-8601, Japan. atsuzuki@nagoya-u.jp
authors.forename: Atsunobu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Sayaka
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Suga
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001245:Association Learning / Q000502:physiology*; D008192:Deception; D005149:Facial Expression; D005260:Female; D005717:Games, Experimental; D006801:Humans; D007600:Judgment; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000502:physiology*; D035502:Trust