title: Knockdown of metallothionein 1 and 2 does not affect atrophy or oxidant activity in a novel in vitro model.
abstract: Skeletal muscle atrophy is a significant health problem that results in decreased muscle size and function and has been associated with increases in oxidative stress. The molecular mechanisms that regulate muscle atrophy, however, are largely unknown. The metallothioneins (MT), a family of genes with antioxidant properties, have been found to be consistently upregulated during muscle atrophy, although their function during muscle atrophy is unknown. Therefore, we hypothesized that MT knockdown would result in greater oxidative stress and an enhanced atrophy response in C(2)C(12) myotubes subjected to serum reduction (SR), a novel atrophy-inducing stimulus. Forty-eight hours before SR, myotubes were transfected with small interfering RNA (siRNA) sequences designed to decrease MT expression. Muscle atrophy and oxidative stress were then measured at baseline and for 72 h following SR. Muscle atrophy was quantified by immunocytochemistry and myotube diameter measurements. Oxidative stress was measured using the fluorescent probe 5-(and-6)-carboxy-2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein. SR resulted in a significant increase in oxidative stress and a decrease in myotube size and protein content. However, there were no differences observed in the extent of muscle atrophy or oxidant activity following MT knockdown. We therefore conclude that the novel SR model results in a strong atrophy response and an increase in oxidant activity in cultured myotubes and that knockdown of MT does not affect that response.
authors.affiliation: Muscle Biology and Imaging Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA. rhyldahl@kin.umass.edu
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Hyldahl
authors.forename: Kevin S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: O'Fallon
authors.forename: Lawrence M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: Priscilla M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Clarkson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D055785:Gene Knockdown Techniques; D006984:Hypertrophy; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008668:Metallothionein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D018485:Muscle Fibers, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D009124:Muscle Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism; D009133:Muscular Atrophy / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D016877:Oxidants / Q000378:metabolism*; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D034622:RNA Interference; D044967:Serum / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: C491054:Mt2 protein, mouse; D009124:Muscle Proteins; D016877:Oxidants; C525355:metallothionein-1, mouse; D008668:Metallothionein