title: Increased matrix metalloproteinase activity is associated with migraine and migraine-related metabolic dysfunctions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their inhibitors (TIMPs) are discussed to be involved in the pathophysiology of migraine. Moreover, MMPs may also be involved in migraine-related metabolic alterations like an atherogenic lipid profile and hyperinsulinemia. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of MMPs and TIMPs on migraine with and without aura and related metabolic dysfunctions.
  
  
  METHODS
  MMP activity, six MMPs and three TIMPs, parameters of the insulin and lipid metabolism as well as anthropometric parameters were determined in 124 non-obese subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found highly significant increased MMP activity in migraine patients independent of aura symptoms, which was associated with migraine with an odds ratio of 7.57. Interestingly, none of the determined MMPs and TIMPs showed significant different serum levels between migraine patients and healthy controls. We found significant correlations between MMP activity and parameters of the insulin and lipid metabolism, like Homeostasis Model Assessment index (HOMA index), cholesterol, triglycerides, and oxidized LDL.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We show here that increased MMP activity is tightly associated with migraine and migraine-related hyperinsulinemia and atherogenic lipid alterations. Our findings represent a new pathophysiological mechanism, which may be of clinical relevance, especially in regard to therapeutic approaches using MMP inhibitors.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria. claudia.bernecker@klinikum-graz.at
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bernecker
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pailer
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kieslinger
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Horejsi
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Möller
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lechner
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wallner-Blazek
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Weiss
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fazekas
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Truschnig-Wilders
authors.forename: H-J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Gruber
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006946:Hyperinsulinism / Q000503:physiopathology; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases / Q000097:blood*; D008881:Migraine Disorders / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D019714:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D008055:Lipids; D019714:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases; D002784:Cholesterol; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases