title: Measurement of friction forces between stainless steel wires and "reduced-friction" self-ligating brackets.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In this study, we assessed the friction forces between various self-ligating brackets and stainless steel orthodontic wires, subjected to different shear and bending forces in the buccolingual plane.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three kinds of self-ligating brackets and 2 kinds of ligated controls were tested in a newly developed in-vitro system. Friction was tested with stainless steel orthodontic wire in 3 deflection states. The Bonferroni multiple comparisons test was applied to evaluate intergroup differences (P <0.05). Wire samples were examined with a scanning electron microscope before and after sliding.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results showed significant intergroup differences in friction resistance in response to wire deflection. In nonzero buccolingual deflections, passive self-ligating brackets developed higher friction forces, comparable with those in the conventional elastic ligation control group. The control brackets with reduced friction ligature had considerably lower friction forces than any other group. The active self-ligating bracket ranked between the self-ligating brackets and the reduced friction ligature group. A tribologic survey showed substantial surface alterations among wire samples coupled with passive self-ligating brackets.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In contrast to manufacturers' claims, this study illustrates that, in certain clinical situations, a firm passive bracket clip can have a negative influence on the wire-bracket frictional characteristics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Hadassah-Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel.
authors.forename: Natalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Reznikov
authors.forename: Gilad
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Har-Zion
authors.forename: Idit
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Barkana
authors.forename: Yossi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Abed
authors.forename: Meir
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Redlich
mesh_terms: D003799:Dental Stress Analysis / Q000295:instrumentation; D017276:Friction; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D016382:Orthodontic Appliance Design; D016910:Orthodontic Brackets; D009969:Orthodontic Wires; D018583:Pliability; D013193:Stainless Steel / Q000737:chemistry*; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D013193:Stainless Steel