title: Under-documentation of chronic kidney disease in the electronic health record in outpatients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To ascertain if outpatients with moderate chronic kidney disease (CKD) had their condition documented in their notes in the electronic health record (EHR).
  
  
  METHODS
  Outpatients with CKD were selected based on a reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate and their notes extracted from the Columbia University data warehouse. Two lexical-based classification tools (classifier and word-counter) were developed to identify documentation of CKD in electronic notes.
  
  
  METHODS
  The tools categorized patients' individual notes on the basis of the presence of CKD-related terms. Patients were categorized as appropriately documented if their notes contained reference to CKD when CKD was present.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The sensitivities of the classifier and word-count methods were 95.4% and 99.8%, respectively. The specificity of both was 99.8%. Categorization of individual patients as appropriately documented was 96.9% accurate. Of 107 patients with manually verified moderate CKD, 32 (22%) lacked appropriate documentation. Patients whose CKD had not been appropriately documented were significantly less likely to be on renin-angiotensin system inhibitors or have urine protein quantified, and had the illness for half as long (15.1 vs 30.7 months; p<0.01) compared to patients with documentation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our studies show that lexical-based classification tools can accurately ascertain if appropriate documentation of CKD is present in a EHR. Using this method, we demonstrated under-documentation of patients with moderate CKD. Under-documented patients were less likely to receive CKD guideline recommended care. A tool that prompts providers to document CKD might shorten the time to implementing guideline-based recommendations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA. herbert.chase@dbmi.columbia.edu
authors.forename: Herbert S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Chase
authors.forename: Jai
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Radhakrishnan
authors.forename: Shayan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shirazian
authors.forename: Maya K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.forename: David K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Vawdrey
mesh_terms: D004282:Documentation / Q000145:classification / Q000592:standards*; D057286:Electronic Health Records; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D010045:Outpatients; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000145:classification
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