title: Manipulation of Suspended Single Cells by Microfluidics and Optical Tweezers.
abstract: Chondrocytes and osteoblasts experience multiple stresses in vivo. The optimum mechanical conditions for cell health are not fully understood. This paper describes the optical and microfluidic mechanical manipulation of single suspended cells enabled by the μPIVOT, an integrated micron resolution particle image velocimeter (μPIV) and dual optical tweezers instrument (OT). In this study, we examine the viability and trap stiffness of cartilage cells, identify the maximum fluid-induced stresses possible in uniform and extensional flows, and compare the deformation characteristics of bone and muscle cells. These results indicate cell photodamage of chondrocytes is negligible for at least 20 min for laser powers below 30 mW, a dead cell presents less resistance to internal organelle rearrangement and deforms globally more than a viable cell, the maximum fluid-induced shear stresses are limited to ~15 mPa for uniform flows but may exceed 1 Pa for extensional flows, and osteoblasts show no deformation for shear stresses up to 250 mPa while myoblasts are more easily deformed and exhibit a modulated response to increasing stress. This suggests that global and/or local stresses can be applied to single cells without physical contact. Coupled with microfluidic sensors, these manipulations may provide unique methods to explore single cell biomechanics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, Portland State University, P.O. Box 751, Portland, OR 97201, USA.
authors.forename: Nathalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nève
authors.forename: Sean S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Kohles
authors.forename: Shelley R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Winn
authors.forename: Derek C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Tretheway
references.citation: Biophys J. 2001 Aug;81(2):767-84
references.pmid: 11463624
references.citation: Biophys J. 2000 Jan;78(1):520-35
references.pmid: 10620315
references.citation: Trends Cell Biol. 1992 Apr;2(4):116-8
references.pmid: 14732016
references.citation: Nature. 1987 Dec 24-31;330(6150):769-71
references.pmid: 3320757
references.citation: Biophys J. 1998 Mar;74(3):1564-78
references.pmid: 9512052
references.citation: Biophys J. 2002 Jul;83(1):491-501
references.pmid: 12080136
references.citation: Anal Chim Acta. 2009 Oct 19;653(1):23-35
references.pmid: 19800473
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 2000 Dec;89(6):2498-507
references.pmid: 11090608
references.citation: Biophys J. 1999 Dec;77(6):3085-95
references.pmid: 10585930
references.citation: J Orthop Res. 2006 Jun;24(6):1170-7
references.pmid: 16705700
references.citation: J Bone Miner Res. 1999 Jun;14(6):930-6
references.pmid: 10352101
references.citation: Circ Res. 1969 Aug;25(2):131-43
references.pmid: 5806159
references.citation: J Biomech. 2005 Jan;38(1):77-85
references.pmid: 15519342
references.citation: Biophys J. 1989 Jul;56(1):151-60
references.pmid: 2752085
references.citation: Langmuir. 2009 May 19;25(10):5731-6
references.pmid: 19334742
references.citation: J Biomech Eng. 1987 Feb;109(1):27-34
references.pmid: 3560876
references.citation: Biophys J. 1981 Oct;36(1):243-56
references.pmid: 6793106
references.citation: Biophys J. 1996 Mar;70(3):1529-33
references.pmid: 8785310
references.citation: Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2004 Apr;286(4):C831-9
references.pmid: 14644772
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2001 Apr 20;276(16):13365-71
references.pmid: 11278573
references.citation: J Biomech. 2003 Sep;36(9):1363-71
references.pmid: 12893045
references.citation: Mech Chem Biosyst. 2004 Sep;1(3):201-9
references.pmid: 16783933
references.citation: Biophys J. 1995 May;68(5):2137-44
references.pmid: 7612858
references.citation: J Biomech Eng. 2009 Dec;131(12):121006
references.pmid: 20524729
references.citation: Biomaterials. 2004 Feb;25(5):757-68
references.pmid: 14609664
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1996 Jul;271(1 Pt 1):E205-8
references.pmid: 8760099
references.citation: Arch Biochem Biophys. 1993 Jan;300(1):458-65
references.pmid: 8424680
references.citation: Opt Express. 2008 Jun 9;16(12):8594-603
references.pmid: 18545572
references.citation: Annu Rev Physiol. 1987;49:209-19
references.pmid: 3551799
references.citation: Meas Sci Technol. 2008;19(9):95403
references.pmid: 18953424
references.citation: Mech Chem Biosyst. 2004 Sep;1(3):169-80
references.pmid: 16783930
references.citation: Methods Cell Biol. 2002;68:67-90
references.pmid: 12053741
references.citation: J Bacteriol. 2008 Dec;190(24):7904-9
references.pmid: 18835985
references.citation: Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2000 May;278(5):C989-97
references.pmid: 10794673
references.citation: J Cell Physiol. 1990 Apr;143(1):100-4
references.pmid: 2156870
references.citation: Arthritis Res Ther. 2006;8(4):R106
references.pmid: 16831232
references.citation: Tissue Eng. 1996 Fall;2(3):167-81
references.pmid: 19877940
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 1985 Mar;100(3):860-72
references.pmid: 4038710
references.citation: J Biomech. 1995 Dec;28(12):1493-503
references.pmid: 8666589
references.citation: Anal Chim Acta. 2018 Dec 31;1044:29-65
references.pmid: 30442405
references.citation: Opt Express. 2008 Feb 4;16(3):1996-2004
references.pmid: 18542279
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1982 Sep;79(17):5327-31
references.pmid: 6957866
references.citation: Appl Opt. 2003 Jul 1;42(19):3915-26
references.pmid: 12868831
references.citation: Bone. 2003 Mar;32(3):241-51
references.pmid: 12667551
references.citation: J Cell Physiol. 1976 Jul;88(3):353-61
references.pmid: 178677
references.citation: J Biomech. 2007;40(9):1938-45
references.pmid: 17097091
references.citation: Biophys J. 1996 Oct;71(4):2158-67
references.pmid: 8889192
references.citation: Eur J Clin Invest. 1996 Jul;26(7):544-8
references.pmid: 8864415
references.citation: Biophys J. 2006 Apr 1;90(7):2582-91
references.pmid: 16399828
references.citation: Cytometry. 1983 Jan;3(4):300-4
references.pmid: 6822151
references.citation: J Biochem Biophys Methods. 1999 Feb 25;39(1-2):47-62
references.pmid: 10344500
references.citation: Biophys J. 1999 Nov;77(5):2856-63
references.pmid: 10545383
references.citation: J Biomech. 2007;40(14):3162-8
references.pmid: 17559856
references.citation: J Biomech. 1999 Feb;32(2):119-27
references.pmid: 10052916
references.citation: Science. 1987 Mar 20;235(4795):1517-20
references.pmid: 3547653
references.citation: Arthritis Rheum. 2003 Oct;48(10):2865-72
references.pmid: 14558092
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 1990 Dec;111(6 Pt 1):2513-26
references.pmid: 2277072
references.citation: J Orthop Res. 1996 Jan;14(1):53-60
references.pmid: 8618166
references.citation: J Biomech Eng. 2003 Jun;125(3):334-41
references.pmid: 12929237
references.citation: Anal Chem. 2001 Dec 15;73(24):5791-5
references.pmid: 11791546