title: Preclinical noninvasive markers of atherosclerosis in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes are influenced by physical activity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To measure preclinical noninvasive markers of atherosclerosis in youth with type 1 diabetes (T1DM), and to determine their associations between physical activity level and cardiorespiratory fitness (maximal oxygen consumption [VO2max]).
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a cross-sectional study including 32 patients with T1DM and 42 healthy subjects aged 6 to 17 years. Main outcome measures included arterial flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and intima-media thickness with high-resolution ultrasonography; physical activity by accelerometer (valid 26 patients with T1DM, 35 healthy subjects) and VO2max.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with healthy control subjects, patients with T1DM had higher intima-media thickness (mean 0.50 mm [0.48-0.52, 95% CI] vs 0.48 [0.47-0.49], P=.02) and reduced FMD (4.9% [4.1%-5.7%] vs 7.3 [6.4-8.1], P=.001), VO2max (45.5 mL/kg/min [43.0-48.0] vs 48.7 [46.7-50.6], P<or=.001), total (567.1 [458.6-675.6] vs 694.9 [606.6-883.2] counts per minute, P=.001) and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. Patients with T1DM who did more than 60 min/day(-1) of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity had similar FMD compared with relatively inactive healthy subjects, but not as high as active control subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Youth with T1DM present early signs of atherosclerosis, as well as low physical activity level and cardiorespiratory fitness. Endothelial function is enhanced in patients who practice more than 60 min/day(-1) of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Cardiology Unit, Department of Child and Adolescent, University Hospitals of Geneva and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Béatrice
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Trigona
authors.forename: Yacine
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Aggoun
authors.forename: Albane
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Maggio
authors.forename: Xavier E
authors.initials: XE
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Laetitia M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Marchand
authors.forename: Maurice
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Beghetti
authors.forename: Nathalie J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Farpour-Lambert
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002648:Child; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000097:blood / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity; D005996:Nitroglycerin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017539:Tunica Intima / Q000473:pathology; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D005996:Nitroglycerin