title: Resident participation does not affect surgical outcomes, despite introduction of new techniques.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Surgical operations at academic medical centers typically involve a resident physician performing cases together with, and/or under the supervision of, an attending physician. Although this is a widely accepted practice, recent emphasis on patient safety has led to scrutiny about this educational model. There are few studies evaluating whether complication rates, independent of patient risk factors, are affected by resident participation in operations.
  
  
  METHODS
  We identified 295 patients (590 breasts) who had undergone bilateral reduction mammoplasty led by a single attending surgeon between October 1, 1997 and September 30, 2008 at the University of Michigan Health System. In all cases, the attending operated on the right breast and the resident operated on the left breast under the supervision of the attending, allowing each patient to act as their own control. Their charts were retrospectively reviewed and major complications were defined as those requiring either an operation or hospitalization to treat.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-three patients (7.8%) had a major complication after their breast reduction. Ten of these complications occurred in the left breast, 9 in the right breast, and 4 in both breasts. Statistical analysis revealed no differences in major complication rates between the side operated on with the primary surgeon being the resident versus the attending (4.7% versus 4.4%; p = 1.00).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the context of this single surgical operation, resident participation does not substantially affect major complication rates. The common residency training paradigm provides clinical experience and supervision without necessarily impacting patient safety. Analysis of additional operations in different settings will be necessary.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0340, USA.
authors.forename: Shaun P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Paul G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Gauger
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Englesbe
authors.forename: Paul S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Cederna
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004503:Education, Medical, Graduate; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D016462:Mammaplasty / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008875:Middle Aged; D017145:Models, Educational; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome