title: Psychological distress among Plains Indian mothers with children referred to screening for Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Psychological distress (PD) includes symptoms of depression and anxiety and is associated with considerable emotional suffering, social dysfunction and, often, with problematic alcohol use. The rate of current PD among American Indian women is approximately 2.5 times higher than that of U.S. women in general. Our study aims to fill the current knowledge gap about the prevalence and characteristics of PD and its association with self-reported current drinking problems among American Indian mothers whose children were referred to screening for fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Secondary analysis of cross-sectional data was conducted from maternal interviews of referred American Indian mothers (n = 152) and a comparison group of mothers (n = 33) from the same Plains culture tribes who participated in an NIAAA-funded epidemiology study of FASD. Referred women were from one of six Plains Indian reservation communities and one urban area who bore children suspected of having an FASD. A 6-item PD scale (PD-6, Cronbach's alpha = .86) was constructed with a summed score range of 0-12 and a cut-point of 7 indicating serious PD. Multiple statistical tests were used to examine the characteristics of PD and its association with self-reported current drinking problems.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Referred and comparison mothers had an average age of 31.3 years but differed (respectively) on: education (<high school: 47.4%, 9.1%), PD-6 mean scores (3.57, 1.48), current prevalence of serious PD (19.1%, 0.0%), and a current drinking problem (31.6%, 12.1%). Among referred mothers, those with a current drinking problem had a significantly higher mean PD-6 score. Having PD, serious PD, and 2 specific scale items significantly increased the odds that a referred mother would have a current drinking problem.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Psychological distress among referred mothers is significantly associated with having a self-reported drinking problem. FASD prevention requires multi-level prevention efforts that provide real opportunities for educational attainment and screening and monitoring of PD and alcohol use during the childbearing years. Mixed methods studies are needed to illuminate the social and cultural determinants at the base of the experience of PD and to identify the strengths and protective factors of unaffected peers who reside within the same communities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, MSC09 5040, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA.
authors.forename: Tassy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Parker
authors.forename: Marcello A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Maviglia
authors.forename: Phyllis Trujillo
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Phillip Gossage
authors.forename: Philip A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: May
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D063647:Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D007198:Indians, North American / Q000523:psychology*; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008403:Mass Screening; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011247:Pregnancy; D055815:Young Adult
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