title: Hypertensive heart failure: patient characteristics, treatment, and outcomes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Acute heart failure (AHF) is a common, poorly characterized manifestation of hypertensive emergency. We sought to describe characteristics, treatment, and outcomes of patients with severe hypertension complicated by AHF.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The observational retrospective Studying the Treatment of Acute hypertension (STAT) registry records data on emergency department and hospitalized patients receiving intravenous therapy for blood pressure (BP) greater than 180/110 mm Hg in 25 US hospitals. A subset of patients with HF was defined as pulmonary edema on chest x-ray (CXR) or an elevated B-type natriuretic peptide level (BNP > 500 or NTproBNP > 900 pg/mL) in patients with creatinine level 2.5 mg/dL or less. Remaining STAT patients, after excluding those with a primary neurologic diagnosis, constitute the non-HF cohort. An adverse composite outcome was defined as mechanical ventilation, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, hospital length of stay more than 1 week, or death within 30 days. Of 1199 patients, 302 (25.2%) had AHF. Acute HF patients and non-AHF patients were similar in age, sex, and overall mortality, but AHF patients were more commonly African American, with a history of HF, diabetes or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and prior hypertension admissions. Heart failure patients had higher creatinine and natriuretic peptide levels but lower ejection fraction. They were more likely admitted to the ICU; receive electrocardiograms, bilevel positive airway pressure ventilation, and CXRs; and be readmitted within 90 days. Finally, BP decreases lower than 120 mm Hg within 12 hours were associated with an increased rate of the composite adverse outcome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Acute HF as a manifestation of hypertensive emergency is common, more likely in African Americans, and requires more clinical resources than patients with non-HF-related severe hypertension. Accurate BP control is critical, as declines less than 120 mm Hg were associated with increased adverse event rates.
authors.affiliation: The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Peacock
authors.forename: Alpesh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Amin
authors.forename: Christopher B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Granger
authors.forename: Charles V
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Pollack
authors.forename: Phillip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Levy
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nowak
authors.forename: Kurt
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kleinschmidt
authors.forename: Joe
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Varon
authors.forename: Allison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wyman
authors.forename: Joel M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Gore
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D057911:Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D057911:Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents