title: Protection of taurine and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor against excitotoxicity induced by glutamate in primary cortical neurons.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Both taurine, an inhibitory neurotransmitter and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), a growth factor, possess neuroprotective and neurotrophic properties in vitro. However, the mechanisms of their underlying neuroprotective effects are not fully understood.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the present study, we investigated the potential protective benefits of taurine, G-CSF and the combination of taurine and G-CSF against excitotoxicity induced by glutamate in primary cortical neuronal cultures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  25 mM taurine, 25 ng/ml G-CSF and the combination of 25 mM taurine and 25 ng/ml G-CSF showed a protective effect reaching 75%, 75% and 88%, respectively. Furthermore, taurine exerted its protective effect through down-regulation of expression of GRP 78, CHOP, Bim and caspase 12.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results showed that all of these treatments, taurine, G-CSF and the combination of taurine and G-CSF, protected primary cortical neurons against excitotoxicity induced by glutamate. ER stress is suppressed by taurine after glutamate toxicity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA. cpan@fau.edu
authors.forename: Chunliu
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.forename: Amit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Howard
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Prentice
authors.forename: Jang-Yen
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D000072224:Bcl-2-Like Protein 11; D053454:Caspase 12 / Q000378:metabolism; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000166:cytology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000633:toxicity*; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D009474:Neurons / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013654:Taurine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051742:Transcription Factor CHOP / Q000378:metabolism; D000091342:Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperone BiP
chemical_list: D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; D000072224:Bcl-2-Like Protein 11; D053454:Caspase 12; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D013654:Taurine; D051742:Transcription Factor CHOP; C000606778:Bcl2l11 protein, rat; C497251:Ddit3 protein, rat; C051684:GRP78 protein, rat; D000091342:Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperone BiP
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