title: Photochemical tissue bonding with chitosan adhesive films.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Photochemical tissue bonding (PTB) is a promising sutureless technique for tissue repair. PTB is often achieved by applying a solution of rose bengal (RB) between two tissue edges, which are irradiated by a green laser to crosslink collagen fibers with minimal heat production. In this study, RB has been incorporated in chitosan films to create a novel tissue adhesive that is laser-activated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adhesive films, based on chitosan and containing ~0.1 wt% RB were manufactured and bonded to calf intestine by a solid state laser (λ = 532 nm, Fluence~110 J/cm2, spot size~0.5 cm). A single-column tensiometer, interfaced with a personal computer, tested the bonding strength. K-type thermocouples recorded the temperature (T) at the adhesive-tissue interface during laser irradiation. Human fibroblasts were also seeded on the adhesive and cultured for 48 hours to assess cell growth.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The RB-chitosan adhesive bonded firmly to the intestine with adhesion strength of 15 ± 2 kPa, (n = 31). The adhesion strength dropped to 0.5 ± 0.1 (n = 8) kPa when the laser was not applied to the adhesive. The average temperature of the adhesive increased from 26°C to 32°C during laser exposure. Fibroblasts grew confluent on the adhesive without morphological changes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A new biocompatible chitosan adhesive has been developed that bonds photochemically to tissue with minimal temperature increase.
authors.affiliation: School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney, NSW, Australia. a.lauto@uws.edu.au
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lauto
authors.forename: Damia
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mawad
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Barton
authors.forename: Abhishek
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Sabine C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Piller
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hook
mesh_terms: D000269:Adhesives / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D002417:Cattle; D048271:Chitosan / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D006801:Humans; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000166:cytology; D055620:Optical Phenomena; D055668:Photochemical Processes; D013696:Temperature; D013718:Tensile Strength
chemical_list: D000269:Adhesives; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D048271:Chitosan
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