title: A randomized clinical trial comparing revaccination with pneumococcal conjugate vaccine to polysaccharide vaccine among HIV-infected adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The risk of pneumococcal disease persists, and antibody responses to revaccination with the 23-valent polysaccharide vaccine (PPV) are low among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected adults. We determined whether revaccination with the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) would enhance these responses.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a randomized clinical trial, we compared the immunogenicity of revaccination with PCV ( n = 131) or PPV (n = 73) among HIV-infected adults (median CD4 cell count, 533 cells/mm(3)) who had been vaccinated with PPV 3-8 years earlier. HIV-uninfected adults (n = 25) without prior pneumococcal vaccination received 1 dose of PCV. A positive response was defined as a >or=2-fold increase (from baseline to day 60) in capsule-specific immunoglobulin G, with a postvaccination level >or=1000 ng/mL for at least 2 of the 4 serotypes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HIV-infected persons demonstrated a higher frequency of positive antibody responses to PCV than to PPV (57% vs 36%) (P = .004) and greater mean changes in the immunoglobulin G concentration from baseline to day 60 for serotypes 4, 9V, and 19F (P < .05, for all), but not for serotype 14. However, by day 180, both outcomes were similar. Responses to PCV were greater in frequency and magnitude for all serotypes in HIV-uninfected adults, compared with those in HIV-infected adults.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among persons with HIV infection, revaccination with PCV was only transiently more immunogenic than PPV, and responses were inferior to those in HIV-uninfected subjects with primary vaccination. Pneumococcal vaccines with more robust and sustained immunogenicity are needed for HIV-infected adults. Clinical trial registration. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT00622843.
authors.affiliation: Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, National Naval Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland 92134-1005, USA. nancy.crum@med.navy.mil
authors.forename: Nancy F
authors.initials: NF
authors.lastname: Crum-Cianflone
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Huppler Hullsiek
authors.forename: Mollie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Roediger
authors.forename: Anuradha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ganesan
authors.forename: Sugat
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Michael L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Landrum
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Weintrob
authors.forename: Brian K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Agan
authors.forename: Sheila
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Medina
authors.forename: Jeremy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rahkola
authors.forename: Braden R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Hale
authors.forename: Edward N
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Janoff
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial / Q000097:blood; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000276:immunology*; D000069443:Heptavalent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine; D006801:Humans; D007117:Immunization, Secondary / Q000379:methods*; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011008:Pneumococcal Infections / Q000517:prevention & control*; D022242:Pneumococcal Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: C414006:23-valent pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide vaccine; D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial; D000069443:Heptavalent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D022242:Pneumococcal Vaccines
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