title: Eaten alive: a history of macroautophagy.
abstract: Macroautophagy (hereafter autophagy), or 'self-eating', is a conserved cellular pathway that controls protein and organelle degradation, and has essential roles in survival, development and homeostasis. Autophagy is also integral to human health and is involved in physiology, development, lifespan and a wide range of diseases, including cancer, neurodegeneration and microbial infection. Although research on this topic began in the late 1950s, substantial progress in the molecular study of autophagy has taken place during only the past 15 years. This review traces the key findings that led to our current molecular understanding of this complex process.
authors.affiliation: Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2216, USA.
authors.forename: Zhifen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Klionsky
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001343:Autophagy / Q000502:physiology*; D003585:Cell Biology / Q000266:history*; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049674:History, 21st Century; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological
references.citation: Science. 2003 Sep 5;301(5638):1387-91
references.pmid: 12958363
references.citation: FEBS Lett. 2003 May 22;543(1-3):154-8
references.pmid: 12753924
references.citation: Nat Immunol. 2008 Aug;9(8):908-16
references.pmid: 18604211
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 1973 Mar;56(3):746-61
references.pmid: 4569312
references.citation: EMBO J. 2000 Nov 1;19(21):5720-8
references.pmid: 11060023
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2005 Dec 2;280(48):40282-92
references.pmid: 16192271
references.citation: Gene. 1997 Jun 19;192(2):245-50
references.pmid: 9224897
references.citation: Nat Cell Biol. 2010 Sep;12(9):836-41
references.pmid: 20811356
references.citation: J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2001 Jul;56(7):B288-93
references.pmid: 11445593
references.citation: Nat Cell Biol. 2010 Sep;12(9):831-5
references.pmid: 20811355
references.citation: FEBS Lett. 1993 Oct 25;333(1-2):169-74
references.pmid: 8224160
references.citation: Nat Cell Biol. 2004 Dec;6(12):1221-8
references.pmid: 15558033
references.citation: Mol Cell. 2009 Feb 27;33(4):505-16
references.pmid: 19250911
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 1967 Nov;35(2):C11-6
references.pmid: 6055998
references.citation: J Virol. 1998 Nov;72(11):8586-96
references.pmid: 9765397
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Dec 30;105(52):20567-74
references.pmid: 19074260
references.citation: J Biophys Biochem Cytol. 1959 Aug;6(1):136-8
references.pmid: 13673067
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 2005 May 9;169(3):425-34
references.pmid: 15866887
references.citation: Cell. 1993 May 7;73(3):585-96
references.pmid: 8387896
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2002 Jan 4;277(1):763-73
references.pmid: 11675395
references.citation: Curr Opin Cell Biol. 2010 Apr;22(2):124-31
references.pmid: 20034776
references.citation: Science. 2004 Jun 4;304(5676):1500-2
references.pmid: 15131264
references.citation: Mol Cell. 2008 Jun 20;30(6):678-88
references.pmid: 18570871
references.citation: Nature. 2010 Jun 24;465(7301):1093-6
references.pmid: 20577216
references.citation: Expert Opin Ther Targets. 2005 Feb;9(1):77-82
references.pmid: 15757483
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 2003 Dec;112(12):1809-20
references.pmid: 14638851
references.citation: Cell. 2007 Dec 14;131(6):1137-48
references.pmid: 18083103
references.citation: Cell. 2010 May 14;141(4):656-67
references.pmid: 20478256
references.citation: Nat Cell Biol. 2009 Dec;11(12):1433-7
references.pmid: 19898463
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2000 Jan 14;275(2):992-8
references.pmid: 10625637
references.citation: Nature. 2004 Dec 23;432(7020):1032-6
references.pmid: 15525940
references.citation: Science. 2008 Jul 4;321(5885):117-20
references.pmid: 18599786
references.citation: Tissue Cell. 1974;6(3):487-502
references.pmid: 4432236
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 2006 Sep;116(9):2366-77
references.pmid: 16955139
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 1962 Jan;12:198-202
references.pmid: 13862833
references.citation: Cell. 2007 Dec 14;131(6):1149-63
references.pmid: 18083104
references.citation: J Biophys Biochem Cytol. 1957 May 25;3(3):349-62
references.pmid: 13438920
references.citation: Autophagy. 2009 Nov;5(8):1180-5
references.pmid: 19855179
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 2008 Aug 25;182(4):685-701
references.pmid: 18725538
references.citation: Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2004 Dec;36(12):2445-62
references.pmid: 15325584
references.citation: Genes Dev. 2007 Jun 1;21(11):1367-81
references.pmid: 17510285
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1998 Feb 13;273(7):3963-6
references.pmid: 9461583
references.citation: Science. 2006 Sep 8;313(5792):1438-41
references.pmid: 16888103
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 1995 Nov;131(3):591-602
references.pmid: 7593182
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2001 Sep 21;276(38):35243-6
references.pmid: 11477064
references.citation: Fed Proc. 1964 Sep-Oct;23:1010-22
references.pmid: 14209792
references.citation: Nature. 2010 Jul 1;466(7302):68-76
references.pmid: 20562859
references.citation: Nat Cell Biol. 2010 Aug;12(8):747-57
references.pmid: 20639872
references.citation: Cancer Cell. 2006 Jul;10(1):51-64
references.pmid: 16843265
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1995 Feb 3;270(5):2320-6
references.pmid: 7836465
references.citation: Nature. 2006 Jun 15;441(7095):880-4
references.pmid: 16625205
references.citation: Curr Aging Sci. 2008 Mar;1(1):4-9
references.pmid: 20021367
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 2005 Oct 10;171(1):87-98
references.pmid: 16203860
references.citation: Genes Dev. 2007 Dec 1;21(23):3061-6
references.pmid: 18056421
references.citation: Dev Cell. 2010 Jun 15;18(6):1041-52
references.pmid: 20627085
references.citation: Science. 2005 Feb 4;307(5710):727-31
references.pmid: 15576571
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2001 Jun 8;276(23):20491-8
references.pmid: 11264288
references.citation: Nat Cell Biol. 2010 Sep;12(9):823-30
references.pmid: 20811354
references.citation: Autophagy. 2008 Feb;4(2):151-75
references.pmid: 18188003
references.citation: J Bacteriol. 1995 Jan;177(2):357-63
references.pmid: 7814324
references.citation: Nature. 2006 Jun 15;441(7095):885-9
references.pmid: 16625204
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2007 Jun 22;282(25):18573-18583
references.pmid: 17442669
references.citation: Cell. 2004 Dec 17;119(6):753-66
references.pmid: 15607973
references.citation: Autophagy. 2006 Jan-Mar;2(1):24-9
references.pmid: 16874088
references.citation: Dev Cell. 2003 Oct;5(4):539-45
references.pmid: 14536056
references.citation: Cell. 2005 Sep 23;122(6):927-39
references.pmid: 16179260
references.citation: Nat Genet. 2004 Jun;36(6):585-95
references.pmid: 15146184
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2007 Aug 17;282(33):24131-45
references.pmid: 17580304
references.citation: Acta Biol Med Ger. 1977;36(11-12):1691-4
references.pmid: 616715
references.citation: Blood. 2007 Jul 1;110(1):313-22
references.pmid: 17363733
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 2005 Nov 21;171(4):603-14
references.pmid: 16286508
references.citation: Biochem J. 1992 Jun 15;284 ( Pt 3):633-6
references.pmid: 1320371
references.citation: Cell Host Microbe. 2007 Mar 15;1(1):23-35
references.pmid: 18005679
references.citation: Genomics. 1999 Jul 1;59(1):59-65
references.pmid: 10395800
references.citation: Arch Microbiol. 1983 Jun;134(3):193-203
references.pmid: 6351780
references.citation: Annu Rev Physiol. 1966;28:435-92
references.pmid: 5322983
references.citation: Science. 2005 Jan 28;307(5709):593-6
references.pmid: 15591165
references.citation: Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1988 Feb 29;151(1):40-7
references.pmid: 3126737
references.citation: Hum Mol Genet. 2002 May 1;11(9):1107-17
references.pmid: 11978769
references.citation: Genes Cells. 2004 Jul;9(7):611-8
references.pmid: 15265004
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 Dec 9;100(25):15077-82
references.pmid: 14657337
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1982 Mar;79(6):1889-92
references.pmid: 6952238
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 1992 Oct;119(2):301-11
references.pmid: 1400575
references.citation: Mol Biol Cell. 2006 Dec;17(12):5094-104
references.pmid: 17021250
references.citation: Cell. 2009 Jun 12;137(6):1062-75
references.pmid: 19524509
references.citation: J Morphol. 1977 Oct;154(1):39-57
references.pmid: 915948
references.citation: EMBO Rep. 2009 Mar;10(3):285-92
references.pmid: 19180116
references.citation: Nat Cell Biol. 2010 Sep;12(9):842-6
references.pmid: 20811357
references.citation: Nature. 1977 Nov 10;270(5633):174-6
references.pmid: 927529
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 2008 Mar 24;180(6):1065-71
references.pmid: 18347073
references.citation: Mol Biol Cell. 2009 Nov;20(22):4730-8
references.pmid: 19793921
references.citation: Nat Cell Biol. 2007 Oct;9(10):1102-9
references.pmid: 17909521
references.citation: Anat Rec. 1984 Mar;208(3):319-27
references.pmid: 6721227
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1998 Dec 18;273(51):33889-92
references.pmid: 9852036
references.citation: Cell. 2010 Jun 11;141(6):1042-55
references.pmid: 20550938
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2001 Jan 19;276(3):2083-7
references.pmid: 11085977
references.citation: EMBO J. 2001 Nov 1;20(21):5971-81
references.pmid: 11689437
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2003 May 16;278(20):17636-45
references.pmid: 12626495
references.citation: Nature. 1999 Dec 9;402(6762):672-6
references.pmid: 10604474
references.citation: Nat Cell Biol. 2009 Nov;11(11):1305-14
references.pmid: 19801973
references.citation: Exp Gerontol. 2003 May;38(5):519-27
references.pmid: 12742529
references.citation: Nat Immunol. 2009 Nov;10(11):1215-21
references.pmid: 19820708
references.citation: Science. 2004 Nov 5;306(5698):1037-40
references.pmid: 15528445
references.citation: Eur J Biochem. 1997 Jan 15;243(1-2):240-6
references.pmid: 9030745
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 1962 Oct;15:140-6
references.pmid: 13939127
references.citation: EMBO Rep. 2002 Feb;3(2):183-9
references.pmid: 11818336
references.citation: Nat Immunol. 2009 May;10(5):480-7
references.pmid: 19305394
references.citation: Science. 1965 Nov 19;150(3699):1053-5
references.pmid: 5843621
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2003 Jul 4;278(27):25009-13
references.pmid: 12719433
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 2001 Feb 19;152(4):657-68
references.pmid: 11266458
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 2007 Feb;117(2):326-36
references.pmid: 17235397
references.citation: Science. 2010 Mar 26;327(5973):1638-42
references.pmid: 20339072
references.citation: Nat Rev Cancer. 2007 Dec;7(12):961-7
references.pmid: 17972889
references.citation: J Bacteriol. 2001 Oct;183(20):5942-55
references.pmid: 11566994
references.citation: Biochim Biophys Acta. 1998 Aug 10;1366(1-2):177-96
references.pmid: 9714796
references.citation: Autophagy. 2008 Feb;4(2):176-84
references.pmid: 18059160
references.citation: Dev Cell. 2009 Jul;17(1):87-97
references.pmid: 19619494
references.citation: Nature. 1994 Jun 30;369(6483):756-8
references.pmid: 8008069
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 1992 Oct;119(2):287-99
references.pmid: 1400574