title: Effects of a central cholinesterase inhibitor on reducing falls in Parkinson disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate if a central cholinesterase inhibitor will reduce falling frequency in subjects with Parkinson disease (PD) with advanced postural instability.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Falling due to postural instability is a significant problem in advancing PD, and is minimally impacted by dopaminergic therapy. Anticholinergic medications increase falling in the elderly. Further, CNS cholinergic neuron loss occurs in PD. We hypothesized that acetylcholine augmentation may reduce frequent falling in subjects with PD.
  
  
  METHODS
  We enrolled 23 subjects with PD who reported falling or nearly falling more than 2 times per week. In a randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover design, subjects were given 6 weeks of donepezil or placebo with a 3-week washout between phases. The primary outcomes were daily falls and near falls reported on postcards. Secondary outcomes included scores on the Activities of Balance Confidence Scale, Berg Balance Scale, Clinical Global Impression of Change, Folstein Mini-Mental State Examination, and the motor section of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fall frequency per day on placebo was 0.25 ± 0.08 (SEM) compared with 0.13 ± 0.03 on donepezil (p < 0.05). The frequency of near falls was not significantly different between phases. The secondary outcomes did not differ; however, there was a trend to improvement on the subject-completed Global Impression of Change scale.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Subjects with PD fell approximately half as often during the 6 weeks on donepezil than on placebo. Larger trials of cholinergic augmentation are warranted in subjects with PD with frequent falls.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study provides Class II evidence that donepezil (maximum 10 mg per day) significantly reduced the number of falls in patients with PD (0.13 falls/day, SEM = 0.03) than when taking placebo (0.25 falls/day, SEM = 0.08, p = 0.049).
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA. chungka@ohsu.edu
authors.forename: Kathryn A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Brenna M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Lobb
authors.forename: John G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Nutt
authors.forename: Fay B
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Horak
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D000077265:Donepezil; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007189:Indans / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy; D010880:Piperidines / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004856:Postural Balance / Q000187:drug effects; D012678:Sensation Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric
chemical_list: D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors; D007189:Indans; D010880:Piperidines; D000077265:Donepezil
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