title: Hormonal approaches to male contraception.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Condoms and vasectomy are male-controlled family planning methods but suffer from limitations in compliance (condoms) and limited reversibility (vasectomy); thus many couples desire other options. Hormonal male contraceptive methods have undergone extensive clinical trials in healthy men and shown to be efficacious, reversible and appear to be well tolerated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The success rate of male hormonal contraception using injectable testosterone alone is high and comparable to methods for women. Addition of progestins to androgens improved the rate of suppression of spermatogenesis. Supported by government or nongovernment organizations, current studies aim to find the best combination of testosterone and progestins for effective spermatogenesis suppression and to explore other delivery methods for these hormones. Translation of these advances to widespread use in the developed world will need the manufacturing and marketing skills of the pharmaceutical industry. Availability of male contraceptives to the developing world may require commitments of governmental and nongovernmental agencies. In a time when imbalance of basic resources and population needs are obvious, this may prove to be a very wise investment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Male hormonal contraception is efficacious, reversible and well tolerated for the target population of younger men in stable relationships. Suppression of spermatogenesis is achieved with a combination of an androgen and a progestin. Partnership with industry will accelerate the marketing of a male hormonal contraceptive. Research is ongoing on selective androgen and progesterone receptor modulators that suppress spermatogenesis, minimize potential adverse events while retaining the androgenic and gonadotropin suppressive actions.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center and Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Torrance, California 90509, USA. wang@labiomed.org
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Ronald S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Swerdloff
mesh_terms: D000728:Androgens / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003267:Contraception / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends*; D003272:Contraceptive Agents, Male / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010358:Patient Participation; D013091:Spermatogenesis / Q000187:drug effects*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000728:Androgens; D003272:Contraceptive Agents, Male
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