Prenatal cocaine exposure, gender, and adolescent stress response: a prospective longitudinal study.
Prenatal cocaine exposure is associated with alterations in arousal regulation in response to stress in young children. However, relations between cocaine exposure and stress response in adolescence have not been examined. We examined salivary cortisol, self-reported emotion, heart rate, and blood pressure (BP) responses to the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) in 49 prenatally cocaine and other drug exposed (PCE) and 33 non-cocaine-exposed (NCE) adolescents. PCE adolescents had higher cortisol levels before and after stress exposure than NCE adolescents. PCE girls showed an elevated anxiety response to stress (compared to NCE girls) and PCE boys showed a dampened diastolic BP response (compared to NCE boys). Girls showed higher anger response and lower pre-stress systolic BP than boys. Group differences were found controlling for potential confounding variables and were not moderated by caregiver-child relationship quality (although relationship quality predicted HPA axis and anxiety response). The findings suggest that prenatal drug exposure is associated with altered stress response in adolescence and that gender moderates this association.
Chaplin
Tara M
TM
Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, USA. tara.chaplin@yale.edu
Freiburger
Matthew B
MB
Mayes
Linda C
LC
Sinha
Rajita
R
D000293:Adolescent; D001007:Anxiety / Q000523:psychology; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D002648:Child; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000652:urine; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000032:analysis; D007030:Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System / Q000254:growth & development / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D010913:Pituitary-Adrenal System / Q000254:growth & development / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D012923:Social Class; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
D006854:Hydrocortisone
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