title: Postprandial hyperglycemia and insulin response are affected by sea buckthorn (Hippophaë rhamnoides ssp. turkestanica) berry and its ethanol-soluble metabolites.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Repeated postprandial hyperglycemia and subsequent mild, late hypoglycemia as well as high postprandial insulin response lead to metabolic events that may eventually develop into type 2 diabetes. The aim of this study was to assess how sea buckthorn berries as well as two sea buckthorn extraction residues modulate the postprandial metabolism after a high-glucose meal.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten healthy normal-weight male volunteers consumed four study breakfasts, one control (A) and three sea buckthorn meals on four distinct study days. All the meals contained yoghurt and glucose (50 g). The sea buckthorn ingredients used were dried and crushed whole berries (meal B1), supercritical fluid (SF)-carbon dioxide (CO(2))-extracted oil-free berries (meal B2) or ethanol-extracted SF-CO(2)-extraction residue (meal B3). Blood samples for glucose, insulin and tumor necrosis factor-α analyses were collected before and during the 6-h study period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Meal B1 suppressed the postprandial peak insulin response when compared with meal A (Δconcentration of 30-min peak value--21.8 mU/l, P=0.039), and stabilized postprandial hyperglycemia and subsequent hypoglycemia (Δconcentration of 30-min peak value--120-min value -30.4 mU/l, P=0.036). Furthermore, meal B2 resulted in a more stable insulin response than the control meal (Δconcentration of 30-min peak value--120-min value -25.9 mU/l, P=0.037).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Removal of the CO(2)-soluble oil component from the berries did not show a significant change in the studied postprandial effects of the berries. The EtOH soluble components, again showed advantageous properties in both insulin and glucose responses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Turku, Vatselankatu 2, Turku, Finland. henna-maria.lehtonen@utu.fi
authors.forename: H-M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Lehtonen
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Järvinen
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Linderborg
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Viitanen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Venojärvi
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Alanko
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kallio
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry*; D031281:Hippophae / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000517:prevention & control; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000032:analysis; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D019518:Postprandial Period; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha