title: Comparative study of the binding characteristics to and inhibitory potencies towards PARP and in vivo antidiabetogenic potencies of taurine, 3-aminobenzamide and nicotinamide.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Poly(ADP-ribose) is a NAD+-requiring, DNA-repairing, enzyme playing a central role in pancreatic beta-cell death and in the development of endothelial dysfunction in humans and experimental animals. PARP activation is also relevant to the development of complications of diabetes. Hence, agents capable of inhibiting PARP may be useful in preventing the development of diabetes and in slowing down complications of diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  PARP inhibition was assessed with a colorimetric assay kit. Molecular docking studies on the active site of PARP were conducted using the crystalline structure of the enzyme available as Protein Data Bank Identification No. 1UK1. Type 2 diabetes was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats with streptozotocin (STZ, 60 mg/kg, i.p.). The test compounds (3-aminobenzamide = 3-AB, nicotinamide = NIC, taurine = TAU) were given by the i.p. route 45 min before STZ at 2.4 mM/kg (all three compounds) or 1.2 and 3.6 mM/kg (only NIC and TAU). Blood samples were collected at 24 hr after STZ and processed for their plasma. The plasma samples were used to measure glucose, insulin, cholesterol, triglycerides, malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, and glutathione levels using reported methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  3-AB, NIC and TAU were able to inhibit PARP, with the inhibitory potency order being 3-AB>NIC> or =TAU. Molecular docking studies at the active site of PARP showed 3-AB and NIC to interact with the binding site for the nicotinamide moiety of NAD+ and TAU to interact with the binding site for the adenine moiety of NAD+. While STZ-induced diabetes elevated all the experimental parameters examined and lowered the insulin output, a pretreatment with 3-AB, NIC or TAU reversed these trends to a significant extent. At a dose of 2.4 mm/kg, the protective effect decreased in the approximate order 3-AB>NIC> or =TAU. The attenuating actions of both NIC and TAU were dose-related except for the plasma lipids since NIC was without a significant effect at all doses tested.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  At equal molar doses, 3-AB was generally more potent than either TAU or NIC as an antidiabetogenic agent, but the differences were not as dramatic as would have been predicted from their differences in PARP inhibitory potencies. NIC and TAU demonstrated dose-related effects, which in the case of TAU were only evident at doses > or =2.4 mM/kg. The present results also suggest that in the case of NIC and TAU an increase in dose will enhance the magnitude of their attenuating actions on diabetes-related biochemical alterations to that achieved with a stronger PARP inhibitor such as 3-AB. Hence, dosing will play a critical role in clinical studies assessing the merits of NIC and TAU as diabetes-preventing agents.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St, John's University, College of Pharmacy and Allied Health Professions, 8000 Utopia Parkway, Jamaica, New York 11439, USA. kashyap1983@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Kashyap G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Pandya
authors.forename: Maulik R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Cesar A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Lau-Cam
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001549:Benzamides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D020134:Catalytic Domain; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005978:Glutathione / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008958:Models, Molecular; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009536:Niacinamide / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000067856:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase Inhibitors; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013311:Streptozocin / Q000494:pharmacology; D013654:Taurine / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D014803:Vitamin B Complex / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D001549:Benzamides; D001786:Blood Glucose; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D007328:Insulin; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D000067856:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase Inhibitors; D014280:Triglycerides; D014803:Vitamin B Complex; D013654:Taurine; D009536:Niacinamide; D013311:Streptozocin; C025160:3-aminobenzamide; D002784:Cholesterol; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases; D005978:Glutathione
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