title: Transforming nursing workflow, part 1: the chaotic nature of nurse activities.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To quantitatively measure workflow and computer use, the activities of 27 medical-surgical RNs were recorded through direct observation.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Previous studies have shown how nurses spend their time but have not documented the pattern, duration, or frequency of activities. The absence of this information is problematic for leaders charged with improving performance and staff development.
  
  
  METHODS
  Observers recorded nurse activities and location in real time using predefined lists. More than 98 hours of observations were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Assessment, charting, and communicating were the most frequent activities, consuming 18.1%, 9.9%, and 11.8% of nurse time, respectively. The duration of 40% of the activities was less than 10 seconds. Timelines revealed that nurses constantly switch activities and locations in a seemingly random pattern.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate that there is little "flow" in nurse workflow. The chaotic pace implies that nurses rarely complete an activity before switching to another. The opportunity to use critical thinking and engage in planning care is severely limited under these circumstances. The implications for cognition and role transformation are discussed. Part 2 of this research explores the impact of new technology on nurse activities and workflow.
authors.affiliation: University of Memphis, Tennessee, TN, USA. ptcornell@gmail.com
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cornell
authors.forename: Donna
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Herrin-Griffith
authors.forename: Courtney
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Keim
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Petschonek
authors.forename: Adriane M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Sanders
authors.forename: Sidney
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: D'Mello
authors.forename: Teresa W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Golden
authors.forename: Gayle
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Shepherd
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003142:Communication; D003201:Computers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004282:Documentation; D004358:Drug Therapy / Q000451:nursing; D017598:Efficiency, Organizational; D006769:Hospitals, General; D006801:Humans; D007400:Interprofessional Relations; D016294:Models, Nursing; D024802:Nurse's Role / Q000523:psychology; D015401:Nursing Administration Research; D009730:Nursing Assessment; D009737:Nursing Records; D009741:Nursing Staff, Hospital / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000523:psychology; D010343:Patient Admission; D010351:Patient Discharge; D056164:Teaching Rounds; D013996:Time and Motion Studies; D057188:Workflow; D016526:Workload / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data