title: Isoflurane preconditioning elicits competent endogenous mechanisms of protection from oxidative stress in cardiomyocytes derived from human embryonic stem cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-derived cardiomyocytes potentially represent a powerful experimental model complementary to myocardium obtained from patients that is relatively inaccessible for research purposes. We tested whether anesthetic-induced preconditioning (APC) with isoflurane elicits competent protective mechanisms in hESC-derived cardiomyocytes against oxidative stress to be used as a model of human cardiomyocytes for studying preconditioning.
  
  
  METHODS
  H1 hESC cell line was differentiated into cardiomyocytes using growth factors activin A and bone morphogenetic protein-4. Living ventricular hESC-derived cardiomyocytes were identified using a lentiviral vector expressing a reporter gene (enhanced green fluorescent protein) driven by a cardiac-specific human myosin light chain-2v promoter. Mitochondrial membrane potential, reactive oxygen species production, opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pore, and survival of hESC-derived cardiomyocytes were assessed using confocal microscopy. Oxygen consumption was measured in contracting cell clusters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Differentiation yielded a high percentage (∼85%) of cardiomyocytes in beating clusters that were positive for cardiac-specific markers and exhibited action potentials resembling those of mature cardiomyocytes. Isoflurane depolarized mitochondria, attenuated oxygen consumption, and stimulated generation of reactive oxygen species. APC protected these cells from oxidative stress-induced death and delayed mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  APC elicits competent protective mechanisms against oxidative stress in hESC-derived cardiomyocytes, suggesting the feasibility to use these cells as a model of human cardiomyocytes for studying APC and potentially other treatments/diseases. Our differentiation protocol is very efficient and yields a high percentage of cardiomyocytes. These results also suggest a promising ability of APC to protect and improve engraftment of hESC-derived cardiomyocytes into the ischemic heart.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sepac
authors.forename: Filip
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sedlic
authors.forename: Karim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Si-Tayeb
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lough
authors.forename: Stephen A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Duncan
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bienengraeber
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Jinhee
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Zeljko J
authors.initials: ZJ
authors.lastname: Bosnjak
mesh_terms: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D053595:Embryonic Stem Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D005822:Genetic Vectors; D006801:Humans; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D019157:Ischemic Preconditioning, Myocardial / Q000379:methods*; D007530:Isoflurane; D054086:KATP Channels / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D016086:Lentivirus / Q000235:genetics; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000502:physiology; D042282:Microdissection; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D008929:Mitochondria, Heart / Q000187:drug effects; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D054086:KATP Channels; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D007530:Isoflurane
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