title: Measuring topology of low-intensity DNA methylation sites for high-throughput assessment of epigenetic drug-induced effects in cancer cells.
abstract: Epigenetic anti-cancer drugs with demethylating effects have shown to alter genome organization in mammalian cell nuclei. The interest in the development of novel epigenetic drugs has increased the demand for cell-based assays to evaluate drug performance in pre-clinical studies. An imaging-based cytometrical approach that can measure demethylation effects as changes in the spatial nuclear distributions of methylated cytosine and global DNA in cancer cells is introduced in this paper. The cells were studied by immunofluorescence with a specific antibody against 5-methylcytosine (MeC), and 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) for delineation of methylated sites and global DNA in nuclei. In the preprocessing step the segmentation of nuclei in three-dimensional images (3-D) is followed by an automated assessment of nuclear DAPI/MeC patterns to exclude dissimilar entities. Next, low-intensity MeC (LIM) and low-intensity DNA (LID) sites of similar nuclei are localized and processed to obtain specific nuclear density profiles. These profiles sampled at half of the total nuclear volume yielded two parameters: LIM(0.5) and LID(0.5). The analysis shows that zebularine and 5-azacytidine-the two tested epigenetic drugs introduce changes in the spatial distribution of low-intensity DNA and MeC signals. LIM(0.5) and LID(0.5) were significantly different (p<0.001) in 5-azacytidine treated (n=660) and zebularine treated (n=496) vs. untreated (n=649) DU145 human prostate cancer cells. In the latter case the LIM sites were predominantly found at the nuclear border, whereas treated populations showed different degrees of increase in LIMs towards the interior nuclear space, in which a large portion of heterochromatin is located. The cell-by-cell evaluation of changes in the spatial reorganization of MeC/DAPI signals revealed that zebularine is a more gentle demethylating agent than 5-azacytidine. Measuring changes in the topology of low-intensity sites can potentially be a valuable component in the high-throughput assessment of demethylation and risk of chromatin reorganization in epigenetic-drug screening tasks.
authors.affiliation: Translational Cytomics Group, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA. gertycha@cshs.org
authors.forename: Arkadiusz
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gertych
authors.forename: Daniel L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Farkas
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tajbakhsh
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001374:Azacitidine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D003562:Cytidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D003596:Cytosine / Q000378:metabolism; D019175:DNA Methylation / Q000187:drug effects*; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects*; D005453:Fluorescence; D057166:High-Throughput Screening Assays / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007211:Indoles / Q000378:metabolism; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics*; D009690:Nucleic Acid Conformation / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; D007211:Indoles; C007293:DAPI; D003562:Cytidine; C009131:pyrimidin-2-one beta-ribofuranoside; D003596:Cytosine; D001374:Azacitidine
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