title: Nanotargeted radionuclides for cancer nuclear imaging and internal radiotherapy.
abstract: Current progress in nanomedicine has exploited the possibility of designing tumor-targeted nanocarriers being able to deliver radionuclide payloads in a site or molecular selective manner to improve the efficacy and safety of cancer imaging and therapy. Radionuclides of auger electron-, alpha-, beta-, and gamma-radiation emitters have been surface-bioconjugated or after-loaded in nanoparticles to improve the efficacy and reduce the toxicity of cancer imaging and therapy in preclinical and clinical studies. This article provides a brief overview of current status of applications, advantages, problems, up-to-date research and development, and future prospects of nanotargeted radionuclides in cancer nuclear imaging and radiotherapy. Passive and active nanotargeting delivery of radionuclides with illustrating examples for tumor imaging and therapy are reviewed and summarized. Research on combing different modes of selective delivery of radionuclides through nanocarriers targeted delivery for tumor imaging and therapy offers the new possibility of large increases in cancer diagnostic efficacy and therapeutic index. However, further efforts and challenges in preclinical and clinical efficacy and toxicity studies are required to translate those advanced technologies to the clinical applications for cancer patients.
authors.affiliation: Center of Nanomedicine and National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35053 Miaoli, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Gann
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ting
authors.forename: Chih-Hsien
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Hsin-Ell
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Te-Wei
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy / Q000379:methods; D050997:Nanomedicine / Q000379:methods*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011868:Radioisotopes / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D011868:Radioisotopes
references.citation: Radiother Oncol. 2003 Feb;66(2):107-17
references.pmid: 12648782
references.citation: Bioconjug Chem. 2008 Jul;19(7):1496-504
references.pmid: 18578485
references.citation: Nat Rev Cancer. 2005 Mar;5(3):161-71
references.pmid: 15738981
references.citation: Br J Cancer. 2008 Aug 5;99(3):392-7
references.pmid: 18648371
references.citation: J Nucl Med. 2006 Jun;47(6):1023-31
references.pmid: 16741313
references.citation: J Liposome Res. 2007;17(3-4):121-37
references.pmid: 18027233
references.citation: Clin Pharmacokinet. 2003;42(5):419-36
references.pmid: 12739982
references.citation: Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006;66(2 Suppl):S74-82
references.pmid: 16979445
references.citation: Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2008 Sep;52(3):267-77
references.pmid: 18475250
references.citation: Curr Pharm Des. 2006;12(36):4729-49
references.pmid: 17168775
references.citation: J Nucl Med. 2001 Mar;42(3):499-504
references.pmid: 11337529
references.citation: Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2004 Mar 15;58(4):1215-27
references.pmid: 15001266
references.citation: Nat Rev Immunol. 2006 May;6(5):343-57
references.pmid: 16622479
references.citation: J Med Chem. 2007 Dec 27;50(26):6454-7
references.pmid: 18052025
references.citation: Clin Cancer Res. 2001 Feb;7(2):243-54
references.pmid: 11234875
references.citation: Bioconjug Chem. 2009 Apr;20(4):648-55
references.pmid: 19368341
references.citation: Nanomedicine (Lond). 2007 Oct;2(5):711-24
references.pmid: 17976032
references.citation: FEBS Lett. 1990 Jul 30;268(1):235-7
references.pmid: 2384160
references.citation: J Nucl Med. 2007 Jun;48(6):1000-7
references.pmid: 17504875
references.citation: Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 2000;12(1):2-15
references.pmid: 10749014
references.citation: Bioconjug Chem. 2008 Dec;19(12):2577-84
references.pmid: 18991368
references.citation: Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 2000;12(1):16-24
references.pmid: 10749015
references.citation: Clin Cancer Res. 2008 Feb 1;14(3):731-41
references.pmid: 18245533
references.citation: Int J Cancer. 2007 Jun 15;120(12):2527-37
references.pmid: 17390371
references.citation: Phys Med Biol. 2003 May 21;48(10):1305-20
references.pmid: 12812448
references.citation: J Control Release. 2004 Nov 5;100(1):135-44
references.pmid: 15491817
references.citation: Expert Opin Med Diagn. 2008 Jul;2(7):853-73
references.pmid: 23495822
references.citation: Nucl Med Biol. 2008 Jul;35(5):623-34
references.pmid: 18589307
references.citation: Nat Nanotechnol. 2008 Mar;3(3):151-7
references.pmid: 18654487
references.citation: Wiley Interdiscip Rev Nanomed Nanobiotechnol. 2009 Jan-Feb;1(1):69-83
references.pmid: 20049780
references.citation: Bioconjug Chem. 2008 Jun;19(6):1274-82
references.pmid: 18505278
references.citation: Nanomedicine. 2008 Dec;4(4):273-82
references.pmid: 18640076
references.citation: Clin Cancer Res. 2008 Jun 15;14(12):3975-83
references.pmid: 18559620
references.citation: Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2008 Jul;66(1):6-19
references.pmid: 18503606
references.citation: Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2007 May;6(5):349-56
references.pmid: 17431406
references.citation: J Nucl Med. 2003 Dec;44(12):1945-61
references.pmid: 14660721
references.citation: Nat Nanotechnol. 2007 Aug;2(8):469-78
references.pmid: 18654343
references.citation: Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2008 May 22;60(8):929-38
references.pmid: 18313790
references.citation: Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2008 Sep;7(9):771-82
references.pmid: 18758474
references.citation: Science. 2006 Feb 3;311(5761):622-7
references.pmid: 16456071
references.citation: Mol Pharm. 2009 May-Jun;6(3):928-39
references.pmid: 19278222
references.citation: J Nucl Med. 2009 Apr;50(4):582-90
references.pmid: 19289423
references.citation: Nat Nanotechnol. 2008 May;3(5):242-4
references.pmid: 18654511
references.citation: J Nucl Med. 1986 Aug;27(8):1300-7
references.pmid: 3734903
references.citation: Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2009 May;36(5):869-74
references.pmid: 19288097
references.citation: Bioconjug Chem. 2008 Dec;19(12):2471-9
references.pmid: 19035793
references.citation: Int J Nanomedicine. 2008;3(1):21-9
references.pmid: 18488413
references.citation: Oncogene. 2007 May 28;26(25):3614-28
references.pmid: 17530015
references.citation: Clin Cancer Res. 2000 Dec;6(12):4939-49
references.pmid: 11156255
references.citation: Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2008 Aug 17;60(11):1226-40
references.pmid: 18495291
references.citation: J Nucl Med. 2005 Sep;46(9):1552-60
references.pmid: 16157540
references.citation: Br J Cancer. 2008 Sep 16;99(6):900-10
references.pmid: 19238631
references.citation: Biomed Pharmacother. 2006 Jan;60(1):43-50
references.pmid: 16260113
references.citation: Nucl Med Biol. 2008 Nov;35(8):883-93
references.pmid: 19026950
references.citation: J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2000 Oct;295(1):309-13
references.pmid: 10991995
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 Dec 15;88(24):11460-4
references.pmid: 1763060
references.citation: Anticancer Res. 2000 Sep-Oct;20(5A):3339-45
references.pmid: 11062762
references.citation: J Nucl Med. 2000 Mar;41(3):429-38
references.pmid: 10716315
references.citation: Nucl Med Biol. 2007 Feb;34(2):165-71
references.pmid: 17307124
references.citation: Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2008 Sep;60(12):1329-46
references.pmid: 18562040
references.citation: Nat Nanotechnol. 2009 Jul;4(7):411-4
references.pmid: 19581891
references.citation: Science. 2004 Mar 19;303(5665):1818-22
references.pmid: 15031496
references.citation: Eur J Pharm Sci. 2007 Nov;32(3):159-68
references.pmid: 17707615
references.citation: Bioconjug Chem. 2007 Nov-Dec;18(6):2061-7
references.pmid: 17935286
references.citation: Anticancer Res. 2007 Jul-Aug;27(4B):2217-25
references.pmid: 17695506
references.citation: Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2004 Jun;3(6):488-99
references.pmid: 15173838
references.citation: Nat Biotechnol. 2005 Sep;23(9):1147-57
references.pmid: 16151408
references.citation: Cancer Biother Radiopharm. 2009 Aug;24(4):453-60
references.pmid: 19694580
references.citation: Clin Cancer Res. 2006 Nov 15;12(22):6800-7
references.pmid: 17121901
references.citation: J Nucl Med. 2008 Aug;49(8):1371-9
references.pmid: 18632815
references.citation: J Nucl Med. 2007 Nov;48(11):1862-70
references.pmid: 17942800
references.citation: Int J Cancer. 2007 May 1;120(9):1951-7
references.pmid: 17278104
references.citation: J Nucl Med. 2009 Apr;50(4):644-52
references.pmid: 19289440
references.citation: Nat Rev Cancer. 2008 Jun;8(6):473-80
references.pmid: 18469827
references.citation: Nucl Med Biol. 2007 May;34(4):415-23
references.pmid: 17499731
references.citation: J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2004 Feb;308(2):419-25
references.pmid: 14610219
references.citation: J Control Release. 2008 Sep 10;130(2):107-14
references.pmid: 18582982
references.citation: Occup Med (Lond). 2006 Aug;56(5):307-11
references.pmid: 16868128
references.citation: Bioconjug Chem. 2008 Sep;19(9):1921-6
references.pmid: 18754572
references.citation: Acc Chem Res. 2008 Dec;41(12):1630-40
references.pmid: 18698851
references.citation: Bioconjug Chem. 2007 Jan-Feb;18(1):101-8
references.pmid: 17226962
references.citation: J Nucl Med. 1996 Feb;37(2):326-32
references.pmid: 8667071
references.citation: Nano Lett. 2008 Aug;8(8):2517-25
references.pmid: 18624389
references.citation: J Nucl Med. 2007 Jul;48(7):1180-9
references.pmid: 17607040
references.citation: J Nucl Med. 2003 Dec;44(12):1992-9
references.pmid: 14660726
references.citation: Nucl Med Biol. 2010 Jan;37(1):95-104
references.pmid: 20122674
references.citation: J Drug Target. 2008 Aug;16(7):626-37
references.pmid: 18686134
references.citation: Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 1999 Apr 5;37(1-3):53-61
references.pmid: 10837726
references.citation: J Nucl Med. 2007 Nov;48(11):1767-76
references.pmid: 17942813
references.citation: Anticancer Res. 2009 Jun;29(6):2111-20
references.pmid: 19528471
references.citation: J Pharm Sci. 2003 Sep;92(9):1893-904
references.pmid: 12950007
references.citation: Nature. 1996 Apr 11;380(6574):561-2
references.pmid: 8606781
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Jan 20;106(3):685-90
references.pmid: 19129498
references.citation: Prog Lipid Res. 2000 Sep;39(5):461-75
references.pmid: 11082507
references.citation: Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 1999 Apr 5;37(1-3):13-32
references.pmid: 10837724
references.citation: J Nucl Med. 2004 Feb;45(2):253-60
references.pmid: 14960644
references.citation: Semin Oncol. 2004 Dec;31(6 Suppl 13):196-205
references.pmid: 15717745
references.citation: J Nucl Med. 2003 Sep;44(9):1469-78
references.pmid: 12960194
references.citation: Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006 Nov 1;66(3):833-41
references.pmid: 16965871
references.citation: Appl Radiat Isot. 2009 Jul;67(7-8 Suppl):S84-7
references.pmid: 19406654
references.citation: Cancer Res. 2005 May 1;65(9):3643-55
references.pmid: 15867359
references.citation: Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2006 Oct;33(10):1196-205
references.pmid: 16763815
references.citation: Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2008 Dec;35(12):2235-44
references.pmid: 18566815
references.citation: Mol Pharm. 2006 Sep-Oct;3(5):525-30
references.pmid: 17009851
references.citation: Cancer Biother Radiopharm. 2008 Dec;23(6):749-58
references.pmid: 19111045
references.citation: J Liposome Res. 2007;17(1):1-14
references.pmid: 17454399
references.citation: Bioconjug Chem. 2009 Feb;20(2):397-401
references.pmid: 19138113
references.citation: Bioconjug Chem. 2003 Jan-Feb;14(1):158-67
references.pmid: 12526705