title: Carcinoma in situ testis displays permissive chromatin modifications similar to immature foetal germ cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The majority of testicular germ cell cancers develop through a pre-invasive carcinoma in situ (CIS) stage. The CIS cell is a neoplastic counterpart of foetal germ cells. During their development, foetal germ cells undergo extensive and essential epigenetic modifications, but little is known about epigenetic patterns in CIS cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Immunohistochemistry was used to investigate epigenetic patterns in CIS, germ cell tumours, normal adult and foetal testicular tissue.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CIS cells show low levels of DNA methylation and repressive histone modifications H3K9me2 and H3K27me3, but high levels of H3K9 acetylation, H3K4 methylation and H2A.Z, which all are associated with an activated and accessible chromatin structure. Collectively this renders a permissive chromatin structure and in accordance high levels of RNA polymerase II activity and proliferation (Ki-67 and mitotic index) is observed in CIS cells. Epigenetic patterns similar to that of CIS cells were observed in human gonocytes present within sex cords in foetal testes but correspond to migrating primordial germ cell in mice. Development of overt tumours involves epigenetic repression of the chromatin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CIS cells have a permissive and foetal-like chromatin structure, which is associated with a high transcriptional and proliferative activity, likely empowering neoplastic transformation. Developmental epigenetic cues in foetal germ cells are substantially different between humans and mice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Growth and Reproduction, GR-5064, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. kristian@almstrup.net
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Almstrup
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Mlynarska
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Jansen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jørgensen
authors.forename: N E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Skakkebæk
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rajpert-De Meyts
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002278:Carcinoma in Situ / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002843:Chromatin / Q000378:metabolism*; D042002:Chromatin Assembly and Disassembly / Q000502:physiology; D019175:DNA Methylation; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic / Q000502:physiology; D005333:Fetus / Q000378:metabolism*; D005854:Germ Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D005865:Gestational Age; D006657:Histones / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009373:Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal / Q000378:metabolism; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational; D011627:Puberty / Q000378:metabolism; D013736:Testicular Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D015533:Transcriptional Activation
chemical_list: D002843:Chromatin; D006657:Histones
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