title: Increased number of heterotopic Purkinje cells in essential tremor.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recent postmortem studies reveal degenerative changes, including Purkinje cell (PC) loss, in most brains from individuals with essential tremor (ET). Heterotopic PCs (HPCs) (ie, PC bodies displaced into the molecular layer) may be found in neurodegenerative diseases with PC loss. HPCs have been observed in ET but no quantitative case control analysis has been performed.
  
  
  METHODS
  HPCs were counted in 35 ET brains and 32 control brains (including 21 non-diseased controls and 11 diseased controls with progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP)) using a standard 20 × 25 mm cerebellar cortical section stained with a modified Bielscholwsky method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median number of HPCs per section was three times higher in 35 ET cases (median 3, mean ± SD 3.8 ± 3.6, range 0-14) versus 32 controls (median 1, mean ± SD 1.6 ± 1.7, range 0-5) (p = 0.007). The number of HPCs was similarly low in the 21 non-diseased controls and 12 PSP brains (median 1 in each group) (p = 0.04 and p = 0.01 compared with ET). In ET, the number of HPCs was inversely related to the number of PCs (Spearman's rho -0.36, p = 0.038) (ie, cases with more HPCs had fewer PCs).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PC heterotopia, which occurs in cerebellar degenerative disorders, is also a feature of ET. These findings further contribute to our understanding of the postmortem changes in this common neurological disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Sheng-Han
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kuo
authors.forename: Cordelia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Erickson-Davis
authors.forename: Arthur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gillman
authors.forename: Phyllis L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Faust
authors.forename: Jean-Paul G
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Vonsattel
authors.forename: Elan D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Louis
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology; D002102:Cadaver; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002452:Cell Count; D002525:Cerebellar Cortex / Q000473:pathology; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D018450:Disease Progression; D020329:Essential Tremor / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009069:Movement Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis; D019636:Neurodegenerative Diseases / Q000473:pathology; D009460:Neurologic Examination; D009929:Organ Size; D011689:Purkinje Cells / Q000473:pathology*; D012737:Sex Factors; D013494:Supranuclear Palsy, Progressive / Q000473:pathology; D014015:Tissue Banks
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