Interactions of gastrointestinal peptides: ghrelin and its anorexigenic antagonists.
Food intake behaviour and energy homeostasis are strongly regulated by a complex system of humoral factors and nerval structures constituting the brain-gut-axis. To date the only known peripherally produced and centrally acting peptide that stimulates food intake is ghrelin, which is mainly synthesized in the stomach. Recent data indicate that the orexigenic effect of ghrelin might be influenced by other gastrointestinal peptides such as cholecystokinin (CCK), bombesin, desacyl ghrelin, peptide YY (PYY), as well as glucagon-like peptide (GLP). Therefore, we will review on the interactions of ghrelin with several gastrointestinal factors known to be involved in appetite regulation in order to elucidate the interdependency of peripheral orexigenic and anorexigenic peptides in the control of appetite.
Wisser
Anna-Sophia
AS
Division Hepatology, Gastroenterology, and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
Habbel
Piet
P
Wiedenmann
Bertram
B
Klapp
Burghard F
BF
Mönnikes
Hubert
H
Kobelt
Peter
P
Horm Res. 2007;67(5):211-9
17114888
J Cell Biol. 2002 Dec 23;159(6):1029-37
12486113
Diabetes. 2001 Nov;50(11):2438-43
11679419
Peptides. 2007 Mar;28(3):607-11
17129639
Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2005 Mar;288(3):R751-8
15550621
Regul Pept. 2004 Jun 15;119(1-2):77-81
15093700
Peptides. 2004 Mar;25(3):511-20
15134870
J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001 Dec;86(12):5992
11739476
Endocrinology. 2004 Jun;145(6):2607-12
14962995
Eur J Pharmacol. 2003 Aug 22;476(1-2):87-95
12969753
Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2001 Dec;281(6):R1833-43
11705768
Regul Pept. 2004 Nov 15;122(3):179-83
15491789
Endocrinology. 2006 May;147(5):2306-14
16484324
Obes Res. 2003 Dec;11(12):1463-70
14694210
J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006 Jul;91(7):2574-81
16621911
Gastroenterology. 2003 May;124(5):1188-92
12730858
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Aug 29;103(35):12961-2
16924097
Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2005 Jul;289(1):R125-33
15746304
Brain Res. 2003 Nov 21;991(1-2):26-33
14575873
Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2002 Dec 20;299(5):739-43
12470640
J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001 Jan;86(1):251-8
11232009
Diabetes. 2008 Dec;57(12):3205-10
18776138
Endocrinology. 2002 Jan;143(1):155-62
11751604
J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004 Jun;89(6):3062-5
15181099
Am J Physiol. 1993 Jun;264(6 Pt 2):R1229-34
8322979
Gastroenterology. 2001 Feb;120(2):337-45
11159873
Regul Pept. 2006 Dec 10;137(3):173-8
16928403
Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003 Jun;994:162-8
12851312
Nature. 1999 Dec 9;402(6762):656-60
10604470
Peptides. 2006 Sep;27(9):2321-5
16687192
Regul Pept. 2005 May 15;128(1):51-6
15721487
J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Dec;87(12):5461-4
12466337
Regul Pept. 2008 Apr 10;147(1-3):29-32
18281111
J Physiol. 2001 Nov 15;537(Pt 1):231-6
11711576
Neuron. 2003 Feb 20;37(4):649-61
12597862
Endocrinology. 2002 Jan;143(1):185-90
11751608
Diabetes. 2006 Nov;55(11):3038-46
17065340
Endocrinology. 2005 Aug;146(8):3518-25
15890776
Regul Pept. 2007 Oct 4;143(1-3):64-8
17434608
Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2001 Mar;281(5):1220-5
11243865
Gut. 2005 Jan;54(1):18-24
15591499
Diabetes. 2003 Apr;52(4):948-56
12663466
Nat Neurosci. 2002 Jun;5(6):566-72
12021765
Regul Pept. 1985 Aug;11(4):321-33
2413505
J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001 Apr;86(4):1738-45
11297611
Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 1953 Jan 15;140(901):578-96
13027283
Gastroenterology. 2005 Jul;129(1):8-25
16012930
J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003 Feb;88(2):701-4
12574202
Regul Pept. 2004 Aug 15;120(1-3):23-32
15177917
Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2006 Oct;291(4):R903-13
16644908
J Clin Invest. 2004 Jul;114(1):57-66
15232612
Gut. 2004 Feb;53(2):187-94
14724148
J Comp Physiol Psychol. 1973 Sep;84(3):488-95
4745816
Endocrinology. 2006 May;147(5):2374-82
16455774
Diabetes. 2007 Sep;56(9):2319-27
17575083
FEBS Lett. 2003 Apr 24;541(1-3):64-8
12706820
Regul Pept. 2006 Mar 15;134(1):17-22
16338009
J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Aug;87(8):3997-4000
12161550
J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003 Aug;88(8):3989-92
12915697
Experientia. 1971 Feb 15;27(2):166-7
5544731
Peptides. 2008 Dec;29(12):2159-68
18938204
Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2001 May;280(5):R1483-7
11294772
Eur J Endocrinol. 2004 Feb;150(2):173-84
14763915
Gut. 2006 Jan;55(1):135
16344585
Physiol Res. 2003;52(1):61-6
12625808
Peptides. 2009 Jun;30(6):1187-91
19463754
Am J Physiol. 1997 Apr;272(4 Pt 2):R1245-51
9140026
Diabetes. 1990 Jun;39(6):752-6
2189768
Diabetologia. 2006 Oct;49(10):2449-52
16955211
Neuroendocrinology. 2004;79(6):317-26
15256809
Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 1980 Dec;58(12):1484-9
7237243
Endocrinology. 2004 Jan;145(1):234-42
14551228
Regul Pept. 2004 Jun 15;119(1-2):93-8
15093702
Peptides. 2008 Jul;29(7):1241-6
18436343
J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001 Feb;86(2):881-7
11158061
Diabetes. 2002 Jun;51(6):1729-36
12031959
Diabetes. 2002 Jan;51(1):124-9
11756331
J Neuroendocrinol. 2002 Jul;14(7):580-6
12121496
Pediatr Res. 2002 Aug;52(2):189-98
12149495
Eur J Endocrinol. 2002 Feb;146(2):241-4
11834435
J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Apr;87(4):1902
11932338
Diabetes. 2004 Dec;53(12):3142-51
15561944
Nature. 1979 Nov 8;282(5735):208-10
492336
J Biol Chem. 2002 Feb 15;277(7):5667-74
11724768
J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005 Feb;90(2):1055-60
15536157
Lancet. 1987 Dec 5;2(8571):1300-4
2890903
Neuroendocrinology. 2001 Sep;74(3):143-7
11528215
Diabetologia. 2006 Apr;49(4):732-8
16485139
J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004 Oct;89(10):5035-42
15472202
Curr Diabetes Rev. 2008 Feb;4(1):18-23
18220691
Diabetes. 2006 Dec;55(12):3486-93
17130496
Gastroenterology. 2002 Oct;123(4):1120-8
12360474
Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2001 Jan 26;280(3):904-7
11162609
Metabolism. 2005 Jul;54(7):925-9
15988702
J Histochem Cytochem. 1986 Sep;34(9):1117-21
3755450
Endocrinology. 2000 Nov;141(11):4255-61
11089560
Diabetes. 2003 Dec;52(12):2923-7
14633852
Regul Pept. 2007 Oct 4;143(1-3):56-63
17462749
Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2004 Oct;28(10):1264-71
15278100
Diabetes. 2001 Aug;50(8):1714-9
11473029
Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2007 Apr;292(4):R1391-9
17138722
Endocrinology. 2007 May;148(5):2251-63
17303662
Brain Res. 2006 Oct 30;1117(1):109-17
17005163
Nature. 2002 Aug 8;418(6898):650-4
12167864
Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2008 Apr;1126:14-9
18448790
Endocrinology. 2000 Nov;141(11):4325-8
11089570
J Physiol Pharmacol. 2004 Mar;55(1 Pt 2):137-54
15082874
J Physiol Sci. 2006 Dec;56(6):441-7
17134539
Nature. 1979 Nov 29;282(5738):503-5
116135
Cell Metab. 2006 May;3(5):379-86
16679295
Neuropeptides. 2006 Dec;40(6):375-401
16935329
N Engl J Med. 2003 Sep 4;349(10):941-8
12954742
Nature. 1994 Dec 1;372(6505):425-32
7984236
Peptides. 1981;2 Suppl 2:179-83
6283491
Regul Pept. 2008 Feb 7;146(1-3):230-7
17942170
Mol Cell Biochem. 2006 Jun;286(1-2):77-85
16479319
J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001 Oct;86(10):5083-6
11600590
J Neuroendocrinol. 2000 Nov;12(11):1047-9
11069119
Regul Pept. 2005 Mar 15;126(1-2):55-9
15620414
Diabetes. 2001 Feb;50(2):227-32
11272130
Nutr Rev. 2003 Nov;61(11):391-3
14677575
Endocrinology. 2007 Apr;148(4):1638-47
17255209
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2003 Feb;284(2):E407-15
12388174
Regul Pept. 2008 Oct 9;150(1-3):55-61
18453014
Neurosci Lett. 2007 May 7;417(3):292-6
17433545
J Gastroenterol. 2006 Jun;41(6):513-23
16868798
Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2000 Mar;24(3):288-98
10757621
J Endocrinol. 2002 Nov;175(2):R7-11
12429053
Endocrinology. 2003 Mar;144(3):916-21
12586768
Endocrinology. 2002 Nov;143(11):4409-21
12399438
Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2000 Dec 29;279(3):909-13
11162448
Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2000 Oct 5;276(3):905-8
11027567
Gut. 2006 Jun;55(6):788-92
15994217
Endocrinology. 2005 May;146(5):2369-75
15718279
Nature. 2000 Oct 19;407(6806):908-13
11057670
Diabetes. 2001 Nov;50(11):2540-7
11679432
Peptides. 1998;19(2):309-17
9493863
Brain Res. 2008 Apr 14;1204:77-86
18329635
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2003 Feb;284(2):E313-6
12531744
Neurosci Lett. 2002 May 31;325(1):47-51
12023064
Peptides. 1991 Jul-Aug;12(4):865-9
1788148
J Endocrinol. 2006 Oct;191(1):113-9
17065394
Physiol Behav. 2007 Aug 15;91(5):566-72
17481674
Eur J Endocrinol. 2004 Jan;150(1):27-32
14713276
Endocrinology. 2004 Nov;145(11):4967-75
15284202
Cell. 2008 Feb 8;132(3):387-96
18267071
Nature. 2001 Jan 11;409(6817):194-8
11196643
Neuropeptides. 2006 Jun;40(3):169-75
16677709
N Engl J Med. 1953 Jul 2;249(1):13-6
13063674
Endocrinology. 2005 Jan;146(1):355-64
15471959
J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002 Aug;302(2):822-7
12130749
J Neuroendocrinol. 2002 Jul;14(7):555-60
12121492
Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 1997 Aug;48(1):23-9
9379845