Neuroimmune pharmacology of neurodegenerative and mental diseases.
Neuroimmune pharmacology is a newly emerging field that intersects with neuroscience, immunology, and pharmacology and that is seeking avenues for translational research and better understanding of disease mechanisms. It focuses on the immunity of the central nervous system (CNS) which is greatly influenced by endogenous effectors, such as cytokines and neurotransmitters, and by exogenous substances, including therapeutic compounds, infectious pathogens, and drugs of abuse. In this article, we attempt to raise awareness of the pivotal discovery of how those mediators affect the immunity of the CNS in both physiological conditions and processes of certain mental illnesses, including psychiatric disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, and cerebral dysfunctions due to drugs of abuse. The abnormality in cytokine networks, neurotransmitter homeostasis, and other immune responses may be involved in the neuropathology associated with those mental illnesses, and the therapeutic effects of the potential treatments can be attributed, at least partially, to their immunomodulatory activities. However, the resulting inflammatory cytokines from certain treatments frequently cause psychiatric complications. In addition, the poor neuropathological outcomes frequently found among drug abusers with HIV-1 infection appear to be related to the neurotoxic and immunomodulatory effects of the drugs used. Importantly, glial cells, especially microglia and astrocytes, are key players in the immunomodulatory activities in the CNS, and the functioning CNS is largely dependent upon the reciprocal interactions between neurons and glial cells. Therefore, glia-neuron interactions have become a critical issue for further understanding the disease mechanism. From this review, readers will gain insights into the new field of neuroimmune pharmacology, with a focus on the impacts of CNS immunity on the mental illnesses.
Shie
Feng-Shiun
FS
Division of Mental Health and Addiction Medicine, Institute of Population Health Sciences, Zhunan, Miaoli County, Taiwan, Republic of China.
Chen
Yun-Hsiang
YH
Chen
Chia-Hsiang
CH
Ho
Ing-Kang
IK
D001921:Brain / Q000276:immunology*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000276:immunology*; D019636:Neurodegenerative Diseases / Q000276:immunology*; D015213:Neuroimmunomodulation / Q000502:physiology*
D016207:Cytokines
Int J Neurosci. 2001;111(1-2):11-9
11913333
FASEB J. 2003 Oct;17(13):1954-6
12897068
Ann Neurol. 2000 Feb;47(2):186-94
10665489
J Biol Chem. 2005 Jun 3;280(22):21453-62
15817469
Antiviral Res. 2009 May;82(2):A99-109
19176219
J Neurosci Res. 2005 Dec 15;82(6):831-8
16273545
J Med Chem. 2002 Mar 14;45(6):1292-9
11881998
J Neurochem. 2000 Feb;74(2):457-71
10646496
Int J Dev Neurosci. 1995 Jun-Jul;13(3-4):253-64
7572279
Virology. 2006 Oct 10;354(1):192-206
16876224
Br J Dermatol. 2007 Dec;157(6):1275-7
17916204
J Neurovirol. 1998 Dec;4(6):619-26
10065903
Biol Psychiatry. 2008 Apr 15;63(8):801-8
18005941
Perspect Psychiatr Care. 2008 Oct;44(4):285-9
18826467
Eur J Pharmacol. 1999 May 7;372(1):65-73
10374716
J Investig Med. 2009 Aug;57(6):703-8
19240648
Science. 2005 Jul 15;309(5733):392-3
16020721
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995 Aug 1;92(16):7162-6
7638161
J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1996 Oct;16(5):403-9
8889915
Neurology. 1993 Nov;43(11):2245-52
8232937
Neurotoxicology. 2006 Mar;27(2):217-28
16386305
Neurochem Int. 2006 May-Jun;48(6-7):416-25
16500003
Front Biosci. 2004 Sep 01;9:2680-5
15358591
J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2009 Mar 1;50(3):241-9
19194320
J Alzheimers Dis. 2004 Dec;6(6 Suppl):S61-74
15665416
J Biol Chem. 2003 Aug 1;278(31):28736-42
12771134
J Immunol. 2000 Jan 1;164(1):361-70
10605031
J Gen Virol. 2008 Jan;89(Pt 1):1-47
18089727
Brain Res Bull. 2001 Mar 1;54(4):329-38
11306183
AIDS. 2007 Sep 12;21(14):1877-86
17721095
Cell. 2010 Mar 19;140(6):918-34
20303880
AIDS. 2006 Sep 11;20(14):1885-8
16954730
Br J Dermatol. 2008 Sep;159(3):704-10
18627375
Neurology. 2007 Oct 30;69(18):1789-99
17914061
Biol Psychiatry. 1988 Feb 15;23(4):326-34
3422573
Neurochem Res. 2003 Feb;28(2):347-52
12608708
Sleep Med Rev. 2005 Oct;9(5):355-64
16102986
J Neurochem. 2010 May;113(3):692-703
20132465
Int Rev Neurobiol. 2002;52:275-302
12498108
Hum Psychopharmacol. 2004 Aug;19(6):397-403
15303243
Clin Cancer Res. 2002 Aug;8(8):2480-7
12171873
Nanomedicine (Lond). 2009 Jul;4(5):557-74
19572821
Curr HIV Res. 2006 Jul;4(3):267-78
16842080
Immunol Cell Biol. 2001 Aug;79(4):350-7
11488982
J Affect Disord. 1998 Jun;49(3):211-9
9629951
J Pharmacol Sci. 2004 Mar;94(3):325-8
15037818
Science. 1983 Jan 21;219(4582):316-8
6849138
Schizophr Res. 2007 Feb;90(1-3):179-85
17208413
Neuropsychopharmacology. 2000 Jul;23(1):89-98
10869889
Depress Anxiety. 2009;26(7):607-11
19496103
Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2008 Oct 24;375(3):446-9
18715543
Brain Res. 2007 Dec;1186:12-20
17996850
CNS Drugs. 2009;23(4):293-307
19374459
Brain Behav Immun. 1995 Dec;9(4):253-75
8903845
Int Immunopharmacol. 2003 Aug;3(8):1235-46
12860179
Curr Med Res Opin. 2003;19(5):402-10
13678477
Folia Neuropathol. 2005;43(4):311-21
16416395
J Addict Dis. 1994;13(2):1-8
8204671
Schizophr Res. 2002 Apr 1;54(3):281-91
11950553
Nat Med. 2005 May;11(5):545-50
15834426
Psychiatry Res. 1997 Jun 16;71(1):11-7
9247977
J Neurosci. 2005 Mar 16;25(11):2952-64
15772355
J Immunol. 1993 Aug 1;151(3):1175-83
8393041
J Neuroimmune Pharmacol. 2009 Mar;4(1):129-39
18958626
Psychiatry Res. 2008 Sep 30;160(3):256-62
18722671
Int Immunopharmacol. 2008 Apr;8(4):526-33
18328443
Pharmacol Rev. 2008 Jun;60(2):196-209
18560012
Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 1995 Jan;19(1):11-38
7708925
FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 2006 Aug;47(3):330-42
16872369
Mol Psychiatry. 2006 Jul;11(7):680-4
16491133
Nature. 1996 Oct 31;383(6603):787-93
8893001
Brain. 2005 Jun;128(Pt 6):1442-53
15817521
N Engl J Med. 2001 Nov 22;345(21):1515-21
11794217
Nat Rev Neurosci. 2007 Jan;8(1):57-69
17180163
Mol Psychiatry. 2005 Jan;10(1):79-104
15289815
Clin Microbiol Rev. 2003 Apr;16(2):209-19
12692094
Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1994 May;89(5):346-51
8067274
J Neuroimmune Pharmacol. 2006 Sep;1(3):280-95
18040805
Lancet. 1996 Aug 10;348(9024):348-9
8709727
Schizophr Res. 1997 Aug 29;26(2-3):221-5
9323354
J Neuroimmune Pharmacol. 2009 Dec;4(4):430-47
19768553
Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2000;917:456-67
11268373
Handb Exp Pharmacol. 2005;(168):385-423
16596782
Int Rev Psychiatry. 2008 Feb;20(1):33-47
18240061
J Neurochem. 2006 Nov;99(3):689-707
17076654
Brain Behav Immun. 2001 Dec;15(4):319-39
11782102
Int Rev Psychiatry. 2008 Feb;20(1):15-24
18240059
Psychosom Med. 2001 May-Jun;63(3):376-86
11382265
J Clin Psychiatry. 2004 Jul;65(7):940-7
15291683
J Neurosci. 2002 Mar 15;22(6):2246-54
11896164
J Neuroimmune Pharmacol. 2006 Mar;1(1):77-89
18040793
Brain Behav Immun. 2009 Feb;23(2):149-58
18793712
Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 1998;12 Suppl 2:S1-6
9769023
Neurology. 1996 Aug;47(2):425-32
8757015
Lancet. 2006 Jan 7;367(9504):29-35
16399150
Immunopharmacology. 1996 Aug;34(1):27-37
8880223
Front Biosci. 2008 May 01;13:3913-8
18508485
Neuropsychol Rev. 2009 Jun;19(2):169-85
19424802
J Leukoc Biol. 1998 Jan;63(1):101-7
9469479
Physiol Rev. 2001 Apr;81(2):741-66
11274343
Psychiatry Res. 1986 Jan;17(1):41-7
2935897
Cell. 1998 Apr 17;93(2):229-40
9568715
Alcohol Health Res World. 1997;21(1):30-41
15706761
J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2004 Jan;10(1):1-14
14751002
Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2007 Dec;17(12):774-80
17499975
Arthritis Rheum. 2010 Mar;62(3):683-93
20131240
Am J Psychiatry. 2000 May;157(5):683-94
10784457
Life Sci. 1999;65(17):1773-86
10576557
Am J Psychiatry. 1997 Dec;154(12):1763-5
9396961
J Psychiatr Res. 2007 Jan-Feb;41(1-2):3-7
16434055
Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1983 Apr;40(4):405-6
6838321
JAMA. 2005 Apr 27;293(16):2003-11
15855434
Neurosci Lett. 2007 Apr 6;416(1):87-91
17317005
Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2002 Dec;5(4):401-12
12466038
Neurology. 2006 Oct 24;67(8):1486-9
17060582
J Neurochem. 2004 Dec;91(5):1199-210
15569263
Medicine (Baltimore). 1987 Nov;66(6):407-37
3316921
Nat Rev Neurosci. 2007 Dec;8(12):935-47
17987031
J Neurochem. 2010 Mar;112(6):1415-30
20050972
Neurochem Int. 2004 Sep;45(4):521-7
15186918
J Immunol. 1997 Sep 15;159(6):2994-9
9300724
J Immunol. 2009 Jul 1;183(1):661-9
19535632
Neuropsychopharmacology. 2008 Aug;33(9):2228-36
17971830
Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2004 Aug;13(8):1033-44
15268640
Neurobiol Aging. 2007 May;28(5):639-47
16697488
Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2002 Jan;26(1):33-9
11853116
J Affect Disord. 2004 Oct 15;82(2):175-90
15488246
Int Immunopharmacol. 2006 Apr;6(4):666-71
16504930
Schizophr Res. 1999 May 4;37(1):97-106
10227112
Eur J Pharmacol. 2007 Apr 30;561(1-3):54-62
17303117
Biochem Pharmacol. 2004 Sep 15;68(6):1255-67
15313424
Neurochem Int. 2010 Nov;57(4):440-5
20193723
Int Rev Psychiatry. 2008 Feb;20(1):25-31
18240060
Curr Med Chem. 2007;14(27):2865-71
18045132
Nature. 1999 Jul 22;400(6742):378-82
10432118
J Neuroimmunol. 1993 Jun;45(1-2):137-45
8392517
Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2001 Nov;26(8):797-808
11585680
Brain Res Bull. 1991 Sep-Oct;27(3-4):309-13
1959024
Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2009 May;12(4):561-78
19224657
N Engl J Med. 1994 Jun 30;330(26):1880-6
7832832
Neurochem Int. 2009 Jul-Aug;55(1-3):151-6
19428820
J Neurochem. 1991 Jun;56(6):2007-17
1827495
Front Behav Neurosci. 2009 Aug 24;3:14
19738918
Clin Infect Dis. 2004 Mar 15;38(6):890-4
14999636
Ann Rheum Dis. 1999 Sep;58(9):585-7
10460194
Annu Rev Physiol. 2010;72:335-55
20148679
Arch Neurol. 2008 Jan;65(1):65-70
18195140
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 Dec 23;100(26):15983-8
14668448
Br J Haematol. 2002 Dec;119(4):1090-7
12472593
Life Sci. 1994;54(21):1579-84
7910931
Neuron. 2009 Oct 15;64(1):133-45
19840555
Glia. 2001 Jul;35(1):72-9
11424194
J Neurosci. 2007 Mar 21;27(12):3057-63
17376966
Brain Pathol. 2002 Oct;12(4):442-55
12408230
Science. 2005 May 27;308(5726):1314-8
15831717
Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2008 Sep;233(9):1149-60
18535159
Schizophr Res. 2000 Jun 16;43(2-3):164-6
11001592
J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2004 Jan;29(1):11-7
14719046
Immunology. 1997 Jul;91(3):361-8
9301524
Inflamm Res. 1996 Mar;45(3):141-4
8689394
Brain Behav Immun. 2006 Nov;20(6):532-45
16580814
Curr Opin Neurol. 1997 Aug;10(4):319-25
9266156
J Neurosci. 1989 Jun;9(6):2066-72
2723766
Neurology. 2006 Mar 28;66(6):919-21
16510768
IEEE Trans Nanobioscience. 2007 Dec;6(4):262-9
18217618
Ann Pharmacother. 2001 Apr;35(4):489-95
11302414
J Biol Chem. 2005 Feb 18;280(7):5892-901
15590663
Schizophr Res. 2000 Sep 1;44(3):165-75
10962218
Pharm World Sci. 2005 Dec;27(6):423-31
16341948
Am J Psychiatry. 2002 Jun;159(6):1029-34
12042193