title: Hypoxia awareness training for aircrew: a comparison of two techniques.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Major hazards associated with hypoxia awareness training are the risks of decompression sickness, barotrauma, and loss of consciousness. An alternate method has been developed which combines exposure to a simulated altitude of 10,000 ft (3048 m) with breathing of a gas mixture containing 10% oxygen and 90% nitrogen. The paradigm, called Combined Altitude and Depleted Oxygen (CADO), places the subjects at a physiological altitude of 25,000 ft (7620 m) and provides demonstration of symptoms of hypoxia and the effects of pressure change. CADO is theoretically safer than traditional training at a simulated altitude of 25,000 ft (7620 m) due to a much lower risk of decompression sickness (DCS) and has greater fidelity of training for fast jet aircrew (mask-on hypoxia). This study was conducted to validate CADO by comparing it with hypobaric hypoxia.
  
  
  METHODS
  There were 43 subjects who were exposed to two regimens of hypoxia training: hypobaric hypoxia (HH) at a simulated altitude of 25,000 ft (7620 m) and CADO. Subjective, physiological, and performance data of the subjects were collected, analyzed, and compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no significant differences in the frequency and severity of the 24 commonly reported symptoms, or in the physiological response, between the two types of hypoxia exposure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CADO is similar to HH in terms of the type and severity of symptoms experienced by subjects, and appears to be an effective, useful, and safe tool for hypoxia training.
authors.affiliation: Royal Australian Air Force Institute of Aviation Medicine, Edinburgh SA 5111, Australia. bhupinder.singh@defence.gov.au
authors.forename: Bhupinder
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Gordon G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Cable
authors.forename: Greg V
authors.initials: GV
authors.lastname: Hampson
authors.forename: Glenn D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Pascoe
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Corbett
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000337:Aerospace Medicine; D000532:Altitude Sickness / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007318:Inservice Training / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control; D017751:Safety Management / Q000379:methods; D055815:Young Adult