title: Clinical spectrum of shock in the pediatric emergency department.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to describe the clinical spectrum of patients presenting with shock or developing shock in a pediatric emergency department (ED) during an 8-year period.
  
  
  METHODS
  An observational study of all pediatric ED patients with shock between September 1998 and September 2006 was performed. Trauma activations were excluded. A structured, explicit chart review using a standardized abstraction form and case definition was completed by 3 physicians board certified in pediatric emergency medicine. Interrater reliability was monitored.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 147 cases of shock were identified. Septic shock was the underlying physiology in 57% of cases. A pathogen was identified in 45% of these cases. Hypovolemic shock due to gastroenteritis, metabolic disease, surgical emergencies, or hemorrhage was the cause in 24% of cases. Distributive shock represented 14% of cases. Cardiogenic shock contributed to 5% of cases. Patients with septic shock received a mean of 58 mL/kg of crystalloid or colloid versus 50 mL/kg in patients with other causes. Intubation and vasopressor use was required in 41% and 21% of cases, respectively. Clinical signs of shock developed in the ED after initially presenting without clinical signs of shock in 14% of study subjects. Nearly half of these episodes occurred after the administration of antimicrobials or performance of a lumbar puncture. Mortality was 6% overall and 5% in septic shock patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pediatric ED patients with shock represent a diverse population with substantial mortality. Of 147 patients, 21 presented without clinical signs of shock and deteriorated to a clinical condition meeting the definition of shock during the ED course.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, University Medical Center, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Las Vegas, NV, USA. jdfisher1@cox.net
authors.forename: Jay D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.forename: David G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: Heidi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Beyersdorf
authors.forename: Lawrence J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Satkowiak
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D015278:Intensive Care Units, Pediatric; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012769:Shock / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents