title: Sediment toxicity and bioaccumulation of nano and micron-sized aluminum oxide.
abstract: Nano-aluminum oxide (Al(2)O(3)) is used commercially in coatings and abrasives. Nano-Al(2)O(3) can also be generated through the oxidation of nano-aluminum in military propellants and energetics. The purpose of the present study was to assess toxicity and bioaccumulation of nano-Al(2)O(3) to a variety of sediment organisms (Tubifex tubifex, Hyalella azteca, Lumbriculus variegatus, and Corbicula fluminea). The bioaccumulation and toxicity of nano-Al(2)O(3) was compared with that of micron-sized Al(2)O(3) to investigate potential size-related effects. Results of the present study show species-specific differences in relative bioaccumulation of nano and micron-sized Al(2)O(3). Significant toxic effects (survival and growth) were observed in H. azteca testing, but only at high concentrations unlikely to be found in the environment. Nano-Al(2)O(3) was found to be more toxic than micron-sized Al(2)O(3) to H. azteca survival in a 14-d study in which organisms were in direct contact with a thin layer of 625 or 2,500 mg of Al(2)O(3) dispersed on the surface of either sediment or sand. A significant growth effect was also observed for nano but not micron-sized Al(2)O(3) at the highest treatment level tested (100 g/kg Al(2)O(3)) in a 10-d H. azteca bioassay in which Al(2)O(3) was homogenized with sediment. However, differences in measured sediment Al concentrations (micron-sized = 55.1 [+/-0.6] g/kg Al; nano-sized = 66.2 [+/-0.6] g/kg Al) in the nano and micron-sized Al(2)O(3) preclude direct comparison of the toxicity of these two treatments based on particle size.
authors.affiliation: U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, 3909 Halls Ferry Road, Vicksburg, Mississippi 39180.
authors.forename: Jacob K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Stanley
authors.affiliation: U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, 3909 Halls Ferry Road, Vicksburg, Mississippi 39180.
authors.forename: Jessica G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Coleman
authors.affiliation: U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Geotechnical and Structures Laboratory, 3909 Halls Ferry Road, Vicksburg, Mississippi 39180.
authors.forename: Charles A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Weiss
authors.affiliation: U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, 3909 Halls Ferry Road, Vicksburg, Mississippi 39180.
authors.forename: Jeffery A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Steevens
mesh_terms: D000537:Aluminum Oxide / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D033304:Amphipoda / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D049874:Corbicula / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000032:analysis*; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000648:ultrastructure; D010316:Particle Size; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D000537:Aluminum Oxide
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