title: Phospholipase D-mTOR requirement for the Warburg effect in human cancer cells.
abstract: A characteristic of cancer cells is the generation of lactate from glucose in spite of adequate oxygen for oxidative phosphorylation. This property - known as the "Warburg effect" or aerobic glycolysis - contrasts with anaerobic glycolysis, which is triggered in hypoxic normal cells. The Warburg effect is thought to provide a means for cancer cells to survive under conditions where oxygen is limited and to generate metabolites necessary for cell growth. The shift from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis in response to hypoxia is mediated by the production of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) - a transcription factor family that stimulates the expression of proteins involved in glucose uptake and glycolysis. We reported previously that elevated phospholipase D (PLD) activity in renal and breast cancer cells is required for the expression of the α subunits of HIF1 and HIF2. We report here that the aerobic glycolysis observed in human breast and renal cancer cells is dependent on the elevated PLD activity. Intriguingly, the effect of PLD on the Warburg phenotype was dependent on the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) in the breast cancer cells and on mTORC2 in the renal cancer cells. These data indicate that elevated PLD-mTOR signaling, which is common in human cancer cells, is critical for the metabolic shift to aerobic glycolysis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College of the City University of New York, NY 10021, USA.
authors.forename: Alfredo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Toschi
authors.forename: Evan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: Noga
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gadir
authors.forename: Paige
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Yellen
authors.forename: C Michael
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Drain
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ohh
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Foster
mesh_terms: D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D051246:Glucose Transport Proteins, Facilitative / Q000032:analysis; D006019:Glycolysis; D006801:Humans; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000502:physiology*; D000076222:Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1; D046912:Multiprotein Complexes; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*; D010085:Oxidative Phosphorylation; D010739:Phospholipase D / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology*; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000502:physiology*; D011506:Proteins; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: C493245:CRTC2 protein, human; D051246:Glucose Transport Proteins, Facilitative; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D046912:Multiprotein Complexes; D011506:Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; C546842:MTOR protein, human; D000076222:Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; D010739:Phospholipase D; D005947:Glucose
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