title: Hypermethylation of E-cadherin, p16, p14, and RASSF1A genes in pathologically normal urothelium predict bladder recurrence of bladder cancer after transurethral resection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study investigated the hypermethylation of E-cadherin, p16, p14, and RASSF1A in pathologically normal urothelium to predict recurrence of bladder cancer after transurethral resection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Samples of bladder tumor and paired pathologically normal urothelium were obtained from 50 bladder cancer patients. The status of promoter hypermethylation in these four genes was investigated by methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction. The clinicopathologic data in these patients were also analyzed in order to evaluate the clinical implication of aberrant methylation in bladder cancer recurrence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hypermethylation of E-cadherin (30%), p16 (16%), p14 (14%), and RASSF1A (36%) was detected in the pathologically normal urothelium samples. Promoter hypermethylation occurred frequently in both pathologically normal urothelium and tumor samples from bladder cancer patients, and increased with progression from normal to bladder cancer at E-cadherin (P = 0.067), p16 (P < 0.001), p14 (P = 0.01), and RASSF1A (P = 0.01). No significant correlation was observed between hypermethylation in any genes and muscle/organ invasion and stage/grade, except p14. However, p14 hypermethylation in pathologically normal urothelium samples was associated with shorter recurrence-free interval (P = 0.019).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  p14 hypermethylation could be involved in early stage of bladder carcinogenesis, and p14 hypermethylation in pathologically normal urothelium samples should be considered a predictor of bladder cancer recurrence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Hui-Hui
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Hung-Lung
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Ke
authors.forename: Wen-Jeng
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Ying-Huei
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Lin-Li
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Chang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000235:genetics; D015820:Cadherins / Q000235:genetics*; D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16; D019175:DNA Methylation; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011379:Prognosis; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D015996:Survival Rate; D025803:Tumor Suppressor Protein p14ARF / Q000235:genetics*; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; C000614131:CDKN2A protein, human; D015820:Cadherins; D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; C411762:RASSF1 protein, human; D025803:Tumor Suppressor Protein p14ARF; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins