title: Elevated overdose mortality rates among First Nations individuals in a Canadian setting: a population-based analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the total burden of illicit drug overdose mortality over the study period in the province of British Columbia and investigate possible population-level determinants by estimating rates among subgroups including First Nations individuals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Review of coroner case files.
  
  
  METHODS
  The province of British Columbia, Canada.
  
  
  METHODS
  Individuals dying from an illicit drug overdose between 2001 and 2005.
  
  
  METHODS
  Age-adjusted mortality rates, standardized mortality ratios (SMR) and years of potential life lost (YPLL), stratified by major population groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over the study period, 909 individuals died from illicit drug overdoses, including 104 (11.4%) First Nations individuals. Compared to the general population, First Nations males and females suffered from substantially elevated SMR and YPLL. In a multivariate logistic regression analysis, First Nations deaths were significantly more likely to be among women, related to injection drug use and to have occurred in the Downtown Eastside area of Vancouver, the local epicentre of human immunodeficiency virus infection and open drug use (all P< 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This report found highly elevated overdose death rates and levels of premature mortality among First Nations Canadians in British Columbia compared to the general population. While previously unidentified, these findings are consistent with the poorer population health profile of First Nations Canadians. Although further research is needed to identify the causes of the elevated death rates, our findings support increased availability of evidence-based overdose prevention measures.
authors.affiliation: School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, British Columbia.
authors.forename: M-J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Milloy
authors.forename: Evan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.forename: Charlotte
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Reading
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kane
authors.forename: Julio
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Montaner
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kerr
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001955:British Columbia / Q000453:epidemiology; D062787:Drug Overdose / Q000208:ethnology / Q000401:mortality; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs / Q000506:poisoning*; D007198:Indians, North American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D018671:Needle-Exchange Programs; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000208:ethnology / Q000401:mortality; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000208:ethnology / Q000401:mortality*
chemical_list: D013287:Illicit Drugs