title: Hidden variability of floral homeotic B genes in Solanaceae provides a molecular basis for the evolution of novel functions.
abstract: B-class MADS box genes specify petal and stamen identities in several core eudicot species. Members of the Solanaceae possess duplicate copies of these genes, allowing for diversification of function. To examine the changing roles of such duplicate orthologs, we assessed the functions of B-class genes in Nicotiana benthamiana and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) using virus-induced gene silencing and RNA interference approaches. Loss of function of individual duplicates can have distinct phenotypes, yet complete loss of B-class gene function results in extreme homeotic transformations of petal and stamen identities. We also show that these duplicate gene products have qualitatively different protein-protein interaction capabilities and different regulatory roles. Thus, compensatory changes in B-class MADS box gene duplicate function have occurred in the Solanaceae, in that individual gene roles are distinct, but their combined functions are equivalent. Furthermore, we show that species-specific differences in the stamen regulatory network are associated with differences in the expression of the microRNA miR169. Whereas there is considerable plasticity in individual B-class MADS box transcription factor function, there is overall conservation in the roles of the multimeric MADS box B-class protein complexes, providing robustness in the specification of petal and stamen identities. Such hidden variability in gene function as we observe for individual B-class genes can provide a molecular basis for the evolution of regulatory functions that result in novel morphologies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Conecticut 06520, USA. koen.geuten@bio.kuleuven.be
authors.forename: Koen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Geuten
authors.forename: Vivian
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Irish
mesh_terms: D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D035264:Flowers / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D020131:Genes, Duplicate; D005801:Genes, Homeobox; D017343:Genes, Plant; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D026161:MADS Domain Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D034622:RNA Interference; D019657:Solanaceae / Q000235:genetics*; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D026161:MADS Domain Proteins; D010940:Plant Proteins
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