title: Template-based lymphadenectomy in urothelial carcinoma of the upper urinary tract: impact on patient survival.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The benefit of lymphadenectomy (LND) in patients with urothelial carcinoma of the upper urinary tract (UCUUT) has remained controversial. The aim of this study was to examine the influence of the LND template and the total number of lymph nodes (LN) when increasing the number of patients undergoing complete dissection of regional nodes (CompLND).
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 109 UCUUT patients with clinically negative nodes underwent nephroureterectomy with concomitant lymphadenectomy at our center. Patients' survival was examined according to the type of LND and the number of removed LN. Univariate analysis was performed to find the cut-off value of LN influencing survival.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy-eight patients underwent CompLND. Incomplete lymphadenectomy was performed in an additional 41 patients. In the patients with pT2 or higher who were clinically negative for nodal metastasis, any cut-off value for the total number of LN removed showed no statistical significance. In contrast, CompLND had a significant impact on patient survival. The Cox proportional hazard model showed that CompLND was a significant factor after adjusting for adjuvant chemotherapy. The total number of removed LN was not significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In patients with muscle-invasive clinical node-negative UCUUT, the number of LN removed shows minimal influence on their survival. In contrast, the influence of the particular type of lymphadenectomy is statistically significant. These findings suggest that the extent of lymphadenectomy should be determined by the template and not by the number of removed LN.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Medical Center East, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan. tkondo@kc.twmu.ac.jp
authors.forename: Tsunenori
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kondo
authors.forename: Yasunobu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hashimoto
authors.forename: Hirohito
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.forename: Junpei
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Iizuka
authors.forename: Hayakazu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakazawa
authors.forename: Fumio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.forename: Kazunari
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tanabe
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D008197:Lymph Node Excision / Q000379:methods* / Q000401:mortality*; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D009392:Nephrectomy; D010388:Pelvis; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014516:Ureteral Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*