title: Potential malaria outbreak in Germany due to climate warming: risk modelling based on temperature measurements and regional climate models.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Climate warming can change the geographic distribution and intensity of the transmission of vector-borne diseases such as malaria. The transmitted parasites usually benefit from increased temperatures as both their reproduction and development are accelerated. Lower Saxony (northwestern Germany) has been a malaria region until the 1950s, and the vector species are still present throughout Germany. This gave reason to investigate whether a new autochthonous transmission could take place if the malaria pathogen was introduced again in Germany.
  
  
  METHODS
  The spatial distribution of potential temperature-driven malaria transmissions was investigated using the basic reproduction rate (R (0)) to model and geostatistically map areas at risk of an outbreak of tertian malaria based on measured (1961-1990, 1991-2007) and predicted (1991-2020, 2021-2050, 2051-2080) monthly mean air temperature data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From the computations, maps were derived showing that during the period 1961-1990, the seasonal transmission gate ranges from 0 to 4 months and then expands up to 5 months in the period 1991-2007. For the projection of future trends, the regional climate models REMO and WettReg were used each with two different scenarios (A1B and B1). Both modelling approaches resulted in prolonged seasonal transmission gates in the future, enabling malaria transmissions up to 6 months in the climate reference period 2051-2080 (REMO, scenario A1B).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presented risk prognosis is based on the R (0) formula for the estimation of the reproduction of the malaria pathogen Plasmodium vivax. The presented model focuses on mean air temperatures; thus, other driving factors like the distribution of water bodies (breeding habitats) or population density are not integrated. Nevertheless, the modelling presented in this study can help identify areas at risk and initiate prevention. The described findings may also help in the investigation and assessment of related diseases caused by temperature-dependent vectors and pathogens, including those being dangerous for livestock as well, e.g. insect-borne bluetongue disease transmitted by culicoids.
authors.affiliation: Chair of Landscape Ecology, University of Vechta, PO Box 1553, 49364, Vechta, Germany.
authors.forename: Marcel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Holy
authors.forename: Gunther
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: Winfried
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Schröder
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000469:parasitology; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D057232:Global Warming / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D016780:Malaria, Vivax / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission; D008954:Models, Biological; D010966:Plasmodium vivax / Q000254:growth & development / Q000472:pathogenicity; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D012621:Seasons; D013696:Temperature
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