title: Psychological approaches to treatment of postconcussion syndrome: a systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Postconcussion syndrome (PCS) is a term used to describe the complex, and controversial, constellation of physical, cognitive and emotional symptoms associated with mild brain injury. At the current time, there is a lack of clear, evidence-based treatment strategies. In this systematic review, the authors aimed to evaluate the potential efficacy of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) and other psychological treatments in postconcussion symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four electronic databases were searched up to November 2008 for studies of psychological approaches to treatment or prevention of postconcussion syndrome or symptoms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The search identified 7763 citations, and 42 studies were included. This paper reports the results of 17 randomised controlled trials for psychological interventions which fell into four categories: CBT for PCS or specific PCS symptoms; information, reassurance and education; rehabilitation with a psychotherapeutic element and mindfulness/relaxation. Due to heterogeneity of methodology and outcome measures, a meta-analysis was not possible. The largest limitation to our findings was the lack of high-quality studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was evidence that CBT may be effective in the treatment of PCS. Information, education and reassurance alone may not be as beneficial as previously thought. There was limited evidence that multifaceted rehabilitation programmes that include a psychotherapeutic element or mindfulness/relaxation benefit those with persisting symptoms. Further, more rigorous trials of CBT for postconcussion symptoms are required.
authors.affiliation: Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Morningside Terrace, Edinburgh, UK. amal.alsayegh@nhs.net
authors.forename: Amal
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Al Sayegh
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sandford
authors.forename: Alan J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Carson
mesh_terms: D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D019122:Meditation / Q000379:methods; D010353:Patient Education as Topic / Q000379:methods; D038223:Post-Concussion Syndrome / Q000534:rehabilitation / Q000628:therapy*; D012064:Relaxation Therapy / Q000379:methods