title: Mcl-1 downregulation by pro-inflammatory cytokines and palmitate is an early event contributing to β-cell apoptosis.
abstract: Pancreatic β-cell apoptosis is a key feature of diabetes mellitus and the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis is a major mediator of β-cell death. We presently evaluated the role of the myeloid cell leukemia sequence 1 (Mcl-1), an antiapoptotic protein of the Bcl-2 family, in β-cells following exposure to well-defined β-cell death effectors, for example, pro-inflammatory cytokines, palmitate and chemical endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stressors. All cytotoxic stresses rapidly and preferentially decreased Mcl-1 protein expression as compared with the late effect observed on the other antiapoptotic proteins, Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL. This was due to ER stress-mediated inhibition of translation through eIF2α phosphorylation for palmitate and ER stressors and through the combined action of translation inhibition and JNK activation for cytokines. Knocking down Mcl-1 using small interference RNAs increased apoptosis and caspase-3 cleavage induced by cytokines, palmitate or thapsigargin, whereas Mcl-1 overexpression partly prevented Bax translocation to the mitochondria, cytochrome c release, caspase-3 cleavage and apoptosis induced by the β-cell death effectors. Altogether, our data suggest that Mcl-1 downregulation is a crucial event leading to β-cell apoptosis and provide new insights into the mechanisms linking ER stress and the mitochondrial intrinsic pathway of apoptosis. Mcl-1 is therefore an attractive target for the design of new strategies in the treatment of diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Médecine Expérimentale, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Route de Lennik 808, Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Allagnat
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cunha
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Vanderwinden
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Eizirik
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Cardozo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D045304:Cytochromes c / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015536:Down-Regulation; D004721:Endoplasmic Reticulum / Q000378:metabolism; D050417:Insulin-Secreting Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D064549:Myeloid Cell Leukemia Sequence 1 Protein; D010168:Palmitates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D034622:RNA Interference; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D019284:Thapsigargin / Q000494:pharmacology; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D051020:bcl-X Protein / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; C579093:Mcl1 protein, rat; D064549:Myeloid Cell Leukemia Sequence 1 Protein; D010168:Palmitates; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; D051020:bcl-X Protein; D019284:Thapsigargin; D045304:Cytochromes c; D053148:Caspase 3
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