title: Pharmacologic immunomodulation and cutaneous malignancy in rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and psoriatic arthritis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It is unclear if skin cancer risk is affected by the use of immunomodulatory medications in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), psoriasis, and psoriatic arthritis (PsA). The purpose of this study is to evaluate and summarize the available data pertinent to this question.
  
  
  METHODS
  The English language literature on PubMed was searched with a combination of phrases, including "malignancy," "skin cancer," "squamous cell carcinoma," "basal cell carcinoma," "melanoma," "psoriasis," "psoriatic arthritis," and "rheumatoid arthritis" in addition to the generic names of a variety of common immunomodulatory drugs. Relevant articles were identified and data were extracted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 2218 potentially relevant articles were identified through the search process. After further screening, 20 articles relevant to RA were included. An additional 19 articles relevant to either psoriasis or PsA were included as well. RA may be a risk factor for the development of cutaneous malignancy. Treatment with tumor necrosis factor inhibitors increases the rates of non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) in RA and psoriasis. This risk doubles when combination methotrexate therapy is used in RA. Methotrexate may increase the risk of malignant melanoma in patients with RA and the risk of NMSC in psoriasis. Cyclosporine and prior phototherapy significantly increase the risk of NMSC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  RA may potentiate the risk of cutaneous malignancy and therefore dermatologic screening in this population should be considered. The use of immunomodulatory therapy in RA, psoriasis, and PsA may further increase the risk of cutaneous malignancy and therefore dermatologic screening examinations are warranted in these groups. More careful recording of skin cancer development during clinical trials and cohort studies is necessary to further delineate the risks of immunomodulatory therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Tufts Medical Center, 800 Washington Street, Box 114, Boston, MA 02111, USA. mkrathen@tuftsmedicalcenter.org
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Krathen
authors.forename: Alice B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Gottlieb
authors.forename: Philip J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Mease
mesh_terms: D015535:Arthritis, Psoriatic / Q000628:therapy*; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000009:adverse effects; D007165:Immunosuppression Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011565:Psoriasis / Q000628:therapy*; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology*
chemical_list: D007155:Immunologic Factors