title: Glycemic control in youth with type 2 diabetes declines as early as two years after diagnosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the course of glycemic decline in a pediatric cohort with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) by defining longitudinal changes in hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and insulin requirement. We also followed markers of insulin reserve (fasting C-peptide and IGFBP-1) over time.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants included two groups: (1) T2DM Nonacidotic (NA) (n = 46); and (2) T2DM diabetic ketoacidosis (n = 13). HbA1c, insulin dose, and fasting C-peptide and IGFBP-1 were obtained at baseline and every 6 months for 4 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline, Mann Whitney tests demonstrated that the diabetic ketoacidosis group had higher HbA1c (P = .002), required more insulin (P = .036), and had lower C-peptide (P = .003) than the NA group. Baseline insulin dose (Spearman r = -0.424, P = .009) and baseline IGFBP-1 (Spearman r = -0.349, P = .046) correlated negatively with C-peptide. Over time, HbA1c, insulin dose, and C-peptide changed significantly in a complex manner, with group differences. HbA1c reached a nadir at 6 to 12 months and began to rise after 1.5 years. Insulin requirements reached a nadir at 1 year and began to rise after 2 years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Unlike adults, children with T2DM require increasing insulin doses over a 4-year period, and diabetic ketoacidosis at diagnosis predicts greater β-cell decline over time.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4399, USA. KatzL@email.chop.edu
authors.forename: Lorraine E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Levitt Katz
authors.forename: Sheela Natesh
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Magge
authors.forename: Marcia L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Hernandez
authors.forename: Kathryn M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: Heather M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: McKnight
authors.forename: Terri
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lipman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001786:Blood Glucose; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose