title: Anatomic variability in alveolar sites for skeletal anchorage.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Because alveolar bone is used for skeletal anchorage, the variability and reliability of its dimensions are important.
  
  
  METHODS
  Interradicular distances, cortical thicknesses, and buccolingual spaces were measured on computed tomography images of 22 adults (13 maxillary and 9 mandibular). Intra-arch analyses were done with paired t tests; the interarch comparisons were studied with independent t tests. The intraclass correlation coefficient was calculated between corresponding units.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Interradicular distances were greater for the molars than for the incisors, and apical distances were greater than cervical. The mandibular lingual cortical thickness was the greatest, and the maxillary buccal cortical thickness was less than the mandibular in the molar apical zones. The widest and narrowest buccolingual spaces were found at the maxillary molars and the mandibular incisors, respectively. The cross values of cortical bone thickness were wider than the axial means and they had low agreement, so they had interradicular distances on the right and left sides.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although interradicular distances must be carefully assessed, the molars were favorable sites for skeletal anchorage. Placing anchorage in anterior sites requires even more careful planning, including the use of computed tomography records.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Pontíficia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fernando Lima
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Martinelli
authors.forename: Ronir Raggio
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Luiz
authors.forename: Marcelo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Faria
authors.forename: Lincoln Issamu
authors.initials: LI
authors.lastname: Nojima
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000539:Alveolar Process / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D002508:Cephalometry; D003724:Dental Arch / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007180:Incisor / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D008297:Male; D008334:Mandible / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D008437:Maxilla / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D008963:Molar / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D052280:Orthodontic Anchorage Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014092:Tooth Root / Q000033:anatomy & histology