title: A study of calcium intake and sources of calcium in adolescent boys and girls from two socioeconomic strata, in Pune, India.
abstract: Adequate intake of calcium is important for skeletal growth. Low calcium intake during childhood and adolescence may lead to decreased bone mass accrual thereby increasing the risk of osteoporotic fractures. Our aim was to study dietary calcium intake and sources of calcium in adolescents from lower and upper economic strata in Pune, India. We hypothesized that children from lower economic strata would have lower intakes of calcium, which would predominantly be derived from non-dairy sources. Two hundred male and female adolescents, from lower and upper economic stratum were studied. Semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire was used to evaluate intakes of calcium, phosphorus, oxalic acid, phytin, energy and protein. The median calcium intake was significantly different in all four groups, with maximum intake in the upper economic strata boys (893 mg, 689-1295) and lowest intake in lower economic strata girls (506 mg, 380-674). The median calcium intake in lower economic strata boys was 767 mg (585-1043) and that in upper economic strata girls was 764 mg (541-959). The main source of calcium was dairy products in upper economic strata adolescents while it was dark green leafy vegetables in lower economic strata adolescents. The median calcium intake was much lower in lower economic strata than in the upper economic strata both in boys and girls. Girls from both groups had less access to dairy products as compared to boys. Measures need to be taken to rectify low calcium intake in lower economic strata adolescents and to address gender inequality in distribution of dairy products in India.
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary School of Health Science, University of Pune, and Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, India.
authors.forename: Neha J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Sanwalka
authors.forename: Anuradha V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Khadilkar
authors.forename: M Zulf
authors.initials: MZ
authors.lastname: Mughal
authors.forename: Mehmood G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Sayyad
authors.forename: Vaman V
authors.initials: VV
authors.lastname: Khadilkar
authors.forename: Shilpa C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Shirole
authors.forename: Uma P
authors.initials: UP
authors.lastname: Divate
authors.forename: Dhanshari R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Bhandari
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017195:Adolescent Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D001827:Body Height; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight; D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003611:Dairy Products; D004032:Diet; D015930:Diet Records; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D008297:Male; D019815:Oxalic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D016226:Phosphorus, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage; D010833:Phytic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D012737:Sex Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D002136:Calcium, Dietary; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D016226:Phosphorus, Dietary; D010833:Phytic Acid; D019815:Oxalic Acid