title: Serum anti-inflammatory markers in general population subjects with elevated depressive symptoms.
abstract: Anti-inflammatory substances have previously been suggested to show compensatory elevations in depressed individuals with pronounced inflammatory changes. In order to further clarify these observations, we examined depression-related alterations in the serum levels of anti-inflammatory markers interleukin (IL)-1 receptor antagonist (RA) and IL-10 and the pro-inflammatory marker IL-6 in 416 general population participants. Depression was evaluated with the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Participants with elevated depressive symptoms (BDI>14, n=44) had increased levels of IL-1 RA and IL-6. No changes were observed in their IL-10 levels. In multivariate modeling with adjustments for age, gender, obesity, regular smoking, alcohol use, metabolic syndrome, physical exercise, sleep disturbance, and the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, a high level of IL-1 RA was associated with an increased likelihood of belonging to the group with elevated depressive symptoms (OR for each 1 SD increase in the serum level of IL-1 RA: 2.17, 95% CI 1.35-3.48, p=0.001). The significance of IL-6 alterations did not persist in the same model. The pronounced secretion of anti-inflammatory marker IL-1 RA may reflect the presence of compensatory mechanisms during a depression-related inflammatory state.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Kuopio University Hospital, 70210 Kuopio, Finland. Soili.Lehto@kuh.fi
authors.forename: Soili M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Lehto
authors.forename: Leo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Niskanen
authors.forename: Juhani
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Miettola
authors.forename: Tommi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tolmunen
authors.forename: Heimo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Viinamäki
authors.forename: Pekka
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mäntyselkä
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood*; D053590:Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000097:blood; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D053590:Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016753:Interleukin-10