title: Patterns of relationships between background characteristics, coping, and stroke caregiver outcomes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Little is known about mediators of stroke caregiver outcomes or patterns of relationships of outcome predictors. We examined relationships between the variable sets of caregiver and stroke survivor characteristics, coping (proposed mediators), and caregiver outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We assessed 253 dyads prior to discharge from acute rehabilitation. Outcomes were depression, anxiety, preparedness, life change, and family functioning. Coping included problem solving, caregiver appraisal, and unmet resource needs. Multivariate canonical correlation analyses were computed between the sets of variables to identify unique patterns of relationships.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six patterns of significant relationships were found (R =.30 to .84, Ps <.01 to .02). The strongest relationship was that between greater threat appraisal and negative life change, greater anxiety, and lower caregiving preparedness (P < .01). Caregiver characteristics (nonwhite, spousal caregivers) were related significantly to several outcomes (positive life change, lower anxiety, and less healthy family functioning) (R = .43, P <.01) and remained significant after controlling for the effect of mediators (R = .32, P < .02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings suggest various patterns of relationships that provide guidance for individualizing early caregiver intervention. Clinicians can build on caregivers' strengths while identifying threats to adaptation to tailor interventions that promote healthy outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Rosemarie B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: King
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Hartke
authors.forename: Timothy T
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Houle
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological / Q000502:physiology*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D013315:Stress, Psychological; D020521:Stroke / Q000451:nursing* / Q000503:physiopathology; D000071939:Stroke Rehabilitation; D055815:Young Adult
references.citation: Res Nurs Health. 2001 Aug;24(4):307-23
references.pmid: 11746061
references.citation: Top Stroke Rehabil. 2002 Spring;9(1):46-66
references.pmid: 14523722
references.citation: Psychooncology. 2002 Jul-Aug;11(4):273-81
references.pmid: 12203741
references.citation: Res Nurs Health. 1990 Dec;13(6):375-84
references.pmid: 2270302
references.citation: Soc Sci Med. 1999 Sep;49(6):711-25
references.pmid: 10459884
references.citation: Top Stroke Rehabil. 2009 Mar-Apr;16(2):93-104
references.pmid: 19581196
references.citation: Stroke. 1988 Oct;19(10):1243-9
references.pmid: 3176084
references.citation: Nurs Res. 2004 Nov-Dec;53(6):406-13
references.pmid: 15586137
references.citation: Nurs Res. 1999 Sep-Oct;48(5):250-9
references.pmid: 10494909
references.citation: J Consult Clin Psychol. 1996 Feb;64(1):121-9
references.pmid: 8907091
references.citation: Gerontologist. 1990 Oct;30(5):583-94
references.pmid: 2276631
references.citation: Psychol Aging. 1988 Jun;3(2):131-41
references.pmid: 3268251
references.citation: Gerontology. 2008;54(3):131-7
references.pmid: 18204247
references.citation: Rehabil Nurs. 2007 Mar-Apr;32(2):68-76, 84
references.pmid: 17432635
references.citation: J Health Soc Behav. 1997 Mar;38(1):21-37
references.pmid: 9097506
references.citation: Stroke. 2005 Mar;36(3):639-43
references.pmid: 15677575
references.citation: Oncol Nurs Forum. 1991 Nov-Dec;18(8):1341-8
references.pmid: 1762974
references.citation: Public Health Rep. 1994 Sep-Oct;109(5):665-72
references.pmid: 7938388
references.citation: Top Stroke Rehabil. 1998 Fall;5(3):51-68
references.pmid: 26368585
references.citation: Stroke. 1999 Jul;30(7):1478-85
references.pmid: 10390326
references.citation: J Adv Nurs. 1999 Sep;30(3):552-63
references.pmid: 10499211
references.citation: Stroke. 1998 Sep;29(9):1867-72
references.pmid: 9731610
references.citation: Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1991 Feb;72(2):144-7
references.pmid: 1991016
references.citation: J Gerontol Nurs. 2006 Apr;32(4):37-44
references.pmid: 16615711
references.citation: J Neurosci Nurs. 2002 Oct;34(5):242-51
references.pmid: 12391740
references.citation: Brain Inj. 2004 Aug;18(8):797-809
references.pmid: 15204320
references.citation: JAMA. 1999 Dec 15;282(23):2215-9
references.pmid: 10605972
references.citation: Circulation. 2009 Jan 27;119(3):480-6
references.pmid: 19171871
references.citation: J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2004 Jul;59(4):P185-90
references.pmid: 15294922
references.citation: Nurs Res. 2001 Jan-Feb;50(1):53-60
references.pmid: 19785245
references.citation: Stroke. 2002 Aug;33(8):2060-5
references.pmid: 12154263
references.citation: J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2007 Mar;62(2):P126-37
references.pmid: 17379673
references.citation: Nurs Res. 2006 Sep-Oct;55(5):346-55
references.pmid: 16980835
references.citation: Gerontologist. 2002 Apr;42(2):237-72
references.pmid: 11914467
references.citation: Stroke. 1998 Feb;29(2):368-72
references.pmid: 9472876
references.citation: J Aging Health. 1997 Aug;9(3):316-33
references.pmid: 10182396
references.citation: Stroke. 2009 Apr;40(4):1399-404
references.pmid: 19095973
references.citation: Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2006 Mar;87(3):343-50
references.pmid: 16500167
references.citation: J Clin Nurs. 2007 May;16(5):885-91
references.pmid: 17462038