title: Mothers' teaching strategies and children's effortful control: a longitudinal study.
abstract: Findings on the relation of maternal verbal teaching strategies to children's effortful control (EC; i.e., self-regulation) are limited in quantity and somewhat inconsistent. In this study, children's EC was assessed at 18, 30, and 42 months (ns = 255, 229, and 209, respectively) with adults' reports and a behavioral measure. Mothers' verbal teaching strategies were assessed while the mother and child worked on a task together. Children's general vocabulary also was measured. In a structural panel model taking into account prior levels of constructs and correlations within time, as well as the relations of EC and teaching strategies to children's vocabulary, socioeconomic status, age, and sex of the child, 18-month EC positively predicted mothers' 30-month cognitive assistance and questioning strategies and negatively predicted 30-month maternal directive strategies. In addition, high 30-month EC predicted greater 42-month maternal cognitive assistance and fewer directive strategies. Thus, mothers' teaching strategies were predicted by individual differences in self-regulatory skills, supporting potential evocative child effects on mothers' teaching strategies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1104, USA. nancy.eisenberg@asu.edu
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Eisenberg
authors.forename: Masa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vidmar
authors.forename: Tracy L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Spinrad
authors.forename: Natalie D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Eggum
authors.forename: Alison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.forename: Bridget
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gaertner
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kupfer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002657:Child Development / Q000502:physiology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007100:Imitative Behavior; D007223:Infant; D007389:Internal-External Control; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008425:Maternal Behavior; D008960:Models, Psychological; D009034:Mother-Child Relations; D012927:Social Control, Informal; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013663:Teaching; D013997:Time Factors; D014825:Vocabulary
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