Vascular disease in pre-diabetes: new insights derived from systems biology.
In many cases vascular disease is present before the clinical onset of type 2 diabetes, that is, during the pre-diabetic period when insulin levels are markedly increased. In pre-diabetes, microvascular dysfunction correlates with plasma insulin levels and not blood glucose. Here we discuss the concept that insulin, at levels found in pre-diabetes, contributes to microvascular disease in skeletal muscle by inhibiting the release of the vasodilator, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), from erythrocytes.
Sprague
Randy S
RS
Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, USA. spraguer@slu.edu
Ellsworth
Mary L
ML
D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000097:blood; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D055806:Microvessels / Q000503:physiopathology; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D011236:Prediabetic State / Q000097:blood* / Q000503:physiopathology; D049490:Systems Biology; D014652:Vascular Diseases / Q000097:blood* / Q000503:physiopathology
D007328:Insulin; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D010100:Oxygen
Diabetes Care. 2003 Mar;26(3):645-9
12610015
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2010 Jun;298(6):H1661-70
20207810
Microcirculation. 2009 Jul;16(5):424-33
19412833
Diabetologia. 1994 Feb;37(2):214-6
8163058
Diabetologia. 2000 Nov;43(11):1439-48
11126416
Acta Physiol Scand. 2000 Apr;168(4):551-9
10759592
Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2010 Feb;235(2):256-62
20404042
Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2007 Nov;18(9):350-5
17959385
BMJ. 1991 May 11;302(6785):1122-3
2043783
J Theor Biol. 2000 Sep 21;206(2):181-94
10966756
Am J Cardiol. 2006 Apr 15;97(8):1250-4
16616036
Diabetes Care. 2010 Jan;33 Suppl 1:S11-61
20042772
Diabetes. 1986 Jan;35(1):101-5
3510133
JAMA. 1990 Jun 6;263(21):2893-8
2338751
Physiology (Bethesda). 2009 Apr;24:107-16
19364913
Horm Res. 1985;22(4):270-5
3908275
Endocrinology. 1998 Jan;139(1):219-27
9421418
Diabetes Care. 2010 Jan;33 Suppl 1:S62-9
20042775
Diabetologia. 1997 Feb;40(2):238-43
9049487
Am J Physiol. 1997 Apr;272(4 Pt 2):H1886-91
9139975