title: Our experience with secondary reconstruction of external rotation in obstetrical brachial plexus palsy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Restoration of shoulder external rotation is very important for upper extremity function. The purpose of this study was to present the authors' experience with secondary restoration of external rotation in patients with obstetrical brachial plexus palsy.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 1978 to 2002, 46 children underwent secondary surgery for restoration of external rotation. Outcomes were analyzed in relation to various factors, including the type of procedure, muscle transfer only versus nerve reconstruction and muscle transfer, denervation time, type of injury (Erb versus global palsy), and severity score. In addition, the effect of restoration of external rotation on the final outcome of shoulder abduction was assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was significant improvement in every case (p < 0.01) between preoperatively and postoperatively. The overall mean postoperative Mallet score for the group undergoing muscle transfer only was 3.95, whereas in the nerve reconstruction and muscle transfer group, the score was 3.88 (p >0.05). The resulting gain in external rotation was 99 degrees versus 93.8 degrees. In both populations, a very significant improvement (p <0.0001) was identified in the final outcome of shoulder abduction (109 degrees after muscle transfer versus 48.3 degrees before muscle transfer, and 112 degrees postoperatively after neurotization and muscle transfer versus 43.8 degrees before any surgery). Patients with Erb palsy had a better but not significant result (p >0.05; p = 0.94), compared with those with global palsy in both Mallet score (3.77 versus 3.76) and final active external rotation (81.7 degrees versus 77.6 degrees).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Secondary surgery for the restoration of external rotation is a rewarding procedure, which also significantly improves the final outcome of shoulder abduction.
authors.affiliation: Norfolk, Va. From the Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, and the Microsurgery Program, Eastern Virginia Medical School.
authors.forename: Julia K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Terzis
authors.forename: Epaminondas
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kostopoulos
mesh_terms: D001720:Birth Injuries / Q000601:surgery*; D020516:Brachial Plexus Neuropathies / Q000601:surgery*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods*
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