title: Regulation of breast cancer cell motility by T-cell lymphoma invasion and metastasis-inducing protein.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  T-cell lymphoma invasion and metastasis-inducing protein (Tiam1) is a Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate (Rac)-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor that was isolated based on its ability to induce a metastatic phenotype. In polarized migrating keratinocytes, Tiam1 is found at the leading edge where it cooperates with the Protease-activated receptor 1 (Par1) complex to establish front-rear polarity. Although a positive correlation has been observed between Tiam1 expression and tumor grade in a variety of human malignancies, including breast, its role in breast cancer cells has not yet been examined.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tiam1 expression and Rac activity were examined in a panel of human breast cancer cell lines which exhibit different degrees of cell motility. The contribution of Tiam1 to cell motility was directly examined using transwell motility, and wound healing assays.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although we observe a striking, positive correlation between Tiam1 expression and cell motility in the panel of breast cancer cell lines, we do not observe a correlation between Tiam1 expression and overall levels of Rac activity. Consistent with this, small interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA)-mediated suppression of Tiam1 expression limits the motility of cell lines in which Tiam1 expression is high (MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-453), but does not substantially alter the overall levels of activated Rac. Tiam1 overexpression is also not sufficient to increase the motility of more poorly motile cells (T-47D) or increase Rac activity. Immunofluorescence and cellular fractionations indicate that Tiam1 is found predominantly in the Golgi of breast cancer cells, and in the latter case Tiam1 was shown to co-fractionate with a limited pool of Rac1. Consistent with this Golgi localization, Tiam1 supports cell motility and Golgi reorientation in response to serum in a wound healing assay using MDA-MB-231and MDA-MB-435S cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tiam1 expression correlates with cell motility in human breast cancer cells, and is required to support the motile phenotype. Localization of endogenous Tiam1 to the Golgi, and its demonstrated role in Golgi reorientation, suggest that it may support motility through a mechanism that is discrete from its known function in leading edge dynamics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University Hospital Cancer Center, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, 07101-1709, USA.
authors.forename: Homer C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.forename: Ru
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Zhuoming
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Ian P
authors.initials: IP
authors.lastname: Whitehead
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002465:Cell Movement; D005260:Female; D006056:Golgi Apparatus / Q000378:metabolism; D020662:Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D034622:RNA Interference; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D044463:Receptor, PAR-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D000075684:T-Lymphoma Invasion and Metastasis-inducing Protein 1; D020764:cdc42 GTP-Binding Protein / Q000235:genetics; D020744:rac GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D020662:Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D044463:Receptor, PAR-1; D000075684:T-Lymphoma Invasion and Metastasis-inducing Protein 1; C087334:TIAM1 protein, human; D020764:cdc42 GTP-Binding Protein; D020744:rac GTP-Binding Proteins
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