title: Clinical and non-clinical depressive symptoms and risk of long-term sickness absence among female employees in the Danish eldercare sector.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Depression has a high point and life time prevalence and is a major cause of reduced work ability and long-term sickness absence (LTSA). Less is known of the extent to which non-clinical depressive symptoms are related to the risk of LTSA. The aim of this study was to investigate how non-clinical and clinical depressive symptoms are prospectively associated to subsequent LTSA.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a cohort study of 6985 female employees from the Danish eldercare sector depressive symptoms were measured by the Major Depression Inventory (MDI) and scores (0-50) were divided into groups of 0-4, 5-9, 10-14, 15-19, ≥20 points and clinical depression. Data was linked to a national register with information on LTSA (≥3 weeks). Hazard ratios (HR) for LTSA during a 1-year follow-up were calculated by Cox's proportional hazards model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to the reference group (0-4) the HR was stronger for each subsequent group: MDI scores of 5-9: HR=1.07 (95% CI: 0.93-1.24); 10-14: 1.38 (1.15-1.66); 15-19: 1.54 (1.20-1.98); ≥20: 1.96 (1.45-2.64); clinical depression: 2.32 (1.59-3.38); after adjustment for previous LTSA, age, family status, smoking, leisure time physical activity, BMI, and occupational group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Missing information on the cause of sickness absence and prevalent somatic illness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A clear dose-response relationship exists between increasing depressive symptoms and risk of LTSA. The adverse effect of non-clinical depressive symptoms on LTSA already manifests itself at relatively low scores.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  this study illustrates the valuable information of considering the whole continuum of depressive symptoms.
authors.affiliation: National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. pmi@nrcwe.dk
authors.forename: Pernille U
authors.initials: PU
authors.lastname: Hjarsbech
authors.forename: Rikke Voss
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Andersen
authors.forename: Karl Bang
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Christensen
authors.forename: Birgit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Aust
authors.forename: Vilhelm
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Borg
authors.forename: Reiner
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rugulies
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003718:Denmark / Q000453:epidemiology; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006299:Health Services for the Aged; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D018582:Sick Leave / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000078329:Workforce