Kidney stones: a global picture of prevalence, incidence, and associated risk factors.
The prevalence and incidence of nephrolithiasis is reported to be increasing across the world. Herein, we review information regarding stone incidence and prevalence from a global perspective. A literature search using PubMed and Ovid was performed to identify peer-reviewed journal articles containing information on the incidence and prevalence of kidney stones. Key words used included kidney stone prevalence, incidence, and epidemiology. Data were collected from the identified literature and sorted by demographic factors and time period. A total of 75 articles were identified containing kidney stone-related incidence or prevalence data from 20 countries; 34 provided suitable information for review. Data regarding overall prevalence or incidence for more than a single time period were found for 7 countries (incidence data for 4 countries; prevalence data for 5 countries). These included 5 European countries (Italy, Germany, Scotland, Spain, and Sweden), Japan, and the United States. The body of evidence suggests that the incidence and prevalence of kidney stones is increasing globally. These increases are seen across sex, race, and age. Changes in dietary practices may be a key driving force. In addition, global warming may influence these trends.
Romero
Victoriano
V
Wake Forest University School of Medicine Winston-Salem, NC.
Akpinar
Haluk
H
Assimos
Dean G
DG
Nephron. 1999;81 Suppl 1:26-30
9873211
J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1991 Mar-Apr;6(2):165-8
1912425
Actas Urol Esp. 2007 May;31(5):511-20
17711170
Eur Urol. 1979;5(1):26-8
428407
Urology. 2002 Apr;59(4):517-21
11927302
J Urol. 2004 May;171(5):1920-4
15076312
Kidney Int. 2005 Sep;68(3):1230-5
16105055
Urol Int. 2004;72 Suppl 1:1-5
15133324
Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009 Apr;4(4):804-11
19339425
Br J Urol. 1977;49(7):589-95
597693
Eur Urol. 2000 Jan;37(1):23-5
10671780
Kidney Int. 1979 Nov;16(5):624-31
548606
Am J Public Health. 1991 May;81(5):587-91
2014858
J Am Soc Nephrol. 1997 Oct;8(10):1568-73
9335385
Am J Epidemiol. 1982 Feb;115(2):255-65
7058784
Int Urol Nephrol. 1994;26(2):145-50
8034422
Scand J Urol Nephrol. 2006;40(3):215-20
16809263
Urol Int. 2002;68(3):172-7
11919463
Urology. 2008 Feb;71(2):209-13
18308085
Invest Urol. 1978 May;15(6):438-41
649290
Acta Radiol. 1993 Sep;34(5):482-5
8369185
J Urol. 2005 Mar;173(3):858-61
15711293
J Pak Med Assoc. 2003 Jan;53(1):24-5
12666848
Ann Intern Med. 1998 Apr 1;128(7):534-40
9518397
Rural Remote Health. 2006 Oct-Dec;6(4):610
17155848
Obes Res. 2005 Jul;13(7):1281-99
16077000
JAMA. 2005 Jan 26;293(4):455-62
15671430
Int J Urol. 2005 Oct;12(10):859-63
16323977
Urol Res. 2006 Feb;34(1):8-11
16425020
Int J Urol. 1996 May;3(3):175-9
8776612
Br J Urol. 1987 Feb;59(2):111-7
3828704
Public Health Nutr. 2002 Feb;5(1A):175-82
12027282
Am J Epidemiol. 1999 Jul 15;150(2):187-94
10412964
Int J Urol. 1997 Nov;4(6):537-40
9477179
Br J Urol. 1990 Mar;65(3):231-5
2337741
Urol Res. 2007 Apr;35(2):73-82
17361397
Pediatr Nephrol. 2010 Jan;25(1):49-59
21476230
Kidney Int. 2008 Jan;73(2):207-12
17928824
Kidney Int. 2006 Feb;69(4):760-4
16518332
Am J Clin Nutr. 1997 Feb;65(2 Suppl):704S-707S
9022569
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Jul 15;105(28):9841-6
18626008
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2007;16 Suppl 1:374-82
17392135
Eur Urol. 1991;20(3):200-3
1823043
Eur Urol. 2003 Dec;44(6):709-13
14644124
Public Health Nutr. 2002 Feb;5(1A):141-8
12027277
Kidney Int. 2004 Dec;66(6):2402-10
15569332
Kidney Int. 2003 May;63(5):1817-23
12675858
J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007 Jul;18(7):2198-204
17538185
J Urol. 1994 Apr;151(4):838-41
8126805
Kidney Int. 2005 Oct;68(4):1808-14
16164658
Kidney Int. 1994 Sep;46(3):893-9
7996811
Kidney Int. 1999 Nov;56(5):1899-904
10571800