title: Unstable cervical spine fracture after penetrating neck injury: a rare entity in an analysis of 1,069 patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The value of cervical spine immobilization after penetrating trauma to the neck is the subject of lively debate. The purpose of this study was to review the epidemiology of unstable cervical spine injuries (CSI) after penetrating neck trauma in a large cohort of patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a retrospective analysis of patients admitted with penetrating neck injuries to a Level I trauma center from January 1996 through December 2008. A penetrating neck injury was defined as a gunshot wound (GSW) or stab wound (SW) between the clavicles and the base of the skull. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to investigate associations between injury mechanisms, the presence of CSI instability, and mortality. Risk factors independently associated with the presence of a CSI were identified.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 1,069 patients met inclusion criteria, of which 463 patients (43.3%) and 606 patients (56.7%) were sustaining GSW and SW, respectively. Overall, 65 patients (6.1%) were diagnosed with a CSI with a significantly higher incidence after GSWs compared with SWs (12.1% vs. 1.5%; p < 0.001). In four patients (0.4%), the CSI was considered unstable, all of them following GSW. All patients with unstable CSI had obvious neurologic deficits or altered mental status at the time of admission. Risk factors independently associated with the presence of a CSI were GSW to the neck and a Glasgow Coma Scale score ≤8 on admission (R = 0.16).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The overall incidence of unstable CSI after penetrating trauma to the neck is exceedingly low at 0.4%. Following GSW to the neck, an unstable CSI was noted in <1% of patients. After cervical SW, however, no spinal instability was noted precluding the need for spinal precautions in these instances.
authors.affiliation: Division of Acute Care Surgery (Trauma, Emergency Surgery, and Surgical Critical Care), Los Angeles County + University of Southern California Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90033-4525, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lustenberger
authors.forename: Peep
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Talving
authors.forename: Lydia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lam
authors.forename: Leslie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Inaba
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Plurad
authors.forename: Bernardino C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Branco
authors.forename: Demetrios
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Demetriades
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000293:injuries*; D005260:Female; D005592:Fracture Fixation / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D019838:Neck Injuries; D012307:Risk Factors; D016103:Spinal Fractures / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D014193:Trauma Centers; D015599:Trauma Severity Indices; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014948:Wounds, Gunshot / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D014950:Wounds, Penetrating / Q000628:therapy*