title: Safety standards and socioeconomic disparities in school playground injuries: a retrospective cohort study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Playground injuries are fairly common and can require hospitalization and or surgery. Previous research has suggested that compliance with guidelines or standards can reduce the incidence of such injuries, and that poorer children are at increased risk of playground injuries.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to determine the association between playground injury and school socioeconomic status before and after the upgrading of playground equipment to meet CSA guidelines.
  
  
  METHODS
  Injury data were collected from January 1998-December 1999 and January 2004 - June 2007 for 374 elementary schools in Toronto, Canada. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of a program of playground assessment, upgrading, and replacement on school injury rates and socio-economic status. Injury rates were calculated for all injuries, injuries that did not occur on equipment, and injuries on play equipment. Poisson regression was performed to determine the relationship between injury rates and school socio-economic status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prior to upgrading the equipment there was a significant relationship between socio-economic status and equipment-related injuries with children at poorer schools being at increased risk (Relative risk: 1.52 [95% CI = 1.24-1.86]). After unsafe equipment was upgraded, the relationship between injury and SES decreased and was no longer significant (RR 1.13 [95% CI = 0.95-1.32]).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Improvements in playground equipment can result in an environment in which students from schools in poorer neighbourhoods are no longer at increased risk of injuries on play equipment.
authors.affiliation: York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto ON, Canada. alison3@yorku.ca
authors.forename: Alison K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Macpherson
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rothman
authors.forename: Colin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Macarthur
authors.forename: Andrew W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Howard
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D006801:Humans; D009864:Ontario / Q000453:epidemiology; D010988:Play and Playthings / Q000293:injuries*; D015397:Program Evaluation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012449:Safety / Q000592:standards*; D012923:Social Class; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*
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