title: A simple colorimetric assay for specific detection of glutathione-S transferase activity associated with DDT resistance in mosquitoes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Insecticide-based methods represent the most effective means of blocking the transmission of vector borne diseases. However, insecticide resistance poses a serious threat and there is a need for tools, such as diagnostic tests for resistance detection, that will improve the sustainability of control interventions. The development of such tools for metabolism-based resistance in mosquito vectors lags behind those for target site resistance mutations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We have developed and validated a simple colorimetric assay for the detection of Epsilon class Glutathione transferases (GST)-based DDT resistance in mosquito species, such as Aedes aegypti, the major vector of dengue and yellow fever worldwide. The colorimetric assay is based on the specific alkyl transferase activity of Epsilon GSTs for the haloalkene substrate iodoethane, which produces a dark blue colour highly correlated with AaGSTE2-2-overexpression in individual mosquitoes. The colour can be measured visually and spectrophotometrically.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The novel assay is substantially more sensitive compared to the gold standard CDNB assay and allows the discrimination of moderate resistance phenotypes. We anticipate that it will have direct application in routine vector monitoring as a resistance indicator and possibly an important impact on disease vector control.
authors.affiliation: Vector Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Evangelia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Morou
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Dowd
authors.forename: Shavanti
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rajatileka
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Steven
authors.forename: Janet
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hemingway
authors.forename: Hilary
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ranson
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Paine
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vontas
mesh_terms: D000330:Aedes / Q000201:enzymology*; D000818:Animals; D002863:Chromogenic Compounds / Q000378:metabolism; D003124:Colorimetry / Q000379:methods*; D003634:DDT; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000378:metabolism*; D006847:Hydrocarbons, Iodinated / Q000378:metabolism; D007305:Insecticide Resistance; D010274:Parasitology / Q000379:methods*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D002863:Chromogenic Compounds; D006847:Hydrocarbons, Iodinated; C521551:iodoethane; D003634:DDT; D005982:Glutathione Transferase
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