The cerebellum and basal ganglia are interconnected.
The cerebellum and the basal ganglia are major subcortical nuclei that control multiple aspects of behavior largely through their interactions with the cerebral cortex. Discrete multisynaptic loops connect both the cerebellum and the basal ganglia with multiple areas of the cerebral cortex. Interactions between these loops have traditionally been thought to occur mainly at the level of the cerebral cortex. Here, we review a series of recent anatomical studies in nonhuman primates that challenge this perspective. We show that the anatomical substrate exists for substantial interactions between the cerebellum and the basal ganglia. Furthermore, we discuss how these pathways may provide a useful framework for understanding cerebellar contributions to the manifestation of two prototypical basal ganglia disorders, Parkinson's disease and dystonia.
Bostan
Andreea C
AC
Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Systems Neuroscience Institute, and Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA. acb42@pitt.edu
Strick
Peter L
PL
D000818:Animals; D001479:Basal Ganglia / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000473:pathology; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000473:pathology; D004421:Dystonia / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology*; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology
J Neurol. 1999 Sep;246 Suppl 2:II42-5
10526001
Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 2000 Mar;31(2-3):236-50
10719151
Mov Disord. 2004 Jan;19(1):3-14
14743354
Brain. 1997 Jan;120 ( Pt 1):103-10
9055801
Cereb Cortex. 2002 Sep;12(9):926-35
12183392
Neuroscience. 1998 Aug;85(3):773-83
9639271
J Neurophysiol. 1994 Aug;72(2):507-20
7983515
Ann Neurol. 2003 Jul;54(1):102-9
12838525
Neuroscience. 2000;96(3):549-64
10717435
Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 1996 Aug;22(2):93-181
8883918
Mov Disord. 2008 Jan 30;23(2):168-73
17973325
Nat Rev Neurosci. 2008 Mar;9(3):222-34
18285800
J Comp Neurol. 1988 May 22;271(4):473-92
2454970
Eur J Neurosci. 2000 Mar;12(3):1033-7
10762334
Lancet Neurol. 2006 Sep;5(9):780-90
16914406
Neuroscience. 2009 Nov 24;164(1):220-9
19162138
J Comp Neurol. 1995 Jun 5;356(3):457-80
7642806
Brain. 2001 Sep;124(Pt 9):1777-90
11522580
Cereb Cortex. 2005 Jul;15(7):913-20
15459083
Prog Neurobiol. 2009 Feb;87(2):118-31
19022333
Clin Psychol Rev. 2006 Aug;26(4):433-44
16480802
J Neurosci Methods. 2000 Nov 15;103(1):63-71
11074096
Eur J Neurosci. 2003 Jun;17(11):2388-400
12814370
J Neurophysiol. 2008 Nov;100(5):2515-24
18701754
Prog Brain Res. 2004;143:449-59
14653187
Brain. 2008 Jan;131(Pt 1):146-54
17947338
Arch Neurol. 2004 Aug;61(8):1307-13
15313852
Neuroimage. 2003 May;19(1):163-79
12781736
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Jan 19;107(3):1196-200
20080543
J Comp Neurol. 2001 Feb 12;430(3):369-88
11169474
Neuron. 2010 Mar 11;65(5):585-96
20223196
Trends Neurosci. 1993 Nov;16(11):444-7
7507614
Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 1997 Feb;23(1-2):62-78
9063587
Brain. 1999 Mar;122 ( Pt 3):483-95
10094257
Physiol Rev. 1974 Oct;54(4):957-1006
4370744
J Neurosci. 1988 Mar;8(3):754-64
3346719
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996 Aug 6;93(16):8683-7
8710931
J Neurosci. 2003 Sep 10;23(23):8432-44
12968006
J Neurosci. 2001 Jan 15;21(2):700-12
11160449
Adv Neurol. 1998;78:1-10
9750897
Brain. 2004 Jan;127(Pt 1):4-20
14607789
J Comp Neurol. 1996 Apr 29;368(2):215-28
8725303
Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2000 Dec;10(6):732-9
11240282
Brain. 1994 Aug;117 ( Pt 4):859-76
7922471
Biol Psychiatry. 2008 Jul 15;64(2):81-8
18395701
Trends Neurosci. 1990 Jul;13(7):266-71
1695401
J Neurosci. 1999 Feb 15;19(4):1446-63
9952421
Neuroimage. 2006 May 15;31(1):301-7
16466936
J Neurophysiol. 2003 Jan;89(1):634-9
12522208
Appl Neurophysiol. 1987;50(1-6):330-7
3329871
J Neurosci. 2001 Aug 15;21(16):6283-91
11487651
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999 Feb 16;96(4):1674-9
9990083
Schizophr Bull. 1998;24(2):203-18
9613621
Neurosci Lett. 1997 Dec 12;239(1):13-6
9547160
Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2005 Dec;15(6):638-44
16271465
Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 1995 Jan;20(1):91-127
7711769
Neurosci Lett. 2008 Sep 19;442(3):195-9
18634849
J Neurosci. 2009 Aug 5;29(31):9740-7
19657027
Ann Neurol. 1998 Oct;44(4):622-8
9778260
Mov Disord. 2002 Jul;17(4):782-8
12210876
J Neurosci. 2007 Oct 3;27(40):10659-73
17913900
J Neurosci. 2002 Sep 1;22(17):7825-33
12196606
Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 1995 Jan;20(1):128-54
7711765
J Neurol Sci. 1974 Jun;22(2):245-59
4829196
Exp Brain Res. 1978 Nov 15;33(3-4):395-403
83239
Mov Disord. 2003 Jul;18(7):791-8
12815658
Neurology. 2006 Apr 25;66(8):1192-9
16636237
Brain. 2008 Sep;131(Pt 9):2499-509
18669484
Brain. 2005 Oct;128(Pt 10):2250-9
15958505
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 May 4;107(18):8452-6
20404184
Behav Neurosci. 1989 Oct;103(5):998-1008
2679667
Behav Neurosci. 1986 Aug;100(4):443-54
3741598
Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003 Jun;991:199-213
12846988
Exp Brain Res. 1994;100(1):181-6
7813649
Curr Opin Neurol. 1998 Aug;11(4):319-26
9725077
Brain Res. 1999 Jul 3;833(2):191-201
10375694
Behav Brain Res. 1991 Aug 29;44(2):113-28
1751002
Mov Disord. 2002;17 Suppl 3:S188-97
11948776
Eur J Neurol. 2010 Jul;17 Suppl 1:58-64
20590810
Ann Neurol. 2002 Dec;52(6):853-6
12447944
J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2004 Jan;24(1):7-16
14688612
Eur J Neurosci. 2000 Jul;12(7):2597-607
10947834
J Neurophysiol. 2009 Dec;102(6):3740-52
19846625
Trends Neurosci. 2008 Mar;31(3):137-45
18258309
Brain. 2004 Sep;127(Pt 9):2055-70
15292054
Neuroimage. 2007 Mar;35(1):222-33
17223579
Ann Neurol. 2010 Apr;67(4):479-87
20437583
Brain. 2004 Sep;127(Pt 9):2039-54
15292053
J Neurosci. 1996 Apr 15;16(8):2671-83
8786443
Brain. 1994 Jun;117 ( Pt 3):531-43
8032863
Cereb Cortex. 2010 Jan;20(1):214-28
19465740
Annu Rev Neurosci. 1986;9:357-81
3085570
Mov Disord. 2003 Jan;18(1):60-9
12518301
Nat Neurosci. 2005 Nov;8(11):1491-3
16205719
Annu Rev Neurosci. 2009;32:413-34
19555291
J Neurophysiol. 1994 Aug;72(2):494-506
7983514
J Neurophysiol. 2009 Jan;101(1):234-45
18987121
Exp Neurol. 1999 Nov;160(1):268-78
10630211
Science. 1994 Oct 21;266(5184):458-61
7939688
Eur J Neurosci. 2002 Apr;15(8):1353-62
11994129
Hum Brain Mapp. 2009 Jan;30(1):112-21
18041743
Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 1971 Sep 30;262(845):441-57
4399123