title: Pain is common in Parkinson's disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Patients with Parkinson's disease may present with severe or intractable pain, which can be more distressing than the motor disability. The aim of this prospective study was to assess the prevalence of pain and underlying causes in patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety-six patients (42 female, 54 men) were interviewed and pain was assessed using patient descriptions, Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and Leeds Assessment of Neuropathic Symptoms and Signs (LANSS). Stait Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-TX 1 and 2) and Beck Depression Scale were also administered.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pain as the first symptom of PD was seen in 3 patients (2.8%), 63 (64.9%) out of 96 patients reported pain. Pain types included musculoskeletal type of different etiologies (28 patients, 44.4%), radicular or neuropathic pain (7 patients, 11.1%), pain secondary to dystonia (12 patients, 19.1%) and central pain (8 patients, 12.7%). Eight patients (12.7%) described more than one type of pain. Pain did not correlate with sex, duration of disease, disease stage, use of dopamine agonists and levodopa, years of levodopa treatment and current levodopa dosage, depression, anxiety, sleep disturbances, age at onset of PD or history of disease in first-degree relatives. Akathisia seemed to be correlated with presence of pain (p<0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that pain is one of the most common non-motor symptoms in patients with PD. In order to identify the appropriate treatment strategy, it is essential to identify the underlying etiology.
authors.affiliation: Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Behavioral Neurology and Movement Disorders Unit, Istanbul, Turkey. hasmet@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Hasmet A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Hanagasi
authors.forename: Sinem
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Akat
authors.forename: Hakan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gurvit
authors.forename: Jale
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yazici
authors.forename: Murat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Emre
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000978:Antiparkinson Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001007:Anxiety / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007980:Levodopa / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales
chemical_list: D000978:Antiparkinson Agents; D007980:Levodopa