title: mTOR signaling is involved in indomethacin and nimesulide suppression of colorectal cancer cell growth via a COX-2 independent pathway.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Inhibition of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) represents an attractive target for anticancer therapy, but its role in suppression of colorectal cancer (CRC) cell growth by cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors is unclear. Here, we analyzed the effect of indomethacin (Indo, a nonselective COX-2 inhibitor) and nimesulide (Nim, a selective COX-2 inhibitor) on mTOR signaling in CRC cells in vitro and in vivo to determine the dependence of this effect on COX-2.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human CRC cell lines with varying COX-2 expression levels were treated with Indo and Nim. Western blot test was performed to detect mTOR-related components (mTOR, p70s6 K, and 4EBP1), and cell viability, cell cycle, and apoptosis were assessed. HCT116 and SW1116 cells were injected into athymic nude mice to establish a CRC xenograft model. After treatment with Nim, tumor volume, mTOR signaling, and apoptosis were evaluated in this model. HT29 and SW1116 cells were also treated with Nim after transfection with COX-2-specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) to assess dependence of COX-2 on mTOR signaling under drug treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both Indo and Nim reduced mTOR signaling activity in CRC cells that differ in their COX-2 expression in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, Indo and Nim could reduce the mTOR signaling activity after COX-2 silencing in CRC cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  mTOR signaling is involved in Indo- and Nim-mediated suppression of CRC growth via a COX-2 independent pathway. This study unveils a novel mechanism through which COX-2 inhibitors exerts their anticancer effects and further emphasizes targeting mTOR signaling in anticancer therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Digestion, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. zhangyanjie2007@126.com
authors.forename: Yan-Jie
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Yu-Jie
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Bao
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Dai
authors.forename: Wen-Yan
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Peng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Li-Ming
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Bi-Jun
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Fo-Hu
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Jiang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects*; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D007213:Indomethacin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008819:Mice, Nude; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000235:genetics; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects*; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D013449:Sulfonamides; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C012655:nimesulide; D007213:Indomethacin