title: Rapid changes in the light/dark cycle disrupt memory of conditioned fear in mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Circadian rhythms govern many aspects of physiology and behavior including cognitive processes. Components of neural circuits involved in learning and memory, e.g., the amygdala and the hippocampus, exhibit circadian rhythms in gene expression and signaling pathways. The functional significance of these rhythms is still not understood. In the present study, we sought to determine the impact of transiently disrupting the circadian system by shifting the light/dark (LD) cycle. Such "jet lag" treatments alter daily rhythms of gene expression that underlie circadian oscillations as well as disrupt the synchrony between the multiple oscillators found within the body.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We subjected adult male C57Bl/6 mice to a contextual fear conditioning protocol either before or after acute phase shifts of the LD cycle. As part of this study, we examined the impact of phase advances and phase delays, and the effects of different magnitudes of phase shifts. Under all conditions tested, we found that recall of fear conditioned behavior was specifically affected by the jet lag. We found that phase shifts potentiated the stress-evoked corticosterone response without altering baseline levels of this hormone. The jet lag treatment did not result in overall sleep deprivation, but altered the temporal distribution of sleep. Finally, we found that prior experience of jet lag helps to compensate for the reduced recall due to acute phase shifts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Acute changes to the LD cycle affect the recall of fear-conditioned behavior. This suggests that a synchronized circadian system may be broadly important for normal cognition and that the consolidation of memories may be particularly sensitive to disruptions of circadian timing.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Dawn H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Loh
authors.forename: Juliana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Navarro
authors.forename: Arkady
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hagopian
authors.forename: Louisa M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Deboer
authors.forename: Christopher S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Colwell
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000528:radiation effects; D005239:Fear / Q000528:radiation effects*; D006801:Humans; D008027:Light; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000528:radiation effects*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D023421:Models, Animal; D017440:Photoperiod
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