title: NF-κB links CO2 sensing to innate immunity and inflammation in mammalian cells.
abstract: Molecular O(2) and CO(2) are the primary substrate and product of aerobic metabolism, respectively. Levels of these physiologic gases in the cell microenvironment vary dramatically both in health and in diseases, such as chronic inflammation, ischemia, and cancer, in which metabolism is significantly altered. The identification of the hypoxia-inducible factor led to the discovery of an ancient and direct link between tissue O(2) and gene transcription. In this study, we demonstrate that mammalian cells (mouse embryonic fibroblasts and others) also sense changes in local CO(2) levels, leading to altered gene expression via the NF-κB pathway. IKKα, a central regulatory component of NF-κB, rapidly and reversibly translocates to the nucleus in response to elevated CO(2). This response is independent of hypoxia-inducible factor hydroxylases, extracellular and intracellular pH, and pathways that mediate acute CO(2)-sensing in nematodes and flies and leads to attenuation of bacterial LPS-induced gene expression. These results suggest the existence of a molecular CO(2) sensor in mammalian cells that is linked to the regulation of genes involved in innate immunity and inflammation.
authors.affiliation: UCD Conway Institute for Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland. eoin.cummins@ucd.ie
authors.forename: Eoin P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Cummins
authors.forename: Kathryn M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Oliver
authors.forename: Colin R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Lenihan
authors.forename: Susan F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Fitzpatrick
authors.forename: Ulrike
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Bruning
authors.forename: Carsten C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Scholz
authors.forename: Craig
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Slattery
authors.forename: Martin O
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Leonard
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: McLoughlin
authors.forename: Cormac T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Taylor
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D015870:Gene Expression; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D051550:I-kappa B Kinase / Q000378:metabolism; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000502:physiology*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000276:immunology*; D021381:Protein Transport; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D016328:NF-kappa B; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D051550:I-kappa B Kinase