title: Measurements of acid volatile sulfide and simultaneously extracted metals are irreproducible among laboratories.
abstract: Partitioning with solid phases is a principal control on availability and associated toxicity of metals to aquatic biota. In anoxic sediments, environmentally active fractions of sulfide and associated metals are defined operationally as acid-volatile sulfide (AVS) and simultaneously extracted metals (SEM). Ratios of these chemical parameters are often used in establishing equilibrium partitioning sediment benchmarks for toxicity and, therefore, require analytical accuracy to be useful. To investigate the reproducibility and accuracy of AVS and SEM measurements, we distributed subsamples of four physicochemically disparate stream sediments to seven independent laboratories, including our own, for analysis of both AVS and SEM (Cd, Cu, Pb, Ni, and Zn). Synthesis of these results shows that AVS varied from 70 to 3,500x and SEM ranged from 17 to 60x among laboratories for each of the four sediments. Inadequate detection limits for AVS precluded calculation of SEM:AVS ratios for two of the deposits, whereas the ratio varied more than 50-fold among laboratories for the other two sediments. This work highlights the need for improved quality control and standardization of methods for determination of AVS and SEM in sediments, and suggests that predictions of metal toxicity in sediments can be laboratory specific, which raises concerns on the use of the AVS:SEM model for risk assessments and regulatory decisions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences, Wright State University, 3640 Colonel Glenn Highway, Dayton, Ohio 45435, USA. chad.hammerschmidt@wright.edu
authors.forename: Chad R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Hammerschmidt
authors.forename: G Allen
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Burton
mesh_terms: D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000737:chemistry; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008670:Metals / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D013440:Sulfides / Q000032:analysis*; D014835:Volatilization
chemical_list: D008670:Metals; D013440:Sulfides