title: Adherence to controller therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  While several studies have examined adherence to controller medications for the treatment of COPD, few systematic reviews have taken the translational step to identifying important and necessary areas for further research. The objective of this study was to review data on the outcomes of adherence to various controller therapies in patients with COPD in an effort to help prescribers understand adherence properties for each therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a systematic review of studies investigating adherence to an array of controller pharmaceutical regimens. The studies were obtained from PubMed during 2008 and 2009 using the following key words: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, COPD, adherence, controller medication, and persistence. Only articles encompassing adherence or persistence data to controller medications and published after 1990 were utilized.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After the search results were filtered for only the articles that pertained to adherence or persistence measurements in COPD, 35 articles remained; and finally, discounting those articles not published in English, articles which did not compare treatments for COPD, as well as those which were review articles, ten applicable articles remained. Each of these found low levels of medication adherence and/or persistence among patients receiving medications for COPD. Patients receiving fluticasone/salmeterol (FSC) and tiotropium (TIO) for treatment showed the highest adherence among all controller medications. Patients who were married, older, and white were more likely to adhere to their medications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Characteristics of the medication used (i.e. dosing schedule, formulation, etc.) as well as patient characteristics affect the adherence/persistence to medications for the treatment of COPD. Further patient education is necessary in order to effectively improve disease management and patient outcomes in COPD. There is a need for future research and educational efforts to improve adherence in COPD and more clearly identify specific behavioral and treatment characteristics associated with specific COPD medications that can facilitate adherence.
authors.affiliation: Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, USA. cblanchette@LRRI.org
authors.forename: Meaghan St
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Charles
authors.forename: Christopher M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Blanchette
authors.forename: Harris
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Silver
authors.forename: Danielle
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lavallee
authors.forename: Anand A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Dalal
authors.forename: Douglas
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mapel
mesh_terms: D000420:Albuterol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D000730:Androstadienes / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000068298:Fluticasone; D006801:Humans; D017060:Patient Satisfaction / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D000068299:Salmeterol Xinafoate; D012602:Scopolamine Derivatives / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D012646:Self Administration; D000069447:Tiotropium Bromide; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D016903:Drug Monitoring
chemical_list: D000730:Androstadienes; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents; D012602:Scopolamine Derivatives; D000068299:Salmeterol Xinafoate; D000068298:Fluticasone; D000420:Albuterol; D000069447:Tiotropium Bromide