title: Consumption of Cross-Linked Resistant Starch (RS4(XL)) on Glucose and Insulin Responses in Humans.
abstract: Objective. The objective was to compare the postprandial glycemic and insulinemic responses to nutrition bars containing either cross-linked RS type 4 (RS4(XL)) or standard wheat starch in normoglycemic adults (n = 13; age = 27 +/- 5 years; BMI = 25 +/- 3 kg/m(2)). Methods. Volunteers completed three trials during which they consumed a glucose beverage (GLU), a puffed wheat control bar (PWB), and a bar containing cross-linked RS4 (RS4(XL)) matched for available carbohydrate content. Serial blood samples were collected over two hours and glucose and insulin concentrations were determined and the incremental area under the curve (iAUC) was calculated. Results. The RS4(XL) peak glucose and insulin concentrations were lower than the GLU and PWB (P < .05). The iAUC for glucose and insulin were lower following ingestion of RS4 compared with the GLU and PWB trials. Conclusions. These data illustrate, for the first time, that directly substituting standard starch with RS4(XL), while matched for available carbohydrates, attenuated postprandial glucose and insulin levels in humans. It remains to be determined whether this response was due to the dietary fiber and/or resistant starch aspects of the RS4(XL) bar.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Nutrition, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
authors.forename: Enas K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Al-Tamimi
authors.forename: Paul A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Seib
authors.forename: Brian S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Snyder
authors.forename: Mark D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Haub
references.citation: Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2000 Mar;16(2):178-83
references.pmid: 17024038
references.citation: J Am Coll Nutr. 2006 Oct;25(5):409-14
references.pmid: 17031010
references.citation: J Nutr. 1998 Jan;128(1):79-84
references.pmid: 9430606
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 Sep;82(3):559-67
references.pmid: 16155268
references.citation: Nutr Metab (Lond). 2009 Mar 07;6:11
references.pmid: 19267935
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 2009 Jan;89(1):114-25
references.pmid: 19126874
references.citation: PLoS One. 2007 Dec 12;2(12):e1309
references.pmid: 18074032
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 2009 Apr;89(4):1213-9
references.pmid: 19190072
references.citation: J Am Coll Nutr. 1998 Dec;17(6):609-16
references.pmid: 9853541
references.citation: Proc Nutr Soc. 2003 Feb;62(1):171-6
references.pmid: 12749342
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 1994 Oct;60(4):544-51
references.pmid: 8092089
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Apr;79(4):537-43
references.pmid: 15051594
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 1981 Mar;34(3):362-6
references.pmid: 6259925
references.citation: Diabetologia. 1985 Jul;28(7):412-9
references.pmid: 3899825
references.citation: Eur J Clin Nutr. 2006 Jan;60(1):104-12
references.pmid: 16205745
references.citation: Nutr Metab (Lond). 2005 Feb 21;2(1):5
references.pmid: 15723702
references.citation: Br J Nutr. 2000 Mar;83 Suppl 1:S149-55
references.pmid: 10889806
references.citation: Nutr Metab (Lond). 2004 Oct 06;1(1):8
references.pmid: 15507129
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 2006 May;29(5):976-81
references.pmid: 16644623
references.citation: Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2005 Mar;69(3):559-66
references.pmid: 15784985
references.citation: Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2008 Nov;295(5):E1160-6
references.pmid: 18796545
references.citation: J Nutr. 2008 Apr;138(4):732-9
references.pmid: 18356328
references.citation: J AOAC Int. 2004 May-Jun;87(3):761-8
references.pmid: 15287677
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 2000 Aug;72(2):432-8
references.pmid: 10919938
references.citation: J Am Diet Assoc. 2002 Aug;102(8):1139-42
references.pmid: 12171462
references.citation: Int J Sport Nutr. 1999 Dec;9(4):406-15
references.pmid: 10660871
references.citation: Eur J Clin Nutr. 1999 May;53(5):360-6
references.pmid: 10369490
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 May;79(5):774-9
references.pmid: 15113714