Noninvasive method for assessing the human circadian clock using hair follicle cells.
A thorough understanding of the circadian clock requires qualitative evaluation of circadian clock gene expression. Thus far, no simple and effective method for detecting human clock gene expression has become available. This limitation has greatly hampered our understanding of human circadian rhythm. Here we report a convenient, reliable, and less invasive method for detecting human clock gene expression using biopsy samples of hair follicle cells from the head or chin. We show that the circadian phase of clock gene expression in hair follicle cells accurately reflects that of individual behavioral rhythms, demonstrating that this strategy is appropriate for evaluating the human peripheral circadian clock. Furthermore, using this method, we indicate that rotating shift workers suffer from a serious time lag between circadian gene expression rhythms and lifestyle. Qualitative evaluation of clock gene expression in hair follicle cells, therefore, may be an effective approach for studying the human circadian clock in the clinical setting.
Akashi
Makoto
M
Research Institute for Time Studies, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8511, Japan. akashima@yamaguchi-u.ac.jp
Soma
Haruhiko
H
Yamamoto
Takuro
T
Tsugitomi
Asuka
A
Yamashita
Shiko
S
Yamamoto
Takuya
T
Nishida
Eisuke
E
Yasuda
Akio
A
Liao
James K
JK
Node
Koichi
K
D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D001683:Biological Clocks / Q000502:physiology*; D056926:CLOCK Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D018859:Hair Follicle / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008957:Models, Genetic; D056953:Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group D, Member 1 / Q000235:genetics; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D056950:Period Circadian Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000235:genetics; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
C064353:NR1D1 protein, human; C090977:NR1D2 protein, human; D056953:Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group D, Member 1; C421902:PER2 protein, human; C512644:PER3 protein, human; D056950:Period Circadian Proteins; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D056926:CLOCK Proteins; C538943:CLOCK protein, human
Nat Rev Genet. 2008 Oct;9(10):764-75
18802415
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Feb 5;105(5):1602-7
18227513
Eur J Neurosci. 2006 Feb;23(4):1082-6
16519674
PLoS Biol. 2005 Oct;3(10):e338
16167846
Cell. 1997 Sep 19;90(6):1003-11
9323128
Nature. 2002 Aug 29;418(6901):935-41
12198538
Occup Med (Lond). 2003 Mar;53(2):103-8
12637594
Cell. 2002 Oct 4;111(1):41-50
12372299
Cell. 2002 May 3;109(3):307-20
12015981
J Biol Rhythms. 2005 Apr;20(2):111-21
15834108
Cell. 2002 Dec 27;111(7):919-22
12507418
Science. 2000 Apr 21;288(5465):483-92
10775102
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Aug 3;101(31):11227-32
15273285
Cell. 1999 Jul 23;98(2):193-205
10428031
Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet. 2004;5:407-41
15485355
Cell. 1997 May 16;89(4):641-53
9160755
Science. 2001 Feb 9;291(5506):1040-3
11232563
Blood. 2003 Dec 1;102(12):4143-5
12893774
Nat Rev Neurosci. 2003 Aug;4(8):649-61
12894240
Cell. 2008 Sep 5;134(5):728-42
18775307
Science. 2005 May 13;308(5724):1043-5
15845877
Science. 1998 Jun 5;280(5369):1564-9
9616112
Nat Rev Genet. 2001 Sep;2(9):702-15
11533719
Nature. 1997 Oct 2;389(6650):512-6
9333243
Mol Cell Biol. 2000 Sep;20(17):6269-75
10938103