Comparative genomic analysis of pathogenic and probiotic Enterococcus faecalis isolates, and their transcriptional responses to growth in human urine.
Urinary tract infection (UTI) is the most common infection caused by enterococci, and Enterococcus faecalis accounts for the majority of enterococcal infections. Although a number of virulence related traits have been established, no comprehensive genomic or transcriptomic studies have been conducted to investigate how to distinguish pathogenic from non-pathogenic E. faecalis in their ability to cause UTI. In order to identify potential genetic traits or gene regulatory features that distinguish pathogenic from non-pathogenic E. faecalis with respect to UTI, we have performed comparative genomic analysis, and investigated growth capacity and transcriptome profiling in human urine in vitro. Six strains of different origins were cultivated and all grew readily in human urine. The three strains chosen for transcriptional analysis showed an overall similar response with respect to energy and nitrogen metabolism, stress mechanism, cell envelope modifications, and trace metal acquisition. Our results suggest that citrate and aspartate are significant for growth of E. faecalis in human urine, and manganese appear to be a limiting factor. The majority of virulence factors were either not differentially regulated or down-regulated. Notably, a significant up-regulation of genes involved in biofilm formation was observed. Strains from different origins have similar capacity to grow in human urine. The overall similar transcriptional responses between the two pathogenic and the probiotic strain suggest that the pathogenic potential of a certain E. faecalis strain may to a great extent be determined by presence of fitness and virulence factors, rather than the level of expression of such traits.
Vebø
Heidi C
HC
Laboratory of Microbial Gene Technology and Food Microbiology, Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, The Norwegian University of Life Sciences, As, Norway.
Solheim
Margrete
M
Snipen
Lars
L
Nes
Ingolf F
IF
Brede
Dag A
DA
D001692:Biological Transport; D003470:Culture Media; D013293:Enterococcus faecalis / Q000166:cytology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D005798:Genes, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D023281:Genomics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D053858:Metabolic Networks and Pathways / Q000235:genetics; D019936:Probiotics; D013312:Stress, Physiological; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014556:Urine / Q000382:microbiology*
D003470:Culture Media
Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1989 Sep;33(9):1588-91
2554802
Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2005 May;14(5):1287-94
15894688
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2001 Sep;67(9):4385-9
11526054
Infect Immun. 2005 Nov;73(11):7772-4
16239583
Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 1992;63(7):495-501
1577529
Electrophoresis. 2001 Aug;22(14):2947-54
11565789
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001 Sep 11;98(19):10892-7
11535834
BMC Bioinformatics. 2009 Mar 19;10:91
19298668
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Feb 5;99(3):1574-9
11830672
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2007 Jun;73(11):3738-41
17434998
Infect Immun. 2000 May;68(5):2579-86
10768947
Infect Immun. 2009 Dec;77(12):5551-7
19805541
Infect Immun. 2008 Jul;76(7):3064-74
18426870
J Appl Microbiol. 2010 May;108(5):1563-75
19804536
J Cell Physiol. 1996 Oct;169(1):42-51
8841421
Nature. 2009 Mar 5;458(7234):83-6
19262672
FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2005 Nov 1;252(1):137-41
16216443
Infect Immun. 1992 Jan;60(1):25-30
1729187
Infect Immun. 1984 Aug;45(2):528-30
6086531
Infect Immun. 2009 Sep;77(9):3626-38
19528211
J Bacteriol. 1964 May;87(5):988-92
4959807
Infect Immun. 2005 Apr;73(4):2461-8
15784592
J Biol Chem. 1989 Apr 5;264(10):5720-35
2466830
J Bacteriol. 2008 Nov;190(22):7419-30
18805984
Nat Rev Microbiol. 2006 May;4(5):383-94
16715050
Bioinformatics. 2005 May 1;21(9):2067-75
15657102
J Urol. 1980 Oct;124(4):461-3
7420586
Am J Med Sci. 1976 Jul-Aug;272(1):75-81
822713
J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol. 2007;13(1-3):140-6
17693721
Infect Immun. 1998 Sep;66(9):4313-23
9712783
FEMS Microbiol Lett. 1996 Apr 15;138(1):49-54
8674969
Microbiology (Reading). 2004 Jul;150(Pt 7):2069-2078
15256550
Infect Immun. 1998 Jan;66(1):218-23
9423861
Infect Immun. 2002 Apr;70(4):2010-5
11895965
Infect Immun. 1992 Jun;60(6):2445-52
1587612
J Bacteriol. 1993 Aug;175(16):5216-23
8349561
Infect Immun. 2007 May;75(5):2634-7
17307944
Science. 2003 Mar 28;299(5615):2071-4
12663927
Microbiology (Reading). 2005 Dec;151(Pt 12):3997-4004
16339944
Infect Immun. 2002 Apr;70(4):1991-6
11895963
FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2008 Jan;32(1):107-46
18173394
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2008 Jun;74(11):3377-86
18408066
J Infect Dis. 2005 Feb 1;191(3):472-80
15633107
Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1991 Aug;35(8):1626-34
1929336
Anal Chem. 2009 May 15;81(10):3919-32
19309105
Infect Immun. 2001 Jul;69(7):4366-72
11401975
Curr Microbiol. 2009 Mar;58(3):201-4
18987912
FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 1998 Aug;21(4):323-31
9753005
J Cell Physiol. 2000 Feb;182(2):232-8
10623887
Syst Appl Microbiol. 2003 Mar;26(1):13-22
12747405
J Bacteriol. 1951 Sep;62(3):337-45
14888651
J Infect Dis. 2009 Aug 1;200(3):417-20
19545208
Int J Artif Organs. 2009 Sep;32(9):611-20
19856273
J Infect Dis. 2004 Feb 1;189(3):420-30
14745699
FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2002 Jan 10;206(2):235-9
11814669
Infect Immun. 2009 Sep;77(9):3759-67
19581393
J Bacteriol. 2001 Feb;183(4):1482-8
11157966
J Med Microbiol. 2003 Feb;52(Pt 2):113-119
12543916
Mol Biosyst. 2008 May;4(5):363-71
18414733
Nucleic Acids Res. 2009 Jan;37(Database issue):D603-10
18953024
J Bacteriol. 2000 Aug;182(16):4512-20
10913085
J Biol Chem. 1987 May 15;262(14):6758-65
3571286
Infect Immun. 2008 Dec;76(12):5668-76
18824537
Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2000 Jun;53(6):685-9
10919327
Mol Microbiol. 2009 Feb;71(4):1055-69
19170884
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2001 Apr;67(4):1628-35
11282615
Int J Food Microbiol. 2003 Dec 1;88(2-3):291-304
14597001
Infect Immun. 2002 Aug;70(8):4344-52
12117944
J Bacteriol. 2006 Apr;188(8):2875-84
16585749
J Infect Dis. 2007 Jun 1;195(11):1671-7
17471437
Mol Microbiol. 2007 Dec;66(5):1148-63
17971082
Infect Immun. 1999 Oct;67(10):5306-14
10496910
Nucleic Acids Res. 2001 May 1;29(9):e45
11328886
Nature. 2005 Dec 8;438(7069):863-6
16341015
J Bacteriol. 2007 May;189(9):3532-46
17351047
FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 2006 Apr;46(3):410-8
16553815
Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2000 Aug;21(8):510-5
10968716
Microbiology (Reading). 2006 Sep;152(Pt 9):2579-2589
16946253
J Infect Dis. 2006 Jan 15;193(2):231-40
16362887
J Bacteriol. 1972 Jan;109(1):44-50
4621632
Infect Immun. 2002 Oct;70(10):5647-50
12228293
J Infect Dis. 1994 Dec;170(6):1549-56
7995995
PLoS One. 2009 Nov 04;4(11):e7660
19888459
J Bacteriol. 2005 Aug;187(16):5709-18
16077117
Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1993 Nov;37(11):2474-7
8285637
PLoS One. 2007 Jul 04;2(7):e582
17611618
Microbiology (Reading). 2001 Jun;147(Pt 6):1575-1580
11390688
Infect Immun. 2007 Jun;75(6):2679-88
17513849
J Med Microbiol. 2004 Jan;53(Pt 1):13-20
14663100
BMC Genomics. 2009 Apr 24;10:194
19393078
Int J Food Microbiol. 2000 Apr 10;55(1-3):87-91
10791723
Clin Infect Dis. 2004 Aug 1;39(3):309-17
15306996
Infect Immun. 2006 Oct;74(10):5703-12
16988246
J Appl Microbiol. 2005;98(4):806-13
15752325
Infect Immun. 2000 Feb;68(2):815-23
10639451
Infect Immun. 2004 Jun;72(6):3658-63
15155680
Lett Appl Microbiol. 2009 Jul;49(1):79-84
19413762
J Biol Chem. 2008 Jul 11;283(28):19845-53
18490448
Res Microbiol. 2004 May;155(4):252-8
15142622
Infect Immun. 2004 Aug;72(8):4424-31
15271899
Stat Appl Genet Mol Biol. 2004;3:Article3
16646809
Nature. 2002 Jun 13;417(6890):746-50
12066186
Int J Food Microbiol. 2009 Feb 15;129(2):194-9
19108923
Genome Biol. 2008;9(7):R110
18611278
J Clin Invest. 2006 Oct;116(10):2799-807
17016560
Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2006 Dec;70(4):939-1031
17158705
Infect Immun. 2007 Nov;75(11):5399-404
17785477
Lett Appl Microbiol. 2005;41(4):341-4
16162141
Mol Microbiol. 2009 May;72(4):1022-36
19400795
Methods. 2003 Dec;31(4):265-73
14597310
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2007 Sep;73(18):5767-74
17660310
BMC Bioinformatics. 2003 Jun 3;4:21
12783628
Int J Med Microbiol. 2007 Nov;297(7-8):533-9
17466591
J Med Microbiol. 2007 Dec;56(Pt 12):1581-1588
18033823
J Bacteriol. 2009 Nov;191(22):6911-7
19734310
J Bacteriol. 2009 May;191(10):3392-402
19270086
Infect Immun. 2006 Jun;74(6):3565-75
16714589
Res Microbiol. 1997 Jan;148(1):27-35
9404502
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2007 Apr;73(7):2207-17
17220255