title: A study on electrode gels for skin conductance measurements.
abstract: Low-frequency skin conductance is used within several clinical applications and is mainly sensitive to sweating and the moisture content of the stratum corneum, but also how electrodes introduce changes in the electrical properties. Four electrode gels were investigated with regard to sorption characteristics and electrical properties. Skin conductance time series were collected from 18 test subjects during relaxation, exercise and recovery, wearing different pairs of electrodes contralaterally on the hypothenar and the T9 dermatome. Pressure test was applied on the T9 electrodes. Impedance frequency sweeps were taken on the T9 electrodes the same day and the next, parameterized to the Cole model. ANOVA on the initial skin conductance level change, exercise response amplitude, recovery offset and pressure-induced changes revealed significant differences among gel types. The wetter gels caused a higher positive level change, a greater response amplitude, larger recovery offset and greater pressure-induced artifacts compared to the solid gels. Sweating on the T9 site led to negative skin conductance responses for the wetter gels. Correlations were found between the desorption measurements and the initial skin conductance level change (hypothenar: R = 0.988 T9: R = 0.901) RM-ANOVA on the Cole parameters revealed a significant decrease in R(s) of the most resistive gel. Clinical implications are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Biomedical Engineering, Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Norway.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tronstad
authors.forename: Gorm Krogh
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Johnsen
authors.forename: Sverre
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Grimnes
authors.forename: Ørjan G
authors.initials: ØG
authors.lastname: Martinsen
mesh_terms: D016477:Artifacts; D004553:Electric Conductivity; D004566:Electrodes; D004594:Electrophysiology / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005712:Galvanic Skin Response / Q000502:physiology*; D005782:Gels / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011312:Pressure; D013997:Time Factors; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D005782:Gels; D014867:Water