title: Isolation and characterization of 4-tert-butylphenol-utilizing Sphingobium fuliginis strains from Phragmites australis rhizosphere sediment.
abstract: We isolated three Sphingobium fuliginis strains from Phragmites australis rhizosphere sediment that were capable of utilizing 4-tert-butylphenol as a sole carbon and energy source. These strains are the first 4-tert-butylphenol-utilizing bacteria. The strain designated TIK-1 completely degraded 1.0 mM 4-tert-butylphenol in basal salts medium within 12 h, with concomitant cell growth. We identified 4-tert-butylcatechol and 3,3-dimethyl-2-butanone as internal metabolites by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. When 3-fluorocatechol was used as an inactivator of meta-cleavage enzymes, strain TIK-1 could not degrade 4-tert-butylcatechol and 3,3-dimethyl-2-butanone was not detected. We concluded that metabolism of 4-tert-butylphenol by strain TIK-1 is initiated by hydroxylation to 4-tert-butylcatechol, followed by a meta-cleavage pathway. Growth experiments with 20 other alkylphenols showed that 4-isopropylphenol, 4-sec-butylphenol, and 4-tert-pentylphenol, which have alkyl side chains of three to five carbon atoms with α-quaternary or α-tertiary carbons, supported cell growth but that 4-n-alkylphenols, 4-tert-octylphenol, technical nonylphenol, 2-alkylphenols, and 3-alkylphenols did not. The rate of growth on 4-tert-butylphenol was much higher than that of growth on the other alkylphenols. Degradation experiments with various alkylphenols showed that strain TIK-1 cells grown on 4-tert-butylphenol could degrade 4-alkylphenols with variously sized and branched side chains (ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, tert-pentyl, n-hexyl, n-heptyl, n-octyl, tert-octyl, n-nonyl, and branched nonyl) via a meta-cleavage pathway but not 2- or 3-alkylphenols. Along with the degradation of these alkylphenols, we detected methyl alkyl ketones that retained the structure of the original alkyl side chains. Strain TIK-1 may be useful in the bioremediation of environments polluted by 4-tert-butylphenol and various other 4-alkylphenols.
authors.affiliation: Department of Research, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8511, Japan. ttohyama@yamanashi.ac.jp
authors.forename: Tadashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Toyama
authors.forename: Naonori
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Momotani
authors.forename: Yuka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ogata
authors.forename: Yuji
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Miyamori
authors.forename: Daisuke
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.forename: Kazunari
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sei
authors.forename: Kazuhiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mori
authors.forename: Shintaro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kikuchi
authors.forename: Michihiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ike
mesh_terms: D002074:Butanones / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D002396:Catechols / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D003470:Culture Media / Q000737:chemistry; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010636:Phenols / Q000378:metabolism*; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000382:microbiology; D006109:Poaceae / Q000382:microbiology*; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D058441:Rhizosphere; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D042301:Sphingomonadaceae / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D002074:Butanones; D002396:Catechols; D003470:Culture Media; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal; D010636:Phenols; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; C038096:tert-butylcatechol; C084935:pinacolone; C006862:butylphen
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