title: Family intervention to control type 2 diabetes: a controlled clinical trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Chilean patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have a low rate of blood sugar control. We studied the effectiveness of a culturally sensitive family oriented intervention designed to improve metabolic control in primary care patients with uncontrolled T2DM.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with T2DM from three primary care clinics in Santiago, Chile were randomly selected for inclusion if they had a recent HbA1c ≥7%, were between 18 and 70 years old and lived with a family member. Patients from one clinic received the family oriented intervention; patients from the other two (control) clinics received standard care. The intervention involved family members in care and included family counselling during clinic visits, family meetings and home visits. The primary outcome was HbA1c, measured at 6 and 12 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 243 patients were enrolled and 209 (86%) completed the study. The intervention was fully administered to only 34% of patients in the intervention clinic. The reduction in the HbA1c from baseline to 12 months was not significantly different between clinics. During the second 6-month period, when the intervention was more intensive, the patients in the intervention clinic significantly improved their HbA1c (P < 0.001) compared to the control patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A family intervention for the control of T2DM was associated with a significant reduction in HbA1c when the intervention was provided. Incomplete implementation, low statistical power and potential confounding variables between groups could be some of the main factors that explain the lack of difference between clinics in the 12-month period.
authors.affiliation: Family Medicine Department, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. dgarciah@med.puc.cl
authors.forename: Diego
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: García-Huidobro
authors.forename: Marcela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bittner
authors.forename: Paulina
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Brahm
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Puschel
mesh_terms: D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D002677:Chile; D003376:Counseling / Q000379:methods*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000469:parasitology* / Q000628:therapy*; D005190:Family / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010353:Patient Education as Topic / Q000379:methods*; D011320:Primary Health Care; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human