title: Pleural effusions in children undergoing cardiac surgery.
abstract: Persistent pleural effusions are a source of significant morbidity and mortality following surgery in congenital heart disease. In this review, we discuss the etiology, pathophysiology, and management of this common complication.
authors.affiliation: Cardiothoracic Center and Department of Pediatric Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Sachin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Talwar
authors.forename: Sandeep
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Agarwala
authors.forename: Chander Mohan
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Mittal
authors.forename: Shiv Kumar
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Choudhary
authors.forename: Balram
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Airan
references.citation: Ann Thorac Surg. 2006 Aug;82(2):767-8
references.pmid: 16863820
references.citation: Ann Pediatr Cardiol. 2010 Jan;3(1):50-7
references.pmid: 20814476
references.citation: J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1985 Feb;89(2):221-7
references.pmid: 3968905
references.citation: Ann Thorac Surg. 2000 Jun;69(6):1900-6
references.pmid: 10892944
references.citation: Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2007 Aug;32(2):362-9
references.pmid: 17580118
references.citation: Ann Thorac Surg. 2002 Sep;74(3):931-2
references.pmid: 12238874
references.citation: J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2002 Nov;13(11):1139-48
references.pmid: 12427814
references.citation: AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2001 Apr;176(4):1040-2
references.pmid: 11264106
references.citation: J Thorac Surg. 1948 Dec;17(6):778-91
references.pmid: 18102742
references.citation: Chest. 1993 Jun;103(6):1929
references.pmid: 8404148
references.citation: Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2006 Nov;7(6):576-9
references.pmid: 16878051
references.citation: Eur Respir J. 1997 May;10(5):1157-62
references.pmid: 9163662
references.citation: Chest. 1994 Aug;106(2):342-6
references.pmid: 7774299
references.citation: J Card Surg. 1997 Mar-Apr;12(2):71-6
references.pmid: 9271724
references.citation: Thorax. 1961 Mar;16:12-21
references.pmid: 13743626
references.citation: Pneumologie. 1999 Oct;53(10):493-8
references.pmid: 10596552
references.citation: J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2005 Jun;129(6):1348-52
references.pmid: 15942576
references.citation: Clin Chest Med. 1990 Dec;11(4):691-714
references.pmid: 2268996
references.citation: Lancet. 1990 Jul 28;336(8709):258
references.pmid: 1973814
references.citation: Med Clin (Barc). 1993 Jul 3;101(6):201-4
references.pmid: 8332018
references.citation: Chest. 2005 Nov;128(5):3413-20
references.pmid: 16304293
references.citation: Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2004 Jul;10(4):311-4
references.pmid: 15220758
references.citation: Respiration. 1991;58(5-6):294-300
references.pmid: 1792420
references.citation: Chest. 2000 Oct;118(4):1158-71
references.pmid: 11035692
references.citation: J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2004 Jun;127(6):1664-9
references.pmid: 15173721
references.citation: Indian J Pediatr. 2009 Feb;76(2):195-205
references.pmid: 19330308
references.citation: J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1996 Nov;112(5):1361-5; discussion 1365-6
references.pmid: 8911335
references.citation: Chest. 1996 Feb;109(2):570-2
references.pmid: 8620742
references.citation: J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1998 May;115(5):1063-73
references.pmid: 9605076
references.citation: Br Heart J. 1985 Dec;54(6):593-5
references.pmid: 4074591
references.citation: Ann Thorac Surg. 1992 Aug;54(2):276-8
references.pmid: 1637218
references.citation: Respirology. 2000 Jun;5(2):99-103
references.pmid: 10894097
references.citation: Pharmacotherapy. 1996 Mar-Apr;16(2):280-5
references.pmid: 8820473
references.citation: Pharmacotherapy. 1995 Mar-Apr;15(2):228-35
references.pmid: 7542766
references.citation: J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1993 Apr;105(4):743-7; discussion 747-8
references.pmid: 7682268
references.citation: Crit Care. 2002 Jun;6(3):226-33
references.pmid: 12133183
references.citation: Int J Cardiol. 2009 Mar 20;133(1):55-61
references.pmid: 18243371
references.citation: Chest. 1997 Apr;111(4):970-80
references.pmid: 9106577
references.citation: J R Coll Surg Edinb. 1995 Feb;40(1):60-1
references.pmid: 7738903
references.citation: Chest. 1983 Oct;84(4):383-7
references.pmid: 6617272
references.citation: J Card Surg. 1995 Mar;10(2):111-8
references.pmid: 7772874
references.citation: J Card Surg. 2009 Jul-Aug;24(4):369-73
references.pmid: 19583606
references.citation: Chest. 1997 Aug;112(2):430-4
references.pmid: 9266880
references.citation: Chest. 2009 Dec;136(6):1604-1611
references.pmid: 19581352
references.citation: Ann Surg. 1973 Feb;177(2):245-9
references.pmid: 4698540
references.citation: Oncol Rep. 1998 Mar-Apr;5(2):363-6
references.pmid: 9468558
references.citation: Ann Thorac Surg. 1994 Jun;57(6):1507-11; discussion 1511-2
references.pmid: 8010794
references.citation: J Chin Med Assoc. 2005 Sep;68(9):406-10
references.pmid: 16187596
references.citation: Surg Clin North Am. 2002 Aug;82(4):867-83
references.pmid: 12472134
references.citation: Ann Thorac Surg. 1992 Jan;53(1):85-7
references.pmid: 1728246
references.citation: Chest. 2004 Mar;125(3):987-9
references.pmid: 15006958