title: Integrative psychotherapeutic nursing home program to reduce multiple psychiatric symptoms of cognitively impaired patients and caregiver burden: randomized controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the effectiveness of an integrative psychotherapeutic nursing home program (integrative reactivation and rehabilitation [IRR]) to reduce multiple neuropsychiatry symptoms (MNPS) of cognitively impaired patients and caregiver burden (CB).
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized controlled trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Psychiatric-skilled nursing home (IRR) and usual care (UC), consisting of different types of nursing home care at home or in an institution.
  
  
  METHODS
  N = 168 (81 IRR and 87 UC). Patients had to meet classification of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition for dementia, amnestic disorders, or other cognitive disorders. Further inclusion criteria: Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) ≥3; Mini-Mental State Examination ≥18 and ≤27; and Barthel Index (BI) ≥5 and ≤19.
  
  
  METHODS
  IRR consisted of a person-oriented integrative psychotherapeutic nursing home program to reduce MNPS of the patient and CB. UC consisted of different types of nursing home care at home or in an institution, mostly emotion oriented.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary outcome variable was MNPS (number and sum-severity of NPI). Furthermore, burden and competence of caregiver were also measured.
  
  
  METHODS
  T1 (inclusion), T2 (end of treatment), T3 (after 6 months of follow-up). Cohen's d (Cd) was calculated for mean differences (intention to treat). For confounding, repeated measurement modeling (random regression modeling [RRM]) was applied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the short term from the perspective of the caregiver, IRR showed up to 34% surplus effects on MNPS of the patients; NPI symptoms: 1.31 lower (Cd, -0.53); and NPI sum- severity: 11.16 lower (Cd, -0.53). In follow-up, the effects were sustained. However, from the perspective of the nursing team, these effects were insignificant, although the trend was in the same direction and correlated significantly with the caregiver results over time (at T3: r = 0.48). In addition, IRR showed surplus effects (up to 36%) on burden and competence of caregiver: NPI emotional distress: 3.78 (Cd, -0.44); CB: 17.69 (Cd, -0.63) lower; and Competence: 6.26 (Cd, 0.61) higher. In follow-up, the effects increased up to 50%. RRM demonstrated that the effects were stable.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  From the perspective of the caregiver, IRR was significantly more effective than UC to reduce MNPS in cognitively impaired patients and CB. In follow-up, the effect on CB even increased. However, from the perspective of the nursing team, the effects on MNPS were statistically insignificant. Nevertheless, the trend was in the same direction and correlated significantly with the caregiver results over time. Further research is needed, preferably using a blinded randomized controlled trial.
authors.affiliation: Psychiatric-Skilled Nursing Home 'DrieMaasStede', Department R&D, Argos Zorggroep, Schiedam, The Netherlands. tjembakker@argoszorggroep.nl
authors.forename: Ton J E M
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Bakker
authors.forename: Hugo J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Duivenvoorden
authors.forename: Jacqueline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van der Lee
authors.forename: Marcel G M
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Olde Rikkert
authors.forename: Aartjan T F
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Beekman
authors.forename: Miel W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Ribbe
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000451:nursing* / Q000628:therapy*; D017281:Cost of Illness; D005260:Female; D006299:Health Services for the Aged; D006699:Home Care Services; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009735:Nursing Homes; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011613:Psychotherapy / Q000379:methods*