title: Quantification of triazine herbicides in soil by microwave-assisted extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography.
abstract: A method for the determination of herbicides residues, triazine (atrazine, metribuzin, ametryn, and terbutryn), in soil samples with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-UV detection is described. The proposed method is based on microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) of soil samples for 4 min at 80% of 850-W magnetron outputs in the presence of mixture of solvents (methanol/acetonitrile/ethylacetate). Related important factors influencing the MAE efficiency, such as the solvent type and volume, irradiation energy, and time, were optimized in detail. Calibration curve ranges established using HPLC for metribuzin, atrazine, ametryn, and terbutryn are 1.0-19.0, 0.9-18.0, 0.6-11.0, and 0.7-11.0 µg mL( -1), respectively. The limits of detection of metribuzin, atrazine, ametryn, and terbutryn are 0.30, 0.24, 0.16, and 0.20 µg mL( -1) while limits of quantification are 1.0, 0.80, 0.50, and 0.60 µg mL( -1), respectively. A Plackett-Burman factorial design was used as a screening method in order to select the variables that influence MAE extraction. The recoveries of the method at three different spiked levels were assessed by analyzing real soil samples and were found to be in the range of 83.33 ± 0.12-96.33 ± 0.23 with good precision (<8%).
authors.affiliation: Institute of Chemical Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, North-West Frontier Province, Pakistan. jasminshah2001@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Jasmin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rasul Jan
authors.forename: Behisht
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ara
authors.forename: Farhat-Un-Nisa
authors.initials: FU
authors.lastname: Shehzad
mesh_terms: D001280:Atrazine / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D005591:Chemical Fractionation / Q000379:methods*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D006540:Herbicides / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D008872:Microwaves; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D014227:Triazines / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D006540:Herbicides; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D014227:Triazines; C100057:ametryne; D001280:Atrazine; C009235:metribuzin; C010347:terbutryne
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