title: Mutational analyses of the BRAF, KRAS, and PIK3CA genes in oral squamous cell carcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The development of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a complex, multistep process. To date, numerous oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes have been implicated in oral carcinogenesis. Of particular interest in this regard are genes involved in cell cycling and apoptosis, such BRAF, KRAS, and PIK3CA genes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mutations of BRAF, KRAS, and PIK3CA were evaluated by direct genomic sequencing of exons 1 of KRAS, 11 and 15 of BRAF, and 9 and 20 of PIK3CA in OSCC specimens.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both BRAF and KRAS mutations were detected with a mutation frequency of 2% (1/42). PIK3CA mutations were detected at 3% (1/35).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first report implicating BRAF mutation in OSCC. Our study supports that mutations in the BRAF, KRAS, and PIK3CA genes make at least a minor contribution to OSCC tumorigenesis, and pathway-specific therapies targeting these 2 pathways should be considered for OSCC in a subset of patients with these mutations.
authors.affiliation: College of Dental Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Karl C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Bruckman
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Schönleben
authors.forename: Wanglong
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Qiu
authors.forename: Victoria L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Woo
authors.forename: Gloria H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Su
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000235:genetics; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000235:genetics; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000235:genetics*; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000235:genetics; D058534:Class I Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D005091:Exons / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D005784:Gene Amplification; D005887:Gingival Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008339:Mandibular Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics; D008441:Maxillary Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics; D008875:Middle Aged; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics*; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics*; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000235:genetics*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D048493:Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf / Q000235:genetics*; D016283:Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras); D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D014062:Tongue Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics; D018631:ras Proteins / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; C117307:KRAS protein, human; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D058534:Class I Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; C484760:PIK3CA protein, human; C482119:BRAF protein, human; D048493:Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf; D016283:Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras); D018631:ras Proteins
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