title: Assessment of the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of haloacetic acids using microplate-based cytotoxicity test and CHO/HGPRT gene mutation assay.
abstract: Haloacetic acids (HAAs) are the second most prevalent class of disinfection byproducts found in drinking water. The implications of HAAs presence in drinking water are a public health concern due to their potential mutagenic and carcinogenic effects. In the present study, we examined the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of six common HAAs using a microplate-based cytotoxicity test and a hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT) gene mutation assay in Chinese hamster ovary K1 (CHO-K1) cells. We found that their chronic cytotoxicities (72h exposure) to CHO-K1 cells varied, and we ranked their levels of toxicity in the following descending order: iodoacetic acid (IA)>bromoacetic acid (BA)>dibromoacetic acid (DBA)>chloroacetic acid (CA)>dichloroacetic acid (DCA)>trichloroacetic acid (TCA). The toxicity of IA is 1040-fold of that of TCA. All HAAs except TCA were shown to be mutagenic to CHO-K1 cells in the HGPRT gene mutation assay. The mutagenic potency was compared and ranked as follows: IA>DBA>BA>CA>DCA>TCA. There was a statistically significant correlation between cytotoxicity and mutagenicity of the HAAs in CHO-K1 cells. The microplate-based cytotoxicity assay and HGPRT gene mutation assay were suitable methods to monitor the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of HAAs, particularly for comparing the toxic intensities quantitatively.
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, PR China.
authors.forename: Shao-Hui
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Dong-Yue
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Miao
authors.forename: Ai-Lin
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: Wen-Qing
authors.initials: WQ
authors.lastname: Lu
mesh_terms: D000085:Acetates / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D016466:CHO Cells; D006224:Cricetinae; D003412:Cricetulus; D003603:Cytotoxins / Q000633:toxicity*; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000633:toxicity*; D005260:Female; D006219:Halogens; D007041:Hypoxanthine Phosphoribosyltransferase / Q000235:genetics; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D009153:Mutagens / Q000633:toxicity*; D036401:Toxicity Tests, Chronic / Q000379:methods; D014881:Water Supply
chemical_list: D000085:Acetates; D003603:Cytotoxins; D004202:Disinfectants; D006219:Halogens; D009153:Mutagens; D007041:Hypoxanthine Phosphoribosyltransferase