title: 3D assessment of lip scarring and residual dysmorphology following surgical repair of cleft lip and palate: a preliminary study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate lip scarring and the three-dimensional (3D) lip morphology following primary reconstruction in children with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) relative to contemporaneous noncleft data.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective, cross-sectional, controlled study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Glasgow Dental Hospital and School, University of Glasgow, U.K.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three groups of 10-year-old children: 51 with UCLP, 43 UCL (unilateral cleft lip), and 68 controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three-dimensional images of the face were recorded using stereo cameras on a two-pod capture station, and 3D coordinates of anthropometric landmarks were extracted from the facial images. A novel method was applied to quantify residual scarring and the associated lip dysmorphologies. The relationships among outcome measures were investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Residual lip dysmorphologies were more pronounced in UCLP cases. The width of the Cupid's bow was increased due to lateral displacement of the christa philteri left (cphL) in both UCL and UCLP patients. In the upper part of the lip, the nostril base was significantly wider in UCLP cases when compared with UCL cases and controls. Scar redness was more pronounced in UCL than in UCLP cases. No relationship could be identified between lip scarring and other measurements of lip dysmorphology.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Stereophotogrammetry, together with associated image analysis, allow early detection of residual dysmorphology following cleft repair.
authors.forename: Ashraf
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ayoub
authors.forename: Aileen
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Simmons
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bowman
authors.forename: Denise
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Tsz-Wai
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Lo
authors.forename: Yijun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xiao
mesh_terms: D059925:Anatomic Landmarks / Q000473:pathology; D002648:Child; D002921:Cicatrix / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology*; D002971:Cleft Lip / Q000601:surgery*; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000601:surgery*; D003116:Color; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods; D008046:Lip / Q000473:pathology; D008047:Lip Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology*; D055171:Nasal Cartilages / Q000473:pathology; D010780:Photogrammetry / Q000379:methods; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000473:pathology*; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014584:User-Computer Interface