title: Dissociation During Intense Military Stress is Related to Subsequent Somatic Symptoms in Women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Research studies of the female response to intense stress are under-represented in the scientific literature; indeed, publications in female humans and animals number half those in male subjects. In addition, women have only recently entered more dangerous professions that were historically limited to men. The US Navy's survival course, therefore, offers a unique opportunity to examine, in a controlled manner, individual differences in the human female response to acute and realistic military stress.
  
  
  METHODS
  The current study assessed the nature and prevalence of dissociative symptoms and other aspects of adaptive function in healthy female subjects experiencing acute, intense stress during US Navy survival training. Cognitive dissociation and previous exposure to traumatic events were assessed at baseline in 32 female service members prior to Navy survival training. At the conclusion of training, retrospectively rated levels of dissociation during peak training stress and current health symptoms were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Female subjects reported previous trauma (35%) and at least one symptom of dissociation at baseline prior to training (47%). Eighty-eight percent of subjects reported experiencing multiple symptoms of dissociation during peak training stress. Post-stress dissociation scores and stress-induced increases in dissociation, as well as prior cumulative exposure to potentially traumatic events, were significant predictors of post-stress health symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this study, increases in dissociative symptoms during intense training stress, post-stress dissociation symptom levels, and prior cumulative exposure to stressful, potentially traumatic events predicted post-stress health symptoms in women. Prior studies in men have demonstrated correlations between neurobiological responses to stress and stress-associated levels of dissociation. Thus future studies in larger samples of women are needed to investigate the relationship between prior stress exposure, alterations in neurobiological responses to stress and potentially related alterations in neuropsychological and physical reactions to stress.
authors.forename: Eleni
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dimoulas
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Steffian
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Steffian
authors.forename: Anthony P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Doran
authors.forename: Ann M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Rasmusson
authors.forename: Ca
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Morgan
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