title: Lethal and sublethal effects of cypermethrin to Hypsiboas pulchellus tadpoles.
abstract: The study of the effects of the insecticide cypermethrin (CY) technical grade and its Sherpa® commercial formulation on Hypsiboas pulchellus tadpoles assessing lethality, behavior, growth, and abnormalities under standardized laboratory conditions is reported. Observed behaviors were identified and categorized by means of a ranking system according to the loss of mobility. Results of acute lethal effects indicate higher potency for Sherpa® at this level of assessment. All effects on behavior showed an increasing degree of injury as insecticide concentration increased. Organisms exposed to technical grade CY showed lower body length with respect to controls from 3.44 µg CY/L to higher concentrations, whereas those exposed to Sherpa® exhibited lower growth from 0.83 µg CY/L. Both forms of the tested insecticide caused abnormalities between 0.34 and 4.18 µg CY/L, but 100% of malformed individuals was detected from 34.4 µg CY/L for those exposed to the technical grade CY, and from 8.36 µg CY/L for those exposed to Sherpa®. This study proposes the use of easily identifiable and distinguishable sublethal end-points. The high input loads of CY in natural environments, the detected concentrations in the field, in addition to the low levels of this insecticide required to induce sublethal effects (which could eventually lead to death), allow for the conclusion that the insecticide is a risk factor for amphibians inhabiting agroecosystems.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata-CONICET, Centro de Investigaciones del Medio Ambiente, 47 y 115, 1900 La Plata, Argentina.
authors.forename: M Gabriela
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Agostini
authors.forename: Guillermo S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Natale
authors.forename: Alicia E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Ronco
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001001:Anura; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D007306:Insecticides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D023382:Toxicity Tests, Acute; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D011722:Pyrethrins; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C017160:cypermethrin
references.citation: Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 1982 Nov-Dec;8(6):421-40
references.pmid: 7162556
references.citation: Environ Pollut. 2009 Nov;157(11):2903-27
references.pmid: 19500891
references.citation: Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 2005 Oct;75(4):820-6
references.pmid: 16400566
references.citation: Oecologia. 2009 Mar;159(2):363-76
references.pmid: 19002502
references.citation: Chemosphere. 2005 Nov;61(6):817-26
references.pmid: 15963551
references.citation: Oecologia. 1984 Dec;65(1):138-144
references.pmid: 28312123
references.citation: Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 1992 Apr;48(4):616-21
references.pmid: 1504507
references.citation: Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 2000 Oct;65(4):501-7
references.pmid: 10960142
references.citation: Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 1999 Feb;36(2):193-9
references.pmid: 9888965
references.citation: Environ Toxicol Chem. 2001 Jul;20(7):1591-5
references.pmid: 11434303
references.citation: Chemosphere. 2007 Jun;68(4):613-21
references.pmid: 17420035
references.citation: Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 2008 Jan;80(1):49-52
references.pmid: 18058051
references.citation: Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1986 Jul;84(3):512-22
references.pmid: 3487848
references.citation: Science. 1973 Dec 28;182(4119):1305-14
references.pmid: 17733097
references.citation: Dis Aquat Organ. 2006 Oct 27;72(3):261-7
references.pmid: 17190204
references.citation: Chemosphere. 2002 Oct;49(1):39-44
references.pmid: 12243328
references.citation: Environ Toxicol Chem. 2006 Dec;25(12):3164-70
references.pmid: 17220085
references.citation: Aquat Toxicol. 2003 Nov 19;65(3):329-36
references.pmid: 13678851
references.citation: Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 2000 Jul;39(1):91-6
references.pmid: 10790507
references.citation: Science. 2004 Dec 3;306(5702):1783-6
references.pmid: 15486254