title: Vibrio fischeri flavohaemoglobin protects against nitric oxide during initiation of the squid-Vibrio symbiosis.
abstract: Nitric oxide (NO) is implicated in a wide range of biological processes, including innate immunity against pathogens, signal transduction and protection against oxidative stress. However, its possible roles in beneficial host-microbe associations are less well recognized. During the early stages of the squid-vibrio symbiosis, the bacterial symbiont Vibrio fischeri encounters host-derived NO, which has been hypothesized to serve as a specificity determinant. We demonstrate here that the flavohaemoglobin, Hmp, of V. fischeri protects against NO, both in culture and during colonization of the squid host. Transcriptional analyses indicate that hmp expression is highly responsive to NO, principally through the repressor, NsrR. Hmp protects V. fischeri from NO inhibition of aerobic respiration, and removes NO under both oxic and anoxic conditions. A Δhmp mutant of V. fischeri initiates squid colonization less effectively than wild type, but is rescued by the presence of an NO synthase inhibitor. The hmp promoter is activated during the initial stage of colonization, during which the Δhmp strain fails to form normal-sized aggregates of colonizing cells. Taken together, these results suggest that the sensing of host-derived NO by NsrR, and the subsequent removal of NO by Hmp, influence aggregate size and, thereby, V. fischeri colonization efficiency.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
authors.forename: Yanling
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Anne K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Dunn
authors.forename: Jacqueline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wilneff
authors.forename: Margaret J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: McFall-Ngai
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Spiro
authors.forename: Edward G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Ruby
mesh_terms: D000332:Aerobiosis; D048908:Aliivibrio fischeri / Q000276:immunology* / Q000502:physiology*; D000693:Anaerobiosis; D000818:Animals; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D049832:Decapodiformes / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology*; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006420:Hemeproteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D013559:Symbiosis
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D006420:Hemeproteins; D012097:Repressor Proteins; C086193:flavohemoprotein, Bacteria; D009569:Nitric Oxide
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