title: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi restore normal growth in a white poplar clone grown on heavy metal-contaminated soil, and this is associated with upregulation of foliar metallothionein and polyamine biosynthetic gene expression.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It is increasingly evident that plant tolerance to stress is improved by mycorrhiza. Thus, suitable plant-fungus combinations may also contribute to the success of phytoremediation of heavy metal (HM)-polluted soil. Metallothioneins (MTs) and polyamines (PAs) are implicated in the response to HM stress in several plant species, but whether the response is modulated by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) remains to be clarified. The aim of the present study was to check whether colonization by AMF could modify growth, metal uptake/translocation, and MT and PA gene expression levels in white poplar cuttings grown on HM-contaminated soil, and to compare this with plants grown on non-contaminated soil.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this greenhouse study, plants of a Populus alba clone were pre-inoculated, or not, with either Glomus mosseae or G. intraradices and then grown in pots containing either soil collected from a multimetal- (Cu and Zn) polluted site or non-polluted soil. The expression of MT and PA biosynthetic genes was analysed in leaves using quantitative reverse transcription-PCR. Free and conjugated foliar PA concentrations were determined in parallel.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On polluted soil, AMF restored plant biomass despite higher Cu and Zn accumulation in plant organs, especially roots. Inoculation with the AMF caused an overall induction of PaMT1, PaMT2, PaMT3, PaSPDS1, PaSPDS2 and PaADC gene expression, together with increased free and conjugated PA levels, in plants grown on polluted soil, but not in those grown on non-polluted soil.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mycorrhizal plants of P. alba clone AL35 exhibit increased capacity for stabilization of soil HMs, together with improved growth. Their enhanced stress tolerance may derive from the transcriptional upregulation of several stress-related genes, and the protective role of PAs.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Salerno, Stecca 7, Via Ponte don Melillo, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy.
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cicatelli
authors.forename: Guido
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lingua
authors.forename: Valeria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Todeschini
authors.forename: Stefania
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Biondi
authors.forename: Patrizia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Torrigiani
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Castiglione
mesh_terms: D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003300:Copper / Q000378:metabolism; D008668:Metallothionein / Q000378:metabolism*; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000378:metabolism*; D038821:Mycorrhizae / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D011073:Polyamines / Q000378:metabolism*; D032107:Populus / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000378:metabolism; D015032:Zinc / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D019216:Metals, Heavy; D010940:Plant Proteins; D011073:Polyamines; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D003300:Copper; D008668:Metallothionein; D015032:Zinc
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