title: Comparison of the effects of episiotomy and no episiotomy on pain, urinary incontinence, and sexual function 3 months postpartum: a prospective follow-up study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The episiotomy rate has declined worldwide but remains high in several countries such as Taiwan. The effects of episiotomy on women's health should be a constant concern. Few data are available on the effect of episiotomy by validated measures.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present study examined the effect of episiotomy on pain, urinary incontinence, and sexual function up to 3 months postpartum.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective follow-up study of 243 women who completed the Taiwanese versions of the Short Form McGill Pain Questionnaire, International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire - Urinary Incontinence Short Form, Female Sexual Function Index, and a demographic questionnaire after vaginal delivery in a Taiwanese medical center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Differences between those who did and did not have an episiotomy were tested using ANCOVA, adjusting for age, parity, newborn weight, and vacuum delivery. The reliability and validity of the measuring instruments were assessed using Cronbach's α coefficient and factor analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Women who delivered without an episiotomy had significantly lower perineal pain scores at weeks 1, 2 and 6 postpartum compared to women who had an episiotomy (p=0.0065, 0.0391, 0.0497, respectively). Women in the no-episiotomy group had significantly lower non-localized pain scores at week 2 postpartum compared to women in the episiotomy group (p=0.0438). The mean urinary incontinence score was significantly higher in the episiotomy group 3 months postpartum (p=0.0293). No significant difference in sexual function score was found between groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate that episiotomy increased pain at weeks 1, 2 and 6 postpartum, and urinary incontinence at 3 months postpartum. Awareness of the relationship between episiotomy and women's health will help health care professionals develop policy and promote the application of restrictive episiotomy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan. srchang@ntu.edu.tw
authors.forename: Shiow-Ru
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Kuang-Ho
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Ho-Hsiung
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Yu-Mei Y
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Chao
authors.forename: Yeur-Hur
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Lai
mesh_terms: D004841:Episiotomy; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology*; D049590:Postpartum Period; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013624:Taiwan; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000209:etiology*