title: Common carotid intima-media thickness and framingham risk score predict incident carotid atherosclerotic plaque formation: longitudinal results from the study of health in Pomerania.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cross-sectional studies describe a positive association between common carotid artery intima-media thickness (CCA-IMT) and carotid plaques (CP). However, longitudinal data on the predictive value of CCA-IMT for occurrence of CP are limited. Therefore, the role of increasing CCA-IMT in the atherosclerotic process is still discussed controversially.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated the predictive value of CCA-IMT and the Framingham risk score (FRS) for incident CP formation in a population-based longitudinal study of 1922 subjects aged 45 to 81 years who underwent ultrasonography of both carotid arteries and received vascular risk factor assessment at baseline and after 5 years. CP was defined as any protruding focal thickening of the intima-media complex. Incident CP formation during follow-up was defined as the appearance of at least 1 CP in a previously plaque-free arterial segment (right and left common, internal, and external carotid arteries and carotid bifurcation).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the 636 subjects without CP at baseline, 418 (66%) had at least 1 incident CP during follow-up. In a multivariable negative binominal regression model adjusted for age, gender, and the FRS, the number of arterial segments affected by incident CP was 1.53-fold higher (CI, 1.12-2.07; P<0.01) for subjects in the highest quartile of the overall CCA-IMT distribution compared to those in the lowest quartile.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both CCA-IMT and FRS independently predict incident CP formation. The risk of CP formation may actually be underestimated in subjects with low FRS and high IMT.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Institute for Community Medicine, Ernst Moritz Arndt University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany. Bettina.vonSarnowski@uni-greifswald.de
authors.forename: Bettina
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: von Sarnowski
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lüdemann
authors.forename: Henry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Völzke
authors.forename: Marcus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dörr
authors.forename: Christof
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kessler
authors.forename: Ulf
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Schminke
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology*; D017536:Carotid Artery, Common / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012306:Risk; D012307:Risk Factors; D017539:Tunica Intima / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D017540:Tunica Media / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014463:Ultrasonography