Is the use of sentient animals in basic research justifiable?
Animals can be used in many ways in science and scientific research. Given that society values sentient animals and that basic research is not goal oriented, the question is raised: "Is the use of sentient animals in basic research justifiable?" We explore this in the context of funding issues, outcomes from basic research, and the position of society as a whole on using sentient animals in research that is not goal oriented. We conclude that the use of sentient animals in basic research cannot be justified in light of society's priorities.
Greek
Ray
R
Americans For Medical Advancement, Goleta, CA 93117, USA. DrRayGreek@aol.com
Greek
Jean
J
D032761:Animal Experimentation / Q000941:ethics*; D000818:Animals; D035843:Biomedical Research / Q000941:ethics* / Q000379:methods; D003243:Consciousness; D032984:Ethics, Research; D006801:Humans; D011640:Public Policy; D014481:United States
Perspect Biol Med. 1971 Spring;14(3):347-69
5103428
JAMA. 2006 Oct 11;296(14):1731-2
17032985
Nat Med. 2007 Nov;13(11):1272-3
17987010
J Toxicol Sci. 1995 May;20(2):77-92
7473897
Nat Genet. 2007 Feb;39(2):226-31
17206142
Nature. 2008 Jun 12;453(7197):840-2
18548043
Dis Aquat Organ. 2007 May 4;75(2):99-108
17578249
New Sci. 1999 May 22;162(2187):26-31
11657970
Dis Aquat Organ. 2007 May 4;75(2):87-98
17578248
Drug Metab Rev. 1984;15(3):505-23
6435984
Nat Med. 2009 Aug;15(8):830
19661976
Philos Ethics Humanit Med. 2007 Apr 03;2:4
17407602
J Transl Med. 2004 Jan 31;2(1):5
14754464
BMJ. 2000 Sep 2;321(7260):566
10968826
ALTEX. 2005;22(3):143-51
16186990
Crit Care. 2003 Dec;7(6):R129-32
14624686
Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1966 Mar-Apr;7(2):250-70
5327179
BMJ. 2003 Nov 1;327(7422):1041-3
14593043
Conscious Cogn. 2005 Mar;14(1):30-80
15766890
Science. 2007 Jan 12;315(5809):173-4
17218500
Nature. 2008 Jun 12;453(7197):839
18548042
J Med Ethics. 1983 Jun;9(2):94-7
6876105
Behav Brain Res. 2004 Aug 12;153(1):171-80
15219718
JAMA. 2006 Oct 25;296(16):1951-2
17062851
Altern Lab Anim. 2006 Feb;34(1):19-27
16522147
Eur J Med Res. 1996 Jan 19;1(4):182-8
9386267
Nat Med. 2006 Aug;12(8):881-2
16892027
Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1987 Nov 28;295(6610):1404-7
3690250
Ann Neurol. 2006 Mar;59(3):467-77
16453316
J R Soc Med. 1978 Sep;71(9):693-6
712750
Am J Med. 2003 Apr 15;114(6):477-84
12731504
JAMA. 2006 Jun 14;295(22):2656-8
16772630
J Health Serv Res Policy. 1996 Jan;1(1):35-43
10180843
Lancet. 2006 Jul 22;368(9532):262-6
16860680
Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2003 Feb;2(2):151-4
12563306
Science. 2005 Jun 10;308(5728):1517
15947140
Circ Res. 1969 Oct;25(4):501-3
5347224
Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1962 Sep-Oct;3:665-72
14465857
JAMA. 2009 Aug 26;302(8):896-7
19706866
Brain Cogn. 2003 Jun;52(1):4-14
12812799
Crit Rev Toxicol. 1985;16(1):1-29
3910353
Nature. 2006 Dec 21;444(7122):981
17183281
Nature. 2009 Dec 10;462(7274):699
20010640
Cardiovasc Dis. 1975;2(4):361-375
15216009
J Perinatol. 2004 Feb;24(2):109-11
14872209
Am J Pharmacogenomics. 2005;5(1):53-62
15727489
Circ Res. 1974 Nov;35(5):661-9
4609407
Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2005 Jan;19(1):2-3
15670101
Science. 1990 Dec 7;250(4986):1331-2
2255902
Science. 2007 Feb 2;315(5812):592-4
17272699
Science. 2009 Feb 27;323(5918):1147
19251595
JAMA. 2003 Mar 12;289(10):1278-87
12633190
Am J Med. 2003 Apr 15;114(6):503-5
12727585
J Appl Philos. 2006;23(2):223-32
17036431
JAMA. 2007 Apr 18;297(15):1644
17440137
Philos Ethics Humanit Med. 2009 Jan 15;4:2
19146696
Theriogenology. 2008 Jan 1;69(1):2-9
17988725
N Engl J Med. 2006 Jan 26;354(4):408-11
16436773
BMJ. 2000 Apr 22;320(7242):1107-11
10775218
Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2008 Jul;7(7):568-74
18587383
Fundam Appl Toxicol. 1983 Jan-Feb;3(1):63-7
6884625
Science. 2005 Jun 10;308(5728):1572
15947169
BMJ. 2007 Jan 27;334(7586):197
17175568
Science. 2003 Oct 24;302(5645):594-6
14576420
Crit Care Med. 1998 Aug;26(8):1332-6
9710090
Nature. 2008 Jun 12;453(7197):843-5
18548044
PLoS Clin Trials. 2006 Nov 17;1(7):e36
17111044
Toxicol Lett. 1983 Aug;18(1-2):83-8
6623552
N Engl J Med. 2009 Jun 4;360(23):2445-54
19494220
JAMA. 2003 Mar 12;289(10):1305-6
12633194
Science. 1967 Jun 23;156(3782):1571-7
6025113
Nat Med. 2004 Sep;10(9):879
15340394
N Engl J Med. 2003 Feb 6;348(6):529-37
12571261
Chem Biol Interact. 2001 May 16;134(3):237-42
11336972
Science. 1995 Sep 29;269(5232):1799
7569906
BMJ. 2007 Jan 27;334(7586):163-4
17255568
Science. 1976 Apr 9;192(4235):105-11
769161
Nebr Symp Motiv. 2004;50:85-126
15160639
JAMA. 2009 Aug 26;302(8):849-57
19706858
Altern Lab Anim. 2007 Dec;35(6):641-59
18186670
Conscious Cogn. 2005 Mar;14(1):22-9
15766889
Brain Res. 2004 Oct 29;1025(1-2):75-84
15464747
J Toxicol Sci. 1996 Dec;21(5):497-504
9035061