title: Long-term effects of prenatal omega-3 fatty acid intake on visual function in school-age children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the long-term effect on visual development of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA) intake during gestation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using visual evoked potentials (VEPs), the long-term effects on visual development were evaluated in 136 school-age Inuit children exposed to high levels of n-3 PUFAs during gestation. VEP protocols using color and motion stimuli were used to assess parvocellular and magnocellular responses. Concentrations of the two major n-3 PUFAs (docosahexaenoic acid [DHA] and eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA]) were measured in umbilical cord and child plasma phospholipids, reflecting prenatal and postnatal exposure, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After adjustment for confounders, cord plasma DHA level was found to be associated with shorter latencies of the N1 and P1 components of the color VEPs. No effects were found for current n-3 PUFA body burden or motion-onset VEPs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates beneficial effects of DHA intake during gestation on visual system function at school age. DHA is particularly important for the early development and long-term function of the visual parvocellular pathway.
authors.affiliation: Sainte-Justine University Hospital Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jacques
authors.forename: Emile
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Levy
authors.forename: Gina
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Muckle
authors.forename: Sandra W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Jacobson
authors.forename: Célyne
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bastien
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dewailly
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ayotte
authors.forename: Joseph L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Jacobson
authors.forename: Dave
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Saint-Amour
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development / Q000187:drug effects; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D011295:Prenatal Care; D012044:Regression Analysis; D013997:Time Factors; D014785:Vision, Ocular / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3
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