title: A study of the efficiency of pooling in haplotype estimation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It has been claimed in the literature that pooling DNA samples is efficient in estimating haplotype frequencies. There is, however, no theoretical justification based on calculation of statistical efficiency. In fact, the limited evidence given so far is based on simulation studies with small numbers of loci. With rapid advance in technology, it is of interest to see if pooling is still efficient when the number of loci increases.
  
  
  METHODS
  Instead of resorting to simulation studies, we make use of asymptotic statistical theory to perform exact calculation of the efficiency of pooling relative to no pooling in the estimation of haplotype frequencies. As an intermediate step, we use the log-linear formulation of the haplotype probabilities and derive the asymptotic variance-covariance matrix of the maximum likelihood estimators of the canonical parameters of the log-linear model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Based on our calculations under linkage equilibrium, pooling can suffer huge loss in efficiency relative to no pooling when there are more than three independent loci and the alleles are not rare. Pooling works better for rare alleles. In particular, if all the minor allele frequencies are 0.05, pooling maintains an advantage over no pooling until the number of independent loci reaches 6. High linkage disequilibrium effectively reduces the number of independent loci by ruling out certain haplotypes from occurring. Similar calculations of efficiency for the case of no pooling justify the common belief that it is not worthwhile to use molecular methods to resolve the phase ambiguity of individual genotype data.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The R codes for the calculation are available at http://www.stat.nus.edu.sg/∼staxj/pooling
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  stakuka@nus.edu.sg.
authors.affiliation: Department of Statistics and Applied Probability, National University of Singapore,117546 Singapore. stakuka@nus.edu.sg
authors.forename: Anthony Y C
authors.initials: AY
authors.lastname: Kuk
authors.forename: Jinfeng
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Yaning
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D005787:Gene Frequency; D005838:Genotype; D006239:Haplotypes; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D015810:Linkage Disequilibrium; D012044:Regression Analysis