title: Sentinel node biopsy in squamous-cell carcinoma of the anal canal.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Radiochemotherapy is the standard treatment for patients with carcinoma of the anal canal. Therefore, a surgical specimen is not usually obtained. Inguinal lymph node metastases cannot be accurately predicted by either clinical examination or imaging techniques. In this study, we applied the sentinel node technique in patients with anal canal squamous-cell carcinoma to determine whether this provided more reliable staging of tumors.
  
  
  METHODS
  From May 2007 to May 2009, we enrolled 11 patients (7 women) with a mean age 65 (range 39-80) years with squamous-cell carcinoma of the anal canal and clinically and radiologically negative groin lymph nodes. The patients were staged with endorectal ultrasound, computed tomographic scan, magnetic resonance imaging of the pelvis, and positron emission tomography. There were two T1, four T2, and five T3 tumors (International Union Against Cancer classification). Lymphoscintigraphy with peritumoral 99mTc colloid injection was performed 16 to 18 h before surgery. During the surgery, patent blue dye was injected peritumorally, and the sentinel inguinal node was identified by a handheld gamma probe and dye visualization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The sentinel lymph node was detected in all 11 patients by scintigraphy; in 9 cases, the lymph node was in the inguinal region. All of these patients underwent radioguided node biopsy, and a total of 12 lymph nodes were removed. The average diameter of the resected nodes was 8 (range 4-20) mm. No serious complications occurred. In three patients, metastases were identified in the lymph node.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sentinel node biopsy is a more accurate method than clinical or radiological techniques to stage the disease of patients with anal carcinoma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Scientific Institute San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy. denardi.paola@hsr.it
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: De Nardi
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Carvello
authors.forename: Carla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Canevari
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Passoni
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Staudacher
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001005:Anus Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D021701:Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy; D015996:Survival Rate; D013668:Technetium Tc 99m Aggregated Albumin; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D013668:Technetium Tc 99m Aggregated Albumin