title: Tissue-specific and ubiquitous expression patterns from alternative promoters of human genes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Transcriptome diversity provides the key to cellular identity. One important contribution to expression diversity is the use of alternative promoters, which creates mRNA isoforms by expanding the choice of transcription initiation sites of a gene. The proximity of the basal promoter to the transcription initiation site enables prediction of a promoter's location based on the gene annotations. We show that annotation of alternative promoters regulating expression of transcripts with distinct first exons enables a novel methodology to quantify expression levels and tissue specificity of mRNA isoforms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The use of distinct alternative first exons in 3,296 genes was examined using exon-microarray data from 11 human tissues. Comparing two transcripts from each gene we found that the activity of alternative promoters (i.e., P1 and P2) was not correlated through tissue specificity or level of expression. Furthermore neither P1 nor P2 conferred any bias for tissue-specific or ubiquitous expression. Genes associated with specific diseases produced transcripts whose limited expression patterns were consistent with the tissue affected in disease. Notably, genes that were historically designated as tissue-specific or housekeeping had alternative isoforms that showed differential expression. Furthermore, only a small number of alternative promoters showed expression exclusive to a single tissue indicating that "tissue preference" provides a better description of promoter activity than tissue specificity. When compared to gene expression data in public databases, as few as 22% of the genes had detailed information for more than one isoform, whereas the remainder collapsed the expression patterns from individual transcripts into one profile.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We describe a computational pipeline that uses microarray data to assess the level of expression and breadth of tissue profiles for transcripts with distinct first exons regulated by alternative promoters. We conclude that alternative promoters provide individualized regulation that is confirmed through expression levels, tissue preference and chromatin modifications. Although the selective use of alternative promoters often goes uncharacterized in gene expression analyses, transcripts produced in this manner make unique contributions to the cell that requires further exploration.
authors.affiliation: National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America.
authors.forename: Edwin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Jacox
authors.forename: Valer
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gotea
authors.forename: Ivan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ovcharenko
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Elnitski
mesh_terms: D019295:Computational Biology; D030541:Databases, Genetic; D004194:Disease / Q000235:genetics; D019277:Entropy; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D005091:Exons / Q000235:genetics; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D023281:Genomics; D051557:Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4 / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D009154:Mutation; D009693:Nucleic Acid Hybridization; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D009928:Organ Specificity; D010641:Phenotype; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: C496592:HNF4A protein, human; D051557:Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4; D012333:RNA, Messenger
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