title: Back to the future: covalent epitope-based HIV vaccine development.
abstract: Traditional HIV vaccine approaches have proved ineffective because the immunodominant viral epitopes are mutable and the conserved epitopes necessary for infection are not sufficiently immunogenic. The CD4 binding site expressed by the HIV envelope protein of glycoprotein 120 is essential for viral entry into host cells. In this article, we review the B-cell superantigenic character of the CD4 binding site as the cause of its poor immunogenicity. We summarize evidence supporting development of covalent immunization as the first vaccine strategy with the potential to induce an antibody response to a conserved HIV epitope that neutralizes genetically divergent HIV strains.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Chemical Immunology Research Center, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, 6431 Fannin, MSB 2.230A, Houston, TX 77030, USA. sudhir.paul@uth.tmc.edu
authors.forename: Sudhir
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Paul
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Planque
authors.forename: Yasuhiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nishiyama
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Escobar
authors.forename: Carl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hanson
mesh_terms: D016915:AIDS Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*; D057134:Antibodies, Neutralizing / Q000097:blood; D035843:Biomedical Research / Q000639:trends; D000939:Epitopes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology*; D015483:HIV Antibodies / Q000097:blood; D015699:HIV Envelope Protein gp120 / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D008958:Models, Molecular; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D018089:Superantigens / Q000276:immunology; D054299:env Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D016915:AIDS Vaccines; D057134:Antibodies, Neutralizing; D000939:Epitopes; D015483:HIV Antibodies; D015699:HIV Envelope Protein gp120; D018089:Superantigens; D054299:env Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
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