title: Cone-beam computed tomography evaluation of mini-implants after placement: Is root proximity a major risk factor for failure?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purposes of this study were to determine factors favoring successful mini-implant placement and to evaluate root proximity as a possible risk factor for failure of osseointegration-based mini-implants during orthodontic treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three-dimensional cone-beam computed tomography images were used to examine 50 sandblasted, large-grit, and acid-etched surface-treated mini-implants (C-implant, Seoul, Korea) placed in 25 patients. The images were analyzed for 3-dimensional position of the mini-implant (placement angle and depth) and any contact with root surfaces or maxillary sinuses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no remarkable differences in horizontal placement angles in the axial plane and placement depths of the mini-implants, but the vertical placement angle was significantly higher on the left side (24.5 degrees +/- 11.0 degrees ) compared with the right side (11.8 degrees +/- 11.6 degrees ). The horizontal mini-implant placement angle had a greater inclination tendency toward the maxillary first molar, and 11 mini-implants with root proximity showed mesiobuccal contact with the maxillary first molar root. Only 1 failure in 15 mini-implants with root proximity and 1 failure in 35 without root proximity were observed on the images.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Root proximity alone was not considered a major risk factor for osseointegration-based mini-implant failure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea. bravortho@khu.ac.kr
authors.forename: Seong-Hun
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Seok-Man
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Yong-Suk
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Yoon-Ah
authors.initials: YA
authors.lastname: Kook
authors.forename: Kyu-Rhim
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D000134:Acid Etching, Dental; D000328:Adult; D001641:Bicuspid / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002508:Cephalometry / Q000379:methods; D054893:Cone-Beam Computed Tomography / Q000379:methods*; D045662:Dental Etching; D015921:Dental Implants; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008311:Malocclusion, Angle Class I / Q000628:therapy; D008312:Malocclusion, Angle Class II / Q000628:therapy; D008437:Maxilla / Q000601:surgery; D008443:Maxillary Sinus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008963:Molar / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D052280:Orthodontic Anchorage Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation*; D016382:Orthodontic Appliance Design; D016348:Osseointegration / Q000502:physiology; D011862:Radiography, Panoramic; D012307:Risk Factors; D013499:Surface Properties; D014092:Tooth Root / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*
chemical_list: D015921:Dental Implants