title: Careful selection and close monitoring of low-risk prostate cancer patients on active surveillance minimizes the need for treatment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  With the advent of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening and the increase in the number of transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsy cores, there has been a dramatic rise in the incidence of low-risk prostate cancer (LRPC). Because > 97% of men with LRPC are likely to die of something other than prostate cancer, it is critical that patients give thought to whether early curative treatment is the only option at diagnosis.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To identify a group of men with LRPC who may not require initial treatment and monitor them on our active surveillance (AS) protocol, to determine the percentage treated and the outcome and to analyze the quality-of-life data.
  
  
  METHODS
  We defined patients eligible for AS as Gleason ≤ 6, PSA ≤ 10, and two or fewer biopsy cores with ≤ 20% tumor in each core.
  
  
  METHODS
  Kaplan Meier analysis was used to predict the 5-year treatment free survival. Logistic regression determined the predictors of treatment. Data on sexual function, continence, and outcome were obtained and analyzed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The AS cohort consisted of 230 patients with a mean age of 63.4 yr; 86% remained on AS for a mean follow-up of 44 mo. Thirty-two of the 230 patients (14%) were treated for a mean follow-up of 33 mo. Twelve had a total prostatectomy (TP). The pathologic stage of these patients was similar to initially treated TP patients with LRPC. Fourteen underwent radiation therapy, and six underwent androgen-deprivation therapy. Fifty percent of patients had no tumor on the first rebiopsy, and only 5% of these patients were subsequently treated. PSA doubling time and clinical stage were not predictors of treatment. No patient progressed after treatment. Among the AS patients, 30% had incontinence, yet < 15% were bothered by it. As measured by the Sexual Health Inventory for Men, 49% of patients had, at a minimum, moderate (≤ 16) erectile dysfunction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  If guidelines for AS are narrowly defined to include only patients with Gleason 6, tumor volume ≤ 20% in one or two biopsy cores, and PSA levels ≤ 10, few patients are likely to require treatment. Progression-free survival of those treated is likely to be equivalent to patients with similar clinical findings treated at diagnosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA. msoloway@med.miami.edu
authors.forename: Mark S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Soloway
authors.forename: Cynthia T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Soloway
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Eldefrawy
authors.forename: Kristell
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Acosta
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kava
authors.forename: Murugesan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Manoharan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000726:Androgen Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001706:Biopsy; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005431:Florida; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D018579:Patient Selection; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood; D011468:Prostatectomy; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy*; D011788:Quality of Life; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D057832:Watchful Waiting
chemical_list: D000726:Androgen Antagonists; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen