title: Learning through observation: the role of ethnography in improving critical care.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the conditions under which ethnographic research is a useful tool for reflexive self-learning and enhanced performance in critical care units.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The focus of studies using qualitative methods to investigate the organization of work in critical care units largely remains the investigation of the stresses and strains for staff, patients, and families managing communication at the end of life. A more recent focus of research has been on safety and quality improvement. Iterative feedback between researchers and clinicians is likely a useful tool for self-reflexive learning and change.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Qualitative researchers have long been involved in the study of critical care. There is a new emphasis on using ethnographic methods as a tool for behavioural change through the process of iterative feedback.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK. md11@le.ac.uk
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dixon-Woods
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bosk
mesh_terms: D000884:Anthropology, Cultural; D003142:Communication; D003422:Critical Care / Q000458:organization & administration*; D003643:Death; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000458:organization & administration*; D061214:Patient Safety; D036301:Qualitative Research; D011787:Quality of Health Care / Q000458:organization & administration*