title: Clinical characteristics and resource utilization of patients with bipolar disorder who have frequent psychiatric interventions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the demographics, clinical characteristics and resource utilization of patients with bipolar disorder who required frequent psychiatric interventions (FPIs) with those needing fewer interventions in the Duke Healthcare System database between 1999 and 2005.
  
  
  METHODS
  This retrospective analysis was conducted using electronic medical records of bipolar patients with FPIs, defined as having ≥4 clinically significant events (CSEs) in any 12-month period while in the Duke University Healthcare System. CSEs were composed of emergency room visits, inpatient hospitalizations, or a change in psychotropic medication due to psychiatric symptoms (score≥4 on the Clinical Global Impressions-Severity scale). Data were compared between patients with and without FPIs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 632 patients with bipolar disorder 52.5% were identified as having FPIs. These patients were younger and more often female and African American than those with fewer interventions (p<0.01 for all). Patients with FPIs were generally prescribed more psychotropic and non-psychotropic medications, utilized more healthcare resources and experienced more psychiatric co-morbidities than those who did not require FPIs (p<0.01 for all).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results are from a single healthcare system and may not be generalizable to all patients with bipolar disorder. This analysis was retrospective and relied on availability of adequate information recording and coding of diagnoses by physicians.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with bipolar disorder who required FPIs were significantly different from those with fewer clinically defined interventions with respect to their demographic and clinical characteristics and prescribed medications.
authors.affiliation: Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, LLC, Titusville, NJ 08560-0200, USA. thaskins2@its.jnj.com
authors.forename: J Thomas
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Haskins
authors.forename: Wayne
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Macfadden
authors.forename: Norris
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.forename: Concetta
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Crivera
authors.forename: Riad
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dirani
authors.forename: Larry
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Alphs
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gersing
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Burchett
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000191:economics* / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D015897:Comorbidity; D057286:Electronic Health Records; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008605:Mental Health Services / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D009657:North Carolina; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012737:Sex Factors