title: Does social capital promote physical activity? A population-based study in Japan.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To examine the association between individual-level social capital and physical activity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In February 2009, data were collected in a population-based cross-sectional survey in Okayama city, Japan. A cluster-sampling approach was used to randomly select 4,000 residents from 20 school districts. A total of 2260 questionnaires were returned (response rate: 57.4%). Individual-level social capital was assessed by an item inquiring about perceived trust of others in the community (cognitive dimension of social capital) categorized as low trust (43.0%), mid trust (38.6%), and high trust (17.3%), as well as participation in voluntary groups (structural dimension of social capital), which further distinguished between bonding (8.9%) and bridging (27.1%) social capital. Using logistic regression, we calculated the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for physical inactivity associated with each domain of social capital. Multiple imputation method was employed for missing data. Among total participants, 68.8% were physically active and 28.9% were inactive. Higher trust was associated with a significantly lower odds of physical inactivity (OR = 0.58, 95% CI = 0.42-0.79) compared with low trust. Both bridging and bonding social capital were marginally significantly associated with lower odds of physical inactivity (bridging, OR = 0.79, 95% CI = 0.62-1.00; bonding, OR = 0.71, 95% CI = 0.48-1.03) compared with lack of structural social capital.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low individual-level social capital, especially lower trust of others in the community, was associated with physical inactivity among Japanese adults.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazumune
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ueshima
authors.forename: Takeo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fujiwara
authors.forename: Soshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Takao
authors.forename: Etsuji
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Toshihide
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Iwase
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Doi
authors.forename: S V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Subramanian
authors.forename: Ichiro
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kawachi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001519:Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012924:Social Conditions; D055815:Young Adult
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