title: Antiemetic medication for prevention and treatment of chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting in childhood.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nausea and vomiting are still a problem for children undergoing treatment for malignancies despite new antiemetic therapies. Optimising antiemetic regimens could improve quality of life by reducing nausea, vomiting and associated clinical problems.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effectiveness and adverse events of pharmacological interventions in controlling anticipatory, acute and delayed nausea and vomiting in children and young people (aged < 18 years) about to receive/receiving chemotherapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Searches included CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE and LILACS, trial registries from their earliest records to February 2008, and ASCO, MASCC and SIOP conference proceedings from 2001 to 2007. We examined references of systematic reviews and contacted trialists for information on further studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two authors independently screened abstracts to identify randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that compared a pharmacological antiemetic, cannabinoid or benzodiazepine with placebo or any alternative active intervention in children and young people (< 18 years) with a diagnosis of cancer who were to receive chemotherapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two authors independently extracted outcome and quality data from each RCT. When appropriate, we undertook meta-analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We included 28 studies which examined a range of different antiemetics, used different doses and comparators, and reported a variety of outcomes. The quality and quantity of included studies limited the exploration of heterogeneity to narrative approaches only.The majority of quantitative data related to the complete control of acute vomiting (22 studies). Adverse events were reported in 24 studies and nausea outcomes in 10 studies.The addition of dexamethasone to 5-HT(3) antagonists was assessed in two studies for complete control of vomiting (pooled relative risk (RR) 2.03; 95% CI 1.35 to 3.04). Three studies compared granisetron 20 mcg/kg with 40 mcg/kg for complete control of vomiting (pooled RR 0.93; 95% CI 0.80 to 1.07). No other pooled analyses were possible.Narrative synthesis suggests 5-HT(3) antagonists are more effective than older antiemetic agents even when combined with a steroid. Cannabinoids are probably effective but produce frequent side effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our overall knowledge of the most effective antiemetics to prevent chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting in childhood is incomplete. Future research should be undertaken in consultation with children, young people and families that have experienced chemotherapy and should make use of validated, age-appropriate measures. This review suggests that 5-HT(3) antagonists with dexamethasone added are effective in patients who are to receive highly emetogenic chemotherapy although the risk-benefit profile of additional steroid remains uncertain.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York, York, UK, YO10 5DD.
authors.forename: Robert S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: Shireen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gopaul
authors.forename: Faith
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gibson
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Houghton
authors.forename: Jean V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Craig
authors.forename: Kate
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Light
authors.forename: Barry
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pizer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000932:Antiemetics / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002648:Child; D003907:Dexamethasone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D009325:Nausea / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012702:Serotonin Antagonists / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014839:Vomiting / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D000932:Antiemetics; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D012702:Serotonin Antagonists; D003907:Dexamethasone