title: No-reflow phenomenon following percutaneous coronary intervention for acute myocardial infarction: incidence, outcome, and effect of pharmacologic therapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  No-reflow (NR) phenomenon is a well-known problem, often accompanying percutaneous coronary intervention for acute ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). There are little data on effects of pharmacologic therapy on the resolution, outcome, and long-term natural history of NR.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Retrospectively assess incidence, management, and prognosis of NR in a tertiary referral hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Study included patients with STEMI, treated with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Effect of pharmacologic therapy and long-term outcome were assessed. NR was defined by thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) < 3 or myocardial blush grade (MBG) < 3.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 347 identified subjects, NR occurred in 110 (32%) by TIMI and 198 (57%) by MBG. Higher incidence was identified in men versus women (34% vs. 25% by TIMI, P = 0.08; and 60% vs. 48% by MBG, P = 0.04). Pharmacologic therapy was equally effective in restoring normal flow, increasing TIMI score from 1.62 ± 0.07 to 2.78 ± 0.06 (P < 0.0001) and MBG score from 0.43 ± 0.08 to 2.09 ± 0.11 (P < 0.0001). Twenty-three percent who did not receive pharmacologic therapy developed clinical composite of congestive heart failure, cardiogenic shock, and/or death; only 9% of patients who received pharmacologic therapy developed this composite. Patients with severe NR despite treatment had poorer prognosis. Sixty-five percent of patients who survived and had repeat angiogram about 1.5 years later had spontaneous improvement in coronary flow by MBG.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NR is common in STEMI. Treatment with nicardipine, nitroprusside, and verapamil are equally effective in improving flow. If not treated, prognosis is poor.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Marshfield Clinic, Marshfield, Wisconsin 54449, USA. rezkalla.shereif@marshfieldclinic.org
authors.forename: Shereif H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Rezkalla
authors.forename: Kodlipet C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Dharmashankar
authors.forename: Ihab B
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: Abdalrahman
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Kloner
mesh_terms: D015906:Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization; D005260:Female; D053805:Fractional Flow Reserve, Myocardial; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000628:therapy*; D009529:Nicardipine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009599:Nitroprusside / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014700:Verapamil / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D009599:Nitroprusside; D014700:Verapamil; D009529:Nicardipine