title: Differences in maternal circulating fatty acid composition and dietary fat intake in women with gestational diabetes mellitus or mild gestational hyperglycemia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated the relationship between maternal circulating fatty acids (FAs) and dietary FA intake in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM; n = 49), women with hyperglycemia less severe than GDM (impaired glucose challenge test [GCT] non-GDM; n = 80), and normal control subjects (n = 98).
  
  
  METHODS
  A case-control design was nested within a prospective cohort of healthy pregnant women. Fasting concentrations of serum total FAs (enzymatic assay) and FA composition (gas chromatography-mass spectrometry) were determined at entry and the third trimester. Dietary fat intake data were obtained from 24-h recalls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a graded increase among groups (control subjects, impaired GCT non-GDM, and GDM) during the third trimester for total FAs and individual FAs, including myristic, palmitic, palmitoleic, oleic, linoleic, linolenic, arachidonic, eicosapentaenoic, and docosahexaenoic acids (P for trend <0.03 to P < 0.001). Similar relationships were observed at entry in total FAs and for four FAs (myristic, palmitic, palmitoleic, and eicosapentaenoic acids). Women with impaired GCT non-GDM with BMI >or=25 kg/m(2) had the highest levels of FAs at entry, whereas women with GDM with BMI >or=25 kg/m(2) had the highest levels during the third trimester, and all grouped FAs were significantly different from lean women with impaired GCT non-GDM or control subjects (P < 0.05). Dietary intake of polyunsaturated FAs was decreased, but saturated FAs were increased in GDM compared with impaired GCT non-GDM or control subjects (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Abnormalities in fat metabolism are present in both GDM and impaired GCT non-GDM women. Reducing pregravid weight and altering diet might prevent the associated elevation of circulating FAs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Osteopathic Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Stratford, New Jersey, USA. chenx1@umdnj.edu
authors.forename: Xinhua
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Theresa O
authors.initials: TO
authors.lastname: Scholl
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Leskiw
authors.forename: Juanito
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Savaille
authors.forename: T Peter
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Stein
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000378:metabolism*; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism; D011247:Pregnancy; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats; D005227:Fatty Acids
references.citation: Lipids. 2004 May;39(5):421-4
references.pmid: 15506236
references.citation: Am J Epidemiol. 2005 Aug 15;162(4):373-81
references.pmid: 16014782
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 2007 Jul;86(1):74-81
references.pmid: 17616765
references.citation: Eur J Clin Invest. 2002 Jun;32 Suppl 3:14-23
references.pmid: 12028371
references.citation: J Hypertens. 2009 Jun;27(6):1293-302
references.pmid: 19462499
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 1999 Jul;70(1):53-61
references.pmid: 10393139
references.citation: Nutrition. 2006 Mar;22(3):230-6
references.pmid: 16500549
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 2008 Sep;31(9):1858-63
references.pmid: 18606978
references.citation: Diabetologia. 2005 Jul;48(7):1373-9
references.pmid: 15940468
references.citation: World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser. 2000;894:i-xii, 1-253
references.pmid: 11234459
references.citation: Diabetologia. 2001 Aug;44(8):972-8
references.pmid: 11484073
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2009 Oct 1;361(14):1339-48
references.pmid: 19797280
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2008 May 8;358(19):1991-2002
references.pmid: 18463375
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 2003 May;26(5):1362-8
references.pmid: 12716789
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 1996 Apr;63(4):520-5
references.pmid: 8599315
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 2001 Jun;73(6):1019-26
references.pmid: 11382654
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1957 May;226(1):497-509
references.pmid: 13428781
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 2009 Jan;32(1):120-2
references.pmid: 18852337
references.citation: Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2008 Jan;22(1):47-59
references.pmid: 18173784
references.citation: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998 Jul;83(7):2338-42
references.pmid: 9661605
references.citation: Obstet Gynecol. 2008 Aug;112(2 Pt 1):297-303
references.pmid: 18669726
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 2000 Jan;23 Suppl 1:S1-116
references.pmid: 10859117
references.citation: Eur J Pediatr. 1998 Sep;157(9):763-8
references.pmid: 9776538
references.citation: Diabetologia. 2005 Jun;48(6):1135-41
references.pmid: 15889233