title: Reduced energy expenditure and impaired feeding-related signals but not high energy intake reinforces hypothalamic obesity in adults with childhood onset craniopharyngioma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Obesity is a frequent manifestation of hypothalamic damage from a craniopharyngioma (CP). It is not yet clarified whether the obesity is due to alterations in energy expenditure, i.e. basal metabolic rate (BMR) and physical activity, or to increased energy intake (EI).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim was to investigate whether energy expenditure and EI differed between childhood onset CP patients and matched population controls and whether these measures were related to hypothalamic damage, as tumor growth into the third ventricle (TGTV).
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-two CP patients (20 women) aged 28 yr (range, 17-57 yr) operated between 1958 and 2000 in the South Medical Region of Sweden (population, 2.5 million) were studied. Body composition, satiety hormones, BMR (indirect calorimetry), physical activity, EI, and attitudes toward eating were assessed. Comparisons were made with matched controls and between patients with (n=25) and without (n=17) TGTV.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After adjustment, patients had lower BMR compared to controls (-90 kcal/24 h; P=0.02) and also had lower EI (1778 vs. 2094 kcal/24 h; P=0.008), and the EI/BMR ratio was significantly lower in TGTV patients. Similar dietary macronutrient composition was found, and only significantly higher scales in restricting food intake were recorded in patients. Ghrelin levels were significantly lower in patients, whereas serum insulin and leptin levels were higher (P<0.001), and both ghrelin and insulin correlated significantly to tumor growth. Lower levels of physical activity (P<0.01) were recorded in patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The major mechanisms that reinforced obesity were hypothalamic damage causing disrupted or impaired sensitivity to feeding-related signals for leptin, insulin, and ghrelin, and reductions in both BMR and physical activity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Cenral Hospital, Kristianstad, Sweden.
authors.forename: Helene
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Holmer
authors.forename: Gabriella
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pozarek
authors.forename: Elisabet
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wirfält
authors.forename: Vera
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Popovic
authors.forename: Bertil
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ekman
authors.forename: Jonas
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Björk
authors.forename: Eva-Marie
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Erfurth
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D000728:Androgens / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D003397:Craniopharyngioma / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000502:physiology*; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D004967:Estrogens / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D054439:Ghrelin / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007031:Hypothalamus / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013548:Sweden; D013974:Thyroxine / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000728:Androgens; D004967:Estrogens; D054439:Ghrelin; D007328:Insulin; D020738:Leptin; D013974:Thyroxine