title: Analysis of llicit and illicit drugs in waste, surface and lake water samples using large volume direct injection high performance liquid chromatography--electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS).
abstract: Llicit and illicit drugs represent a recent group of emerging contaminants and have been found in the aquatic environment. A HPLC-MS/MS method was developed using direct injection (DI) of larger volumes and a polar endcapped reversed-phase (RP) column to measure drug components in water samples belonging to the cocaine group, opiates, amphetamine-like stimulants and metabolites thereof. After validation, including sensitivity, linearity, recovery, precision and matrix effect studies, most drugs could be detected with limits of quantitation (LOQ) of 20 ng L(-1) in wastewater (WW) and 0.2 ng L(-1) in surface water. The major substances found in influents and effluents were cocaine (COC), benzoylecgonine (BE), morphine (MO), methadone (MD) and its main metabolite 2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine (EDDP) with concentrations up to 2 μg L(-1), followed by codeine (COD) and the amphetamines which ranged between 20 and 400 ng L(-1). Except for MO, COD and EDDP levels were generally lower in the effluents. River and lake water contained trace amounts of mainly BE, MD and EDDP from the high pg L(-1) to the low ng L(-1) level. Monitoring COC and BE levels over 11 consecutive days in influents and effluents suggests a consumption preference on week-end days. Finally, measuring an influent after a major music event revealed that sewage treatment plants (STPs) are exposed, for a limited period of time, to high concentration peaks of COC and BE as well as amphetamine-like stimulants such as ecstasy (MDMA).
authors.affiliation: Water and Soil Protection Laboratory (WSPL), Environmental Organic Chemistry Group (EOCG), Office of Water and Waste (OWW), Schermenweg 11, 3014 Bern, Switzerland. jean-daniel.berset@bve.be.ch
authors.forename: Jean-Daniel
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Berset
authors.forename: Rudolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Brenneisen
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mathieu
mesh_terms: D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000737:chemistry*; D013287:Illicit Drugs / Q000032:analysis*; D055553:Prescription Drugs / Q000032:analysis*; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection / Q000379:methods*; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D014866:Waste Products / Q000032:analysis*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D013287:Illicit Drugs; D055553:Prescription Drugs; D014866:Waste Products; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical