title: Hemostatic sandwich to control percutaneous nephrolithotomy tract bleeding.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Significant bleeding necessitating use of a tamponade balloon, embolization, or renal exploration is a rare but catastrophic complication after percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL). The purpose of this study is to review the success of a novel, minimally invasive technique for controlling percutaneous tract bleeding that is refractory to conventional measures.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review was performed on four patients with refractory tract hemorrhage that was managed with a novel gelatin matrix hemostatic sandwich technique. In this technique, a 5F angiographic reentry catheter was placed through the kidney into the bladder and a 22F Councill-tip catheter balloon was passed over this catheter and positioned so that the inflated balloon would occlude the inner surface of the nephrostomy tract. Next, a 16F Councill-tip catheter was placed over a second wire so that the uninflated balloon was just underneath the skin surface. Gelatin matrix hemostatic sealant was then injected to fill the tract. Inflation of the outer balloon completely sealed the tract, completing the hemostatic sandwich.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This technique was successfully applied to four patients with tract bleeding that would not stop with pressure or a conventional nephrostomy tube alone. The average estimated blood loss was 562 mL, and three of four patients avoided transfusion. All postoperative hemoglobin values stabilized within 2 days of surgery. There were no major or minor complications after use of this technique. No patients needed angioembolization or renal exploration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This novel hemostatic sandwich technique should be considered as an option for the control of refractory tract hemorrhage after PCNL.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, California 92354, USA.
authors.forename: William W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Millard
authors.forename: Forrest C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Jellison
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tenggardjaja
authors.forename: Kamyar Y
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Ebrahimi
authors.forename: D Duane
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Baldwin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016063:Blood Loss, Surgical / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006489:Hemostatic Techniques; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009403:Nephrostomy, Percutaneous / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D003404:Creatinine