title: A mouse model of ischemic spinal cord injury with delayed paralysis caused by aortic cross-clamping.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Spinal cord ischemia and paralysis are devastating perioperative complications that can accompany open or endovascular repair surgery for aortic aneurysms. Here, we report on the development of a new mouse model of spinal cord ischemia with delayed paralysis induced by cross-clamping the descending aorta.
  
  
  METHODS
  Transient aortic occlusion was produced in mice by cross-clamping the descending aorta through a lateral thoracotomy. To establish an optimal surgical procedure with limited mortality, variable cross-clamp times and core temperatures were tested between experiments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The onset of paresis or paralysis and postsurgical mortality varied as a function of cross-clamp time and core temperature that was maintained during the period of cross-clamp. Using optimal surgical parameters (7.5-min cross-clamp duration at 33°C core temperature), the onset of paralysis is delayed 24-36 h after reperfusion, and more than 95% of mice survive through 9 weeks after surgery. These mice are further stratified into two groups, 70% (n = 19/27) of mice developing severe hind limb paralysis and the remaining mice showing mild, though still permanent, behavioral deficits.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This new model should prove useful as a preclinical tool for screening neuroprotective therapeutics and for defining the basic biologic mechanisms that cause delayed paralysis and neurodegeneration after transient spinal cord ischemia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Hamdy
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Awad
authors.forename: Daniel P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Ankeny
authors.forename: Zhen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Guan
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.forename: Dana M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: McTigue
authors.forename: Phillip G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Popovich
mesh_terms: D000136:Acid-Base Equilibrium / Q000502:physiology; D000758:Anesthesia; D000818:Animals; D001013:Aorta, Thoracic / Q000502:physiology*; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology; D001784:Blood Gas Analysis; D003250:Constriction; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology; D006614:Hindlimb / Q000502:physiology; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D010243:Paralysis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D011182:Postoperative Care; D015427:Reperfusion Injury; D020760:Spinal Cord Ischemia / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000523:psychology; D013348:Subclavian Artery / Q000502:physiology; D013525:Surgical Instruments / Q000009:adverse effects
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