title: Gender-nonconforming lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youth: school victimization and young adult psychosocial adjustment.
abstract: Past research documents that both adolescent gender nonconformity and the experience of school victimization are associated with high rates of negative psychosocial adjustment. Using data from the Family Acceptance Project's young adult survey, we examined associations among retrospective reports of adolescent gender nonconformity and adolescent school victimization due to perceived or actual lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender (LGBT) status, along with current reports of life satisfaction and depression. The participants included 245 LGBT young adults ranging in age from 21 to 25 years. Using structural equation modeling, we found that victimization due to perceived or actual LGBT status fully mediates the association between adolescent gender nonconformity and young adult psychosocial adjustment (i.e., life satisfaction and depression). Implications are addressed, including specific strategies that schools can implement to provide safer environments for gender-nonconforming LGBT students.
authors.affiliation: Family Studies and Human Development, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721-0078, USA. toomey@email.arizona.edu
authors.forename: Russell B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Toomey
authors.forename: Caitlin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ryan
authors.forename: Rafael M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Diaz
authors.forename: Noel A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Card
authors.forename: Stephen T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Russell
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001727:Bisexuality / Q000523:psychology*; D058445:Bullying; D019548:Crime Victims / Q000523:psychology*; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D005783:Gender Identity; D006306:Health Surveys; D018452:Homosexuality, Female / Q000523:psychology*; D018451:Homosexuality, Male / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008960:Models, Psychological; D010553:Personality Development; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology; D012917:Social Adjustment; D012925:Social Conformity; D012945:Social Values; D055815:Young Adult