title: Heart rate reduction in cardiovascular disease and therapy.
abstract: Heart rate influences myocardial oxygen demand, coronary blood flow, and myocardial function. Clinical and experimental studies support an association between elevated resting heart rate and a broad range of maladaptive effects on the function and structure of the cardiovascular system. Heart rate has been shown to be an important predictor of mortality in cardiovascular disorders such as coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, and chronic heart failure. This review summarizes the specific influence of heart rate on vascular morphology and function as well as on myocardial lesions leading from early impact on vascular homeostasis to myocardial hemodynamics in chronic heart failure. Heart rate can be easily determined during physical examination of the patient and therefore allows a simple hint on prognosis and efficiency of therapy.
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Innere Medizin III, Kardiologie, Angiologie und, Internistische Intensivmedizin, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Kirrberger Strasse, 66421, Homburg/Saar, Germany. reil@med-in.uni-saarland.de
authors.forename: Jan-Christian
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Reil
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Custodis
authors.forename: Karl
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Swedberg
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Komajda
authors.forename: Jeffrey S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Borer
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ford
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tavazzi
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Laufs
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Böhm
mesh_terms: D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D015897:Comorbidity; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors
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