title: The adenosine A2A receptor is associated with methamphetamine dependence/psychosis in the Japanese population.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several lines of evidence suggest that the dopaminergic nervous system contributes to methamphetamine (METH) dependence, and there is increasing evidence of antagonistic interactions between dopamine and adenosine receptors. We therefore hypothesized that variations in the A2A adenosine receptor (ADORA2A) gene modify genetic susceptibility to METH dependence/psychosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We first analyzed variations in the exons and exon-intron boundaries of the ADORA2A gene in METH dependent/psychotic patients. Then an association analysis between these single nucleotide polymorphisms and METH dependence/psychosis was performed using a total of 171 METH dependent/psychotic patients and 229 controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found 6 variations, of which one single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) was novel. Significant associations were observed between the allelic and genotypic frequencies of the Exon2+751 (rs5751876) SNP and METH dependence/psychosis. These associations were observed especially in females. In the clinical feature analyses, significant associations were observed between the SNP and the patient subgroup using METH alone (i.e., without concomitant use of other substances of abuse).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that the ADORA2A gene could be a vulnerability factor for METH dependence/psychosis, especially in females and/or in patients using only METH.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Psychiatry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
authors.forename: Hideaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ujike
authors.forename: Nakao
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Iwata
authors.forename: Toshiya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Inada
authors.forename: Mitsuhiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.forename: Yoshimoto
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sekine
authors.forename: Naohisa
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Uchimura
authors.forename: Masaomi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Iyo
authors.forename: Norio
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ozaki
authors.forename: Masanari
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Itokawa
authors.forename: Ichiro
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sora
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000483:Alleles; D019969:Amphetamine-Related Disorders / Q000235:genetics*; D044466:Asian People / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D055106:Genome-Wide Association Study; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D011605:Psychoses, Substance-Induced / Q000235:genetics*; D043705:Receptor, Adenosine A2A / Q000235:genetics*; D012727:Sex Characteristics
chemical_list: D043705:Receptor, Adenosine A2A
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