title: Iron enhances generation of free radicals by Artemisinin causing a caspase-independent, apoptotic death in Leishmania donovani promastigotes.
abstract: An increasing incidence of unresponsiveness to antimonials in Leishmaniasis has led to identification of plant-derived anti-leishmanial compounds like Artemisinin. Since iron-mediated generation of free radicals sustains the anti-malarial activity of Artemisinin, this study investigated whether similar mechanisms accounted for its activity in Leishmania promastigotes. Artemisinin effectively disrupted the redox potential via an increased generation of free radicals along with a decrease in levels of non-protein thiols. Attenuation of its IC50 by a free radical scavenger N-acetyl L-cysteine and an iron chelator desferoxamine established the pivotal role of free radicals and of the potentiating effect of iron. An enhanced Fluo-4 fluorescence reflected Artemisinin-induced mobilization of intracellular calcium, which triggered apoptosis. However, the absence of any detectable caspase activity indicated that the leishmanicidal activity of Artemisinin is mediated by an iron-dependent generation of reactive intermediates, terminating in a caspase-independent, apoptotic mode of cell death.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, 244 B, Acharya J C Bose Road, Kolkata 700 020, India.
authors.forename: Rupashree
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sen
authors.forename: Piu
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Saha
authors.forename: Avijit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sarkar
authors.forename: Sudipto
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ganguly
authors.forename: Mitali
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chatterjee
mesh_terms: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D037621:Artemisinins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D005609:Free Radicals / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007501:Iron / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007893:Leishmania donovani / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D007896:Leishmaniasis / Q000188:drug therapy; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D020298:U937 Cells
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D037621:Artemisinins; D005609:Free Radicals; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; C031327:artemisinin; D007501:Iron; D020169:Caspases