title: Neurocognitive functioning in school-aged cystinosis patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cystinosis is an autosomal recessive disorder leading to intralysosomal cystine accumulation in various tissues. It causes renal Fanconi syndrome and end stage renal failure around the age of 10 years if not treated with cysteamine. Children with cystinosis seem to have a normal intelligence but frequently show learning difficulties. These problems may be due to specific neurocognitive deficits rather than impaired renal function. Whether cysteamine treatment can improve cognitive functioning of cystinosis patients is thus far unknown. We aim to analyze neurocognitive functioning of school-aged cystinosis patients treated with cysteamine in order to identify specific deficits that can lead to learning difficulties.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourteen Dutch and Belgian school-aged cystinosis patients were included. Glomerular filtration rate was estimated using the Schwartz formula. Children were tested for general intelligence, visual-motor integration, inhibition, interference, sustained attention, accuracy, planning, visual memory, processing speed, motor planning, fluency and speed, and behavioural and emotional functioning using standardized methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Glomerular filtration rate ranged from 22 to 120 ml min(-1) 1.73 m(-2). Median full-scale intelligence was below the average of a normal population (87, range 60-132), with a discrepancy between verbal (median 95, range 60-125) and performance (median 87, range 65-130) intelligence. Over 50% of the patients scored poorly on visual-motor integration, sustained attention, visual memory, planning, or motor speed. The other tested areas showed no differences between patients' and normal values.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neurocognitive diagnostics are indicated in cystinosis patients. Early recognition of specific deficits and supervision from special education services might reduce learning difficulties and improve school careers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics/Pediatric Nephrology, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: M T P
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Besouw
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Hulstijn-Dirkmaat
authors.forename: R E A
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: van der Rijken
authors.forename: E A M
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Cornelissen
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: van Dael
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vande Walle
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Lilien
authors.forename: E N
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Levtchenko
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001530:Belgium; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D003554:Cystinosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007361:Intelligence Tests; D008297:Male; D008570:Memory, Short-Term / Q000502:physiology; D011939:Mental Recall / Q000502:physiology; D009424:Nervous System Physiological Phenomena; D009426:Netherlands; D011153:Population
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