title: Aberrant overexpression of the Rgl2 Ral small GTPase-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor promotes pancreatic cancer growth through Ral-dependent and Ral-independent mechanisms.
abstract: Our recent studies established essential and distinct roles for RalA and RalB small GTPase activation in K-Ras mutant pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cell line tumorigencity, invasion, and metastasis. However, the mechanism of Ral GTPase activation in PDAC has not been determined. There are four highly related mammalian RalGEFs (RalGDS, Rgl1, Rgl2, and Rgl3) that can serve as Ras effectors. Whether or not they share distinct or overlapping functions in K-Ras-mediated growth transformation has not been explored. We found that plasma membrane targeting to mimic persistent Ras activation enhanced the growth-transforming activities of RalGEFs. Unexpectedly, transforming activity did not correlate directly with total cell steady-state levels of Ral activation. Next, we observed elevated Rgl2 expression in PDAC tumor tissue and cell lines. Expression of dominant negative Ral, which blocks RalGEF function, as well as interfering RNA suppression of Rgl2, reduced PDAC cell line steady-state Ral activity, growth in soft agar, and Matrigel invasion. Surprisingly, the effect of Rgl2 on anchorage-independent growth could not be rescued by constitutively activated RalA, suggesting a novel Ral-independent function for Rgl2 in transformation. Finally, we determined that Rgl2 and RalB both localized to the leading edge, and this localization of RalB was dependent on endogenous Rgl2 expression. In summary, our observations support nonredundant roles for RalGEFs in Ras-mediated oncogenesis and a key role for Rgl2 in Ral activation and Ral-independent PDAC growth.
authors.affiliation: Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, .
authors.forename: Dominico
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vigil
authors.forename: Timothy D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Falina
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Jen Jen
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Yeh
authors.forename: Sharon L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: Channing J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Der
mesh_terms: D021441:Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D002461:Cell Line, Transformed; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000235:genetics; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D020662:Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors; D006801:Humans; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D015689:Oncogene Protein p21(ras) / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D021381:Protein Transport / Q000235:genetics; D020691:rab GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D020725:ral GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D020662:Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors; C102739:RGL2 protein, human; C483163:Ralb protein, human; C492198:RALA protein, human; D015689:Oncogene Protein p21(ras); D020691:rab GTP-Binding Proteins; D020725:ral GTP-Binding Proteins
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