title: Presence of sourdough lactic acid bacteria in commercial total mixed ration silage as revealed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterize the bacterial communities in commercial total mixed ration (TMR) silage, which is known to have a long bunk life after silo opening.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Samples were collected from four factories that produce TMR silage according to their own recipes. Three factories were sampled three times at 1-month intervals during the summer to characterize the differences between factories; one factory was sampled 12 times, three samples each during the summer, autumn, winter and spring, to determine seasonal changes. Bacterial communities were determined by culture-independent denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. All silages contained lactic acid as the predominant acid, and the contents appeared stable regardless of factories and product seasons. Acetic acid and 1-propanol contents were different between factories and indicated seasonal changes, with increases in warm seasons compared to cool seasons. Both differences and similarities existed among the bacterial communities from each factory and product season. Lactobacillus parabuchneri was found in the products from three of four factories. Various sourdough lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were identified in commercial TMR silage; Lactobacillus panis, Lactobacillus hammesii, Lactobacillus mindensis, Lactobacillus pontis, Lactobacillus frumenti and Lactobacillus farciminis were detected in many products. Moreover, changes owing to product season were distinctive, and Lact. pontis and Lact. frumenti became detectable in summer products.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sourdough LAB are involved in the ensiling of commercial TMR silage. Silage bacterial communities vary more by season than by factory. The LAB species Lact. parabuchneri was detected in the TMR silage but may not be essential to the product's long bunk life after silo opening.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Commercial TMR silage resembles sourdough with respect to bacterial communities and long shelf life. The roles of sourdough LAB in the ensiling process and aerobic stability are worth examining.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nishino
mesh_terms: D000433:1-Propanol / Q000378:metabolism; D019342:Acetic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D000332:Aerobiosis; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D058645:Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis / Q000379:methods*; D005433:Flour / Q000382:microbiology; D007218:Industrial Microbiology; D007564:Japan; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D007778:Lactobacillus / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000378:metabolism; D012621:Seasons; D012820:Silage / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D019344:Lactic Acid; D000433:1-Propanol; D019342:Acetic Acid