title: Differential effects of concomitant use of vitamins C and E on trophoblast apoptosis and autophagy between normoxia and hypoxia-reoxygenation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Concomitant supplementation of vitamins C and E during pregnancy has been reportedly associated with low birth weight, the premature rupture of membranes and fetal loss or perinatal death in women at risk for preeclampsia; however, the cause is unknown. We surmise that hypoxia-reoxygenation (HR) within the intervillous space due to abnormal placentation is the mechanism and hypothesize that concomitant administration of aforementioned vitamin antioxidants detrimentally affects trophoblast cells during HR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using villous explants, concomitant administration of 50 microM of vitamins C and E was observed to reduce apoptotic and autophagic changes in the trophoblast layer at normoxia (8% oxygen) but to cause more prominent apoptosis and autophagy during HR. Furthermore, increased levels of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL in association with a decrease in the autophagy-related protein LC3-II were noted in cytotrophoblastic cells treated with vitamins C and E under standard culture conditions. In contrast, vitamin treatment decreased Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL as well as increased mitochondrial Bak and cytosolic LC3-II in cytotrophoblasts subjected to HR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that concomitant administration of vitamins C and E has differential effects on the changes of apoptosis, autophagy and the expression of Bcl-2 family of proteins in the trophoblasts between normoxia and HR. These changes may probably lead to the impairment of placental function and suboptimal growth of the fetus.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan. thh20@adm.cgmh.org.tw
authors.forename: Tai-Ho
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Hung
authors.forename: Szu-Fu
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Meng-Jen
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Yi-Lin
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Yeh
authors.forename: T'sang-T'ang
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Hsieh
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001343:Autophagy / Q000187:drug effects*; D000071186:Beclin-1; D015687:Cell Hypoxia; D002824:Chorionic Villi / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003600:Cytosol / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D004357:Drug Synergism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism*; D011247:Pregnancy; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects; D014327:Trophoblasts / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000494:pharmacology*; D050998:bcl-2 Homologous Antagonist-Killer Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051020:bcl-X Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; C491997:BECN1 protein, human; D000071186:Beclin-1; C477012:MAP1LC3A protein, human; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D050998:bcl-2 Homologous Antagonist-Killer Protein; D051020:bcl-X Protein; D014810:Vitamin E; D001205:Ascorbic Acid; D010100:Oxygen
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