title: Amantadine resistance in relation to the evolution of influenza A(H3N2) viruses in Iran.
abstract: The aminoadamantanes, amantadine and rimantadine, have been used to prevent and treat influenza A virus infections for many years. Several reports have shown an increased level of resistance to these drugs, particularly among influenza A(H3N2) subtype viruses, during recent years. We observed an increase in amantadine resistance, due to a Ser31Asn mutation in the M2 channel protein, among A(H3N2) viruses circulating in Iran during 2005-2007. Sequence analyses of the haemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes as well as the M gene of these viruses revealed that the emergence of resistance was in general consistent with the progressive worldwide evolution of H3N2 viruses.
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Porsina Ave, Keshavarz Blv., Tehran, Iran. yavarian@tums.ac.ir
authors.forename: Jila
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yavarian
authors.forename: Talat Mokhtari
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Azad
authors.forename: Xiang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: Victoria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gregory
authors.forename: Yi Pu
authors.initials: YP
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hay
mesh_terms: D000547:Amantadine / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019943:Amino Acid Substitution; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral / Q000235:genetics*; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005814:Genes, Viral; D019267:Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D053122:Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics*; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000821:virology*; D007492:Iran; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation; D009439:Neuraminidase / Q000235:genetics; D010802:Phylogeny; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012299:Rimantadine / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D014763:Viral Matrix Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D000086082:Viroporin Proteins
chemical_list: D000547:Amantadine; D000998:Antiviral Agents; D019267:Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus; D009439:Neuraminidase; D012299:Rimantadine; D014763:Viral Matrix Proteins; C488937:M2 protein, Influenza A virus; D000086082:Viroporin Proteins; C483468:hemagglutinin, human influenza A virus