title: Reaction rate of NaOCl in contact with bovine dentine: effect of activation, exposure time, concentration and pH.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the influence of activation method (ultrasound or laser), concentration, pH and exposure time on the reaction rate (RR) of NaOCl when in contact with dentinal walls.
  
  
  METHODS
  The walls from standardized root canals in bovine incisors were exposed to a standardized volume of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) with different concentrations (2% and 10%), pH (5 and 12) and exposure times (1 and 4min). Two irrigation protocols were tested: passive ultrasonic irrigation or laser activated irrigation with no activation as the control. The activation interval lasted 1min followed by a rest interval of 3 min with no activation. The RR was determined by measuring the iodine concentration using an iodine/thiosulfate titration method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Exposure time, concentration and activation method influenced the reaction rate of NaOCl whereas pH did not.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Activation is a strong modulator of the reaction rate of NaOCl. During the rest interval of 3min, the consumption of available chlorine increased significantly. This effect seems to be more pronounced after irrigant activation by laser. pH did not affect the reaction rate of 2% NaOCl.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cariology Endodontology Pedodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. r.macedo@acta.nl
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Macedo
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Wesselink
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zaccheo
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fanali
authors.forename: L W M
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Van Der Sluis
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D019551:Dental Disinfectants / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000528:radiation effects; D003786:Dental Pulp Cavity / Q000378:metabolism*; D003804:Dentin / Q000378:metabolism*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007834:Lasers; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000528:radiation effects; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000528:radiation effects; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D007507:Therapeutic Irrigation / Q000379:methods; D013997:Time Factors; D014465:Ultrasonics
chemical_list: D019551:Dental Disinfectants; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite