title: Isolation and characterization of karlotoxin 1, a new amphipathic toxin from Karlodinium veneficum.
abstract: The karlotoxins (KmTxs) are a family of compounds produced by the dinoflagellate Karlodinium veneficum that cause membrane permeabilization. The structure of KmTx 1, determined using extensive 2D NMR spectroscopy, is very similar to the amphidinols and related compounds, though KmTx 1 features unique structural modifications of the conserved core region. The structure of KmTx 1 differs from that reported for KmTx 2, the only other reported karlotoxin to date, in lacking chlorination at its terminal alkene and possessing a hydrophobic arm that is two carbons longer.
authors.affiliation: Center for Marine Science, University of North Carolina at Wilmington, 5600 Marvin K Moss Lane, Wilmington, NC 28409, USA.
authors.forename: Ryan M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Van Wagoner
authors.forename: Jonathan R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Deeds
authors.forename: Masayuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Satake
authors.forename: Anthony A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Ribeiro
authors.forename: Allen R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Place
authors.forename: Jeffrey L C
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Wright
references.citation: Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2004 Jun 21;14(12):3117-20
references.pmid: 15149656
references.citation: J Magn Reson. 2001 Apr;149(2):276-81
references.pmid: 11318630
references.citation: Biochim Biophys Acta. 2004 Nov 17;1667(1):91-100
references.pmid: 15533309
references.citation: Bioorg Med Chem. 2008 Mar 15;16(6):3084-90
references.pmid: 18180163
references.citation: Bioorg Med Chem. 2006 Oct 1;14(19):6548-54
references.pmid: 16797998
references.citation: Toxicon. 2007 Aug;50(2):278-82
references.pmid: 17543362
references.citation: J Org Chem. 1999 Feb 5;64(3):866-876
references.pmid: 11674159