title: Association between blood lead levels (<5 μg/dL) and inattention-hyperactivity and neurocognitive profiles in school-aged Korean children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The association between low blood lead levels (<5 μg/dL) and the inattention-hyperactivity symptoms and neurocognitive profiles of school-aged Korean children was investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured blood lead levels in 256 Korean children aged 8-10 years. Teachers completed the Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Rating Scale (T-ARS)-IV to assess inattentive and hyperactive symptoms. Parents completed the Korean version of the Learning Disability Evaluation Scale (K-LDES). Children performed neurocognitive tests [The Continuous Performance Test (CPT), the Children's Color Trails Test, and the Stroop Color and Word Test (SCWT)].
  
  
  RESULTS
  A linear regression analysis indicated that the blood lead concentrations were associated with the inattention scores [B=4.8, S.E.=1.6, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.5-8.0], the hyperactivity subscores (3.1, 1.4, 0.3-5.9), and the total score (7.9, 2.9, 2.1-13.6) on the T-ARS; the number of omission errors on the CPT (20.6, 7.1, 6.5-34.6); the listening (-1.4, 0.7, -2.8 to -0.1), reading (-2.1, 0.7, -3.4 to -0.7), writing (-2.0, 0.7, -3.4 to -0.6), spelling (-2.2, 0.7, -3.7 to -0.7), and calculating (-1.8, 0.7, -3.1 to -0.4) scores on the K-LDES; and the color-word score on the SCWT (-6.7, 3.4, -13.3 to -0.1). A logistic regression analysis indicated that the probability of inattentive and hyperactive symptoms was increased with higher blood lead levels in boys with an odds ratio of 2.768 [B=1.018, S.E.=0.487, p=0.036, 95% CI: 1.066-7.187].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that even low blood lead levels (<5 μg/dL) are associated with inattentive and hyperactivity symptoms and learning difficulties in school-aged children.
authors.affiliation: Division of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yeni
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Soo-Churl
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: Bung-Nyun
authors.initials: BN
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Yun-Chul
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: Min-Sup
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.forename: Hee-Jeong
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Yoo
authors.forename: Jae-Won
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Soo-Young
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Bhang
mesh_terms: D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002648:Child; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007723:Korea / Q000453:epidemiology; D007854:Lead / Q000097:blood*; D007859:Learning Disabilities / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011153:Population; D012574:Schools
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D007854:Lead