title: Antidepressant medication use, weight gain, and risk of type 2 diabetes: a population-based study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine antidepressant medication use as a risk factor for type 2 diabetes and weight gain.
  
  
  METHODS
  A series of nested studies within a prospective cohort of 151,347 working-aged men and women including 9,197 participants with continuing antidepressant medication, 224 with severe depression, and 851 with incident type 2 diabetes during a mean follow-up of 4.8 years, as indicated by national health and prescription registers (the Public Sector study, Finland 1995-2005).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the first analysis, the case subjects were individuals with incident type 2 diabetes compared with matched diabetes-free control subjects. Antidepressant use of ≥ 200 defined daily doses was associated with a doubling of diabetes risk in both participants with no indication of severe depression (odds ratio 1.93 [95% CI 1.48-2.51]) and participants with severe depression (2.65 [1.31-5.39]). In further analyses, the exposed group was antidepressant users and the reference group was nonusers matched for depression-related characteristics. The 5-year absolute risk of diabetes was 1.1% for nonusers, 1.7% for individuals treated with 200-399 defined daily doses a year, and 2.3% for those with ≥ 400 defined daily doses (P(trend) < 0.0001). An average self-reported weight gain, based on repeated surveys, was 1.4 kg (2.5%) among nonusers and 2.5 kg (4.3%) among users of ≥ 200 defined daily doses (P(trend) < 0.0001). Separate analyses for tricyclic antidepressants and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors replicated these findings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In these data, continuing use of antidepressant medication was associated with an increased relative risk of type 2 diabetes, although the elevation in absolute risk was modest.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK. m.kivimaki@ucl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Mika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kivimäki
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hamer
authors.forename: G David
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Batty
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Geddes
authors.forename: Adam G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Tabak
authors.forename: Jaana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pentti
authors.forename: Marianna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Virtanen
authors.forename: Jussi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vahtera
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D015430:Weight Gain / Q000187:drug effects*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents
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