title: Testicular cancer: Management challenges in an African developing country.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Advances in oncology have greatly improved the prognosis of testicular cancer. In developing countries, however, the outcome is still poor.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four patients managed for testicular cancer at two centres (University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria, and JAMA Urological Clinic, Enugu) between April 1984 and March 2003 were prospectively studied. Histopathological data were obtained in all cases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Peak age incidence was 20 - 29 years. Testicular swelling was the principal complaint in 23 patients. The mean interval between onset of symptoms and presentation was 5.3 months. Two patients (8.3%) presented with stage 1 disease, 7 (29.2%) with stage 2, 7 (29.2%) with stage 3, and 8 (33.3%) with stage 4. Seventy-five per cent of tumours were right-sided, and 25% were left-sided. Treatment consisted of radical orchidectomy in all patients and cisplatin-based chemotherapy and radiotherapy in some patients. One patient with a tumour in an intra-abdominal testis underwent laparotomy. The most common histological types were seminoma and embryonal carcinoma. A fifth of the patients died, while half were lost to follow-up. The mean follow-up period was 9 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Morbidity and mortality of testicular cancer is high in developing countries. Late presentation, poverty, paucity of resources and the high cost of newer imaging modalities and treatment are major challenges to management. Better health funding and education regarding testicular self-examination is essential.
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Enugu State, Nigeria. fredugwumba@gmail.com
authors.forename: F O
authors.initials: FO
authors.lastname: Ugwumba
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Aghaji
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000349:Africa; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018236:Carcinoma, Embryonal / Q000473:pathology; D002648:Child; D002945:Cisplatin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003906:Developing Countries; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007813:Laparotomy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009919:Orchiectomy; D018239:Seminoma / Q000473:pathology; D013736:Testicular Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D002945:Cisplatin