title: Effect of multikinase inhibitors on caspase-independent cell death and DNA damage in HER2-overexpressing breast cancer cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The receptor tyrosine kinase, HER2, is overexpressed in approximately 25% of patients with breast cancer and is implicated in the aggressiveness of cancer. Targeting of HER2 signaling with trastuzumab, a monoclonal antibody that inhibits HER2 activity, has demonstrated clinical benefits.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated whether the antitumor activity of trastuzumab can be potentiated by dasatinib, a small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor, on breast cancer cell lines that overexpress HER2 (BT474 and SKBR3) or have normal HER2 expression (MCF7 and T47D). Functional, biochemical, and gene expression microarray studies were performed to test the effect of trastuzumab, dasatinib, or a combination of trastuzumab and dasatinib on cell proliferation; HER activation; cell cycle; DNA damage; and apoptosis. The effect of drugs on mice (n = 6 per group) bearing xenograft tumors originating from HER2-overexpressing BT474 cells was assessed, and tumors were evaluated for an effect on volume, HER signaling, and DNA damage. All statistical tests were two-sided.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Trastuzumab and dasatinib combination showed a synergistic effect on the proliferation of HER2-overexpressing breast cancer cells (combination index = 0.44, 95% confidence interval = 0.30 to 0.58). The drug combination also induced a stronger inhibitory effect on HER2 activation than the individual drugs, decreased the level of proteins involved in DNA damage response, induced DNA double-strand breaks, cell cycle arrest, and caspase-independent apoptosis. Mice (n = 6 per group) bearing xenograft tumors originating from HER2-overexpressing BT474 cells showed statistically significantly reduced tumor volume on day 28 when treated with the drug combination (control vs trastuzumab and dasatinib combination; mean volume = 2.6 vs 0.5 cm(3), difference = 2.1 cm(3), 95% confidence interval = 0.76 to 3.51 cm(3), P = .01) and total regression of tumors by day 36 with no later relapse.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results showed that HER2 and dasatinib-sensitive tyrosine kinases act in a synergistic manner to safeguard the breast cancer cells from DNA damage. The therapeutic targeting of multikinase inhibition opens new avenues for the treatment of HER2-positive breast cancer patients.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer-CSIC, CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Seoane
authors.forename: Juan Carlos
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Montero
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ocaña
authors.forename: Atanasio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pandiella
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000494:pharmacology*; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000187:drug effects*; D000069439:Dasatinib; D004357:Drug Synergism; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D011743:Pyrimidines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000068878:Trastuzumab; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D020169:Caspases; D000069439:Dasatinib; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D011743:Pyrimidines; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases; D013844:Thiazoles; D000068878:Trastuzumab; C508053:ERBB2 protein, human