title: Syndromic management of common illnesses in hospitalized children and neonates: a cost identification study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To find out drug treatment cost per illness per patient admitted to pediatric ward.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients admitted to pediatric ward over a period of 1 year were studied without exclusions. Following presentations were studied: fever, rapid breathing, diarrhea, severe malnutrition and neurological problems such as altered conscious level or convulsion. In this prospective observational study, patients with other problems were excluded. The subjects were also categorized as critically sick, sick and stable. Expenditure on medicines was calculated individually for each patient. Total expenditure, average cost and illness-wise cost were subsequently derived. Management of illnesses was on the lines of existing guidelines of our center. Sick newborns or newborns referred for special care were separately studied. Following outcome variables were studied: death or discharge, length of hospital stay and the day on which symptomatic relief was noted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  774 children and 141 newborns were studied. 25(3.2%) died. Presenting features were as follows: fever-568 (73.4%), rapid breathing-175 (22.6%), diarrhea-145 (18.7%), mild-moderate malnutrition-278 (35.8%), severe malnutrition-111 (14.3%) and neurological problems-41 (5.3%). Category-wise distribution was as follows: critically sick-89 (11.3%), sick-188 (24.3%) and stable-497 (46.2%). Average hospital stay was 7.1 days and symptomatic relief was experienced by day three in 77.7% cases. Average cost of medicines per patient was INR-167.8 (USD-4.2), 173 patients required oxygen and mean expenditure on oxygen was INR-310 (USD-8) and 68 patients required inotropes with a mean expenditure of INR-198 (USD-5). Of the 141 newborns admitted, 20(14.1%) died. Mean hospital stay was 9.8 days and average cost of drug treatment was INR-790 (USD-20) in newborns.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This cost analysis study presents drug treatment costs for common illnesses at a referral centre in a developing country. It gives an option to choose drugs for an optimum mix of cost and effectiveness.
authors.affiliation: Cama and Albless Hospital, Mumbai, India. subhashdaga@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Subhashchandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Daga
authors.forename: Bela
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Verma
authors.forename: Satish
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shahane
authors.forename: Sunil
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Janged
authors.forename: M Mani
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Vachagan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D003695:Delivery of Health Care / Q000458:organization & administration*; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000191:economics*; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D010372:Pediatrics / Q000191:economics*