title: Cruciferous vegetable intake and lung cancer risk: a nested case-control study matched on cigarette smoking.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Due predominantly to cigarette smoking, lung cancer is the leading cancer-related cause of death worldwide. Cruciferous vegetables may reduce lung cancer risk. The association between intake of cruciferous vegetables and lung cancer risk was investigated in the CLUE II study, a community-based cohort established in 1989.
  
  
  METHODS
  We matched 274 incident cases of lung cancer diagnosed from 1990 to 2005 to 1,089 cancer-free controls on age, sex, and cigarette smoking. Dietary information was collected at baseline. Multivariable odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated using conditional logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intake of cruciferous vegetables was inversely associated with lung cancer risk (highest-versus-lowest fourth: OR (Q4vsQ1), 0. 57; 95% CI, 0.38-0.85; P-trend = 0.01). The inverse associations held true for former smokers (OR(Q4vsQ1), 0.49; 95% CI, 0.27-0.92; P-trend = 0.05) and current smokers (OR(Q4vsQ1), 0.52; 95% CI, 0.29-0.95; P-trend = 0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  After carefully controlling for cigarette smoking, higher intake of cruciferous vegetable was associated with lower risk of lung cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The observed inverse association coupled with accumulating evidence suggests that intake of cruciferous vegetables is inversely associated with lung cancer risk, and this association seems to hold true beyond the confounding effects of cigarette smoking.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Tram Kim
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Lam
authors.forename: Ingo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ruczinski
authors.forename: Kathy J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Helzlsouer
authors.forename: Yin Yao
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Shugart
authors.forename: Laura E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Caulfield
authors.forename: Anthony J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Alberg
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004032:Diet; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016540:Smoking Cessation; D014675:Vegetables