title: Orally administered particulate beta-glucan modulates tumor-capturing dendritic cells and improves antitumor T-cell responses in cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The beneficial properties of β-glucans have been recognized for centuries. Their proposed mechanisms of action in cancer therapy occur via stimulation of macrophages and priming of innate neutrophil complement receptor 3 for eliciting complement receptor 3-dependent cellular cytotoxicity of iC3b-opsonized tumor cells. The current study is to investigate whether β-glucan therapy has any effect on antitumor adaptive T-cell responses.
  
  
  METHODS
  We first examined the trafficking of orally administered particulate yeast-derived β-glucan and its interaction with dendritic cells (DC) that captured tumor materials. Antigen-specific T cells were adoptively transferred into recipient mice to determine whether oral β-glucan therapy induces augmented T-cell responses. Lewis lung carcinoma and RAM-S lymphoma models were used to test oral β-glucan therapeutic effect. Further mechanistic studies including tumor-infiltrating T cells and cytokine profiles within the tumor milieu were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Orally administered particulate β-glucan trafficked into spleen and lymph nodes and activated DCs that captured dying tumor cells in vivo, leading to the expansion and activation of antigen-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells. In addition, IFN-γ production of tumor-infiltrating T cells and CTL responses were significantly enhanced on β-glucan treatment, which ultimately resulted in significantly reduced tumor burden. Moreover, β-glucan-treated tumors had significantly more DC infiltration with the activated phenotype and significant levels of Th1-biased cytokines within the tumor microenvironment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data highlight the ability of yeast-derived β-glucan to bridge innate and adaptive antitumor immunity and suggest that it can be used as an adjuvant for tumor immunotherapy.
authors.affiliation: Tumor Immunobiology Program of the James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA.
authors.forename: Bing
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Yihua
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.forename: Chunjian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Qi
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.forename: Chuanlin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.forename: Thomas C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yan
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D018827:Carcinoma, Lewis Lung / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D004304:Dosage Forms; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D007111:Immunity, Cellular / Q000187:drug effects*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D010587:Phagocytosis / Q000187:drug effects; D011208:Powders; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D047071:beta-Glucans / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D004304:Dosage Forms; D011208:Powders; D047071:beta-Glucans