title: COPD and cognitive impairment: the role of hypoxemia and oxygen therapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  several studies have shown an association between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and cognitive impairment. These studies have been limited by methodological issues such as diagnostic uncertainty, cross-sectional design, small sample size, or lack of appropriate referent group. This study aimed to elucidate the association between COPD and the risk of cognitive impairment compared to referent subjects without COPD. In patients with established COPD, we evaluated the impact of disease severity and impairment of respiratory physiology on cognitive impairment and the potential mitigating role of oxygen therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  we used the Function, Living, Outcomes and Work (FLOW) cohort study of adults with COPD (n = 1202) and referent subjects matched by age, sex, and race (n = 302) to study the potential risk factors for cognitive impairment among subjects with COPD. Cognitive impairment was defined as a Mini-Mental State Exam score of <24 points. Disease severity was using Forced Expiratory Volume in one second (FEV(1)); the validated COPD Severity Score; and the BMI (Body Mass Index), Obstruction, Dyspnea, Exercise Capacity (BODE) Index. Multivariable analysis was used to control for confounding by age, sex, race, educational attainment, and cigarette smoking.
  
  
  RESULTS
  COPD was associated with a substantive risk of cognitive impairment compared to referent subjects (odds ratio [OR] 2.42; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.043-6.64). Among COPD patients, none of the COPD severity measures were associated with the risk of cognitive impairment (P > 0.20 in all cases). Low baseline oxygen saturation was related to increased risk of cognitive impairment (OR for oxygen saturation ≤88% (OR 5.45; 95% CI 1.014-29.2; P = 0.048). Conversely, regular use of supplemental oxygen therapy decreased the risk for cognitive impairment (OR 0.14; 95% CI 0.07-0.27; P < 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  COPD is a major risk factor for cognitive impairment. Among patients with COPD, hypoxemia is a major contributor and regular use of home oxygen is protective. Health care providers should consider screening their COPD patients for cognitive impairment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of California,San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Neeta
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Thakur
authors.forename: Paul D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Blanc
authors.forename: Laura J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Julian
authors.forename: Edward H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Yelin
authors.forename: Patricia P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Katz
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sidney
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Iribarren
authors.forename: Mark D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Eisner
mesh_terms: D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010100:Oxygen / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen