title: Third and fourth kidney transplant: still a reasonable option.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  At present, a second kidney transplant is considered an established therapeutic option for patients who have lost a previous graft. Second transplants show similar graft survival as first transplants. A debate exists about the benefit of submitting the patient to a third or fourth renal transplant, or to maintain dialysis.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We sought to analyze graft and patient survivals as well as associated variables and surgical complications of third and fourth transplantations.
  
  
  METHODS
  From July 1985 to December 2008, we performed 74 third and 8 fourth transplantations among 2763 cases. We prospectively collected the variables of age, gender, graft origin, hyperimmunization, time on dialysis, location, bench surgery, acute rejection episodes, graft survival, and operative complications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Third and fourth trasplantations were performed in 49 men and 33 women, with an overall mean age of 40.26 years who were on dialysis for an average of 126.89 months before transplantation. Mean graft survivals of their first and second grafts were 35.6 and 50.1 months, respectively. Acute or chronic rejection was reason for renal failure in 71% and 75% of cases, respectively. Patient survivals at 1 and 5 years were 92.7% and 90.6%, for third and both 85.7% for the fourth transplantation. The third and fourth transplantations showed 1- and 5-year graft survivals of 88% and 76.4% and 71.4% and 42.9%, respectively. Sixty-eight cases underwent cadaveric donor and 14 living donor (mean age, 42.1 years) transplantations. Nine patients were hyperimmunized. In 60 cases, we used the left kidney. Orthotopic kidney transplantation was performed in 15 cases; heterotopic transplant to the right iliac fossa in 40 and in the left iliac fossa in 17 cases. Arterial bench surgery was necessary in 6 cases and venous in 3. We performed 3 hepatorenal and 1 cardiorenal transplantation. The complications included 29 cases (35.4%) of postoperative acute tubular necrosis, 14 of acute rejection episodes (17.1%); 12 of perirenal hematoma (14.6%); 1 urinary fistula (1.2%); 4 lymphocele (4.9%); 2 ureteral stenosis (2.4%); variables arterial kink requiring surgery (1.2%), and 1 venous thrombosis with graft loss (1.2%). The 4 patients who died in the perioperative period succumbed to intravascular disseminated coagulation (n = 1) cardiac failure (n = 2), and septic shock (n = 1). Induction antibody therapy, hyperimmunized status, or operative complications were not independent prognostic factors for patient or graft survival.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Third or fourth renal transplantations constitute a valid therapeutic option with reasonable short- and long-term patient and graft survivals. Although orthotopic kidney transplantation was used in selected patients, we preferred an iliac fossa approach for most.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Spain. laurizquierdo@hotmail.com
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Izquierdo
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Peri
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Piqueras
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Revuelta
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Alvarez-Vijande
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Musquera
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Oppenheimer
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alcaraz
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000077552:Basiliximab; D002102:Cadaver; D005260:Female; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000601:surgery; D006085:Graft Survival; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000276:immunology / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology*; D019520:Living Donors / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012086:Reoperation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015996:Survival Rate; D014019:Tissue Donors / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017211:Treatment Failure
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D000077552:Basiliximab