title: The entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana reduces instantaneous blood feeding in wild multi-insecticide-resistant Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes in Benin, West Africa.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mosquito-borne diseases are still a major health risk in many developing countries, and the emergence of multi-insecticide-resistant mosquitoes is threatening the future of vector control. Therefore, new tools that can manage resistant mosquitoes are required. Laboratory studies show that entomopathogenic fungi can kill insecticide-resistant malaria vectors but this needs to be verified in the field.
  
  
  METHODS
  The present study investigated whether these fungi will be effective at infecting, killing and/or modifying the behaviour of wild multi-insecticide-resistant West African mosquitoes. The entomopathogenic fungi Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana were separately applied to white polyester window netting and used in combination with either a permethrin-treated or untreated bednet in an experimental hut trial. Untreated nets were used because we wanted to test the effect of fungus alone and in combination with an insecticide to examine any potential additive or synergistic effects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 1125 female mosquitoes were collected during the hut trial, mainly Culex quinquefasciatus Say. Unfortunately, not enough wild Anopheles gambiae Giles were collected to allow the effect the fungi may have on this malaria vector to be analysed. None of the treatment combinations caused significantly increased mortality of Cx. quinquefasciatus when compared to the control hut. The only significant behaviour modification found was a reduction in blood feeding by Cx. quinquefasciatus, caused by the permethrin and B. bassiana treatments, although no additive effect was seen in the B. bassiana and permethrin combination treatment. Beauveria bassiana did not repel blood foraging mosquitoes either in the laboratory or field.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first time that an entomopathogenic fungus has been shown to reduce blood feeding of wild mosquitoes. This behaviour modification indicates that B. bassiana could potentially be a new mosquito control tool effective at reducing disease transmission, although further field work in areas with filariasis transmission should be carried out to verify this. In addition, work targeting malaria vector mosquitoes should be carried out to see if these mosquitoes manifest the same behaviour modification after infection with B. bassiana conidia.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P,O, Box 8031, 6700 EH Wageningen, The Netherlands. afv.howard@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Annabel Fv
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Howard
authors.forename: Raphael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: N'guessan
authors.forename: Constantianus Jm
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Koenraadt
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Asidi
authors.forename: Marit
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Farenhorst
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Akogbéto
authors.forename: Matthew B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Bart Gj
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Knols
authors.forename: Willem
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Takken