title: Parent report and direct observation of injection-related coping behaviors in youth with type 1 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study evaluated insulin injection coping by parental report and video observation in children 3 to <11 years old with diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Caregivers of 61 youth with type 1 diabetes completed the Diabetes Injection Distress-Parent Report Form (DID-PRF); a subsample (n = 19; 30%) submitted video recordings of their children's insulin injections.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The DID-PRF demonstrated acceptable internal consistency and moderately correlated with video recordings. Half of parents (n = 31; 51%) reported their child's history of insulin injection distress; 30% reportedly experienced distress ≥1 year after diagnosis. Current distress was reported for about half (n = 28) of children. More parent and child coping/distress behaviors was associated with younger child age. Children displayed more injection distress in their first month after diagnosis versus the most recent month.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Diabetes-related injection distress and associated coping behaviors should be further explored; longitudinal data and additional measurement development is warranted.
authors.affiliation: Division of Psychology & Psychiatry, Nemours Children's Clinic, 807 Children's Way, Jacksonville, FL 32207, USA. hantal@nemours.org
authors.forename: Holly
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Antal
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wysocki
authors.forename: J Atilio
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Canas
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Allison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Edney-White
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D010290:Parents; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology*; D014741:Video Recording
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin