title: The future of regenerating the myocardium.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Stem cell therapy for cardiac disease may be facing two major problems nowadays: although vasculogenesis likely occurs as a result of cell therapy, its clinical applications are limited and significant, integrated cardiomyogenesis has not demonstratively been shown to occur, even in the experimental setting, with any other source than embryonic or other pluripotent stem cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this article, we highlight several factors that will need to be optimized if we are to achieve clinically effective cardiomyogenesis, such as the identification of optimal stem cell populations, and the ideal time and methods for cell transplantation. So far, educated attempts at achieving transplanted stem cell-induced myogenesis have largely failed outside of the embryonic stem cell realm, and we present the rationale for also considering acellular techniques, which may enhance the potential of endogenous progenitor populations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In today's cardiovascular field, once a cardiomyocyte is lost it is lost for good, without any form of direct therapeutic option. For these reasons, cell therapy justifies our continued attention and efforts, and may constitute the holy grail of cardiovascular therapeutics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Drew
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kuraitis
authors.forename: Erik J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Suuronen
authors.forename: Frank W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Sellke
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ruel
mesh_terms: D053595:Embryonic Stem Cells / Q000637:transplantation*; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000628:therapy*; D006353:Heart-Assist Devices; D006801:Humans; D009206:Myocardium / Q000166:cytology*; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000637:transplantation; D039904:Pluripotent Stem Cells / Q000637:transplantation*; D044968:Regenerative Medicine; D033581:Stem Cell Transplantation / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends*