Long-term air pollution exposure and risk factors for cardiovascular diseases among the elderly in Taiwan.
OBJECTIVE
To investigate changes in blood pressure, blood lipids, blood sugar and haematological markers of inflammation associated with changes in long-term exposure to ambient air pollutants.


METHODS
We conducted secondary analyses of data on blood pressure and blood biochemistry markers from the Social Environment and Biomarkers of Aging Study in Taiwan and air pollution data from the Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration in 2000. Associations of 1-year averaged criteria air pollutants (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters <10 μm (PM(10)) and <2.5 μm (PM(2.5)), ozone (O(3)), nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)), sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide) with systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, fasting glucose, haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and neutrophils were explored by applying generalised additive models.


RESULTS
After controlling for potential confounders, we observed that increased 1-year averaged particulate air pollutants (PM(10) and PM(2.5)) and NO(2) were associated with elevated blood pressure, total cholesterol, fasting glucose, HbA1c, IL-6 and neutrophils. Associations of increased 1-year averaged O(3) with elevated blood pressure, total cholesterol, fasting glucose, HbA1c and neutrophils were also observed. In particular, our two-pollutant models showed that PM(2.5) was more significantly associated with end-point variables than two gaseous pollutants, O(3) and NO(2).


CONCLUSIONS
Changes in blood pressure, blood lipids, blood sugar and haematological markers of inflammation are associated with long-term exposure to ambient air pollutants. This might provide a link between air pollution and atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases.
Chuang
Kai-Jen
KJ
Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, National Taiwan University College of Public Health, Taipei 10055, Taiwan.
Yan
Yuan-Horng
YH
Chiu
Shu-Yi
SY
Cheng
Tsun-Jen
TJ
D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D062665:Epidemiological Monitoring; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D012307:Risk Factors; D013624:Taiwan / Q000453:epidemiology; D013997:Time Factors
D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D008055:Lipids; D052638:Particulate Matter