title: End-tidal carbon dioxide monitoring during bag valve ventilation: the use of a new portable device.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  For healthcare providers in the prehospital setting, bag-valve mask (BVM) ventilation could be as efficacious and safe as endotracheal intubation. To facilitate the evaluation of efficacious ventilation, capnographs have been further developed into small and convenient devices able to provide end- tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2). The aim of this study was to investigate whether a new portable device (EMMA™) attached to a ventilation mask would provide ETCO2 values accurate enough to confirm proper BVM ventilation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective observational trial was conducted in a single level-2 centre. Twenty-two patients under general anaesthesia were manually ventilated. ETCO2 was measured every five minutes with the study device and venous PCO2 (PvCO2) was simultaneously measured for comparison. Bland- Altman plots were used to compare ETCO2, and PvCO2.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The patients were all hemodynamically and respiratory stable during anaesthesia. End-tidal carbon dioxide values were corresponding to venous gases during BVM ventilation under optimal conditions. The bias, the mean of the differences between the two methods (device versus venous blood gases), for time points 1-4 ranges from -1.37 to -1.62.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The portable device, EMMA™ is suitable for determining carbon dioxide in expired air (kPa) as compared to simultaneous samples of PvCO2. It could therefore, be a supportive tool to asses the BVM ventilation in the demanding prehospital and emergency setting.
authors.affiliation: Karolinska Institutet, Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden. veronica.lindstrom@ki.se
authors.forename: Veronica
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Lindström
authors.forename: Christer H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Svensen
authors.forename: Patrik
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Meissl
authors.forename: Birgitta
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tureson
authors.forename: Maaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Castrén
mesh_terms: D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000295:instrumentation*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013548:Sweden; D013990:Tidal Volume / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide