title: Differential treatment of nerve root compression pain caused by lumbar disc herniation applying nucleoplasty.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nucleoplasty is a minimally invasive intervention use to perform disc decompression in cases of nerve root compression caused by disc herniation. It is important to find rational guidelines for choosing between nucleoplasty and microsurgery.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To analyze factors that may impact the results of nucleoplasty, and to validate the rational guidelines between minimally invasive treatment and open surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, non-randomized, cohort study with a minimal follow-up period of 18 months.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were given a neurological examination, visual analogue scale and Oswestry disability questionnaire, obligatory MRI, optional RCT, and discography, only before nucleoplasty. Patients have been divided into the following groups: Group 1 - patients with a disc protrusion treated with nucleoplasty (n = 46), which has been divided into Subgroup 1A, those with a disc protrusion size ≤ 5 mm (n = 24), and Subgroup 1B, those with a disc protrusion size 6 - 9 mm (n = 22); Group 2 - patients with a disc extrusion treated with nucleoplasty (n = 27); Group 3 - patients with a disc extrusion or sequester treated with microdiscectomy (n = 65).
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinically significant outcomes were a 50% relief of pain intensity and a 40% decrease of Oswestry Disability Index (ODI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A decrease of pain intensity and disability was found in all groups of patients, P < 0.0001; SP (statistical power) = 99 - 100%. Subgroups 1A and 1B showed no clinically significant differences in outcome, P = 0.99; SP = 5.3. Clinically significant results: Group 1 - 78%; 95% CI (confidence interval) [66; 90%], Group 2 - 44%; 95% CI [25; 65%], Group 3 - 93%; 95% CI [85; 98%]. Total annulus disruption increases the rate of unsatisfactory results of nucleoplasty, OR (odds ratio) = 4.5; 95% CI [1.57; 12.87] (logistic regression model, P = 0.0034). Nucleoplasty performed in cases of uncontained disc herniation (disc extrusion) have a significantly higher rate of unsatisfactory results versus microdiscectomy, OR = 19.06; 95% CI [2.29; 68.73] (logistic regression model, P < 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study was limited by the small number of patients in each group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The size of the disc protrusion does not significantly affect the outcome of nucleoplasty. The rational guideline for choosing between the 2 types of surgery is the integrity of the annulus.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics of Nizhniy Novgorod, Russian Federation. Andrei_Bokov@mail.ru
authors.forename: Andrey
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bokov
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Skorodumov
authors.forename: Alexey
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Isrelov
authors.forename: Yuri
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Stupak
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kukarin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000379:methods; D015331:Cohort Studies; D019299:Decompression, Surgical / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007405:Intervertebral Disc Displacement / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures / Q000379:methods; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D011843:Radiculopathy / Q000601:surgery