Use of GC × GC/TOF-MS and LC/TOF-MS for metabolomic analysis of Hyalella azteca chronically exposed to atrazine and its primary metabolite, desethylatrazine.
Atrazine is one of the most commonly detected contaminants in the U.S. Little information is available on one of atrazine's metabolites, desethylatrazine (DEA). Two-dimensional gas chromatography and liquid chromatography coupled with time of flight- mass spectrometry were used to examine metabolite profiles of Hyalella azteca chronically exposed to 30 µg/L atrazine and DEA. The majority of identified metabolites were by-products of β-oxidation of fatty acids suggesting possible disruption in energy metabolism. Eicosanoids increased in exposed females suggesting possible perturbations in neuropeptide hormonal systems. Overall, this research demonstrates the feasibility of utilizing metabolomic profiling of invertebrate species exposed to environmental contaminants as a way to determine mechanisms of toxicity.
Ralston-Hooper
Kimberly J
KJ
National Research Council Post-Doctoral Fellow, Environmental Protection Agency, Ecosystems Research Division, Athens, GA 30605, USA.
Adamec
Jiri
J
Jannash
Amber
A
Mollenhauer
Robert
R
Ochoa-Acuña
Hugo
H
Sepúlveda
Maria S
MS
D033304:Amphipoda / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001280:Atrazine / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D049628:Body Size / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002849:Chromatography, Gas / Q000379:methods; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D015777:Eicosanoids / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006540:Herbicides / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D059165:Hormesis; D008297:Male; D055432:Metabolomics; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization / Q000379:methods*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*
D015777:Eicosanoids; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors; D005227:Fatty Acids; D006540:Herbicides; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C405102:desethylatrazine; D001280:Atrazine