title: Adenosine stress myocardial contrast echocardiography for the detection of coronary artery disease: a comparison with coronary angiography and cardiac magnetic resonance.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the accuracy of adenosine myocardial contrast echocardiography (MCE) in diagnosing coronary artery disease (CAD).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Adenosine stress echocardiography is not routinely used in the assessment of CAD. Since ultrasound microbubble contrast agents enable improved wall motion analysis and simultaneous assessment of myocardial perfusion, we sought to evaluate the diagnostic performance of combined wall motion/perfusion imaging with adenosine MCE in patients with suspected CAD. We evaluated the accuracy of adenosine MCE in identifying 1) the presence of anatomic disease, as defined by X-ray angiography, and 2) the functional significance of CAD, as determined by high field-strength (3-T), multiparametric cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-five patients with suspected CAD were studied before angiography with MCE and CMR, at stress (140 μg/kg/min intravenous adenosine) and at rest. For MCE, 2-, 3- and 4-chamber long-axis images were acquired during intravenous sulfur hexafluoride infusion. For CMR, short-axis first-pass perfusion and delayed enhancement images were acquired following intravenous gadolinium-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid bolus injections (0.05 mmol/kg). Quantitative coronary angiography served as a reference standard for anatomic disease (significant CAD defined as ≥ 50% reference diameter in vessels with diameter ≥ 2 mm).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with X-ray angiography, MCE provided diagnostic accuracy of 82%, sensitivity of 85%, and specificity of 76% for detecting significant coronary stenosis. Disease location was also identified with reasonable accuracy (diagnostic accuracy 81% for left anterior descending disease, 77% for left circumflex artery disease, and 84% for right coronary artery disease). With CMR as the reference standard for functional assessment, MCE provided diagnostic accuracy of 79%, sensitivity of 85%, and specificity of 74%. Interobserver agreement for MCE was 79% (95% confidence interval: 67% to 88%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adenosine MCE achieved favorable diagnostic performance in identifying the presence and functional significance of coronary stenosis. Adenosine MCE may be useful in the clinical setting for evaluating patients with suspected CAD.
authors.affiliation: University of Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: J Ranjit
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Arnold
authors.forename: Theodoros D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Karamitsos
authors.forename: Tammy J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Pegg
authors.forename: Jane M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Francis
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Olszewski
authors.forename: Nick
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Searle
authors.forename: Roxy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Senior
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Neubauer
authors.forename: Harald
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Becher
authors.forename: Joseph B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Selvanayagam
mesh_terms: D000241:Adenosine; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003287:Contrast Media; D017023:Coronary Angiography; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D023921:Coronary Stenosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D025401:Echocardiography, Stress / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D019786:Gadolinium DTPA; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D019786:Gadolinium DTPA; D000241:Adenosine