title: Estimation of the cost of treatment by chemotherapy for early breast cancer in Morocco.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Breast cancer is the first cancer in women both in incidence and mortality. The treatment of breast cancer benefited from the progress of chemotherapy and targeted therapies, but there was a parallel increase in treatment costs. Despite a relatively high incidence of many sites of cancer, so far, there is no national register for this disease in Morocco.The main goal of this paper is to estimate the total cost of chemotherapy in the early stages of breast cancer due to its frequency and the chances of patients being cured. This study provides health decision-makers with a first estimate of costs and the opportunity to achieve the optimal use of available data to estimate the needs of antimitotics and trastuzumab in Morocco.
  
  
  METHODS
  We start by evaluating the individual cost according to the therapeutic sub-groups, namely:1. Patients needing chemotherapy with only anthracycline-based therapy.2. Patients needing chemotherapy with both anthracycline and taxane but without trastuzumab.3. Patients needing trastuzumab in addition to chemotherapy.For each sub-group, the protocol of treatment is described, and the individual costs per unit, and for the whole cycle, are evaluated.Then we estimate the number of women suffering from breast cancer on the basis of two data bases available in Morocco.Finally, we calculate the total annual cost of treatment of breast cancer in Morocco.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The total cost of breast cancer in Morocco is given in Moroccan dirhams (MAD), the US dollar at the current exchange rate (MAD 10 = USD 1.30) and in international dollars or purchasing power parity (MAD 10 = PPP 1.95).The cost of a therapy with trastuzumab is 8.4 times the cost of a sequential chemotherapy combining anthracycline and taxane, and nearly 60 times the cost of chemotherapy based on anthracycline alone.Globally, between USD 13.3 million and USD 28.6 million need to be devoted every year by the Moroccan health authorities to treat women with localized breast cancer in keeping with international recommendations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  According to our estimation methods, the complete cost of adjuvant chemotherapy including trastuzumab will range from 1.3 to 2.4% of the global budget of the Moroccan Health Department (MAD 9.8 billion or USD 1.274 billion). Unfortunately, only one-third of the Moroccan population has healthcare insurance whereas for each patient the treatment with chemotherapy alone costs 1.15 times the annual minimum income (MAD 23,710 or USD 3,082), and treatment requiring both chemotherapy and trastuzumab costs 9.76 times the annual minimum income. For the tumour over expressing HER2Neu, we need to treat 25 women in order to save (cure) one woman: the calculated cost for one life saved is USD 663,000. The question is, is it cost-effective for an emerging country?
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this paper we aimed at evaluating the total cost of chemotherapy in the early stages of breast cancer in order to provide health decision-makers with a first estimation and a good opportunity for the optimal use of available data for the needs of antimitotics and trastuzumab in Morocco. Different protocols were considered and the individual cost of the whole treatment was given according to therapies using anthracycline alone, sequential chemotherapy combining anthracycline and taxane, and sequential chemotherapy with trastuzumab. According to our estimations, Moroccan health authorities need to devote between USD 13.3 million and USD 28.6 million every year in order to treat women suffering from localized breast cancer in ways consistent with international recommended standards.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mathematics Faculty of Sciences, Boulevard Mohamed VI, BP: 717 Oujda, Morocco. x.boutayeb@menara.ma.
authors.forename: Saber
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Boutayeb
authors.forename: Abdesslam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Boutayeb
authors.forename: Naoual
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ahbeddou
authors.forename: Wiam
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Boutayeb
authors.forename: Essaadi
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ismail
authors.forename: Mehdi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tazi
authors.forename: Hassan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Errihani