title: A novel histone deacetylase inhibitor exhibits antitumor activity via apoptosis induction, F-actin disruption and gene acetylation in lung cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide, yet the therapeutic strategy for advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is limitedly effective. In addition, validated histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors for the treatment of solid tumors remain to be developed. Here, we propose a novel HDAC inhibitor, OSU-HDAC-44, as a chemotherapeutic drug for NSCLC.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The cytotoxicity effect of OSU-HDAC-44 was examined in three human NSCLC cell lines including A549 (p53 wild-type), H1299 (p53 null), and CL1-1 (p53 mutant). The antiproliferative mechanisms of OSU-HDAC-44 were investigated by flow cytometric cell cycle analysis, apoptosis assays and genome-wide chromatin-immunoprecipitation-on-chip (ChIP-on-chip) analysis. Mice with established A549 tumor xenograft were treated with OSU-HDAC-44 or vehicle control and were used to evaluate effects on tumor growth, cytokinesis inhibition and apoptosis. OSU-HDAC-44 was a pan-HDAC inhibitor and exhibits 3-4 times more effectiveness than suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) in suppressing cell viability in various NSCLC cell lines. Upon OSU-HDAC-44 treatment, cytokinesis was inhibited and subsequently led to mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. The cytokinesis inhibition resulted from OSU-HDAC-44-mediated degradation of mitosis and cytokinesis regulators Auroroa B and survivin. The deregulation of F-actin dynamics induced by OSU-HDAC-44 was associated with reduction in RhoA activity resulting from srGAP1 induction. ChIP-on-chip analysis revealed that OSU-HDAC-44 induced chromatin loosening and facilitated transcription of genes involved in crucial signaling pathways such as apoptosis, axon guidance and protein ubiquitination. Finally, OSU-HDAC-44 efficiently inhibited A549 xenograft tumor growth and induced acetylation of histone and non-histone proteins and apoptosis in vivo.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  OSU-HDAC-44 significantly suppresses tumor growth via induction of cytokinesis defect and intrinsic apoptosis in preclinical models of NSCLC. Our data provide compelling evidence that OSU-HDAC-44 is a potent HDAC targeted inhibitor and can be tested for NSCLC chemotherapy.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Basic Medical Science, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yen-An
authors.initials: YA
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Wei-Ling
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Wen
authors.forename: Jer-Wei
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Tzi-Tang
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.forename: Yi-Hung Carol
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: Santosh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Salunke
authors.forename: Chien-Tien
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Ching-Shih
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Yi-Ching
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000107:Acetylation / Q000187:drug effects; D000199:Actins / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D001549:Benzamides / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects*; D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D006877:Hydroxamic Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008819:Mice, Nude; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
chemical_list: C555920:4-(2,2-dimethyl-4-phenylbutyrylamino)-N-hydroxybenzamide; D000199:Actins; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D001549:Benzamides; D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors; D006877:Hydroxamic Acids