title: Fracture incidence in HIV-infected women: results from the Women's Interagency HIV Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The clinical importance of the association of HIV infection and antiretroviral therapy (ART) with low bone mineral density (BMD) in premenopausal women is uncertain because BMD stabilizes on established ART and fracture data are limited.
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured time to first new fracture at any site with median follow-up of 5.4 years in 2391 (1728 HIV-infected, 663 HIV-uninfected) participants in the Women's Interagency HIV Study (WIHS). Self-report of fracture was recorded at semiannual visits. Proportional hazard models assessed predictors of incident fracture.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline, HIV-infected women were older (40 ± 9 vs. 36 ± 10 years, P < 0.0001), more likely to report postmenopausal status and be hepatitis C virus-infected, and weighed less than HIV-uninfected women. Among HIV-infected women, mean CD4(+) cell count was 482 cells/μl; 66% were taking ART. Unadjusted incidence of fracture did not differ between HIV-infected and uninfected women (1.8 vs. 1.4/100 person-years, respectively, P = 0.18). In multivariate models, white (vs. African-American) race, hepatitis C virus infection, and higher serum creatinine, but not HIV serostatus, were statistically significant predictors of incident fracture. Among HIV-infected women, older age, white race, current cigarette use, and history of AIDS-defining illness were associated with incidence of new fracture.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among predominantly premenopausal women, there was little difference in fracture incidence rates by HIV status, rather traditional risk factors were important predictors. Further research is necessary to characterize fracture risk in HIV-infected women during and after the menopausal transition.
authors.affiliation: Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA. Mty4@columbia.edu
authors.forename: Michael T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.forename: Qiuhu
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: Donald R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Hoover
authors.forename: Kathryn
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Anastos
authors.forename: Anjali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Levine
authors.forename: Mardge H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Shane
authors.forename: Elizabeth T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Golub
authors.forename: Phyllis C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Tien
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D015519:Bone Density; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D005260:Female; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D017697:Premenopause / Q000502:physiology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors