title: Off-loading the diabetic foot for ulcer prevention and healing.
abstract: Retrospective and prospective studies have shown that elevated plantar pressure is a causative factor in the development of many plantar ulcers in diabetic patients and that ulceration is often a precursor of lower-extremity amputation. Herein, we review the evidence that relieving areas of elevated plantar pressure (off-loading) can prevent and heal plantar ulceration. There is no consensus in the literature concerning the role of off-loading through footwear in the primary or secondary prevention of ulcers. This is likely due to the diversity of intervention and control conditions tested, the lack of information about off-loading efficacy of the footwear used, and the absence of a target pressure threshold for off-loading. Uncomplicated plantar ulcers should heal in 6 to 8 weeks with adequate off-loading. Total-contact casts and other nonremovable devices are most effective because they eliminate the problem of nonadherence to recommendations for using a removable device. Conventional or standard therapeutic footwear is not effective in ulcer healing. Recent US and European surveys show that there is a large discrepancy between guidelines and clinical practice in off-loading diabetic foot ulcers. Many clinics continue to use methods that are known to be ineffective or that have not been proved to be effective while ignoring methods that have demonstrated efficacy. A variety of strategies are proposed to address this situation, notably the adoption and implementation of recently established international guidelines, which are evidence based and specific, by professional societies in the United States and Europe. Such an approach would improve the often poor current expectations for healing diabetic plantar ulcers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-6500, USA. cavanagh@uw.edu
authors.forename: Peter R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Cavanagh
authors.forename: Sicco A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Bus
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002370:Casts, Surgical; D017719:Diabetic Foot / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D009989:Orthotic Devices; D011312:Pressure; D012008:Recurrence; D012775:Shoes; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000502:physiology