title: ISSLS prize winner: how loading rate influences disc failure mechanics: a microstructural assessment of internal disruption.
abstract: METHODS
  Mechanically induced disruption and subsequent microscopic investigation of lumbar intervertebral discs following a previously published testing protocol, but using a much higher rate of loading.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To explore if loading rate affects the internal disruption mechanics of lumbar intervertebral discs.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The failure mechanics of some bone-ligament-bone constructs vary with the rate of tensile load application. Like many ligaments, recent reports indicate that the mechanical response of the disc wall varies with strain-rate. It is possible that the internal failure mechanics of the disc wall also varies with strain-rate.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nuclear pressurization was used to deliver sudden pressure impulses directly to the nucleus of ovine lumbar motion segments. Pressure impulses were delivered to 12 neutrally positioned motion segments, and 15 motion segments held at 7° flexion. Aside from loading rate, testing was conducted in the same manner as 2 previously published studies that employed a gradual nuclear pressurization regime. Following testing, the internal damage resulting to each disc was analyzed using micro-CT and serial microscopy in tandem.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Radial tears of the medioposterior disc wall were the most frequent cause of disc failure. In most cases, radial tears involved a combination of annular and endplate disruption: Neutrally positioned discs frequently suffered tears within the superior cartilaginous endplate adjacent to the transition zone and/or inner anulus. Flexed discs frequently suffered tears adjacent to the outer anulus at the cartilaginous/vertebral endplate junction, or within the vertebral endplate. Both groups frequently suffered endplate tears adjacent to the mid anulus at the inferior cartilaginous/vertebral endplate junction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The internal morphologies of the disc disruptions created in this study using high strain-rate impulse pressurization differed significantly from those documented previously for both neutrally positioned and flexed discs subjected to gradual low strain-rate pressurization. These morphologic differences show that the internal failure mechanics of lumbar intervertebral discs vary with the rate of internal radial load application.
authors.affiliation: School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalhousie University, 5981 University Avenue, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. veres@dal.ca
authors.forename: Samuel P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Veres
authors.forename: Peter A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Robertson
authors.forename: Neil D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Broom
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000502:physiology; D007403:Intervertebral Disc / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007405:Intervertebral Disc Displacement / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D034561:Sheep, Domestic; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D016474:Weight-Bearing / Q000502:physiology