title: Assessment of a novel real-time pan-flavivirus RT-polymerase chain reaction.
abstract: Outbreaks of West Nile virus (WNV) have occurred intermittently in regions around the Mediterranean coast, and the virus may have become established in Northern Italy and Romania, with reported intermittent outbreaks in Spain, Hungary, and France. WNV has also spread rapidly throughout the Americas since its introduction into New York in 1999. This capacity to emerge in new geographical locations and to spread rapidly together with the current increase in incidence of other flaviviruses such as tick-borne encephalitis virus, dengue virus, and Usutu virus has prompted us to design a novel pan-flavivirus RT-polymerase chain reaction for the purpose of surveillance for a range of flaviviruses. The assay utilizes degenerate primers targeting the flavivirus NS5 gene (RNA-dependent RNA polymerase) and detects a range of flaviviruses, including WNV. A small panel of WNV bird samples obtained from the United States has been shown to be detected using this assay. The amplicon generated is of sufficient size to provide sequence data to confirm the identity of the virus detected and undertake limited phylogenetic analysis. Testing using this assay has shown its ability to detect a range of tick-borne flaviviruses, particularly louping ill virus that is endemic in areas of the United Kingdom. The assay has been used to survey 160 bird samples and 1000 mosquito samples from the United Kingdom and found no evidence for WNV.
authors.affiliation: Rabies and Wildlife Zoonoses Group, Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Addlestone, United Kingdom. n.johnson2@vla.defra.gsi.gov.uk
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Philip R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Wakeley
authors.forename: Karen L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Mansfield
authors.forename: Fiona
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: McCracken
authors.forename: Ben
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Haxton
authors.forename: Lawrence Paul
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Phipps
authors.forename: Anthony R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Fooks
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D001715:Bird Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D001717:Birds; D009033:Culicidae / Q000821:virology; D005416:Flavivirus / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods*; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D017361:Viral Nonstructural Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C096041:NS5 protein, flavivirus; D012367:RNA, Viral; D017361:Viral Nonstructural Proteins