title: Control of mineral scale deposition in cooling systems using secondary-treated municipal wastewater.
abstract: Secondary-treated municipal wastewater (MWW) is a promising alternative to freshwater as power plant cooling system makeup water, especially in arid regions. A prominent challenge for the successful use of MWW for cooling is potentially severe mineral deposition (scaling) on pipe surfaces. In this study, theoretical, laboratory, and field work was conducted to evaluate the mineral deposition potential of MWW and its deposition control strategies under conditions relevant to power plant cooling systems. Polymaleic acid (PMA) was found to effectively reduce scale formation when the makeup water was concentrated four times in a recirculating cooling system. It was the most effective deposition inhibitor of those studied when applied at 10 mg/L dosing level in a synthetic MWW. However, the deposition inhibition by PMA was compromised by free chlorine added for biogrowth control. Ammonia present in the wastewater suppressed the reaction of the free chlorine with PMA through the formation of chloramines. Monochloramine, an alternative to free chlorine, was found to be less reactive with PMA than free chlorine. In pilot tests, scaling control was more challenging due to the occurrence of biofouling even with effective control of suspended bacteria. Phosphorous-based corrosion inhibitors are not appropriate due to their significant loss through precipitation reactions with calcium. Chemical equilibrium modeling helped with interpretation of mineral precipitation behavior but must be used with caution for recirculating cooling systems, especially with use of MWW, where kinetic limitations and complex water chemistries often prevail.
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
authors.forename: Heng
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Ming-Kai
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Hsieh
authors.forename: Shih-Hsiang
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Chien
authors.forename: Jason D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Monnell
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Dzombak
authors.forename: Radisav D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Vidic
mesh_terms: D000641:Ammonia / Q000494:pharmacology; D019149:Bioreactors; D011232:Chemical Precipitation / Q000187:drug effects*; D002713:Chlorine / Q000494:pharmacology; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds; D010710:Phosphates / Q000494:pharmacology; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011091:Polyesters / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011210:Power Plants; D012995:Solubility / Q000187:drug effects; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid; D018508:Water Purification
chemical_list: D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds; D010710:Phosphates; D011091:Polyesters; C044137:2-phosphonobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid; D002713:Chlorine; D000641:Ammonia