title: Validation of a cell-based assay to differentiate between the cytotoxic effects of elapid snake venoms.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Acanthophis genus (i.e. death adders) and the Naja genus (i.e. cobras) belong to the family elapidae. The current study compared the in vitro cytotoxicity of venoms from four Acanthophis spp. and three Naja spp. on rat aortic smooth muscle cells, A7r5, and rat skeletal muscle cells, L6. The ability of CSL death adder antivenom and SAIMR antivenom, for Acanthophis spp. and Naja spp. venom respectively, to negate the cytotoxicity was also examined.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cell proliferation assay was used to determine cell viability following treatment with venom in the presence or absence of antivenom. Sigmoidal growth curves were obtained, and IC(50) values were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Acanthophis spp. and Naja spp. venoms produced concentration-dependent inhibition of cell proliferation in both cell lines. Naja spp. venoms were significantly more cytotoxic than the most potent Acanthophis venom (i.e. A. antarcticus) in both cell lines. Naja spp. venoms also displayed higher sensitivity in L6 cells. SAIMR antivenom significantly inhibited the cytotoxic actions of all Naja spp. venoms in both A7r5 and L6 cells. However, death adder antivenom (CSL Ltd) was unable to negate the cytotoxic effects of Acanthophis spp. venoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Concentrations of the predominantly cytotoxic Naja spp. venoms used were approximately three times less than the predominantly neurotoxic Acanthophis spp. venoms. SAIMR antivenom was partially effective in neutralising the effects of Naja spp. venoms. Death adder antivenom (CSL Ltd) was not effective in negating the cytotoxic effects of venom from Acanthophis spp. These results indicate that the cell-based assay is suited to the examination of cytotoxic snake venoms and may be used in conjunction with organ bath experiments to pharmacologically characterise snake venoms. Furthermore, the results suggest that the use of a skeletal muscle cell line is likely to be more clinically relevant for the examination of cytotoxic snake venoms.
authors.affiliation: Monash Venom Group, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Vic. 3800, Australia.
authors.forename: Yasmean
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kalam
authors.forename: Geoffrey K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Isbister
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mirtschin
authors.forename: Wayne C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Hodgson
authors.forename: Nicki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Konstantakopoulos
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000997:Antivenins / Q000494:pharmacology; D001011:Aorta / Q000187:drug effects; D048708:Cell Growth Processes / Q000187:drug effects; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004546:Elapid Venoms / Q000633:toxicity*; D017815:Elapidae / Q000378:metabolism; D018485:Muscle Fibers, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects; D032389:Myocytes, Smooth Muscle / Q000187:drug effects*; D051381:Rats; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D000997:Antivenins; D004546:Elapid Venoms