title: A comparison of four sedation techniques for pediatric dental surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We prospectively assessed the efficacy and side effects of four sedation techniques in our dental clinic: oral midazolam, intranasal (IN) midazolam, IN midazolam combined with oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate (OTFC), and IN midazolam combined with IN sufentanil.
  
  
  METHODS
  With IRB approval, a nonrandomized open label study of moderate sedation in children undergoing dental surgery was administered during a 6 -month period. The sedation regimen was rotated daily at the anesthesiologist's discretion. Each sedation was monitored by a research nurse who assessed the quality of sedation and the frequency of complications. All children were monitored during the procedure and recovery for at least 20 min, before discharge based on the University of Michigan Sedation and Ohio State behavior rating scores.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred and two children were sedated in the dental clinic during this period. The sedation was successful in 73% (range 64% to 88%) of the children. The time to onset was greatest with OTFC (37 min) and least with IN midazolam (17 min) compared with the other two groups (20 and 30 min). Recovery after OTFC was prolonged (39 min) significantly compared with the other three groups (26.5-30 min). Efficacy of sedation and frequency of complications (9% incidence of nausea and 6% of mild hemoglobin desaturation) were similar among the groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All four sedation regimens were equally effective in this cohort of healthy children. The onset and recovery with OTFC was significantly delayed compared with the other regimens. The frequency of side effects was small; there were no side effects in the PO midazolam group.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Women & Children's Hospital of Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14222, USA. cheard@upa.chob.edu
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Heard
authors.forename: Jayson
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Creighton
authors.forename: Prashant
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Joshi
authors.forename: Doron
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Feldman
authors.forename: Jerrold
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lerman
mesh_terms: D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior / Q000187:drug effects; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016292:Procedural Sedation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003813:Dentistry / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008874:Midazolam / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D010102:Oxygen Inhalation Therapy; D017409:Sufentanil / Q000009:adverse effects; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D017409:Sufentanil; D008874:Midazolam; D005283:Fentanyl