title: Social inclusion affects elderly suicide mortality.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  National attitudes towards the elderly and their association with elderly suicide mortality in 26 European countries were assessed, and Eastern and Western European countries compared.
  
  
  METHODS
  For each country, mean age-adjusted, gender-specific elderly suicide rates in the last five years for which data had been available were obtained from the WHO European Mortality Database. Questions about citizens' attitudes towards the elderly were taken from the European Social Survey. Correlations between attitudes and suicide rates were analyzed using Pearson's test. Differences between mean scores for Western and Eastern European attitudes were calculated, and data on labor-market exit ages were obtained from the EUROSTAT database.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Perception of the elderly as having higher status, recognition of their economic contribution and higher moral standards, and friendly feelings towards and admiration of them are inversely correlated with suicide mortality. Suicide rates are lower in countries where the elderly live with their families more often. Elderly suicide mortality and labor-market exit age are inversely correlated. In Eastern European countries, elderly people's status and economic contribution are seen as less important. Western Europeans regard the elderly with more admiration, consider them more friendly and more often have elderly relatives in the family. The data also show gender differences.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Society's attitudes influence elderly suicide mortality; attitudes towards the elderly are more favorable among Western European citizens; and extended labor-market inclusion of the elderly is a suicide-protective factor.
authors.affiliation: Estonian-Swedish Mental Health and Suicidology Institute (ERSI), Center of Behavioural and Health Sciences and Tallinn University, Tallinn, Estonia. aeyuryev@gmail.com
authors.forename: Andriy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yur'yev
authors.forename: Lauri
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Leppik
authors.forename: Liina-Mai
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Tooding
authors.forename: Merike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sisask
authors.forename: Peeter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Värnik
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Airi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Värnik
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001290:Attitude; D004651:Employment; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005190:Family / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D033062:Friends / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D016901:Intergenerational Relations; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D012923:Social Class; D012931:Social Environment; D012938:Social Perception; D012944:Social Support; D013405:Suicide / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014944:World Health Organization; D000092864:Suicide Prevention