title: Diabetes: cost of illness in Norway.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Diabetes mellitus places a considerable burden on patients in terms of morbidity and mortality and on society in terms of costs. Costs related to diabetes are expected to increase due to increasing prevalence of type 2 diabetes. The aim of this study was to estimate the health care costs attributable to type 1 and type 2 diabetes in Norway in 2005.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data on inpatient hospital services, outpatient clinic visits, physician services, drugs, medical equipment, nutrition guidance, physiotherapy, acupuncture, foot therapy and indirect costs were collected from national registers and responses to a survey of 584 patients with diabetes. The study was performed with a prevalence approach. Uncertainty was explored by means of bootstrapping.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When hospital stays with diabetes as a secondary diagnosis were excluded, the total costs were €293 million, which represents about 1.4% of the total health care expenditure. Pharmaceuticals accounted for €95 million (32%), disability pensions €48 million (16%), medical devices €40 million (14%) and hospital admissions €21 million (7%). Patient expenditures for acupuncture, physiotherapy and foot therapy were many times higher than expenditure for nutritional guidance. Indirect costs (lost production from job absenteeism) accounted for €70.1 million (24% of the €293 million) and included sick leave (€16.7 million), disability support and disability pensions (€48.2 million) and other indirect costs (€5.3 million). If all diabetes related hospital stays are included (primary- and secondary diagnosis) total costs amounts to €535 million, about 2.6% of the total health care expenditure in Norway.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Diabetes represents a considerable burden to society in terms of health care costs and productivity losses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Management and Health Economics, P,O, Box 1089 Blindern, N-0317 Oslo, Norway. oddvar.solli@medisin.uio.no.
authors.forename: Oddvar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Solli
authors.forename: Trond
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jenssen
authors.forename: Ivar S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Kristiansen