title: Hexaminolevulinate guided fluorescence cystoscopy reduces recurrence in patients with nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We assessed the impact that improved detection of nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer with hexaminolevulinate fluorescence cystoscopy may have on early recurrence rates.
  
  
  METHODS
  This prospective, randomized study enrolled 814 patients suspected of having bladder cancer at increased risk for recurrence. All patients underwent white light cystoscopy and mapping of lesions, followed by transurethral resection of the bladder when indicated. Patients in the fluorescence group also received intravesical hexaminolevulinate solution at least 1 hour before cystoscopy to induce fluorescence of cancerous lesions, and underwent additional inspection with blue light before and after transurethral resection of the bladder. Adjuvant intravesical therapy was based on risk. Followup cystoscopy at 3, 6 and 9 months was conducted with white light.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Detection was performed as a within patient comparison in the fluorescence group. In this group 286 patients had at least 1 Ta or T1 tumor (intent to treat). In 47 patients (16%) at least 1 of the tumors was seen only with fluorescence (p = 0.001). During the 9-month followup (intent to treat) there was tumor recurrence in 128 of 271 patients (47%) in the fluorescence group and 157 of 280 (56%) in the white light group (p = 0.026). The relative reduction in recurrence rate was 16%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hexaminolevulinate fluorescence cystoscopy significantly improves the detection of Ta and T1 lesions and significantly reduces the rate of tumor recurrence at 9 months.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University Hospital, Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Arnulf
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stenzl
authors.forename: Maximilian
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Burger
authors.forename: Yves
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fradet
authors.forename: Lance A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Mynderse
authors.forename: Mark S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Soloway
authors.forename: J Alfred
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Witjes
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kriegmair
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Karl
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: H Barton
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Grossman
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000622:Aminolevulinic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D003558:Cystoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005453:Fluorescence; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery*
chemical_list: D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D000622:Aminolevulinic Acid; C419924:5-aminolevulinic acid hexyl ester