title: Modulation of polymorphonuclear neutrophil functions by astrocytes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Neuroinflammation is a complex process involving cells from the immune system and the central nerve system (CNS). Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) are the most abundant class of white blood cells, and typically the first type of leukocyte recruited to sites of inflammation. In the CNS, astrocytes are the most abundant glial cell population and participate in the local innate immune response triggered by a variety of insults. In the present study, we investigated the impacts of astrocytes on PMN function.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary astrocyte cultures were derived from postnatal C57BL/6 mice and primary neutrophils were isolated from 8 to 12 weeks old C57BL/6 mice. PMNs respiratory burst was analyzed by H2DCFDA assay. For phagocytosis assay, neutrophils were incubated with FITC-labeled E. coli and the phagocytosis of E coli was determined by flow cytometer. PMNs degranulation was determined by myeloperoxidase assay. Cytokine expression was determined by real-time PCR. To determine the involvement of different signaling pathway, protein lysates were prepared and western blots were conducted to assess the activation of Akt, Erk1/2, and p38.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using ex vivo neutrophils and primary astrocyte cultures, our study demonstrated that astrocytes differentially regulate neutrophil functions, depending upon whether the interactions between the two cell types are direct or indirect. Upon direct cell-cell contact, astrocytes attenuate neutrophil apoptosis, respiratory bust, and degranulation, while enhancing neutrophil phagocytic capability and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression. Through indirect interaction with neutrophils, astrocytes attenuate apoptosis and enhance necrosis in neutrophils, augment neutrophil phagocytosis and respiratory burst, and inhibit neutrophil degranulation. In addition, astrocytes could augment Akt, Erk1/2, and p38 activation in neutrophils.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Astrocytes differentially regulate neutrophil functions through direct or indirect interactions between the two cell types. The diversified actions of astrocytes on neutrophils might provide protection against potential microbial infections given compromised blood-brain barrier integrity under certain neuropathological conditions. The complex actions of astrocytes on neutrophils could provide further insight to harness the inflammatory response to promote CNS repair.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA.
authors.forename: Luokun
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: Ethan C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Poteet
authors.forename: Wenjun
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Amanda E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.forename: Ran
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wen
authors.forename: Anuja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ghorpade
authors.forename: James W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Simpkins
authors.forename: Shao-Hua
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002450:Cell Communication / Q000276:immunology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D018920:Coculture Techniques; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018375:Neutrophil Activation / Q000276:immunology; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D010587:Phagocytosis / Q000276:immunology; D016897:Respiratory Burst / Q000276:immunology*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction