title: A quadruple-enterotoxin-deficient mutant of Bacillus thuringiensis remains insecticidal.
abstract: Bacillus thuringiensis is the leading biopesticide used to control insect pests worldwide. Although they have a long record of safe use, under certain conditions commercial strains of B. thuringiensis have the ability to produce numerous putative enterotoxins that have been associated with food poisoning attributed to Bacillus cereus. Therefore, we designed a strategy to delete the genes encoding these toxins. B. thuringiensis strain VBTS 2477 contained genes encoding NHE, CytK-2 and three homologues of haemolysin BL (HBL, HBL(a1) and HBL(a2)). This is the first report, to our knowledge, of a strain of B. cereus or B. thuringiensis containing three sets of hbl operons. The genes encoding HBL(a1) and HBL(a2) were 96-97 % identical to each other and 76-84 % identical to those encoding HBL. The hbl(a2) operon was detected by PCR amplification only after hbl(a1) was deleted. We used sequential gene replacement to replace the wild-type copies of the NHE and three HBL operons with copies that contained internal deletions that span the three genes in each operon. The insecticidal activity of the quadruple-enterotoxin-deficient mutant was similar to that of the wild-type strain against larvae of Trichoplusia ni, Spodoptera exigua and Plutella xylostella. This demonstrates that the genes for enterotoxins can be deleted, eliminating the possibility of enterotoxin production without compromising the insecticidal efficacy of a strain of B. thuringiensis.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Bacteriology and Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1550 Linden Dr., Madison, WI, USA.
authors.forename: Amy K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Klimowicz
authors.affiliation: Valent BioSciences Corporation, Agricultural Research Station, 6131 RFD Oakwood Road, Long Grove, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Terry A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Benson
authors.affiliation: Departments of Bacteriology and Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1550 Linden Dr., Madison, WI, USA.
authors.forename: Jo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Handelsman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001413:Bacillus thuringiensis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D004768:Enterotoxins / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000235:genetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D006460:Hemolysin Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000235:genetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D007306:Insecticides / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009036:Moths / Q000187:drug effects; D010572:Pest Control, Biological; D017384:Sequence Deletion
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D004768:Enterotoxins; D006460:Hemolysin Proteins; D007306:Insecticides