title: Primary stability determination by means of insertion torque and RFA in a sample of 4,135 implants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aims of the present study are to evaluate the primary stability of a sample of 4,135 implants and to investigate the correlations between primary stability and mechanical characteristic of the implant and bone density at insertion time.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted from March 2002 to January 2009 at a private practice in Bologna (Italy). Patients were eligible for the study if they needed the insertion of single or multiple implants. Bone density, length, and diameter of each implant were recorded. During surgery for each implant, peak insertion torque (IT) was recorded; the resonance frequency analysis (RFA) values were also collected. Finally, it was recorded whether an implant was lost or removed at an early stage (within 6months from insertion surgery).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 1,045 consecutive patients were included in the study. A total of 4,135 of implants were inserted. The sample presented 1,184 implants inserted in a postextractive site. The mean peak IT was 34.82±19.36. The mean RFA was 71.57±10.63 implant stability quotient. Spearman correlation analysis shows the presence of a weak positive correlation between IT and RFA. The statistical analysis shows a relevant dependency between IT and bone quality and a very weak dependency between RFA and bone quality. Again, the statistical analysis shows a quite weak correlation between length or diameter and IT, but it shows a relevant correlation between length and RFA. Postextractive implants presented a higher mean IT and a lower RFA compared with implants inserted in healed sites. Twenty-eight (0.7%) implants were considered to have failed and removed within 6months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results show that the implants studied obtain a good primary stability with a standard protocol. The IT and RFA appear as two independent features of primary stability. Data show that only IT is influenced by bone density as well as only RFA is correlated to the length of implants used. Finally, it is possible to obtain a good primary stability also in postextractive sites.
authors.affiliation: Dental School, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Degidi
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Daprile
authors.forename: Adriano
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Piattelli
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015519:Bone Density / Q000502:physiology; D003758:Dental Implantation, Endosseous / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015921:Dental Implants / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017267:Dental Prosthesis Design / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017268:Dental Prosthesis Retention / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D019232:Dental Restoration Failure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008334:Mandible / Q000601:surgery; D008437:Maxilla / Q000601:surgery; D055595:Mechanical Phenomena; D008875:Middle Aged; D013499:Surface Properties; D020390:Tooth Socket / Q000601:surgery; D019415:Torque; D014732:Vibration; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015921:Dental Implants