title: Prostate specific antigen concentration at age 60 and death or metastasis from prostate cancer: case-control study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the relation between concentrations of prostate specific antigen at age 60 and subsequent diagnosis of clinically relevant prostate cancer in an unscreened population to evaluate whether screening for prostate cancer and chemoprevention could be stratified by risk.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case-control study with 1:3 matching nested within a highly representative population based cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  General population of Sweden taking part in the Malmo Preventive Project. Cancer registry at the National Board of Health and Welfare.
  
  
  METHODS
  1167 men aged 60 who provided blood samples in 1981 and were followed up to age 85.
  
  
  METHODS
  Metastasis or death from prostate cancer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The rate of screening during the course of the study was low. There were 43 cases of metastasis and 35 deaths from prostate cancer. Concentration of prostate specific antigen at age 60 was associated with prostate cancer metastasis (area under the curve 0.86, 95% confidence interval 0.79 to 0.92; P<0.001) and death from prostate cancer (0.90, 0.84 to 0.96; P<0.001). The greater the number for the area under the curve (values from 0 to 1) the better the test. Although only a minority of the men with concentrations in the top quarter (>2 ng/ml) develop fatal prostate cancer, 90% (78% to 100%) of deaths from prostate cancer occurred in these men. Conversely, men aged 60 with concentrations at the median or lower (≤1 ng/ml) were unlikely to have clinically relevant prostate cancer (0.5% risk of metastasis by age 85 and 0.2% risk of death from prostate cancer).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The concentration of prostate specific antigen at age 60 predicts lifetime risk of metastasis and death from prostate cancer. Though men aged 60 with concentrations below the median (≤1 ng/ml) might harbour prostate cancer, it is unlikely to become life threatening. Such men could be exempted from further screening, which should instead focus on men with higher concentrations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Vickers
authors.forename: Angel M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Cronin
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Björk
authors.forename: Jonas
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Manjer
authors.forename: Peter M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Nilsson
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dahlin
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bjartell
authors.forename: Peter T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Scardino
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ulmert
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lilja
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology; D012016:Reference Values; D012042:Registries; D012044:Regression Analysis; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen