title: Loneliness and the metabolic syndrome in a population-based sample of middle-aged and older adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study evaluated the association between loneliness and the metabolic syndrome, which refers to a clustering of factors that have been shown to increase risk for cardiovascular disease, diabetes, stroke, and mortality. A secondary purpose was to evaluate whether age moderated the association between loneliness and the metabolic syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were 52 to 79 years old, and they were drawn from a population-based survey of people 50 years of age and older living in England (N = 3211). They completed a self-report measure of loneliness and a nurse visit that included collection of blood pressure, blood sample, and anthropometric measures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Self-reported loneliness and the metabolic syndrome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After controlling for demographic variables and smoking status, loneliness was significantly associated with increasing likelihood of meeting criteria for the metabolic syndrome and with the individual criterion of central obesity. The association between loneliness and the metabolic syndrome was not moderated by age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results suggest that loneliness is associated with the metabolic syndrome. Therefore, the metabolic syndrome may be among the pathways by which loneliness increases risk of morbidity and mortality.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0345, USA. mark.whisman@colorado.edu
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Whisman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000150:complications; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications; D004739:England; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008132:Loneliness / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011159:Population Surveillance; D012306:Risk; D057566:Self Report; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose