title: Transcranial approach to pituitary adenomas invading the cavernous sinus: A modification of the classical technique to be used in a low-technology environment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Pituitary adenomas invading the cavernous sinus represent a therapeutic challenge. Those tumors have been traditionally treated with incomplete surgical removal, observation and/ or adjunctive medical therapy, and radiotherapy. In relatively recent years, some authors have suggested a main direct surgical approach to cavernous sinus (CS) with the aim of complete removal of the adenoma, either by a modified trans-sphenoidal route, using or not an endoscopy-assisted approach, or by a transcranial direct approach. The latter has the advantage of allowing direct exposure of the lesion with a view of the surgical field unhindered by important neurovascular structures.
  
  
  METHODS
  We report a technical modification of the classical epidural approach for CS adenoma removal. This was used in 14 patients. Surgical technique included a fronto-orbito-zygomatic craniotomy with extradural anterior clinoidectomy, and intradural approach to the Hakuba's triangle for intracavernous dissection. The tumors were removed under direct vision.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Total macroscopical removal was achieved in all but one case. This patient required postoperative radiation therapy as well as adjuvant dopaminergic regime for achieving control of preoperatively increased hormonal values. No other case required radiotherapy. Hormonal and/ or clinical control was also achieved in all the remaining cases. Out of the remaining 13 cases, all appeared to be tumor free at an average postoperative observation at 78 months (34 to 90 months). Significant surgical sequels were detected in only 1 case (persistent 3(rd) nerve palsy and moderate hemiparesis).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This experience, though limited, would suggest that the transcranial limited CS exposure through the Hakuba's triangle may allow adequate removal of intracavernous pituitary adenomas with very good long-term results and acceptable complication rate.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Section of Neurosurgery, Neurological Centre of Latium "NCL", Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Aldo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Spallone
authors.forename: Roberto V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Vidal
authors.forename: Justo G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Gonzales