title: In-home coal and wood use and lung cancer risk: a pooled analysis of the International Lung Cancer Consortium.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Domestic fuel combustion from cooking and heating is an important public health issue because roughly 3 billion people are exposed worldwide. Recently, the International Agency for Research on Cancer classified indoor emissions from household coal combustion as a human carcinogen (group 1) and from biomass fuel (primarily wood) as a probable human carcinogen (group 2A).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We pooled seven studies from the International Lung Cancer Consortium (5,105 cases and 6,535 controls) to provide further epidemiological evaluation of the association between in-home solid-fuel use, particularly wood, and lung cancer risk.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using questionnaire data, we classified subjects as predominant solid-fuel users (e.g., coal, wood) or nonsolid-fuel users (e.g., oil, gas, electricity). Unconditional logistic regression was used to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) and to compute 95% confidence intervals (CIs), adjusting for age, sex, education, smoking status, race/ethnicity, and study center.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with nonsolid-fuel users, predominant coal users (OR = 1.64; 95% CI, 1.49-1.81), particularly coal users in Asia (OR = 4.93; 95% CI, 3.73-6.52), and predominant wood users in North American and European countries (OR = 1.21; 95% CI, 1.06-1.38) experienced higher risk of lung cancer. The results were similar in never-smoking women and other subgroups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results are consistent with previous observations pertaining to in-home coal use and lung cancer risk, support the hypothesis of a carcinogenic potential of in-home wood use, and point to the need for more detailed study of factors affecting these associations.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-7240, USA. hosgoodd@mail.nih.gov
authors.forename: H Dean
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Hosgood
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Boffetta
authors.forename: Sander
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Greenland
authors.forename: Yuan-Chin Amy
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McLaughlin
authors.forename: Adeline
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Seow
authors.forename: Eric J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Duell
authors.forename: Angeline S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Andrew
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zaridze
authors.forename: Neonila
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Szeszenia-Dabrowska
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rudnai
authors.forename: Jolanta
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lissowska
authors.forename: Eleonóra
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fabiánová
authors.forename: Dana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mates
authors.forename: Vladimir
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bencko
authors.forename: Lenka
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Foretova
authors.forename: Vladimir
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Janout
authors.forename: Hal
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Morgenstern
authors.forename: Nathaniel
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rothman
authors.forename: Rayjean J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Hung
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Brennan
authors.forename: Qing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Lan
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003031:Coal; D003296:Cooking; D005260:Female; D006361:Heating; D006801:Humans; D007390:International Agencies; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D014934:Wood
chemical_list: D003031:Coal