title: Genetic variability of the stolbur phytoplasma vmp1 gene in grapevines, bindweeds and vegetables.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Evaluation of the genetic variability of stolbur phytoplasma infecting grapevines, bindweeds and vegetables, collected in different central and southern Italian regions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Phytoplasma isolates belonging to stolbur subgroup 16SrXII-A were subjected to molecular characterization by polymerase chain reaction/restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR/RFLP), to investigate two different nonribosomal genes: tuf and vmp1. In grapevines, 32% of samples were infected by tuf-a type and 68% by tuf-b type, with different relative incidences in the regions surveyed. All herbaceous samples (bindweeds, tomato, tobacco, pepper, celery) were infected by tuf-b. The gene vmp1 showed higher polymorphism in grapevines (nine profiles) than herbaceous plants (six) by RFLP analysis, in agreement with nucleotide sequences' analysis and virtual digestions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The phylogenetic analysis of vmp1 gene sequences supports the RFLP data and demonstrates the accuracy of RFLP for preliminary assessments of genetic diversity of stolbur phytoplasmas and for screening different vmp types.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Stolbur represents a serious phytosanitary problem in the areas under investigation, owing to heavy economic losses in infected grapevines and vegetables. Molecular information about the complex genotyping of the vmp1 gene provides useful data towards a better understanding of stolbur epidemiology. Moreover, this study clarifies some different vmp1 genotype classifications of stolbur, providing molecular data in comparison with previous investigations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Crop Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Murolo
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Marcone
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Prota
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Garau
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Foissac
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Romanazzi
mesh_terms: D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D005798:Genes, Bacterial; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005838:Genotype; D007558:Italy; D010802:Phylogeny; D045582:Phytoplasma / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D014675:Vegetables / Q000382:microbiology*; D027843:Vitis / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial