Discrimination of the geographical origin of beef by (1)H NMR-based metabolomics.
The geographical origin of beef is of increasing interest to consumers and producers due to "mad cow" disease and the implementation of the Free Trade Agreement (FTA). In this study, (1)H NMR spectroscopy coupled with multivariate statistical analyses was used to differentiate the geographical origin of beef samples. Principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal projection to latent structure-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) showed significant separation between extracts of beef originating from four countries: Australia, Korea, New Zealand, and the United States. The major metabolites responsible for differentiation in OPLS-DA loading plots were succinate and various amino acids including isoleucine, leucine, methionine, tyrosine, and valine. A one-way ANOVA was performed to statistically certify the difference in metabolite levels. The data suggest that NMR-based metabolomics is an efficient method to distinguish fingerprinting difference between raw beef samples, and several metabolites including various amino acids and succinate can be possible biomarkers for discriminating the geographical origin of beef.
Jung
Youngae
Y
Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea.
Lee
Jueun
J
Kwon
Joseph
J
Lee
Kwang-Sik
KS
Ryu
Do Hyun
DH
Hwang
Geum-Sook
GS
D000818:Animals; D001315:Australia; D002417:Cattle; D016002:Discriminant Analysis; D016643:Encephalopathy, Bovine Spongiform / Q000517:prevention & control; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008460:Meat / Q000032:analysis / Q000145:classification*; D055432:Metabolomics / Q000379:methods*; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009520:New Zealand; D056910:Republic of Korea; D014481:United States