title: The dual-gate lumen model of renal monoamine transport.
abstract: The three-phase response of urinary serotonin and dopamine in subjects simultaneously taking amino acid precursors of serotonin and dopamine has been defined.1,2 No model exists regarding the renal etiology of the three-phase response. This writing outlines a model explaining the origin of the three-phase response of urinary serotonin and dopamine. A "dual-gate lumen transporter model" for the basolateral monoamine transporters of the kidneys is proposed as being the etiology of the three-phase urinary serotonin and dopamine responses.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this writing is to document the internal renal function model that has evolved in research during large-scale assay with phase interpretation of urinary serotonin and dopamine.
  
  
  METHODS
  In excess of 75,000 urinary monoamine assays from more than 7,500 patients were analyzed. The serotonin and the dopamine phase were determined for specimens submitted in the competitive inhibition state. The phase determination findings were then correlated with peer-reviewed literature.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The correlation between the three-phase response of urinary serotonin and dopamine with internal renal processes of the bilateral monoamine transporter and the apical monoamine transporter of the proximal convoluted renal tubule cells is defined.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The phase of urinary serotonin and dopamine is dependent on the status of the serotonin gate, dopamine gate, and lumen of the basolateral monoamine transporter while in the competitive inhibition state.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Research, NeuroResearch Clinics, Inc. Cape Coral, Florida, USA. marty@hinzmd.com
authors.forename: Marty
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hinz
authors.forename: Alvin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Uncini