title: Shockwave therapy for the treatment of chronic proximal hamstring tendinopathy in professional athletes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic proximal hamstring tendinopathy is an overuse syndrome that is usually managed by nonoperative methods. Shockwave therapy has proved to be effective in many tendinopathies.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Shockwave therapy may be more effective than other nonoperative treatments for chronic proximal hamstring tendinopathy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized controlled clinical study; Level of evidence, 1.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty professional athletes with chronic proximal hamstring tendinopathy were enrolled between February 1, 2004, and September 30, 2006. Patients were randomly assigned to receive either shockwave therapy, consisting of 2500 impulses per session at a 0.18 mJ/mm² energy flux density without anesthesia, for 4 weeks (SWT group, n = 20), or traditional conservative treatment consisting of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, physiotherapy, and an exercise program for hamstring muscles (TCT group, n = 20). Patients were evaluated before treatment, and 1 week and 3, 6, and 12 months after the end of treatment. The visual analog scale (VAS) score for pain and Nirschl phase rating scale (NPRS) were used as primary outcome measures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The patients were observed for a mean of 10.7 months (range, 1-12 months). Six patients were lost to follow-up because they underwent a surgical intervention: 3 (all in TCT group) were lost at 3 months; 2 (1 in each group), at 6 months; and 1 (in the TCT group), at 12 months. Primary follow-up was at 3 months after the beginning of treatment. The VAS scores in the SWT and TCT groups were 7 points before treatment (P = .84), and 2 points and 5 points, respectively, 3 months after treatment (P < .001). The NPRS scores in the SWT and TCT groups were 5 points in either group before treatment (P = .48), and 2 points and 6 points, respectively, 3 months after treatment (P < .001). At 3 months after treatment, 17 of the 20 patients (85%) in the SWT group and 2 of the 20 patients (10%) in the TCT group achieved a reduction of at least 50% in pain (P < .001). There were no serious complications in the SWT group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Shockwave therapy is a safe and effective treatment for patients with chronic proximal hamstring tendinopathy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Rome "La Sapienza," Italy. angelo.cacchio@tin.it
authors.forename: Angelo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cacchio
authors.forename: Jan D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Rompe
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Furia
authors.forename: Piero
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Susi
authors.forename: Valter
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Santilli
authors.forename: Fosco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: De Paulis
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D056352:Athletes; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery; D002908:Chronic Disease; D012090:Cumulative Trauma Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery; D005081:Exercise Therapy; D005260:Female; D019220:High-Energy Shock Waves / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000601:surgery; D059408:Pain Management; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D052256:Tendinopathy / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal