title: The psychosocial effects of adult strabismus: a review.
abstract: Correction of adult strabismus is not a cosmetic procedure but one that restores normality to an individual's appearance that has been altered by a disease process. Two fundamental principles underpinning facial attractiveness are symmetry and averageness-manifest strabismus affects both of these giving an unconscious signal of poor genetic history. The presence of manifest strabismus adversely affects many aspects of patients' lives including finding a partner, job prospects and interaction with peers, and may manifest more seriously as psychiatric disorders. Surgical correction has been shown to be safe and effective for the functional problems of strabismus in adults but the hugely positive effects on the psychosocial aspects are only now becoming apparent. The advent of a new adult strabismus specific quality-of-life questionnaire and its subsequent validation will make this quantification of improvement easier. The wider medical community and the public at large should be made aware of the benefits of corrective strabismus surgery in adults.
authors.affiliation: Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool L7 8XP, UK. jondurnian@me.com
authors.forename: Jonathan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Durnian
authors.forename: Carmel P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Noonan
authors.forename: Ian B
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: Marsh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001828:Body Image; D004954:Esthetics / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011594:Psychometrics; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology*; D012649:Self Concept; D012928:Social Desirability; D012938:Social Perception; D013285:Strabismus / Q000523:psychology* / Q000601:surgery*