title: Zinc status in HIV infected Ugandan children aged 1-5 years: a cross sectional baseline survey.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Low concentrations of serum zinc have been reported in HIV infected adults and are associated with disease progression and an increased risk of death. Few studies have been conducted in HIV infected children in Africa. We determined serum zinc levels and factors associated with zinc deficiency in HIV infected Ugandan children.
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured the baseline zinc status of 247 children aged 1-5 years enrolled in a randomised trial for multiple micronutrient supplementation at paediatric HIV clinics in Uganda (http://ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00122941). Zinc status was determined using inductively coupled atomic emission spectrophotometry (ICP-AES). Clinical and laboratory characteristics were compared among zinc deficient (zinc < 10.0 μmol/L) and non deficient children. Logistic regression was used to determine predictors of low serum zinc.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 247 children, 134 (54.3%) had low serum zinc (< 10.0 μmol/L). Of the 44 children on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), 13 (29.5%) had low zinc compared to 121/203 (59.6%) who were not on HAART. Overall, independent predictors of low zinc were fever (OR 2.2; 95%CI 1.1-4.6) and not taking HAART (OR 3.7; 95%CI 1.8-7.6).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Almost two thirds of HAART naïve and a third of HAART treated HIV infected children were zinc deficient. Increased access to HAART among HIV infected children living in Uganda might reduce the prevalence of zinc deficiency.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda. gracendeezi@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Grace
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ndeezi
authors.forename: James K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Tumwine
authors.forename: Bjørn J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Bolann
authors.forename: Christopher M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Ndugwa
authors.forename: Thorkild
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tylleskär
mesh_terms: D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality; D015497:HIV-1; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D018977:Micronutrients / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014454:Uganda / Q000453:epidemiology; D015032:Zinc / Q000172:deficiency / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D018977:Micronutrients; D015032:Zinc