title: Cheyne-Stokes respiration and obstructive sleep apnoea are independent risk factors for malignant ventricular arrhythmias requiring appropriate cardioverter-defibrillator therapies in patients with congestive heart failure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this first large-scale long-term study was to investigate whether obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) and/or central sleep apnoea (CSA) are associated with an increased risk of malignant cardiac arrhythmias in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 472 CHF patients who were screened for sleep disordered breathing (SDB) 6 months after implantation of a cardiac resynchronization device with cardioverter-defibrillator, 283 remained untreated [170 with mild or no sleep disordered breathing (mnSDB) and 113 patients declined ventilation therapy] and were included into this study. During follow-up (48 months), data on appropriately monitored ventricular arrhythmias as well as appropriate cardioverter-defibrillator therapies were obtained from 255 of these patients (90.1%). Time period to first monitored ventricular arrhythmias and to first appropriate cardioverter-defibrillator therapy were significantly shorter in patients with either CSA or OSA. Forward stepwise Cox models revealed an independent correlation for CSA and OSA regarding monitored ventricular arrhythmias [apnoea-hypopnoea index (AHI) ≥5 h(-1): CSA HR 2.15, 95% CI 1.40-3.30, P < 0.001; OSA HR 1.69, 95% CI 1.64-1.75, P = 0.001; AHI ≥15 h(-1): CSA HR 2.06, 95% CI 1.40-3.05, P < 0.001; OSA HR 1.69, 95% CI 1.14-2.51, P = 0.02] and appropriate cardioverter-defibrillator therapies (AHI ≥5 h(-1): CSA HR 3.24, 95% CI 1.86-5.64, P < 0.001; OSA HR 2.07, 95% CI 1.14-3.77, P = 0.02; AHI ≥15 h(-1): CSA HR 3.41, 95% CI 2.10-5.54, P < 0.001; OSA HR 2.10, 95% CI 1.17-3.78, P = 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In patients with CHF, CSA and OSA are independently associated with an increased risk for ventricular arrhythmias and appropriate cardioverter-defibrillator therapies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Heart and Diabetes Centre North Rhine-Westphalia, Ruhr University Bochum, Georgstasse 11, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany. tbitter@hdz-nrw.de
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bitter
authors.forename: Nina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Westerheide
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Prinz
authors.forename: Mohamed Sajid
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Hossain
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vogt
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Langer
authors.forename: Dieter
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Horstkotte
authors.forename: Olaf
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Oldenburg
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000150:complications*; D002639:Cheyne-Stokes Respiration / Q000209:etiology*; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D004452:Echocardiography; D005080:Exercise Test; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D020181:Sleep Apnea, Obstructive / Q000209:etiology*