title: Individually timing high-protein preloads has no effect on daily energy intake, peptide YY and glucagon-like peptide-1.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Gut hormones have been shown to influence energy intake (EI). To our knowledge, no study has investigated the effects of dietary patterns aimed at optimizing fullness on EI, appetite and gut hormones.
  
  
  METHODS
  To determine whether individually timing high-protein preloads would impact EI, appetite, and peptide YY and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) levels. Ten men (body mass index = 25.5 ± 2.6 kg/m(2)) participated in a randomized crossover trial. The three conditions consisted of the self-selection of snacks (condition 1), or the consumption of a preload (300 kcal: 40% protein, 40% carbohydrates and 20% fat) at either 15 min (condition 2) or ∼ 50 min (individually set) (condition 3) before lunch and dinner. During each condition, a standardized breakfast was served, whereas lunch and dinner were self-selected from a five-item menu, and eaten ad libitum. Mealtime and daily EI were measured. Appetite, peptide YY and GLP-1 were sampled over 9 h.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No differences in daily EI were noted across conditions (1 = 3078 ± 720 kcal; 2 = 2929 ± 264 kcal; 3 = 2998 ± 437 kcal; not significant). For the most part, daily profiles as well as premeal levels of peptide YY and GLP-1 were not different between conditions. Desire to eat, hunger and prospective food consumption were found to be lowest during condition 1 (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  According to these results, it would seem that individually timing high-protein preloads does not reduce daily EI in healthy human subjects.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Willbond
authors.forename: É
authors.initials: É
authors.lastname: Doucet
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001066:Appetite; D019540:Area Under Curve; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism*; D004435:Eating; D002149:Energy Intake; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D019894:Peptide YY / Q000097:blood*; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004044:Dietary Proteins; D019894:Peptide YY; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1