title: Preferential re-replication of Drosophila heterochromatin in the absence of geminin.
abstract: To ensure genomic integrity, the genome must be duplicated exactly once per cell cycle. Disruption of replication licensing mechanisms may lead to re-replication and genomic instability. Cdt1, also known as Double-parked (Dup) in Drosophila, is a key regulator of the assembly of the pre-replicative complex (pre-RC) and its activity is strictly limited to G1 by multiple mechanisms including Cul4-Ddb1 mediated proteolysis and inhibition by geminin. We assayed the genomic consequences of disregulating the replication licensing mechanisms by RNAi depletion of geminin. We found that not all origins of replication were sensitive to geminin depletion and that heterochromatic sequences were preferentially re-replicated in the absence of licensing mechanisms. The preferential re-activation of heterochromatic origins of replication was unexpected because these are typically the last sequences to be duplicated in a normal cell cycle. We found that the re-replication of heterochromatin was regulated not at the level of pre-RC activation, but rather by the formation of the pre-RC. Unlike the global assembly of the pre-RC that occurs throughout the genome in G1, in the absence of geminin, limited pre-RC assembly was restricted to the heterochromatin by elevated cyclin A-CDK activity. These results suggest that there are chromatin and cell cycle specific controls that regulate the re-assembly of the pre-RC outside of G1.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America.
authors.forename: Queying
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: MacAlpine
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D002503:Centromere / Q000378:metabolism; D059006:Chromosomes, Insect / Q000378:metabolism; D019925:Cyclin A / Q000378:metabolism; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D004261:DNA Replication; D042522:DNA Replication Timing; D029721:Drosophila Proteins / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000378:metabolism; D004331:Drosophila melanogaster / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D064248:Geminin; D006570:Heterochromatin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011003:Ploidies
chemical_list: D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D019925:Cyclin A; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D064248:Geminin; D006570:Heterochromatin; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases