title: Self-management counseling in patients with heart failure: the heart failure adherence and retention randomized behavioral trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Motivating patients with heart failure to adhere to medical advice has not translated into clinical benefit, but past trials have had methodological limitations.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the value of self-management counseling plus heart failure education, compared with heart failure education alone, for the primary end point of death or heart failure hospitalization.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Heart Failure Adherence and Retention Trial (HART), a single-center, multiple-hospital, partially blinded behavioral efficacy randomized controlled trial involving 902 patients with mild to moderate heart failure and reduced or preserved systolic function, randomized from the Chicago metropolitan area between October 2001 and October 2004 and undergoing follow-up for 2 to 3 subsequent years.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients were offered 18 contacts and 18 heart failure educational tip sheets during the course of 1 year. Patients randomized to the education group received tip sheets in the mail and telephone calls to check comprehension. Patients randomized to the self-management group received tip sheets in groups and were taught self-management skills to implement the advice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Death or heart failure hospitalization during a median of 2.56 years of follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients were representative of typical clinical populations (mean age, 63.6 years; 47% women, 40% racial/ethnic minority, 52% with annual family income less than $30,000, and 23% with preserved systolic function). The rate of the primary end point in the self-management group was no different from that in the education group (163 [40.1%)] vs 171 [41.2%], respectively; odds ratio, 0.95 [95% confidence interval, 0.72-1.26]). There were no significant differences on any secondary end points, including death, heart failure hospitalization, all-cause hospitalization, or quality of life.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compared with an enhanced educational intervention alone, the addition of self-management counseling did not reduce death or heart failure hospitalization in patients with mild to moderate heart failure.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00018005.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, 1700 W Van Buren St, Chicago, IL 60612, USA. lpowell@rush.edu
authors.forename: Lynda H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Powell
authors.forename: James E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Calvin
authors.forename: Dejuran
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.forename: Imke
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Janssen
authors.forename: Carlos F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Mendes de Leon
authors.forename: Kristin J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Flynn
authors.forename: Kathleen L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Grady
authors.forename: Cheryl S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Rucker-Whitaker
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Eaton
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Avery
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D037001:Directive Counseling; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009042:Motivation; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010349:Patient Compliance; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D011788:Quality of Life; D012648:Self Care; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D016896:Treatment Outcome