title: Plants growing on contaminated and brownfield sites appropriate for use in Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development terrestrial plant growth test.
abstract: The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) terrestrial plant test is often used for the ecological risk assessment of contaminated land. However, its origins in plant protection product testing mean that the species recommended in the OECD guidelines are unlikely to occur on contaminated land. Six alternative species were tested on contaminated soils from a former Zn smelter and a metal fragmentizer with elevated concentrations of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn. The response of the alternative species was compared with that of two species recommended by the OECD: Lolium perenne (perennial ryegrass) and Trifolium pratense (red clover). Urtica dioica (stinging nettle) and Poa annua (annual meadowgrass) had low emergence rates in the control soil and so may be considered unsuitable. Festuca rubra (Chewings fescue), Holcus lanatus (Yorkshire fog), Senecio vulgaris (common groundsel), and Verbascum thapsus (great mullein) offer good alternatives to the OECD species. In particular, H. lanatus and S. vulgaris were more sensitive to the soils with moderate concentrations of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn than the OECD species.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Forestry and Climate Change, Farnham, Surrey, United Kingdom. danielle.sinnett@uwe.ac.uk
authors.forename: Danielle E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Sinnett
authors.forename: Victoria K
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Lawrence
authors.forename: Tony R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Hutchings
authors.forename: Mark E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Hodson
mesh_terms: D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D002104:Cadmium / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity; D003300:Copper / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D007854:Lead / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity; D008129:Lolium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D008670:Metals / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity; D009938:Organizations; D063245:Plant Development; D010944:Plants / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D031785:Poa / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D029921:Trifolium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D015032:Zinc / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D008670:Metals; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D002104:Cadmium; D007854:Lead; D003300:Copper; D015032:Zinc