title: Alice in actuarial-land: through the looking glass of changing Static-99 norms.
abstract: The Static-99, an actuarial rating method, is employed to conduct sexual violence risk assessment in legal contexts. The proponents of the Static-99 dismiss clinical judgment as not empirical. Two elements must be present to apply an actuarial risk model to a specific individual: sample representativeness and uniform measurement of outcome. This review demonstrates that both of these elements are lacking in the normative studies of the Static-99 and its revised version, the Static-99R. Studies conducted since the publication of the Static-99 have not replicated the original norms. Sexual recidivism rates for the same Static-99 score vary widely, from low to high, depending on the sample used. A hypothetical case example is presented to illustrate how the solitary application of the Static-99 or Static-99R recidivism rates to the exclusion of salient clinical factors for identifying sexual dangerousness can have serious consequences for public safety.
authors.affiliation: University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90086-0125, USA.
authors.forename: Shoba
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sreenivasan
authors.forename: Linda E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Weinberger
authors.forename: Allen
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Frances
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cusworth-Walker
mesh_terms: D000206:Actuarial Analysis; D005555:Forensic Psychiatry; D006801:Humans; D010552:Personality Assessment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence* / Q000379:methods; D012742:Sex Offenses / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014754:Violence