title: Mechanisms of oxidative stress and alterations in gene expression by Libby six-mix in human mesothelial cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Exposures to an amphibole fiber in Libby, Montana cause increases in malignant mesothelioma (MM), a tumor of the pleural and peritoneal cavities with a poor prognosis. Affymetrix microarray/GeneSifter analysis was used to determine alterations in gene expression of a human mesothelial cell line (LP9/TERT-1) by a non-toxic concentration (15×10(6) μm2/cm2) of unprocessed Libby six-mix and negative (glass beads) and positive (crocidolite asbestos) controls. Because manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD; SOD2) was the only gene upregulated significantly (p < 0.05) at both 8 and 24 h, we measured SOD protein and activity, oxidative stress and glutathione (GSH) levels to better understand oxidative events after exposure to non-toxic (15×10(6) μm2/cm2) and toxic concentrations (75×10(6) μm2/cm2) of Libby six-mix.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Exposure to 15×10(6) μm2/cm2 Libby six-mix elicited significant (p < 0.05) upregulation of one gene (SOD2; 4-fold) at 8 h and 111 gene changes at 24 h, including a 5-fold increase in SOD2. Increased levels of SOD2 mRNA at 24 h were also confirmed in HKNM-2 normal human pleural mesothelial cells by qRT-PCR. SOD2 protein levels were increased at toxic concentrations (75×10(6) μm2/cm2) of Libby six-mix at 24 h. In addition, levels of copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu/ZnSOD; SOD1) protein were increased at 24 h in all mineral groups. A dose-related increase in SOD2 activity was observed, although total SOD activity remained unchanged. Dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFDA) fluorescence staining and flow cytometry revealed a dose- and time-dependent increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by LP9/TERT-1 cells exposed to Libby six-mix. Both Libby six-mix and crocidolite asbestos at 75×10(6) μm2/cm2 caused transient decreases (p < 0.05) in GSH for up to 24 h and increases in gene expression of heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) in LP9/TERT-1 and HKNM-2 cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Libby six-mix causes multiple gene expression changes in LP9/TERT-1 human mesothelial cells, as well as increases in SOD2, increased production of oxidants, and transient decreases in intracellular GSH. These events are not observed at equal surface area concentrations of nontoxic glass beads. Results support a mechanistic basis for the importance of SOD2 in proliferation and apoptosis of mesothelial cells and its potential use as a biomarker of early responses to mesotheliomagenic minerals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Vermont College of Medicine, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
authors.forename: Jedd M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hillegass
authors.forename: Arti
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shukla
authors.forename: Maximilian B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: MacPherson
authors.forename: Sherrill A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Lathrop
authors.forename: Vlada
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Alexeeva
authors.forename: Timothy N
authors.initials: TN
authors.lastname: Perkins
authors.forename: Albert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: van der Vliet
authors.forename: Pamela M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Vacek
authors.forename: Mickey E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Gunter
authors.forename: Brooke T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Mossman
mesh_terms: D017636:Asbestos, Amphibole / Q000633:toxicity*; D017638:Asbestos, Crocidolite / Q000633:toxicity; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D051547:Heme Oxygenase-1 / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000032:analysis; D000099156:Superoxide Dismutase 2
chemical_list: D017636:Asbestos, Amphibole; D017638:Asbestos, Crocidolite; D005978:Glutathione; D051547:Heme Oxygenase-1; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D000099156:Superoxide Dismutase 2; C496541:HMOX1 protein, human