title: Persistence of DDT, malathion & deltamethrin resistance in Anopheles culicifacies after their sequential withdrawal from indoor residual spraying in Surat district, India.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Under the national antimalaria programme DDT was introduced in early 1950s for vector control and later hexachloro cyclohexane (HCH) followed by malathion and recently synthetic pyrethroids in 1990s to manage the insecticide resistance in Anopheles culicifacies. Subsequent replacement led to development of multiple resistances in An. culicifacies in Surat district in Gujarat State. Indoor residual spray (IRS) was completely withdrawn in southern villages in Surat in 2002. This study was undertaken in these areas to study the persistence of resistance to DDT, malathion and deltamethrin after sequential withdrawal of IRS with these insecticides at different times.
  
  
  METHODS
  Susceptibility tests on An. culicifacies were conducted using standard WHO methods and kits. Mortality, knockdown time and lethal times were calculated for An. culicifacies exposed to WHO prescribed diagnostic concentrations of different insecticide impregnated papers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Persistence of DDT-resistance was observed even after 30 yr of its withdrawal from IRS. Similarly, persistence of malathion resistance was also observed after 9 yr of its withdrawal from IRS, while reversal of deltamethrin-resistance was observed very fast within 2-3 yr after its withdrawal from IRS in 2002.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Present data indicate that the quantum of reversion of insecticide resistance in a population is relative and depends on the genetic stability of the respective resistance genes in the mosquitoes. In the present study withdrawal of pyrethroid-IRS resulted in increased susceptibility against pyrethroids alone and was independent of existence of resistance to insecticides of other groups. This study emphasizes that appropriate rotation of different insecticides; including carbamates may prevent or delay the onset of resistance.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Malaria Research (ICMR), New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Raghavendra
authors.forename: Vaishali
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Verma
authors.forename: H C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Srivastava
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gunasekaran
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Sreehari
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Dash
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D003634:DDT / Q000633:toxicity*; D005828:Genetics, Population; D007194:India; D007305:Insecticide Resistance / Q000235:genetics; D007306:Insecticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D008294:Malathion / Q000633:toxicity*; D009026:Mortality; D009032:Mosquito Control / Q000379:methods*; D009570:Nitriles / Q000633:toxicity*; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000633:toxicity*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D009570:Nitriles; D011722:Pyrethrins; C017180:decamethrin; D003634:DDT; D008294:Malathion