title: Human activities on the deep seafloor in the North East Atlantic: an assessment of spatial extent.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Environmental impacts of human activities on the deep seafloor are of increasing concern. While activities within waters shallower than 200 m have been the focus of previous assessments of anthropogenic impacts, no study has quantified the extent of individual activities or determined the relative severity of each type of impact in the deep sea.
  
  
  METHODS
  The OSPAR maritime area of the North East Atlantic was chosen for the study because it is considered to be one of the most heavily impacted by human activities. In addition, it was assumed data would be accessible and comprehensive. Using the available data we map and estimate the spatial extent of five major human activities in the North East Atlantic that impact the deep seafloor: submarine communication cables, marine scientific research, oil and gas industry, bottom trawling and the historical dumping of radioactive waste, munitions and chemical weapons. It was not possible to map military activities. The extent of each activity has been quantified for a single year, 2005.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Human activities on the deep seafloor of the OSPAR area of the North Atlantic are significant but their footprints vary. Some activities have an immediate impact after which seafloor communities could re-establish, while others can continue to make an impact for many years and the impact could extend far beyond the physical disturbance. The spatial extent of waste disposal, telecommunication cables, the hydrocarbon industry and marine research activities is relatively small. The extent of bottom trawling is very significant and, even on the lowest possible estimates, is an order of magnitude greater than the total extent of all the other activities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To meet future ecosystem-based management and governance objectives for the deep sea significant improvements are required in data collection and availability as well as a greater awareness of the relative impact of each human activity.
authors.affiliation: Ocean Biogeochemistry and Ecosystems Group, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom. arb103@noc.soton.ac.uk
authors.forename: Angela R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Benn
authors.forename: Philip P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Weaver
authors.forename: David S M
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Billet
authors.forename: Sybille
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: van den Hove
authors.forename: Andrew P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Murdock
authors.forename: Gemma B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Doneghan
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Le Bas
mesh_terms: D001267:Atlantic Ocean; D017753:Ecosystem; D006802:Human Activities; D006801:Humans; D008386:Marine Biology; D012623:Seawater / Q000032:analysis