title: National trends in child and adolescent psychotropic polypharmacy in office-based practice, 1996-2007.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine patterns and recent trends in multiclass psychotropic treatment among youth visits to office-based physicians in the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  Annual data from the 1996-2007 National Ambulatory Medical Care Surveys were analyzed to examine patterns and trends in multiclass psychotropic treatment within a nationally representative sample of 3,466 child and adolescent visits to office-based physicians in which a psychotropic medication was prescribed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was an increase in the percentage of child visits in which psychotropic medications were prescribed that included at least two psychotropic classes. Across the 12 year period, multiclass psychotropic treatment rose from 14.3% of child psychotropic visits (1996-1999) to 20.2% (2004-2007) (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.89, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.22-2.94, p < .01). Among medical visits in which a current mental disorder was diagnosed, the percentage with multiclass psychotropic treatment increased from 22.2% (1996-1999) to 32.2% (2004-2007) (AOR = 2.23, 95% CI = 1.42-3.52, p < .001). Over time, there were significant increases in multiclass psychotropic visits in which ADHD medications, antidepressants, or antipsychotics were prescribed, and a decrease in those visits in which mood stabilizers were prescribed. There were also specific increases in co-prescription of ADHD medications and antipsychotic medications (AOR = 6.22, 95% CI = 2.82-13.70, p < .001) and co-prescription of antidepressant and antipsychotic medications (AOR = 5.77, 95% CI = 2.88-11.60, p < .001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although little is known about the safety and efficacy of regimens that involve concomitant use of two or more psychotropic agents for children and adolescents, multiclass psychotropic pharmacy is becoming increasingly common in outpatient practice.
authors.affiliation: College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, USA. jcomer@bu.edu
authors.forename: Jonathan S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Comer
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Olfson
authors.forename: Ramin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mojtabai
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000553:Ambulatory Care / Q000639:trends; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018692:Antimanic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D015897:Comorbidity; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004363:Drug Utilization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007349:Insurance, Health, Reimbursement / Q000639:trends; D008297:Male; D008483:Medical Assistance / Q000639:trends; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000639:trends*; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000639:trends; D011570:Psychiatry / Q000639:trends; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D018692:Antimanic Agents; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs