title: The value of repeating studies and multiple controls: replicated 28-day growth studies of rainbow trout exposed to clofibric acid.
abstract: Two studies to examine the effect of waterborne clofibric acid (CA) on growth-rate and condition of rainbow trout were conducted using accepted regulatory tests (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development [OECD] 215). The first study (in 2005) showed significant reductions after 21 d of exposure (21-d growth lowest-observed-effect concentration [LOEC] = 0.1 µg/L, 21-d condition LOEC = 0.1 µg/L) that continued to 28 d. Growth rate was reduced by approximately 50% (from 5.27 to 2.67% per day), while the condition of the fish reduced in a concentration-dependant manner. Additionally, in a concentration-dependent manner, significant changes in relative liver size were observed, such that increasing concentrations of CA resulted in smaller livers after 28-d exposure. A no-observed-effect concentration (NOEC) was not achieved in the 2005 study. An expanded second study (in 2006) that included a robust bridge to the 2005 study, with four replicate tanks of eight individual fish per concentration, did not repeat the 2005 findings. In the 2006 study, no significant effect on growth rate, condition, or liver biometry was observed after 21 or 28 d (28-d growth NOEC = 10 µg/L, 28-d condition NOEC = 10 µg/L), contrary to the 2005 findings. We do not dismiss either of these findings and suggest both are relevant and stand for comparison. However, the larger 2006 study carries more statistical power and multiple-tank replication, so probably produced the more robust findings. Despite sufficient statistical power in each study, interpretation of these and similar studies should be conducted with caution, because much significance is placed on the role of limited numbers of individual and tank replicates and the influence of control animals.
authors.affiliation: Institute for the Environment, Brunel University, Uxbridge, Middlesex UB8 3PH, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Stewart F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Owen
authors.forename: Duane B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Huggett
authors.forename: Thomas H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Hutchinson
authors.forename: Malcolm J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Hetheridge
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: McCormack
authors.forename: Lewis B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Kinter
authors.forename: Jon F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Ericson
authors.forename: Lisa A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Constantine
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Sumpter
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents / Q000097:blood / Q000633:toxicity; D001823:Body Composition / Q000187:drug effects; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D002995:Clofibric Acid / Q000097:blood / Q000633:toxicity*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D017686:Oncorhynchus mykiss / Q000097:blood / Q000254:growth & development*; D009929:Organ Size / Q000187:drug effects; D036401:Toxicity Tests, Chronic / Q000379:methods*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000097:blood / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D002995:Clofibric Acid