title: Assessment of ultrasound modulation of near infrared light on the quantification of scattering coefficient.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effect of ultrasound modulation of near infrared (NIR) light on the quantification of scattering coefficient in tissue-mimicking biological phantoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  A unique method to estimate the phase of the modulated NIR light making use of only time averaged intensity measurements using a charge coupled device camera is used in this investigation. These experimental measurements from tissue-mimicking biological phantoms are used to estimate the differential pathlength, in turn leading to estimation of optical scattering coefficient. A Monte-Carlo model based numerical estimation of phase in lieu of ultrasound modulation is performed to verify the experimental results.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results indicate that the ultrasound modulation of NIR light enhances the effective scattering coefficient. The observed effective scattering coefficient enhancement in tissue-mimicking viscoelastic phantoms increases with increasing ultrasound drive voltage. The same trend is noticed as the ultrasound modulation frequency approaches the natural vibration frequency of the phantom material. The contrast enhancement is less for the stiffer (larger storage modulus) tissue, mimicking tumor necrotic core, compared to the normal tissue.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ultrasound modulation of the insonified region leads to an increase in the effective number of scattering events experienced by NIR light, increasing the measured phase, causing the enhancement in the effective scattering coefficient. The ultrasound modulation of NIR light could provide better estimation of scattering coefficient. The observed local enhancement of the effective scattering coefficient, in the ultrasound focal region, is validated using both experimental measurements and Monte-Carlo simulations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
authors.forename: M Suheshkumar
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Phaneendra K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Yalavarthy
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Vasu
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rajan
mesh_terms: D007259:Infrared Rays; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D012542:Scattering, Radiation; D014465:Ultrasonics; D014732:Vibration