title: Hypoadiponectinemia is closely associated with impaired nitric oxide synthase activity in skeletal muscle of type 2 diabetic subjects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In vitro studies suggest that adiponectin plays an important role in nitric oxide (NO) generation. We studied the relationship between plasma adiponectin and skeletal muscle nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity in type 2 diabetic (T2DM) patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We determined NOS activity in skeletal muscle of 7 T2DM and 8 nondiabetic control subjects under basal conditions and after a 4-h euglycemic insulin (80 mU/m2 x min) clamp.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Insulin-stimulated glucose disposal (Rd) (5.2 +/-0.4 vs. 9.0 +/-0.9 mg/kg-min, P < 0.01) and basal NOS activity (107 +/-45 vs. 459 +/- 100 pmol/min-mg protein, P < 0.05) were reduced in T2DM versus controls. In response to hyperinsulinemia, NOS activity increased approximately two-fold in controls (757 +/- 244, P < 0.05 vs basal) but failed to increase in T2DM (105 +/- 38, P < 0.01 vs. T2DM). Basal NOS protein content was similar in controls and T2DM and did not change following insulin. Plasma adiponectin was decreased in T2DM (4.5 +/- 0.8 vs. 7.0 +/-1.0 microg/mL, P < 0.02) and correlated with insulin-stimulated NOS activity (r = 0.49, P < 0.05) and with Rd (r = 0.50, P < 0.05). In controls and T2DM collectively, Rd correlated with insulin-stimulated NOS activity (r = 0.48, P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Decreased plasma adiponectin correlates with impaired insulin-stimulated NOS activity and severity of insulin resistance in T2DM. Because impaired NO generation plays a central role in endothelial dysfunction and development of atherosclerosis, our results may provide a link between reduced plasma adiponectin levels and accelerated atherosclerosis in T2DM.
authors.affiliation: Cleveland Clinic, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, & Metabolism, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Sangeeta R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Kashyap
authors.forename: Linda J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Roman
authors.forename: Lawrence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mandarino
authors.forename: Ralph
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: DeFronzo
authors.forename: Mandeep
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bajaj
mesh_terms: D052242:Adiponectin / Q000097:blood*; D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000201:enzymology*; D005260:Female; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000201:enzymology*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000737:chemistry; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000378:metabolism*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D052242:Adiponectin; D007328:Insulin; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase