title: Interfacing a haptic robotic system with complex virtual environments to treat impaired upper extremity motor function in children with cerebral palsy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the ability of the New Jersey Institute of Technology Robot Assisted Virtual Rehabilitation (NJIT-RAVR) system training to elicit changes in upper extremity (UE) function in children with hemiplegia secondary to cerebral palsy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine children (mean age 9 years, three males) participated in three pilots. Subjects trained 1 hour, 3 days a week for 3 weeks. Two groups performed this protocol as their only intervention. The third group also performed 5-6 hours of constraint-induced movement therapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All subjects participated in a short programme of nine, 60-minute training sessions without adverse effects. As a group, subjects demonstrated statistically significant improvements in Melbourne Assessment of Unilateral Upper Limb Function Test, a composite of three timed UE tasks and several measurements of reaching kinematics. Several subjects demonstrated clinically significant improvements in active shoulder abduction and flexion as well as forearm supination.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Three small pilots of NJIT-RAVR training demonstrated measurable benefit with no complications, warranting further examination.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation and Movement Science, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Gerard G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Fluet
authors.forename: Qinyin
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Qiu
authors.forename: Donna
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.forename: Heta D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Parikh
authors.forename: Diego
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ramirez
authors.forename: Soha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saleh
authors.forename: Sergei V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Adamovich
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002547:Cerebral Palsy / Q000150:complications* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003198:Computer Simulation; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006429:Hemiplegia / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009048:Motor Skills; D010865:Pilot Projects; D020127:Recovery of Function; D012371:Robotics / Q000295:instrumentation*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D034941:Upper Extremity / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014584:User-Computer Interface