title: Long-term effects on cortical excitability and motor recovery induced by repeated muscle vibration in chronic stroke patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Muscle vibration modifies corticomotor excitability in healthy subjects and reduces muscle tonus in stroke patients.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study examined whether repeated muscle vibration (rMV) applied over the flexor carpi radialis (FCR) and biceps brachii (BB) can induce long-lasting changes, using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), in patients with chronic stroke.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty hemiparetic patients who offered at least minimal wrist and elbow isometric voluntary contractions were randomly assigned to either an experimental group, which received rMV in addition to physiotherapy (rMV + PT), or a control group that underwent PT alone. The following parameters of the FCR, BB, and extensor digitorum communis (EDC) were measured through TMS before, and 1 hour, 1 week, and 2 weeks after the end of intervention: resting motor threshold (RMT), map area, map volume, short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI), and intracortical facilitation (ICF). Muscle tonus and motor function were assessed on the same day as TMS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pre-post analysis revealed a reduction in RMT and an increase in motor map areas occurred in the vibrated muscles only in the rMV + PT group, with an increase in map volumes of all muscles. Moreover, SICI increased in the flexors and decreased in the extensor. These neurophysiological changes lasted for at least 2 weeks after the end of rMV + PT and paralleled the reduction in spasticity and increase in motor function. A significant correlation was found between the degree of spasticity and the amount of intracortical inhibition.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  rMV with PT may be used as a nonpharmacological intervention in the neurorehabilitation of mild to moderate hemiparesis.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy. b.marconi@hsantalucia.it
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Marconi
authors.forename: Guido M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Filippi
authors.forename: Giacomo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Koch
authors.forename: Viola
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Giacobbe
authors.forename: Cristiano
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pecchioli
authors.forename: Viviana
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Versace
authors.forename: Filippo
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Camerota
authors.forename: Vincenzo M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Saraceni
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Caltagirone
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004576:Electromyography / Q000379:methods; D019054:Evoked Potentials, Motor / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000503:physiopathology*; D026761:Physical Therapy Specialty / Q000379:methods; D020127:Recovery of Function / Q000502:physiology*; D020521:Stroke / Q000503:physiopathology; D000071939:Stroke Rehabilitation; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014732:Vibration