title: Population-based study of genetic variation in individuals with autism spectrum disorders from Croatia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Genome-wide studies on autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) have mostly focused on large-scale population samples, but examination of rare variations in isolated populations may provide additional insights into the disease pathogenesis.
  
  
  METHODS
  As a first step in the genetic analysis of ASD in Croatia, we characterized genetic variation in a sample of 103 subjects with ASD and 203 control individuals, who were genotyped using the Illumina HumanHap550 BeadChip. We analyzed the genetic diversity of the Croatian population and its relationship to other populations, the degree of relatedness via Runs of Homozygosity (ROHs), and the distribution of large (>500 Kb) copy number variations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Combining the Croatian cohort with several previously published populations in the FastME analysis (an alternative to Neighbor Joining) revealed that Croatian subjects cluster, as expected, with Southern Europeans; in addition, individuals from the same geographic region within Europe cluster together. Whereas Croatian subjects could be separated from a sample of healthy control subjects of European origin from North America, Croatian ASD cases and controls are well mixed. A comparison of runs of homozygosity indicated that the number and the median length of regions of homozygosity are higher for ASD subjects than for controls (p = 6 × 10(-3)). Furthermore, analysis of copy number variants found a higher frequency of large chromosomal rearrangements (>2 Mb) in ASD cases (5/103) than in ethnically matched control subjects (1/197, p = 0.019).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings illustrate the remarkable utility of high-density genotype data for subjects from a limited geographic area in dissecting genetic heterogeneity with respect to population and disease related variation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Laboratory Medicine, Biomedical Graduate Studies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, USA. lswang@mail.med.upenn.edu
authors.forename: Li-San
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Dubravka
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hranilovic
authors.forename: Kai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Ingrid E
authors.initials: IE
authors.lastname: Lindquist
authors.forename: Lindsay
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yurcaba
authors.forename: Zorana-Bujas
authors.initials: ZB
authors.lastname: Petkovic
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gidaya
authors.forename: Branimir
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jernej
authors.forename: Hakon
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hakonarson
authors.forename: Maja
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bucan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D002659:Child Development Disorders, Pervasive / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D017523:Croatia; D005260:Female; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005828:Genetics, Population; D015894:Genome, Human / Q000235:genetics*; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis