title: Evidence for an alternative glycolytic pathway in rapidly proliferating cells.
abstract: Proliferating cells, including cancer cells, require altered metabolism to efficiently incorporate nutrients such as glucose into biomass. The M2 isoform of pyruvate kinase (PKM2) promotes the metabolism of glucose by aerobic glycolysis and contributes to anabolic metabolism. Paradoxically, decreased pyruvate kinase enzyme activity accompanies the expression of PKM2 in rapidly dividing cancer cells and tissues. We demonstrate that phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), the substrate for pyruvate kinase in cells, can act as a phosphate donor in mammalian cells because PEP participates in the phosphorylation of the glycolytic enzyme phosphoglycerate mutase (PGAM1) in PKM2-expressing cells. We used mass spectrometry to show that the phosphate from PEP is transferred to the catalytic histidine (His11) on human PGAM1. This reaction occurred at physiological concentrations of PEP and produced pyruvate in the absence of PKM2 activity. The presence of histidine-phosphorylated PGAM1 correlated with the expression of PKM2 in cancer cell lines and tumor tissues. Thus, decreased pyruvate kinase activity in PKM2-expressing cells allows PEP-dependent histidine phosphorylation of PGAM1 and may provide an alternate glycolytic pathway that decouples adenosine triphosphate production from PEP-mediated phosphotransfer, allowing for the high rate of glycolysis to support the anabolic metabolism observed in many proliferating cells.
authors.affiliation: Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Vander Heiden
authors.forename: Jason W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Locasale
authors.forename: Kenneth D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Swanson
authors.forename: Hadar
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sharfi
authors.forename: Greg J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Heffron
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Amador-Noguez
authors.forename: Heather R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Christofk
authors.forename: Gerhard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: Joshua D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Rabinowitz
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Asara
authors.forename: Lewis C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Cantley
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D005260:Female; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D005988:Glyceric Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D006019:Glycolysis; D006639:Histidine / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000378:metabolism; D007700:Kinetics; D008297:Male; D015674:Mammary Neoplasms, Animal / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D010728:Phosphoenolpyruvate / Q000378:metabolism; D010736:Phosphoglycerate Mutase / Q000378:metabolism*; D010751:Phosphopyruvate Hydratase / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism; D011770:Pyruvate Kinase / Q000378:metabolism*; D019289:Pyruvic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D005988:Glyceric Acids; D007527:Isoenzymes; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D006639:Histidine; D010728:Phosphoenolpyruvate; C005156:3-phosphoglycerate; D019289:Pyruvic Acid; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D011770:Pyruvate Kinase; D010751:Phosphopyruvate Hydratase; D010736:Phosphoglycerate Mutase; D005947:Glucose