title: Fear of hypoglycaemia in adults with Type 1 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to examine the fear of hypoglycaemia and its association with demographic and disease-specific variables in a large and unselective population of adult patients with Type 1 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Questionnaires were sent by post to all patients with Type 1 diabetes who were identified in the local diabetes registries of two hospitals in Stockholm, Sweden (n=1387). Fear of hypoglycaemia was measured using the Swedish Hypoglycaemia Fear Survey, the Worry subscale and the Aloneness subscale. Demographic variables and disease-specific factors were collected from patients' self reports and medical records. Univariate analysis and multiple stepwise linear regression analysis were used in the statistical analyses of the data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seven hundred and sixty-four (55%) patients participated in the study (mean age 43.3 years and mean HbA(1c) 7.0%, normal <5.0%). The Hypoglycaemia Fear Survey - Worry subscale was significantly associated with frequency of severe hypoglycaemia, number of symptoms during mild hypoglycaemia, gender, hypoglycaemic symptoms during hyperglycaemia and hypoglycaemic unawareness. The Hypoglycaemia Fear Survey - Aloneness subscale was significantly associated with frequency of severe hypoglycaemia, number of symptoms during mild hypoglycaemia, gender, frequency of mild hypoglycaemia, HbA(1c) , hypoglycaemic unawareness and visits to the emergency room because of severe hypoglycaemia. Fear of hypoglycaemia proved to be more prevalent in females and indicated a different pattern between genders in relation to factors associated with fear of hypoglycaemia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study identifies the frequency of severe hypoglycaemia as the most important factor associated with fear of hypoglycaemia. Moreover, for the first time, we document gender differences in fear of hypoglycaemia, suggesting that females are more affected by fear of hypoglycaemia than men.
authors.affiliation: Karolinska Institutet, Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Division of Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden. therese.anderbro@ki.se
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Anderbro
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Amsberg
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Adamson
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bolinder
authors.forename: P-E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Lins
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wredling
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Moberg
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lisspers
authors.forename: U-B
authors.initials: UB
authors.lastname: Johansson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003625:Data Collection; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D005239:Fear / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D017678:Sex Distribution; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents