title: Fast and memory-efficient Monte Carlo-based image reconstruction for whole-body PET.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Several studies have shown the benefit of an accurate system modeling using Monte Carlo techniques. For state-of-the-art whole-body positron emission tomography (PET) scanners, Monte Carlo-based image reconstruction is associated with a significant computational cost to calculate the system matrix as well as a large memory capacity to store it. In this article, the authors present a simulation-reconstruction framework to solve these problems on the Philips Gemini GS PET scanner.
  
  
  METHODS
  A fast, realistic system matrix simulation module was developed using egs_pet, which is an efficient PET simulation code based on EGSnrc. The generated system matrix was then used in a rotator-based ordered subset expectation maximization (OS-EM) algorithm, which exploits the rotational symmetry of a cylindrical PET scanner. The system matrix was further compressed by using sparse storage techniques.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The system matrix simulation took five days on 50 cores of Xeon 2.66 GHz, resulting in a system matrix of 2.01 GB. The entire system matrix could be stored in the main memory of a standard personal computer. The image quality in terms of contrast-noise trade-offs was considerably improved compared to a standard OS-EM algorithm. The image quality was also compared to the clinical software on the scanner using routine parameter settings. The contrast recovery coefficient of small hot spheres and cold spheres was significantly improved.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicated that the proposed framework could be used for this PET scanner with improved image quality. This method could also be applied to other state-of-the-art whole-body PET scanners and preclinical PET scanners with a similar shape.
authors.affiliation: MEDISIP, Medical Signal and Image Processing, Ghent University-IBBT, Ghent B-9000, Belgium. lonzhang.zhang@ugent.be
authors.forename: Long
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Staelens
authors.forename: Roel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Van Holen
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: De Beenhouwer
authors.forename: Jeroen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Verhaeghe
authors.forename: Iwan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kawrakow
authors.forename: Stefaan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vandenberghe
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D016248:Computer Storage Devices; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000379:methods*; D013997:Time Factors; D051598:Whole Body Imaging / Q000379:methods*