title: Investigation of ACE, ACE2 and AGTR1 genes for association with nephropathy in Type 1 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Polymorphisms in ACE and AGTR1 genes have been assessed in multiple studies for association with diabetic nephropathy; however, results are conflicting. The ACE2 gene has not been studied extensively for association with diabetic nephropathy.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated variants in ACE, ACE2 and AGTR1 for association with nephropathy in a case-control group (1467 participants with Type1 diabetes, case subjects n=718; control subjects n=749) of white descent with grandparents born in the British Isles. All recruited individuals were carefully phenotyped and genotyping was performed using Sequenom, Taqman and gel electrophoresis methods. The χ(2) -test for contingency tables was used to compare genotype and allele frequencies in case and control groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No departure from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was observed in cases or controls. Two variants within the ACE gene (rs4293, P(allelic) =0.02, P(genotypic) =0.008; rs4309, P(allelic) =0.02, P(genotypic) =0.01) were significantly associated with nephropathy at the 5% level. No variant remained statistically significant following adjustment for multiple comparisons. No single nucleotide polymorphisms in the ACE2 or AGTR1 genes were significantly associated with nephropathy when analysed either by genotype or allele frequencies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our independent case-control study provides no evidence that common variants in ACE, ACE2 and AGTR1 play a major role in genetic susceptibility to diabetic nephropathy in a white population with Type1 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Nephrology, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, UK. nephres@qub.ac.uk
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Currie
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: McKnight
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Patterson
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Sadlier
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Maxwell
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000085962:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A / Q000235:genetics*; D010641:Phenotype; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics*; D044140:Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1 / Q000235:genetics*; D006113:United Kingdom
chemical_list: C544065:AGTR1 protein, human; D044140:Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A; C000705307:ACE2 protein, human; D000085962:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2