title: Ex vivo carbon monoxide delivery inhibits intimal hyperplasia in arterialized vein grafts.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Veins are still the best conduits available for arterial bypass surgery. When these arterialized vein grafts fail, it is often due to the development of intimal hyperplasia (IH). We investigated the feasibility and efficacy of the ex vivo pre-treatment of vein grafts with soluble carbon monoxide (CO) in the inhibition of IH.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The inferior vena cava was excised from donor rats and placed as an interposition graft into the abdominal aorta of syngeneic rats. Prior to implantation, vein grafts were stored in cold Lactated Ringer (LR) solution with or without CO saturation (bubbling of 100% CO) for 2 h. Three and 6 weeks following grafting, vein grafts treated with cold LR for 2 h developed IH, whereas grafts implanted immediately after harvest demonstrated significantly less IH. Treatment in CO-saturated LR significantly inhibited IH and reduced vascular endothelial cell (VEC) apoptosis. Electron microscopy revealed improved VEC integrity with less platelet/white blood cell aggregation in CO-treated grafts. The effects of CO in preventing IH were associated with activation of hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and an increase in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression at 3-6 h after grafting. Treatment with a HIF-1α inhibitor completely abrogated the induction of VEGF by CO and reversed the protective effects of CO on prevention of IH.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ex vivo treatment of vein grafts in CO-saturated LR preserved VEC integrity perioperatively and significantly reduced neointima formation. These effects appear to be mediated through the activation of the HIF1α/VEGF pathway.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, E1551, Biomedical Science Tower, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. anakao@imap.pitt.edu
authors.forename: Atsunori
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nakao
authors.forename: Chien-Sheng
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Donna B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Stolz
authors.forename: Yinna
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Jonathan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Franks
authors.forename: Naobumi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tochigi
authors.forename: Timothy R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Billiar
authors.forename: Yoshiya
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Toyoda
authors.forename: Edith
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tzeng
authors.forename: Kenneth R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: McCurry
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001012:Aorta, Abdominal / Q000601:surgery; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D002248:Carbon Monoxide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D006083:Graft Occlusion, Vascular / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006965:Hyperplasia; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D007191:Indazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D007552:Isotonic Solutions / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D011917:Rats, Inbred Lew; D000077325:Ringer's Lactate; D013997:Time Factors; D014021:Tissue Preservation / Q000379:methods*; D020858:Tissue and Organ Harvesting; D017539:Tunica Intima / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000637:transplantation*; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000378:metabolism; D058017:Vascular Grafting / Q000009:adverse effects; D014682:Vena Cava, Inferior / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000637:transplantation*
chemical_list: C497444:Hif1a protein, rat; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D007191:Indazoles; D007552:Isotonic Solutions; D000077325:Ringer's Lactate; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; C467498:vascular endothelial growth factor A, rat; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; C090937:3-(5'-hydroxymethyl-2'-furyl)-1-benzylindazole; D002248:Carbon Monoxide