title: Pharmacokinetics of a F(ab')2 scorpion antivenom administered intramuscularly in healthy human volunteers.
abstract: This paper presents the first study of F(ab')(2) scorpion antivenom pharmacokinetics in humans after intramuscular (im) administration. The specific anti-Centruroides scorpion antivenom was used in 6 human healthy volunteers. The fabotherapeutic was administered as a 47.5mg im bolus. Blood samples were drawn at 0, 5, 15, 30, 45, 60 , 90, 120, and 180 min, 6h and at 1, 2, 3, 4, 10 and 21 days after antivenom administration. We measured antivenom concentrations in serum using a specific high sensitivity ELISA method for F(ab')(2). Antivenom concentration in serum was fit to a 3 compartment model (inoculation site, plasma and extra vascular extracellular space), it was assumed that the venom may also be irreversibly removed from plasma. Calculated time course of antivenom content shows that at any time no more that 16.6 (5.3, 31.9)% (median and 95% confidence interval) of the antivenom bolus is present in plasma. The time to peak plasma [F(ab')(2)] was 45 (33, 74) h. The most significant antivenom pharmacokinetic parameters determined were: AUC(im,∞)=803 (605, 1463) mg·h·L(-1); V(c)=8.8 (2.8, 23.6) L; V(ss,im)=55 (47, 64) L; MRT(im)=776(326, 1335) h; CL(t)=3.7 (0.6, 1.9) mL·min(-1); f(im,)V(ss)=0.300 (0.153, 0.466). Comparing these parameters with the ones obtained intravenously by Vázquez et al., the parameters were more disperse between subjects, determined with more uncertainty in each individual subject, and the peak F(ab')(2) in plasma occurred with considerable delay; all indicating that the IM route should not be used to administer the antivenom, with the possible exception of cases occurring very far from hospitals, as an extreme means to provide some protection before the IV route becomes available.
authors.affiliation: Laboratorios Silanes SA de CV, México.
authors.forename: Hilda
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Vázquez
authors.forename: Alfredo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chávez-Haro
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: García-Ubbelohde
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Paniagua-Solís
authors.forename: Alejandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alagón
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sevcik
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000997:Antivenins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007140:Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism*; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D012604:Scorpion Venoms / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000997:Antivenins; D007140:Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments; D007155:Immunologic Factors; D012604:Scorpion Venoms