title: Quality of lidocaine analgesia with and without midazolam for intravenous regional anesthesia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Midazolam has analgesic effects mediated by gamma aminobutyric acid-A receptors. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of midazolam on anesthesia and analgesia quality when added to lidocaine for intravenous regional anesthesia (IVRA).
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty patients undergoing hand surgery were randomly assigned to two groups to receive IVRA. The control group received 3 mg/kg lidocaine 2% w/v diluted with saline to a total volume of 40 ml, and the midazolam group received an additional 50 μg/kg midazolam. Sensory and motor block onset and recovery times, tourniquet pain, intraoperative analgesic requirements, sedation, and anesthesia quality were recorded. Postoperative pain and sedation scores, time to first analgesic requirements, analgesic use in the first 24 h, and side effects were noted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sensory and motor block onset and recovery times did not differ significantly between groups. Tourniquet pain scores were lower at 10, 15, 20, and 30 min (P < 0.0001) in the midazolam group. Three (15%) patients in the midazolam group required fentanyl for tourniquet pain compared with thirteen (65%) patients in the control group (P = 0.02). Patients in both groups received fentanyl once. Midazolam group showed that significantly less patients required diclofenac for postoperative analgesia (P < 0.01) and analgesic-free period during first postoperative 24 h was significantly longer (726.8 ± 662.8 min vs. 91.0 ± 35.9 min, P < 0.0001). Postoperative pain scores were lower (P < 0.0001) and sedation scores higher (P < 0.05) for the first 2 h in the midazolam group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Addition of midazolam to lidocaine for IVRA improves anesthesia quality and enhances intraoperative and postoperative analgesia without causing side effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain-Shams University, 12 Abdullah Abu El - Soad, Road, Triumph, Heliopolis, Cairo, Egypt. sherifibrahim210@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Sherif
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Farouk
authors.forename: Ansam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aly
mesh_terms: D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia; D000328:Adult; D000698:Analgesia; D000762:Anesthesia Recovery Period; D000765:Anesthesia, Conduction; D000771:Anesthesia, Intravenous; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D016292:Procedural Sedation; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007432:Intraoperative Period; D008012:Lidocaine; D008297:Male; D008874:Midazolam; D008875:Middle Aged; D009046:Motor Neurons / Q000187:drug effects; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000187:drug effects; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012677:Sensation / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D008012:Lidocaine; D008874:Midazolam