title: Molecular-level removal of proteinaceous contamination from model surfaces and biomedical device materials by air plasma treatment.
abstract: Established methods for cleaning and sterilising biomedical devices may achieve removal of bioburden only at the macroscopic level while leaving behind molecular levels of contamination (mainly proteinaceous). This is of particular concern if the residue might contain prions. We investigated at the molecular level the removal of model and real-life proteinaceous contamination from model and practical surfaces by air plasma (ionised air) treatment. The surface-sensitive technique of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to assess the removal of proteinaceous contamination, with the nitrogen (N1s) photoelectron signal as its marker. Model proteinaceous contamination (bovine serum albumin) adsorbed on to a model surface (silicon wafer) and the residual proteinaceous contamination resulting from incubating surgical stainless steel (a practical biomaterial) in whole human blood exhibited strong N1s signals [16.8 and 18.5 atomic percent (at.%), respectively] after thorough washing. After 5min air plasma treatment, XPS detected no nitrogen on the sample surfaces, indicating complete removal of proteinaceous contamination, down to the estimated XPS detection limit 10ng/cm(2). Applying the same plasma treatment, the 7.7at.% nitrogen observed on a clinically cleaned dental bur was reduced to a level reflective of new, as-received burs. Contact angle measurements and atomic force microscopy also indicated complete molecular-level removal of the proteinaceous contamination upon air plasma treatment. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of air plasma treatment for removing proteinaceous contamination from both model and practical surfaces and offers a method for ensuring that no molecular residual contamination such as prions is transferred upon re-use of surgical and dental instruments.
authors.affiliation: Ian Wark Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.
authors.forename: K K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Banerjee
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Bremmell
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Griesser
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D004203:Disinfection / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D004866:Equipment Contamination; D006801:Humans; D056951:Photoelectron Spectroscopy; D017096:Prion Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000635:transmission; D011328:Prions / Q000009:adverse effects; D011506:Proteins / Q000032:analysis*; D012710:Serum Albumin, Bovine / Q000032:analysis; D013193:Stainless Steel / Q000737:chemistry*; D013499:Surface Properties; D013525:Surgical Instruments
chemical_list: D011328:Prions; D011506:Proteins; D013193:Stainless Steel; D012710:Serum Albumin, Bovine