title: Role of lymph node dissection in the treatment of urothelial carcinoma of the upper urinary tract: multi-institutional relapse analysis and immunohistochemical re-evaluation of negative lymph nodes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the role of lymph node dissection (LND) in the treatment of urothelial carcinoma (UC) of the upper urinary tract (UUT).
  
  
  METHODS
  [Study-1] A retrospective multi-institutional study evaluated 293 patients undergoing predominantly nephroureterectomy for UC of the UUT. Of 293 patients, 267 patients had pure UC and 26 demonstrated other histological components. Regarding the pathological node status, 130 patients had pN0 disease, 141 patients had pNx disease and 22 patients had pN+ disease. The sites of initial recurrence and time to first recurrence were reviewed. The sites of recurrence were classified as locoregional or distant recurrence. The relationship between node status and future recurrence was analyzed. [Study-2] Fifty-one patients treated by nephroureterectomy at Hokkaido University Hospital were included. All had LND and all LNs were negative on hematoxylin and eosin staining. We re-evaluated the presence of micrometastasis in LND specimens by anti-cytokeratin immunohistochemistory.
  
  
  RESULTS
  [Study-1] Of 293 patients, 76 developed disease relapse. Regional lymph node recurrence was the most common site (34 patients). On multivariate analyses that adjusted for the effect of tumor stage and tumor grade, pNx (skipping LND) was an adverse factor not only for locoregional recurrence, but also for distant relapse. [Study-2] Immunohistochemistry identified micrometastases in 7 (14%) of 51 patients. Regarding survival, 5 of these 7 patients with micrometastases were alive at last follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  On relapse analysis, skipping LND was an adverse factor not only for locoregional recurrence, but also for distant relapse. Immunohistochemistry detected micrometastases in about 14% of patients previously diagnosed as pN0. These findings further support a potential therapeutic benefit of LND by eliminating micrometastases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan. takataka@rf6.so-net.ne.jp
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Abe
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shinohara
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Muranaka
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sazawa
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Maruyama
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Osawa
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Harabayashi
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kubota
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Matsuno
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shibata
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Toyada
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shinno
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Minami
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sakashita
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kumagai
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Takada
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Togashi
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sano
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mori
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nonomura
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000556:secondary / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D008197:Lymph Node Excision; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000473:pathology*; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D009392:Nephrectomy / Q000379:methods*; D012008:Recurrence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018401:Sample Size; D014516:Ureteral Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*