title: Sensitivity analysis for plane orientation in three-dimensional cephalometric analysis based on superimposition of serial cone beam computed tomography images.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential errors associated with superimposition of serial cone beam CT (CBCT) images utilizing reference planes based on cranial base landmarks using a sensitivity analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  CBCT images from 62 patients participating in a maxillary expansion clinical trial were analysed. The left and right auditory external meatus (AEM), dorsum foramen magnum (DFM) and the midpoint between the left and right foramen spinosum (ELSA) were used to define a three-dimensional (3D) anatomical reference co-ordinate system. Intraclass correlation coefficients for all four landmarks were obtained. Transformation of the reference system was carried out using the four landmarks and mathematical comparison of values.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Excellent intrareliability values for each dimension were obtained for each landmark. Evaluation of the method to transform the co-ordinate system was first done by comparing interlandmark distances before and after transformations, giving errors in lengths in the order of 10-14% (software rounding error). A sensitivity evaluation was performed by adding 0.25 mm, 0.5 mm and 1 mm error in one axis of the ELSA. A positioning error of 0.25 mm in the ELSA can produce up to 1.0 mm error in other cranial base landmark co-ordinates. These errors could be magnified to distant landmarks where in some cases menton and infraorbital landmarks were displaced 4-6 mm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Minor variations in location of the ELSA, both the AEM and the DFM landmarks produce large and potentially clinically significant uncertainty in co-ordinate system alignment.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Room 4048, Dentistry/Pharmacy Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2N8. mlagravere@ualberta.ca
authors.forename: M O
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Lagravère
authors.forename: P W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Major
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Carey
mesh_terms: D002508:Cephalometry / Q000379:methods*; D054893:Cone-Beam Computed Tomography; D006801:Humans; D019291:Skull Base / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D013382:Subtraction Technique