title: Biliary peritonitis after percutaneous nephrolithotomy: case studies and management concerns.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate cases of gallbladder injury, a rare and potentially serious complication, in the setting of percutaneous nephrolithotomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  We report two cases of gallbladder injury after percutaneous nephrolithotomy and review the literature on this rare complication.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both cases of gallbladder injury at our institution along with the four other case reports in the literature all necessitated cholecystectomy. Medial right-sided collecting system access during percutaneous nephrolithotomy may increase the risk for biliary injury.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both recognized and unrecognized gallbladder injury may lead to biliary peritonitis necessitating subsequent cholecystectomy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
authors.forename: Sutchin R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Stephen Y
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Nakada
mesh_terms: D001660:Biliary Tract Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy*; D002765:Cholecystography; D005260:Female; D005471:Fluoroscopy; D005704:Gallbladder / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009403:Nephrostomy, Percutaneous / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010538:Peritonitis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed