title: Bacterial metabolic 'toxins': a new mechanism for lactose and food intolerance, and irritable bowel syndrome.
abstract: Lactose and food intolerance cause a wide range of gut and systemic symptoms, including gas, gut pain, diarrhoea or constipation, severe headaches, severe fatigue, loss of cognitive functions such as concentration, memory and reasoning, muscle and joint pain, heart palpitations, and a variety of allergies (Matthews and Campbell, 2000; Matthews et al., 2005; Waud et al., 2008). These can be explained by the production of toxic metabolites from gut bacteria, as a result of anaerobic digestion of carbohydrates and other foods, not absorbed in the small intestine. These metabolites include alcohols, diols such as butan 2,3 diol, ketones, acids, and aldehydes such as methylglyoxal (Campbell et al., 2005, 2009). These 'toxins' induce calcium signals in bacteria and affect their growth, thereby acting to modify the balance of microflora in the gut (Campbell et al., 2004, 2007a,b). These bacterial 'toxins' also affect signalling mechanisms in cells around the body, thereby explaining the wide range of symptoms in people with food intolerance. This new mechanism also explains the most common referral to gastroenterologists, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and the illness that afflicted Charles Darwin for 50 years (Campbell and Matthews, 2005a,b). We propose it will lead to a new understanding of the molecular mechanism of type 2 diabetes and some cancers.
authors.affiliation: Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff CF103NB, UK. campbellak@cf.ac.uk
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Matthews
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Vassel
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Cox
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Naseem
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chaichi
authors.forename: I B
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: Holland
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: K T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Wann
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000633:toxicity; D020013:Calcium Signaling / Q000187:drug effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D005502:Food; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000382:microbiology*; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D043183:Irritable Bowel Syndrome / Q000382:microbiology*; D007787:Lactose Intolerance / Q000382:microbiology*; D011765:Pyruvaldehyde / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D011765:Pyruvaldehyde