title: Saliva profiles in children using heart failure medication: a pilot study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the saliva profiles in children with severe heart disease taking heart failure medication compared with the saliva from healthy age and gender matched controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross sectional case-control design.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four age and gender matched pairs of children, mean age 12.0 years participated. Stimulated saliva was collected in a standardized way before lunchtime and the subjects were asked to refrain from all eating, drinking and tooth brushing 90 mins before sampling. Stimulated salivary secretion rate, buffering capacity, total salivary viable count of bacteria, mutans streptococci and lactobacilli, calcium, chloride, magnesium, potassium, sodium and salivary IgA were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 7 of the 24 children in the cardiac group who had secretions below 0.5 ml/min compared with no child in the control group (p<0.01). Lower [corrected] total viable counts of bacteria (TVC) were detected in the cardiac group 1.4x10⁶ ± 1.2x10⁷ vs. 2.7x10⁶ ± 2.9x10⁷ in the control group (p<0.05). Mutans streptococci (MS) in the cardiac group were 5.2x10⁴ ± 1.5x10⁵ vs. 8.1 x10³ ± 1.3x10⁴ in the control group, (p>0.05) and MS ratio of TVC constituted 0.11±0.35 per cent compared to 0.01±0.02 per cent for the control group (p>0.05).
  
  
  METHODS
  Continuous data were analysed by an analysis of variance (ANOVA) and categorical data by chi-square test.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reduced salivary secretion could be a caries risk factor in children taking heart failure medication.
authors.affiliation: Paediatric Dentistry, Department of Odontology, Faculty of Medicine, Umeå University, SE 901 87 Umeå, Sweden. Linda.rosen@odont.umu.se
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rosén
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rydberg
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sjöström
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stecksén-Blicks
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D058491:Bacterial Load; D002021:Buffers; D002118:Calcium / Q000032:analysis; D009202:Cardiomyopathies / Q000188:drug therapy; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002712:Chlorides / Q000032:analysis; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004232:Diuretics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000188:drug therapy; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007071:Immunoglobulin A, Secretory / Q000032:analysis; D007778:Lactobacillus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D008274:Magnesium / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011188:Potassium / Q000032:analysis; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D012636:Secretory Rate / Q000502:physiology; D012964:Sodium / Q000032:analysis; D013295:Streptococcus mutans / Q000302:isolation & purification; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D002021:Buffers; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents; D002712:Chlorides; D004232:Diuretics; D007071:Immunoglobulin A, Secretory; D012964:Sodium; D008274:Magnesium; D011188:Potassium; D002118:Calcium