title: The evolving management of venous bullet emboli: a case series and literature review.
abstract: Bullet emboli are an infrequent and unique complication of penetrating trauma. Complications of venous and arterial bullet emboli can be devastating and commonly include limb-threatening ischaemia,pulmonary embolism, cardiac valvular incompetence, and cerebrovascular accidents. Bullets from penetrating wounds can gain access to the venous circulation and embolise to nearly every large vascular bed. Venous emboli are often occult phenomenon and may remain unrecognised until migration leads to vascular injury or flow obstruction with resultant oedema. The majority of arterial emboli present early with end-organ or limb ischaemia. We describe four separate cases involving venous bullet embolism and the subsequent management of each case. Review of the literature focusing on the reported management of these injuries, comparison of techniques of management, as well as the evolving role of endovascular techniques in the management of bullet emboli is provided.
authors.affiliation: University of Louisville, Department of Surgery, Louisville, KY 40292, United States. krmill10@louisville.edu
authors.forename: Keith R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Matthew V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Benns
authors.forename: Jason D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Sciarretta
authors.forename: Brian G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Harbrecht
authors.forename: Charles B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.forename: Glen A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Franklin
authors.forename: Jason W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004617:Embolism / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D005548:Foreign-Body Migration / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011859:Radiography; D057772:Vascular System Injuries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D014948:Wounds, Gunshot / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D055815:Young Adult