title: Microtesla MRI with dynamic nuclear polarization.
abstract: Magnetic resonance imaging at microtesla fields is a promising imaging method that combines the pre-polarization technique and broadband signal reception by superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) sensors to enable in vivo MRI at microtesla-range magnetic fields similar in strength to the Earth magnetic field. Despite significant advances in recent years, the potential of microtesla MRI for biomedical imaging is limited by its insufficient signal-to-noise ratio due to a relatively low sample polarization. Dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) is a widely used approach that allows polarization enhancement by 2-4 orders of magnitude without an increase in the polarizing field strength. In this work, the first implementation of microtesla MRI with Overhauser DNP and SQUID signal detection is described. The first measurements of carbon-13 NMR spectra at microtesla fields are also reported. The experiments were performed at the measurement field of 96 μT, corresponding to Larmor frequency of 4 kHz for protons and 1 kHz for carbon-13. The Overhauser DNP was carried out at 3.5-5.7 mT fields using rf irradiation at 120 MHz. Objects for imaging included water phantoms and a cactus plant. Aqueous solutions of metabolically relevant sodium bicarbonate, pyruvate, alanine, and lactate, labeled with carbon-13, were used for NMR studies. All the samples were doped with TEMPO free radicals. The Overhauser DNP enabled nuclear polarization enhancement by factor as large as -95 for protons and as large as -200 for carbon-13, corresponding to thermal polarizations at 0.33 T and 1.1 T fields, respectively. These results demonstrate that SQUID-based microtesla MRI can be naturally combined with Overhauser DNP in one system, and that its signal-to-noise performance is greatly improved in this case. They also suggest that microtesla MRI can become an efficient tool for in vivo imaging of hyperpolarized carbon-13, produced by low-temperature dissolution DNP.
authors.affiliation: Los Alamos National Laboratory, Applied Modern Physics Group, MS D454, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA. vzotev@laureateinstitute.org
authors.forename: Vadim S
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Zotev
authors.forename: Tuba
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Owens
authors.forename: Andrei N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Matlashov
authors.forename: Igor M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Savukov
authors.forename: John J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Gomez
authors.forename: Michelle A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Espy
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes / Q000737:chemistry; D003497:Cyclic N-Oxides / Q000737:chemistry; D004574:Electromagnetic Fields; D004578:Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy; D005609:Free Radicals / Q000737:chemistry; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation*; D009589:Nitrogen Oxides / Q000737:chemistry; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted
chemical_list: D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D003497:Cyclic N-Oxides; D005609:Free Radicals; D009589:Nitrogen Oxides; C003959:TEMPO