title: Simple intervention method to reduce fumonisin exposure in a subsistence maize-farming community in South Africa.
abstract: In the Centane magisterial area of South Africa, high rates of oesophageal cancer have been associated with home-grown maize contaminated with fumonisins. The aim of this study was to implement a simple intervention method to reduce fumonisin exposure in a subsistence-farming community. The hand-sorting and washing procedures, based on traditional maize-based food preparation practices, were previously customised under laboratory-controlled conditions. Home-grown maize and maize-based porridge collected at baseline were analysed for fumonisin B(1), B(2) and B(3). The geometric mean (95% confidence interval) of fumonisin contamination in the home-grown maize at baseline was 1.67 (1.21-2.32) mg kg(-1) and 1.24 (0.75-2.04) mg kg(-1) (dry weight) in the porridge. Fumonisin exposure was based on individual stiff porridge consumption and the specific fumonisin levels in the porridge (dry weight) consumed. Porridge (dry weight) consumption at baseline was 0.34 kg day(-1) and fumonisin exposure was 6.73 (3.90-11.6) µg kg(-1) body weight day(-1). Female participants (n = 22) were trained to recognise and remove visibly infected/damaged kernels and to wash the remaining maize kernels. The discarded kernels represented 3.9% by weight and the fumonisins varied from 17.1 to 76.9 mg kg(-1). The customised hand-sorting and washing procedures reduced fumonisin contamination in the maize and porridge by 84 and 65%, respectively. The intervention reduced fumonisin exposure by 62% to 2.55 (1.94-3.35) µg kg(-1) body weight day(-1). This simple intervention method has the potential to improve food safety and health in subsistence-farming communities consuming fumonisin-contaminated maize as their staple diet.
authors.affiliation: PROMEC Unit, Medical Research Council, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa. liana.van.der.westhuizen@mrc.ac.za
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: van der Westhuizen
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Shephard
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Rheeder
authors.forename: H-M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Burger
authors.forename: W C A
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Gelderblom
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Wild
authors.forename: Y Y
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Gong
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005511:Food Handling; D005513:Food Inspection; D037341:Fumonisins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D012423:Rural Health; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry*; D013019:South Africa; D055815:Young Adult; D003313:Zea mays / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D037341:Fumonisins; C056934:fumonisin B2; C073063:fumonisin B3; C056933:fumonisin B1