title: Evidence for the prepattern/cooption model of vertebrate jaw evolution.
abstract: The appearance of jaws was a turning point in vertebrate evolution because it allowed primitive vertebrates to capture and process large, motile prey. The vertebrate jaw consists of separate dorsal and ventral skeletal elements connected by a joint. How this structure evolved from the unjointed gill bar of a jawless ancestor is an unresolved question in vertebrate evolution. To understand the developmental bases of this evolutionary transition, we examined the expression of 12 genes involved in vertebrate pharyngeal patterning in the modern jawless fish lamprey. We find nested expression of Dlx genes, as well as combinatorial expression of Msx, Hand and Gsc genes along the dorso-ventral (DV) axis of the lamprey pharynx, indicating gnathostome-type pharyngeal patterning evolved before the appearance of the jaw. In addition, we find that Bapx and Gdf5/6/7, key regulators of joint formation in gnathostomes, are not expressed in the lamprey first arch, whereas Barx, which is absent from the intermediate first arch in gnathostomes, marks this domain in lamprey. Taken together, these data support a new scenario for jaw evolution in which incorporation of Bapx and Gdf5/6/7 into a preexisting DV patterning program drove the evolution of the jaw by altering the identity of intermediate first-arch chondrocytes. We present this "Pre-pattern/Cooption" model as an alternative to current models linking the evolution of the jaw to the de novo appearance of sophisticated pharyngeal DV patterning.
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, Charles University in Prague, 128 44 Prague, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cerny
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cattell
authors.forename: Tatjana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sauka-Spengler
authors.forename: Marianne
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bronner-Fraser
authors.forename: Feiqiao
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Daniel Meulemans
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Medeiros
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005075:Biological Evolution; D019521:Body Patterning; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D007568:Jaw / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D007798:Lampreys / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000235:genetics; D008954:Models, Biological; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014714:Vertebrates / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; C088334:Distal-less homeobox proteins