title: Using regression tree analysis to improve predictions of low-flow nitrate and chloride in Willamette River Basin watersheds.
abstract: The use of regression tree analysis is examined as a tool to evaluate hydrologic and land use factors that affect nitrate and chloride stream concentrations during low-flow conditions. Although this data mining technique has been used to assess a range of ecological parameters, it has not previously been used for stream water quality analysis. Regression tree analysis was conducted on nitrate and chloride data from 71 watersheds in the Willamette River Basin to determine whether this method provides a greater predictive ability compared to standard multiple linear regression, and to elucidate the potential roles of controlling mechanisms. Metrics used in the models included a variety of watershed-scale landscape indices and land use classifications. Regression tree analysis significantly enhanced model accuracy over multiple linear regression, increasing nitrate R² values from 0.38 to 0.75 and chloride R² values from 0.64 to 0.85 and as indicated by the ΔAIC value. These improvements are primarily attributed to the ability for regression trees to more effectively handle interactions and manage non-linear functions associated with watershed heterogeneity within the basin. Whereas hydrologic factors governed the conservative chloride tracer in the model, land use dominated control of nitrate concentrations. Watersheds containing higher agricultural activity did not necessarily yield high nitrate concentrations, but agricultural areas combined with either small proportions of forested land or greater urbanization generated nitrate levels far exceeding water quality standards. Although further refinements are recommended, we conclude that regression tree analysis presents water resource managers a promising tool that improves on the predictive ability of standard statistical methods, provides insight into controlling mechanisms, and helps identify catchment characteristics associated with water quality impairment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, 99164-2910, USA. cpoor@wsu.edu
authors.forename: Cara J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Poor
authors.forename: Jeffrey L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Ullman
mesh_terms: D002712:Chlorides / Q000032:analysis*; D057225:Data Mining; D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D003663:Decision Trees; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D005544:Forecasting; D008956:Models, Chemical; D009566:Nitrates / Q000032:analysis*; D009922:Oregon; D012044:Regression Analysis; D045483:Rivers / Q000737:chemistry; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*; D014877:Water Pollution, Chemical / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014881:Water Supply / Q000032:analysis / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D002712:Chlorides; D009566:Nitrates; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical