title: Nanoparticle-mediated thermal therapy: evolving strategies for prostate cancer therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recent advances in nanotechnology have resulted in the manufacture of a plethora of nanoparticles of different sizes, shapes, core physicochemical properties and surface modifications that are being investigated for potential medical applications, particularly for the treatment of cancer. This review focuses on the therapeutic use of customised gold nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes that efficiently generate heat upon electromagnetic (light and magnetic fields) stimulation after direct injection into tumours or preferential accumulation in tumours following systemic administration. This review will also focus on the evolving strategies to improve the therapeutic index of prostate cancer treatment using nanoparticle-mediated hyperthermia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nanoparticle-mediated thermal therapy is a new and minimally invasive tool in the armamentarium for the treatment of cancers. Unique challenges posed by this form of hyperthermia include the non-target biodistribution of nanoparticles in the reticuloendothelial system when administered systemically, the inability to visualise or quantify the global concentration and spatial distribution of these particles within tumours, the lack of standardised thermal modelling and dosimetry algorithms, and the concerns regarding their biocompatibility. Nevertheless, novel particle compositions, geometries, activation strategies, targeting techniques, payload delivery strategies, and radiation dose enhancement concepts are unique attributes of this form of hyperthermia that warrant further exploration. Capitalising on these opportunities and overcoming these challenges offers the possibility of seamless and logical translation of this nanoparticle-mediated hyperthermia paradigm from the bench to the bedside.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA. skrishnan@mdanderson.org
authors.forename: Sunil
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Krishnan
authors.forename: Parmeswaran
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Diagaradjane
authors.forename: Sang Hyun
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Cho
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D006979:Hyperthermia, Induced / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon / Q000737:chemistry; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon