Kisspeptin antagonists: unraveling the role of kisspeptin in reproductive physiology.
Kisspeptin has recently been identified as a key neuroendocrine gatekeeper of reproduction and is essential for the initiation of human puberty and maintenance of adult reproduction. Kisspeptin neurons appear to be integrative sensors, as they respond to changes in numerous internal and external factors including nutrient and fat status, stress and sex steroids, thus providing a link between these factors and reproduction. We have pioneered the development of kisspeptin antagonists as powerful tools for interrogating the role of kisspeptin in reproductive physiology and pathology, and as potential treatments for hormone-dependent disease. This article summarizes their development and key findings to date. These demonstrate an essential role for kisspeptin in GnRH neuron firing, GnRH pulsatile secretion, negative feedback by gonadal steroids, the onset of puberty, and the ovulatory LH surge. These studies establish that kisspeptin antagonists are powerful investigative tools and set the scene for more extensive physiological and pathophysiological studies as well as therapeutic intervention.
Millar
Robert P
RP
Medical Research Council Human Reproductive Sciences Unit, Edinburgh, UK. robertpetermillar@gmail.com
Roseweir
Antonia K
AK
Tello
Javier A
JA
Anderson
Richard A
RA
George
Jyothis T
JT
Morgan
Kevin
K
Pawson
Adam J
AJ
D000818:Animals; D001812:Blood-Brain Barrier / Q000502:physiology; D055724:Electrophysiological Phenomena / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D025461:Feedback, Physiological / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D059648:Kisspeptins; D008297:Male; D009474:Neurons / Q000502:physiology; D011627:Puberty / Q000502:physiology; D012098:Reproduction / Q000502:physiology*; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000502:physiology*
C106628:KISS1 protein, human; D059648:Kisspeptins; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone