title: Numerical, hydraulic, and hemolytic evaluation of an intravascular axial flow blood pump to mechanically support Fontan patients.
abstract: Currently available mechanical circulatory support systems are limited for adolescent and adult patients with a Fontan physiology. To address this growing need, we are developing a collapsible, percutaneously-inserted, axial flow blood pump to support the cavopulmonary circulation in Fontan patients. During the first phase of development, the design and experimental evaluation of an axial flow blood pump was performed. We completed numerical modeling of the pump using computational fluid dynamics analysis, hydraulic testing of a plastic pump prototype, and blood bag experiments (n=7) to measure the levels of hemolysis produced by the pump. Statistical analyses using regression were performed. The prototype with a 4-bladed impeller generated a pressure rise of 2-30 mmHg with a flow rate of 0.5-4 L/min for 3000-6000 RPM. A comparison of the experimental performance data to the numerical predictions demonstrated an excellent agreement with a maximum deviation being less than 6%. A linear increase in the plasma-free hemoglobin (pfHb) levels during the 6-h experiments was found, as desired. The maximum pfHb level was measured to be 21 mg/dL, and the average normalized index of hemolysis was determined to be 0.0097 g/100 L for all experiments. The hydraulic performance of the prototype and level of hemolysis are indicative of significant progress in the design of this blood pump. These results support the continued development of this intravascular pump as a bridge-to-transplant, bridge-to-recovery, bridge-to-hemodynamic stability, or bridge-to-surgical reconstruction for Fontan patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, 401 West Main Street, Rm. E3221, P.O. Box 843015, Richmond, VA 23284, USA. althrock@vcu.edu
authors.forename: Amy L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Throckmorton
authors.forename: Jugal Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Kapadia
authors.forename: Steven G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Chopski
authors.forename: Sonya S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Bhavsar
authors.forename: William B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Moskowitz
authors.forename: Scott D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Gullquist
authors.forename: James J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Gangemi
authors.forename: Christopher M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Haggerty
authors.forename: Ajit P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Yoganathan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001807:Blood Vessel Prosthesis; D003198:Computer Simulation; D017076:Computer-Aided Design; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D018729:Fontan Procedure / Q000295:instrumentation*; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D006353:Heart-Assist Devices; D006461:Hemolysis; D006801:Humans; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D055815:Young Adult