title: Anti-inflammatory and analgesic effect of plumbagin through inhibition of nuclear factor-κB activation.
abstract: Plumbagin (5-hydroxy-2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone) (PL) is a naturally occurring yellow pigment found in the plants of the Plumbaginaceae, Droseraceae, Ancistrocladaceae, and Dioncophyllaceae families. It has been reported that PL exhibits anticarcinogenic, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic activities. However, the mechanism underlying its anti-inflammatory action remains unknown. In the current study, we investigated and characterized the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of PL orally administrated in a range of dosages from 5 to 20 mg/kg. We also examined the role of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and proinflammatory cytokines and mediators in this effect. The results showed that PL significantly and dose-dependently suppressed the paw edema of rats induced by carrageenan and various proinflammatory mediators, including histamine, serotonin, bradykinin, and prostaglandin E(2). PL reduced the number of writhing episodes of mice induced by the intraperitoneal injection of acetic acid, but it did not reduce the writhing episode numbers induced by MgSO(4) in mice or prolong the tail-flick reaction time of rats to noxious thermal pain. Mechanistic studies showed that PL effectively decreased the production of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin 1β, interleukin 6, and tumor necrosis factor α. It also inhibited the expression of the proinflammatory mediators inducible nitric-oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase 2, whereas it did not inhibit the expression of cyclooxygenase 1. Further studies demonstrated that PL suppressed inhibitor of κBα phosphorylation and degradation, thus inhibiting the phosphorylation of the p65 subunit of NF-κB. This study suggests that PL has a potential to be developed into an anti-inflammatory agent for treating inflammatory diseases.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: Pei
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.forename: Yuen Fan
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ge
authors.forename: Zhi Feng
authors.initials: ZF
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Yuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Hua
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhou
mesh_terms: D015746:Abdominal Pain / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control; D019342:Acetic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D000700:Analgesics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001920:Bradykinin / Q000494:pharmacology; D002351:Carrageenan / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000494:pharmacology; D004487:Edema / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control; D005528:Foot / Q000473:pathology; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D006632:Histamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D006358:Hot Temperature; D020672:I-kappa B Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D007249:Inflammation / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D008278:Magnesium Sulfate / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D000072000:NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism*; D009285:Naphthoquinones / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000378:metabolism; D017288:Pain Threshold / Q000187:drug effects; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012701:Serotonin / Q000494:pharmacology; D051996:Transcription Factor RelA / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D020672:I-kappa B Proteins; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016328:NF-kappa B; D009285:Naphthoquinones; C000606205:Nfkbia protein, mouse; C000606206:Nfkbia protein, rat; D051996:Transcription Factor RelA; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D000072000:NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha; D012701:Serotonin; D008278:Magnesium Sulfate; D006632:Histamine; D002351:Carrageenan; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496317:Nos2 protein, mouse; C077623:Ptgs2 protein, mouse; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D015232:Dinoprostone; D019342:Acetic Acid; D001920:Bradykinin; C014758:plumbagin