title: Psychometric properties of the HRQOLISP-40: a novel, shortened multiculturally valid holistic stroke measure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A recent review showed that no existing instrument measured the entire spectrum of health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in stroke patients. However, the HRQOL in stroke patients (HRQOLISP) questionnaire is valid and exceptionally comprehensive. Founded on a holistic model of human life, it comprises both physical and spiritual spheres. However, its 102-item length may discourage routine use. Therefore, the aim was to determine the psychometric attributes of a shortened version based on a multicultural transnational study.
  
  
  METHODS
  HRQOLISP was administered to 100 stroke patients in Ibadan, 103 in Berlin, and control groups of 100 apparently healthy adults in Ibadan and 50 in Berlin. Analyzing data from both cities, items were reduced to 40. Construct validity of the resulting HRQOLISP-40 was assessed by comparison with the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), Stroke Levity Scale (SLS), modified Rankin Scale (mRS), and Short Form 36 (SF-36) Health Survey.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In multicultural settings, the HRQOLISP-40 showed good internal consistency (α = .76, .86) and test-retest reliability. It retained its discriminant validity between stroke and healthy participants and demonstrated good "known-groups" validity in its relationship to the SLS, NIHSS, and mRS in the physical sphere. The physical sphere showed good convergent validity with corresponding facets of the SF-36.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite item reduction, the HRQOLISP-40 demonstrated excellent psychometric properties and is valid for routine use and clinical trials in stroke. The relative preservation of the spiritual sphere demonstrated the concept of disability disparity. Its ability to simultaneously assess the physical and spiritual spheres may be beneficial in studies aimed at potentiating internal adaptation in stroke patients.
authors.affiliation: University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria. mayowaowolabi@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Mayowa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ojo Owolabi
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001604:Berlin; D003469:Culture; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D006694:Holistic Health; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009316:National Institutes of Health (U.S.) / Q000592:standards; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000379:methods*; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology*; D020521:Stroke / Q000523:psychology*; D000071939:Stroke Rehabilitation; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*; D014481:United States