title: Occupational sitting and health risks: a systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Emerging evidence suggests that sedentary behavior (i.e., time spent sitting) may be negatively associated with health. The aim of this study was to systematically review the evidence on associations between occupational sitting and health risks.
  
  
  METHODS
  Studies were identified in March-April 2009 by literature searches in PubMed, PsycINFO, CENTRAL, CINAHL, EMBASE, and PEDro, with subsequent related-article searches in PubMed and citation searches in Web of Science. Identified studies were categorized by health outcome. Two independent reviewers assessed methodologic quality using a 15-item quality rating list (score range 0-15 points, higher score indicating better quality). Data on study design, study population, measures of occupational sitting, health risks, analyses, and results were extracted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  43 papers met the inclusion criteria (21% cross-sectional, 14% case-control, 65% prospective); they examined the associations between occupational sitting and BMI (n=12); cancer (n=17); cardiovascular disease (CVD, n=8); diabetes mellitus (DM, n=4); and mortality (n=6). The median study-quality score was 12 points. Half the cross-sectional studies showed a positive association between occupational sitting and BMI, but prospective studies failed to confirm a causal relationship. There was some case-control evidence for a positive association between occupational sitting and cancer; however, this was generally not supported by prospective studies. The majority of prospective studies found that occupational sitting was associated with a higher risk of DM and mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Limited evidence was found to support a positive relationship between occupational sitting and health risks. The heterogeneity of study designs, measures, and findings makes it difficult to draw definitive conclusions at this time.
authors.affiliation: School of Human Movement Studies, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia. jvanuffelen@hms.uq.edu.au
authors.forename: Jannique G Z
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: van Uffelen
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Josephine Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Chau
authors.forename: Hidde P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: van der Ploeg
authors.forename: Ingrid
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Riphagen
authors.forename: Nicholas D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Gilson
authors.forename: Nicola W
authors.initials: NW
authors.lastname: Burton
authors.forename: Genevieve N
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Healy
authors.forename: Alicia A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Thorp
authors.forename: Bronwyn K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: Paul A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Gardiner
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Dunstan
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bauman
authors.forename: Neville
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Owen
authors.forename: Wendy J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Brown
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009790:Occupations; D011187:Posture; D012107:Research Design; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors