title: Characterization of consistent triggers of migraine with aura.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the present study was to characterize perceived consistent triggers of migraine with aura (MA).
  
  
  METHODS
  Questionnaires specifically designed to characterize various trigger factors were sent to 181 participants identified in an earlier study. All participants had formerly identified at least one factor that often or always triggered an MA attack. They only answered questions regarding this or these factor(s).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The response rate to the questionnaire was 70% (126/179). A number of subtype triggers were mentioned by a high proportion of patients: too much work (under the stress category 54/64), reflected sunlight (under the light category 35/44), too little sleep (under the sleep category 19/24), red wine (under the alcohol category 20/22), passive smoking (under the smoke category 11/11), menstruation (under the menstruation or break from the pill category 12/14) and perfume (under the fumes/heavy scents category 12/15). Hormones, light and stress were reported to cause at least 50 % of MA attacks in 62%, 47% and 42% of participants, respectively. No participants reported alcohol to be the trigger of 50% or more of their attacks. In the groups of participants with "light", "fumes/heavy scents", "smoke" or "physical effort" as triggers, nearly all patients reported that an exposure time to the trigger of less than 3 hours (90-100% of patients) was necessary to trigger an attack and a latency to onset of attack of less than 3 hours (90-100% of patients).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study has provided new knowledge about factors that in particular patients consistently trigger MA. In daily routine practice this information should be helpful in identifying factors to avoid. Patients with trigger factors that always or usually trigger attacks of MA will be highly useful for imaging and other experimental studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Copenhagen and Glostrup Hospital, Denmark. ahauge@dadlnet.dk
authors.forename: Anne Werner
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Hauge
authors.forename: Malene
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kirchmann
authors.forename: Jes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Olesen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000523:psychology; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008598:Menstruation / Q000523:psychology; D008875:Middle Aged; D020325:Migraine with Aura / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D012042:Registries; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology; D013472:Sunlight / Q000009:adverse effects; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult