title: Surgical challenge in patients who underwent failed hypospadias repair: is it time to change?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Our purpose was to evaluate patients who underwent failed hypospadias repair.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated 4 different groups of patients who underwent failed hypospadias repair. Group 1: patients who underwent only urethral surgery; group 2: patients who underwent only corpora cavernosa surgery; group 3: patients who underwent urethral and corpora cavernosa surgery; group 4: patients who underwent complex reconstructive surgery. Success was defined as a functional urethra without fistula, with glandular meatus and acceptable esthetic appearance of the genitalia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Out of 1,176 patients, group 1 included 301 patients (25.5%), group two 60 patients (5.2%), group three 166 patients (14.1%) and group four 649 patients (55.2%). The mean follow-up was 60.4 months. Out of 1,176 cases, 1,036 (88.1%) were considered successful and 140 (11.9%) failures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the majority of patients (55.2%) with failed hypospadias repair, urethral reconstruction is associated with complex surgical procedures to fully resurface glands, penile shaft and genitalia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Clinical Centre Zvezdara, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Perovic
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Barbagli
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Djinovic
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sansalone
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vallasciani
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lazzeri
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D007021:Hypospadias / Q000601:surgery*; D007223:Infant; D007558:Italy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012086:Reoperation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D055771:Serbia; D013997:Time Factors; D017211:Treatment Failure; D013521:Urologic Surgical Procedures, Male / Q000009:adverse effects*; D055815:Young Adult