title: Palliative sedation, not slow euthanasia: a prospective, longitudinal study of sedation in Flemish palliative care units.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Palliative sedation remains a much debated and controversial issue. The limited literature on the topic often fails to answer ethical questions concerning this practice.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to describe the characteristics of patients who are being sedated for refractory symptoms in palliative care units (PCUs) from the time of admission until the day of death.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective, longitudinal, descriptive design was used to assess data in eight PCUs. The total sample consisted of 266 patients. Information on demographics, medication, food and fluid intake, decision making, level of consciousness, and symptom experience were gathered by nurses and researchers three times a week. If patients received palliative sedation, extra information was gathered.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of all included patients (n=266), 7.5% received palliative sedation. Sedation started, on average, 2.5 days before death and for half of these patients, the form of sedation changed over time. At the start of sedation, patients were in the end stage of their illness and needed total care. Patients were fully conscious and had very limited oral food or fluid intake. Only three patients received artificial fluids at the start of sedation. Patients reported, on average, two refractory symptoms, the most important ones being pain, fatigue, depression, drowsiness, and loss of feeling of well-being. In all cases, the patient gave consent to start palliative sedation because of increased suffering.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study revealed that palliative sedation is only administered in exceptional cases where refractory suffering is evident and for those patients who are close to the ends of their lives. Moreover, this study supports the argument that palliative sedation has no life-shortening effect.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Biomedical Ethics and Law, Catholic University Leuven, Drongen, Belgium.
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Claessens
authors.affiliation: Palliative Care Unit, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Menten
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, Catholic University Leuven, Drongen, Belgium.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schotsmans
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Centre for the Study of Religion and Worldview, Catholic University Leuven, Drongen, Belgium.
authors.forename: Bert
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Broeckaert
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001530:Belgium / Q000453:epidemiology; D015897:Comorbidity; D054810:Deep Sedation / Q000401:mortality / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003863:Depression / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005065:Euthanasia / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005221:Fatigue / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008017:Life Expectancy; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000517:prevention & control; D010166:Palliative Care / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015995:Prevalence; D011788:Quality of Life; D012307:Risk Factors; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015996:Survival Rate; D013727:Terminal Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D019452:Terminally Ill / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016896:Treatment Outcome