title: Understanding the essential elements of work-based learning and its relevance to everyday clinical practice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To critically review the work-based learning literature and explore the implications of the findings for the development of work-based learning programmes.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  With NHS budgets under increasing pressure, and challenges to the impact of classroom-based learning on patient outcomes, work-based learning is likely to come under increased scrutiny as a potential solution. Evidence from higher education institutions suggests that work-based learning can improve practice, but in many cases it is perceived as little more than on-the-job training to perform tasks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The CINAHL database was searched using the keywords work-based learning, work-place learning and practice-based learning. Those articles that had a focus on post-registration nursing were selected and critically reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using the review of the literature, three key issues were explored. Work-based learning has the potential to change practice. Learning how to learn and critical reflection are key features. For effective work-based learning nurses need to take control of their own learning, receive support to critically reflect on their practice and be empowered to make changes to that practice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A critical review of the literature has identified essential considerations for the implementation of work-based learning. A change in culture from classroom to work-based learning requires careful planning and consideration of learning cultures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To enable effective work-based learning, nurse managers need to develop a learning culture in their workplace. They should ensure that skilled facilitation is provided to support staff with critical reflection and effecting changes in practice. CONTRIBUTION TO NEW KNOWLEDGE: This paper has identified three key issues that need to be considered in the development of work-based learning programmes.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, University of Ulster, Newtownabbey, Co. Antrim, UK. caroline.caesara@btconnect.com
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Williams
mesh_terms: D002983:Clinical Competence; D004509:Education, Nursing, Continuing; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning; D009729:Nursing; D009745:Nursing, Supervisory; D015279:Organizational Culture; D009936:Organizational Innovation; D013192:Staff Development; D013222:State Medicine; D006113:United Kingdom; D017132:Workplace