title: Comparison of outcomes of two skills-teaching methods on lay-rescuers' acquisition of infant basic life support skills.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective was to determine if lay-rescuers' acquisition of infant basic life support (BLS) skills would be better when skills teaching consisted of videotaping practice and providing feedback on performances, compared to conventional skills-teaching and feedback methods.
  
  
  METHODS
  This pilot-exploratory, single-blind, prospective, controlled, randomized study was conducted on November 12, 2007, at the Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel. The population under study consisted of all first-year medical students enrolled in the 2007-2008 year. BLS training is part of their mandatory introductory course in emergency medicine. Twenty-three students with previous BLS training were excluded. The remaining 71 were randomized into four and then two groups, with final allocation to an intervention and control group of 18 and 16 students, respectively. All the students participated in infant BLS classroom teaching. Those in the intervention group practiced skills acquisition independently, and four were videotaped while practicing. Tapes were reviewed by the group and feedback was provided. Controls practiced using conventional teaching and feedback methods. After 3 hours, all subjects were videotaped performing an unassisted, lone-rescuer, infant BLS resuscitation scenario. A skills assessment tool was developed. It consisted of 25 checklist items, grouped into four sections: 6 points for "categories" (with specific actions in six categories), 14 points for "scoring" (of accuracy of performance of each action), 4 points for "sequence" (of actions within a category), and 1 point for "order" of resuscitation (complete and well-sequenced categories). Two blinded expert raters were given a workshop on the use of the scoring tool. They further refined it to increase scoring consistency. The main outcome of the study was defined as evidence of better skills acquisition in overall skills in the four sections and in the specific skills sets for actions in any individual category. Data analysis consisted of descriptive statistics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Means and mean percentages were greater in the intervention group in all four sections compared to controls: categories (5.72 [95.33%] and 4.69 [92.66%]), scoring (10.57 [75.50%] and 7.41 [43.59%]), sequence (2.28 [57.00%] and 1.66 [41.50%]), and order of resuscitation (0.96 [96.00%] and 0.19 [19.00%]). The means and mean percentages of the actions (skill sets) in the intervention group were also larger than those of controls in five out of six categories: assessing responsiveness (1.69 [84.50%] and 1.13 [56.50%]), breathing technique (1.69 [93.00%] and 1.13 [47.20%]), chest compression technique (3.19 [77.50%] and 1.84 [46.00%]), activating emergency medical services (EMS) (3.00 [100.00%] and 2.81 [84.50%]), and resuming cardiopulmonary resuscitation (0.97 [97.00%] and 0.47 [47.00%]). These results demonstrate better performance in the intervention group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of videotaped practice and feedback for the acquisition of overall infant BLS skills and of specific skill sets is effective. Observation and participation in the feedback and assessment of nonexperts attempting infant BLS skills appeared to improve the ability of this group of students to perform the task.
authors.affiliation: Emergency Department, Meyer Children's Hospital, Haifa, Israel.
authors.forename: Itai
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Shavit
authors.forename: Shuny
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Peled
authors.forename: Ivan P
authors.initials: IP
authors.lastname: Steiner
authors.forename: Dwight D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Harley
authors.forename: Shelley
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.forename: Eran
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tal-Or
authors.forename: April
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lemire
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000572:American Heart Association; D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation / Q000193:education*; D002983:Clinical Competence; D004634:Emergency Medical Technicians; D004635:Emergency Medicine / Q000193:education*; D005246:Feedback; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007557:Israel; D008020:Life Support Care / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D010865:Pilot Projects; D013337:Students, Medical; D013663:Teaching / Q000379:methods*; D014481:United States; D014741:Video Recording; D055815:Young Adult