title: Similarity of bisphenol A pharmacokinetics in rhesus monkeys and mice: relevance for human exposure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Daily adult human exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) has been estimated at <1 µg/kg, with virtually complete first-pass conjugation in the liver in primates but not in mice. We measured unconjugated and conjugated BPA levels in serum from adult female rhesus monkeys and adult female mice after oral administration of BPA and compared findings in mice and monkeys with prior published data in women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eleven adult female rhesus macaques were fed 400 µg/kg deuterated BPA (dBPA) daily for 7 days. Levels of serum dBPA were analyzed by isotope-dilution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (0.2 ng/mL limit of quantitation) over 24 hr on day 1 and on day 7. The same dose of BPA was fed to adult female CD-1 mice; other female mice were administered 3H-BPA at doses ranging from 2 to 100,000 µg/kg.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In monkeys, the maximum unconjugated serum dBPA concentration of 4 ng/mL was reached 1 hr after feeding and declined to low levels by 24 hr, with no significant bioaccumulation after seven daily doses. Mice and monkeys cleared unconjugated serum BPA at virtually identical rates. We observed a linear (proportional) relationship between administered dose and serum BPA in mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  BPA pharmacokinetics in women, female monkeys, and mice is very similar. By comparison with approximately 2 ng/mL unconjugated serum BPA reported in multiple human studies, the average 24-hr unconjugated serum BPA concentration of 0.5 ng/mL in both monkeys and mice after a 400 µg/kg oral dose suggests that total daily human exposure is via multiple routes and is much higher than previously assumed.
authors.affiliation: Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA. taylorja@missouri.edu
authors.forename: Julia A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Frederick S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Vom Saal
authors.forename: Wade V
authors.initials: WV
authors.lastname: Welshons
authors.forename: Bertram
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Drury
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rottinghaus
authors.forename: Patricia A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Hunt
authors.forename: Pierre-Louis
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Toutain
authors.forename: Céline M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Laffont
authors.forename: Catherine A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: VandeVoort
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D051379:Mice; D010636:Phenols / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism; D013045:Species Specificity; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds
chemical_list: D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D010636:Phenols; C006780:bisphenol A; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds