title: Genetically determined Amerindian ancestry correlates with increased frequency of risk alleles for systemic lupus erythematosus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess whether genetically determined Amerindian ancestry predicts increased presence of risk alleles of known susceptibility genes for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
  
  
  METHODS
  Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within 16 confirmed genetic susceptibility loci for SLE were genotyped in a set of 804 Mestizo lupus patients and 667 Mestizo healthy controls. In addition, 347 admixture informative markers were genotyped. Individual ancestry proportions were determined using STRUCTURE. Association analysis was performed using PLINK, and correlation between ancestry and the presence of risk alleles was analyzed using linear regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A meta-analysis of the genetic association of the 16 SNPs across populations showed that TNFSF4, STAT4, ITGAM, and IRF5 were associated with lupus in a Hispanic Mestizo cohort enriched for European and Amerindian ancestry. In addition, 2 SNPs within the major histocompatibility complex region, previously shown to be associated in a genome-wide association study in Europeans, were also associated in Mestizos. Using linear regression, we predicted an average increase of 2.34 risk alleles when comparing an SLE patient with 100% Amerindian ancestry versus an SLE patient with 0% Amerindian ancestry (P < 0.0001). SLE patients with 43% more Amerindian ancestry were predicted to carry 1 additional risk allele.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results demonstrate that Amerindian ancestry is associated with an increased number of risk alleles for SLE.
authors.affiliation: Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sanchez
authors.forename: Ryan D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Webb
authors.forename: Astrid
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rasmussen
authors.forename: Jennifer A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Riba
authors.forename: Kenneth M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Kaufman
authors.forename: Ignacio
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Garcia-de la Torre
authors.forename: Jose F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Moctezuma
authors.forename: Marco A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Maradiaga-Ceceña
authors.forename: Mario H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Cardiel-Rios
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Acevedo
authors.forename: Mariano
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cucho-Venegas
authors.forename: Mercedes A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.forename: Susana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gamron
authors.forename: Bernardo A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Pons-Estel
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vasconcelos
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tusié-Luna
authors.forename: John B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Harley
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.forename: Amr H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Sawalha
authors.forename: Marta E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Alarcón-Riquelme
mesh_terms: D044467:American Indian or Alaska Native / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000235:genetics*; D039481:CD11b Antigen / Q000235:genetics; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005787:Gene Frequency / Q000235:genetics*; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D050835:Interferon Regulatory Factors / Q000235:genetics; D007843:Latin America; D016014:Linear Models; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000235:genetics*; D053278:OX40 Ligand / Q000235:genetics; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics; D012307:Risk Factors; D050797:STAT4 Transcription Factor / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D039481:CD11b Antigen; C431713:IRF5 protein, human; C509295:ITGAM protein, human; D050835:Interferon Regulatory Factors; D053278:OX40 Ligand; D050797:STAT4 Transcription Factor; C494090:STAT4 protein, human; C089251:TNFSF4 protein, human