title: Radiation exposure in endovascular procedures.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The introduction of percutaneous techniques to treat patients with peripheral vascular disease has placed the vascular surgeon in the unique role as the fluoroscopy supervisor overseeing the radiation protection for patient, self, staff, and trainee. Since radiation is an invisible threat in endovascular interventions, attention to protection may be challenging for the surgeon to understand and enforce.
  
  
  METHODS
  General endovascular radiation considerations for endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) and peripheral interventions are reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Peripheral atherectomy has the highest estimated skin doses of all endovascular procedures. Renal interventions, visceral balloon angioplasty and stenting, and embolization procedures are some of the procedures that have the highest peak skin doses. Patients with high body mass index (BMI) have been found to have up to three times higher peak skin doses than patients with normal BMI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The degree of radiation exposure is dependent on the type of endovascular procedure, the patient's body habitus, and also the safety habits of the surgeon. Radiation exposure needs addressed in an informed consent process as is required for other procedures. Radiation exposure risks also need monitoring just as a surgeon monitors individual morbidity and mortality.
authors.affiliation: Raymond G. Murphy VAMC, Section of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA. erika.ketteler@va.gov
authors.forename: Erika R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Ketteler
authors.forename: Kellie R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Brown
mesh_terms: D057510:Endovascular Procedures; D005471:Fluoroscopy / Q000009:adverse effects; D006282:Health Personnel; D006801:Humans; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011835:Radiation Protection; D015641:Radiography, Interventional / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011874:Radiometry; D012867:Skin / Q000528:radiation effects