title: Impaired comprehension of nonliteral language in Tourette syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate theory of mind and the understanding of nonliteral language in patients with Tourette syndrome (TS).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  In TS, striatal dysfunction could affect the functioning of the frontal cortex. Changes in frontal functioning could lead to impairments in theory of mind: the understanding of mental states, such as beliefs, emotions, and intentions. Poor understanding of a speaker's mental state may also impair interpretation of their nonliteral remarks.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, patients with TS and healthy controls completed tasks to assess their understanding of sarcasm, metaphor, indirect requests, and theory of mind. These tasks were the Pragmatic Story Comprehension Task, the Hinting task, and a faux pas task. Inhibitory ability was also assessed through the use of the Hayling task and a black and white Stroop test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with TS exhibited significant impairment on the faux pas task and Pragmatic Story Comprehension Task despite limited evidence of inhibitory impairment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TS may be associated with changes in theory of mind.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK. Clare.Eddy@bsmhft.nhs.uk
authors.forename: Clare Margaret
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Eddy
authors.forename: Ian J
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.forename: Sarah R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Beck
authors.forename: Andrea E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Cavanna
authors.forename: Hugh E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Rickards
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D032882:Comprehension / Q000502:physiology; D003210:Concept Formation / Q000502:physiology; D056344:Executive Function; D005260:Female; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007266:Inhibition, Psychological; D007802:Language; D007807:Language Tests; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017072:Neostriatum / Q000502:physiology*; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000502:physiology; D012016:Reference Values; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D057190:Stroop Test; D013561:Symbolism; D056345:Theory of Mind; D005879:Tourette Syndrome / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D014705:Verbal Behavior; D055815:Young Adult