title: Retrograde influence of muscle fibers on their innervation revealed by a novel marker for slow motoneurons.
abstract: Mammalian limb and trunk skeletal muscles are composed of muscle fibers that differ in contractile and molecular properties. They are commonly divided into four categories according to the myosin heavy chain that they express: I, IIA, IIX and IIB, ranging from slowest to fastest. Individual motor axons innervate tens of muscle fibers, nearly all of which are of the same type. The mechanisms accounting for this striking specificity, termed motor unit homogeneity, remain incompletely understood, in part because there have been no markers for motoneuron types. Here we show in mice that the synaptic vesicle protein SV2A is selectively localized in motor nerve terminals on slow (type I and small type IIA) muscle fibers; its close relatives, SV2B and SV2C, are present in all motor nerve terminals. SV2A is broadly expressed at birth; fast motoneurons downregulate its expression during the first postnatal week. An inducible transgene incorporating regulatory elements from the Sv2a gene permits selective labeling of slow motor units and reveals their composition. Overexpression of the transcriptional co-regulator PGC1α in muscle fibers, which converts them to a slow phenotype, leads to an increased frequency of SV2A-positive motor nerve terminals, indicating a fiber type-specific retrograde influence of muscle fibers on their innervation. This retrograde influence must be integrated with known anterograde influences in order to understand how motor units become homogeneous.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, 52 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
authors.forename: Joe V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Chakkalakal
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nishimune
authors.forename: Jorge L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Ruas
authors.forename: Bruce M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Spiegelman
authors.forename: Joshua R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Sanes
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005819:Genetic Markers / Q000235:genetics*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D009046:Motor Neurons / Q000378:metabolism*; D018657:Muscle Fibers, Slow-Twitch / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000294:innervation*; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D000071248:Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha; D017729:Presynaptic Terminals / Q000378:metabolism*; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000378:metabolism; D014157:Transcription Factors; D019076:Transgenes / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D005819:Genetic Markers; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D000071248:Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha; C485290:Ppargc1a protein, mouse; C489614:Sv2a protein, mouse; D015534:Trans-Activators; D014157:Transcription Factors