title: Naturally occurring polymorphisms and primary drug resistance profile among antiretroviral-naive individuals in Bangalore, India.
abstract: Although India has a large burden of HIV infection, good access to first-line antiretroviral therapy is widely available. However, understanding HIV resistance-associated mutations and polymorphisms is critical for continued success. The RT region of the HIV-1 pol gene was studied among 21 ART-naive HIV-1-infected individuals from South India. In addition, 421 published Indian HIV-1 subtype C sequences were analyzed for time trends in polymorphism frequency. Among primary isolates, all HIV-1 isolates were subtype C, and drug-resistant mutations were identified among two (9.56%) subjects. Mutations included E138A (etravirine resistance associated) and L210LS (thymidine analog mutation). The overall frequency of specific polymorphisms was similar to frequencies reported from different regions of India. Novel mutations were observed at positions Q23P/H and A129AG among isolates from our clinical cohort. Over a span of 10 years, the median polymorphism frequency among ART-naive subjects has remained unchanged, suggesting the slow evolution of HIV-1 subtype C in India.
authors.affiliation: St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India.
authors.forename: Ujjwal
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Neogi
authors.forename: B S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Prarthana
authors.forename: Soham
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: D'souza
authors.forename: Ayesha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: De Costa
authors.forename: Vijesh Sreedhar
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Kuttiatt
authors.forename: Karthika
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Arumugam
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shet
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D015331:Cohort Studies; D024921:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Viral / Q000235:genetics*; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D054303:HIV Reverse Transcriptase / Q000235:genetics*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009570:Nitriles; D010802:Phylogeny; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011724:Pyridazines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011743:Pyrimidines; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D017423:Sequence Analysis, RNA; D013936:Thymidine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D054302:pol Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D009570:Nitriles; D011724:Pyridazines; D011743:Pyrimidines; D012367:RNA, Viral; D054302:pol Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus; C451734:etravirine; D054303:HIV Reverse Transcriptase; D013936:Thymidine