title: Outcome standards for an organ preservation strategy in stage II and III rectal adenocarcinoma after neoadjuvant chemoradiation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy is the standard of care for patients with locally advanced mid and distal rectal cancer. Tumor regression is variable, and this study was designed to evaluate the pathological response and impact on long-term disease control in responders and nonresponders.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 303 consecutive patients with cStage II and III mid and distal rectal adenocarcinoma were identified. The mean age was 64 years and 63% were men. Patients received neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (45 Gy) with a continuous infusion of 5-fluorouracil. Total mesorectal excision (TME) was performed after an interval of 6-8 weeks. Tumors were stratified as responders (ypT0 or ypT1) and nonresponders (≥ypT3). All ypT2 were separately categorized.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tumors of 84 patients were classified as responders (27.5%) versus nonresponders in 144 patients (47.5%). Pathological tumor stage was ypT2 in 75 patients (25%). After a median follow-up of 55 months, the 5-year cancer-specific survival rate was 98% and the disease-free survival rate was 91% in responders versus 82% (P < 0.0025) and 60% (P < 0.0001), respectively, for the nonresponders.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  After neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy and TME surgery for locally advanced rectal cancer and complete or near-complete pathological tumor response oncological outcome is very good. These results set the standards for a rectum-sparing strategy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Abdominal Surgery, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium. amwolthuis@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Albert M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Wolthuis
authors.forename: Freddy
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Penninckx
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Haustermans
authors.forename: Nadine
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ectors
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Van Cutsem
authors.forename: André
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: D'Hoore
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000556:secondary / Q000628:therapy*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D005260:Female; D005472:Fluorouracil / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020360:Neoadjuvant Therapy; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011300:Preoperative Care; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018714:Radiotherapy, Adjuvant; D012004:Rectal Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D012074:Remission Induction; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; D005472:Fluorouracil