title: The Hawthorne effect, sponsored trials, and the overestimation of treatment effectiveness.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine if the results of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) clinical trials are upwardly biased by the Hawthorne effect.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 264 patients with RA who completed a commercially sponsored 3-month, open-label, phase 4 trial of a US Food and Drug Administration approved RA treatment. We evaluated changes in the Health Assessment Questionnaire disability index (HAQ) and visual analog scales for pain, patient global, and fatigue during 3 periods: pretreatment in the trial, on treatment at the close of the trial, and by a trial-unrelated survey 8 months after the close of the trial, but while the patients were receiving the same treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The HAQ score (0-3) improved by 41.3% during the trial, but only by 16.5% when the endpoint was the post-trial result. Similar results for the other variables were patient global (0-10) 51.9% and 34.6%, pain (0-10) 51.7% and 39.7%, fatigue (0-10) 45.6% and 24.6%. Worsening between the trial end and the first survey assessment was HAQ 0.29 units, pain 0.8 units, patient global 0.8 units, and fatigue 1.1 units.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Almost half the improvement noted in the clinical trial HAQ score disappeared on entry to a non-sponsored followup study, and from 23% to 44% of improvements in pain, patient global, and fatigue also disappeared. These changes can be attributed to the Hawthorne effect. Based on these data, we hypothesize that the absolute values of RA outcome variables in clinical trials are upwardly biased, and that the treatment effect is less than observed.
authors.affiliation: National Data Bank for Rheumatic Diseases, 1035 N. Emporia, Suite 288, Wichita, KS 67214, USA. fwolfe@arthritis-research.org
authors.forename: Frederick
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wolfe
authors.forename: Kaleb
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Michaud
mesh_terms: D018501:Antirheumatic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D015987:Effect Modifier, Epidemiologic; D006801:Humans; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011788:Quality of Life; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D018501:Antirheumatic Agents