title: Comparing robot-assisted with conventional laparoscopic hysterectomy: impact on cost and clinical outcomes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare clinical and economic outcomes (hospital costs) in women undergoing laparoscopic hysterectomy performed with and without robotic assistance in inpatient and outpatient settings.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using the Premier hospital database, we identified women >18 years of age with a record of minimally invasive hysterectomy performed in 2007 to 2008. Univariable and multivariable analyses examined the association between robot-assisted hysterectomy and adverse events, hospital costs, surgery time, and length of stay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 36,188 patient records analyzed from 358 hospitals, 95% (n = 34,527) of laparoscopic hysterectomies were performed without robotic assistance. Inpatient and outpatient settings did not differ substantively in frequency of adverse events. For cardiac, neurologic, wound, and vascular complications, frequencies were <1% for robot and non-robot procedures. In inpatient and outpatient settings alike, use of robotic assistance was consistently associated with statistically significant, higher per-patient average hospital costs. Inpatient procedures with and without robotic assistance cost $9640 (95% confidence interval [CI] = $9621, $9659) versus $6973 (95% CI = $6959, $6987), respectively. Outpatient procedures with and without robotic assistance cost $7920 (95% CI = $7898, $7942) versus $5949 (95% CI = $5932, $5966), respectively. Inpatient surgery times were significantly longer for robot-assisted procedures, 3.22 hours (95% CI = 3.21, 3.23) compared with non-robot procedures at 2.82 hours (95% CI = 2.81, 2.83). Similarly, outpatient surgery times with robot averaged 2.99 hours (95% CI = 2.98, 3.00) versus 2.46 hours (2.45, 2.47) for non-robot procedures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings reveal little clinical differences in perioperative and postoperative events. This, coupled with the increased per-case hospital cost of the robot, suggests that further investigation is warranted when considering this technology for routine laparoscopic hysterectomies.
authors.affiliation: University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA.
authors.forename: Resad P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Pasic
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Rizzo
authors.forename: Hai
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.forename: Matt
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Candace
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gunnarsson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D017721:Hospital Costs; D006801:Humans; D007044:Hysterectomy / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods; D007902:Length of Stay; D008875:Middle Aged; D012371:Robotics / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods; D016896:Treatment Outcome