title: Inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 prevents adverse effects induced by phosphodiesterase type 4 inhibitors in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Phosphodiesterase type 4 (PDE4) inhibitors such as roflumilast are currently being developed as anti-inflammatory treatments for chronic airway disorders. However, high doses of PDE4 inhibitors have also been linked to several side effects in different animal species, including pro-inflammatory effects in the rat. Here, we analysed PDE4-related toxicological findings in a rat model and how these side effects might be therapeutically prevented.
  
  
  METHODS
  Wistar rats were treated orally once daily with 10 mg·kg⁻¹ roflumilast for 4 days. Macroscopic changes were monitored throughout the study and further parameters were analysed at the end of the experiment on day 5. In addition, the effects of concomitant treatment with cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Supratherapeutical treatment with roflumilast induced marked body and spleen weight loss, diarrhea, increased secretory activity of the harderian glands, leukocytosis, increased serum cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant-1 (CINC-1) levels, and histopathological changes in thymus, spleen, mesentery and mesenteric lymph nodes. All these toxicological findings could be prevented by the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) and non-selective COX inhibitor, diclofenac, given orally. Similar protective effects could be achieved by the COX-2 selective inhibitor lumiracoxib, whereas the COX-1 selective inhibitor SC-560 was generally not effective.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Treatment with an NSAID inhibiting COX-2 prevents the major effects found after subchronic overdosing with the PDE4-specific inhibitor roflumilast. If this effect translates into humans, such combined treatment may increase the therapeutic window of PDE4 inhibitors, currently under clinical development.
authors.affiliation: Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Peter
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Göggel
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Colbatzky
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nickolaus
mesh_terms: D055371:Acute Lung Injury / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000631:Aminopyridines / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D001549:Benzamides / Q000633:toxicity*; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / Q000276:immunology; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D003521:Cyclopropanes / Q000633:toxicity; D004008:Diclofenac / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000503:physiopathology; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D020556:Neutrophil Infiltration / Q000187:drug effects; D058988:Phosphodiesterase 4 Inhibitors / Q000633:toxicity*; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D000631:Aminopyridines; D001549:Benzamides; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D003521:Cyclopropanes; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D058988:Phosphodiesterase 4 Inhibitors; D011720:Pyrazoles; C115461:SC 560; C424423:Roflumilast; D004008:Diclofenac; C473384:lumiracoxib