title: Lymphatic drainage of the external ear.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lymphoscintigraphy reveals inconsistencies in our knowledge of the lymphatic anatomy of the external ear.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen external ears from 9 unembalmed human cadavers were studied. Six percent hydrogen peroxide was used to find the lymphatic vessels using a surgical microscope. They were injected with a radio-opaque mixture, dissected, photographed, and radiographed to demonstrate lymphatic vessels in the tissue. Final results were transferred to the computer for analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four groups of lymph collecting vessels were found. The anterior branch, in all specimens, drained directly or indirectly (having merged with a vessel descending from the scalp) into the preauricular lymph nodes. The superior, middle, and inferior (lobule) branches drained to their multiple first tier lymph nodes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An accurate lymphatic map of the external ear is described to upgrade our anatomic knowledge. It will be of benefit for the clinical management of malignancies in this region.
authors.affiliation: The Jack Brockhoff Reconstructive Plastic Surgery Research Unit, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia. w.pan@unimelb.edu.au
authors.forename: Wei-Ren
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.forename: Cara Michelle
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: le Roux
authors.forename: Sidney M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Levy
authors.forename: Christopher A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Briggs
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002102:Cadaver; D004431:Ear, External / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008208:Lymphatic System / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D042601:Lymphatic Vessels / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male