title: Clonal X-chromosome inactivation suggests that splenic cord capillary hemangioma is a true neoplasm and not a subtype of splenic hamartoma.
abstract: Splenic hamartoma is a rare tumor-like lesion composed of structurally disorganized red pulp elements. It has been hypothesized that two other splenic lesions, cord capillary hemangioma and myoid angioendothelioma, may fall within the spectrum of splenic hamartoma, simply representing morphological variants. In this study, we compared the vascular and stromal composition of cord capillary hemangioma and myoid angioendothelioma with those of classical hamartoma. In addition, we assessed the clonal vs polyclonal nature of the lesions in nine female cases by performing clonality analysis for X-chromosome inactivation at the human androgen receptor locus (HUMARA) on laser-assisted microdissected samples. In 15 of 17 cases, increased reticulin and/or collagen content was observed. The classical hamartoma cases showed a vasculature predominantly composed of CD8+ CD31+ CD34- splenic sinuses, whereas cases of cord capillary hemangioma and myoid angioendothelioma contained many CD8- CD31+ CD34+ cord capillaries, but very little CD8+ vasculature. All cases lacked expression of D2-40 and Epstein Barr virus-encoded RNA. All cases showed a proliferation index of ≤5% by Ki-67. Cases of classical hamartoma lacked significant perisinusoidal expression of collagen IV and low-affinity nerve growth factor receptor. Both markers were variably expressed in the other lesions. Increased CD163-positive histiocytes were found in four cases (three cord capillary hemangiomas and one myoid angioendothelioma). HUMARA analysis was informative in all nine tested cases, of which three cases showed a non-random X-chromosome inactivation pattern, indicating clonality. All three clonal cases were cord capillary hemangiomas. Our study has shown that in spite of considerable morphologic heterogeneity and overlapping features, classical hamartoma and cord capillary hemangioma and myoid angioendothelioma are different in terms of their vascular and stromal composition. Clonality analysis supports a true neoplastic origin for the cord capillary hemangioma. A larger study using additional immunohistochemical and molecular studies is necessary to further evaluate the biological significance of the current findings.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chiu
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Czader
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Hasserjian
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bhagavathi
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Hyjek
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Al-Ahmadie
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Knowles
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Orazi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D041321:Chromosomes, Human, X; D002999:Clone Cells; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006222:Hamartoma / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D006390:Hemangioendothelioma / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D018324:Hemangioma, Capillary / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013160:Splenic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D049951:X Chromosome Inactivation / Q000235:genetics*; D055815:Young Adult