title: External validation of a virtual reality transurethral resection of the prostate simulator.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Virtual reality surgical simulation is an emerging technology that may eventually fill the gaps in surgical education created by changes in our medical system. We assessed the construct validity of a commercially available, virtual reality transurethral prostate resection simulator.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants performed 2, 5-minute transurethral prostate resection exercises on a standardized virtual reality prostate. Data from the first exercise were discarded. Simulator based metrics from the second exercise were tabulated, including tissue resected in gm, number of cuts, coagulation time, number of coagulation attempts, tissue per cut in gm and blood loss. Complications were recorded. Performance metrics were compared between groups based on urological training level and prior real-world experience with transurethral prostate resection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 35 participants with varied levels of transurethral prostate resection experience completed the exercise. Several performance metrics had statistically significant correlations with urology training level and prior experience with transurethral prostate resection. There was a positive correlation of all measures of experience with mass resected, mass resected per cut and blood loss. Number of cuts correlated significantly with transurethral prostate resection experience in the previous year. Complications were present in most groups with medical students more likely to encounter external urethral sphincter and rectal injuries.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We report the construct validity of a commercially available, virtual reality transurethral prostate resection simulator. The more experienced participants resected more tissue in a more efficient manner but with increased blood loss. Further investigations are needed before the widespread application of transurethral prostate resection simulators for training, certification and accreditation.
authors.affiliation: Urology Service, Department of Surgery, Brooke Army Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, Texas 78234-6200, USA. steven.hudak@us.army.mil
authors.forename: Steven J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Hudak
authors.forename: Cristy L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Landt
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hernandez
authors.forename: Douglas W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Soderdahl
mesh_terms: D003198:Computer Simulation; D004867:Equipment Design; D020728:Transurethral Resection of Prostate / Q000193:education*