title: At-home training with closed-loop augmented-reality cueing device for improving gait in patients with Parkinson disease.
abstract: Shuffling and freezing while walking can impair function in patients with Parkinson disease (PD). Open-loop devices that provide fixed-velocity visual or auditory cues can improve gait but may be unreliable or exacerbate freezing of gait in some patients. We examined the efficacy of a closed-loop, accelerometer-driven, wearable, visual-auditory cueing device in 13 patients with PD with off-state gait impairment at baseline and after 2 weeks of twice daily (30 minute duration) at-home use. We measured gait velocity, stride length, and cadence using a validated electronic gait-analysis system. Subjects underwent standard motor assessment and completed a self-administered Freezing of Gait Questionnaire (FOGQ) (range 0-24; lower is better). After training, device use enhanced walking velocity (61.6 ± 20.1 cm/s to 72.6 ± 26.5 cm/s, p = 0.006) and stride length (74.3 ± 16.4 cm to 84.0 ± 18.5 cm, p = 0.004). Upon device removal, walking velocity (64.5 ± 21.4 cm/s to 75.4 ± 21.5 cm/s, p < 0.001) and stride length (79.0 ± 20.3 cm to 88.8 ± 17.7 cm, p = 0.003) exhibited a greater magnitude of change, suggesting immediate residual benefits. Also upon device removal, nearly 70 percent of subjects improved by at least 20 percent in either walking velocity, stride length, or both. An overall improvement in gait was measured by the FOGQ (14.2 ±1.9 to 12.4 ± 2.5, p = 0.02). Although issues related to compliance and response variability render a definitive interpretation of study outcome difficult, devices using closed-loop sensory feedback appear to be effective and desirable nonpharmacologic interventions to improve walking in selected individuals with PD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, 260 Stetson St, Suite 3200, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0525, USA. alberto.espay@uc.edu
authors.forename: Alberto J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Espay
authors.forename: Yoram
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Baram
authors.forename: Alok Kumar
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Dwivedi
authors.forename: Rakesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shukla
authors.forename: Maureen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gartner
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gaines
authors.forename: Andrew P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Duker
authors.forename: Fredy J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Revilla
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003463:Cues; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005615:Freezing; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology; D020233:Gait Disorders, Neurologic / Q000209:etiology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010045:Outpatients; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology; D011937:Reality Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D016138:Walking