title: Multisection CT protocols: sex- and age-specific conversion factors used to determine effective dose from dose-length product.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine conversion factors for the new International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) publication 103 recommendations for adult and pediatric patients and to compare the effective doses derived from Monte Carlo calculations with those derived from dose-length product (DLP) for different body regions and computed tomographic (CT) scanning protocols.
  
  
  METHODS
  Effective dose values for the Oak Ridge National Laboratory phantom series, including phantoms for newborns; 1-, 5-, and 10-year-old children; and adults were determined by using Monte Carlo methods for a 64-section multidetector CT scanner. For each phantom, five anatomic regions (head, neck, chest, abdomen, and pelvis) were considered. Monte Carlo simulations were performed for spiral scanning protocols with different voltages. Effective dose was computed by using ICRP publication 60 and publication 103 recommendations. The calculated effective doses were compared with those derived from the DLP by using previously published conversion factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In general, conversion factors determined on the basis of Monte Carlo calculations led to lower values for adults with both ICRP publications. Values up to 33% and 32% lower than previously published data were found for ICRP publication 60 and ICRP publication 103, respectively. For pediatric individuals, effective doses based on the Monte Carlo calculations were higher than those obtained from DLP and previously published conversion factors (eg, for chest CT scanning in 5-year-old children, an increase of about 76% would be expected). For children, a variation in conversion factors of up to 15% was observed when the tube voltage was varied. For adult individuals, no dependence on voltage was observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Conversion factors from DLP to effective dose should be specified separately for both sexes and should reflect the new ICRP recommendations. For pediatric patients, new conversion factors specific for the spectrum used should be established.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Physics, University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestr. 91, Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: Paul D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Deak
authors.forename: Yulia
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Smal
authors.forename: Willi A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Kalender
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D006801:Humans; D007390:International Agencies; D015233:Models, Statistical; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control; D011835:Radiation Protection / Q000379:methods; D011874:Radiometry / Q000379:methods*; D012062:Relative Biological Effectiveness; D012737:Sex Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed