title: Assessing sleep in opioid dependence: a comparison of subjective ratings, sleep diaries, and home polysomnography in methadone maintenance patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Comparisons of subjective and objective sleep measures have shown discrepancies between reported sleep and polysomnography (PSG) in non-drug dependent individuals with and without insomnia. Sleep may affect behavioral and physiologic aspects of drug abuse and dependence; patients in methadone maintenance therapy (MMT) for opioid dependence frequently report sleep problems. Whether subjective sleep reflects objective sleep in MMT patients is unknown. We undertook these analyses to establish the correlations among subjective and objective sleep measures in MMT patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared one week of daily sleep diaries, one night of home PSG, a questionnaire completed the morning after PSG, and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Inventory (PSQI) as well as demographics and drug use measures in 62 MMT patients with disturbed sleep (PSQI score > 5).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Subjective and objective sleep durations were similar in this sample; average sleep times for the diary, morning questionnaire, and PSG were 340, 323, and 332 min, respectively. Average diary sleep time, subjective ratings of feeling rested, and PSG sleep efficiency were correlated significantly with PSQI score. Age was inversely correlated with PSG sleep time. Participants whose urine toxicology showed benzodiazapine use reported significantly longer sleep times on the morning questionnaire.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Objective sleep measures confirm subjective measures in MMT patients with disturbed sleep. The high prevalence of sleep complaints in this population likely reflects pathology rather than sleep misperception. Both objective and subjective measures are useful in research and clinical settings for assessing sleep in opioid-dependent patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Box G, Providence, RI 02912, USA. ksharkey@lifespan.org
authors.forename: Katherine M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Sharkey
authors.forename: Megan E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Kurth
authors.forename: Bradley J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Richard P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Corso
authors.forename: Richard P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Millman
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Stein
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008499:Medical Records; D008691:Methadone / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008875:Middle Aged; D058850:Opiate Substitution Treatment / Q000379:methods; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D017286:Polysomnography / Q000379:methods*; D057566:Self Report; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*
chemical_list: D008691:Methadone