title: Stimulant-responsive and stimulant-refractory aggressive behavior among children with ADHD.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to examine factors that are associated with aggression that is responsive versus refractory to individualized optimization of stimulant monotherapy among children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Children who were aged 6 to 13 years and had ADHD, either oppositional defiant disorder or conduct disorder, significant aggressive behavior, and a history of insufficient response to stimulants completed an open stimulant monotherapy optimization protocol. Stimulant titration with weekly assessments of behavior and tolerability identified an optimal regimen for each child. Families also received behavioral therapy. Parents completed the Retrospective-Modified Overt Aggression Scale (R-MOAS) at each visit. Children were classified as having stimulant-refractory aggression on the basis of R-MOAS ratings and clinician judgment. Differences that pertained to treatment, demographic, and psychopathology between groups with stimulant monotherapy-responsive and -refractory aggression were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Aggression among 32 (49.3%) of 65 children was reduced sufficiently after stimulant dosage adjustment and behavioral therapy to preclude adjunctive medication. Those who responded to stimulant monotherapy were more likely to benefit from the protocol's methylphenidate preparation (once-daily, triphasic release), showed a trend for lower average dosages, and received fewer behavioral therapy sessions than did children with stimulant-refractory aggression. Boys, especially those with higher ratings of baseline aggression and of depressive and manic symptoms, more often exhibited stimulant-refractory aggression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among children whose aggressive behavior develops in the context of ADHD and of oppositional defiant disorder or conduct disorder, and who had insufficient response to previous stimulant treatment in routine clinical care, systematic, well-monitored titration of stimulant monotherapy often culminates in reduced aggression that averts the need for additional agents.
authors.affiliation: Stony Brook State University of New York, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Putnam Hall, Room 139, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8790, USA. joseph.blader@stonybrook.edu
authors.forename: Joseph C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Blader
authors.forename: Steven R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Pliszka
authors.forename: Peter S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.forename: Nina R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Schooler
authors.forename: Vivian
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kafantaris
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000374:Aggression / Q000187:drug effects*; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D019955:Conduct Disorder / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008774:Methylphenidate / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017211:Treatment Failure
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D008774:Methylphenidate