title: Adherence to the Nordic Nutrition Recommendations as a measure of a healthy diet and upper respiratory tract infection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The Nordic countries have published joint dietary recommendations, the Nordic Nutrition Recommendations (NNR), since 1980. We evaluated adherence to the NNR as a measure of a healthy diet and its potential association with self-reported upper respiratory tract infection (URTI).
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective, population-based study with a follow-up period of 4 months. Dietary intake was assessed using a semi-quantitative FFQ with ninety-six items, along with other lifestyle factors, at baseline. URTI was assessed every three weeks. A Poisson regression model was used to control for age, sex and other confounding factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  A middle-sized county in northern Sweden.
  
  
  METHODS
  Swedish men and women (n 1509) aged 20-60 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The NNR include recommendations on macronutrient proportions, physical activity and intake of micronutrients, sodium, fibre and alcohol. We found that overall adherence to the NNR was moderately good. In addition, we found that high adherence to the NNR (>5·5 adherence points) was not associated with a lower risk of URTI (incidence rate ratio (IRR) 0·89, 95% CI 0·73, 1·08) compared with low adherence (<4·5 adherence points). When investigating individual components of the NNR, only high physical activity was associated with lower URTI risk (IRR = 0·82, 95% CI 0·69, 0·97) whereas none of the dietary components were associated with risk of URTI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall adherence to the NNR was moderately good. Overall adherence to the NNR was not associated with URTI risk in our study. However, when investigating individual components of the NNR, we found that high physical activity was associated with lower URTI risk.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels vag 12a, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden. Elinor.Fondell@ki.se
authors.forename: Elinor
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fondell
authors.forename: Sara E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Christensen
authors.forename: Olle
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Bälter
authors.forename: Katarina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bälter
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004032:Diet; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018673:Nutrition Policy; D009747:Nutritional Physiological Phenomena / Q000502:physiology*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult