title: Lung cancer mortality from exposure to chrysotile asbestos and smoking: a case-control study within a cohort in China.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To confirm the association between exposure to chrysotile asbestos and lung cancer risk and to demonstrate the combined effect of smoking and asbestos exposure.
  
  
  METHODS
  A case-control study of 1139 asbestos workers identified 41 male lung cancer cases in 2001; each case was matched by age (±5 years) with five controls. Workers in seven workshops were categorised into high-, medium- and low-exposure subgroups, and conditional logistic regression was applied to estimate the odds ratios for lung cancer risk associated with the different exposure levels. Smoking, age at first exposure, and exposure duration were considered as covariates/confounding factors. A joint effect of asbestos exposure and smoking on lung cancer risk was analysed using a conditional logistical model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  54% of cases had high exposure and 24% low exposure, while 24% of controls had high exposure and 44% low exposure. Smoking was more common in cases (90%) than in controls (73%). The adjusted OR for lung cancer was 3.66 (95% CI 1.61 to 8.29) for high exposure and was elevated slightly for medium exposure (1.25; 95% CI 0.47 to 3.31). Smoking was related to lung cancer risk (OR 3.33; 95% CI 1.10 to 10.08). In comparison with the low-exposure non-smoking group, the OR for the high-exposure smoking group was 10.39 (1.34 to 82.45), in contrast to 5.23 (0.50 to 54.58) for high-exposure non-smoking workers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results confirm the strong association between exposure to chrysotile asbestos and lung cancer risk, and support an interactive effect of asbestos exposure and smoking which is more than additive.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Eiji
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Yano
authors.forename: Xiaorong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Mianzhen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Qiu
authors.forename: Zhiming
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D017632:Asbestos, Serpentine / Q000633:toxicity*; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D003043:Cocarcinogenesis; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000453:epidemiology; D013783:Textile Industry
chemical_list: D017632:Asbestos, Serpentine