title: The association of personality disorders with the prospective 7-year course of anxiety disorders.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study prospectively examined the natural clinical course of six anxiety disorders over 7 years of follow-up in individuals with personality disorders (PDs) and/or major depressive disorder. Rates of remission, relapse, new episode onset and chronicity of anxiety disorders were examined for specific associations with PDs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were 499 patients with anxiety disorders in the Collaborative Longitudinal Personality Disorders Study, who were assessed with structured interviews for psychiatric disorders at yearly intervals throughout 7 years of follow-up. These data were used to determine probabilities of changes in disorder status for social phobia (SP), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), panic disorder and panic disorder with agoraphobia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Estimated remission rates for anxiety disorders in this study group ranged from 73% to 94%. For those patients who remitted from an anxiety disorder, relapse rates ranged from 34% to 67%. Rates for new episode onsets of anxiety disorders ranged from 3% to 17%. Specific PDs demonstrated associations with remission, relapse, new episode onsets and chronicity of anxiety disorders. Associations were identified between schizotypal PD with course of SP, PTSD and GAD; avoidant PD with course of SP and OCD; obsessive-compulsive PD with course of GAD, OCD, and agoraphobia; and borderline PD with course of OCD, GAD and panic with agoraphobia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings suggest that specific PD diagnoses have negative prognostic significance for the course of anxiety disorders underscoring the importance of assessing and considering PD diagnoses in patients with anxiety disorders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 2 Church Street South, New Haven, CT 06519, USA. emily.ansell@yale.edu
authors.forename: E B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Ansell
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pinto
authors.forename: M O
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Edelen
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Markowitz
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Sanislow
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zanarini
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Skodol
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Shea
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Morey
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Gunderson
authors.forename: T H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: McGlashan
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Grilo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D002908:Chronic Disease; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015993:Life Tables; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010554:Personality Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012008:Recurrence; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology