title: Impairment of both nitric oxide-mediated and EDHF-type relaxation in small mesenteric arteries from rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether diabetes affects either or both nitric oxide (NO)-mediated and endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF)-type relaxation in endothelium-dependent relaxation of mesenteric arteries from streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Wire myography was employed to examine endothelial function of mesenteric arteries. Superoxide levels were measured by L-012 and lucigenin-enhanced chemiluminescence. Western blotting was used to quantify protein expression levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Superoxide levels were significantly increased in diabetic mesenteric arteries compared with normal arteries. Diabetes significantly reduced the sensitivity to the endothelium-dependent relaxant, acetylcholine (ACh) in mesenteric arteries. When the contribution of NO to relaxation was abolished by N-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA) + a soluble guanylate cyclase inhibitor (ODQ), the sensitivity to ACh was significantly decreased in the diabetic arteries compared with normal arteries, indicating an impaired EDHF-type relaxation despite increased expression of intermediate- and small-conductance calcium-activated potassium channels. Conversely, when the contribution of EDHF was inhibited with TRAM-34 + apamin + iberiotoxin, maximum relaxations to ACh were significantly decreased in diabetic compared with normal arteries, suggesting that the contribution of NO was also impaired by diabetes. Basal levels of NO release, indicated by contraction to L-NNA, were also significantly decreased in diabetic arteries. Western blot analysis demonstrated that diabetic arteries had an increased expression of Nox2, decreased pSer⁴⁷³ Akt and a reduced proportion of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) expressed as a dimer, indicating uncoupling.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The contribution of both NO and EDHF-type relaxations was impaired in diabetes and was caused by increased oxidative stress, decreased pSer⁴⁷³ Akt and/or eNOS uncoupling.
authors.affiliation: Health Innovation Research Institute, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Leo
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Hart
authors.forename: O L
authors.initials: OL
authors.lastname: Woodman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001685:Biological Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D001835:Body Weight; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D007213:Indomethacin / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D008638:Mesenteric Arteries / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D051640:Small-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels / Q000378:metabolism; D013481:Superoxides / Q000378:metabolism; D014664:Vasodilation; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D001685:Biological Factors; D001786:Blood Glucose; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007213:Indomethacin; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D051640:Small-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels; D013481:Superoxides; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; C067410:endothelium-dependent hyperpolarization factor; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human