title: Urinary dopamine in aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency: the unsolved paradox.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) deficiency, a neurotransmitter biosynthesis defect, paradoxical normal or increased levels of urinary dopamine have been reported. Genotype/phenotype correlations or alternative metabolic pathways may explain this remarkable finding, but were never studied systematically.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied the mutational spectrum and urinary dopamine levels in 20 patients with AADC-deficiency. Experimental procedures were designed to test for alternative metabolic pathways of dopamine production, which included alternative substrates (tyramine and 3-methoxytyrosine) and alternative enzymes (tyrosinase and CYP2D6).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In 85% of the patients the finding of normal or increased urinary levels of dopamine was confirmed, but a relation with AADC genotype could not be identified. Renal microsomes containing CYP2D were able to convert tyramine into dopamine (3.0 nmol/min/g protein) but because of low plasma levels of tyramine this is an unlikely explanation for urinary dopamine excretion in AADC-deficiency. No evidence was found for the production of dopamine from 3-methoxytyrosine. Tyrosinase was not expressed in human kidney.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Normal or increased levels of urinary dopamine are found in the majority of AADC-deficient patients. This finding can neither be explained by genotype/phenotype correlations nor by alternative metabolic pathways, although small amounts of dopamine may be formed via tyramine hydroxylation by renal CYP2D6. CYP2D6-mediated conversion of tyramine into dopamine might be an interesting target for the development of new therapeutic strategies in AADC-deficiency.
authors.affiliation: Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Department of Neurology, Neurochemistry Lab, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. t.wassenberg@neuro.umcn.nl
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wassenberg
authors.forename: M A A P
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Willemsen
authors.forename: P B H
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Geurtz
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lammens
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Verrijp
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wilmer
authors.forename: W T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Wevers
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Verbeek
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D001142:Aromatic-L-Amino-Acid Decarboxylases / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D019389:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6 / Q000378:metabolism; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D004298:Dopamine / Q000652:urine*; D005260:Female; D056726:Genetic Association Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007672:Kidney Cortex / Q000201:enzymology; D008297:Male; D014442:Monophenol Monooxygenase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D014439:Tyramine / Q000378:metabolism; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014443:Tyrosine; D019389:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6; D014442:Monophenol Monooxygenase; D001142:Aromatic-L-Amino-Acid Decarboxylases; C008404:3-methoxytyrosine; D004298:Dopamine; D014439:Tyramine