title: Continued improved wear with an annealed highly cross-linked polyethylene.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Highly cross-linked polyethylene (HXLPE), created by disrupting the molecular structure of polyethylene, then through the application of heat, encourages creation of new cross-links in the process, resulting in a material with improved wear resistance. The impetuses for this new technology were the unsatisfactory wear properties and subsequent osteolysis of noncross-linked polyethylene. A 72% reduction in wear using highly cross-linked polyethylenes (HXLPE) compared with conventional polyethylene at 5 years was described previously. The longest term followup studies on HXLPE range from 2 to 6 years.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We therefore addressed the following questions: (1) Does the improvement in wear observed at the earlier followup continue to 7 to 10 years? (2) What is the incidence of osteolysis in this group of patients and in the control group?
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed 38 prospectively followed patients who had 42 hips with an annealed HXLPE who were followed a minimum of 7 years (average, 8.6 years; SD=1; range, 7-10.3 years). Wear and osteolysis were compared with those of a control group of 39 patients (40 hips) from a US Investigational Device Exemption (IDE) prospective, randomized study begun in 1996 with conventional polyethylene and followed for a minimum of 6 years (average, 7.5 years; SD=1.1; range, 6-10.2 years). Linear head penetration was measured from AP radiographs at early, 1-year, 5-year, and most recent followups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At the average followup, annual linear wear was 0.031 mm (SD=0.014) for the HXLPE and 0.141 mm (SD=0.080) for the control group, a 78% reduction. No mechanical failure of the polyethylene was noted in either group. Incidence of osteolysis was 50% in the control group (all lesions confined to proximal Gruen Zones 1 and 7) compared with no cases in the investigational group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We observed an improvement in wear and no mechanical failures with this annealed material.
  
  
  METHODS
  Level III, therapeutic study. See Guidelines for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
authors.affiliation: Indiana University School of Medicine, 541 Clinical Drive, Suite 600, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA. wcapello@iupui.edu
authors.forename: William N
authors.initials: WN
authors.lastname: Capello
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: D'Antonio
authors.forename: Rama
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ramakrishnan
authors.forename: Marybeth
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Naughton
mesh_terms: D019644:Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D005260:Female; D005270:Femur Head / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006622:Hip Prosthesis; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007196:Indiana / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010014:Osteolysis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D011095:Polyethylenes / Q000737:chemistry; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D011475:Prosthesis Failure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011859:Radiography; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents; D011095:Polyethylenes