title: Male hormonal contraception.
abstract: The principle of hormonal male contraception based on suppression of gonadotropins and spermatogenesis has been established over the last three decades. All hormonal male contraceptives use testosterone, but only in East Asian men can testosterone alone suppress spermatogenesis to a level compatible with contraceptive protection. In Caucasians, additional agents are required of which progestins are favored. Current clinical trials concentrate on testosterone combined with norethisterone, desogestrel, etonogestrel, DMPA, or nestorone. The first randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial performed by the pharmaceutical industry demonstrated the effectiveness of a combination of testosterone undecanoate and etonogestrel in suppressing spermatogenesis in volunteers.
authors.affiliation: Centre of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology of the University, WHO Collaboration Centre for Research in Male Reproduction, Domagkstr. 11, 48149, Münster, Germany. Eberhard.Nieschlag@ukmuenster.de
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nieschlag
mesh_terms: D000728:Androgens / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D003267:Contraception; D003272:Contraceptive Agents, Male / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003278:Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011372:Progestins / Q000494:pharmacology; D011966:Receptors, LHRH / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors
chemical_list: D000728:Androgens; D003272:Contraceptive Agents, Male; D003278:Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal; D011372:Progestins; D011966:Receptors, LHRH