title: Update on lymphocyte specific kinase inhibitors: a patent survey.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lck (p56(lck) or lymphocyte specific kinase) is a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase of the Src family expressed in T cells and natural killer (NK) cells. Genetic evidence from knockout mice and human mutations demonstrates that Lck kinase activity is critical for T cell receptor (TCR)-mediated signaling, leading to normal T-cell development and activation. Selective inhibition of Lck is expected to offer a new therapy for the treatment of T-cell-mediated autoimmune and inflammatory disorders and/or organ transplant rejection.
  
  
  METHODS
  This review covers the patents, patent applications and associated publications for small molecule kinase inhibitors of Lck since 2005 and attempts to place them in context from a structural point of view.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Readers will gain an overview of the structural classes and binding modes of Lck inhibitors, the major players in this area and an insight into the current state of the field.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The search for a potent and orally active inhibitor of Lck has been an intense area of research for a number of years. Despite tremendous efforts, the identification of a highly selective and potent Lck inhibitor suitable for use as an immunosuppressive agent remains elusive.
authors.affiliation: Amgen, Inc., Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA. matthew.martin@amgen.com
authors.forename: Matthew W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Michelle R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Machacek
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D015195:Drug Design; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D019860:Lymphocyte Specific Protein Tyrosine Kinase p56(lck) / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D016377:Organ Transplantation / Q000379:methods; D010330:Patents as Topic; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011948:Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D011948:Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell; D019860:Lymphocyte Specific Protein Tyrosine Kinase p56(lck)