title: Associations between school meals offered through the National School Lunch Program and the School Breakfast Program and fruit and vegetable intake among ethnically diverse, low-income children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite evidence in support of the health benefits associated with fruit and vegetable (FV) intake, national data indicate that FV consumption among school-aged children is below recommended levels, particularly among low-income children. School meals offered through the School Breakfast Program and National School Lunch Program can provide an important contribution to child FV intake. This study examines the proportion of fruits and vegetables consumed from school meals programs among ethnically diverse, low socioeconomic status children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants (n = 103) included fourth to sixth grade boys and girls from 4 urban elementary schools in St. Paul, Minnesota serving primarily low-income populations. Research staff interviewed children during school hours and recorded dietary intake via 24-hour recall. Analysis included descriptive statistics using cross tabulations and means.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Average reported mean (SD) daily FV intake was 3.6 (2.5) servings, with 80% of children consuming fewer than 5 daily servings of FV. On average, children consumed over half of their daily FV intake within school. Children with low FV intake (<5 FV servings daily) consumed a higher proportion of their daily intake at school than children with higher FV intake (≥5 FV servings daily) (39% vs 59%; p = .002).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Child FV intake is below recommended levels. School meals provide an important contribution to the daily FV intake among ethnically diverse, low socioeconomic status children, particularly among those with the lowest FV intake. School meals programs promoting FV intake within the school environment may provide an opportunity to encourage increased FV consumption.
authors.affiliation: Nutrition Department, College of Saint Benedict & Saint John's University, St. Joseph, MN 56374, USA. rrobinsonobrien@csbsju.edu
authors.forename: Ramona
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Robinson-O'Brien
authors.forename: Teri
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Burgess-Champoux
authors.forename: Jess
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Haines
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Hannan
authors.forename: Dianne
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Neumark-Sztainer
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002664:Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D002669:Child Welfare; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D018864:Cultural Diversity; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005522:Food Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data* / Q000639:trends; D005638:Fruit; D006266:Health Education; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011939:Mental Recall; D009752:Nutritional Status; D011203:Poverty; D015397:Program Evaluation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014481:United States; D014675:Vegetables