title: Ordinal scoring of coronary artery calcifications on low-dose CT scans of the chest is predictive of death from cardiovascular disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the usefulness of ordinal scoring of the visual assessment of coronary artery calcification (CAC) on low-dose computed tomographic (CT) scans of the chest in the prediction of cardiovascular death.
  
  
  METHODS
  All participants consented to low-dose CT screening according to an institutional review board-approved protocol. The amount of CAC was assessed on ungated low-dose CT scans of the chest obtained between June 2000 and December 2005 in a cohort of 8782 smokers aged 40-85 years. The four main coronary arteries were visually scored, and each participant received a CAC score of 0-12. The date and cause of death was obtained by using the National Death Index. Follow-up time (median, 72.3 months; range, 0.3-91.9 months) was calculated as the time between CT and death, loss to follow-up, or December 31, 2007, whichever came first. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the risk of mortality according to CAC category adjusted for age, pack-years of cigarette smoking, and sex. The same analysis to determine the hazard ratio for survival from cardiac death was performed by using Cox regression analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The rate of cardiovascular deaths increased with an increasing CAC score and was 1.2% (43 of 3573 subjects) for a score of 0, 1.8% (66 of 3569 subjects) for a score of 1-3, 5.0% (51 of 1015 subjects) for a score of 4-6, and 5.3% (33 of 625 subjects) for a score of 7-12. With use of subjects with a CAC score of 0 as the reference group, a CAC score of at least 4 was a significant predictor of cardiovascular death (odds ratio [OR], 4.7; 95% confidence interval: 3.3, 6.8; P < .0001); when adjusted for sex, age, and pack-years of smoking, the CAC score remained significant (OR, 2.1; 95% confidence interval: 1.4, 3.1; P = .0002).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Visual assessment of CAC on low-dose CT scans provides clinically relevant quantitative information as to cardiovascular death.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Grace Ballas Cardiac Research Unit, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Tel Aviv, Israel.
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shemesh
authors.forename: Claudia I
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Henschke
authors.forename: Dorith
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Shaham
authors.forename: Rowena
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yip
authors.forename: Ali O
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Farooqi
authors.forename: Matthew D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Cham
authors.forename: Dorothy I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: McCauley
authors.forename: Mildred
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: James P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Daniel M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Libby
authors.forename: Mark W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Pasmantier
authors.forename: David F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Yankelevitz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000401:mortality; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000401:mortality*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000401:mortality*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed