title: Simvastatin inhibited cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice fed a "Western-style diet" by increasing PPAR α and γ expression and reducing TC, MMP-9, and Cat S levels.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The examine the cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice (ApoE-/- mice) fed a "Western-style diet" and the effect of simvastatin intervention.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male ApoE-/- mice (n=36) were fed a "Western-style diet" from the age of 8 weeks. After 16 weeks, they were randomly given either simvastatin (25 mg·kg⁻¹·d⁻¹) or normal saline (control group) by gavage for 8, 16, or 24 weeks. The left ventricular (LV) wall thickness and diameter of the myocardial cells were determined with Hematoxylin-Eosin stain, and the level of fibrosis of the myocardial matrix was assessed with Masson stain. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting analysis were used to determine the mRNA and protein expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), Cathepsin S (Cat S), and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) in the myocardium of ApoE-/- mice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ApoE-/- mice fed a "Western-style diet" showed an significant age-dependent increase in total cholesterol (TC), LV wall thickness, myocardial cell diameter and LV collagen content (P<0.05). The simvastatin treatment group showed significantly reduced LV wall thickness, myocardial cell diameters and LV collagen content at 40 weeks when compared with the control group (P<0.05). Furthermore, treatment with simvastatin also significantly inhibited the mRNA and protein expressions of MMP-9 and Cat S as well as increased the mRNA and protein expressions of PPAR alpha and PPAR gamma at 32 and 40 weeks compared with the control group (P<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ApoE-/- mice fed a "Western-style diet" had cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis, which worsened with age. Simvastatin treatment inhibits the development of cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis, and this effect may be mediated through increased levels of PPAR alpha and PPAR gamma and reduced levels of TC, MMP-9, and Cat S.
authors.affiliation: Beijing An Zhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, China.
authors.forename: Yan-wen
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Qin
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.forename: Ji-qiang
authors.initials: JQ
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sheng
authors.forename: Lu-ya
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Du
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001057:Apolipoproteins E / Q000235:genetics*; D006332:Cardiomegaly / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002403:Cathepsins / Q000378:metabolism*; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000378:metabolism*; D004032:Diet; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005355:Fibrosis; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D047493:PPAR alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000378:metabolism; D047492:Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors / Q000378:metabolism*; D019821:Simvastatin / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D001057:Apolipoproteins E; D004041:Dietary Fats; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; D047493:PPAR alpha; D047495:PPAR gamma; D047492:Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors; D002784:Cholesterol; D019821:Simvastatin; D002403:Cathepsins; C028217:cathepsin S; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9