title: Fine-resolution voxel S values for constructing absorbed dose distributions at variable voxel size.
abstract: This article presents a revised voxel S values (VSVs) approach for dosimetry in targeted radiotherapy, allowing dose calculation for any voxel size and shape of a given SPECT or PET dataset. This approach represents an update to the methodology presented in MIRD pamphlet no. 17.
  
  
  METHODS
  VSVs were generated in soft tissue with a fine spatial sampling using the Monte Carlo (MC) code MCNPX for particle emissions of 9 radionuclides: (18)F, (90)Y, (99m)Tc, (111)In, (123)I, (131)I, (177)Lu, (186)Re, and (201)Tl. A specific resampling algorithm was developed to compute VSVs for desired voxel dimensions. The dose calculation was performed by convolution via a fast Hartley transform. The fine VSVs were calculated for cubic voxels of 0.5 mm for electrons and 1.0 mm for photons. Validation studies were done for (90)Y and (131)I VSV sets by comparing the revised VSV approach to direct MC simulations. The first comparison included 20 spheres with different voxel sizes (3.8-7.7 mm) and radii (4-64 voxels) and the second comparison a hepatic tumor with cubic voxels of 3.8 mm. MC simulations were done with MCNPX for both. The third comparison was performed on 2 clinical patients with the 3D-RD (3-Dimensional Radiobiologic Dosimetry) software using the EGSnrc (Electron Gamma Shower National Research Council Canada)-based MC implementation, assuming a homogeneous tissue-density distribution.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the sphere model study, the mean relative difference in the average absorbed dose was 0.20% ± 0.41% for (90)Y and -0.36% ± 0.51% for (131)I (n = 20). For the hepatic tumor, the difference in the average absorbed dose to tumor was 0.33% for (90)Y and -0.61% for (131)I and the difference in average absorbed dose to the liver was 0.25% for (90)Y and -1.35% for (131)I. The comparison with the 3D-RD software showed an average voxel-to-voxel dose ratio between 0.991 and 0.996. The calculation time was below 10 s with the VSV approach and 50 and 15 h with 3D-RD for the 2 clinical patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This new VSV approach enables the calculation of absorbed dose based on a SPECT or PET cumulated activity map, with good agreement with direct MC methods, in a faster and more clinically compatible manner.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, Beaujon Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Clichy, France. arnaud.dieudonne@bjn.aphp.fr
authors.forename: Arnaud
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dieudonné
authors.forename: Robert F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Hobbs
authors.forename: Wesley E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Bolch
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sgouros
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Gardin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003198:Computer Simulation; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D009928:Organ Specificity; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011868:Radioisotopes / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D011874:Radiometry / Q000379:methods*; D014915:Whole-Body Counting / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D011868:Radioisotopes