title: Acute rejection of small intestine allografts is associated with increased expression of toll-like receptors.
abstract: Although outcomes after intestinal transplantation have steadily improved owing to advances in immunosuppressive therapy, operative techniques, and postoperative medical management, rejection of the intestinal allograft continues to be a major clinical problem and constitutes the primary reason for graft loss. Although the adaptive immune system has been the major focus of investigation regarding regulation of rejection of the intestinal allograft, the role of the innate immune system has recently become of increased interest. We hypothesized that microbial products of the microflora associated with the intestinal allograft may engage the Toll-like receptor pathway of the innate immune system to potentiate alloimmune responses and rejection of the allograft. To investigate this, we established a murine model for orthotopic intestinal transplantation and allograft rejection. Using this model, we show that the expression of Toll-like receptor 2 is increased 50-fold and the expression of Toll-like receptor 4 is increased 200-fold during rejection of the allograft. We then performed survival studies that showed increased survival of mice, which had the Toll-like receptor knocked out. These preliminary studies suggest an important role for in innate immune system in acute rejection of the small intestinal allografts, and as such represents an emerging and promising area of investigation.
authors.affiliation: Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, USA. ricardo.castillo@stanford.edu
authors.forename: R O
authors.initials: RO
authors.lastname: Castillo
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Higgins
authors.forename: C O
authors.initials: CO
authors.lastname: Esquivel
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Krams
authors.forename: O M
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: Martinez
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000818:Animals; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000473:pathology / Q000637:transplantation*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D023421:Models, Animal; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2 / Q000235:genetics; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4 / Q000235:genetics; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors / Q000235:genetics*; D014184:Transplantation, Homologous / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; C493486:Tlr2 protein, mouse; C493487:Tlr4 protein, mouse; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors