title: Impact of source-production revision on the dose-rate constant of 131Cs interstitial brachytherapy sources.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Since its introduction in 2004, the model CS-1 Rev.1 131Cs source has been used in many radiation therapy clinics for prostate brachytherapy. In 2006, this source model underwent a Rev.2 production revision. The aim of this work was to investigate the dosimetric influences of the Rev.2 production revision using high-resolution photon spectrometry.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three CS-1 Rev.1 and three CS-1 Rev.2 131Cs sources were used in this study. The relative photon energy spectrum emitted by each source in the transverse bisector of the source was measured using a high-resolution germanium detector designed for low-energy photon spectrometry. Based on the measured photon energy spectrum and the radioactivity distribution in the source, the dose-rate constant (lamda) of each source was determined. The effects of the Rev.2 production revision were quantified by comparing the emitted photon energy spectra and the lamda values determined for the sources manufactured before and after the production revision.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The relative photon energy spectrum originating from the principal emissions of 131Cs was found to be nearly identical before and after the Rev.2 revision. However, the portion of the spectrum originating from the production of fluorescent x rays in niobium, a trace element present in the source construction materials, was found to differ significantly between the Rev.1 and Rev.2 sources. The peak intensity of the Nb Kalpha and Nb Kbeta fluorescent x rays from the Rev.2 source was approximately 35% of that from the Rev.1 source. Consequently, the nominal lamda value of the Rev.2 source was found to be greater than that determined for the Rev.1 source by approximately 0.7% +/- 0.5%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A significant reduction (65%) in relative niobium fluorescent x-ray yield was observed in the Rev.2 131Cs sources. The impact of this reduction on the dose-rate constant was found to be small, with a relative difference of less than 1%. This study demonstrates that photon spectrometry can be used as a sensitive and convenient tool for monitoring and for quantifying the dosimetric effects of brachytherapy source-production revisions. Because production revision can change both the geometry and the atomic composition of brachytherapy sources, its dosimetric impact should be carefully monitored and evaluated for each production revision.
authors.affiliation: Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA. zhe.chen@yale.edu
authors.forename: Zhe
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bongiorni
authors.forename: Ravinder
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nath
mesh_terms: D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000379:methods*; D002588:Cesium Radioisotopes / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017785:Photons; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage
chemical_list: D002588:Cesium Radioisotopes