title: A meta-analysis of the efficacy of laser phototherapy on pain relief.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Laser phototherapy has been widely used to relieve pain for more than 30 years, but its efficacy remains controversial. To ascertain the overall effect of phototherapy on pain, we aggregated the literature and subjected the studies to statistical meta-analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Relevant original studies were gathered from every available source and coded. Articles that met preestablished inclusion criteria were subjected to statistical meta-analysis, using Cohen's d statistic to determine treatment effect sizes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-two effect sizes were computed from the 22 articles that met the inclusion criteria. The resulting overall mean effect size was highly significant; d = +0.84 (95% confidence interval = 0.44-1.23). The effect size remained significant even when a high outlying d value was conservatively excluded from the analysis; d = +0.66 (95% confidence interval = 0.46-0.86). The fail-safe number associated with the overall treatment effect, that is, the number of additional studies in which phototherapy has negative or no effect on pain needed to negate the overall large effect size of +0.84, was 348.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings warrant the conclusion that laser phototherapy effectively relieves pain of various etiologies; making it a valuable addition to contemporary pain management armamentarium.
authors.affiliation: College of Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA.
authors.forename: Andras M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Fulop
authors.forename: Seema
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dhimmer
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Deluca
authors.forename: David D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Johanson
authors.forename: Richard V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Lenz
authors.forename: Keyuri B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Peter C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Douris
authors.forename: Chukuka S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Enwemeka
mesh_terms: D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D016208:Databases, Factual / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D028022:Low-Level Light Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D015201:Meta-Analysis as Topic; D059408:Pain Management; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D016896:Treatment Outcome