title: Treatment of systolic heart failure in the elderly: an evidence-based review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review relevant literature supporting the use of β-blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), diuretics, digoxin, aldosterone antagonists, and vasodilators in the management of heart failure in an elderly patient population aged ≥65 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  PubMed, EMBASE, and MEDLINE searches (January 1960-April 2010) were utilized to identify primary literature using the key terms heart failure, treatment, and elderly. Additionally, reference citations from publications identified were utilized, as well as the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Heart Failure in the Adult.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary and tertiary literature, including subgroup analyses, published in English and relating to the use of pharmacotherapy in the treatment of systolic heart failure in the elderly was reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The aging of the US population is creating a higher prevalence of systolic heart failure in the elderly. Most clinical trials have established the mortality and morbidity benefit of pharmacotherapy in heart failure in nonelderly patients; however, the current ACC/AHA guidelines do not clearly delineate this benefit in persons ≥65 years of age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinical trial data, based on limited numbers of individuals aged ≥65 years, suggest that use of β-blockers, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, aldosterone antagonists, and vasodilators (hydralazine/nitrates) have similar mortality benefit to that observed in younger patients. As supported in the ACC/AHA guidelines, these agents should be prescribed with clinical judgment to all elderly patients, with close monitoring for adverse events. Future clinical trials with greater inclusion of patients ≥65 years will help to elucidate the magnitude of benefits of optimal pharmacotherapy on mortality and morbidity rates in this population.
authors.affiliation: Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, USA. sarif@midwestern.edu
authors.forename: Sally A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Arif
authors.forename: Kari A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Mergenhagen
authors.forename: Roberto O Diaz
authors.initials: RO
authors.lastname: Del Carpio
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ho
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D057911:Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002317:Cardiovascular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004077:Digoxin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004232:Diuretics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D054143:Heart Failure, Systolic / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D000451:Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D057911:Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents; D002317:Cardiovascular Agents; D004232:Diuretics; D000451:Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D004077:Digoxin