title: [Progress in diagnosis and treatment of chronic disorders of achilles tendon].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the progress in the diagnosis and treatment of chronic disorders of achilles tendon.
  
  
  METHODS
  Recent literature concerning the diagnosis and treatment of chronic disorders of achilles tendon was reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ultrasonography and MRI were commonly used for diagnoses, and MRI could provide extensive information for the choice of therapy protocol. Nonsurgical therapy was the mainstay of treatment for most patients with overuse syndromes, surgical techniques for patients due to no effect in the conservative treatment and with chronic rupture, the clinical treatment project should be determined based on the clinical evaluation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The surgical indication of chronic disorders of achilles tendon remains controversial, the long-term results of each treatment method are unknown, the randomized prospective studies are still required.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, PR China.
authors.forename: Hongmou
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Guangrong
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Yu
mesh_terms: D000125:Achilles Tendon; D002908:Chronic Disease; D006801:Humans; D013708:Tendon Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy*