title: Body uneasiness, eating disorders, and muscle dysmorphia in individuals who overexercise.
abstract: This study aimed to investigate exercise dependence, body and eating concerns of active individuals in relation to muscle dysmorphia (MD) and eating disorders (EDs). One hundred and thirty-four active individuals (86 men, 48 women) and 20 ED women were divided into 4 groups according to their sex and the difference between their actual and desired body weight (group A: men who wanted to gain weight; group B: men who wanted to lose weight; group C: women who wanted to lose weight; group D: ED women). The Eating Disorder Inventory 2, Body Uneasiness Test, and Muscle Dysmorphia Inventory questionnaires were administered. All women desired to reduce their body weight, whereas 55% of men wanted to increase their muscle mass, also using anabolic steroids and food integrators. All groups showed a similar use of diuretics and laxatives (range 10-21%). The findings highlighted the presence of minor body image disorders in groups B and C. Conversely, body image was remarkably altered in groups D and A. Recognizing main MD traits, physical trainers should recommend further psychological counseling. Information should also be provided to gym clients regarding the health risks associated with purgative behaviors, use of steroids, and abuse of food supplements.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy. segura@unicz.it
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Segura-García
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ammendolia
authors.forename: Leonardo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Procopio
authors.forename: Maria C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Papaianni
authors.forename: Flora
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sinopoli
authors.forename: Carmelina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bianco
authors.forename: Pasquale
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: De Fazio
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Capranica
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D057215:Body Dysmorphic Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D001828:Body Image; D001835:Body Weight / Q000502:physiology; D015444:Exercise / Q000523:psychology*; D001068:Feeding and Eating Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011581:Psychological Tests; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult