[Diagnostic procedure for bladder cancer. Standards and current developments].
Urinary cytology and white light endoscopy have been the gold standard for initial diagnosis of bladder cancer for decades. Furthermore the use of imaging techniques, such as ultrasound or CT scanning can be necessary in certain cases. This article gives an overview on standard diagnostic techniques and introduces new optical diagnostic technologies, such as Raman spectroscopy, optical coherence tomography, narrow band imaging and confocal laser microscopy, which could play a role in the diagnosis of bladder cancer in the future. Furthermore the current indications for photodynamic diagnoses are discussed.
Karl
A
A
Klinik und Poliklinik für Urologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 München. Alexander.Karl@med.uni-muenchen.de
Tritschler
S
S
Zaak
D
D
Tilki
D
D
Stief
C
C
Burger
M
M
D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D003558:Cystoscopy; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging; D006801:Humans; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology