title: Ecological and sociodemographic effects on urinary catecholamine excretion in adult Samoans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ecological and sociodemographic correlates of stress may contribute to cardiovascular disease risk in modernizing Samoans.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The effects of peri-urban vs rural residence, education, occupation, caffeine intake and cigarette consumption on urinary catecholamine excretion were studied in Samoan adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five hundred and seven participants, aged 29-69 years, were randomly selected from nine villages throughout Samoa. Sociodemographic and lifestyle factors were assessed by questionnaire. Epinephrine and norepinephrine excretion rates were measured by high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection in overnight urine samples. Age ( ≤ 40 vs >40 years) and gender-specific regression models were estimated to detect associations with BMI-adjusted catecholamine excretion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Norepinephrine was significantly higher in peri-urban young men and older women. Epinephrine was significantly higher in peri-urban older men. Adjustment for caffeine attenuated the relationship between residence and norepinephrine in young women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  General residential exposure to modernization in urban villages is a significant correlate of increased overnight catecholamine excretion rates and is consistent with past studies. Caffeine consumption in younger women plays a complex role in stress-related catecholamine excretion. Further studies of individual level attitudinal and behavioural factors in Samoans are needed to understand psychosocial stress, physiologic arousal and health.
authors.affiliation: International Health Institute, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
authors.forename: Meredith R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Bergey
authors.forename: Matthew S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Steele
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Bereiter
authors.forename: Satupaitea
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Viali
authors.forename: Stephen T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: McGarvey
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002110:Caffeine / Q000009:adverse effects; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003710:Demography; D055669:Ecological and Environmental Phenomena; D004522:Educational Status; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000652:urine*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style / Q000208:ethnology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000652:urine*; D012306:Risk; D012424:Rural Population; D018947:Samoa / Q000453:epidemiology; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D012922:Social Change; D012923:Social Class; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014505:Urban Population
chemical_list: D002110:Caffeine; D009638:Norepinephrine; D004837:Epinephrine