title: Why women apologize more than men: gender differences in thresholds for perceiving offensive behavior.
abstract: Despite wide acceptance of the stereotype that women apologize more readily than men, there is little systematic evidence to support this stereotype or its supposed bases (e.g., men's fragile egos). We designed two studies to examine whether gender differences in apology behavior exist and, if so, why. In Study 1, participants reported in daily diaries all offenses they committed or experienced and whether an apology had been offered. Women reported offering more apologies than men, but they also reported committing more offenses. There was no gender difference in the proportion of offenses that prompted apologies. This finding suggests that men apologize less frequently than women because they have a higher threshold for what constitutes offensive behavior. In Study 2, we tested this threshold hypothesis by asking participants to evaluate both imaginary and recalled offenses. As predicted, men rated the offenses as less severe than women did. These different ratings of severity predicted both judgments of whether an apology was deserved and actual apology behavior.
authors.affiliation: University of Waterloo, Department of Psychology, 200 University Ave. West, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2l 3G1. kschuman@artsmail.uwaterloo.ca
authors.forename: Karina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schumann
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ross
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D005783:Gender Identity; D006801:Humans; D007092:Imagination; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D007600:Judgment; D008297:Male; D011939:Mental Recall; D012919:Social Behavior; D012938:Social Perception; D012941:Social Responsibility; D012945:Social Values; D013240:Stereotyping; D055815:Young Adult