title: Epidemiologic surveillance of nosocomial infections in a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit of a developing country.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nosocomial Infections (NI) are a frequent and relevant problem. The purpose of this study was to determine the epidemiology of the three most common NI in a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit from a developing country.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a prospective study in a single Pediatric Intensive Care Unit during 12 months. Children were assessed for 3 NI: bloodstream infections (BSI), ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) and urinary tract infections (UTI), according to Center for Disease Control criteria. Use of devices (endotracheal tube [ETT], central venous catheter [CVC] and urinary catheter [UC]) was recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four hundred fourteen patients were admitted; 81 patients (19.5%) developed 85 NIs. Density of incidence of BSI, VAP and UTI was 18.1, 7.9 and 5.1/1000 days of use of CVC, ETT and UC respectively. BSI was more common in children with CVCs than in those without CVCs (20% vs. 4.7%, p < 0.05). Candida spp. was the commonest microorganism in BSI (41%), followed by Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (17%). Pseudomonas (52%) was the most common germ for VAP and Candida (71%) for UTI. The presence of NI was associated with increased mortality (38.2% vs. 20.4% in children without NI; p < 0.001) and the median length of ICU stay (23 vs. 6 days in children without NI; p < 0.001). Children with NI had longer average hospital stay previous to diagnosis of this condition (12.3 vs. 6 days; p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  One of every 5 children acquires an NI in the PICU. Its presence was associated with increased mortality and length of stay. At the same time a longer stay was associated with an increased risk of developing NI.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Intensivist, Master in Medicine, Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño and Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal, Lima, Peru.
authors.forename: María R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Becerra
authors.forename: José A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Tantaleán
authors.forename: Víctor J
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: Suárez
authors.forename: Margarita C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Alvarado
authors.forename: Jorge L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Candela
authors.forename: Flor C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Urcia
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003906:Developing Countries; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D015278:Intensive Care Units, Pediatric; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000639:trends; D008297:Male; D010568:Peru / Q000453:epidemiology; D011446:Prospective Studies