title: A proteasome inhibitor, bortezomib, inhibits breast cancer growth and reduces osteolysis by downregulating metastatic genes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The incidence of bone metastasis in advanced breast cancer (BrCa) exceeds 70%. Bortezomib, a proteasome inhibitor used for the treatment of multiple myeloma, also promotes bone formation. We tested the hypothesis that proteasome inhibitors can ameliorate BrCa osteolytic disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  To address the potentially beneficial effect of bortezomib in reducing tumor growth in the skeleton and counteracting bone osteolysis, human MDA-MB-231 BrCa cells were injected into the tibia of mice to model bone tumor growth for in vivo assessment of treatment regimens before and after tumor growth.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Controls exhibited tumor growth, destroying trabecular and cortical bone and invading muscle. Bortezomib treatment initiated following inoculation of tumor cells strikingly reduced tumor growth, restricted tumor cells mainly to the marrow cavity, and almost completely inhibited osteolysis in the bone microenvironment over a 3- to 4-week period as shown by [(18)F]fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography, micro-computed tomography scanning, radiography, and histology. Thus, proteasome inhibition is effective in killing tumor cells within the bone. Pretreatment with bortezomib for 3 weeks before inoculation of tumor cells was also effective in reducing osteolysis. Our in vitro and in vivo studies indicate that mechanisms by which bortezomib inhibits tumor growth and reduces osteolysis result from inhibited cell proliferation, necrosis, and decreased expression of factors that promote BrCa tumor progression in bone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings provide a basis for a novel strategy to treat patients with BrCa osteolytic lesions, and represent an approach for protecting the entire skeleton from metastatic bone disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA.
authors.forename: Marci D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Julie C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Thomas K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Barthel
authors.forename: Sadiq
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hussain
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lovria
authors.forename: Dengfeng
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Jesse A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Schoonmaker
authors.forename: Sudhanshu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mulay
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Ayers
authors.forename: Mary L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Bouxsein
authors.forename: Gary S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.forename: Siddhartha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mukherjee
authors.forename: Jane B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Lian
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001897:Boronic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000069286:Bortezomib; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D048708:Cell Growth Processes / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D016513:Mice, SCID; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D010014:Osteolysis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000379:methods; D011480:Protease Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011719:Pyrazines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D001897:Boronic Acids; D011480:Protease Inhibitors; D011719:Pyrazines; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; D000069286:Bortezomib