title: Traits contributing to the autistic spectrum.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is increasingly recognised that traits associated with autism reflect a spectrum with no clear boundary between typical and atypical behaviour. Dimensional traits are needed to investigate the broader autism phenotype.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ninety-three individual measures reflecting components of social, communication and repetitive behaviours characterising autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) were identified between the ages of 6 months and 9 years from the ALSPAC database. Using missing value imputation, data for 13,138 children were analysed. Factor analysis suggested the existence of 7 factors explaining 85% of the variance. The factors were labelled: verbal ability, language acquisition, social understanding, semantic-pragmatic skills, repetitive-stereotyped behaviour, articulation and social inhibition. Four factors (1, 3, 5 and 7) were specific to ASD being more strongly associated with this phenotype than other co-morbid conditions while other factors were more associated with learning difficulties and specific language impairment. Nevertheless, all 7 factors contributed independently to the explanation of ASD (p<0.001). Exploration of putative genetic causal factors such as variants in the CNTNAP2 gene showed a varying pattern of associations with these traits. An alternative predictive model of ASD was derived using four individual measures: the coherence subscale of the Children's Communication Checklist (9y), the Social and Communication Disorders Checklist (91 m), repetitive behaviour (69 m) and the sociability subscale of the Emotionality Activity and Sociability measure (38 m). Although univarably these traits performed better than some factors, their combined explanations of ASD were similar (R(2) =  0.48).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results support the fractional nature of ASD with different aetiological origins for these components despite pleiotropic genetic effects being observed. These traits are likely to be useful in the exploration of ASD.
authors.affiliation: Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom. Colin.Steer@bristol.ac.uk
authors.forename: Colin D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Steer
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Golding
authors.forename: Patrick F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Bolton
mesh_terms: D001321:Autistic Disorder / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003142:Communication; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007858:Learning; D008297:Male; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D019655:Quantitative Trait, Heritable; D012919:Social Behavior