title: Investigation of the dosimetric impact of a Ni-Ti fiducial marker in carbon ion and proton beams.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Fiducial markers based on a removable stent are currently used in image guided radiotherapy. Here it is investigated what the possible dosimetric impact of such a marker could be, if used in proton or carbon ion treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  The simulations have been done using the Monte Carlo particle transport code FLUKA with its default hadron therapy settings. A 3 cm long stent is approximated in FLUKA by stacking hollow tori. To simulate realistic clinical conditions a field 5 × 5 cm has been used, delivering a 5 cm wide spread out Bragg peak located 5 cm deep for protons and carbon ions. For protons fields mimicking active and passive beam delivery have been investigated. The stent has been arranged perpendicular, turned 45 degrees, and parallel to the beam axis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The position of the 95% dose level shifts for carbon ions 7 mm in proximal direction for the marker perpendicular to the beam and 8 mm if the stent is turned 45 degree for a 1 × 1 cm dose binning on the centre beam axis. For the case where the stent was parallel to beam direction the 95% dose level shifts 26 mm. For active delivered protons, the shift of the 95% dose level is less. The shift for a perpendicular arranged marker is 6 mm, for 45 degrees turned it is 7 mm. For the case where the stent was oriented parallel to the beam, the observed shift is 21 mm. Dose inhomogeneities caused by straggling effects occur only near the distal edge of the field.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of our investigations show that the Ni-Ti marker has a non negligible impact on the dose distributions for the used radiation types. However if the treatment plan rules out narrow angles between symmetry axis of the stent and the beam direction, this may be compensated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Clinical Oncology, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark. rhe@phys.au.dk
authors.forename: Rochus
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Herrmann
authors.forename: Jesper
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Carl
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Jäkel
authors.forename: Niels
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bassler
authors.forename: Jørgen B B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Petersen
mesh_terms: D002244:Carbon / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000532:radiotherapy; D003198:Computer Simulation; D054893:Cone-Beam Computed Tomography / Q000379:methods*; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D057918:Fiducial Markers; D006801:Humans; D007477:Ions / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D009532:Nickel / Q000737:chemistry; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000532:radiotherapy; D061766:Proton Therapy; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011874:Radiometry / Q000379:methods; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D015607:Stents; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry; D014867:Water / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D007477:Ions; D014867:Water; C040654:titanium nickelide; D002244:Carbon; D009532:Nickel; D014025:Titanium