title: Neurofeedback in children with ADHD: specific event-related potential findings of a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In a randomized controlled trial, we could demonstrate clinical efficacy of neurofeedback (NF) training for children with ADHD (Gevensleben et al., 2009a). The present investigation aimed at learning more about the neuronal mechanisms of NF training.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children with ADHD either completed a NF training or a computerized attention skills training (ratio 3:2). NF training consisted of one block of theta/beta training and one block of slow cortical potential (SCP) training, each comprising 18 training units. At three times (pre-training, between the two training blocks and at post-training), event-related potentials (ERP) were recorded during the Attention Network Test. ERP analysis focused on the P3, reflecting inter alia attentional resources for stimulus evaluation, and the contingent negative variation (CNV), primarily related to cognitive preparation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After NF training, an increase of the CNV in cue trials could be observed, which was specific for the SCP training. A larger pre-training CNV was associated with a larger reduction of ADHD symptomatology for SCP training.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CNV effects reflect neuronal circuits underlying resource allocation during cognitive preparation. These distinct ERP effects are closely related to a successful NF training in children with ADHD. In future studies, neurophysiological recordings could help to optimize and individualize NF training.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying NF training in children with ADHD.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schwabachanlage 6+10, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wangler
authors.forename: Holger
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gevensleben
authors.forename: Björn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Albrecht
authors.forename: Petra
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Studer
authors.forename: Aribert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rothenberger
authors.forename: Gunther H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Moll
authors.forename: Hartmut
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Heinrich
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002648:Child; D003265:Contingent Negative Variation; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005071:Evoked Potentials / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D058765:Neurofeedback; D009474:Neurons / Q000502:physiology; D012044:Regression Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome