title: Remote ischemic preconditioning in human coronary artery bypass surgery: from promise to disappointment?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We assessed whether remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) improves myocardial, renal, and lung protection after on-pump coronary surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This was a single-center, prospective, randomized (1:1), placebo-controlled trial. Patients, investigators, anesthetists, surgeons, and critical care teams were blinded to group allocation. Subjects received RIPC (or placebo) stimuli (×3 upper limb (or dummy arm), 5-minute cycles of 200 mm Hg cuff inflation/deflation) before aortic clamping. Anesthesia, perfusion, cardioplegia, and surgical techniques were standardized. The primary end point was 48-hour area under the curve (AUC) troponin T (cTnT) release. Secondary end points were 6-hour and peak cTnT, ECG changes, cardiac index, inotrope and vasoconstrictor use, renal dysfunction, and lung injury. Hospital survival was 99.4%. Comparing placebo and RIPC, median (interquartile range) AUC 48-hour cTnT (ng/mL(-1)/48 h(-1)); 28 (19, 39) versus 30 (22, 38), 6-hour cTnT (ng/mL(-1)); 0.93(0.59, 1.35) versus 1.01(0.72, 1.43), peak cTnT (ng/mL(-1)); 1.02 (0.74, 1.44) versus 1.04 (0.78, 1.51), de novo left bundle-branch block (4% versus 0%) and Q waves (5.3% versus 5.5%), serial cardiac indices, intraaortic balloon pump usage (8.5% versus 7.5%), inotrope (39% versus 50%) and vasoconstrictor usage (66% versus 64%) were not different. Dialysis requirement (1.2% versus 3.8%), peak creatinine (median [interquartile range], 1.2 mg/dL(-1) (1.1, 1.4) versus 1.2 (1.0, 1.4)), and AUC urinary albumin-creatinine ratios 69 (40, 112) versus 58 (32, 85) were not different. Intubation times; median (interquartile range), 937 minutes(766, 1402) versus 895(675, 1180), 6-hour; 278 (210, 338) versus 270 (218, 323) and 12-hour pO(2):FiO(2) ratios 255 (195, 323) versus 263 (210, 308) were similar.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In contrast to prior smaller studies, RIPC did not reduce troponin release, improve hemodynamics, or enhance renal or lung protection. Clinical Trial Registration-URL: http://www.ukcrn.org.uk. Unique identifier: 4659.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University Hospital Birmingham NHS Trust, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK.
authors.forename: Ishtiaq A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Rahman
authors.forename: Jorge G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Mascaro
authors.forename: Rick P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Steeds
authors.forename: Michael P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Frenneaux
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nightingale
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gosling
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Townsend
authors.forename: John N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Townend
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: Robert S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Bonser
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005112:Extracorporeal Circulation; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D019157:Ischemic Preconditioning, Myocardial; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control; D055370:Lung Injury / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012709:Serum Albumin / Q000032:analysis; D015996:Survival Rate; D013997:Time Factors; D020107:Troponin T / Q000097:blood; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D002316:Cardiotonic Agents; D012709:Serum Albumin; D020107:Troponin T; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D003404:Creatinine