title: Drug metabolism in hemorrhagic shock: pharmacokinetics of selective markers of cytochrome-P450 2C9, 2D6, and 3A4 enzyme activities in a porcine model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cytochrome-P450 enzymes metabolize most administered drugs. A variety of clinical conditions affect the CYP system. However, the effect of hemorrhagic shock on CYP-mediated drug metabolism in clinical setting or in clinically applicable in-vivo models is largely unknown. Simultaneous administration of multiple CYP enzyme-selective drugs is a technique to ascertain a population's metabolic profile with a limited number of subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pigs were used as experimental animals as they possess CYP functionality similar to humans. Three probe drugs (dextromethorphan [CYP2D6], flurbiprofen [CYP2C9], and midazolam [CYP3A4]; doses: 0.5, 0.25, and 0.5 mg/kg, respectively) were administered intravenously to six Yorkshire-crossbred pigs in healthy state. Hemorrhagic shock was induced in six (four from healthy group after a 7-d washout period and two additional) pigs and the same doses of probe drugs were administered after a 14-h resuscitation phase. Blood samples were collected periodically in both phases and analyzed for parent drugs and metabolites (dextrorphan, 4'-hydroxy-flurbiprofen and 1'-hydroxy-midazolam) to calculate pharmacokinetic parameters. A comprehensive set of biochemical and physiologic markers of shock was also recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No changes in parent drug clearances were observed post-shock. Extensive metabolite formation with apparent higher exposure to total (conjugated and unconjugated) dextrorphan (p = 0.08), 4'-hydroxy-flurbiprofen (p = 0.11) and 1'-hydroxy-midazolam (p = 0.09) were observed post-shock.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The metabolic capacity of CYP enzymes did not appear to be severely hindered in resuscitative phase of hemorrhagic shock. Diminished renal secretory function caused by hemorrhagic shock may be the cause of metabolite accumulation in plasma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: Atul
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Rory P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Remmel
authors.forename: Henry J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Mann
authors.forename: Greg J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Beilman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000378:metabolism*; D003915:Dextromethorphan / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005480:Flurbiprofen / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008874:Midazolam / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D023421:Models, Animal; D012151:Resuscitation; D012771:Shock, Hemorrhagic / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D005480:Flurbiprofen; D003915:Dextromethorphan; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; D008874:Midazolam