title: Smoking behaviors among cancer survivors: an observational clinical study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Smoking is a well-recognized risk factor for several cancers including cancers of the lung, bladder, and head and neck. Studies have shown that smoking can adversely affect the outcomes of different modalities of cancer treatment. This study examines smoking behaviors among cancer survivors to collect information necessary to create successful smoking cessation interventions.
  
  
  METHODS
  For this observational clinical study, questionnaires were sent to 1,000 randomly selected patients diagnosed with cancer between 2003 and 2007 in one cancer center. Data were statistically analyzed to determine the likelihood of a patient quitting smoking after being diagnosed with cancer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We received 187 responses from the 1,000 surveys sent (18.7%). Of these, 166 were usable for analysis. The mean age of respondents was 64 (± 13) years. Men were more likely than women to be past smokers (55% of men and 32% of women respectively, P = .003). Fifty-two percent of respondents reported having a history of smoking. However, only 20% of patients reported having been active smokers at the time they were diagnosed with cancer. Furthermore, only 44% of these reported having quit smoking after their diagnosis with cancer. Only 62% of all respondents reported that they had been informed of the dangers of smoking by their health care provider during cancer treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In our study sample, less than one half (44%) of smoking cancer patients quit smoking after their cancer diagnosis, and only 62% of smoking cancer patients received smoking cessation counseling from their physicians. Intervention programs are needed to help cancer survivors to quit smoking. Prospective clinical trials may help identify the ideal intervention for smoking cessation.
authors.affiliation: Hematology and Oncology, Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, and the School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV; Division of Pharmacy, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Neoplastic Diseases and Related Disorders, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI.
authors.forename: Lola
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Burke
authors.forename: Lesley-Ann
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Ayman
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Saad
authors.forename: Jame
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Abraham