title: IL-2 mediates CD4+ T cell help in the breakdown of memory-like CD8+ T cell tolerance under lymphopenic conditions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lymphopenia results in the proliferation and differentiation of naïve T cells into memory-like cells in the apparent absence of antigenic stimulation. This response, at least in part due to a greater availability of cytokines, is thought to promote anti-self responses. Although potentially autoreactive memory-like CD8(+) T cells generated in a lymphopenic environment are subject to the mechanisms of peripheral tolerance, they can induce autoimmunity in the presence of antigen-specific memory-like CD4(+) T helper cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Here, we studied the mechanisms underlying CD4 help under lymphopenic conditions in transgenic mice expressing a model antigen in the beta cells of the pancreas. Surprisingly, we found that the self-reactivity mediated by the cooperation of memory-like CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cells was not abrogated by CD40L blockade. In contrast, treatment with anti-IL-2 antibodies inhibited the onset of autoimmunity. IL-2 neutralization prevented the CD4-mediated differentiation of memory-like CD8(+) T cells into pathogenic effectors in response to self-antigen cross-presentation. Furthermore, in the absence of helper cells, induction of IL-2 signaling by an IL-2 immune complex was sufficient to promote memory-like CD8(+) T cell self-reactivity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  IL-2 mediates the cooperation of memory-like CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in the breakdown of cross-tolerance, resulting in effector cytotoxic T lymphocyte differentiation and the induction of autoimmune disease.
authors.affiliation: Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, UMR 5535 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Montpellier 2 and Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: Cécile
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Le Saout
authors.forename: Marine
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Villard
authors.forename: Clémence
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cabasse
authors.forename: Chantal
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jacquet
authors.forename: Naomi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hernandez
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015551:Autoimmunity; D018414:CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology*; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D045142:Cross-Priming; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007108:Immune Tolerance; D007156:Immunologic Memory; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000276:immunology*; D008231:Lymphopenia / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D006377:T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D007376:Interleukin-2