title: Multi-residue analytical method for human pharmaceuticals and synthetic hormones in river water and sewage effluents by solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.
abstract: Pollutants such as human pharmaceuticals and synthetic hormones that are not covered by environmental legislation have increasingly become important emerging aquatic contaminants. This paper reports the development of a sensitive and selective multi-residue method for simultaneous determination and quantification of 23 pharmaceuticals and synthetic hormones from different therapeutic classes in water samples. Target pharmaceuticals include anti-diabetic, antihypertensive, hypolipidemic agents, β2-adrenergic receptor agonist, antihistamine, analgesic and sex hormones. The developed method is based on solid phase extraction (SPE) followed by instrumental analysis using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) with 30 min total run time. River water samples (150 mL) and (sewage treatment plant) STP effluents (100 mL) adjusted to pH 2, were loaded into MCX (3 cm(3), 60 mg) cartridge and eluted with four different reagents for maximum recovery. Quantification was achieved by using eight isotopically labeled internal standards (I.S.) that effectively correct for losses during sample preparation and matrix effects during LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis. Good recoveries higher than 70% were obtained for most of target analytes in all matrices. Method detection limit (MDL) ranged from 0.2 to 281 ng/L. The developed method was applied to determine the levels of target analytes in various samples, including river water and STP effluents. Among the tested emerging pollutants, chlorothiazide was found at the highest level, with concentrations reaching up to 865 ng/L in STP effluent, and 182 ng/L in river water.
authors.affiliation: Center of Excellence for Environmental Forensics, Faculty of Environmental Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Najat Ahmed
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Al-Odaini
authors.forename: Mohamad Pauzi
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Zakaria
authors.forename: Mohamad Ismail
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Yaziz
authors.forename: Salmijah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Surif
mesh_terms: D002740:Chlorothiazide / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D006728:Hormones / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D012015:Reference Standards; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D045483:Rivers / Q000737:chemistry*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012722:Sewage / Q000737:chemistry*; D052616:Solid Phase Extraction / Q000379:methods*; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization / Q000379:methods; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D013696:Temperature; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D006728:Hormones; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D012722:Sewage; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D002740:Chlorothiazide