title: Non-adherence to antihypertensive medication and impaired cognition: which comes first?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Antihypertensive medications are important in the prevention of serious consequences of hypertension, such as stroke and heart failure. Up to one-third of elderly hypertensive patients, however, do not adhere to their medication. Adherence to medication decreases with increasing age, and with decreasing cognitive ability, thus elderly, cognitively-impaired patients have poorer control of blood pressure. Good control of blood pressure is associated with decreased prevalence of dementia and Alzheimer's disease. This study assessed the evidence that antihypertensive medications have effects on the prevalence or severity of mild cognitive impairment, dementia or Alzheimer's disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  The ISI Web of Knowledge database was searched; including replicates, the nine searches identified 14400 publications since 1952, of which 9.9% had been published in 2009. This review considers the 18 studies meeting the set criteria published in 2009 or later.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Not all antihypertensive medications are equivalent in their positive cognitive effects, with brain-penetrating angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors and possibly angiotensin receptor antagonists being the most effective.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on evidence of blood-pressure control and cost, UK National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence guidelines recommend calcium-channel blockers or thiazide-type diuretics for the treatment of hypertension in patients over 55 years. These guidelines take no account of the potential cognitive effects of the antihypertensive therapies, consideration of which might lead to a review. There may be benefit in stressing that adherence to antihypertensive medication not only decreases the risk of cardiovascular disease and death, but may also decrease the risk or severity of mild cognitive impairment, dementia and Alzheimer's disease.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK. p.r.gard@brighton.ac.uk
authors.forename: Paul R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Gard
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy*; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy*; D055118:Medication Adherence; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents