title: The injection of hypocretin-1 into the nucleus pontis oralis induces either active sleep or wakefulness depending on the behavioral state when it is administered.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We previously reported that the microinjection of hypocretin (orexin) into the nucleus pontis oralis (NPO) induces a behavioral state that is comparable to naturally occurring active (rapid eye movement) sleep. However, other laboratories have found that wakefulness occurs following injections of hypocretin into the NPO. The present study tested the hypothesis that the discrepancy in behavioral state responses to hypocretin injections is due to the fact that hypocretin was not administered during the same states of sleep or wakefulness.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult cats were implanted with electrodes to record sleep and waking states. Hypocretin-1 (0.25 microL, 500microM) was microinjected into the NPO while the animals were awake or in quiet (non-rapid eye movement) sleep.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When hyprocretin-1 was microinjected into the NPO during quiet sleep, active sleep occurred with a short latency. In addition, there was a significant increase in the time spent in active sleep and in the number of episodes of this state. On the other hand, the injection of hyprocretin-1 during wakefulness resulted not only in a significant increase in wakefulness, but also in a decrease in the percentage and frequency of episodes of active sleep.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present data demonstrate that the behavioral state of the animal dictates whether active sleep or wakefulness is induced following the injection of hypocretin. Therefore, we suggest that hypocretin-1 enhances ongoing states of wakefulness and their accompanying patterns of physiologic activity and that hypocretin-1 is also capable of promoting active sleep and the changes in various processes that occur during this state.
authors.affiliation: WebSciences International, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA. mxi@websciences.org
authors.forename: Mingchu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Xi
authors.forename: Michael H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Chase
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects*; D002415:Cats; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008845:Microinjections; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects; D009479:Neuropeptides / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000068797:Orexins; D011149:Pons; D012890:Sleep / Q000187:drug effects*; D014851:Wakefulness / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D009479:Neuropeptides; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents; D000068797:Orexins