title: Effects of cryogenic sample analysis on molecular depth profiles with TOF-secondary ion mass spectrometry.
abstract: Although the benefits of decreased sample temperature for the molecular profiling of organic materials with time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) have been established, the mechanism behind spectral changes observed at low temperature, particularly increased protonated molecular ion (M + H)(+) yields, have not been examined in detail. We have developed a procedure to investigate these effects by monitoring secondary ion yields under sustained primary ion bombardment as the sample temperature is cooled from room temperature down to 80 K. Examination of biomaterials such as an amino acid (arginine), a polypeptide (Gly-Gly-Tyr-Arg), a lipid (1,2 dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3 phosphatidylcholine), and a drug molecule (cyclosporine A) each provide evidence of ion yield enhancement at 80 K under either 20 keV C(60)(+) or 20 keV Au(3)(+) bombardment. For example, arginine shows a 2-fold increase in the steady-state intensity for the (M + H)(+) ion at 80 K compared to the steady state at 300 K. It is shown that there is a correlation between the yield enhancement and a reduction in the damage cross section, which for arginine under 20 keV Au(3)(+) bombardment decreases from 5.0 ± 0.4 × 10(-14) cm(2) at 300 K to 2.0 ± 0.3 × 10(-14) cm(2) at 80 K. The role of water as the facilitator for this reduction is explored through the use of H(2)O and D(2)O dosing experiments at 80 K.
authors.affiliation: Surface Analysis Research Centre, Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre, School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom. amp30@psu.edu
authors.forename: Alan M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Piwowar
authors.forename: John S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Fletcher
authors.forename: Jeanette
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kordys
authors.forename: Nicholas P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Lockyer
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Winograd
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Vickerman
mesh_terms: D015060:1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine / Q000737:chemistry; D001120:Arginine / Q000737:chemistry; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000737:chemistry; D017666:Deuterium Oxide / Q000737:chemistry; D009842:Oligopeptides / Q000737:chemistry; D018629:Spectrometry, Mass, Secondary Ion / Q000379:methods*; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D009842:Oligopeptides; D015060:1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine; C078237:glycyl-glycyl-tyrosyl-arginine; D016572:Cyclosporine; D001120:Arginine; D017666:Deuterium Oxide