title: Length oscillation mimicking periodic individual deep inspirations during tidal breathing attenuates force recovery and adaptation in airway smooth muscle.
abstract: Airway smooth muscle (ASM) is able to generate maximal force under static conditions, and this isometric force can be maintained over a large length range due to length adaptation. The increased force at short muscle length could lead to excessive narrowing of the airways. Prolonged exposure of ASM to submaximal stimuli also increases the muscle's ability to generate force in a process called force adaptation. To date, the effects of length and force adaptation have only been demonstrated under static conditions. In the mechanically dynamic environment of the lung, ASM is constantly subjected to periodic stretches by the parenchyma due to tidal breathing and deep inspiration. It is not known whether force recovery due to muscle adaptation to a static environment could occur in a dynamic environment. In this study the effect of length oscillation mimicking tidal breathing and deep inspiration was examined. Force recovery after a length change was attenuated in the presence of length oscillation, except at very short lengths. Force adaptation was abolished by length oscillation. We conclude that in a healthy lung (with intact airway-parenchymal tethering) where airways are not allowed to narrow excessively, large stretches (associated with deep inspiration) may prevent the ability of the muscle to generate maximal force that would occur under static conditions irrespective of changes in mean length; mechanical perturbation on ASM due to tidal breathing and deep inspiration, therefore, is the first line of defense against excessive bronchoconstriction that may result from static length and force adaptation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: Abdul
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Raqeeb
authors.forename: Dennis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Solomon
authors.forename: Peter D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Paré
authors.forename: Chun Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Seow
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D016084:Bronchoconstriction; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D001239:Inhalation; D007537:Isometric Contraction; D053580:Muscle Strength; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000502:physiology*; D009991:Oscillometry; D012756:Sheep; D013997:Time Factors; D014132:Trachea / Q000502:physiology*