title: Nutritional adequacy of three dietary patterns defined by cluster analysis in 997 pregnant Japanese women: the Osaka Maternal and Child Health Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the adequacy and inadequacy of dietary patterns in pregnant women for which information is absolutely lacking.
  
  
  METHODS
  Diet was assessed by a validated, self-administered diet history questionnaire (DHQ). Dietary patterns were extracted from the intake of thirty-three food groups (g/4184 kJ (1000 kcal)), which were summarized from 147 foods assessed with the DHQ, by cluster analysis. Nutritional inadequacy for selected twenty nutrients in each dietary pattern was examined using the reference values given in the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) for Japanese as the temporal gold standard.
  
  
  METHODS
  Japan.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine hundred and ninety-seven pregnant Japanese women aged 18-43 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The three dietary patterns identified were labelled as 'meat and eggs' (n 423), 'wheat products' (n 371) and 'rice, fish and vegetables' (n 203). The 'rice, fish and vegetables' pattern characterized by high intake of rice, vegetables, potatoes, pulses, fruits, seaweed, fish and miso soup showed significantly the lowest prevalence of inadequate intake for fifteen nutrients and significantly the highest prevalence of inadequate sodium intake. In contrast, the 'wheat products' pattern characterized by high intake of bread, noodles, confectioneries and soft drinks showed the highest prevalence of inadequate intake for fourteen nutrients. The median number of nutrients not meeting the DRI as a marker of overall nutritional inadequacy was eight in the 'rice, fish and vegetables' pattern. It was significantly lower at ten in the 'meat and eggs' and eleven in the 'wheat products' patterns (P<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In pregnant Japanese women, the dietary pattern high in rice, fish, vegetables, fruit and some others showed a better profile of nutritional adequacy except for sodium.
authors.affiliation: Department of Social and Preventive Epidemiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan. okubo@m.u-tokyo.ac.jp
authors.forename: Hitomi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Okubo
authors.forename: Yoshihiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Miyake
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.forename: Keiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: Kentaro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Murakami
authors.forename: Yoshio
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hirota
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004034:Diet Surveys; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D039382:Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena / Q000502:physiology*; D018673:Nutrition Policy; D009751:Nutritional Requirements; D011247:Pregnancy; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult