title: [Authorization and reimbursement of orphan drugs in an international comparison].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This paper analyses schemes to promote the authorisation of and reimbursement for orphan drugs.
  
  
  METHODS
  8 countries - Australia, Canada, Germany, Great Britain, France, Netherlands, Switzerland, USA - were studied to compare specific regulations for orphan drugs regarding drug admission, health technology assessment (HTA), decision-making for reimbursement, and off-label and compassionate use. Information was obtained by reviewing published and grey literature. Expert interviews were also conducted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The comparison of orphan drug legislation reveals that the EU and the USA offer the greatest incentives for the development of orphan drugs, whereas there is a tendency for Australia and Switzerland to profit from incentives in other countries. Although not explicitly stated, economic evaluation of orphan drugs takes the special circumstances for orphan drugs into account. In addition to common reimbursement practices, special schemes or programmes for the reimbursement of high-priced orphan drugs exist in all countries that were analysed. Therefore access to orphan drugs seems to be warranted. However, due to co-payments of 5%, the USA may form an exception.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  On the one hand, the use of special criteria for drug admission, HTA, and reimbursement promotes R&D for orphan drugs. On the other hand, high opportunity costs arise, because huge efforts are made for a minority of patients. A solution for this moral dilemma may be the application of "rule of rescue" or of "no cure, no pay" programmes.
authors.affiliation: Lehrstuhl Management im Gesundheitswesen, Universität Hamburg. kathrin.roll@wiso.uni-hamburg.de
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Roll
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Stargardt
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schreyögg
mesh_terms: D001315:Australia; D002170:Canada; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D017277:Drug Approval / Q000191:economics* / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D004345:Drug Industry / Q000191:economics; D005062:European Union; D006801:Humans; D019458:Insurance Coverage / Q000191:economics* / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D007356:Insurance, Pharmaceutical Services / Q000191:economics* / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D007390:International Agencies; D009313:National Health Programs / Q000191:economics* / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D009965:Orphan Drug Production / Q000191:economics* / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D035583:Rare Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology; D014481:United States