title: Syntaxin 3 is necessary for cAMP- and cGMP-regulated exocytosis of CFTR: implications for enterotoxigenic diarrhea.
abstract: Enterotoxins elaborated by Vibrio cholerae and Escherichia coli cannot elicit fluid secretion in the absence of functional cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) chloride channels. After enterotoxin exposure, CFTR channels are rapidly recruited from endosomes and undergo exocytic insertion into the apical plasma membrane of enterocytes to increase the number of channels on the cell surface by at least fourfold. However, the molecular machinery that orchestrates exocytic insertion of CFTR into the plasma membrane is largely unknown. The present study used immunofluorescence, immunoblotting, surface biotinylation, glutathione S-transferase (GST) pulldown assays, and immunoprecipitation to identify components of the exocytic soluble N-ethylmaleimide (NEM)-sensitive factor attachment receptor (SNARE) vesicle fusion machinery in cyclic nucleotide-activated exocytosis of CFTR in rat jejunum and polarized intestinal Caco-2(BB)e cells. Syntaxin 3, an intestine-specific SNARE, colocalized with CFTR on the apical domain of enterocytes in rat jejunum and polarized Caco-2(BB)e cells. Coimmunoprecipitation and GST binding studies confirmed that syntaxin 3 interacts with CFTR in vivo. Moreover, heat-stable enterotoxin (STa) activated exocytosis of both CFTR and syntaxin 3 to the surface of rat jejunum. Silencing of syntaxin 3 by short hairpin RNA (shRNA) interference abrogated cyclic nucleotide-stimulated exocytosis of CFTR in cells. These observations reveal a new and important role for syntaxin 3 in the pathophysiology of enterotoxin-elicited diarrhea.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics and Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Collaco
authors.forename: Jai
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Marathe
authors.forename: Hannes
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kohnke
authors.forename: Dmitri
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kravstov
authors.forename: Nadia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ameen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000378:metabolism*; D006152:Cyclic GMP / Q000378:metabolism*; D019005:Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator / Q000378:metabolism*; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology; D004768:Enterotoxins / Q000378:metabolism*; D005089:Exocytosis; D057809:HEK293 Cells; D006801:Humans; D007583:Jejunum / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D050765:Qa-SNARE Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D004768:Enterotoxins; D050765:Qa-SNARE Proteins; D019005:Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D006152:Cyclic GMP