title: Frontal sinus models and onlay templates in osteoplastic flap surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Precise delineation of the extent of frontal sinus pneumatisation is a crucial step in osteoplastic flap frontal sinus surgery. The authors present a novel method of achieving this objective.
  
  
  METHODS
  First, models of the frontal area are generated using three-dimensional printing based on pre-operative computed tomography image data. These models are then used to create an onlay template of the frontal sinus, which is used intra-operatively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In a series of 10 patients undergoing osteoplastic flap frontal sinus surgery, the described frontal sinus templates were consistently accurate to within 1 mm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Frontal sinus templates are potentially useful adjuncts to current techniques employed to guide frontal sinus surgery.
authors.affiliation: Otolaryngology Department, Nottingham University Hospitals, UK.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Daniel
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Watson
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hoskison
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sama
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D005626:Frontal Sinus / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D010027:Osteotomy; D013517:Otorhinolaryngologic Surgical Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D010254:Paranasal Sinus Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D011300:Preoperative Care / Q000379:methods; D013524:Surgical Flaps; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D055815:Young Adult