title: Lubiprostone ameliorates the cystic fibrosis mouse intestinal phenotype.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cystic fibrosis (CF) is caused by mutations in the CFTR gene that impair the function of CFTR, a cAMP-regulated anion channel. In the small intestine loss of CFTR function creates a dehydrated, acidic luminal environment which is believed to cause an accumulation of mucus, a phenotype characteristic of CF. CF mice have small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, an altered innate immune response, and impaired intestinal transit. We investigated whether lubiprostone, which can activate the CLC2 Cl- channel, would improve the intestinal phenotype in CF mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cftr(tm1UNC) (CF) and wildtype (WT) littermate mice on the C57BL/6J background were used. Lubiprostone (10 μg/kg-day) was administered by gavage for two weeks. Mucus accumulation was estimated from crypt lumen widths in periodic acid-Schiff base, Alcian blue stained sections. Luminal bacterial load was measured by qPCR for the bacterial 16S gene. Gastric emptying and small intestinal transit in fasted mice were assessed using gavaged rhodamine dextran. Gene expression was evaluated by Affymetrix Mouse430 2.0 microarray and qRT-PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Crypt width in control CF mice was 700% that of WT mice (P < 0.001). Lubiprostone did not affect WT crypt width but, unexpectedly, increased CF crypt width 22% (P = 0.001). Lubiprostone increased bacterial load in WT mice to 490% of WT control levels (P = 0.008). Conversely, lubiprostone decreased bacterial overgrowth in CF mice by 60% (P = 0.005). Lubiprostone increased gastric emptying at 20 min postgavage in both WT (P < 0.001) and CF mice (P < 0.001). Lubiprostone enhanced small intestinal transit in WT mice (P = 0.024) but not in CF mice (P = 0.377). Among other innate immune markers, expression of mast cell genes was elevated 4-to 40-fold in the CF intestine as compared to WT, and lubiprostone treatment of CF mice decreased expression to WT control levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that lubiprostone has some benefits for the CF intestinal phenotype, especially on bacterial overgrowth and the innate immune response. The unexpected observation of increased mucus accumulation in the crypts of lubiprostone-treated CF mice suggests the possibility that lubiprostone increases mucus secretion.
authors.affiliation: Anatomy & Cell Biology, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA. rdelisle@kumc.edu
authors.forename: Robert C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: De Lisle
authors.forename: Racquel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mueller
authors.forename: Eileen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Roach
mesh_terms: D000527:Alprostadil / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000818:Animals; D001419:Bacteria / Q000254:growth & development; D058491:Bacterial Load; D018118:Chloride Channels; D003550:Cystic Fibrosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D019005:Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D000068238:Lubiprostone; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D010641:Phenotype
chemical_list: D018118:Chloride Channels; D019005:Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator; D000068238:Lubiprostone; D000527:Alprostadil