title: Potential new drugs for human African trypanosomiasis: some progress at last.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This review covers recent developments towards novel treatments for human African trypanosomiasis (HAT).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Within the past decade, some important advances in the treatment of HAT have been made. One old drug, melarsoprol, previously administered over a period of a month or more, is now given in a 10-day regimen greatly reducing hospital costs. A combination chemotherapy, eflornithine alongside nifurtimox, has been introduced to decrease the time frame and overall dosing of eflornithine and reducing the risk of drug resistance emerging. One new, orally available diamidine prodrug, pafuramidine, that recently completed phase III clinical trials, disappointingly was halted in its progress to clinic when unforeseen toxicity issues emerged. The diamidine series, however, has recently yielded representatives that cure second-stage central nervous system (CNS)-involved infections in experimental animals while showing less tissue accumulation in mammals and thus offer considerable promise. A nitroheterocycle, fexinidazole, whose trypanocidal activity was first shown nearly 30 years ago, has entered clinical trials. Another approach, grounded in the use of pharmacokinetic data, has brought another new class of compound based on the oxaborole scaffold forward for clinical candidacy. Furthermore, several target-based and whole organism-based chemical compound screening campaigns have identified promising hits for lead development.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The new developments in trypanocidal drug discovery mean that new compounds could become available within the next 5 years to support the WHO declared campaign to eliminate HAT.
authors.affiliation: Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK. michael.barrett@glasgow.ac.uk
authors.forename: Michael P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Barrett
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001549:Benzamides / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001896:Boron Compounds / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D055808:Drug Discovery / Q000379:methods*; D004351:Drug Resistance; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D000518:Eflornithine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D008549:Melarsoprol / Q000627:therapeutic use; D051379:Mice; D009547:Nifurtimox / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009593:Nitroimidazoles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010419:Pentamidine / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014344:Trypanocidal Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014346:Trypanosoma brucei brucei / Q000187:drug effects*; D014353:Trypanosomiasis, African / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000469:parasitology
chemical_list: D001549:Benzamides; D001896:Boron Compounds; D009593:Nitroimidazoles; C557508:SCYX 7158; D014344:Trypanocidal Agents; C038307:fexinidazole; D010419:Pentamidine; D009547:Nifurtimox; D008549:Melarsoprol; D000518:Eflornithine