title: The physicochemical properties, in vitro metabolism and pharmacokinetics of a novel ester prodrug of EXP3174.
abstract: EXP3174 is the major active metabolite of losartan, a drug currently widely used for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. This study was designed to evaluate the physicochemical properties of EXP3174-pivoxil (a novel synthesized prodrug of EXP3174) and characterize its metabolism, regional intestinal absorption and pharmacokinetics by in vitro and in vivo studies. An in vitro metabolism study was conducted in liver and intestinal S9 fractions from different species including rat, dog and human. In vivo absorption was investigated following regional intestinal dosing in rats, and the pharmacokinetics was determined using rats after a single oral administration. EXP3174-pivoxil exhibited predictable stability in the aqueous solution within a pH range of 1.2-9.0 as well as in the solid form of powder. An in vitro metabolism study revealed that EXP3174-pivoxil was rapidly and efficiently converted into EXP3174 by enzymatic hydrolysis. The dose administered into the duodenum and jejunum resulted in higher values for the AUC(0-24h) and C(max) than those following ileum dosing (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the AUC(0-24h) and C(max) values for EXP3174 increased in a dose-dependent manner as dose increased from 0.5 to 5 mg/kg. A comparable AUC(0-24h), shortened T(max) and a significant increase in the plasma C(max) of EXP3174 were observed following oral administration of EXP3174-pivoxil (as EXP3174, 1 mg/kg) compared with those of losartan (as EXP3174, 5 mg/kg) in rats, suggesting faster absorption and a 5-fold enhancement in the bioavailability of EXP3174. These results suggest that EXP3174-pivoxil may serve as a more effective drug even at lower clinical doses by exhibiting increased bioavailability and faster therapeutic response, compared with losartan.
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 214-1 Dae-Dong, Gyongsan 712-749, South Korea.
authors.forename: Yi-Dong
authors.initials: YD
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.forename: Han-Kyung
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Ki-Heon
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Seo
authors.forename: Won Seok
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Gwan-Sun
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Jong-Soo
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Woo
authors.forename: Chul-Soon
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Yong
authors.forename: Han-Gon
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Choi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002627:Chemistry, Physical; D004285:Dogs; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004952:Esters / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism; D007422:Intestines / Q000737:chemistry; D008099:Liver / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D019808:Losartan / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D008297:Male; D015394:Molecular Structure; D011355:Prodrugs / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012995:Solubility; D013237:Stereoisomerism; D013777:Tetrazoles / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D004952:Esters; D007093:Imidazoles; D011355:Prodrugs; D013777:Tetrazoles; C066026:losartan carboxylic acid; D019808:Losartan