title: Impact on 141Ce, 144Ce, 95Zr, and 90Sr beta emitter dose coefficients of photon and electron SAFs calculated with ICRP/ICRU reference adult voxel computational phantoms.
abstract: The current dose coefficients for internal dose assessment of occupationally exposed persons and the general public were derived using the methodology of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP), which is similar to the Medical Internal Radiation Dose (MIRD)-type methodology. One component of this methodology is the mathematical representation of the human body (so-called MIRD-type phantoms) developed at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory for calculations of photon specific absorbed fractions (SAFs). Concerning the beta emissions, it is assumed in general that they irradiate only the organ where the radionuclide resides, whereas for walled organs, a fixed fraction of the emitted energy is absorbed within the wall. For the active marrow and bone surface targets, absorbed fractions were explicitly provided in ICRP Publication 30. The ICRP Publications 66 and 100 contain further detailed energy-dependent absorbed fraction data for the airways and the segments of the alimentary tract. In the present work, the voxel phantoms representing the reference male and female adults, recently developed at the Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health (HMGU) in collaboration with the Task Group DOCAL of ICRP Committee 2, were used for the Monte Carlo computation of photon as well as electron SAFs. These voxel phantoms, being constructed from computed tomography (CT) scans of individuals, are more realistic in shape and location of organs in the body than the mathematical phantoms; therefore, they provide photon SAFs that are more precise than those stemming from mathematical phantoms. In addition, electron SAFs for solid and walled organs as well as tissues in the alimentary tract, the respiratory tract, and the skeleton were calculated with Monte Carlo methods using these phantoms to complement the data of ICRP Publications 66 and 100 that are confined to self-irradiation. The SAFs derived for photons and electrons are then used to calculate the dose coefficients of the beta emitters 141Ce, 144Ce, 95Zr, and 90Sr. It is found that the differences of the dose coefficients due to the revised SAFs are much larger for injection and ingestion than for inhalation. The equivalent doses for colon and ingestion with the new voxel-based SAFs are significantly smaller than the values with the MIRD-type photon SAFs and simplifying assumptions for electrons. For lungs and inhalation, no significant difference was observed for the equivalent doses, whereas for injection and ingestion, an increase of the new values is observed.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Radiation Protection, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany. wli@helmholtz-muenchen.de
authors.forename: W B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zankl
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schlattl
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Petoussi-Henss
authors.forename: K F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Eckerman
authors.forename: W E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Bolch
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Oeh
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hoeschen
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000465:Algorithms; D001610:Beta Particles; D002565:Cerium Radioisotopes / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004583:Electrons; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008954:Models, Biological; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging / Q000592:standards; D017785:Photons; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011874:Radiometry; D012863:Skeleton; D013326:Strontium Radioisotopes / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000592:standards; D014915:Whole-Body Counting / Q000592:standards; D015040:Zirconium / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D002565:Cerium Radioisotopes; D013326:Strontium Radioisotopes; D015040:Zirconium