title: Association of cigarette smoking with organ damage in primary systemic vasculitis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the association between late organ damage in patients with primary systemic vasculitis (PSV) and cigarette smoking. PSV included Wegener's granulomatosis (WG), microscopic polyangiitis (MPA), Churg-Strauss syndrome (CSS), and polyarteritis nodosa (PAN).
  
  
  METHODS
  The pattern and extent of organ damage according to the Vasculitis Damage Index (VDI) were analysed for 86 prevalent cases with PSV retrieved from a geographically defined population in southern Sweden (46 WG, 27 MPA, four CSS, and nine PAN). Data on clinical findings, laboratory tests, and smoking habits were collected from case records from the time of diagnosis. The patients were stratified into two main groups according to their smoking habits: smokers (subdivided into active and ex-smokers) and non-smokers (patients who had never smoked).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data on smoking habits were available for 77 patients (90%). Thirty-three (38%) patients were categorized as smokers and 44 (51%) were non-smokers. Smoking was more common in men (61.5% vs. 23.6% in women, p = 0.001). There were no differences in smoking habits between the main diagnostic groups (WG 40% smokers, MPA 45%). Ear, nose, and throat (ENT) damage was significantly more prevalent in non-smokers (p = 0.001). Myocardial infarction (MI) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) were more common in the current smokers (p = 0.04) than in the non-smokers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found ENT damage to be significantly less prevalent in smokers. This is the first report of a possible modifying effect of cigarette smoking on the development of organ damage in PSV, but more studies are needed before any firm conclusions can be made.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, Lund. aladdin.mohammad@med.lu.se
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Mohammad
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Segelmark
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D010038:Otorhinolaryngologic Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D056647:Systemic Vasculitis / Q000150:complications*