title: Genotype and antiretroviral drug resistance of human immunodeficiency virus-1 in Saudi Arabia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze antiretroviral drug resistance and determine the genotype of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 in Saudi patients by sequencing an amplified region of the viral pol gene.
  
  
  METHODS
  This retrospective study analyzed data from plasma samples submitted for genotypic drug sensitivity monitoring. Samples were analyzed at the Special Infectious Agent Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center of King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia from August 2004 to June 2009. The Viroseq2.5 kit (Celera/Abbott) was used with ABI Prism 3100 sequencer. All patients were Saudi nationals and were on antiretroviral therapy, some experiencing treatment failure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Based on protease region (PR), genotypes of 63 samples were as follows: C:22, G:21, B:9, CRF02_AG:5, D:3, A:1, F:1, and J:1. Based on reverse transcriptase region (RT), genotypes were as follows: C:23, G:24, B:9, CRF02_AG: 2, D:2, A:1, and F:1. Antiretroviral susceptibility testing results were as follows: 52% of the isolates were susceptible to all 3 major classes of antiretroviral drugs used, 41% had mutations known to confer high level resistance to one or more of the nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors, 16% had mutations known to confer high level resistance to non-nucleoside analogues reverse transcriptase inhibitors, 13% had mutations known to confer high level resistance to one or more of the protease inhibitors (PI). Most isolates were susceptible to 2 or at least one class of antiretroviral, and only 3% of the isolates had resistance to several members of all 3 classes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Antiretroviral resistance is not uncommon in Saudi patients on antiretroviral therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, King Fahd Medical Research Center, PO Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. gjamjoom1@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Ghazi A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Jamjoom
authors.forename: Esam I
authors.initials: EI
authors.lastname: Azhar
authors.forename: Tariq A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Madani
authors.forename: Salwa I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Hindawi
authors.forename: Hanaa A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Bakhsh
authors.forename: Ghazi A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Damanhouri
mesh_terms: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D024921:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D015751:Genes, pol / Q000235:genetics; D005838:Genotype; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000821:virology; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012529:Saudi Arabia / Q000453:epidemiology; D017211:Treatment Failure
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors