title: Advances in using chitosan-based nanoparticles for in vitro and in vivo drug and gene delivery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This review aims to provide an overview of state-of-the-art chitosan-based nanosized carriers for the delivery of therapeutic agents. Chitosan nanocarriers are smart delivery systems owing to the possibility of their property alterations with various approaches, which would confer them with the possibility of spatiotemporal delivery features.
  
  
  METHODS
  The focus of this review is principally on those aspects that have not often been addressed in other reviews. These include the influence of physicochemical properties of chitosan on delivery mechanisms and chitosan modification with a variety of ligand moieties specific for cell surface receptors to increase recognition and uptake of nanocarriers into cells through receptor-mediated endocytosis. Multiple examples that demonstrate the advantages of chitosan-based nanocarriers over other delivery systems of therapeutic agents are highlighted. Particular emphasis is given to the alteration of material properties by functionalization or combination with other polymers for their specific applications. Finally, structural and experimental parameters influencing transfection efficiency of chitosan-based nanocarriers are presented for both in vitro and in vivo gene delivery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The readers will acquire knowledge of parameters influencing the properties of the chitosan-based nanocarriers for delivery of therapeutic agents (genetic material or drugs) in vitro and in vivo. They will get a better idea of the strategies to be adapted to tune the characteristics of chitosan and chitosan derivatives for specific delivery applications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chitosan is prone to chemical and physical modifications, and is very responsive to environmental stimuli such as temperature and pH. These features make chitosan a smart material with great potential for developing multifunctional nanocarrier systems to deliver large varieties of therapeutic agents administrated in multiple ways with reduced side effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Duff Medical Science Building, 3775 University Street, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Duceppe
authors.forename: Maryam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tabrizian
mesh_terms: D001711:Biotransformation; D048271:Chitosan / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000627:therapeutic use / Q000633:toxicity; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000737:chemistry; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D018014:Gene Transfer Techniques; D015316:Genetic Therapy; D006801:Humans; D008024:Ligands; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000627:therapeutic use / Q000633:toxicity; D010316:Particle Size; D012995:Solubility; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D004337:Drug Carriers; D008024:Ligands; D048271:Chitosan