title: The reaction of primary aromatic amines with alkylene carbonates for the selective synthesis of bis-N-(2-hydroxy)alkylanilines: the catalytic effect of phosphonium-based ionic liquids.
abstract: At T≥ 140 °C, different primary aromatic amines (pX-C(6)H(4)NH(2); X = H, OCH(3), CH(3), Cl) react with both ethylene- and propylene-carbonates to yield a chemoselective N-alkylation process: bis-N-(2-hydroxyalkyl)anilines [pX-C(6)H(4)N(CH(2)CH(R)OH)(2); R = H, CH(3)] are the major products and the competitive formation of carbamates is substantially ruled out. At 140 °C, under solventless conditions, the model reaction of aniline with ethylene carbonate goes to completion by simply mixing stoichiometric amounts of the reagents. However, a class of phosphonium ionic liquids (PILs) such as tetraalkylphosphonium halides and tosylates turn out to be active organocatalysts for both aniline and other primary aromatic amines. A kinetic analysis monitored by (13)C NMR spectroscopy, shows that bromide exchanged PILs are the most efficient systems, able to impart a more than 8-fold acceleration to the reaction. The reactions of propylene carbonate take place at a higher temperature than those of ethylene carbonate, and only in the presence of PIL catalysts. A mechanism based on the Lewis acidity of tetraalkylphosphonium cations and the nucleophilicity of halide anions has been proposed to account for both the reaction chemoselectivity and the function of the catalysts.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali dell'Università Ca' Foscari Calle Larga, S. Marta 2137 - 30123, Venezia, Italy. selva@unive.it
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Selva
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fabris
authors.forename: Vittorio
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Lucchini
authors.forename: Alvise
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Perosa
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Noè
mesh_terms: D000478:Alkylation; D000588:Amines / Q000737:chemistry*; D000814:Aniline Compounds / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry; D002384:Catalysis; D004148:Dioxolanes / Q000737:chemistry*; D006841:Hydrocarbons, Aromatic / Q000737:chemistry*; D052578:Ionic Liquids / Q000737:chemistry*; D007700:Kinetics; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D010720:Phosphines / Q000737:chemistry*; D011407:Propane / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry; D013696:Temperature; D017641:Zeolites / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000588:Amines; D000814:Aniline Compounds; D004148:Dioxolanes; D006841:Hydrocarbons, Aromatic; D052578:Ionic Liquids; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds; D010720:Phosphines; C539489:faujasite; D017641:Zeolites; C045990:propylene carbonate; C031133:ethylene carbonate; C023650:aniline; D011407:Propane