title: Cognitive behaviour therapy for withdrawal from antidepressant medication: a single case series.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Research has clearly established the efficacy of pharmacotherapy and cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) for depression. There is less literature addressing cessation of treatment, such as relapse during withdrawal from antidepressant medication.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The current study examines the role of psychological constructs that may influence relapse or fear of relapse and lead to resumption of medication. This hypothesizes that during withdrawal individuals may misinterpret normal variations in mood and dysphoric or other symptoms as reduced levels of medication in their bodies in keeping with a simplistic rationale for antidepressants.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study uses an intensive single case AB style design in three cases during the withdrawal process. All participants had been treated with CBT plus antidepressants and had previously attempted to withdraw from antidepressants. The first part of the study naturalistically tracks belief changes as medication decreases; the second examines changes in these if/when a CBT intervention is introduced due to relapse or potential near-relapse. Daily self-monitoring diaries were used to measure target variables, together with standardized questionnaires up to 6 months follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Changes in symptoms, appraisal of symptoms, and beliefs about medication changed throughout the study. All participants remained medication free at 6 months follow-up. Two cases received CBT intervention due to possible relapse; the third underwent an unproblematic withdrawal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patterns of change are discussed in terms of current approaches to medication cessation and the role of CBT during withdrawal.
authors.affiliation: Newcastle Cognitive and Behavioural Therapies Centre, Northumberland Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust, and Newcastle University, UK. paul.cromarty@ntw.nhs.uk
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cromarty
authors.forename: Jaime
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jonsson
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Moorhead
authors.forename: Mark H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Freeston
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003469:Culture; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008134:Long-Term Care; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D055502:Secondary Prevention; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents