title: Decreased bone turnover in children and adolescents with well controlled type 1 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Osteoporosis is a common long-term complication of type 1 diabetes (T1DM). We aimed to determine whether bone mineral density (BMD) and turnover are already altered during childhood.
  
  
  METHODS
  We recruited 27 T1DM children and 32 controls (age 10.5 +/- 2.5 yr.) and measured BMD (dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry); bone biomarkers levels (osteocalcin: OC; procollagen type 1 propeptides amino-terminal: PINP; crosslinking telopeptides of type 1 collagen C-terminal: CTX), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), dietary intake and physical activity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with T1DM had lower levels of OC (70.3 +/- 3.3 vs 105.3 +/- 6.8), PINP (556.4 +/- 47.6 vs 716.3 +/- 53.8), CTX(0.97 +/- 0.07 vs 1.20 +/- 0.08), physical activity, and calcium intake. Biomarkers were negatively correlated with HbA1c. Though, BMD was similar among groups and not related to HbA1c, disease duration, physical activity or dietary intakes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bone turnover is altered in T1DM children, whereas BMD remains normal during growth. Physical activity and optimal calcium intakes may improve bone metabolism and delay osteoporosis.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Cardiology Unit, Department of Child and Adolescent, University Hospitals of Geneva and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: A B R
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Maggio
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ferrari
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kraenzlin
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Marchand
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Schwitzgebel
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Beghetti
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rizzoli
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Farpour-Lambert
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D015519:Bone Density; D016723:Bone Remodeling; D002648:Child; D024042:Collagen Type I / Q000097:blood; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015675:Osteocalcin / Q000097:blood; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000097:blood; D010455:Peptides / Q000097:blood; D011347:Procollagen / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D024042:Collagen Type I; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D015675:Osteocalcin; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D010455:Peptides; D011347:Procollagen; C052929:collagen type I trimeric cross-linked peptide; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human; C047202:procollagen Type I N-terminal peptide