title: Light emission efficiency and imaging performance of Gd2O2S: Eu powder scintillator under x-ray radiography conditions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate Gd2O2S:Eu powder phosphor as a radiographic image receptor and to compare it to phosphors often used in radiography. Gd2O2S:Eu is nonhygroscopic, emitting red light with decay time close to that of Gd2O2S:Tb.
  
  
  METHODS
  The light intensity emitted per unit of x-ray exposure rate (absolute luminescence efficiency) was measured for laboratory prepared screens with coating thicknesses of 33.1, 46.4, 63.1, 78.3, and 139.8 mg/cm2 and tube voltages ranging from 50 to 140 kVp. Parameters related to image quality such as the modulation transfer function (MTF) and the detective quantum efficiency (DQE) were also experimentally examined. In addition, a previously validated Monte Carlo code was used to estimate intrinsic x-ray absorption and optical properties, as well as the MTF and the Swank factor (I) of the Gd2O2S:Eu scintillators.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Gd2O2S:Eu light intensity was found higher than that of single CsI:T1 crystal for tube voltages up to 100 kVp. The MTF and the DQE were found to be comparable with those of Gd2O2S:Tb and CsI:T1 screens. MTF estimated by the Monte Carlo code was found very close to the experimental MTF values. Gd2O2S:Eu showed peak emission in the wavelength range 620-630 nm. Its emission spectrum was excellently matched to various optical detectors (photodiodes, photocathodes, CCDs, and CMOS) employed in flat panel detectors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gd2O2S:Eu is an efficient phosphor potentially well suited to radiography and especially to some digital detectors sensitive to red light.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Patras, 265 00 Patras, Greece.
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Michail
authors.forename: G P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Fountos
authors.forename: P F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Liaparinos
authors.forename: N E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Kalyvas
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Valais
authors.forename: I S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Kandarakis
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Panayiotakis
mesh_terms: D000042:Absorption; D005063:Europium; D005682:Gadolinium; D008027:Light; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D055620:Optical Phenomena; D012542:Scattering, Radiation; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: C021197:gadolinium sulfoxylate; D005063:Europium; D005682:Gadolinium