title: Inhibition of nuclear factor-κB by 6-O-acetyl shanzhiside methyl ester protects brain against injury in a rat model of ischemia and reperfusion.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent studies have demonstrated an inflammatory response associated with the pathophysiology of cerebral ischemia. The beneficial effects of anti-inflammatory drugs in cerebral ischemia have been documented. When screening natural compounds for drug candidates in this category, we isolated 6-O-acetyl shanzhiside methyl ester (ND02), an iridoid glucoside compound, from the leaves of Lamiophlomis rotata (Benth.) Kudo. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of ND02 on a cultured neuronal cell line, SH-SY5Y, in vitro, and on experimental ischemic stroke in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  For TNF-α-stimulated SH-SY5Y cell line experiments in vitro, SH-SY5Y cells were pre-incubated with ND02 (20 μM or 40 μM) for 30 min and then incubated with TNF-α (20 ng/ml) for 15 min. For in vivo experiments, rats were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for 1 h followed by reperfusion for 23 h.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ND02 treatment of SH-SY5Y cell lines blocked TNF-α-induced nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and IκB-α phosphorylation and increased Akt phosphorylation. LY294002 blocked TNF-α-induced phosphorylation of Akt and reduced the phosphorylation of both IκB-α and NF-κB. At doses higher than 10 mg/kg, ND02 had a significant neuroprotective effect in rats with cerebral ischemia and reperfusion (I/R). ND02 (25 mg/kg) demonstrated significant neuroprotective activity even after delayed administration 1 h, 3 h and 5 h after I/R. ND02, 25 mg/kg, attenuated histopathological damage, decreased cerebral Evans blue extravasation, inhibited NF-κB activation, and enhanced Akt phosphorylation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data show that ND02 protects brain against I/R injury with a favorable therapeutic time-window by alleviating cerebral I/R injury and attenuating blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown, and that these protective effects may be due to blocking of neuronal inflammatory cascades through an Akt-dependent NF-κB signaling pathway.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Material Medica, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, PR China.
authors.forename: Wanglin
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Shuping
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Fenghua
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.forename: Haibo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hou
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001812:Blood-Brain Barrier / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D015153:Blotting, Western; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D002460:Cell Line; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005960:Glucosides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism; D011714:Pyrans / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D020521:Stroke / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: C529016:6-O-acetylshanzhiside methyl ester; D005960:Glucosides; D016328:NF-kappa B; D011714:Pyrans; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt