title: Oral fluid for the serological and molecular diagnosis of measles.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Since measles presents mostly in children, a non-invasive sample collection technique such as oral fluid sampling would be very useful in the early detection of measles RNA and antibodies. The aim of this study was to validate the detection of anti-measles IgM and measles virus RNA in oral fluid and to make a comparison with the gold standard methods of ELISA using serum (Enzygnost(®) anti-Measles IgM) and in-house nested reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using nasopharyngeal secretions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three samples each from 73 measles-positive and 44 measles-negative subjects (serum, oral fluid, and nasopharyngeal secretions) were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The anti-measles IgM ELISA (MicroImmune) on oral fluid was validated against the IgM ELISA (Siemens) for serum and this resulted in a sensitivity of 92% and specificity of 100%. A molecular nested RT-PCR using oral fluid was validated against the standard assay on nasopharyngeal secretions and gave a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 100%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results confirm that both serological and molecular oral fluid assays are suitable for routine use. The use of oral fluid samples for the detection of measles virus may encourage patients, general practitioners, and pediatricians to participate in the Belgian measles surveillance system and other epidemiological studies in the framework of the World Health Organization elimination program.
authors.affiliation: Viral Diseases, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Rue Juliette Wytsmanstraat 14, 1050 Brussels, Belgium. veronik.hutse@wiv-isp.be
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Hutse
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Van Hecke
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: De Bruyn
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Samu
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lernout
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Muyembe
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Brochier
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood; D001826:Body Fluids / Q000821:virology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007075:Immunoglobulin M / Q000097:blood; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008457:Measles / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000276:immunology; D008459:Measles virus / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification; D008875:Middle Aged; D025202:Molecular Diagnostic Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D009305:Nasopharynx / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000821:virology; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000302:isolation & purification; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D012463:Saliva / Q000821:virology; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D044967:Serum / Q000821:virology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D007075:Immunoglobulin M; D012367:RNA, Viral