title: Determinants of evolution and progression of acute ovine ischemic mitral regurgitation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The optimal treatment of moderate ischemic mitral regurgitation (IMR) remains contested. Thus, radiopaque markers were implanted on valvular structures to investigate the geometric and hemodynamic variables associated with the evolution and progression of acute ovine IMR.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight adult sheep underwent implantation of five radiopaque markers on the edge of the posterior mitral leaflet (PML), and five on the edge of the anterior mitral leaflet (AML). Eight additional markers were sewn around the mitral annulus (MA). The animals were studied immediately after surgery, using biplane videofluoroscopy and transesophageal echocardiography. Data were acquired at Baseline and at two time points (IMR1 and IMR2) during acute snare occlusion of the proximal left circumflex coronary artery and progressive IMR. The orthogonal distance of each leaflet edge marker to the least-squares annular plane, mitral annular area (MAA), and septal-lateral diameter (SL) were calculated at end-systole. The leaflet tenting area (TA) was calculated at valve center (CENT) and near the anterior (ACOM) and posterior (PCOM) commissures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The degree of MR was 0.6 +/- 0.4, 1.8 +/- 0.7, and 2.8 +/- 0.7 for Baseline, IMR1, and IMR2, respectively (p < 0.005). IMR1 was associated with annular dilatation and leaflet restriction near the valve center, and prolapse near the PCOM versus Baseline. Although both left ventricular pressure (LVP) and left ventricular dP/dt decreased significantly from IMR1 to IMR 2, there were no differences in leaflet or annular geometry.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The initiation of moderate IMR was associated with significant alterations in annular and leaflet geometry, but only a small decrease in LV systolic function, was needed for IMR progression. These data suggest that the surgical repair and optimization of LV function may be important in combination to treat moderate IMR, as only small hemodynamic deterioration and perturbations in valvular geometry are necessary for significant IMR progression.
authors.affiliation: West Michigan Cardiothoracic Surgeons and Spectrum Health, USA.
authors.forename: Tomasz A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Timek
authors.forename: David T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.forename: George T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Daughters
authors.forename: Neil B
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Ingels
authors.forename: D Craig
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Miller
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D018450:Disease Progression; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal; D005471:Fluoroscopy; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000503:physiopathology; D006439:Hemodynamics; D008943:Mitral Valve / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008944:Mitral Valve Insufficiency / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012756:Sheep; D013997:Time Factors; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left; D017725:Ventricular Pressure; D014741:Video Recording