title: Lopinavir/ritonavir monotherapy versus current treatment continuation for maintenance therapy of HIV-1 infection: the KALESOLO trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We evaluated a monotherapy maintenance regimen with lopinavir/ritonavir versus continuing current combined antiretroviral treatment (cART) in HIV patients with suppressed plasma HIV-1 RNA.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was an open-label, non-inferiority, multicentre trial in 23 sites in France. Adults were randomized if they had no history of virological failure while receiving a protease inhibitor, maintained HIV-1 RNA <50 copies/mL for at least 6 months and did not change cART during the last 3 months. The primary endpoint was the proportion of patients with HIV-1 RNA <50 copies/mL at Week 48 (non-inferiority margin set at -12%) with missing data and treatment modification considered as failure. The trial has been registered in ClinicalTrials.gov under the identifier NCT00140751.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At Week 48, 84% (73/87) of patients in the lopinavir/ritonavir monotherapy group met the primary endpoint compared with 88% (87/99) in the cART group [difference, -4.0%, lower limit of 90% two-sided confidence interval (CI) for difference, -12.4%]. In secondary analysis with success defined as plasma HIV-1 RNA <400 copies/mL, 87% (76/87) of patients in the lopinavir/ritonavir monotherapy group were virologically suppressed compared with 88% (87/99) in the cART group (difference, -0.5%, lower limit of 90% two-sided CI for difference, -8.5%). If antiretroviral treatment intensification was taken into account, 91% (79/87) of patients in the lopinavir/ritonavir monotherapy group met the primary endpoint compared with 88% (87/99) in the cART group (difference, +2.9%, lower limit of 90% two-sided CI for difference, -4.5%). Failures of lopinavir/ritonavir monotherapy did not show acquired resistance mutations in the protease gene.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lopinavir/ritonavir monotherapy did not achieve non-inferiority versus cART for maintaining plasma HIV-1 RNA <50 copies/mL. Nevertheless, the incidence of virological failure was low (mostly with HIV-1 RNA <400 copies/mL) and easily managed by treatment intensification.
authors.affiliation: Service des Maladies Infectieuses, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Faculté de Médecine Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France. jean-luc.meynard@sat.aphp.fr
authors.forename: Jean-Luc
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Meynard
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bouteloup
authors.forename: Roland
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Landman
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bonnard
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Baillat
authors.forename: André
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cabie
authors.forename: Sami
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kolta
authors.forename: Jacques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Izopet
authors.forename: Anne-Marie
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Taburet
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mercie
authors.forename: Geneviève
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chene
authors.forename: Pierre-Marie
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Girard
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005602:France; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000821:virology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D061466:Lopinavir; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011744:Pyrimidinones / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000097:blood; D019438:Ritonavir / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D019562:Viral Load
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D011744:Pyrimidinones; D012367:RNA, Viral; D061466:Lopinavir; D019438:Ritonavir