title: Task sharing in Zambia: HIV service scale-up compounds the human resource crisis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Considerable attention has been given by policy makers and researchers to the human resources for health crisis in Africa. However, little attention has been paid to quantifying health facility-level trends in health worker numbers, distribution and workload, despite growing demands on health workers due to the availability of new funds for HIV/AIDS control scale-up. This study analyses and reports trends in HIV and non-HIV ambulatory service workloads on clinical staff in urban and rural district level facilities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Structured surveys of health facility managers, and health services covering 2005-07 were conducted in three districts of Zambia in 2008 (two urban and one rural), to fill this evidence gap. Intra-facility analyses were conducted, comparing trends in HIV and non-HIV service utilisation with staff trends.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Clinical staff (doctors, nurses and nurse-midwives, and clinical officers) numbers and staff population densities fell slightly, with lower ratios of staff to population in the rural district. The ratios of antenatal care and family planning registrants to nurses/nurse-midwives were highest at baseline and increased further at the rural facilities over the three years, while daily outpatient department (OPD) workload in urban facilities fell below that in rural facilities. HIV workload, as measured by numbers of clients receiving antiretroviral treatment (ART) and prevention of mother to child transmission (PMTCT) per facility staff member, was highest in the capital city, but increased rapidly in all three districts. The analysis suggests evidence of task sharing, in that staff designated by managers as ART and PMTCT workers made up a higher proportion of frontline service providers by 2007.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This analysis of workforce patterns across 30 facilities in three districts of Zambia illustrates that the remarkable achievements in scaling-up HIV/AIDS service delivery has been on the back of sustained non-HIV workload levels, increasing HIV workload and stagnant health worker numbers. The findings are based on an analysis of routine data that are available to district and national managers. Mixed methods research is needed, combining quantitative analyses of routine health information with follow-up qualitative interviews, to explore and explain workload changes, and to identify and measure where problems are most acute, so that decision makers can respond appropriately. This study provides quantitative evidence of a human resource crisis in health facilities in Zambia, which may be more acute in rural areas.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health Medicine, Division of Population Health Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland. aislingwalsh@rcsi.ie
authors.forename: Aisling
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Walsh
authors.forename: Phillimon
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ndubani
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Simbaya
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dicker
authors.forename: Ruairí
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Brugha
mesh_terms: D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D000553:Ambulatory Care; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D006078:Government Programs; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006679:HIV Seropositivity; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D006280:Health Workforce / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D020380:Needs Assessment; D011057:Politics; D011203:Poverty; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012424:Rural Population; D013192:Staff Development; D014505:Urban Population; D016526:Workload; D015024:Zambia / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents