title: Toxicity of tire wear particle leachate to the marine macroalga, Ulva lactuca.
abstract: Tire wear particles filed from the treads of end-of-life vehicle tires have been added to sea water to examine the release of Zn and the toxicity of the resulting leachate and dilutions thereof to the marine macroalga, Ulva lactuca. Zinc release appeared to be diffusion-controlled, with a conditional rate constant of 5.4 μg[L(h)(1/2)](-1), and about 1.6% of total Zn was released after 120 h incubation. Exposure to increasing concentrations of leachate resulted in a non-linear reduction in the efficiency of photochemical energy conversion of U. lactuca and, with the exception of the undiluted leachate, increasing accumulation of Zn. Phototoxicity was significantly lower on exposure to equivalent concentrations of Zn added as Zn(NO(3))(2), suggesting that organic components of leachate are largely responsible for the overall toxicity to the alga. Given the ubiquity and abundance of TWP in urban coastal sediments, the generation, biogeochemistry and toxicity of tire leachate in the marine setting merit further attention.
authors.affiliation: School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK. aturner@plymouth.ac.uk
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.forename: Lynsey
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rice
mesh_terms: D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D012623:Seawater; D044445:Ulva / Q000378:metabolism*; D014873:Water Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000737:chemistry; D015032:Zinc / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D014873:Water Pollutants; D015032:Zinc