title: Effects of small Hsp genes on developmental stability and microenvironmental canalization.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Progression of development has to be insulated from the damaging impacts of environmental and genetic perturbations to produce highly predictable phenotypes. Molecular chaperones, such as the heat shock proteins (HSPs), are known to buffer various environmental stresses, and are deeply involved in protein homeostasis. These characteristics of HSPs imply that they might affect developmental buffering and canalization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We examined the role of nine Hsp genes using the GAL4/UAS-RNAi system on phenotypic variation of various morphological traits in Drosophila melanogaster. The stability of bristle number, wing size and wing shape was characterized through fluctuating asymmetry (FA) and the coefficient of variation (CV), or among-individual variation. Progeny of the GAL4/Hsp-RNAi crosses tended to have reduced trait means for both wing size and wing shape. Transcriptional knockdown of Hsp67Bc and Hsp22 significantly increased FA of bristle number, while knockdown of Hsp67Ba significantly increased FA and among-individual variation of wing shape but only in males. Suppression of Hsp67Bb expression significantly increased among-individual variation of bristle number. The knockdown of gene expression was confirmed for Hsp67Ba, Hsp67Bc, Hsp22, and Hsp67Bb. Correlation between FA and CV or among-individual variation of each trait is weak and not significant except for the case of male wing shape.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Four small Hsp genes (Hsp22, Hsp67Ba, Hsp67Bb and Hsp67Bc) showed involvement in the processes of morphogenesis and developmental stability. Due to possible different functions in terms of developmental buffering of these small Hsps, phenotypic stability of an organism is probably maintained by multiple mechanisms triggered by different environmental and genetic stresses on different traits. This novel finding may lead to a better understanding of non-Hsp90 molecular mechanisms controlling variability in morphological traits.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Environmental Stress and Adaptation Research, Department of Genetics, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne 3010, Australia. kaz_tak@cc.okayama-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Kazuo H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: Lea
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rako
authors.forename: Toshiyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takano-Shimizu
authors.forename: Ary A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
authors.forename: Siu F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D029721:Drosophila Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004331:Drosophila melanogaster / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development*; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D010641:Phenotype; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D034622:RNA Interference; D014921:Wings, Animal / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins