title: Type 1 diabetes (T1DM) in children and adolescents of immigrated families in Emilia-Romagna (Italy).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The etiology and natural history of T1DM are still unknown but certainly both genetics and environmental factors contribute to the development of the disease. Migration studies are an important tool to better understand the role of the environment. The aim of this study was to investigate some variables in diabetic children of immigrant families living in Emilia-Romagna compared with Italian diabetic children living in the same region.
  
  
  METHODS
  We recruited 73 diabetic children from immigrant families and 707 Italian diabetic children. All children were cared by Pediatric Diabetes Units of Emilia-Romagna (10 centers). The investigated variables were: gender, current age, place of birth, parents' country of origin, age at diagnosis, HbA1c and insulin regimen.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No significant difference with reference to gender neither among the two ethnic groups, nor in the current mean age was observed. Mean age at diagnosis in the Italian children was lower than in immigrant patients born outside Italy--group A- (7.4 vs. 9.6, p < 0.000) and higher compared to those born in Italy--group B- (7.4 vs. 5.7 p < 0.003; A vs. B p < 0.000). The immigrant patients showed higher mean HbA1c than Italian patients (8.8 vs. 8.2, p < 0.009).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A younger age at diagnosis of T1DM in immigrant children, born in Italy compared with those born in the country of origin, and with Italian patients, suggests the existence of some environmental determinants acquired with a more westernised lifestyle. Immigrant children have significantly poorer metabolic control compared with western patients. (www.actabiomedica.it)
authors.affiliation: Paediatric and Adolescent Unit, Department of Growth and Reproduction, Sant'Anna Hospital of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy. p.banin@ospfe.it
authors.forename: Patrizia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Banin
authors.forename: Fiorenza
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rimondi
authors.forename: Aldo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: De Togni
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cantoni
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chiari
authors.forename: Lorenzo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Iughetti
authors.forename: Silvana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Salardi
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zucchini
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Marsciani
authors.forename: Tosca
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Suprani
authors.forename: Luis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tarchini
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tozzola
authors.forename: Rossella
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Xella
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marsella
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: De Sanctis
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000628:therapy; D054242:Emigrants and Immigrants / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007558:Italy; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D044469:Racial Groups / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human