title: Multilocus sequence analysis reveals the genetic diversity of European fruit tree phytoplasmas and supports the existence of inter-species recombination.
abstract: The genetic diversity of three temperate fruit tree phytoplasmas 'Candidatus Phytoplasma prunorum', 'Ca. P. mali' and 'Ca. P. pyri' has been established by multilocus sequence analysis. Among the four genetic loci used, the genes imp and aceF distinguished 30 and 24 genotypes, respectively, and showed the highest variability. Percentage of substitution for imp ranged from 50 to 68 % according to species. Percentage of substitution varied between 9 and 12 % for aceF, whereas it was between 5 and 6 % for pnp and secY. In the case of 'Ca P. prunorum' the three most prevalent aceF genotypes were detected in both plants and insect vectors, confirming that the prevalent isolates are propagated by insects. The four isolates known to be hypo-virulent had the same aceF sequence, indicating a possible monophyletic origin. Haplotype network reconstructed by eBURST revealed that among the 34 haplotypes of 'Ca. P. prunorum', the four hypo-virulent isolates also grouped together in the same clade. Genotyping of some Spanish and Azerbaijanese 'Ca. P. pyri' isolates showed that they shared some alleles with 'Ca. P. prunorum', supporting for the first time to our knowledge, the existence of inter-species recombination between these two species.
authors.affiliation: UMR Génomique Diversité Pouvoir Pathogène, INRA, Université Victor Ségalen Bordeaux 2, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, BP81, F-33883 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Jean Luc
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Danet
authors.affiliation: Institute of Botany, National Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan, Patamdar shosse 40, AZ-1073, Baku, Azerbaijan.
authors.forename: Gulnara
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Balakishiyeva
authors.affiliation: UMR Génomique Diversité Pouvoir Pathogène, INRA, Université Victor Ségalen Bordeaux 2, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, BP81, F-33883 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Agnès
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cimerman
authors.affiliation: UMR Biologie et Génétique des Interactions Plante-Parasite, CIRAD, INRA, SUPAGRO, Campus International de Baillarguet, TA A-54/K, F-34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sauvion
authors.affiliation: UMR Biologie et Génétique des Interactions Plante-Parasite, CIRAD, INRA, SUPAGRO, Campus International de Baillarguet, TA A-54/K, F-34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
authors.forename: Véronique
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Marie-Jeanne
authors.affiliation: UMR Biologie et Génétique des Interactions Plante-Parasite, CIRAD, INRA, SUPAGRO, Campus International de Baillarguet, TA A-54/K, F-34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
authors.forename: Gérard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Labonne
authors.affiliation: Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentaries (IRTA), Ctra Cabrils Km 2, E-08348 Cabrils, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Amparo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Laviňa
authors.affiliation: Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentaries (IRTA), Ctra Cabrils Km 2, E-08348 Cabrils, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Assumpcio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Batlle
authors.affiliation: Institute for Plant Protection, Croatian Centre for Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Svetošimunska 25, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
authors.forename: Ivana
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Križanac
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Zagreb, Marulicev trg 9a, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
authors.forename: Dijana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Škorić
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Biologia e Protezione delle Piante, Università degli Studi di Udine, via Delle Scienze 208, I-33100 Udine, Italy.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ermacora
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Protection, Mustafa Kemal University, TK-31034 Antakya-Hatay, Turkey.
authors.forename: Çigdem Ulubaş
authors.initials: ÇU
authors.lastname: Serçe
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Protection, Mustafa Kemal University, TK-31034 Antakya-Hatay, Turkey.
authors.forename: Kadriye
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Çağlayan
authors.affiliation: AlPlanta - Institute for Plant Research, RLP AgroScience GmbH, Breitenweg 71, D-67435 Neustadt an der Weinstrasse, Germany.
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Jarausch
authors.affiliation: UMR Génomique Diversité Pouvoir Pathogène, INRA, Université Victor Ségalen Bordeaux 2, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, BP81, F-33883 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Foissac
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016386:Chromosome Walking / Q000379:methods; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D015723:Gene Library; D005798:Genes, Bacterial; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005838:Genotype; D005843:Geography; D007313:Insecta / Q000382:microbiology; D058885:Multilocus Sequence Typing; D009693:Nucleic Acid Hybridization / Q000379:methods; D045582:Phytoplasma / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000382:microbiology; D027861:Prunus / Q000382:microbiology*; D011995:Recombination, Genetic; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D014197:Trees / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial