title: Diazoxide suppresses hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury after mouse liver transplantation by a BCL-2-dependent mechanism.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is responsible for primary liver dysfunction and failure after transplantation. The mitochondrial pathway appears to be involved in liver ischemia-reperfusion injury. Mitochondrial ATP-sensitive K (mitoK(ATP)) channels play a central role in protecting the heart from injury in ischemic preconditioning. The selective mitoK(ATP) channel agonist diazoxide potently reduced mitochondrial injury by preventing cytochrome c loss from the intermembrane space. Therefore, this study sought to determine whether diazoxide can attenuate ischemia-reperfusion injury induced by orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) in mice. Furthermore, it was found that up-regulation of the Bcl-2 gene is a mechanism of diazoxide cytoprotection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Donors were treated with diazoxide, Bcl-2 siRNA, or diazoxide + Bcl-2 siRNA and vehicle 10 min or 24 h before liver harvesting. Liver grafts were then orthotopically transplanted into their corresponding recipients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Liver injury, as judged by transaminase level and histologic examination, was significantly lower in the diazoxide group compared with vehicle controls. The percentage of apoptotic cells and the amount of cytochrome c in the cytosol 6 h after transplant were also markedly reduced in diazoxide-treated grafts compared with vehicle-treated controls. Diazoxide notably up-regulated expression of Bcl-2, while siRNA knockdown of Bcl-2 abolished the cytoprotective effects of diazoxide.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Diazoxide attenuated graft injury after mouse liver transplantation. One mechanism of diazoxide protection involves the induction of Bcl-2, an anti-apoptotic protein. Diazoxide might be useful clinically in hepatic surgery and transplantation.
authors.affiliation: Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China.
authors.forename: Qiao
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Chun
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Yu-Jun
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Xiao-Wu
authors.initials: XW
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Shu-Guang
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bie
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D045304:Cytochromes c / Q000378:metabolism; D003600:Cytosol / Q000378:metabolism; D003981:Diazoxide / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008099:Liver / Q000098:blood supply*; D016031:Liver Transplantation / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008930:Mitochondria, Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D023421:Models, Animal; D015221:Potassium Channels / Q000378:metabolism; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000494:pharmacology; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*; D014184:Transplantation, Homologous; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D015221:Potassium Channels; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; C117780:mitochondrial K(ATP) channel; D045304:Cytochromes c; D003981:Diazoxide