title: Hif1α down-regulation is associated with transposition of great arteries in mice treated with a retinoic acid antagonist.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Congenital heart defect (CHD) account for 25% of all human congenital abnormalities. However, very few CHD-causing genes have been identified so far. A promising approach for the identification of essential cardiac regulators whose mutations may be linked to human CHD, is the molecular and genetic analysis of heart development. With the use of a triple retinoic acid competitive antagonist (BMS189453) we previously developed a mouse model of congenital heart defects (81%), thymic abnormalities (98%) and neural tube defects (20%). D-TGA (D-transposition of great arteries) was the most prevalent cardiac defect observed (61%). Recently we were able to partially rescue this abnormal phenotype (CHD were reduced to 64.8%, p = 0.05), by oral administration of folic acid (FA). Now we have performed a microarray analysis in our mouse models to discover genes/transcripts potentially implicated in the pathogenesis of this CHD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We analysed mouse embryos (8.5 dpc) treated with BMS189453 alone and with BMS189453 plus folic acid (FA) by microarray and qRT-PCR. By selecting a fold change (FC) ≥ ± 1.5, we detected 447 genes that were differentially expressed in BMS-treated embryos vs. untreated control embryos, while 239 genes were differentially expressed in BMS-treated embryos whose mothers had also received FA supplementation vs. BMS-treated embryos. On the basis of microarray and qRT-PCR results, we further analysed the Hif1α gene. In fact Hif1α is down-regulated in BMS-treated embryos vs. untreated controls (FCmicro = -1.79; FCqRT-PCR = -1.76; p = 0.005) and its expression level is increased in BMS+FA-treated embryos compared to BMS-treated embryos (FCmicro = +1.17; FCqRT-PCR = +1.28: p = 0.005). Immunofluorescence experiments confirmed the under-expression of Hif1α protein in BMS-treated embryos compared to untreated and BMS+FA-treated embryos and, moreover, we demonstrated that at 8.5 dpc, Hif1α is mainly expressed in the embryo heart region.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We propose that Hif1α down-regulation in response to blocking retinoic acid binding may contribute to the development of cardiac defects in mouse newborns. In line with our hypothesis, when Hif1α expression level is restored (by supplementation of folic acid), a decrement of CHD is found. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report that links retinoic acid metabolism to Hif1α regulation and the development of D-TGA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biopathology, Tor Vergata University, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy. amati@med.uniroma2.it
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Amati
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Diano
authors.forename: Luisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Campagnolo
authors.forename: Lucia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vecchione
authors.forename: Daria
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cipollone
authors.forename: Susana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bueno
authors.forename: Gianluca
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Prosperini
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Desideri
authors.forename: Gregorio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Siracusa
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chillemi
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Marino
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Novelli
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D047108:Embryonic Development / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020218:Response Elements / Q000235:genetics; D012176:Retinoids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014188:Transposition of Great Vessels / Q000235:genetics*; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*
chemical_list: C423184:BMS 189453; C110087:Cited2 protein, mouse; C497443:Hif1a protein, mouse; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D012176:Retinoids; D015534:Trans-Activators; D014212:Tretinoin; D005492:Folic Acid