title: Dramatic innovations in modern surgical subspecialties.
abstract: Innovation is defined as the introduction of something new, whether an idea, method or device. In this article, we describe the most important and innovative concepts and techniques that have advanced patient care within modern surgical subspecialties. We performed a systematic literature review and consulted academic subspecialty experts to evaluate recent changes in practice. The identified innovations included reduced blood loss and improved training in hepatobiliary surgery, total mesorectal excision and neoadjuvant therapies in colorectal surgery, prosthetic mesh in outpatient surgery, sentinel lymph node theory in surgical oncology, endovascular and wire-based skills in vascular and cardiovascular surgery, and the acceptance of abnormal anatomy through damage-control procedures in trauma and critical care. The common denominator among all subspecialties is an improvement in patient care manifested as a decrease in morbidity and mortality. Surgeons must continue to pursue innovative thinking, technological advances, improved training and systematic research.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Trauma, Surgery and Critical Care, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA. ball.chad@gmail.com
authors.forename: Chad G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Ball
authors.forename: Francis
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sutherland
authors.forename: Andrew W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Kirkpatrick
authors.forename: Elijah
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dixon
authors.forename: Anthony R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Maclean
authors.forename: Lloyd A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Mack
authors.forename: David V
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Feliciano
authors.forename: Ravi R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Rajani
authors.forename: Riyad
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Karmy-Jones
authors.forename: W Donald
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Buie
authors.forename: Walley J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Temple
authors.forename: Grace S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Rozycki
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Simeone
mesh_terms: D017544:Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal / Q000601:surgery; D006552:Hernia, Inguinal / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000601:surgery; D009104:Multiple Trauma / Q000601:surgery; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery; D021701:Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy; D013038:Specialization; D013514:Surgical Procedures, Operative / Q000639:trends*