title: Routine outcome monitoring and feedback on physical or mental health status: evidence and theory.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Routine Outcome Monitoring (ROM) is an important quality tool for measuring outcome of treatment in health care. The objective of this article is to summarize the evidence base that supports the provision of feedback on ROM results to (mental) health care professionals and patients. Also, some relevant theoretical aspects are considered.
  
  
  METHODS
  Literature study (Pubmed, Medline, PsychINFO, Embase Psychiatry, 1975-2009) concerning randomized controlled trials (RTC's) of ROM and feedback on physical or mental health status of patients of all ages. Main search terms were routine outcome monitoring/measurement, feedback, health status measurement, patient reported outcome measures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Included were 52 RCT's concerning ROM and feedback with adult or older patients: of these seven RCT's were exclusively focused on physical health and 45 RCT's (also) on the mental health of the patient, although not always in a mental health care setting or as primary outcome measure. There appears to be a positive impact of ROM on diagnosis and monitoring of treatment, and on communication between patient and therapist. Other results were less clear. There were no published RCT's on this topic with children or adolescents.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ROM appears especially effective for the monitoring of patients who are not doing well in therapy. Further research into this topic and the clinical-and cost-effectiveness of ROM is recommended, especially in mental health care for both adults and children. Also, more theory-driven research is needed with relevant conceptualizations such as Feedback Intervention Theory, Therapeutic Assessment.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Routine Outcome Monitoring, Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands. i.v.e.carlier@lumc.nl
authors.forename: Ingrid V E
authors.initials: IV
authors.lastname: Carlier
authors.forename: Denise
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Meuldijk
authors.forename: Irene M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Van Vliet
authors.forename: Esther
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Van Fenema
authors.forename: Nic J A
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Van der Wee
authors.forename: Frans G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Zitman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005246:Feedback; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008603:Mental Health; D008875:Middle Aged; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care / Q000379:methods*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D055815:Young Adult