title: Comparison of facial soft tissue measurements on three-dimensional images and models obtained with different methods.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to compare the clinical facial soft tissue measurements with the measurements of facial plaster cast, three-dimensional scanned facial plaster cast, 3-dimensional digital photogrammetrical images, and three-dimensional laser scanner images.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three-dimensional facial images of 15 adults were obtained with stereophotogrammetry and a three-dimensional laser scanner. Facial models of subjects were obtained using silicone impression and were scanned. Landmarks were marked on the subjects and plaster casts, digitized on three-dimensional models, and measured in Mimics 12.0 software (Materialise's Interactive Medical Image Control System, Leuven, Belgium).
  
  
  RESULTS
  No statistically significant differences were found between all three-dimensional measurement methods in mouth width, philtrum median height, and nasal width. Comparison of clinical measurements with facial plaster cast measurements revealed that philtral width, nasal tip protrusion, and right lip and nostril heights were wider and longer in clinical measurements than in facial plaster cast measurements. Comparison of clinical measurements to the laser scanned and stereophotogrammetric model measurements revealed that philtrum lateral and lip heights and philtral width were significantly different between methods. When laser scanned and stereophotogrammetric measurements were compared, significant differences were observed in lip and nostril heights.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Facial impression may be problematic owing to the depression caused by the impression material especially on the tip of the nose. Laser scanning is not sensitive enough to visualize the deeper indentations such as nostrils. Stereophotogrammetry is promising for three-dimensional facial measurements and even will be better when color identification between mucocutaneous junctions of the lip region is achieved.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Derya
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Germec-Cakan
authors.forename: Halil Ibrahim
authors.initials: HI
authors.lastname: Canter
authors.forename: Burcu
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Nur
authors.forename: Tulin
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Arun
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000464:Alginates; D002133:Calcium Sulfate; D003764:Dental Materials; D005145:Face / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D007834:Lasers; D008297:Male; D019767:Maxillofacial Abnormalities / Q000473:pathology*; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D010780:Photogrammetry; D012828:Silicones; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D000464:Alginates; D003764:Dental Materials; D012828:Silicones; D002133:Calcium Sulfate