title: Effects of electropolishing surface treatment on the cyclic fatigue resistance of BioRace nickel-titanium rotary instruments.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study evaluated the influence of electropolishing surface treatment on the number of cycles to fracture of BioRace rotary nickel-titanium endodontic instruments.
  
  
  METHODS
  BioRace size BR5C instruments with or without electropolishing surface treatment were used in an artificial curved canal under rotational speed of 300 rpm until fracture. Fractured surfaces and the helical shafts of fractured instruments were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Polished instruments displayed a significantly higher number of cycles to fracture when compared with nonpolished instruments (P < .001). Actually, the number of cycles to fracture of a polished BR5C instrument was 124% higher than that of a nonpolished instrument. SEM analysis showed that the fractured surface of both polished and nonpolished BR5C instruments had ductile morphologic characteristics. Evaluation of the separated fragments after cyclic fatigue testing showed the presence of microcracks near the fracture surface. Polished instruments exhibited fine cracks that assumed an irregular path (zigzag crack pattern), whereas nonpolished instruments showed cracks running along the machining grooves.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Electropolishing surface treatment of BioRace endodontic instruments significantly increased the cyclic fatigue resistance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Estácio de Sá University, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
authors.forename: Hélio P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Lopes
authors.forename: Carlos N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Elias
authors.forename: Victor T L
authors.initials: VT
authors.lastname: Vieira
authors.forename: Edson J L
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Moreira
authors.forename: Raquel V L
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Marques
authors.forename: Julio C Machado
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: de Oliveira
authors.forename: Gilberto
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Debelian
authors.forename: José F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Siqueira
mesh_terms: D003722:Dental Alloys; D003762:Dental Instruments; D003775:Dental Polishing / Q000379:methods*; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis; D009532:Nickel; D018583:Pliability; D018915:Root Canal Preparation / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium
chemical_list: D003722:Dental Alloys; C040654:titanium nickelide; D009532:Nickel; D014025:Titanium