title: [Risks in sport riding - a critical survey of safety standards in sport riding].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Equitation is associated with a high rate of injuries and lethal accidents. The head is the most frequently concerned body part. Hence in the majority of the cases deaths results from head injuries. In this study injuries as well as causes of deaths were analyzed in 21 cases. Actual safety standards in equitation were appraised and suggestions for improvement were formulated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1996 and 2008 21 equestrians suffered from a fatal accident in the greater area of Hamburg. In a retrospective analysis, equestrians' records which bases on the documentation of the institute of forensic medicine as well as the insurance company ARAG were reviewed. Details of the accidents were reconstructed and pattern of injuries of those wearing a riding helmet were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 21 equestrians had 29 injuries. Therefrom 86 % (18 / 21) suffered from head injuries which consequences were the causes for death. In 5 cases (24 %) equestrians wore riding helmets on the date of accident. Therefrom 80 % (4 / 5) suffered from head injuries which results in death.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Actual safety standards in equitation are disappointing. The implementation of the obligation wearing a helmet as well as the improvement of the efficiency of protective clothing for equestrians is essential. Prospective studies in order to broad the state of knowledge in this context are necessary.
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Neurochirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf (Prof. Dr. med. M. Westphal), Hamburg. chessler@uke.uni-hamburg.de
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hessler
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schilling
authors.forename: N M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Meenen
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Lockemann
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Püschel
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000401:mortality* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000401:mortality* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002423:Cause of Death; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D006260:Head Protective Devices; D006306:Health Surveys; D006736:Horses; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011481:Protective Clothing; D017751:Safety Management / Q000592:standards*; D055815:Young Adult