title: CHRNB2 promoter region: association with subjective effects to nicotine and gene expression differences.
abstract: Smoking behavior is a complex, which includes multiple stages in the progression from experimentation to continued use and dependence. The experience of subjective effects, such as dizziness, euphoria, heart pounding, nausea and high, have been associated with varying degrees of persistence and subsequent abuse/dependence of marijuana, cocaine, tobacco and alcohol (Grant et al. 2005, Wagner & Anthony 2002). Previous studies have reported associations between neuronal nicotinic receptor (CHRN) genes and subjective effects to nicotine. We sought to replicate and expand this work by examining eight single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in a sample of adult smokers (n = 316) who reported subjective effects following cigarette smoking in a controlled laboratory environment. Two SNPs each in the CHRNB2, CHRNB3, CHRNA6 and CHRNA4 genes were examined. A significant association was found between two SNPs and physical effects reported after smoking the first experimental cigarette. SNP rs2072658 is upstream of CHRNB2 (P-value = 0.0046) and rs2229959 is a synonymous change in exon 5 of CHRNA4 (P value = 0.0051). We also examined possible functional relevance of SNP rs2072658 using an in vitro gene expression assay. These studies provided evidence that the minor allele of rs2072658 may lead to decreased gene expression, using two separate cell lines, P19 and SH-SY5Y (18% P < 0.001 and 26% P < 0.001 respectively). The human genetic study and functional assays suggest that variation in the promoter region of CHRNB2 gene may be important in mediating levels of expression of the β2 nicotinic receptor subunit, which may be associated with variation in subjective response to nicotine.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
authors.forename: N R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Hoft
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Stitzel
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Hutchison
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Ehringer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004247:DNA / Q000235:genetics; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000502:physiology*; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008156:Luciferases / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009538:Nicotine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010641:Phenotype; D010957:Plasmids / Q000235:genetics; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D011978:Receptors, Nicotinic / Q000235:genetics*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014162:Transfection; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004247:DNA; D008156:Luciferases; D009538:Nicotine; D011978:Receptors, Nicotinic