title: Guided motor imagery in healthy adults and stroke: does strategy matter?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Motor imagery (MI) enhances physical performance and skill acquisition in healthy and neurorehabilitation populations, yet little is known about the use of strategies to guide MI.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the relative effectiveness of visual, auditory, and combined (visual + auditory) cueing of an imagined finger abduction task on corticomotor excitability.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 15 young (20-35 years) and 15 older people (over 55 years) and 10 people with chronic stroke, who could make voluntary movements of selected muscles, participated. Motor evoked potentials (MEPs, primary outcome) were measured following transcranial magnetic stimulation applied while participants imagined abducting their index finger under guidance of cueing strategies. Amplitudes of the MEPs from the first dorsal interosseous (FDI), abductor pollicis brevis (APB), and abductor digiti minimi (ADM) muscles were compared with rest, contrasted with MEPs elicited during active task performance, and expressed relative to rest to reflect facilitation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cued MI enhanced MEPs in all groups, preferentially to the target FDI muscle. In stroke, APB was also facilitated. ADM was least affected by cueing. Analyses of simple effects of condition on FDI MEPs in each group revealed that visual cueing was most effective in young people, whereas auditory cueing was most effective in healthy older people and when directed at the nonparetic side in stroke ( P < .04). On the paretic side, strategies were equally effective. In all cases, MEPs were largest during physical performance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cued MI augments corticomotor excitability associated with healthy and paretic muscles related to the imagined task. Age should be considered when selecting a cueing strategy for maximum effectiveness.
authors.affiliation: Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Cindy L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Hovington
authors.forename: Brenda
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Brouwer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D003463:Cues; D019054:Evoked Potentials, Motor / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D019018:Imagery, Psychotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D010291:Paresis / Q000534:rehabilitation; D000071939:Stroke Rehabilitation; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult