title: Preformed expression of defense is a hallmark of partial resistance to rice blast fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Partial resistance to plant pathogens is extensively used in breeding programs since it could contribute to resistance durability. Partial resistance often builds up during plant development and confers quantitative and usually broad-spectrum resistance. However, very little is known on the mechanisms underlying partial resistance. Partial resistance is often explained by poorly effective induction of plant defense systems. By exploring rice natural diversity, we asked whether expression of defense systems before infection could explain partial resistance towards the major fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae. The constitutive expression of 21 defense-related genes belonging to the defense system was monitored in 23 randomly sampled rice cultivars for which partial resistance was measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified a strong correlation between the expression of defense-related genes before infection and partial resistance. Only a weak correlation was found between the induction of defense genes and partial resistance. Increasing constitutive expression of defense-related genes also correlated with the establishment of partial resistance during plant development. Some rice genetic sub-groups displayed a particular pattern of constitutive expression, suggesting a strong natural polymorphism for constitutive expression of defense. Constitutive levels of hormones like salicylic acid and ethylene cannot explain constitutive expression of defense. We could identify an area of the genome that contributes to explain both preformed defense and partial resistance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that constitutive expression of defense-related genes is likely responsible for a large part of partial resistance in rice. The finding of this preformed defense system should help guide future breeding programs and open the possibility to identify the molecular mechanisms behind partial resistance.
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR BGPI INRA/CIRAD/SupAgro, Campus International de Baillarguet, TA A 54/K, 34398 Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: Emilie
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vergne
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Grand
authors.forename: Elsa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ballini
authors.forename: Véronique
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Chalvon
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Saindrenan
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tharreau
authors.forename: J-L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Nottéghem
authors.forename: J-B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Morel
mesh_terms: D005030:Ethylenes / Q000032:analysis; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D017343:Genes, Plant; D014644:Genetic Variation; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D020082:Magnaporthe / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D012275:Oryza / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000235:genetics*; D040641:Quantitative Trait Loci; D020156:Salicylic Acid / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D005030:Ethylenes; C036216:ethylene; D020156:Salicylic Acid