title: Correlation between adherence rates measured by MEMS and self-reported questionnaires: a meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It is vital to understand the associations between the medication event monitoring systems (MEMS) and self-reported questionnaires (SRQs) because both are often used to measure medication adherence and can produce different results. In addition, the economic implication of using alternative measures is important as the cost of electronic monitoring devices is not covered by insurance, while self-reports are the most practical and cost-effective method in the clinical settings. This meta-analysis examined the correlations of two measurements of medication adherence: MEMS and SRQs.
  
  
  METHODS
  The literature search (1980-2009) used PubMed, OVID MEDLINE, PsycINFO (EBSCO), CINAHL (EBSCO), OVID HealthStar, EMBASE (Elsevier), and Cochrane Databases. Studies were included if the correlation coefficients [Pearson (rp) or Spearman (rs)] between adherences measured by both MEMS and SRQs were available or could be calculated from other statistics in the articles. Data were independently abstracted in duplicate with standardized protocol and abstraction form including 1) first author's name; 2) year of publication; 3) disease status of participants; 4) sample size; 5) mean age (year); 6) duration of trials (month); 7) SRQ names if available; 8) adherence (%) measured by MEMS; 9) adherence (%) measured by SRQ; 10) correlation coefficient and relative information, including p-value, 95% confidence interval (CI). A meta-analysis was conducted to pool the correlation coefficients using random-effect model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eleven studies (N = 1,684 patients) met the inclusion criteria. The mean of adherence measured by MEMS was 74.9% (range 53.4%-92.9%), versus 84.0% by SRQ (range 68.35%-95%). The correlation between adherence measured by MEMS and SRQs ranged from 0.24 to 0.87. The pooled correlation coefficient for 11 studies was 0.45 (p = 0.001, 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 0.34-0.56). The subgroup meta-analysis on the seven studies reporting rp and four studies reporting rs reported the pooled correlation coefficient: 0.46 (p = 0.011, 95% CI: 0.33-0.59) and 0.43 (p = 0.0038, 95% CI: 0.23-0.64), respectively. No differences were found for other subgroup analyses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Medication adherence measured by MEMS and SRQs tends to be at least moderately correlated, suggesting that SRQs give a good estimate of medication adherence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Systems Management, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA. lshi1@tulane.edu
authors.forename: Lizheng
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: Jinan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Vivian
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Fonseca
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: Anupama
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kalsekar
authors.forename: Manjiri
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pawaskar
mesh_terms: D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D006801:Humans; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000191:economics / Q000295:instrumentation*; D057566:Self Report; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016903:Drug Monitoring