title: A phenomenological kV beam model for cone-beam imaging.
abstract: A phenomenological kV beam model was developed to address attenuation and scatter in radiographic images for the purpose of cone-beam imaging. Characterization of a kV beam in terms of the minimal number of parameters and calculation of attenuation and scatter in radiographs of scanned objects are the main applications of this model. Model parameters are derived from radiographs of homogeneous solid water phantoms for various depths and field sizes. The response of the cone-beam detector to kV beams is factorized into different contributions such as output factor, tissue-air ratio and off-axis ratio, with each contribution having an analytical representation. The formulas which are used to characterize the beam model in uniform phantoms are then extended to arbitrary objects using the concept of the water-equivalent pathlength. A weighted sum of three Gaussians in each direction models the dose deposition kernel. Detector response arising from the first Gaussian term can be interpreted as the primary signal while the second and third Gaussians constitute short- and long-range scatter. The model is then applied to predict the primary and scatter signals for arbitrary objects. A technique of scatter removal from the measured radiographs is investigated. The model accurately predicts detector response of varying-thickness phantoms such as multi-step and cylindrical phantoms. The scatter contributes over 90% to the total signal for 20 cm thick phantoms. The calculated scatter-to-primary ratio as a function of spatial coordinates agrees with Monte Carlo studies reported in the literature. Water-equivalent thickness related to primary and scatter contributions calculated from an analysis of radiographs results in an improved calibration technique suitable for CB-CT reconstruction. The kV beam model and the associated theoretical formulations can be utilized to characterize any kV beam line; however, for the specific study the OBI system (Varian) was used to obtain experimental radiographs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Mandar S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Bhagwat
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Blessing
authors.forename: Yulia
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lyatskaya
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zygmanski
mesh_terms: D000388:Air; D054893:Cone-Beam Computed Tomography / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012542:Scattering, Radiation; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D014867:Water