title: [The development of techniques for liquid level detection in auto clinical laboratory analyzers].
abstract: Liquid level detection (LLD) is necessary for eliminating carry-over of needle's outside by limiting the depth the needle probes into liquid in auto clinical laboratory analyzers. This paper listed various demands of liquid-handling system under different situations; reviewed various LLD techniques, such as capacitive, air pressure, mechanical vibration, ultrasound, light reflection, CCD imaging etc.; briefly introduced the working principles, features, and limitation of the LLDs; and recapitulated the characteristics of contact and non-contact LLDs. Lastly, the next generation technique of LLD is prospected.
authors.affiliation: College of Precision Instrument & Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin Universty, Tianjin 300072, China. zhuxianfeng@tju.edu.cn
authors.forename: Xianfeng
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Kuo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Sisi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Wenhao
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Mingshi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D001331:Automation; D019411:Clinical Laboratory Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*