title: Quality of life in young people with Tourette syndrome: a controlled study.
abstract: Quality of life (QoL) may be adversely affected by Tourette syndrome (TS). Although the core symptoms of this complex neurodevelopmental disorder are tics, patients often present with an array of behavioural difficulties, such as co-morbid obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In this study we investigated whether young people with TS exhibited poorer QoL in comparison to healthy individuals and an epilepsy control group. We also analysed whether greater tic severity or co-morbid OCD and\or ADHD led to greater differences in perceived QoL. The Youth Quality of Life Instrument-Research Version (Edwards et al. in J Adolesc 25:275-286, 2002) was used to assess QoL and a range of clinical scales were administered to assess anxiety, depression and other behavioural symptoms. TS was associated with significant differences in aspects of QoL related to home and social activities, involving peer and family interactions. Patients with more severe tics reported a greater negative impact on QoL. Patients with TS and no associated diagnoses (pure TS) presented with lower QoL scores in the environment domain, poorer perceived QoL in general, and depressive features. Co-morbid OCD appeared to exert a greater impact on self and relationship QoL domains. The presence of both OCD and ADHD as co-morbidities led to more widespread problems. In conclusion, TS can be associated with poorer perceived QoL. Although social aspects of QoL may be more vulnerable to TS in general, co-morbid conditions make an important contribution in determining which aspects of QoL are most affected in the individual.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuropsychiatry, The Barberry National Centre for Mental Health, Birmingham and Solihull Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Barberry Building, Birmingham, B152FG, UK.
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Eddy
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rizzo
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gulisano
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Agodi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Barchitta
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Calì
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Robertson
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Cavanna
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009771:Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D011788:Quality of Life; D005879:Tourette Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*