title: Expression of estrogen related proteins in hormone refractory prostate cancer: association with tumor progression.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Despite increasing evidence that estrogen signaling has a key role in prostate cancer development and progression, few studies have focused on the estrogen pathway in the transition from hormone sensitive to hormone refractory tumors. We investigated the expression of proteins related to androgen and estrogen metabolism in paired prostate cancer samples collected before androgen deprivation therapy and after hormonal relapse.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included 55 patients treated for prostate cancer only with androgen deprivation therapy and in whom tissue was available before treatment induction and after recurrence. Immunohistochemistry was performed using tissue microarray with antibodies directed against androgen receptor, phosphorylated androgen receptor, estrogen receptor α, estrogen receptor β, 5α-reductase 1 and 2, aromatase, BCAR1 and the proliferation marker Ki67.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to hormone sensitive samples, tissues collected after hormonal relapse were characterized by increased expression of Ki67, androgen receptor, phosphorylated androgen receptor (p <0.001) and BCAR (p = 0.03), and by lower staining for 5α-reductase 2 (p = 0.002), estrogen receptor β (p = 0.016) and aromatase (p <0.001). Shorter time to hormonal relapse was associated with high expression of aromatase and BCAR1 on diagnostic biopsy, together with low staining for estrogen receptor α in stromal cells. Overall survival was significantly shorter when tissues collected after relapse showed a high proliferation index and low estrogen receptor α expression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results revealed dysregulation of proteins involved in androgen pathways, and in estrogen synthesis and signaling during the development of hormone refractory prostate cancer.
authors.affiliation: Service d'Urologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire-Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France.
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Celhay
authors.forename: Mokrane
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yacoub
authors.forename: Jacques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Irani
authors.forename: Bertrand
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dore
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Cussenot
authors.forename: Gaelle
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fromont
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000728:Androgens / Q000378:metabolism*; D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018450:Disease Progression; D004967:Estrogens / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D014176:Protein Biosynthesis; D017211:Treatment Failure
chemical_list: D000728:Androgens; D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; D004967:Estrogens