title: Apelin mediates the induction of profibrogenic genes in human hepatic stellate cells.
abstract: Apelin is a peptide with relevant functions in angiogenesis and inflammation. Recent studies have demonstrated that apelin is overexpressed in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) of cirrhotic rats. Moreover, patients with cirrhosis show high circulating levels of this peptide. We evaluated the role of endogenous apelin system in fibrogenesis-related gene induction in human HSCs. Messenger expression and immunolocalization of apelin were analyzed in human cirrhotic liver and in control samples. Apelin expression was analyzed in a human HSC line (LX-2) under hypoxic conditions or in the presence of proinflammatory or profibrogenic stimuli. LX-2 cells were stimulated with apelin, and a selected profile of fibrogenesis-related genes was quantified. In vivo inactivation of apelin was analyzed in the liver of fibrotic rats after administrating specific blockers of the molecules triggering apelin induction. Apelin was overexpressed in HSCs from human cirrhotic liver. Neither hypoxia nor proinflammatory substances induced the expression of apelin in LX-2. By contrast, both profibrogenic molecules angiotensin II (AII) and endothelin-1 (ET-1) enhanced apelin expression in these cells. Apelin increased the synthesis of collagen-I and platelet-derived growth factor receptor β (PDGFRβ) in LX-2. AII and ET-1 stimulated collagen-I and PDGFRβ expression, and this induction was drastically reduced when apelin receptor was blocked in these cells. In accordance, AII or ET-1 receptor antagonists reduced the hepatic synthesis of apelin, collagen-I, and PDGFRβ in fibrotic rats.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  apelin mediates some of the fibrogenic effects triggered by AII and ET-1, thus suggesting that apelin could be an important mediator of fibrogenesis in human liver disease.
authors.affiliation: Service of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Melgar-Lesmes
authors.forename: Gregori
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Casals
authors.forename: Montserrat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pauta
authors.forename: Josefa
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ros
authors.forename: Vedrana
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Reichenbach
authors.forename: Ramon
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bataller
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Morales-Ruiz
authors.forename: Wladimiro
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Jimenez
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000804:Angiotensin II / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D000073861:Apelin; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002460:Cell Line; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D024042:Collagen Type I / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D019332:Endothelin-1 / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D015870:Gene Expression; D055166:Hepatic Stellate Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008099:Liver / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D020797:Receptor, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor beta / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018125:Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric
chemical_list: C115436:APLN protein, human; D000073861:Apelin; D024042:Collagen Type I; D019332:Endothelin-1; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D018125:Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta; D000804:Angiotensin II; D020797:Receptor, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor beta