title: Population-based monitoring of HIV drug resistance in Namibia with early warning indicators.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) testing is not routinely available in many resource-limited settings, therefore, antiretroviral therapy (ART) program and site factors known to be associated with HIVDR should be monitored to optimize the quality of patient care and minimize the emergence of preventable HIVDR.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 2009, Namibia selected 5 World Health Organization Early Warning Indicators (EWIs) and piloted abstraction at 9 ART sites: "ART prescribing practices, patients lost to follow-up at 12 months, patient retention on first-line ART at 12 months, on-time antiretroviral drug pick-up, and antiretroviral drug-supply continuity".
  
  
  RESULTS
  Records supported monitoring of 3 of 5 selected EWIs. Nine of 9 (100%) sites met the target of 100% initiated on appropriate first-line regimens. Eight of 9 (89%) sites met the target of ≤20% lost to follow-up, although 20.8% of ART starters (range: 4.6%-44.6%) had a period of absence without documented ART coverage of 2.3 months (range: 1.5-3.9 months). Six of 9 (67%) sites met the target of 0% switched to a second-line regimen.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  EWI monitoring directly resulted in public health action which will optimize the quality of care, specifically the strengthening of ART record systems permitting monitoring of 5 EWIs in future years and protocols for improved ART patient defaulter tracing.
authors.affiliation: Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA. shong@tuftsmedicalcenter.org
authors.forename: Steven Y
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jonas
authors.forename: Efraim
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dumeni
authors.forename: Alfons
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Badi
authors.forename: Dawn
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pereko
authors.forename: Abraham
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Blom
authors.forename: Victor S
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Muthiani
authors.forename: Andreas N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Shiningavamwe
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mukamba
authors.forename: Ghirmay
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Andemichael
authors.forename: Rony
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Barbara
authors.forename: Diane E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Bennett
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Jordan
mesh_terms: D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003906:Developing Countries; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D062665:Epidemiological Monitoring; D006678:HIV / Q000187:drug effects*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D009276:Namibia / Q000453:epidemiology; D009313:National Health Programs / Q000592:standards; D010865:Pilot Projects
chemical_list: D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents