title: Oxidative stress biomarkers response to high intensity interval training and relation to performance in competitive swimmers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Aim of the study is to investigate the modulations of oxidative stress biomarkers and some antioxidants induced by high intensity interval training bout and its relation to swimming performance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten swimmers performed a set of 8 maximal swims along 100 m by style of their specialty, with 10 minute for a rest. The concentration of blood lactate ([Lac]) was determined after each swim. The lactate tolerance index (LTI) was determined by the ratio between [Lac] and the respective times of execution of the 8 swims. The time to complete first 100 m swim at maximum effort (P100) and the international point score (IPS) reached in a specific competition were considered performance parameters. Venous blood was collected before and after the anaerobic training effort.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean blood lactate concentration in the eight swims was 10.9 ± 1.2 mM. Significant increases were observed for TBARS (pre: 4.1±0.7 ?mol/L; post: 4.9±1.1. ?mol/L), CK (pre: 206.4±170.7 U/L; post: 244.4±176.9. U/L), GSH (pre: 0.52±0.06; post: 0.62±0.05. mM), and ascorbic acid (pre: 0.06±0.02; post: 0.11±0.03. mg/dL) after the anaerobic training bout compared to the values obtained before it. In addition, significant correlations (P < 0.05) were detected between LTI and P100 (r = -0.87) and IPS (r = 0.64) and between variation of ascorbic acid and P100 (r = -0.60).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Anaerobic training bout proposed induces oxidative stress and cell muscle damage markers as well as modulates some antioxidants of competitive swimmers. The modulation of ascorbic acid seems to play an important role in the performance of these athletes.
authors.affiliation: Nutrition and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Deminice
authors.forename: C Santana
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Trindade
authors.forename: G Carvalho
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Degiovanni
authors.forename: M Ribeiro
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Garlip
authors.forename: G Vannucchi
authors.initials: GV
authors.lastname: Portari
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Teixeira
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Jordao
mesh_terms: D015308:Anaerobic Threshold / Q000502:physiology; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000886:Anthropometry; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000097:blood; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D003402:Creatine Kinase / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005978:Glutathione / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007773:Lactates / Q000097:blood; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation; D008297:Male; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D010806:Physical Education and Training; D013550:Swimming / Q000502:physiology*; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances / Q000378:metabolism; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000097:blood; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D007773:Lactates; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances; D014810:Vitamin E; D003402:Creatine Kinase; D005978:Glutathione; D001205:Ascorbic Acid