title: Perception of anatomical structures in digitally filtered and conventional panoramic radiographs: a clinical evaluation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aims of the study were to compare subjective image quality of clinical images obtained with a storage phosphor plate (SPP)-based digital and conventional film-based panoramic system for the visualization of various anatomical structures and to evaluate the effect of various processing algorithms on image interpretation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Panoramic radiographs were taken in 42 patients both with film and with a SPP system. SPP images were treated with shadow, sharpen, negative, greyscale sigma and greyscale exponential filters. Four observers subjectively evaluated films and unfiltered and filtered SPP images for the visibility of anatomical structures with various radiodensities as well as for overall image quality on a three-point rating scale. The statistical methods used were Kruskal-Wallis, odds ratio analysis and Cohen's kappa.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No statistically significant difference was found between film and unfiltered digital images except for low-contrast structures (P > 0.05). Film images were preferred for the visibility of low-contrast structures (P < 0.05). Best overall image quality was obtained with sharpened images (P < 0.05) followed by films and unfiltered digital images. Among all filtered images, sharpened ones received the highest ratings for the visibility of all anatomical structures (P < 0.05). The intra- and interobserver agreement ranged between moderate and substantial and between fair and moderate, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Film and unfiltered SPP-based panoramic images performed equally well in terms of overall quality; however, films were best for the perception of low-contrast structures. The sharpening filter may be recommended for enhancing SPP panoramic images to improve the visual perception of most of the anatomical structures as well as overall quality.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Diagnosis & Radiology, School of Dentistry, Ege University, Turkey.
authors.forename: B G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Baksi
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Alpöz
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sogur
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mert
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D005374:Filtration / Q000295:instrumentation; D006801:Humans; D007568:Jaw / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008297:Male; D015588:Observer Variation; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011856:Radiographic Image Enhancement; D019252:Radiography, Dental, Digital / Q000295:instrumentation*; D011862:Radiography, Panoramic / Q000379:methods*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric