title: Objectively measured physical capability levels and mortality: systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To do a quantitative systematic review, including published and unpublished data, examining the associations between individual objective measures of physical capability (grip strength, walking speed, chair rising, and standing balance times) and mortality in community dwelling populations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic review and meta-analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Relevant studies published by May 2009 identified through literature searches using Embase (from 1980) and Medline (from 1950) and manual searching of reference lists; unpublished results were obtained from study investigators.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eligible observational studies were those done in community dwelling people of any age that examined the association of at least one of the specified measures of physical capability (grip strength, walking speed, chair rises, or standing balance) with mortality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Effect estimates obtained were pooled by using random effects meta-analysis models with heterogeneity between studies investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although heterogeneity was detected, consistent evidence was found of associations between all four measures of physical capability and mortality; those people who performed less well in these tests were found to be at higher risk of all cause mortality. For example, the summary hazard ratio for mortality comparing the weakest with the strongest quarter of grip strength (14 studies, 53 476 participants) was 1.67 (95% confidence interval 1.45 to 1.93) after adjustment for age, sex, and body size (I(2)=84.0%, 95% confidence interval 74% to 90%; P from Q statistic <0.001). The summary hazard ratio for mortality comparing the slowest with the fastest quarter of walking speed (five studies, 14 692 participants) was 2.87 (2.22 to 3.72) (I(2)=25.2%, 0% to 70%; P=0.25) after similar adjustments. Whereas studies of the associations of walking speed, chair rising, and standing balance with mortality have only been done in older populations (average age over 70 years), the association of grip strength with mortality was also found in younger populations (five studies had an average age under 60 years).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Objective measures of physical capability are predictors of all cause mortality in older community dwelling populations. Such measures may therefore provide useful tools for identifying older people at higher risk of death.
authors.affiliation: MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing and Division of Population Health, University College London, London WC1B 5JU. r.cooper@nshd.mrc.ac.uk
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kuh
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hardy
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D018737:Hand Strength / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009026:Mortality / Q000639:trends*; D010807:Physical Endurance / Q000502:physiology*; D004856:Postural Balance / Q000502:physiology; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology