Availability and utilization of malaria prevention strategies in pregnancy in eastern India.
BACKGROUND
Malaria in pregnancy in India, as elsewhere, is responsible for maternal anemia and adverse pregnancy outcomes such as low birth weight and preterm birth.It is not known whether prevention and treatment strategies for malaria in pregnancy (case management, insecticide-treated bednets, intermittent preventive therapy) are widely utilized in India.


METHODS
This cross-sectional study was conducted during 2006-2008 in two states of India, Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh, at 7 facilities representing a range of rural and urban populations and areas of more versus less stable malaria transmission. 280 antenatal visits (40/site) were observed by study personnel coupled with exit interviews of pregnant women to assess emphasis upon, availability and utilization of malaria prevention practices by health workers and pregnant women. The facilities were assessed for the availability of antimalarials, lab supplies and bednets.


RESULTS
All participating facilities were equipped to perform malaria blood smears; none used rapid diagnostic tests. Chloroquine, endorsed for chemoprophylaxis during pregnancy by the government at the time of the study, was stocked regularly at all facilities although the quantity stocked varied. Availability of alternative antimalarials for use in pregnancy was less consistent. In Jharkhand, no health worker recommended bednet use during the antenatal visit yet over 90% of pregnant women had bednets in their household. In Chhattisgarh, bednets were available at all facilities but only 14.4% of health workers recommended their use. 40% of the pregnant women interviewed had bednets in their household. Only 1.4% of all households owned an insecticide-treated bednet; yet 40% of all women reported their households had been sprayed with insecticide. Antimalarial chemoprophylaxis with chloroquine was prescribed in only 2 (0.7%) and intermittent preventive therapy prescribed in only one (0.4%) of the 280 observed visits.


CONCLUSIONS
A disconnect remains between routine antenatal practices in India and known strategies to prevent and treat malaria in pregnancy. Prevention strategies, in particular the use of insecticide-treated bednets, are underutilized. Gaps highlighted by this study combined with recent estimates of the prevalence of malaria during pregnancy in these areas should be used to revise governmental policy and target increased educational efforts among health care workers and pregnant women.
Wylie
Blair J
BJ
Center for Global Health and Development, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA. bwylie@partners.org
Hashmi
Ahmar H
AH
Singh
Neeru
N
Singh
Mrigendra P
MP
Tuchman
Jordan
J
Hussain
Mobassir
M
Sabin
Lora
L
Yeboah-Antwi
Kojo
K
Banerjee
Camellia
C
Brooks
Mohamad I
MI
Desai
Meghna
M
Udhayakumar
Venkatachalam
V
Macleod
William B
WB
Dash
Aditya P
AP
Hamer
Davidson H
DH
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D019090:Case Management; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D008288:Malaria / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011314:Preventive Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data* / Q000600:supply & distribution; D055815:Young Adult