title: A window of vulnerability: health insurance coverage among women 55 to 64 years of age.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  largely a consequence of historical gender differences in labor force attachment in the United States, many women rely on their spouse for health insurance coverage, particularly during late middle age. Prior research finds that this creates a window of vulnerability for women during late middle age who may lose their (older) spouse's employment-based coverage when he retires from the labor force and enrolls in Medicare. However, the few studies that have examined this window of vulnerability have been based primarily on white adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  we used the 2004 and 2006 Annual Social and Economic Supplements to the Current Population Survey to examine whether the window of vulnerability exists among non-Hispanic Black, Mexican-origin, and non-Hispanic White women 55 to 64 years of age, and whether similar factors contribute to the vulnerability across these race/ethnic groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  women 55 to 64 years of age married to men 65 years or older had an elevated risk of lacking coverage at a time of life when health problems are common and expensive. Among non-Hispanic White women, their husband's exit from full-time employment accounted for the higher risk, whereas a more complex and systemic set of social factors contributed to the higher risk among non-Hispanic Black and Mexican-origin women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ensuring adequate and affordable health insurance coverage among women during late middle age may require additional health care reforms such as extending Medicare eligibility to younger adults or basing Medicare age eligibility on the age of the older partner within a married couple.
authors.affiliation: Department of Sociology and Population Research Center, University of Texas at Austin, TX 78713, USA. jangel@austin.utexas.edu
authors.forename: Jacqueline L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Angel
authors.forename: Jennifer Karas
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Montez
authors.forename: Ronald J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Angel
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D018166:Health Care Reform / Q000458:organization & administration; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D005102:Health Expenditures; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006801:Humans; D019458:Insurance Coverage / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D007348:Insurance, Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D017057:Medically Uninsured; D006278:Medicare / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012179:Retirement / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012306:Risk; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D018454:Spouses; D014481:United States; D035862:Vulnerable Populations; D014930:Women / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult