title: Pharmacists' preferences for providing patient-centered services: a discrete choice experiment to guide health policy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In Canada, most pharmacists are not paid to provide patient-centered services. In other areas of the world these services have suffered from poor adoption by pharmacists.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine pharmacists' preferences for providing patient-centered services.
  
  
  METHODS
  Senior pharmacy students and pharmacists in British Columbia and Alberta were recruited to complete a discrete choice experiment. In 18 different choice-sets, respondents were asked to choose 1 of 3 options that included 2 different hypothetical patient-centered services and a status quo option. For each hypothetical service, we described the following attributes: service type and setting, personal income and job satisfaction, professional fee, and educational requirements. Multinomial logit and latent class regression models determined respondents' relative preference weights for each attribute.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 539 respondents who completed the questionnaire, 49% were dispensary pharmacists or managers, 12% were dispensary owners or regional managers, 21% were clinical pharmacists, and 16% were students. When choosing new services, respondents were very averse to having their personal income or job satisfaction decrease. They also preferred a higher professional fee for the service (to be paid to the pharmacy) and preferred a weeklong course or a preceptorship over no education before embarking on new services. Respondents also preferred medication or disease management services, were not interested in screening, and were averse to typical pharmacy services. Finally, respondents preferred the clinic setting over the dispensary. Preferences differed according to several factors including respondents' employment and time in practice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pharmacists prefer to provide patient-centered services over typical pharmacy services. Most will need to be assured that their income and job satisfaction will be maintained or increased and that they will have access to suitable advanced education. Decision-makers should carefully consider these preferences to improve program success and sustainability.
authors.affiliation: University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. grindrod@interchange.ubc.ca
authors.forename: Kelly A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Grindrod
authors.forename: Carlo A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Marra
authors.forename: Lindsey
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Colley
authors.forename: Ross T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Tsuyuki
authors.forename: Larry D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Lynd
mesh_terms: D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D002170:Canada; D002755:Choice Behavior; D003157:Community Pharmacy Services; D003625:Data Collection; D006291:Health Policy; D006801:Humans; D007588:Job Satisfaction; D054539:Medication Therapy Management / Q000458:organization & administration; D018802:Patient-Centered Care; D010595:Pharmacists; D012456:Salaries and Fringe Benefits; D013339:Students, Pharmacy; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires