title: Episodic feeling-of-knowing resolution derives from the quality of original encoding.
abstract: In recent studies, researchers have argued for adult age-related deficits in the resolution of episodic feeling of knowing (FOK) owing to a decline in inferential processes. In the present study, we introduce the memory constraint hypothesis, which argues that deficits are an outcome of differences in the level of learning. A repetition delay paradigm for a list of paired-associate items showed that repeated presentations at encoding increased memory performance and in turn increased FOK resolution for unrecalled items. Older adults who were given a 48-h delay between encoding and subsequent tests (and FOKs) had equivalent memory performance to younger adults who were given a 7-day delay. In this case, age equivalence arose in FOK resolution except at the lowest levels of recognition in the single-presentation condition. The use of effective strategies during encoding correlated with memory performance and FOKs, even for unrecalled pairs. These results are inconsistent with an inferential-deficit explanation of age deficits in FOK resolution; they point to the importance of original encoding quality as a potent contributor to FOK resolution, and they argue for equating age groups on memory performance when evaluating the episodic FOK resolution of age differences.
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0170, USA. christopher.hertzog@psych.gatech.edu
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hertzog
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dunlosky
authors.forename: Starlette M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Sinclair
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000523:psychology*; D001288:Attention; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010153:Paired-Associate Learning; D021641:Recognition, Psychology; D012153:Retention, Psychology; D055815:Young Adult