title: Case report. Intravenous fentanyl patient-controlled analgesia for perioperative treatment of neuropathic/ischaemic pain in haemodialysis patients: a case series.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Use of opioids is common in perioperative haemodialysis patients because they often suffer from intractable ischaemic or neuropathic lower extremity pain. Intravenous (IV) fentanyl, patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) does not appear to have been evaluated in this setting; hence this study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This is a prospective, single-centre study. IV fentanyl PCA was used for pain control in 16 patients with lower extremity, neuropathic/ischaemic pain, scheduled for major lower extremity amputation. IV fentanyl PCA was used before and after amputation in eight patients, before but not after amputation in seven patients, and until death in one terminal cancer patient who chose to forgo surgery. Pain intensity was assessed with the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and the McGill Pain Questionnaire. Depth of sedation was assessed on a 4-point scale. Ischaemic pain scores were high before fentanyl PCA started, but decreased significantly and remained low with fentanyl PCA use (P<0·001). Phantom pain scores were low (VAS≤4). Respiratory depression was not a problem in any patient.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Concerns about accumulation of active opioid metabolites make provision of adequate analgesia problematic in haemodialysis patients scheduled for amputation, and emergency surgery. Our data on a small patient population suggest that IV fentanyl PCA is safe and effective for severe pain in haemodialysis patients.
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Patras, Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Patras University Hospital, Patras, Greece.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Karanikolas
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Aretha
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kiekkas
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Monantera
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Tsolakis
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Filos
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016058:Analgesia, Patient-Controlled / Q000009:adverse effects; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003929:Diabetic Neuropathies / Q000188:drug therapy; D005260:Female; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009437:Neuralgia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D006435:Renal Dialysis
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D005283:Fentanyl