title: Does exercise protect from cognitive decline by altering brain cytokine and apoptotic protein levels? A systematic review of the literature.
abstract: Regular exercise is thought to provide protection against age-related cognitive decline and possibly reduce risk of dementias. The mechanisms for the exercise protective effects are not known although changes in inflammatory cytokine levels may be involved. We conducted a systematic review of the literature to assess (1) the effects of exercise on cytokines in the brain, (2) the methodological rigour of studies which have examined these exercise effects and (3) the potential role of regular exercise in reducing the pro-inflammatory cytokine milieu that may contribute to dementia. We also reviewed the effects of exercise on concurrent pro and anti-apoptotic protein expression in the brain as related to cytokine changes. Five databases were searched until January 2010 with an initial 630 articles identified; 61 articles were retrieved of which 10 met study inclusion criteria. Investigations of both acute and chronic (training) exercise were assessed for methodological quality using a modified PEDro scale. Two studies were carried out with human participants and eight with mouse or rat models; studies differed markedly in design and methodological rigour; the types, intensities and durations of exercise, the cytokine and apoptotic proteins measured, and the regions of the brain (or proxy compartments) sampled. Despite variations in design, specific cytokine outcomes, and exercise type, the 10 studies provide limited evidence that acute strenuous exercise increases and exercise training decreases pro-inflammatory cytokines centrally. Two animal studies relate training associated decreases in pro-inflammatory cytokines with improved cognitive function using behavioural assessments such as the Morris maze. Recommendations for the design of future research on exercise, central cytokines, and cognition are offered.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Studies and Gerontology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Packer
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pervaiz
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hoffman-Goetz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology*; D001921:Brain / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D018836:Inflammation Mediators