Sexual steroids in urogynecology.
The decline in sex hormone levels that accompanies the menopause has substantial effects on the tissues of the urogenital system, leading to atrophic changes. These changes can have negative effects on sexual and urinary function. The authors evaluate the repercussion of hypoestrogenism and sexual steroids on some elements of the pelvic floor and lower urinary tract. They summarize their research work and review significant published papers. They emphasize the changes in urinary mucosae, periurethral vessels, muscular layer, connective tissue, gene expression, autonomic nervous system receptors, as well as the main clinical aspects involved.
Sartori
M G F
MG
Section of Urogynecology and Pelvic Surgery, Department of Gynecology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua dos Otonis 601 (Vila Clementino), São Paulo, Brazil.
Feldner
P C
PC
Jarmy-Di Bella
Z I K
ZI
Aquino Castro
R
R
Baracat
E C
EC
Rodrigues de Lima
G
G
Castello Girão
M J B
MJ
D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D001284:Atrophy; D003094:Collagen / Q000032:analysis / Q000187:drug effects; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1 / Q000235:genetics; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy; D004967:Estrogens / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000502:physiology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D008833:Microcirculation / Q000187:drug effects; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000187:drug effects; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic / Q000187:drug effects; D017773:Pelvic Floor / Q000098:blood supply; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D011976:Receptors, Muscarinic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D020845:Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D014551:Urinary Tract / Q000098:blood supply / Q000378:metabolism*; D019459:Urothelium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D014596:Uterine Prolapse / Q000503:physiopathology; D014621:Vagina / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D001613:beta 2-Microglobulin / Q000235:genetics
D004967:Estrogens; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011976:Receptors, Muscarinic; D020845:Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D001613:beta 2-Microglobulin; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid; D003094:Collagen; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1