title: Daily corticosteroids reduce infection-associated relapses in frequently relapsing nephrotic syndrome: a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Relapses of nephrotic syndrome often follow minor infections, commonly of the upper respiratory tract. Daily administration of maintenance prednisolone during intercurrent infections was examined to determine whether the treatment reduces relapse rates in children with frequently relapsing nephrotic syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a randomized controlled trial (nonblind, parallel group, tertiary-care hospital), 100 patients with idiopathic, frequently relapsing nephrotic syndrome eligible for therapy with prolonged low-dose, alternate-day prednisolone with or without levamisole were randomized to either receive their usual dose of alternate-day prednisolone daily for 7 days during intercurrent infections (intervention group) or continue alternate-day prednisolone (controls). Primary outcome was assessed by comparing the rates of infection-associated relapses at 12-month follow-up. Secondary outcomes were the frequency of infections and the cumulative amount of prednisolone received in both groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients in the intervention group showed significantly lower infection-associated (rate difference, 0.7 episodes/patient per year; 95% confidence intervals [CI] 0.3, 1.1) and lower total relapse rates (0.9 episodes/patient per year, 95% CI 0.4, 1.4) without increase in steroid toxicity. Poisson regression, adjusted for occurrence of infections, showed that daily administration of prednisolone during infections independently resulted in 59% reduction in frequency of relapses (rate ratio, 0.41; 95% CI 0.3, 0.6). For every six patients receiving this intervention, one showed a reduction of relapse frequency to less than three per year.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Daily administration of maintenance doses of prednisolone, during intercurrent infections, significantly reduces relapse rates and the proportion of children with frequently relapsing nephrotic syndrome.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Ashima
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gulati
authors.forename: Aditi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sinha
authors.forename: Vishnubhatla
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sreenivas
authors.forename: Aparna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Math
authors.forename: Pankaj
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hari
authors.forename: Arvind
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bagga
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009404:Nephrotic Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D011239:Prednisolone / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012008:Recurrence; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000150:complications*; D017211:Treatment Failure
chemical_list: D011239:Prednisolone