title: Multiple functions of CXCL12 in a syngeneic model of breast cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A growing body of work implicates chemokines, in particular CXCL12 and its receptors, in the progression and site-specific metastasis of various cancers, including breast cancer. Various agents have been used to block the CXCL12-CXCR4 interaction as a means of inhibiting cancer metastasis. However, as a potent chemotactic factor for leukocytes, CXCL12 also has the potential to enhance anti-cancer immunity. To further elucidate its role in breast cancer progression, CXCL12 and its antagonist CXCL12(P2G) were overexpressed in the syngeneic 4T1.2 mouse model of breast carcinoma.
  
  
  RESULTS
  While expression of CXCL12(P2G) significantly inhibited metastasis, expression of wild-type CXCL12 potently inhibited both metastasis and primary tumor growth. The effects of wild-type CXCL12 were attributed to an immune response characterized by the induction of CD8+ T cell activity, enhanced cell-mediated cytotoxicity, increased numbers of CD11c+ cells in the tumor-draining lymph nodes and reduced accumulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in the spleen.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study highlights the need to consider carefully therapeutic strategies that block CXCL12 signaling. Therapies that boost CXCL12 levels at the primary tumor site may prove more effective in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer.
authors.affiliation: School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: Sharon A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Yuka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Harata-Lee
authors.forename: Iain
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Comerford
authors.forename: Robin L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Mark J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Smyth
authors.forename: Shaun R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: McColl
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D054377:Chemokine CXCL12 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D016513:Mice, SCID; D019718:Receptors, CXCR4 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D054377:Chemokine CXCL12; D019718:Receptors, CXCR4