title: COX-2-mediated regulation of VEGF-C in association with lymphangiogenesis and lymph node metastasis in lung cancer.
abstract: The mechanisms underlying the effects of COX-2 on tumor lymphangiogenesis remain largely undefined. Here, the human lung cancer cell lines A549, 95D, Anip973, and AGZY83-a with different metastatic capacities were investigated by immunostaining, western blotting, and real-time RT-PCR. We observed increased expressions of COX-2 and VEGF-C in the three highly metastatic cell lines compared with the less metastatic AGZY83-a cell line. The COX-2-specific inhibitor Celecoxib suppressed VEGF-C expression whereas the main COX-2 metabolite PGE(2) elevated VEGF-C expression in Anip973 and AGZY83-a cells in positive and negative experiments. To determine the functional link to COX-2 more specifically and elucidate the mechanistic pathway, we used a siRNA to knock down the high COX-2 expression in Anip973 cells and transfected a COX-2 cDNA to enhance the low COX-2 expression in AGZY83-a cells, and then treated the cells with EP1/EP4 agonists or antagonists, respectively. The results revealed that the EP1/EP4 agonists significantly increased VEGF-C production in the COX-2-knockdown Anip973 cells. In contrast, the EP1/EP4 antagonists diminished VEGF-C production in the COX-2-overexpressing AGZY83-a cells. Furthermore, animal models provided evidence that Celecoxib decreased VEGF-C expression, lymphangiogenesis, and lymph node metastases in Anip973 cells, whereas PGE(2) treatment increased the same factors in the parental AGZY83-a cells. A positive correlation between COX-2 and VEGF-C was also confirmed in vivo. The present data suggest that COX-2 regulates VEGF-C expression via the PGE(2) pathway, and that EP1/EP4 receptors are involved in PGE(2)-mediated VEGF-C production. Thus, COX-2 may represent a candidate gene for blocking tumor lymphangiogenesis and lymph node metastasis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
authors.forename: Huidong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Yanmei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Jianbing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.forename: Yanhong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lv
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Huike
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Linghui
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhao
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D000818:Animals; D000068579:Celecoxib; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D042583:Lymphangiogenesis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000494:pharmacology; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000494:pharmacology; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous; D042582:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor C / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D011720:Pyrazoles; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D013449:Sulfonamides; D042582:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor C; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D000068579:Celecoxib; D015232:Dinoprostone