title: Effect of plasma uric acid on pharmacokinetics of cyclosporine A in living-related renal transplant recipients and pharmacokinetic study in rats with experimental hyperuricaemia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Renal transplant recipients are thought to have an increased risk of hyperuricaemia (HU); therefore, the effects of plasma uric acid (UA) on the pharmacokinetics (PK) of cyclosporine A (CyA), an immunosuppressant, in renal transplant recipients and experimental animals were investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  An open-label, non-randomized, retrospective study was performed in renal transplant recipients. Data from 76 subjects who received a renal transplantation with CyA medication were included. We compared the PK of CyA of recipients showing a high UA level with the other recipients. In addition, PK studies were performed using hyperuricaemic-model rats (HU rats) prepared by subcutaneous injection of the uricase inhibitor, potassium oxonate and intraperitoneal injection of UA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The area under the blood concentration vs. time curve (AUC) up to 9 h, the blood level at 2 h after dose and peak level in high UA recipients (UA > 7.0 mg/dL) was significantly lower (about 10-16%) than that in the other recipients, although there were no differences in dose, and the trough blood level. On the contrary, there were no differences in PK parameters after intravenous administration of CyA between HU and control rats; however, AUC, peak level and bioavailability in HU rats (2.01 ± 0.56 μg h/mL, 0.47 ± 0.26 μg/mL and 0.186 ± 0.05, respectively) after oral administration were significantly lower than in the control animals (6.13 ± 0.97 μg h/mL, 0.82 ± 0.17 μg/mL and 0.458 ± 0.07 μg/mL, respectively). In addition, the absorptions of CyA and midazolam, an ideal probe for CYP3A, from the intestinal loop in HU rats were significantly less (about 50% and 37%, respectively) than in the controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The absorption of CyA was affected by plasma UA in transplant recipients and experimental rats. The contribution of intestinal metabolism by CYP3A to decreasing CyA absorption in HU rats was significant. These results suggest that transplant recipients with high UA may have poor absorption of CyA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacokinetics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamashina-ku, Japan. nsugioka@mb.kyoto-phu.ac.jp
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sugioka
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Takai
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yasuda
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fukushima
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kokuhu
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Okamoto
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yoshimura
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takada
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D019540:Area Under Curve; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D051544:Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D016030:Kidney Transplantation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014527:Uric Acid / Q000097:blood*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D014527:Uric Acid; D016572:Cyclosporine; D051544:Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A