title: Contemporary costs of HIV healthcare in the HAART era.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The delivery of HIV healthcare historically has been expensive. The most recent national data regarding HIV healthcare costs were from 1996-1998. We provide updated estimates of expenditures for HIV management.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a cross-sectional review of medical records at 10 sites in the HIV Research Network, a consortium of high-volume HIV care providers across the United States. We assessed inpatient days, outpatient visits, and prescribed antiretroviral and opportunistic illness prophylaxis medications for 14 691 adult HIV-infected patients in primary HIV care in 2006. We estimated total care expenditures, stratified by the median CD4 cell count obtained in 2006 (≤50, 51-200, 201-350, 351-500, >500 cells/μl). Per-unit costs of care were based on Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) data for inpatient care, discounted average wholesale prices for medications, and Medicare physician fees for outpatient care.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Averaging over all CD4 strata, the mean annual total expenditures per person for HIV care in 2006 in three sites was US $19 912, with an interquartile range from US $11 045 to 22 626. Average annual per-person expenditures for care were greatest for those with CD4 cell counts 50 cell/μl or less (US $40 678) and lowest for those with CD4 cell counts more than 500 cells/μl (US $16 614). The majority of costs were attributable to medications, except for those with CD4 cell counts 50 cells/μl or less, for whom inpatient costs were highest.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HIV healthcare in the United States continues to be expensive, with the majority of expenditures attributable to medications. With improved HIV survival, costs may increase and should be monitored in the future.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA. kgebo@jhmi.edu
authors.forename: Kelly A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Gebo
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Fleishman
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Conviser
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hellinger
authors.forename: Fred J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Hellinger
authors.forename: Joshua S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Josephs
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Keiser
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gaist
authors.forename: Richard D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Moore
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active / Q000191:economics*; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count / Q000191:economics; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis / Q000191:economics*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003695:Delivery of Health Care / Q000191:economics*; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology