title: Comparison of measured acoustic power results gained by using three different methods on an ultrasonic low-frequency device.
abstract: The theme of this work is characterization of an ultrasonic low-frequency device, driven at an excitation frequency of around 25 kHz at different electrical excitation levels by using three different methods as proposed in IEC 61847 and IEC 61088 standards. The first method is based on the electromechanical characterization of the device. It consists of measuring the input electrical impedance around the excitation frequency in the unloaded and loaded conditions at a low level excitation voltage of 1 V. The equivalent RLC electrical circuit parameters of an unloaded and loaded device are determined in an anechoic tank and in a vessel at different immersion depths and tip positions in a complex geometry. The electroacoustic efficiency factor of the method is determined by knowing the real part of the radiation resistance and mechanical loss resistance which are transformed into an equivalent RLC electrical circuit of the transducer. The second method consists of measuring the spatial pressure distribution of an ultrasonic device near pressure release boundary in an anechoic tank. The acoustic reciprocity principle is used to determine the derived acoustic power of an equivalent point source in the form of radially oscillating sphere at the excitation frequency. The third method is based on the measurement of power dissipated in a restricted volume of water by using a calorimetric method. Some of the suggested methods are complicated to apply in the high energy ultrasonic devices whose size is much lower than the wavelength in the loading medium due to the occurrence of strong cavitation activity and influence of the sonotrode tip position in the complex standing wave field. However, the measured acoustic power found by using the three suggested methods is compared by means of the electroacoustic efficiency factor defined for each considered method. In the electromechanical characterization, which is made at low electrical excitation levels (applied electrical power of 1 mW at the series resonance frequency), the calculated maximum electroacoustic efficiency factor is around 48% when the influence of standing waves pattern on the radiation resistance is small. It is approximately the same as the one obtained by measuring the derived acoustic power in an anechoic tank (43%) without cavitation activity in front of the tip. When a strong cavitation activity is present in the loading medium, the bubble cloud has a significant influence on the derived acoustic power which is then dispersed in a broad frequency range and the electroacoustic efficiency factor of the method decreases down to 2%. A significant growth of the input electrical impedance magnitude at the excitation frequency is observed when the cavitation activity is present in front of the tip and when it is compared with the impedance magnitude measured at lower excitation levels without cavitation. The power dissipated in the loading medium almost linearly depends on the applied electrical power, with saturation at higher excitation levels. In the linear operating mode the electroacoustic efficiency factor of the calorimetric method (48%) is comparable with the efficiency factors of two other methods. In the nonlinear operating mode, it is larger (71%) due to a significant amount of heat energy released during the cavitation process.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, Department of Electroacoustics, Zagreb, Croatia. antonio.petosic@fer.hr
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Petosić
authors.forename: Dragoljub
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Svilar
authors.forename: Bojan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ivancević