title: Gender and age patterns in HSV-2 and HIV infection among non-injecting drug users in New York City.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine prevalence of and associations between herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infection and HIV infection among never-injecting heroin and cocaine drug users (NIDUs) in New York City.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were recruited from patients entering the Beth Israel drug detoxification program. Informed consent was obtained, a structured questionnaire including demographics, drug use history, and sexual risk behavior was administered, and a blood sample was collected for HIV and HSV-2 antibody testing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 1418 subjects who had never (lifetime) injected drugs (NIDUs) were recruited between July 2005 through June 2009. Subjects were primarily male (76%), and black (67%) or Hispanic (25%), reported recent crack cocaine use (74%), and had a mean age of 42 years. Eleven percent of males reported male-with-male sexual (MSM) behavior. The prevalence of both viruses was high: for HSV-2, 61% among the total sample, 50% among non-MSM males, 85% among females, and 72% among MSM; for HIV, 16% among the total sample, 12% among non-MSM males, 20% among females, and 46% among MSM. HSV-2 was associated with HIV (OR = 3.2, 95% CI: 2.3-4.5; PR = 2.7, 95% CI: 2.0-3.7). Analyses by gender and age groups indicated different patterns in mono- and coinfection for the 2 viruses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HSV-2 and HIV rates among these NIDUs are comparable with rates in sub-Saharan Africa. Additional prevention programs, tailored to gender and age groups, are urgently needed. New platforms for providing services to NIDUs are also needed.
authors.affiliation: Beth Israel Medical Center, Baron Edmond de Rothschild Chemical Dependency Institute, New York, NY 10038, USA. dcdesjarla@aol.com
authors.forename: Don C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Des Jarlais
authors.forename: Kamyar
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Arasteh
authors.forename: Courtney
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: McKnight
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Perlman
authors.forename: Holly
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hagan
authors.forename: Salaam
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Semaan
authors.forename: Samuel R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Friedman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015897:Comorbidity; D055030:Drug Users; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006558:Herpes Genitalis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D018258:Herpesvirus 2, Human; D018451:Homosexuality, Male; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009519:New York City / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012737:Sex Factors; D047568:Unsafe Sex