title: Stroke severity in concomitant cardiac sources of embolism in patients with atrial fibrillation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Atrial fibrillation (AF), which is the most common etiology of cardioembolic stroke, may be accompanied by other cardiac sources of embolism. The heterogeneity and multiplicity of the cardiac sources of embolism may influence stroke severity via formation of thrombi with heterogenous compositions, ages, and sizes. We investigated among stroke patients with AF whether stroke severity is different between patients with concomitant potential cardiac sources of embolism and those without.
  
  
  METHODS
  The subjects for this study were consecutive patients with cerebral infarction and AF who underwent transesophageal echocardiography during a 10-year period. The definitions and determination of high- and medium-risk potential cardiac sources of embolism were based on the Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment classification. Initial stroke severity and infarct sizes were compared between patients with concomitant potential cardiac sources of embolism and those without.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 266 patients enrolled, 181 (68.0%) had one or more concomitant potential cardiac sources of embolism. Left atrial thrombus and spontaneous echo contrast were most common. Patients with concomitant potential cardiac sources of embolism had a higher median score on the initial National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (6 vs. 3, p=0.005) and a larger infarction diameter (45.4±31.3 mm vs. 35.5±26.6 mm, p=0.002) than those without. Occlusion of the symptomatic arteries was more frequently detected in patients with concomitant potential cardiac sources of embolism.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Stroke patients with AF frequently had concomitant potential cardiac sources of embolism, and strokes were more severe in them.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Severance Hospital Integrative Research Institute for Cerebral and Cardiovascular Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Young Dae
authors.initials: YD
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Bosuk
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Myoung Jin
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Cha
authors.forename: Chung Mo
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Nam
authors.forename: Hyo Suk
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Nam
authors.forename: Jong Won
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Ha
authors.forename: Namsik
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Ji Hoe
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Heo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D002533:Cerebral Angiography; D002544:Cerebral Infarction / Q000473:pathology; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal; D004617:Embolism / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012042:Registries; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D020521:Stroke / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*