title: Complications of mandibular distraction osteogenesis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mandibular hypoplasia, retrognathia, and micrognathia are commonly encountered problems in pediatric plastic surgery. Mandibular distraction osteogenesis (MDO) is a relatively simple technique that allows for correction of the deformity with minimal morbidity. However, MDO can lead to a wide variety of complications.
  
  
  METHODS
  The PubMed database was queried for all articles describing complications of MDO. Each article was then reviewed, and relevant data were extracted and compiled. Finally, several case reports are presented to illustrate poignant examples of complications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Complications of MDO include relapse (64.8% incidence), tooth injury (22.5%), hypertrophic scarring (15.6%), nerve injury (11.4%), infection (9.5%), inappropriate distraction vector (8.8%), device failure (7.9%), fusion error (2.4%), and temporomandibular joint injury (0.7%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mandibular distraction osteogenesis can be associated with a wide variety of minor and major complications, but all complications can be avoided with careful planning and technique.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Master
authors.forename: Pamela R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Hanson
authors.forename: Arun K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Gosain
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D008334:Mandible / Q000002:abnormalities*; D008336:Mandibular Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D019857:Osteogenesis, Distraction / Q000379:methods*; D010347:Patient Care Planning; D011183:Postoperative Complications