title: Cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression emotion regulation strategies in cigarette smokers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Negative affect is an important psychological factor in the promotion and maintenance of cigarette smoking, though the underlying factors that account for this relationship remain to be determined. One possible mechanism may be smokers' emotion regulation strategies. Preliminary research among adolescents and young adults suggests that greater utilization of expressive suppression versus cognitive reappraisal is associated with higher rates of smoking initiation. There is limited research, however, on the role of emotion regulation strategies in smoking maintenance in adult smokers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from participants in a laboratory study (N = 121) were used to examine whether utilization of cognitive reappraisal and/or expressive suppression were related to smoking characteristics and subjective (i.e., mood, urge to smoke ratings) and behavioral reactions (i.e., Emotional Stroop Task performance, smoking behavior) to a mood induction procedure. Data were evaluated for the full sample and subsample who endorsed current depressive symptoms (n = 46).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Frequent reappraisal was associated with weaker expectancies that smoking alleviates unpleasant feelings, greater positive mood, and fewer depressive symptoms. In contrast, frequent suppression was related to longer smoking history and greater attentional bias to smoking cues on an Emotional Stroop Task. Among the depressed subsample, reappraisal moderated the effect of mood condition on smoking duration, number of cigarette puffs, and carbon monoxide boost.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results provide preliminary support that emotion regulation strategies may be associated with motivational correlates of smoking as well as actual smoking behavior among depressed smokers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 1 Long Wharf Drive, Box 18, New Haven, CT 06511, USA. lisa.fucito@yale.edu
authors.forename: Lisa M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Fucito
authors.forename: Laura M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Juliano
authors.forename: Benjamín A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Toll
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect / Q000187:drug effects*; D001007:Anxiety / Q000523:psychology; D001294:Attitude to Health; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects*; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007389:Internal-External Control; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009042:Motivation; D012094:Repression, Psychology; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000523:psychology*; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology; D055815:Young Adult