title: Muscarinic receptor antagonist therapy improves acute pulmonary dysfunction after smoke inhalation injury in sheep.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Inhalation injury contributes to the morbidity and mortality of burn victims. In humans and in an ovine model of combined smoke inhalation and burn injury, bronchospasm and acute airway obstruction contribute to progressive pulmonary insufficiency. This study tests the hypothesis that muscarinic receptor antagonist therapy with tiotropium bromide, an M1 and M3 muscarinic receptor antagonist, will decrease the airway constrictive response and acute bronchial obstruction to improve pulmonary function compared to injured animals without treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized, prospective study involving 32 sheep.
  
  
  METHODS
  Large-animal intensive care research laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study consisted of six groups: a sham group (n=4, instrumented noninjured), a control group (n=6, injured and not treated), and tiotropium bromide-treated groups, including both preinjury and postinjury nebulization protocols. Treatments for these groups included nebulization with 36 μg of tiotropium bromide 1 hr before injury (n=6) and postinjury nebulization protocols of 18 μg (n=6), 36 μg (n=6), and 72 μg (n=4) administered 1 hr after injury. All treated groups received an additional 14.4 μg every 4 hrs for the 24-hr study period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pretreatment with tiotropium bromide significantly attenuated the increases in ventilatory pressures, pulmonary dysfunction, and upper airway obstruction that occur after combined smoke inhalation and burn injury. Postinjury treatments with tiotropium bromide were as effective as pretreatment in preventing pulmonary insufficiency, although a trend toward decreased obstruction was present only in all post-treatment conditions. There was no improvement noted in pulmonary function in animals that received a higher dose of tiotropium bromide.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study describes a contribution of acetylcholine to the airway constrictive and lumenal obstructive response after inhalation injury and identifies low-dose nebulization of tiotropium bromide as a potentially efficacious therapy for burn patients with severe inhalation injury.
authors.affiliation: Shriners Hospitals for Children and the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Collette
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jonkam
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Sam
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jacob
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rehberg
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kraft
authors.forename: Atsumori
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hamahata
authors.forename: Yoshimitsu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nakano
authors.forename: Lillian D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Traber
authors.forename: David N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Herndon
authors.forename: Daniel L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Traber
authors.forename: Hal K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Hawkins
authors.forename: Perenlei
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Enkhbaatar
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Cox
mesh_terms: D000402:Airway Obstruction / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D000818:Animals; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011659:Pulmonary Gas Exchange; D011897:Random Allocation; D012016:Reference Values; D012128:Respiratory Distress Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D012307:Risk Factors; D012602:Scopolamine Derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012756:Sheep; D034561:Sheep, Domestic; D015208:Smoke Inhalation Injury / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D000069447:Tiotropium Bromide; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists; D012602:Scopolamine Derivatives; D000069447:Tiotropium Bromide