title: Habitual physical activity and peripheral arterial compliance in young adults: the Amsterdam growth and health longitudinal study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It remains unclear whether the impact of habitual physical activity (HPA) differs for central vs. peripheral arterial stiffness, both of which are detrimental to cardiovascular health. We investigated the associations of lifetime HPA of different intensities on brachial and femoral stiffness in young adults, and compared these with those previously obtained for the carotid artery in the same study population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospectively measured data (eight repeated measures between ages 13 and 36 years) on HPAs, and other lifestyle and biological variables, were retrieved for 373 subjects in whom stiffness of the brachial and femoral, as well as the carotid, arteries was assessed at age 36 years. Generalized estimating equations were used to examine the differences in time spent in HPAs (min/week) across sex-specific tertiles of the brachial and femoral distensibility (DC) and compliance (CC) coefficients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After adjustment for potential confounders, subjects in the highest (more compliant) vs. those in the lowest tertiles of the brachial and femoral CCs (less compliant) at age 36 years had spent on average more time in vigorous (+21.2 (95%CI:2.0; 40.4) and +24.4 (5.0; 43.8), respectively) but not in light-to-moderate HPAs throughout the longitudinal period. These differences were explained by 28 and 62%, respectively, by vigorous-HPA-related favorable impacts on other cardiovascular risk factors. No such associations were observed for the brachial and femoral DCs, however.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lifetime vigorous, but not light-to-moderate, HPA is favorably associated with brachial and femoral compliance, but not DC. Altogether, these and our previous findings thus suggest generalized vigorous-HPA-related adaptations, although of different nature, throughout the arterial tree.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Roel J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: van de Laar
authors.forename: Isabel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.forename: Willem
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: van Mechelen
authors.forename: Martin H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Prins
authors.forename: Jos W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Twisk
authors.forename: Coen D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Stehouwer
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000375:Aging; D001158:Arteries / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D001916:Brachial Artery / Q000502:physiology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000502:physiology; D003187:Compliance; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D005263:Femoral Artery / Q000502:physiology; D006184:Habits; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009426:Netherlands; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D055815:Young Adult