title: Antiretroviral therapy down-regulates innate antiviral response genes in patients with AIDS in sub-saharan Africa.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  HIV pathogenesis is characterized by destructive imbalances between virus-mediated immune damage, antiviral immune responses, and immune activation. We characterized the effects of successful antiretroviral therapy (ART) to identify the breadth and patterns of HIV-associated gene expression.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a prospective observational, longitudinal cohort study of 10 ART-naive Ugandans with AIDS (median 30 CD4/μL), we measured mRNA gene profiles in peripheral blood using Affymetrix U133_Plus2.0 microarrays at 0, 2, 4, 8, and 24 weeks after ART initiation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 160 mRNA transcripts that were consistently down-regulated and 48 that were up-regulated after ART at each point over 24 weeks based on linear regression modeling (adjusted P < 0.05), Of these 208 transcripts, approximately half represent heretofore unrecognized ART-responsive genes and one-third have no known function. The down-regulated genes with known function encoded mediators of innate antiviral responses, including antiviral restriction factors, pattern recognition receptors, and interferon response proteins, and mediators of immune activation, cellular proliferation, and apoptosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  By using ART to block the viral stimulus, we identified transcripts involved in innate antiviral immunity, including antiviral restriction factors and pattern recognition receptors, that were not previously known to be induced by HIV infection.
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Disease and International Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Boulware
authors.forename: David B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Meya
authors.forename: Tracy L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Bergemann
authors.forename: Darlisha
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Irina A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Vlasova-St Louis
authors.forename: Josh
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rhein
authors.forename: Jack
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Staddon
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kambugu
authors.forename: Edward N
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Janoff
authors.forename: Paul R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Bohjanen
mesh_terms: D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology*; D000328:Adult; D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D015497:HIV-1; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D046228:Microarray Analysis; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014454:Uganda
chemical_list: D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents