title: Comparative outcomes of a 2-year follow-up of cervical medial branch blocks in management of chronic neck pain: a randomized, double-blind controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cervical therapeutic intraarticular facet joint injections, therapeutic medial branch blocks, and radiofrequency neurotomy have been applied in managing chronic neck pain of cervical facet joint origin. However, the effectiveness of these modalities continues to be debated. The purpose of this study was to determine the clinical effectiveness of therapeutic cervical medial branch blocks with or without steroids.
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomized, double-blind, controlled trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  An interventional pain management practice, a specialty referral center, a private practice setting in the United States.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the clinical outcomes of therapeutic cervical medial branch blocks with local anesthetic with or without steroids in managing chronic neck pain of facet joint origin.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 120 patients meeting inclusion criteria were included. All of the patients met the diagnostic criteria of cervical facet joint pain by means of comparative, controlled diagnostic blocks, with at least 80% relief. Group I consisted of cervical medial branch blocks with bupivacaine only and Group II consisted of cervical medial branch blocks with bupivacaine and steroid. Therapeutic cervical medial branch blocks with local anesthetic with or without steroids were administered. Main outcome measures included numeric pain scores, Neck Disability Index (NDI), opioid intake, and work status evaluated at baseline, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months. The one-year results of outcomes were published in 2008. This manuscript describes the 2-year results. Significant improvement was defined as at least 50% improvement in pain relief and/or functional status improvement.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patient outcomes were measured at baseline, 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months post-treatment with the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS), the Neck Disability Index (NDI), employment status, and opioid intake. Decrease of ≥ 50% of NRS scores and Oswestry scores were considered significant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighty-five percent of patients in Group I and 93% of patients in Group II showed significant pain relief (≥ 50%) at 2 years. The average number of treatments for 2 years was 5.7. The duration of average pain relief with each procedure was 17-19 weeks on average in both groups. Significant improvement of pain and function was demonstrated for 83 to 89 weeks over a period of 2 years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study limitations include the lack of a placebo group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this study, therapeutic cervical medial branch blocks instituted after the diagnosis, with controlled comparative local anesthetic blocks with 80% concordant pain relief, repeated approximately 6 times over a period of 2 years, provided significant improvement over a period of 2 years.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  NCT00332722.
authors.affiliation: Pain Management Center of Paducah, Paducah, Kentucky, USA. drlm@thepainmd.com
authors.forename: Laxmaiah
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Manchikanti
authors.forename: Vijay
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Frank J E
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Falco
authors.forename: Kimberly A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Cash
authors.forename: Bert
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Fellows
mesh_terms: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000328:Adult; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019547:Neck Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D009407:Nerve Block / Q000379:methods*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D021801:Zygapophyseal Joint / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D002045:Bupivacaine