title: The effectiveness of wrist guards for reducing wrist and elbow accelerations resulting from simulated forward falls.
abstract: The effectiveness of wrist guards and modifying elbow posture for reducing impact-induced accelerations at the wrist and elbow, for the purpose of decreasing upper extremity injury risk during forward fall arrest, has not yet been documented in living people. A seated human pendulum was used to simulate the impact conditions consistent with landing on outstretched arms during a forward fall. Accelerometers measured the wrist and elbow response characteristics of 28 subjects following impacts with and without a wrist guard, and with elbows straight or slightly bent. Overall, the wrist guard was very effective, with significant reductions in peak accelerations at the elbow in the axial and off-axis directions, and in the off-axis direction at the wrist by almost 50%. The effect of elbow posture as an intervention strategy was mixed; a change in magnitude and direction of the acceleration response was documented at the elbow, while there was little effect at the wrist. Unique evidence was presented in support of wrist guard use in activities like in-line skating where impacts to the hands are common. The elbow response clearly shows that more proximal anatomical structures also need to be monitored when assessing the effectiveness of injury prevention strategies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Timothy A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Burkhart
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Andrews
mesh_terms: D000054:Acceleration; D000058:Accidental Falls; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011187:Posture; D011482:Protective Devices; D012861:Skating / Q000293:injuries; D014954:Wrist Injuries / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014955:Wrist Joint; D055815:Young Adult; D000092464:Elbow Injuries