title: Diet traditions in wild orangutans.
abstract: This study explores diet differences between two populations of wild Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii) to assess whether a signal of social learning can be detected in the observed patterns. The populations live in close proximity and in similar habitats but are separated by a river barrier that is impassable to orangutans in the study region. We found a 60% between-site difference in diet at the level of plant food items (plant species-organ combinations). We also found that individuals at the same site were more likely to eat the same food items than expected by chance. These results suggest the presence of diet (food selection) traditions. Detailed tests of three predictions of three models of diet acquisition allowed us to reject a model based on exclusive social learning but could not clearly distinguish between the remaining two models: one positing individual exploration and learning of food item selection and the other one positing preferential social learning followed by individual fine tuning. We know that maturing orangutans acquire their initial diet through social learning and then supplement it by years of low-level, individual sampling. We, therefore, conclude that the preferential social learning model produces the best fit to the geographic patterns observed in this study. However, the very same taxa that socially acquire their diets as infants and show evidence for innovation-based traditions in the wild paradoxically may have diets that are not easily distinguished from those acquired exclusively through individual learning.
authors.affiliation: Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708-0383, USA.
authors.forename: Meredith L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Bastian
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zweifel
authors.forename: Erin R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Vogel
authors.forename: Serge A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Wich
authors.forename: Carel P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: van Schaik
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D000835:Animals, Wild / Q000502:physiology; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D001893:Borneo; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D004032:Diet; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D011148:Pongo pygmaeus / Q000502:physiology*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric