title: An investigation into the association between facial profile and maxillary incisor trauma, a clinical non-radiographic study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the association between maxillary incisor trauma (MIT) and facial skeletal forms (sagittal and vertical), overjet (OJ), lip coverage, and gender.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five hundred and two subjects (253 females and 249 males, aged 11-14 years) were examined. Sagittal (Class I, II or III) and vertical skeletal pattern (average, increased or decreased Frankfort-Mandibular Plane Angle (FMPA)) were recorded. Samples were categorized into four groups according to OJ severity: OJ ≤ 3.5 mm, 3.5 mm < OJ ≤ 6.0 mm with competent lips, 3.5 mm < OJ ≤ 6.0 mm with incompetent lips and OJ > 6 mm. Samples were also subdivided into two groups: OJ ≤ 3.5 mm and OJ > 3.5 mm. Chi-square test was performed to determine any gender differences in trauma experience. Logistic regression was performed to test for any differences in risk of MIT in different groups, and to estimate the predictive value of facial skeletal pattern (sagittal), FMPA, gender, OJ, and lip competence for MIT.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nine percent had incisor trauma (8.4% MIT). Boys had greater odds of receiving MIT than girls (OR = 2.16; 95% CI, 1.11-4.21). Subjects with Class II skeletal patterns had greater odds of MIT than those with Class I skeletal patterns (OR = 3.98; 95% CI, 1.98-8.00). Subjects with decreased FMPA had greater odds of MIT than subjects with average FMPA (OR = 4.55; 95% CI, 2.28-9.06). Lip competence was not associated with MIT (P > 0.05). Subjects with OJ > 3.5 mm had greater odds of MIT than subjects with OJ ≤ 3.5 mm (OR = 2.83; 95% CI, 1.49-5.37).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compared with children with normal OJ (≤3.5 mm), Class I skeletal pattern (Straight profile) and average FMPA, the odds of MIT increased significantly in children with OJ > 3.5 mm (OR = 2.83), Class II skeletal pattern (OR = 3.98) and decreased FMPA (short face profile) (OR = 4.55), respectively.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK. faraortho@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Borzabadi-Farahani
authors.forename: Anahid
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Borzabadi-Farahani
authors.forename: Faezeh
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Eslamipour
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002508:Cephalometry; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002648:Child; D005145:Face / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007180:Incisor / Q000293:injuries*; D008046:Lip / Q000503:physiopathology; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008312:Malocclusion, Angle Class II / Q000150:complications; D008313:Malocclusion, Angle Class III / Q000150:complications; D008437:Maxilla; D057887:Overbite / Q000150:complications; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D018677:Tooth Injuries / Q000209:etiology; D014716:Vertical Dimension