title: Factors affecting exhaled carbon monoxide levels in coffeehouses in the Western Black Sea region of Turkey.
abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate indoor air quality and factors affecting expired carbon monoxide (CO) levels in a coffeehouse environment. This cross-sectional study was conducted at 16 randomly selected coffeehouses in Duzce, Turkey, during November 2007 to March 2008. A total of 547 people, average age 46.72 ± 17.03 (19-82) years, participated. The selected coffeehouses were divided into four groups: (1) smoking, (2) nonsmoking, (3) old-style and (iv) new-style coffeehouses. Prior to entering the coffeehouse, exhaled CO levels in smokers (mean 21.17 ± 6.73 parts per million [ppm]) were significantly higher than those for nonsmokers (6.51 ± 4.56 ppm; p < 0.001). Measurements taken after 2 hours in the coffeehouse also showed significantly higher CO concentrations for smokers (22.72 ± 5.31 ppm), compared to nonsmokers (6.51 ± 4.56 ppm; p < 0.001). It was determined that CO levels inside coffee shops were above the WHO guidelines. Exhaled CO levels in nonsmokers are influenced by the ambient CO levels as a result of the use of cigarettes in coffeehouses in addition to the structure of coffeehouses.
authors.affiliation: Medical Faculty, Public Health Department, Duzce University, Düzce, Turkey. tbahcebasi@yahoo.com.tr
authors.forename: Talat
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bahcebasi
authors.forename: Hayati
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kandis
authors.forename: Davut
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Baltaci
authors.forename: Ismail Hamdi
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Kara
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000032:analysis; D001944:Breath Tests; D002248:Carbon Monoxide / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004782:Environmental Health; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D006361:Heating; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012907:Smoking / Q000378:metabolism; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution; D014421:Turkey; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution; D002248:Carbon Monoxide