title: Comparison of the pain experienced by infertile women undergoing hysterosalpingo contrast sonography or radiographic hysterosalpingography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the pain and cause of pain experienced by women undergoing hysterosalpingography (HSG) and contrast hysterosalpingo sonography (HyCoSy) with air in a saline solution for the assessment of uterine and tubal patency.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this prospective study, 121 infertile women undergoing these 2 procedures measured the pain incurred using a digital/analog scale (1-10). We looked for correlations between pain level and variables pertaining to the procedures. Vagal effects and their persistence were also recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The pain was less during HSG (median, 5) than during HyCoSy (median, 7). It was greater than menstrual pain for 38.8% of participants during HSG and for 70.5% of participants during HyCoSy. There was no correlation between pain and difficult catheter passage, degree of tubal obstruction, volume of contrast medium injected, or presence of IgG antibodies to Chlamydia when these variables were studied for HyCoSy alone. However, the strong correlation between pain score and volume of contrast medium injected during each procedure seems to explain the significantly higher pain levels during HyCoSy (P<0.001). In 65.3% and 57.8% of participants, respectively, the pain disappeared immediately after the HSG or HyCoSy. Only mild vagal effects were recorded following both procedures, in 0.8% of participants after HSG and 2.5% of participants after HyCoSy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hysterosalpingo contrast sonography is similar to HSG regarding rapidity of pain disappearance, and infrequency and moderation of vagal effects, but the level of pain is slightly higher, probably due to the greater volume of medium injected.
authors.affiliation: Gr T Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iaşi, Romania. socolov@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Demetra
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Socolov
authors.forename: Iuliana
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Boian
authors.forename: Lucian
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Boiculese
authors.forename: Bogdan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tamba
authors.forename: Ivona
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Anghelache-Lupascu
authors.forename: Razvan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Socolov
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002690:Chlamydia Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology; D003287:Contrast Media; D005184:Fallopian Tube Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005186:Fallopian Tube Patency Tests / Q000379:methods*; D005187:Fallopian Tubes / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007047:Hysterosalpingography / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods*; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000276:immunology; D007247:Infertility, Female / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014599:Uterus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D007074:Immunoglobulin G