title: Characterization of insecticide resistance in Trinidadian strains of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes.
abstract: Bioassays and biochemical assays were conducted on eight Trinidadian strains of Aedes aegypti larvae to determine the involvement of biochemical mechanisms in resistance to insecticides. Larval strains were assayed to dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), bendiocarb, temephos and permethrin, using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) time-mortality bioassay method. A Resistance Threshold (RT) was calculated for each insecticide in relation to the CAREC reference susceptible Ae. aegypti strain and larval strains with <80% mortality were considered to be resistant. Biochemical assays were performed to determine the activities of nonspecific esterases (α- and β-), PNPA-esterases, mixed function oxidases (MFO), glutathione-S-transferases (GST) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzymes which are involved in insecticide resistance in mosquitoes. Enzyme profiles of each strain were compared with those of the CAREC reference susceptible strain by Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's multiple comparison tests (p<0.05). The CAREC 99th percentile was calculated for each enzyme and the percentage of individuals with enzyme activities above that of the CAREC 99th percentile was calculated. Activities were classified as unaltered (<50%), incipiently altered (15-50%) or altered (>50%) for each strain. The established RTs for permethrin and bendiocarb were 30 and 75 min, respectively; and 120 min for DDT and temephos. All strains were resistant to DDT (1.00-40.25% mortality) and temephos (11.50-74.50% mortality) while six strains were resistant to bendiocarb (51.50-78.50% mortality) and five to permethrin (6.50-42.50% mortality). Biochemical assays revealed that the median activity levels for all enzymes varied significantly (p<0.05). The Curepe strain had incipiently altered levels of α-esterase while the other seven strains had altered activity with five of them registering 100%. The St Clair strain showed altered activity levels of β-esterase while three strains had incipiently altered levels. The majority of strains had altered activity of MFO enzymes but only the St Clair strain showed altered activity of GST. PNPA-esterases activity was unaltered in all strains and only the Haleland Park strain showed altered remaining AChE activity in the presence of propoxur. Elevated levels of enzymes (incipiently altered or altered), except in the case of PNPA-esterases, show that biochemical resistance may play an important role in the manifestation of insecticide resistance in Trinidadian populations of Ae. aegypti. It is therefore important for insecticide resistance surveillance to be ongoing as the detection of resistance before it spreads throughout an entire population makes it possible for early intervention.
authors.affiliation: The University of the West Indies, Port of Spain, St Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago.
authors.forename: Karen A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Polson
authors.forename: William G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Brogdon
authors.forename: Samuel C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Rawlins
authors.forename: Dave D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Chadee
mesh_terms: D000330:Aedes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology; D000818:Animals; D003634:DDT / Q000494:pharmacology; D004798:Enzymes / Q000378:metabolism; D007305:Insecticide Resistance; D007306:Insecticides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D026023:Permethrin / Q000494:pharmacology; D048448:Phenylcarbamates / Q000494:pharmacology; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013997:Time Factors; D014300:Trinidad and Tobago
chemical_list: D004798:Enzymes; D007306:Insecticides; D048448:Phenylcarbamates; D026023:Permethrin; D003634:DDT; C007725:bendiocarb