title: A regret theory approach to decision curve analysis: a novel method for eliciting decision makers' preferences and decision-making.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Decision curve analysis (DCA) has been proposed as an alternative method for evaluation of diagnostic tests, prediction models, and molecular markers. However, DCA is based on expected utility theory, which has been routinely violated by decision makers. Decision-making is governed by intuition (system 1), and analytical, deliberative process (system 2), thus, rational decision-making should reflect both formal principles of rationality and intuition about good decisions. We use the cognitive emotion of regret to serve as a link between systems 1 and 2 and to reformulate DCA.
  
  
  METHODS
  First, we analysed a classic decision tree describing three decision alternatives: treat, do not treat, and treat or no treat based on a predictive model. We then computed the expected regret for each of these alternatives as the difference between the utility of the action taken and the utility of the action that, in retrospect, should have been taken. For any pair of strategies, we measure the difference in net expected regret. Finally, we employ the concept of acceptable regret to identify the circumstances under which a potentially wrong strategy is tolerable to a decision-maker.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We developed a novel dual visual analog scale to describe the relationship between regret associated with "omissions" (e.g. failure to treat) vs. "commissions" (e.g. treating unnecessary) and decision maker's preferences as expressed in terms of threshold probability. We then proved that the Net Expected Regret Difference, first presented in this paper, is equivalent to net benefits as described in the original DCA. Based on the concept of acceptable regret we identified the circumstances under which a decision maker tolerates a potentially wrong decision and expressed it in terms of probability of disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We present a novel method for eliciting decision maker's preferences and an alternative derivation of DCA based on regret theory. Our approach may be intuitively more appealing to a decision-maker, particularly in those clinical situations when the best management option is the one associated with the least amount of regret (e.g. diagnosis and treatment of advanced cancer, etc).
authors.affiliation: Center for Evidence-based Medicine and Health Outcomes Research, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Athanasios
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tsalatsanis
authors.forename: Iztok
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hozo
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vickers
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Djulbegovic
mesh_terms: D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D001706:Biopsy / Q000523:psychology; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D003663:Decision Trees; D004644:Emotions; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015233:Models, Statistical; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011467:Prostate / Q000473:pathology; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D016079:Refusal to Treat; D020711:Threshold Limit Values; D019564:Unnecessary Procedures / Q000523:psychology