title: Effectiveness and tolerability of amidotrizoate for the treatment of constipation resistant to laxatives in advanced cancer patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Constipation is a common problem for advanced cancer patients, and is generally inadequately treated.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to prospectively evaluate the effectiveness and tolerability of amidotrizoate (AM) in patients unresponsive to current laxatives.
  
  
  METHODS
  A consecutive sample of advanced cancer patients was surveyed. Inclusion criteria were no bowel movements for three days despite receiving regular doses of senna or lactulose. AM 50 mL was administered orally; the dose could be repeated the day after, based on clinical judgment and/or patients' preference. Age, sex, primary tumor, previous abdominal surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy performed in the previous month, and the use of opioids were recorded. Nausea, the presence of early satiety, and fluid and food intake also were measured. Time to first bowel movement was recorded, and adverse effects attributable to AM.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ninety-nine patients were surveyed (36 women/63 men). The mean age was 65.7 years (SD±12.2) and the mean Karnofsky score was 46.8 (SD±9.4). Patients had no bowel movement for a mean of four days (SD±1.8, range 3-15 days). A total of 80.8% of patients were receiving opioids in doses of mean daily oral morphine equivalents of 164 mg (SD±235). After AM administration (mean 9.9±6.5 hours), 44.4% of patients had a bowel movement within 24 hours. This effect was associated with significant improvement of other symptoms and was independent of age (P=0.513), gender (P=0.090), Karnofsky status (P=0.979), days of constipation (P=0.198), concomitant chemotherapy (P=0.098) or radiotherapy (P=0.414), the use of opioids (P=0.361), opioid doses (P=0.420), and primary tumor (P=0.231). The treatment was more effective in patients who had previous abdominal surgery (HR=3.33).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  AM was found to be an easy and inexpensive breakthrough medication to induce a bowel movement in about 45% of advanced cancer patients not responsive to common laxatives, with limited and acceptable adverse effects.
authors.affiliation: Pain Relief and Palliative Care Unit, La Maddalena Cancer Center, Palermo, Italy. terapiadeldolore@lamaddalenanet.it
authors.forename: Sebastiano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mercadante
authors.forename: Patrizia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ferrera
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Casuccio
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002400:Cathartics / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003248:Constipation / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D003973:Diatrizoate / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D002400:Cathartics; D003973:Diatrizoate