title: Skeletal status in psychotic disorders: a population-based study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the skeletal status of subjects with primary psychotic disorders with the general population by means of bone ultrasound measurements. Schizophrenia seems to be associated with low bone mineral density through a still unclear mechanism, although information on other psychotic disorders is scarce.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a nationally representative sample, quantitative ultrasound values of the heel, i.e., broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA) and speed of sound, were measured from subjects with schizophrenia (n = 48), other nonaffective psychosis (n = 56), affective psychosis (n = 37), and from 6,100 population controls. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision lifetime psychosis diagnoses were based both on Structured Clinical Interview and case note data. Information on the most common risk factors for bone fragility was elicited through an interview, health examination, and questionnaires. In addition, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D was measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Women with schizophrenia and men with affective psychosis had significantly lower bone ultrasound values as compared with the age- and sex-matched population controls (Z-BUA = -0.54, p = .001 and Z-BUA = -0.37, p = .04, respectively). Significantly lower vitamin D levels were observed in subjects with schizophrenia in comparison with the general population (p = .006). Schizophrenia remained an independent determinant of poor skeletal status in women even after controlling for common risk factors for osteoporosis, vitamin D status, and antipsychotic and mood-stabilizing medication (Z-BUA = -0.54, p = .002).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this population-based study, schizophrenia was found to be independently associated with poor skeletal status in women.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Lintulahdenkuja 4, 00530 Helsinki, Finland. krista.partti@helsinki.fi
authors.forename: Krista
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Partti
authors.forename: Markku
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Heliövaara
authors.forename: Olli
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Impivaara
authors.forename: Jonna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Perälä
authors.forename: Samuli I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Saarni
authors.forename: Jouko
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lönnqvist
authors.forename: Jaana M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Suvisaari
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015519:Bone Density / Q000502:physiology*; D002111:Calcaneus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D006966:Hyperprolactinemia / Q000139:chemically induced; D007006:Hypogonadism / Q000139:chemically induced; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D014807:Vitamin D; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D