title: Dual effect of adipose tissue on bone health during growth.
abstract: Recent studies suggest association between body fat and childhood bone health, although conflicting findings have also been reported. The aim of the present study was to examine the association between body fat content and areal BMD, volumetric BMD, bone turnover markers, and calcitropic factors in apparently healthy children and adolescents. The study was carried out as a school based cross-sectional cohort study with 186 subjects (61% girls) aged from 7 to 19 years. Background characteristics, including medical history and lifestyle factors, were collected. Anthropometry, BMD and body composition measurements with DXA and pQCT, a fasting blood sample and a second morning void urine sample were obtained. The subjects were divided into three groups, representing low, intermediate and high adiposity, based on age and gender specific fat percentage Z-scores. Multivariate analysis was performed to all bone variables using lean body mass, pubertal development, dietary intake of calcium and intensity of physical activity as covariates. In pQCT, a significant difference between the groups was observed in cortical BMD (MANOVA; p=0.02) in proximal radius, the intermediate group having the highest values. Similarly, DXA-derived LS and WB BMD Z-scores differed significantly between the groups (MANOVA; p=0.026 and p=0.036, respectively), with highest values in the intermediate group. High body fat content associated also with low bone turnover markers, low PTH, high S-Ca and high urinary calcium excretion. The differences in biochemical markers explain our and others' findings of bone health in children and adolescents with different body fat content. These findings suggest that normal body fat content is beneficial for bone health in growing children and adolescents while both low and high body fat content have adverse skeletal effects.
authors.affiliation: Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Biomedicum Helsinki 2, Tukholmankatu 8 C, PO Box 705, 00029 HUS, Helsinki, Finland. heli.viljakainen@helsinki.fi
authors.forename: Heli T
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Viljakainen
authors.forename: Minna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pekkinen
authors.forename: Elisa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Saarnio
authors.forename: Heini
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Karp
authors.forename: Christel
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lamberg-Allardt
authors.forename: Outi
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Mäkitie
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001823:Body Composition / Q000502:physiology; D015519:Bone Density / Q000502:physiology*; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology; D050177:Overweight / Q000503:physiopathology; D055815:Young Adult