title: Field evaluation of pyriproxyfen and spinosad mixture for the control of insecticide resistant Aedes aegypti in Martinique (French West Indies).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The resistance of Ae. aegypti to insecticides is already widespread and continues to develop. It represents a serious problem for programmes aimed at the control and prevention of dengue in tropical countries. In the light of this problem measures to control Ae. aegypti are being orientated towards how best to use existing insecticides, notably by combining those that have different modes of action.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this study we evaluated the operational efficiency of a mixture composed of pyriproxyfen (an insect growth regulator) and spinosad (a biopesticide) against a population of Ae. aegypti from Martinique resistant to pyrethroid and organophosphate insecticides. The first step consisted of evaluating the efficacy of pyriproxyfen and spinosad when used alone, or in combination, against Ae. aegypti larvae under simulated conditions. The results showed that the mixture of pyriproxyfen+spinosad remained active for at least 8 months, compared with 3 months for spinosad alone, and 5 months for pyriproxyfen alone. In a second step in containers experiencing natural conditions, pyriproxyfen and spinosad, maintained the rate of adult emergence at 20% for 3 weeks and 3.5 months, respectively. Following the same criteria of evaluation, the mixture pyriproxyfen+spinosad remained effective for 4.5 months, showing that the combination of the two larvicides with different modes of action acted to increase the residual activity of the treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The mixture of pyriproxyfen and spinosad kills larvae and pupae giving it a broader range of action than either insecticide. This mixture could preserve the utility of both insecticides in public health programs.
authors.affiliation: Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Laboratoire de Lutte contre les Insectes Nuisibles, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France. frederic.darriet@ird.fr.
authors.forename: Frédéric
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Darriet
authors.forename: Sébastien
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Marcombe
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Etienne
authors.forename: André
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yébakima
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Agnew
authors.forename: Marie-Michelle
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Yp-Tcha
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Corbel