title: Prevalence and determinants of diabetic retinopathy in Al hasa region of saudi arabia: primary health care centre based cross-sectional survey, 2007-2009.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in the urban and rural areas of Al Hasa region of Saudi Arabia and to determine risk factors related to DR.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was conducted on patient attending primary health care centers between July 2007 and June 2009. A retrospective chart review was conducted on subjects with diabetes mellitus greater than 18 years old. Ophthalmologists examined DR status through dilated pupils by using direct, indirect, and slit lamp bio-microscopy. Frequencies, percentage, and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Odd's ratio was used to associate DR with possible risk factors. A P value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of DR among 473 diabetic subjects was 30% (95% CI: 25.80-34.20). The odd ratios (ORs) of DR among diabetic residing in an urban area was significantly higher than diabetics residing in rural areas [OR = 1.94 (95% CI of OR 0.82-2.89)]. DR was associated to the duration of diabetes (adjusted OR = 1.70), uncontrolled blood sugar level (adjusted OR = 1.96), hyperlipidemia (adjusted OR = 2.04), and hypercholesterolemia (adjusted OR = 2.80).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DR appears to be a public health problem in the Al Hasa district of Saudi Arabia, and a planned approach is required to avoid severe visual impairment in patients with diabetes mellitus. Primary prevention and early detection could be implemented through primary health centers and non-ophthalmologists.
authors.affiliation: Community Ophthalmologist, Al Omran Primary Health Care Centre, Al Hasa, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Ataur Rahman
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Jill A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Wiseberg
authors.forename: Zaki Al Abdul
authors.initials: ZA
authors.lastname: Lateef
authors.forename: Shabbir Ahmad
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Khan