title: Quantifying the vitamin D3 synthesizing potential of UVB lamps at specific distances over time.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to quantify the ultraviolet B (UVB) output and in vitro previtamin D(3) synthesis over time from various artificial light sources. Three incandescent lamps, T-Rex Active UVHeat 160 watt spot, T-Rex Active UVHeat 160 watt flood, and ZooMed PowerSun 160 watt flood, and two 1.2 m fluorescent lamps, Sylvania Blacklight 350 BL and ZooMed Reptisun 5.0, were studied. Total UVB irradiance and concentration of previtamin D synthesized using an in vitro ampoule model were quantified initially and at monthly intervals for 1 year. Incandescent lamps were measured at distances of 0.9 and 1.5 m while fluorescent lamps were measured at distances of 30.5 and 45.7 cm at the lamp's center, using both the radiometer and ampoules. Fluorescent lamp irradiance was also measured at the lamp's ends. Data were analyzed as a repeated measures split-plot in time using SAS with all mean differences determined using Least Squares Means. Incandescent lamp irradiance differences were seen at various distances. The UVHeat lamps had consistently higher previtamin D(3) production and irradiance readings compared with the PowerSun lamp. Reptisun 5.0 was consistently higher in UVB irradiance over Sylvania BL 350 at both 30.5 and 45.7 cm. However, there were no differences when comparing conversion of 7-dehydrocholesterol to previtamin D(3). Irradiance differences were detected between the centers and ends of the fluorescent lamps. Until UVB requirements for vitamin D(3) synthesis in animals are determined, it is impossible to state that one light is superior to another.
authors.affiliation: Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, Illinois, USA. schmidt@stlzoo.org
authors.forename: Debra A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: Diane
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mulkerin
authors.forename: Daniel R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Boehm
authors.forename: Mark R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Ellersieck
authors.forename: Zhiren
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: Tai C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Michael F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Holick
mesh_terms: D000827:Animal Welfare; D002762:Cholecalciferol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000096:biosynthesis; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D016018:Least-Squares Analysis; D008029:Lighting; D013997:Time Factors; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays
chemical_list: D002762:Cholecalciferol; C025168:previtamin D(3)