title: Psychopharmacology: a house divided.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Psychopharmacology and psychiatry during the past 50 years have focused on the specificity model in which it is assumed that psychiatric disorders are specific entities which should respond to drugs with specific mechanisms of action. However, the validity of this model has been challenged by the approval of multiple drugs for the same disorder, as well as the approval of single agents for a variety of disorders which have little in common. As an example of this unacknowledged paradigm shift, I will examine the foundation for using antipsychotics in the treatment of depression.
  
  
  METHODS
  An extensive literature search of studies investigating various mechanisms of actions of antipsychotics and antidepressants with the goal of identifying neurochemical processes common to both.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The neurochemical differences in these classes of drugs appear to be profound, although several processes are common in both, including some degree of neuroprotection and changes in the epigenome. Whether these common features have any effect on clinical outcome remains in doubt.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While psychopharmacology and psychiatry remain largely committed to the specificity model, it appears that clinicians are prescribing on a dimensional model wherein symptoms are being treated with a variety of drugs, regardless of the diagnosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Tardive Dyskinesia Assessment Clinic, Minneapolis Veterans Administration Medical Center, One Veterans Drive, Minneapolis, MN 55417, United States. charles.dean@va.med
authors.forename: Charles E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Dean
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001923:Brain Chemistry / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D011600:Psychopharmacology / Q000379:methods*; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs