title: The impact of social determinants on cardiovascular disease.
abstract: Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death among high-income countries and is projected to be the leading cause of death worldwide by 2030. Much of the current research efforts have been aimed toward the identification, modification and treatment of individual-level risk factors. Despite significant advancements, gross inequalities continue to persist over space and time. Although increasing at different rates worldwide, the magnitude of increase in the prevalence of various cardiovascular risk factors has shifted research efforts to study the causes of the risk factors (ie, the 'causes of the causes'), which include the social determinants of health. The social determinants of health reflect the impact of the social environment on health among people sharing a particular community. Imbalances in the social determinants of health have been attributed to the inequities in health observed between and within countries. The present article reviews the role of the social determinants of health on a global level, describing the epidemiological transition and the persistent trend known as the 'inverse social gradient'. The impact of social determinants in Canada will also be examined, including data from ethnic and Aboriginal communities. Possible solutions and future directions to reduce the impact of social factors on cardiovascular health are proposed.
authors.affiliation: McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kreatsoulas
authors.forename: Sonia S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Anand
mesh_terms: D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality* / Q000517:prevention & control; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000401:mortality; D019049:Developed Countries / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003906:Developing Countries / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014943:Global Health; D006801:Humans; D008017:Life Expectancy; D044382:Population Groups; D011203:Poverty; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012923:Social Class; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014944:World Health Organization