title: Lung cancer incidence and mortality among HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected injection drug users.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the impact of HIV on lung cancer incidence and survival.
  
  
  METHODS
  : Prospective study of 2495 HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected injection drug users in Baltimore, MD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cancer data were obtained from the Maryland Cancer Registry. We estimated hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for lung cancer in 2 strata of packs of cigarettes smoked per day by HIV serostatus, and for mortality by HIV serostatus.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HIV-infected participants had twice the risk (HR = 2.3; 95% CI: 1.1 to 5.1) of lung cancer. There was no evidence of an interaction between HIV and packs of cigarettes smoked per day (P interaction = 0.18). Compared with participants who smoked <1.43 packs per day, among HIV-uninfected individuals lung cancer risk was 6 times greater (HR = 5.9; 95% CI: 2.1 to 17) and among HIV-infected individuals lung cancer risk was doubled (HR = 2.1; 95% CI: 0.63 to 6.8) in persons who smoked ≥1.43 per day. Additionally, HIV was associated with 4 times the risk of death (HR = 3.8; 95% CI: 0.92 to 15) in lung cancer cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HIV was associated with increased risk of lung cancer, after adjusting for smoking. However, no evidence was observed for synergistic effects of HIV and smoking. Further, HIV was associated with poorer lung cancer survival after accounting for cancer stage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA. shielsms@mail.nih.gov
authors.forename: Meredith S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Shiels
authors.forename: Stephen R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Cole
authors.forename: Shruti H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Mehta
authors.forename: Gregory D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Kirk
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015142:Baltimore / Q000453:epidemiology; D055030:Drug Users; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D018023:HIV Seronegativity; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking