title: Risk indicators of temporomandibular disorder incidences in early adolescence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although temporomandibular disorder (TMD) has been presumed to be a condition affecting adults, studies have reported the presence of signs and symptoms in children. The purpose of this paper was to verify the influence of gender, mother's gestational behavior, malocclusion, and oral habits as risk indicators for TMD in 12-year-old adolescents.
  
  
  METHODS
  TMD pain was assessed by research diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders (RDC/TMD; axis I). Five-hundred fifty-eight subjects (330 girls and 228 boys) underwent examinations. Bivariate analyses were performed using the chisquare test. The logistic regression models were adjusted estimating the odds ratio (OR), 95% confidence interval (CI), and significance level.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Only 2% of boys and 7% of girls presented one of the axis I categories. Gender was significantly related to TMD diagnosis (P<.01). Menarche, however, was not associated. Malocclusion, mother's gestational behavior, and children's oral habits were not associated with incidence of TMD (P>.05). Girls were almost 4 times more affected than boys (OR=3.97; CI=1.51-10.53).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The mothers' gestational behavior and presence of menarche, malocclusion, and oral habits by their adolescents were not associated with diagnosis of temporomandibular disorder. Gender was the only factor associated with the incidence of TMD in 12-year-old adolescents.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras-MG, Brazil. lucianojosepereira@yahoo.com.br
authors.forename: Luciano José
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.forename: Tatiana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pereira-Cenci
authors.forename: Altair Antoninha
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Del Bel Cury
authors.forename: Stela Márcia
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.forename: Antônio Carlos
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.forename: Glaucia Maria Bovi
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Ambosano
authors.forename: Maria Beatriz Duarte
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Gavião
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D018771:Arthralgia / Q000175:diagnosis; D001168:Arthritis / Q000175:diagnosis; D002648:Child; D003680:Deglutition Disorders / Q000150:complications; D003970:Diastema; D005157:Facial Pain / Q000175:diagnosis; D005260:Female; D005386:Fingersucking / Q000009:adverse effects; D006184:Habits; D006801:Humans; D004204:Joint Dislocations / Q000175:diagnosis; D008046:Lip / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008310:Malocclusion / Q000150:complications; D008425:Maternal Behavior; D008572:Menarche / Q000502:physiology; D009058:Mouth Breathing / Q000150:complications; D009259:Nail Biting / Q000009:adverse effects; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D019224:Temporomandibular Joint Disc / Q000473:pathology; D013705:Temporomandibular Joint Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D014061:Tongue Habits