title: The use of Apatite II™ to remove divalent metal ions zinc(II), lead(II), manganese(II) and iron(II) from water in passive treatment systems: column experiments.
abstract: The conventional passive treatments for remediation of acid mine drainage using calcite are not totally efficient in the removal of certain heavy metal ions. Although pH increases to 6-7 and promotes the precipitation of trivalent and some divalent metals as hydroxides and carbonates, the remaining concentrations of some divalent metals ions do not fulfill the environmental regulations. In this study, Apatite II™, a biogenic hydroxyapatite, is used as an alternative reactive material to remove Zn(II), Pb(II), Mn(II) and Fe(II). Apatite II™ reacted with acid water releasing phosphate and increasing pH up to 6.5-7, inducing metals to precipitate mainly as metal-phosphates: zinc precipitated as hopeite, Zn(3)(PO(4))(2)·4H(2)O, lead as pyromorfite, Pb(5)(PO(4))(3)OH, manganese as metaswitzerite, Mn(3)(PO(4))(2)·4H(2)O and iron as vivianite, Fe(3)(PO(4))(2)·8H(2)O. Thus, metal concentrations from 30 to 75 mg L(-1) in the inflowing water were depleted to values below 0.10 mg L(-1). Apatite II™ dissolution is sufficiently fast to treat flows as high as 50 m/a. For reactive grain size of 0.5-3mm, the treatment system ends due to coating of the grains by precipitates, especially when iron and manganese are present in the solution.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mining Engineering and Natural Resources, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Bases de Manresa 61-73, 08242 Manresa, Catalonia, Spain.
authors.forename: Josep
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Oliva
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Diagonal 647, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
authors.forename: Joan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: De Pablo
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Diagonal 647, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Water Technology Center, CETaqua, Paseo de los Tilos 3, 08034 Barcelona, Spain. Electronic address: jose.luis.cortina@upc.edu.
authors.forename: José-Luis
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Cortina
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA, CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
authors.forename: Jordi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cama
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA, CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ayora
mesh_terms: D002413:Cations, Divalent / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D007501:Iron / Q000302:isolation & purification; D007854:Lead / Q000302:isolation & purification; D008345:Manganese / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D015032:Zinc / Q000302:isolation & purification
chemical_list: D002413:Cations, Divalent; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D007854:Lead; D008345:Manganese; D007501:Iron; D015032:Zinc