title: Oral laquinimod in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: 36-week double-blind active extension of the multi-centre, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group placebo-controlled study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Laquinimod, an oral novel immunomodulator, was shown to reduce MRI-measured disease activity in relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) patients.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether the safety and efficacy profile of laquinimod, as shown in a placebo-controlled 36-week trial (LAQ/5062), is sustained and reproducible.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred and fifty seven patients entered the extension phase in which MRI was performed at the beginning and at the end of the active extension phase. Clinical assessments were performed at weeks 4, 12 and every 12 weeks thereafter.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two hundred and thirty nine (93%) patients completed the extension phase and 222 (86.3%) had a final scan available. Gadolinium-enhanced (GdE) T1 lesions were significantly reduced for patients switching from placebo to 0.3/ 0.6 mg doses (52%, p = 0.0006). In patients initially randomized to 0.6 mg in LAQ/5062 the reduction of MRI activity observed in the placebo-controlled phase was maintained in the extension. The proportion of GdE-free patients for those who switched from placebo increased from a baseline of 31% to 47% at the end of the extension phase (p = 0.01). The most prominent safety signal was elevations of liver enzymes, reversible in all cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The good efficacy and the excellent safety and tolerability profiles of laquinimod 0.6 mg/day are confirmed in this extension study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University Vita-Salute and Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy. comi.giancarlo@hsr.it
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Comi
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Abramsky
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Arbizu
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Boyko
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gold
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Havrdová
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Komoly
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Selmaj
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sharrack
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Filippi
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D006801:Humans; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D020529:Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D015363:Quinolones / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D007155:Immunologic Factors; D015363:Quinolones; C476223:laquinimod