title: Role of matrix metalloproteinase-9 dimers in cell migration: design of inhibitory peptides.
abstract: Non-proteolytic activities of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have recently been shown to impact cell migration, but the precise mechanism remains to be understood. We previously demonstrated that the hemopexin (PEX) domain of MMP-9 is a prerequisite for enhanced cell migration. Using a biochemical approach, we now report that dimerization of MMP-9 through the PEX domain appears necessary for MMP-9-enhanced cell migration. Following a series of substitution mutations within the MMP-9 PEX domain, blade IV was shown to be critical for homodimerization, whereas blade I was required for heterodimerization with CD44. Blade I and IV mutants showed diminished enhancement of cell migration compared with wild type MMP-9-transfected cells. Peptides mimicking motifs in the outermost strands of the first and fourth blades of the MMP-9 PEX domain were designed. These peptides efficiently blocked MMP-9 dimer formation and inhibited motility of COS-1 cells overexpressing MMP-9, HT-1080, and MDA-MB-435 cells. Using a shRNA approach, CD44 was found to be a critical molecule in MMP-9-mediated cell migration. Furthermore, an axis involving a MMP-9-CD44-EGFR signaling pathway in cell migration was identified using antibody array and specific receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors. In conclusion, we dissected the mechanism of pro-MMP-9-enhanced cell migration and developed structure-based inhibitory peptides targeting MMP-9-mediated cell migration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA.
authors.forename: Antoine
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dufour
authors.forename: Stanley
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zucker
authors.forename: Nicole S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Sampson
authors.forename: Cem
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kuscu
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cao
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D019556:COS Cells; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D018960:Hyaluronan Receptors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008958:Models, Molecular; D009154:Mutation; D009842:Oligopeptides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D011485:Protein Binding; D011487:Protein Conformation; D055503:Protein Multimerization / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D011799:Quinazolines; D034622:RNA Interference; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1 / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014162:Transfection; D020032:Tyrphostins / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D018960:Hyaluronan Receptors; D009842:Oligopeptides; D011799:Quinazolines; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1; D020032:Tyrphostins; C101044:RTKI cpd; D066246:ErbB Receptors; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9