title: The use of opioids at the end of life: knowledge level of pharmacists and cooperation with physicians.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  What is the level of knowledge of pharmacists concerning pain management and the use of opioids at the end of life, and how do they cooperate with physicians?
  
  
  METHODS
  A written questionnaire was sent to a sample of community and hospital pharmacists in the Netherlands. The questionnaire was completed by 182 pharmacists (response rate 45%).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pharmacists were aware of the most basic knowledge about opioids. Among the respondents, 29% erroneously thought that life-threatening respiratory depression was a danger with pain control, and 38% erroneously believed that opioids were the preferred drug for palliative sedation. One in three responding pharmacists did not think his/her theoretical knowledge was sufficient to provide advice on pain control. Most pharmacists had working agreements with physicians on euthanasia (81%), but fewer had working agreements on palliative sedation (46%) or opioid therapy (25%). Based on the experience of most of responding pharmacists (93%), physicians were open to unsolicited advice on opioid prescriptions. The majority of community pharmacists (94%) checked opioid prescriptions most often only after dispensing, while it was not a common practice among the majority of hospital pharmacists (68%) to check prescriptions at all.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the basic knowledge of most pharmacists was adequate, based on the responses to the questionnaire, there seems to be a lack of knowledge in several areas, which may hamper pharmacists in improving the quality of care when giving advice to physicians and preventing or correcting mistakes if necessary. If education is improved, a more active role of the pharmacist may improve the quality of end-of-life pharmacotherapy.
authors.affiliation: Department Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacy, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. s.d.borgsteede@amc.uva.nl
authors.forename: Sander D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Borgsteede
authors.forename: Christiaan A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Rhodius
authors.forename: Peter A G M
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: De Smet
authors.forename: H Roeline W
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Pasman
authors.forename: Bregje D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Onwuteaka-Philipsen
authors.forename: Mette L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Rurup
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009426:Netherlands; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010166:Palliative Care; D010595:Pharmacists; D010820:Physicians; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013727:Terminal Care
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid