title: Saccadic latency in hepatic encephalopathy: a pilot study.
abstract: Hepatic encephalopathy is a common complication of cirrhosis. The degree of neuro-psychiatric impairment is highly variable and its clinical staging subjective. We investigated whether eye movement response times-saccadic latencies-could serve as an indicator of encephalopathy. We studied the association between saccadic latency, liver function and paper- and pencil tests in 70 patients with cirrhosis and 31 patients after liver transplantation. The tests included the porto-systemic encephalopathy (PSE-) test, critical flicker frequency, MELD score and ammonia concentration. A normal range for saccades was established in 31 control subjects. Clinical and biochemical parameters of liver, blood, and kidney function were also determined. Median saccadic latencies were significantly longer in patients with liver cirrhosis when compared to patients after liver transplantation (244 ms vs. 278 ms p < 0.001). Both patient groups had prolonged saccadic latency when compared to an age matched control group (175 ms). The reciprocal of median saccadic latency (μ) correlated with PSE tests, MELD score and critical flicker frequency. A significant correlation between the saccadic latency parameter early slope (σ(E)) that represents the prevalence of early saccades and partial pressure of ammonia was also noted. Psychometric test performance, but not saccadic latency, correlated with blood urea and sodium concentrations. Saccadic latency represents an objective and quantitative parameter of hepatic encephalopathy. Unlike psychometric test performance, these ocular responses were unaffected by renal function and can be obtained clinically within a matter of minutes by non-trained personnel.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine II-Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, Innsbruck, Austria.
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Krismer
authors.forename: Jonathan C P
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Roos
authors.forename: Melanie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schranz
authors.forename: Ivo W
authors.initials: IW
authors.lastname: Graziadei
authors.forename: Sergei
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mechtcheriakov
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Vogel
authors.forename: R H S
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Carpenter
authors.forename: Heinz
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zoller
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D053483:Eye Movement Measurements / Q000592:standards*; D005260:Female; D006501:Hepatic Encephalopathy / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015835:Ocular Motility Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D012438:Saccades / Q000502:physiology*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index