title: Effective or ineffective: attribute framing and the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To experimentally test whether presenting logically equivalent, but differently valenced effectiveness information (i.e. attribute framing) affects perceived effectiveness of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, vaccine-related intentions and policy opinions.
  
  
  METHODS
  A survey-based experiment (N=334) was fielded in August and September 2007 as part of a larger ongoing web-enabled monthly survey, the Annenberg National Health Communication Survey. Participants were randomly assigned to read a short passage about the HPV vaccine that framed vaccine effectiveness information in one of five ways. Afterward, they rated the vaccine and related opinion questions. Main statistical methods included ANOVA and t-tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On average, respondents exposed to positive framing (70% effective) rated the HPV vaccine as more effective and were more supportive of vaccine mandate policy than those exposed to the negative frame (30% ineffective) or the control frame. Mixed valence frames showed some evidence for order effects; phrasing that ended by emphasizing vaccine ineffectiveness showed similar vaccine ratings to the negative frame.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The experiment finds that logically equivalent information about vaccine effectiveness not only influences perceived effectiveness, but can in some cases influence support for policies mandating vaccine use.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These framing effects should be considered when designing messages.
authors.affiliation: Center of Excellence in Cancer Communication Research, Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA. cbigman@asc.upenn.edu
authors.forename: Cabral A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Bigman
authors.forename: Joseph N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Cappella
authors.forename: Robert C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Hornik
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D033182:Intention; D008875:Middle Aged; D010174:Pamphlets; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000517:prevention & control; D053918:Papillomavirus Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care / Q000523:psychology*; D010565:Persuasive Communication; D040241:Social Marketing; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000517:prevention & control; D014611:Vaccination; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D053918:Papillomavirus Vaccines