title: Pain acceptance and personal control in pain relief in two maternity care models: a cross-national comparison of Belgium and the Netherlands.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A cross-national comparison of Belgian and Dutch childbearing women allows us to gain insight into the relative importance of pain acceptance and personal control in pain relief in 2 maternity care models. Although Belgium and the Netherlands are neighbouring countries sharing the same language, political system and geography, they are characterised by a different organisation of health care, particularly in maternity care. In Belgium the medical risks of childbirth are emphasised but neutralised by a strong belief in the merits of the medical model. Labour pain is perceived as a needless inconvenience easily resolved by means of pain medication. In the Netherlands the midwifery model of care defines childbirth as a normal physiological process and family event. Labour pain is perceived as an ally in the birth process.
  
  
  METHODS
  Women were invited to participate in the study by independent midwives and obstetricians during antenatal visits in 2004-2005. Two questionnaires were filled out by 611 women, one at 30 weeks of pregnancy and one within the first 2 weeks after childbirth either at home or in a hospital. However, only women having a hospital birth without obstetric intervention (N = 327) were included in this analysis. A logistic regression analysis has been performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Labour pain acceptance and personal control in pain relief render pain medication use during labour less likely, especially if they occur together. Apart from this general result, we also find large country differences. Dutch women with a normal hospital birth are six times less likely to use pain medication during labour, compared to their Belgian counterparts. This country difference cannot be explained by labour pain acceptance, since - in contrast to our working hypothesis - Dutch and Belgian women giving birth in a hospital setting are characterised by a similar labour pain acceptance. Our findings suggest that personal control in pain relief can partially explain the country differences in coping with labour pain. For Dutch women we find that the use of pain medication is lowest if women experience control over the reception of pain medication and have a positive attitude towards labour pain. In Belgium however, not personal control over the use of pain relief predicts the use of pain medication, but negative attitudes towards labour.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Apart from individual level determinants, such as length of labour or pain acceptance, our findings suggest that the maternity care context is of major importance in the study of the management of labour pain. The pain medication use in Belgian hospital maternity care is high and is very sensitive to negative attitudes towards labour pain. In the Netherlands, on the contrary, pain medication use is already low. This can partially be explained by a low degree of personal control in pain relief, especially when co-occurring with positive pain attitudes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Sociology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium. wendy.christiaens@UGent.be
authors.forename: Wendy
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Christiaens
authors.forename: Mieke
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Verhaeghe
authors.forename: Piet
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bracke
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016362:Analgesia, Obstetrical / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001530:Belgium; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D036861:Delivery, Obstetric / Q000379:methods / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006771:Hospitals, Maternity; D006801:Humans; D007389:Internal-External Control; D038622:Internationality; D048949:Labor Pain / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D007743:Labor, Obstetric / Q000523:psychology; D016015:Logistic Models; D008423:Maternal Age; D008880:Midwifery; D009426:Netherlands; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017288:Pain Threshold / Q000523:psychology; D036801:Parturition / Q000523:psychology*; D011181:Postnatal Care / Q000379:methods; D011247:Pregnancy; D011295:Prenatal Care / Q000379:methods; D055815:Young Adult