title: Flow injection methods for the determination of retinol and α-tocopherol using lucigenin-enhanced chemiluminescence.
abstract: Flow injection (FI) methods are reported to determine retinol and α-tocopherol based on its enhancement affect of lucigenin chemiluminescence (CL) in alkaline medium. Surfactants including Brij-35, Triton X-100, cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) and sodium dodecyl sulfate have been reported for the first time to enhance lucigenin CL intensity in the presence of retinol and α-tocopherol. With Brij-35, the CL intensity was enhanced by 67% for retinol and 58% for α-tocopherol. CTAB was found to enhance the CL intensity by 16% for retinol whereas for α-tocopherol, the CL intensity was quenched up to 95%. Retinol could be determined specifically in the presence of α-tocopherol using CTAB. The calibration graphs were found to be linear up to 1.43 mg/L (R(2) = 0.9985, n = 8) with a detection limit (3s) of 1.43 × 10(-3) mg/L for retinol and 2.15 mg/L (R(2) = 0.9989; n = 8) with a detection limit (3s) of 4.31 × 10(-4) mg/L for α-tocopherol. An injection throughput of 120/h, and relative standard deviations of 0.9-2.8% (n = 4) were achieved in the concentration range studied. The influence of common ions, excipients in pharmaceutical formulations and related organic compounds on the determination of retinol and α-tocopherol individually was studied. The proposed methods were applied to determine retinol and α-tocopherol in pharmaceutical formulations and human blood serum. The results did not differ significantly from the CL method and HPLC reference method at 95% confidence level.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Asgher
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yaqoob
authors.forename: Amir
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Waseem
authors.forename: Abdul
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nabi
mesh_terms: D000166:Acridines / Q000737:chemistry*; D002138:Calibration; D017022:Flow Injection Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D057230:Limit of Detection; D049449:Luminescence; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000737:chemistry; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000097:blood*; D024502:alpha-Tocopherol / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D000166:Acridines; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; D014801:Vitamin A; C033472:10,10'-dimethyl-9,9'-biacridinium; D024502:alpha-Tocopherol