title: Effect of instrument orientation on the accuracy of intraocular pressure measurements in human cadaveric eyes: manometric evaluation of the model 30 classic Pneumatonometer and Tono-Pen XL.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effects of probe orientation on the accuracy of intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements obtained with pneumatonometry (Model 30 Classic Pneumatonometer, Reichert Ophthalmic Instruments, Depew, NY) and with a handheld electronic tonometer (Tono-Pen XL, Reichert Ophthalmic Instruments, Depew, NY).
  
  
  METHODS
  Six enucleated human eyes were obtained fewer than 24 hours postmortem. IOP was maintained at 10, 20, and 30 mm Hg, sequentially, via liquid column manometry. At each IOP setpoint, the eyes were positioned to mimic a sitting, supine, and prone patient. Pneumatonometry was performed in the sitting and supine orientations. Tono-Pen measurements were performed in the sitting, supine, and prone orientations. Accuracy was analyzed using multifactor repeated measures analysis of variance, and one-sample t tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At all IOP setpoints, for both instruments, probe orientation had no significant effect on the IOP measurement (pneumatonometer P=0.58; Tono-Pen P=0.85). At all 3 setpoints (10, 20, and 30 mm Hg) the pneumatonometer overestimated IOP (P<0.0001; P<0.0001; P=0.005, respectively). The Tono-Pen overestimated IOP at the 10 mm Hg setpoint (P<0.0001), but underestimated IOP at the 20 and 30 mm Hg setpoints (P=0.03; P<0.0001, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Under experimental conditions, probe orientation had no significant effect on IOP measurements for either instrument, suggesting that both can be used without correction in the tested orientations. In enucleated human cadaveric eyes, the pneumatonometer overestimated IOP at all setpoints. The handheld electronic tonometer overestimated IOP at 10 mm Hg, but underestimated IOP at the higher setpoints. It is unknown if these findings are generalizable to human eyes in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Ophthalmology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Benjamin D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Currie
authors.forename: Harmohina
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bagga
authors.forename: Alfred W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Rademaker
authors.forename: Angelo P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Tanna
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D006801:Humans; D007429:Intraocular Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D011187:Posture; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014065:Tonometry, Ocular / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*