title: Role of human glutathione S-transferases in the inactivation of reactive metabolites of clozapine.
abstract: The conjugation of reactive drug metabolites to GSH is considered an important detoxification mechanism that can be spontaneous and/or mediated by glutathione S-transferases (GSTs). In case GSTs play an important role in GSH conjugation, genetically determined deficiencies in GSTs may be a risk factor for adverse drug reactions (ADRs) resulting from reactive drug metabolites. So far, the role of GSTs in the detoxification of reactive intermediates of clozapine, a drug-causing idiosyncratic drug reactions (IDRs), has not been studied. In the present study, we studied the ability of four recombinant human GSTs (hGST A1-1, hGST M1-1, hGST P1-1, and hGST T1-1) to catalyze the GSH conjugation of reactive metabolites of clozapine, formed in vitro by human and rat liver microsomes and drug-metabolizing P450 BM3 mutant, P450 102A1M11H. Consistent with previous studies, in the absence of GSTs, three GSH conjugates were identified derived from the nitrenium ion of clozapine. In the presence of three of the GSTs, hGST P1-1, hGST M1-1, and hGST A1-1, total GSH conjugation was strongly increased in all bioactivation systems tested. The highest activity was observed with hGST P1-1, whereas hGST M1-1 and hGST A1-1 showed slightly lower activity. Polymorphic hGST T1-1 did not show any activity in catalyzing GSH conjugation of reactive clozapine metabolites. Interestingly, the addition of hGSTs resulted in major changes in the regioselectivity of GSH conjugation of the reactive clozapine metabolite, possibly due to the different active site geometries of hGSTs. Two GSH conjugates found were completely dependent on the presence of hGSTs. Chlorine substitution of the clozapine nitrenium ion, which so far was only observed in in vivo studies, appeared to be the major pathway of hGST P1-1-catalyzed GSH conjugation, whereas hGST A1-1 and hGST M1-1 also showed significant activity. The second GSH conjugate, previously also only found in in vivo studies, was also formed by hGST P1-1 and to a small extent by hGST A1-1. These results demonstrate that human GSTs may play a significant role in the inactivation of reactive intermediates of clozapine. Therefore, further studies are required to investigate whether genetic polymorphisms of hGST P1-1 and hGST M1-1 contribute to the interindividual differences in susceptibility to clozapine-induced adverse drug reactions.
authors.affiliation: Division of Molecular Toxicology, LACDR, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Sanja
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dragovic
authors.forename: Jan Simon
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Boerma
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: van Bergen
authors.forename: Nico P E
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Vermeulen
authors.forename: Jan N M
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Commandeur
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity; D003024:Clozapine / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000378:metabolism; D005978:Glutathione / Q000737:chemistry; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008658:Inactivation, Metabolic; D051379:Mice; D008862:Microsomes, Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D013237:Stereoisomerism
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; D005978:Glutathione; D003024:Clozapine