title: Clock drawing from the occupational therapy adult perceptual screening test: its correlation with demographic and clinical factors in the stroke population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to explore the relationships between clock drawing ability following stroke, and key clinical variables including cognition, functional independence, side and type of stroke, educational level and age.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and ninety-seven people with stroke were recruited from 12 hospital and rehabilitation facilities. The participants' scores from the Clock Drawing Test in the Occupational Therapy Adult Perceptual Screening Test were the dependent variables and were entered into logistic regression with Functional Independence Measure motor scores, side of stroke, Oxfordshire Classification System of Stroke, educational level and age as independent variables. Correlation with the Mini-Mental State Examination was analysed independently, due to its strong correlation with other variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Mini-Mental State Examination correlated significantly with the Clock Drawing Test ( Exp (B) = 0.826, P < 0.001). In the multivariate analysis, a significant relationship was found with age (Exp ( B) = 1.052, P < 0.001), Functional Independence Measure - motor (Exp (B) = 0.984, P = 0.030) and side of stroke (Exp (B) = 0.384, P = 0.003). Age demonstrated the strongest correlation with the Clock Drawing Test ability and the greatest decline was from approximately 70 years of age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Clock Drawing Test may be a useful and quick screen of cognitive impairments following stroke. Age-related decline must be considered and it is essential that clinicians use this only as a strategy to determine whether a more comprehensive assessment is required.
authors.affiliation: School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Division of Occupational Therapy, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland.
authors.forename: Deirdre M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Cooke
authors.forename: Louise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gustafsson
authors.forename: Danica L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Tardiani
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001155:Art Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D003071:Cognition; D003710:Demography; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D006236:Handwriting; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D009788:Occupational Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D010465:Perception; D011594:Psychometrics; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D000071939:Stroke Rehabilitation; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013995:Time; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult