title: Space and time clustering of mortality in rural South Africa (Agincourt HDSS), 1992-2007.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Detailed information regarding the spatial and/or spatial-temporal distribution of mortality is required for the efficient implementation and targeting of public health interventions.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Identify high risk clusters of mortality within the Agincourt subdistrict for targeting of public health interventions, and highlight areas for further research.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mortality data were extracted from the Agincourt health and socio-demographic surveillance system (HDSS) for the period 1992-2007. Mortality rates by age group and time were calculated assuming a Poisson distribution and using precise person-time contribution estimates. A spatial scan statistic (Kulldorff) was used to test for clusters of age group specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality both in space and time.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Many statistically significant clusters of higher all-cause and cause-specific mortality were identified both in space and time. Specific areas were consistently identified as high risk areas; namely, the east/south- east and upper east central regions. This corresponds to areas with higher mortality due to communicable causes (especially HIV/TB and diarrhoeal disease) and indicates a non-random element to the distribution of potential underlying causative factors e.g. settlements comprising former. Mozambican refugees in east/south-east of the site, corresponding higher poverty areas, South African villages with higher HIV prevalence, etc. Clusters of older adult mortality were also observed indicating potential non-random distribution of non-communicable disease mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study has highlighted distinct clusters of all-cause and cause-specific mortality within the Agincourt subdistrict. It is a first step in prioritizing areas for further, more detailed research as well as for future public health follow-on efforts such as targeting of vertical prevention of HIV/TB and antiretroviral rollout in significant child and adult mortality clusters; and assessment and provision of adequate water and sanitation in the child mortality clusters particularly in south-east where diarrheal mortality appears high. Underlying causative factors need to be identified and accurately quantified. Other questions for more detailed research are discussed.
authors.affiliation: MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
authors.forename: Benn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sartorius
authors.forename: Kathleen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kahn
authors.forename: Penelope
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vounatsou
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Collinson
authors.forename: Stephen M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Tollman