title: Abomasal or ruminal administration of flax oil and hulls on milk production, digestibility, and milk fatty acid profile of dairy cows.
abstract: Four ruminally fistulated primiparous lactating Holstein cows were assigned to a 4 × 4 Latin square design to determine the effects of the site of administration (rumen or abomasum) of flax oil and flax hulls on diet digestibility and milk fatty acid profile of dairy cows. The treatments were 1) oil and hulls administered in the rumen and abomasal infusion of water (RUM/RUM), 2) oil and hulls infused in the abomasum (ABO/ABO), 3) oil administered in the rumen and hulls infused in the abomasum (RUM/ABO), and 4) oil infused in the abomasum and hulls placed in the rumen (ABO/RUM). Cows on the ABO/ABO and RUM/RUM treatments had the highest and lowest amounts of basal dry matter eaten, respectively. Higher dry matter digestibility was obtained when flax oil bypassed the rumen (ABO/ABO and ABO/RUM) compared with when flax oil was administered directly in the rumen (RUM/ABO and RUM/RUM). Apparent digestibility of ether extract was higher when flax hulls were administered in the rumen (RUM/RUM and ABO/RUM) compared with when flax hulls were infused in the abomasum (ABO/ABO and RUM/ABO). The lowest digestibility of acid detergent fiber and neutral detergent fiber was obtained when both flax products were added in the rumen, which may be attributed to the high amount of oil present in the rumen (7.8% of total dry matter input). The lowest yield of 4% fat-corrected milk was obtained for cows on the RUM/RUM treatment, probably as a result of lower dry matter intake and digestibility of fiber. Milk concentrations of protein, fat, total solids, and lactose were similar among treatments. Administration of oil and hulls in the rumen resulted in the highest concentrations of intermediate products of biohydrogenation and total trans fatty acids in milk fat compared with the other treatments. All ratios of n-6 to n-3 fatty acids in milk fat were lower than the 4 to 1 ratio recommended to improve human health. These results suggest that the presence of both flax oil and flax hulls in the rumen decreases 4% fat-corrected milk yield and digestibility but provides a desirable fatty acid profile of milk to enhance consumers' health.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual de Maringa, 87020-900 Maringa, PR, Brazil.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kazama
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Côrtes
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: da Silva-Kazama
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gagnon
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Benchaar
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Zeoula
authors.forename: G T D
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.forename: H V
authors.initials: HV
authors.lastname: Petit
mesh_terms: D000018:Abomasum / Q000378:metabolism*; D000824:Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D004032:Diet / Q000662:veterinary; D004063:Digestion / Q000502:physiology; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D019597:Flax / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D007774:Lactation / Q000502:physiology; D008043:Linseed Oil / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry; D012417:Rumen / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D005227:Fatty Acids; D008043:Linseed Oil