title: Association between pharmaceutical support and basic science research on erythropoiesis-stimulating agents.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To our knowledge, no prior research has evaluated the association between pharmaceutical industry funding and basic science research results. When erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) were licensed to treat chemotherapy-associated anemia, basic science concerns related to potential cancer stimulation were raised. We evaluated associations between pharmaceutical industry support and reported findings evaluating ESA effects on cancer cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Articles identified in MEDLINE and EMBASE databases (1988-2008) investigating basic science findings related to ESA administration in the solid tumor setting were reviewed. Outcomes included information on erythropoietin receptors (EpoRs), Epo-induced signaling events, cellular function, and qualitative conclusions. Information on study funding (academic investigators with no reported funding from ESA manufacturers [64 studies], academic investigators with grant funding from ESA manufacturers [7 studies], and investigators employed by the ESA manufacturers [3 studies]) was evaluated. Some studies did not include information on each outcome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Investigators without funding from ESA manufacturers were more likely than academic investigators with such funding or investigators employed by ESA manufacturers to identify EpoRs on solid tumor cells (100%, 60%, and 67%, respectively; P = .009), Epo-induced signaling events (94%, 0%, and 0%, respectively; P = .001), or changes in cellular function (57%, 0%, and 0%, respectively; P = .007) and to conclude that ESAs had potentially harmful effects on cancer cells (57%, 0%, and 0%, respectively; P = .008).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Researchers who do not have pharmaceutical industry support are more likely than those with pharmaceutical support to identify detrimental in vitro effects of ESAs. The potential for conflicts of interest to affect basic science research should be considered.
authors.affiliation: The South Carolina College of Pharmacy, South Carolina Center of Economic Excellence for Medication Safety and Efficacy, and Southern Network on Adverse Reactions, Columbia, USA.
authors.forename: Charles L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Bennett
authors.forename: Stephen Y
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Henke
authors.forename: Sara E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Barnato
authors.forename: James O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Armitage
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Sartor
mesh_terms: D000740:Anemia / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004345:Drug Industry / Q000191:economics*; D006397:Hematinics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy; D012109:Research Support as Topic
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D006397:Hematinics