title: Maternal cigarette smoking and the associated risk of having a child with orofacial clefts in China: a case-control study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We investigated whether maternal and paternal cigarette smoking during early pregnancy could increase the risk of delivering an infant with an orofacial cleft.
  
  
  METHODS
  A case-control study was carried out in China. 304 infants born with an isolated nonsyndromic oral cleft and 453 non-malformed controls were recruited as participants and their exposure to smoke plus family history data were collected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The relative odds ratios of maternal smoking to cause an orofacial cleft in infant increased for 3.30 (95% CI, 1.17-9.33) in CLO and 3.12 (95% CI, 1.24-7.84) in CLP from 1 to 10 cigarettes per day before pregnancy. The unadjusted odds ratio is 3.64 (95% CI, 1.01-13.19) and the adjusted OR is 7.00 (95% CI, 1.44-34.13) in CLO from 1 to 10 cigarettes during the first trimester. Paternal smoking in the periconceptional period was strongly associated with all subtypes of CLP. The association with medium ETS (2-6h) at home or at work was strongest for infants with all OFCs in the periconceptional period from 1 month before pregnancy through the end of the first trimester.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study confirmed the modest association between maternal smoking and orofacial clefts.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Stomatology College of Harbin Medical University, YouZheng Street 23, NanGang District, Harbin 150001, China. jxhui1@163.com
authors.forename: Bing
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Xiaohui
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Jiao
authors.forename: Limin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mao
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xue
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002681:China; D002971:Cleft Lip / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D016015:Logistic Models; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010290:Parents; D011247:Pregnancy; D011261:Pregnancy Trimester, First; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution