title: Cardiovascular function and psychological distress in urbanised black South Africans: the SABPA study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The increased prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factors in sub-Saharan Africa has increased the incidence of cardiovascular disease in this region but whether psychological distress contributes to this observed increased risk remains largely unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between cardiovascular function and psychological distress in urbanised black South African men (n = 101) and women (n = 99).
  
  
  METHODS
  Resting cardiovascular variables were obtained by making use of the Finometer device and 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure (BP) measurements with the Cardiotens apparatus. Psychological questionnaires assessed the perception of health (General Health questionnaire) and depression status (DSM-IV criteria). The resting ECG (NORAV PC-1200) was used to determine left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) by making use of the Cornell product. Confounders included age, obesity, alcohol intake, smoking and physical activity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The hypertensive groups were overweight, with lower vascular compliance and higher LVH (only men) compared to the normotensive groups. In hypertensive men, perception of health (somatic symptoms) was positively associated with blood pressure, while in hypertensive women it was associated with heart rate. Major depression was associated with LVH in hypertensive men and mean arterial pressure in hypertensive women. LVH and depression showed odds ratios of 1.02 (95% CI: 0.997-1.05) and 1.15 (95% CI: 1.01-1.32), respectively, in predicting hypertension in women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Psychological distress was associated with higher blood pressure in hypertensive African men but also with the development of left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertensive African men and women.
authors.affiliation: School for Physiology, Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mashele
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Van Rooyen
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Malan
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Potgieter
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D044383:Black People; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002319:Cardiovascular System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013019:South Africa; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014507:Urbanization