title: Neutron fluence in antiproton radiotherapy, measurements and simulations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A significant part of the secondary particle spectrum from antiproton annihilation consists of fast neutrons, which may contribute to a significant dose background found outside the primary beam.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a polystyrene phantom as a moderator, we have performed absolute fluence measurements of the thermalized part of the fast neutron spectrum using Lithium-6 and -7 Fluoride TLD pairs. The results were compared with the Monte Carlo particle transport code FLUKA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The experimental results are found to be in good agreement with simulations. The thermal neutron kerma resulting from the measured thermal neutron fluence is insignificant compared to the contribution from fast neutrons.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The secondary neutron fluences encountered in antiproton therapy are found to be similar to values calculated for pion treatment, however exact modeling under more realistic treatment scenarios is still required to quantitatively compare these treatment modalities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Clinical Oncology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark. bassler@phys.au.dk
authors.forename: Niels
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bassler
authors.forename: Michael H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Holzscheiter
authors.forename: Jørgen B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Petersen
mesh_terms: D003198:Computer Simulation; D005214:Fast Neutrons / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005459:Fluorides / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D008094:Lithium / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D008954:Models, Biological; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009038:Motion; D009688:Nuclear Reactors / Q000295:instrumentation; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011522:Protons; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D020266:Radiotherapy, Conformal / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D013819:Thermoluminescent Dosimetry / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D011522:Protons; D008094:Lithium; D005459:Fluorides