title: Formulation and evaluation of chitosan microspheres of aceclofenac for colon-targeted drug delivery.
abstract: The objective of this investigation was to develop novel colon specific drug delivery. Aceclofenac, a NSAID, was successfully encapsulated into chitosan microspheres. Various formulations were prepared by varying the ratio of chitosan, span-85 and stirring speed and the amount of glutaraldehyde. The SEM study showed that microspheres have smooth surfaces. Microspheres were characterised by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to confirm the absence of chemical interactions between drug and polymer and to know the formation of microspheres structure. The microspheres were evaluated for particle size, encapsulation efficiency, drug loading capacity, mucoadhesion studies, stability studies, in vitro and in vivo drug release studies. Particle sizes, as measured by the laser light scattering technique, were of an average size in the range 41-80 µm. The swelling index was in the range 0.37-0.82 and the entrapment efficiency range was 51-75% for all the formulations. The optimised batch ACM(13) released 83.6% at 8 h and 104% at 24 h in SCF containing rat caecal content. Eudragit coated chitosan microspheres prevented the release of the aceclofenac in the physiological environment of the stomach and small intestine and released 95.9±0.34% in the colon. With regard to release kinetics, the data were best fitted with the Higuchi model and showed zero order release with non-Fickian diffusion mechanism. The in vivo findings suggest that aceclofenac microspheres exhibit a prolonged effect of aceclofenac in rats and produce a significant anti-inflammatory effect. The findings of the present study conclusively state that chitosan microspheres are promising for colon targeting of aceclofenac to synchronise with chronobiological symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vels University, Chennai - 600117, India.
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Umadevi
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Thiruganesh
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Suresh
authors.forename: K Bhaskar
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Reddy
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D001169:Arthritis, Experimental / Q000188:drug therapy; D048271:Chitosan; D003106:Colon / Q000378:metabolism; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004008:Diclofenac / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D004355:Drug Stability; D005079:Excipients; D005976:Glutaral / Q000737:chemistry; D008297:Male; D008863:Microspheres; D010316:Particle Size; D011109:Polymethacrylic Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D051381:Rats; D013270:Stomach
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D005079:Excipients; D011109:Polymethacrylic Acids; D004008:Diclofenac; C038300:methylmethacrylate-methacrylic acid copolymer; D048271:Chitosan; C056498:aceclofenac; D005976:Glutaral