title: A pilot study of human brain tissue post-magnetic resonance imaging: information from the National Deep Brain Stimulation Brain Tissue Network (DBS-BTN).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The safety of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for deep brain stimulation (DBS) patients is of great importance to both movement disorders clinicians and to radiologists. The present study utilized the Deep Brain Stimulation Brain Tissue Network's (DBS-BTN's) clinical and neuropathological database to search for evidence of adverse effects of MRI performed on implanted DBS patients.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Performing a 1.5 T MRI with a head receive coil on patients with implanted DBS devices should not result in evidence of adverse clinical or pathological effects in the DBS-BTN cohort. Further, exposing post-mortem DBS-BTN brains with DBS leads to extended 3T MRI imaging should not result in pathological adverse effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  An electronic literature search was performed to establish clinical and neuropathological criteria for evidence of MRI-related adverse reactions in DBS patients. A retrospective chart review of the DBS-BTN patients was then performed to uncover potential adverse events resulting from MRI scanning. DBS patient characteristics and MRI parameters were recorded for each patient. In addition, 3T MRI scans were performed on 4 post-mortem brains with DBS leads but without batteries attached. Detailed neuropathological studies were undertaken to search for evidence of MRI-induced adverse tissue changes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No clinical signs or symptoms or MRI-induced adverse effects were discovered in the DBS-BTN database, and on detailed review of neuroimaging studies. Neuropathological examination did not reveal changes consistent with MRI-induced heating damage. The novel study of four brains with prolonged 3T post-mortem magnetic field exposure (DBS leads left in place) also did not reveal pathological changes consistent with heat related damage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current study adds important information to the data on the safety of MRI in DBS patients. Novel post-mortem MRI studies provide additional information regarding the safety of 3T MRI in DBS patients, and could justify additional studies especially post-mortem scans with battery sources in place.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The lack of pathological findings in the DBS-BTN database and the lack of tissue related changes following prolonged exposure to 3T MRI in the post-mortem brains suggest that MRI scanning in DBS patients may be relatively safe, especially under current guidelines requiring a head receive coil. Subsequent studies exploring the safety of 1.5 T versus 3T MRI in DBS patients should utilize more in depth post-mortem imaging to better simulate the human condition.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Movement Disorders Center, McKnight Brain Institute, 100 S. Newell Drive, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ullman
authors.forename: Vinata
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vedam-Mai
authors.forename: Nolie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Krock
authors.forename: Atchar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sudhyadhom
authors.forename: Kelly D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Foote
authors.forename: Anthony T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Yachnis
authors.forename: Stacy
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Merritt
authors.forename: Andrew S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Resnick
authors.forename: Pamela
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zeilman
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Okun
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D046690:Deep Brain Stimulation; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010865:Pilot Projects