title: Simple advice on lifestyle habits and long-term changes in biomarkers of inflammation and vascular adhesion in healthy middle-aged men.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Lifestyle habits, vascular function and inflammation are components in the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). We investigated whether simple advice on dietary and exercise habits given (at a single time point) to hypercholesterolemic men affects circulating biomarkers of inflammation and vascular adhesion.
  
  
  METHODS
  In total, 157 men (age 46±5 years) with mild hypercholesterolemia were randomized to four intervention groups, diet (D, n=40), exercise (E, n=39), diet and exercise (DE, n=39) or controls (C, n=39) and serum concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (sICAM-1), soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (sVCAM-1) and soluble E-selectin (sE-selectin) were quantified at baseline and after a 6-month intervention period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The intervention applied in this study, that is, simple advice on lifestyle changes given at a single time point, had a modest effect on inflammatory biomarkers and soluble vascular adhesion molecules. The most apparent alterations were found for individuals in group DE, who responded with significant reductions in sICAM-1, -28 (-41 to -14 μg/l) and sE-selectin, -3.6 (-6.9 to -0.3 μg/l) after 6 months. None of the groups had altered their concentrations of sVCAM-1, CRP or IL-6 significantly after the intervention. In all individuals combined, we found changes in apolipoprotein B (apoB) to predict alterations in sICAM-1 (β=0.21) and sE-selectin (β=0.26), independently of changes in inflammation and other adhesion molecules.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These observations indicate that even small efforts to improve diet and physical activity can influence biomarkers of vascular function in individuals at increased risk for CVD. ApoB was identified as an important determinant of this improvement, which adds further support to the notion of apoB as a critical target in cardiovascular prevention.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Science Park, Uppsala, Sweden. per.sjogren@pubcare.uu.se
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sjögren
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Cederholm
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Heimbürger
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Stenvinkel
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Vedin
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Palmblad
authors.forename: M-L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Hellenius
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001055:Apolipoproteins B / Q000378:metabolism; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D019040:E-Selectin / Q000097:blood*; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D006801:Humans; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000378:metabolism; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism*; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000097:blood*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood*; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D054526:Men's Health; D008875:Middle Aged; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D001055:Apolipoproteins B; D015415:Biomarkers; D019040:E-Selectin; D015850:Interleukin-6; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; D002097:C-Reactive Protein