title: Self-reported adherence is more predictive of virological treatment response among patients with a lower tendency towards socially desirable responding.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Self-report is the most commonly used measure of adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy, but typically shows weaker associations with virological treatment outcome than more objective adherence assessment methods. Socially desirable responding might hamper the validity of self-reported adherence. We investigated whether stratifying patients according to their socially desirable response set might improve the prediction of virological treatment response by self-reported adherence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients enrolled in the focus group of the Dutch national cohort ATHENA completed a social desirability scale, four self-report adherence questions, and had their plasma HIV type-1 (HIV-1) RNA concentrations measured. We calculated odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for self-reported non-adherence to predict HIV-1 RNA>50 copies/ml among patients with a lower or a higher tendency towards socially desirable responding.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 331 patients were included. Self-reported non-adherence was significantly predictive of HIV-1 RNA>50 copies/ml on three out of four questions among patients with lower socially desirable responding (n=198). Self-reported non-adherence did not predict HIV-1 RNA>50 copies/ml among patients with higher socially desirable responding (n=132).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Stratifying patients according to their socially desirable response set improved the prediction of virological treatment response by self-reported adherence. This finding emphasizes the importance of discussing medication adherence with patients in a non-threatening and non-judgemental way that normalizes non-adherence in order to reduce socially desirable responding.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Psychology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. p.t.nieuwkerk@amc.uva.nl
authors.forename: Pythia T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Nieuwkerk
authors.forename: I Marion
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: de Boer-van der Kolk
authors.forename: Jan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Prins
authors.forename: Mirjam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Locadia
authors.forename: Mirjam A G
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Sprangers
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D055118:Medication Adherence; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands; D057566:Self Report; D012928:Social Desirability; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires