title: The genome of Geobacter bemidjiensis, exemplar for the subsurface clade of Geobacter species that predominate in Fe(III)-reducing subsurface environments.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Geobacter species in a phylogenetic cluster known as subsurface clade 1 are often the predominant microorganisms in subsurface environments in which Fe(III) reduction is the primary electron-accepting process. Geobacter bemidjiensis, a member of this clade, was isolated from hydrocarbon-contaminated subsurface sediments in Bemidji, Minnesota, and is closely related to Geobacter species found to be abundant at other subsurface sites. This study examines whether there are significant differences in the metabolism and physiology of G. bemidjiensis compared to non-subsurface Geobacter species.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Annotation of the genome sequence of G. bemidjiensis indicates several differences in metabolism compared to previously sequenced non-subsurface Geobacteraceae, which will be useful for in silico metabolic modeling of subsurface bioremediation processes involving Geobacter species. Pathways can now be predicted for the use of various carbon sources such as propionate by G. bemidjiensis. Additional metabolic capabilities such as carbon dioxide fixation and growth on glucose were predicted from the genome annotation. The presence of different dicarboxylic acid transporters and two oxaloacetate decarboxylases in G. bemidjiensis may explain its ability to grow by disproportionation of fumarate. Although benzoate is the only aromatic compound that G. bemidjiensis is known or predicted to utilize as an electron donor and carbon source, the genome suggests that this species may be able to detoxify other aromatic pollutants without degrading them. Furthermore, G. bemidjiensis is auxotrophic for 4-aminobenzoate, which makes it the first Geobacter species identified as having a vitamin requirement. Several features of the genome indicated that G. bemidjiensis has enhanced abilities to respire, detoxify and avoid oxygen.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, the genome sequence of G. bemidjiensis offers surprising insights into the metabolism and physiology of Geobacteraceae in subsurface environments, compared to non-subsurface Geobacter species, such as the ability to disproportionate fumarate, more efficient oxidation of propionate, enhanced responses to oxygen stress, and dependence on the environment for a vitamin requirement. Therefore, an understanding of the activity of Geobacter species in the subsurface is more likely to benefit from studies of subsurface isolates such as G. bemidjiensis than from the non-subsurface model species studied so far.
authors.affiliation: University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA. muktak@microbio.umass.edu
authors.forename: Muktak
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aklujkar
authors.forename: Nelson D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: Dawn
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Holmes
authors.forename: Milind
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chavan
authors.forename: Carla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Risso
authors.forename: Hajnalka E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Kiss
authors.forename: Cliff S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Miriam L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Land
authors.forename: Derek R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Lovley
mesh_terms: D000445:Aldehyde Oxidoreductases / Q000235:genetics; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D050260:Carbohydrate Metabolism / Q000235:genetics; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000378:metabolism; D002473:Cell Wall / Q000378:metabolism; D004583:Electrons; D004783:Environmental Microbiology; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D016368:Frameshift Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D005650:Fumarates / Q000378:metabolism; D005798:Genes, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D016680:Genome, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics*; D045302:Geobacter / Q000145:classification* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D007501:Iron / Q000378:metabolism*; D053858:Metabolic Networks and Pathways / Q000235:genetics; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005810:Multigene Family / Q000235:genetics; D009995:Osmosis; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D007652:Oxo-Acid-Lyases / Q000378:metabolism; D011422:Propionates / Q000378:metabolism; D019289:Pyruvic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D013045:Species Specificity; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D005227:Fatty Acids; D005650:Fumarates; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes; D011422:Propionates; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D019289:Pyruvic Acid; C032005:fumaric acid; D007501:Iron; D000445:Aldehyde Oxidoreductases; C019823:carbon monoxide dehydrogenase; D007652:Oxo-Acid-Lyases; C019909:citrate (pro-3S)-lyase; D005947:Glucose; C029658:propionic acid