title: Distress, quality of life, neuroticism and psychological coping are related in head and neck cancer patients during follow-up.
abstract: The aim of the present study was to study the relation between distress, quality of life (QoL), personality and choice of coping in successfully treated head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patients, and to study whether distress could be regarded as a QoL variable.
  
  
  METHODS
  We determined present distress by the general health questionnaire (GHQ), QoL by the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of life Questionnaire (EORTC-QLQ) C30/H&N35, personality by the Eysenck Personality Inventory and coping by the COPE questionnaire. All patients younger than 80 years who had been diagnosed with HNSCC in Western Norway in the period from 1992 to October 2001, and who had survived at least 12 months without evidence of disease were interviewed. In addition, treatment level, TNM stage, alcohol consumption level as well as smoking level were determined. One hundred and thirty-nine patients (96.5% response rate) were included.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Distress and QoL indexes were scored with a common variance (CV) between 20% and 35%. The measured variables account for 40-48% of the variance of the QoL/GHQ scores. Between 3% and 10% of the GHQ/general QoL scores and 10% of the variance of the H&N35 QoL scores were predicted by the TNM stage. The measured psychological factors accounted for 20% of the H&N35 QoL scores and 40% of the measured variance of the general QoL and GHQ responses. High neuroticism (CV≈20-35%), present avoidance coping (CV≈10-30%) and coping by suppression of competing activity (CV≈10-20%) were associated with low QoL and high distress.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  GHQ and QoL scores are scored similar, and are to some extent predicted by treatment related factors, but between 2.5 and 10 times more closely associated with psychological factors. Distress may possibly also be regarded as a QoL variable.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway. aka@hib.no
authors.forename: Anne K H
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Aarstad
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Beisland
authors.forename: Arild André
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Osthus
authors.forename: Hans J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Aarstad
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological / Q000502:physiology; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008954:Models, Biological; D018307:Neoplasms, Squamous Cell / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology; D012107:Research Design; D000077195:Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000453:epidemiology*