title: Cellular and molecular osmoregulatory responses to cadmium exposure in Gammarus fossarum (Crustacea, Amphipoda).
abstract: Osmoregulation represents a reliable indicator of the physiological state of crustaceans. It is mainly effected in gills via Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (NKA) providing the major driving force for ion transport. In the present study conducted in the freshwater amphipod Gammarus fossarum, the impact of an exposure to 15 μg Cd L(-1) for 3 and 7d was investigated on the haemolymph osmolality (HO), gill structure, NKA localization in gills and its relative expression. In Cd-exposed G. fossarum, mean HO significantly decreased compared to controls. In animals exposed for 3 and 7d, high inter-individual variations in HO values were noted, resulting in their separation into unimpacted, slightly impacted and impacted animals. In unimpacted individuals, gills retained their organization, showing a thicker gill epithelium than in controls; NKA fluorescence was continuously observed along the gill epithelium and was distributed on a broader area than in controls. In slightly impacted individuals, a thinner epithelium, a slight collapse of the gill and a lower NKA fluorescence were observed compared to unimpacted specimens. In impacted individuals, dramatic alterations of the gill structure, including hyperplasia and alteration of the pillars, resulting in the collapse of the gill and the disappearance of the haemolymphatic canals were observed, as well as very limited NKA fluorescence. Therefore, the degree of gill alteration and the intensity of NKA fluorescence observed in the different groups were correlated with their respective HO levels. The relative amount of the NKA α-subunit mRNA significantly increased in specimens exposed to Cd for 3d compared to controls, and then returned to control level after 7d. The relationships between the changes in HO values, NKA immunostaining and mRNA relative expression are discussed. These results confirm that HO represents a valuable biomarker to evaluate crustacean health, and they underline the interest to assess individual responses to contaminants.
authors.affiliation: Equipe Adaptation Ecophysiologique et Ontogenèse, UMR 5119 Ecolag, UM2 - CNRS - IRD - IFREMER, Université Montpellier 2, 34095 Montpellier cedex 05, France. issarteljulien@gmail.com
authors.forename: Julien
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Issartel
authors.forename: Viviane
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Boulo
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wallon
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Geffard
authors.forename: Guy
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Charmantier
mesh_terms: D033304:Amphipoda / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D002104:Cadmium / Q000633:toxicity*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005880:Gills / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D000254:Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase / Q000378:metabolism; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*; D014882:Water-Electrolyte Balance / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D002104:Cadmium; D000254:Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase