title: Ultrasound-facilitated formalin fixation of biological specimens.
abstract: In a previous study, we showed that ultrasound can dramatically reduce the time required for tissue fixation in formalin. It generally is believed that ultrasound increases the speed of tissue fixation in two possible ways: 1) increasing the speed of penetration of fixative molecules into tissue samples and 2) increasing the speed of cross-linking reactions. We addressed here the second possible way by using protein solutions and cultured cells, which minimized the effects of the penetration factor. Proteins or cultured cells in solution were fixed with formalin with or without ultrasound irradiation. Fixed proteins and cell lysates then were separated by SDS-poly acrylamide gel electrophoresis and subjected to Western blotting to examine cross-linking formation in certain proteins. Unexpectedly, irradiation with ultrasound did not produce an observable difference in the rate of cross-linking in protein solutions. In similar experiments using cultured cells, however, we observed a significant reduction in recovery of certain proteins from cells fixed by formalin under the influence of ultrasound, which indicated that the ultrasound fixation procedure accelerated cross-linking formation within cells. Studies on protein and cell fixation without ultrasound showed that cross-linking formation was closely related to incubation temperature, which indicates that the heating function, which is inherently associated with ultrasound is another major factor in the ability of ultrasound to accelerate cross-linking.
authors.affiliation: Department of Scientific Laboratories, American Registry of Pathology, Washington, DC, USA.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zou
authors.forename: Q
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ji
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: W S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Chu
mesh_terms: D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D002457:Cell Extracts / Q000737:chemistry*; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents / Q000737:chemistry; D005404:Fixatives / Q000737:chemistry; D005557:Formaldehyde / Q000737:chemistry*; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D011506:Proteins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D013696:Temperature; D016707:Tissue Fixation / Q000379:methods*; D014465:Ultrasonics / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D002457:Cell Extracts; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents; D005404:Fixatives; D011506:Proteins; D005557:Formaldehyde