title: Hypoadiponectinemia is strongly associated with metabolic syndrome in Korean type 2 diabetes patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the relationship between serum adiponectin level, dietary intake, and metabolic syndrome (MetS) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) patients, and to identify factors associated with serum adiponectin level.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study was performed using 789 type 2 DM patients (406 men and 383 women) 40-80 years old. Subjects were classified into 3 groups on the basis of serum adiponectin level. General characteristics and anthropometric, hematologic, and dietary data were obtained for each subject.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of hypoadiponectinemia (<4.0 µg/mL) was 57.4% in men and 32.4% in women. Serum adiponectin level was negatively correlated with body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, body fat percentage, and serum concentrations of insulin and triglyceride, and was positively correlated with high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol level. Even though the direct association of nutrient intake with serum adiponectin concentration was not strong, various contributing factors for hypoadiponectinemia were strongly correlated with micronutrient intake, such as calcium, iron, and niacin. Both sexes in the group with the lowest adiponectin concentration had a higher prevalence of MetS and MetS components than corresponding sexes in the group with the highest adiponectin concentration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings show that hypoadiponectinemia is strongly associated with MetS in type 2 DM patients. Dietary intake may be indirectly associated with adiponectin levels through factors such as BMI, waist circumference, insulin, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), triglyceride, HDL-cholesterol, and blood pressure. Therefore, our results suggest that manipulation of the level of adiponectin may prevent MetS and reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease in type 2 DM patients.
authors.affiliation: RD, Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, 11-1 Daehyundong, Seodaemungu, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Han Kyoung
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Ryu
authors.forename: So Young
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Jong Suk
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Young Ju
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Kap Bum
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Huh
authors.forename: Ji Eun
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Ji-Yun
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.forename: Wha Young
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D052242:Adiponectin / Q000097:blood*; D050154:Adiposity; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D044466:Asian People; D015992:Body Mass Index; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications; D018977:Micronutrients / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008875:Middle Aged; D012737:Sex Factors; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D055105:Waist Circumference
chemical_list: D052242:Adiponectin; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D007328:Insulin; D018977:Micronutrients; D014280:Triglycerides