title: Temporal morphological and functional impact of complete urinary diversion on the bladder: a model of bladder disuse in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Urinary diversion has been used as a surgical option for some bladder diseases. We developed a urinary diversion model in the rat and examined the effects of urinary diversion on the bladder.
  
  
  METHODS
  We distributed female Sprague-Dawley® rats into age matched control, sham urinary diversion and urinary diversion groups. Each group was subsequently evaluated 1 or 8 weeks after urinary diversion or sham operation. Diversion was done by surgical disconnection of the ureters from the bladder and implantation to the uterine cervix. Conscious cystometry was examined. Bladders were harvested for histological examination and quantification of smooth muscle, urothelium and collagen. Vaginal histology was assessed. Bladder muscarinic and purinergic receptor expression was examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All rats survived the urinary diversion procedure. Bladder weight decreased in the diversion group. Cystometry showed decreased intercontractile interval and voided volume in the urinary diversion group compared to those in the control and sham operated groups. Compliance was decreased in diverted rats. Smooth muscle and urothelium were decreased as a percent of total bladder cross-sectional area. Collagen increased in 1 and 8-week diverted rats vs controls. Histological examination of the vaginal wall revealed mild swelling in 2 rats. Urinary diversion caused decreased muscarinic 3 and ligand gated purinergic 1 receptor expression but no change in muscarinic 2 or ligand gated purinergic 2 receptors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Creating a urinary diversion model by ureterovaginostomy in the rat is feasible. Urinary diversion causes distinct functional and morphometric bladder alterations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA.
authors.forename: Guiming
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Yi-Hao
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Mei
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Nan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.forename: Firouz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Daneshgari
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013997:Time Factors; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D014547:Urinary Diversion / Q000379:methods*