title: Hepatitis C and depressive symptoms: psychological and social factors matter more than liver injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Given that the hepatitis C virus (HCV) crosses the blood-brain barrier, biological factors are commonly blamed for the high rates of mood disturbance in HCV-infected patients. However, no study assessing the potential contribution of psychosocial factors to depression in HCV has yet been conducted.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional survey of 65 patients was undertaken to identify biological, psychological, and sociological contributions to depression. Biological, psychological, and sociological variables were tested for their association with depressive symptomatology as measured by the BDI-II. Separate analyses were conducted on health-related quality of life (HRQOL), as measured by the SF-36, in order to confirm findings in previous work.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Psychosocial variables assessed in the study, such as less social functioning, less religious faith, less ability to work, less salary, personal suicide attempt, worse reaction to diagnosis, and feeling "stressed out" were all associated with higher depression scores and lower HRQOL. Biological variables, including viral load, liver enzyme levels, INR, and stage of liver fibrosis on biopsy, were not associated with higher depression or lower HRQOL.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The amount of disease as measured by laboratory abnormalities such as viral load, liver function tests, liver biopsy, and INR do not provide much useful information about a patient's depressive symptoms. Instead, these depressive symptoms are more influenced by psychological and social factors. Psychosocial support may therefore be beneficial to HCV patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California San Diego Medical Center, San Diego, CA 92103-8819, USA. mpwilso1@gmail.com
authors.forename: Michael P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Edward M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Castillo
authors.forename: Andrew M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Batey
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sapyta
authors.forename: Sari
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Aronson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics; D019698:Hepatitis C, Chronic / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D007372:Interferons / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D008111:Liver Function Tests; D008297:Male; D010555:Personality Inventory / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011594:Psychometrics; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology; D012069:Religion and Psychology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012803:Sick Role; D012917:Social Adjustment; D012931:Social Environment; D012944:Social Support; D013406:Suicide, Attempted / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D019562:Viral Load
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D007372:Interferons