title: Children of parents with affective and nonaffective psychoses: a longitudinal study of behavior problems.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It is generally accepted that children of parents with schizophrenia or other forms of psychosis are at heightened risk for a range of behavioral problems. However, it remains unclear whether offspring of parents with different forms of psychosis (e.g., schizophrenia, other nonaffective psychoses, and affective psychoses) have distinct forms of behavioral problems (i.e., internalizing and externalizing).
  
  
  METHODS
  Behavioral observations of children of parents with psychosis (N=281) and parents without psychosis (N=185) were conducted at ages 4 and 7 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no significant differences between groups in behavior observed at age 4 years. At age 7 years, compared with children of unaffected parents, children of parents with psychosis had an adjusted odds ratio of 2.8 (95% CI=1.5-5.6) for externalizing problems, in particular for children of parents with schizophrenia (adjusted odds ratio=4.4; 95% CI=1.7-12.5). This increase in risk for externalizing problems was observed for female children only (adjusted odds ratio=8.1; 95% CI=2.5-26.3). In contrast, male children were at increased risk for internalizing problems (adjusted odds ratio=3.6; 95% CI=1.6-8.3).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Children of parents with various forms of psychosis are at risk for internalizing and externalizing problems by age 7 years. This risk varies by gender of the offspring. Implications for treatment of parents with psychotic disorders and high-risk children are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Community Health, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA. jo-ann_donatelli@brown.edu
authors.forename: Jo-Ann L
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Donatelli
authors.forename: Larry J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Seidman
authors.forename: Jill M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Goldstein
authors.forename: Ming T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Tsuang
authors.forename: Stephen L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Buka
mesh_terms: D000341:Affective Disorders, Psychotic / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D016241:Child of Impaired Parents / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007389:Internal-External Control; D008297:Male; D009511:New England; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010552:Personality Assessment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011594:Psychometrics; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology