title: Transcutaneous cervical and transabdominal ultrasonography as a diagnostic tool in gastroesophageal reflux in childhood.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study is to investigate if there is a diagnostic expressive difference in the angle of His, upper and lower esophageal diameter (UED and LED), wall thickness of cervical esophagus (WTCE) measured by cervical and transabdominal ultrasonography (USG) between children with (+) and without gastroesophageal reflux (GER-).
  
  
  METHODS
  50 children were separated into 2 groups. Group 1 was the control group (n = 30) consisting of children who had no symptoms of GER and had no GER detected in USG. Group 2 was the study group (n = 20) consisting of children with complaints related to GER, and who were GER+ by USG and esophageal pH monitoring. The USG examinations were completed after having observed 3 episodes of reflux or after 30 min if no reflux was detected. The angle of His, UED, LED and WTCE were measured. In 24-hour esophageal pH monitoring, acid contact to the proximal or distal probe greater than 5.0% of the total time below pH 4 was accepted as pathologic reflux.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The age range of the 50 children (30 boys) was 4-13 years. Between the 2 groups there were no differences with regard to age and gender. Values of UED, LED and WTCE were statistically higher in group 2 compared with group 1. The angle of His was higher in the control group, but this was not statistically significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study is the first in the literature that shows that measuring UED, LED and WTCE by USG, which is a noninvasive, readily available repeatable, cheap and fast technique, has a high diagnostic value in children with suspected GER.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Ankara Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey. bilgekar@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Bilge
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Karabulut
authors.forename: Ilknur
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bostanci
authors.forename: Mahmut
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kacar
authors.forename: Gokhan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Karaca
authors.forename: Pinar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kosar
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D050782:Esophageal pH Monitoring; D005260:Female; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018615:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color / Q000379:methods*