title: Intraurethral instillation of ketamine for male rigid cystoscopy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was conducted to examine the efficacy of ketamine along with lidocaine gel for instillation in the male urethra for easiness of outpatient rigid cystoscopy, as compared with only using lidocaine gel.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 60 consecutive men who were scheduled to undergo rigid cystoscopy were randomly assigned to receive either 10 mL of 2% lidocaine gel combined with 2 mL normal saline, or 10 mL of 2% lidocaine gel combined with 2 mL ketamine (100 mg). Hemodynamic changes and the level of pain perception of patients at the beginning, during, and after every procedure in both groups were recorded by using the visual analogue scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no significant differences in hemodynamic changes between the two groups; however, the perception of pain was significantly decreased when lidocaine was used in conjunction with ketamine, most notably during the first 5 minutes of cystoscopy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Instillation of lidocaine gel in conjunction with ketamine in the urethra could decrease pain perception and make men undergoing outpatient rigid cystoscopy more comfortable during the procedure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Sina Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Reza Shariat
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Moharari
authors.forename: Atabak
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Najafi
authors.forename: Mohammad Reza
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Khajavi
authors.forename: Gazelle Shariat
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Moharari
authors.forename: Mohammad Reza
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Nikoobakht
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D003558:Cystoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007322:Instillation, Drug; D007649:Ketamine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010147:Pain Measurement; D014521:Urethra / Q000187:drug effects*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D007649:Ketamine