title: Forty years of faster decline in cigarette smoking in California explains current lower lung cancer rates.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Declining lung cancer rates in California have been attributed to the California Tobacco Control Program, but may reflect earlier declines in smoking.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using state-taxed sales and three survey series, we assessed trends in smoking behavior for California and the rest of the nation from 1960 to 2008 and compared these with lung cancer mortality rates. We tested the validity of recent trends in state-taxed sales by projecting results from a model of the 1960 to 2002 data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From 1960 to 2002, the state-taxed sales and survey data are consistent. Californians initially smoked more than the rest of the nation, but cigarette consumption declined earlier, dropping lower in 1971 with an ever widening gap over time. Lung cancer mortality follows a similar pattern, after a lag of 16 years. Introduction of the California Tobacco Control Program doubled the rate of decline in cigarette consumption. From 2002 to 2008, differences in enforcement and tax evasion may compromise the validity of the taxed sales data. In 2010, smoking prevalence is estimated to be 9.3% in California and 17.8% in the rest of the nation. However, in 2008, for the first time, both cigarette price and tobacco control expenditures were lower in California than the rest of the nation, suggesting that the gap in smoking behavior will start to narrow.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An effective Tobacco Control Program means that California will have faster declines in lung cancer than the rest of the nation for the next 2 decades, but possibly not beyond.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tobacco control interventions need further dissemination.
authors.affiliation: Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0901, USA. jppierce@ucsd.edu
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Pierce
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Messer
authors.forename: Martha M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: Sheila
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kealey
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Cowling
mesh_terms: D002140:California / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D018426:SEER Program; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000639:trends*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data