title: Factorial trial found mixed evidence of effects of pre-notification and pleading on response to Web-based survey.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effectiveness of pre-notification and pleading invitations in Web surveys by embedding a randomized controlled trial (RCT) in a Web-based survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  E-mail addresses of 569 authors of published maternal health research were randomized in a 2×2 factorial trial of a pre-notification vs. no pre-notification e-mail and a pleading vs. a non-pleading invitation e-mail. The primary outcome was completed response rate, and the secondary outcome was submitted response rate (which included complete and partial responses).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pleading invitations resulted in 5.0% more completed questionnaires, although this difference did not reach statistical significance [odds ratio (OR) 1.23; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.86, 1.74; P=0.25]. Pre-notification did not increase the completion rate (OR 1.04; 95% CI 0.73, 1.48; P=0.83). Response was higher among authors who had published in 2006 or later (OR 2.07; 95% CI: 1.43, 2.98; P=0.001). There was some evidence that pre-notification was more effective in increasing submissions from authors with recent publications (P=0.04).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of a "pleading" tone to e-mail invitations may increase response to a Web-based survey. Authors of recently published research are more likely to respond to a Web-based survey.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Epidemiology and Population, Health London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK.
authors.forename: Lambert M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Felix
authors.forename: Helen E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Burchett
authors.forename: Phil J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Edwards
mesh_terms: D003625:Data Collection / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D034742:Electronic Mail / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005246:Feedback; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008429:Maternal Welfare; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014956:Writing