title: Does tiotropium lower exacerbation and hospitalization frequency in COPD patients: results of a meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  International guidelines recommend long-acting bronchodilators in patients who remain symptomatic despite adequate treatment with short-acting bronchodilators. The purpose of this study is to estimate the effect of tiotropium, a long-acting anticholinergic inhalant, on exacerbation and hospitalisation frequency.
  
  
  METHODS
  Electronic databases (Medline, Embase, INAHTA, CRD databases, and the Cochrane Library) were searched for randomised controlled trials, comparing tiotropium to placebo, or other bronchodilators. Outcomes were the exacerbation frequency and hospitalisation frequency. Data were pooled using the generic inverse variance method for continuous outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nine studies reported comparisons with placebo (n = 8), ipratropium (short-acting anticholinergic inhalant, n = 1), and salmeterol (long-acting β₂-agonist inhalant, n = 1). Only two studies reported adequate concealment of allocation. Tiotropium reduces the number of exacerbations per patient year by 0.31 (95% CI 0.46- 0.17) compared to placebo, and by 0.23 (95% CI 0.31- 0.15) compared to ipratropium. A significant difference in exacerbation frequency between tiotropium and salmeterol was found (-0.16; 95% CI -0.29 - -0.03) based on approximations of the results of one study.The number of hospitalisations is reduced by 0.04 (95% CI 0.08- 0.01) per patient year compared to placebo and by 0.06 (95% CI -0.09 - -0.03) per patient year compared to ipratropium.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Statistically significant but clinically small effects were found for tiotropium compared to placebo and ipratropium. The comparison with salmeterol is significant for exacerbation frequency but not for hospitalisation frequency. Publication bias may be present.
authors.affiliation: Belgian Health Care Knowledge Centre (KCE), Brussels, Belgium. Ann.vandenbruel@kce.fgov.be
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Van den Bruel
authors.forename: Jeannine
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gailly
authors.forename: Mattias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Neyt
mesh_terms: D000420:Albuterol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018680:Cholinergic Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018450:Disease Progression; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D009241:Ipratropium / Q000627:therapeutic use; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D000068299:Salmeterol Xinafoate; D012602:Scopolamine Derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000069447:Tiotropium Bromide
chemical_list: D001993:Bronchodilator Agents; D018680:Cholinergic Antagonists; D012602:Scopolamine Derivatives; D000068299:Salmeterol Xinafoate; D009241:Ipratropium; D000420:Albuterol; D000069447:Tiotropium Bromide