Pharmacogenetics and forensic toxicology.
Large inter-individual variability in drug response and toxicity, as well as in drug concentrations after application of the same dosage, can be of genetic, physiological, pathophysiological, or environmental origin. Absorption, distribution and metabolism of a drug and interactions with its target often are determined by genetic differences. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic variations can appear at the level of drug metabolizing enzymes (e.g., the cytochrome P450 system), drug transporters, drug targets or other biomarker genes. Pharmacogenetics or toxicogenetics can therefore be relevant in forensic toxicology. This review presents relevant aspects together with some examples from daily routines.
Musshoff
Frank
F
Institute of Forensic Medicine, Stiftsplatz 12, 53111 Bonn, Germany. f.musshoff@uni-bonn.de
Stamer
Ulrike M
UM
Madea
Burkhard
B
D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D002328:Carisoprodol / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000235:genetics; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000235:genetics; D053593:Forensic Toxicology; D014644:Genetic Variation; D006801:Humans; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy; D009125:Muscle Relaxants, Central / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D018817:N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D010597:Pharmacogenetics; D011180:Postmortem Changes
D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000927:Anticonvulsants; D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D015415:Biomarkers; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D009125:Muscle Relaxants, Central; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D002328:Carisoprodol; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; D018817:N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine