title: Economic analysis of human papillomavirus triage, repeat cytology, and immediate colposcopy in management of women with minor cytological abnormalities in Sweden.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the cost-effectiveness of using human papillomavirus testing (HPV triage) in the management of women with minor cytological abnormalities in Sweden.
  
  
  METHODS
  An economic analysis based on a clinical trial, complemented with data from published meta-analyses on accuracy of HPV triage. The study takes perspective of the Swedish healthcare system.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Swedish population-based cervical cancer screening program.
  
  
  METHODS
  A decision analytic model was constructed to evaluate cost-effectiveness of HPV triage compared to repeat cytology and immediate colposcopy with biopsy, stratifying by index cytology (ASCUS = atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance, and LSIL = low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion) and age (23-60 years, <30 years and ≥30 years).
  
  
  METHODS
  Costs, incremental cost, incremental effectiveness and incremental cost per additional high-grade lesion (CIN2+) detected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For women with ASCUS ≥30 years, HPV triage is the least costly alternative, whereas immediate colposcopy with biopsy provides the most effective option at an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of SEK 2,056 per additional case of CIN2+ detected. For LSIL (all age groups) and ASCUS (23-60 years and <30 years), HPV triage is dominated by immediate colposcopy and biopsy. Model results were sensitive to HPV test cost changes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With improved HPV testing techniques at lower costs, HPV triage can become a cost-effective alternative for follow-up of minor cytological abnormalities. Today, immediate colposcopy with biopsy is a cost-effective alternative compared to HPV triage and repeat cytology.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. ellinor.hammarstrom@telia.com
authors.forename: Ellinor
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ostensson
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fröberg
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hjerpe
authors.forename: Niklas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zethraeus
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Andersson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003127:Colposcopy / Q000191:economics*; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003584:Cytological Techniques / Q000191:economics; D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000191:economics; D013548:Sweden; D014218:Triage / Q000191:economics*; D002578:Uterine Cervical Dysplasia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000191:economics*; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000191:economics*; D014626:Vaginal Smears / Q000191:economics*; D055815:Young Adult