title: Adeno-tonsillectomy and rapid maxillary distraction in pre-pubertal children, a pilot study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  When both narrow maxilla and moderately enlarged tonsils are present in children with obstructive sleep apnea, the decision of which treatment to do first is unclear. A preliminary randomized study was done to perform a power analysis and determine the number of subjects necessary to have an appropriate response. Thirty-one children, 14 boys, diagnosed with OSA based on clinical symptoms and polysomnography (PSG) findings had presence of both narrow maxillary complex and enlarged tonsils. They were scheduled to have both adeno-tonsillectomy and RME for which the order of treatment was randomized: group 1 received surgery followed by orthodontics, while group 2 received orthodontics followed by surgery. Each child was seen by an ENT, an orthodontist, and a sleep medicine specialist. The validated pediatric sleep questionnaire and PSG were done at entry and after each treatment phase at time of PSG. Statistical analyses were ANOVA repeated measures and t tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age of the children at entry was 6.5 ± 0.2 years (mean ± SEM). Overall, even if children presented improvement of both clinical symptoms and PSG findings, none of the children presented normal results after treatment 1, at the exception of one case. There was no significant difference in the amount of improvement noted independently of the first treatment approach. Thirty children underwent treatment 2, with an overall significant improvement shown for PSG findings compared to baseline and compared to treatment 1, without any group differences.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This preliminary study emphasizes the need to have more than subjective clinical scales for determination of sequence of treatments.
authors.affiliation: Stanford University Sleep Medicine Division, 450 Broadway, Pavillon B, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA. cguil@stanford.edu
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Guilleminault
authors.forename: Pierre-Jean
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Monteyrol
authors.forename: Nelly T
authors.initials: NT
authors.lastname: Huynh
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pirelli
authors.forename: Stacey
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Quo
authors.forename: Kasey
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000233:Adenoidectomy; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D033183:Interdisciplinary Communication; D008297:Male; D008310:Malocclusion / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D010155:Palatal Expansion Technique; D010348:Patient Care Team; D010865:Pilot Projects; D017286:Polysomnography; D011182:Postoperative Care; D011300:Preoperative Care; D020181:Sleep Apnea, Obstructive / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D014068:Tonsillectomy