title: Helmet versus active repositioning for plagiocephaly: a three-dimensional analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Orthotic helmets and active repositioning are the most common treatments for deformational plagiocephaly (DP). Existing evidence is not sufficient to objectively inform decisions between these options. A three-dimensional (3D), whole-head asymmetry analysis was used to rigorously compare outcomes of these 2 treatment methods.
  
  
  METHODS
  Whole-head 3D surface scans of 70 infants with DP were captured before and after treatment by using stereophotogrammetric imaging technology. Helmeted (n=35) and nonhelmeted/actively repositioned (n=35) infants were matched for severity of initial deformity. Surfaces were spatially registered to a symmetric template, which was deformed to achieve detailed right-to-left point correspondence for every point on the head surface. A ratiometric asymmetry value was calculated for each point relative to its contralateral counterpart. Maximum and mean asymmetry values were determined. Change in mean and maximum asymmetry with treatment was the basis for group comparison.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The helmeted group had a larger reduction than the repositioned group in both maximum (4.0% vs 2.5%; P=.02) and mean asymmetry (0.9% vs 0.5%; P=.02). The greatest difference was localized to the occipital region.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Whole-head 3D asymmetry analysis is capable of rigorously quantifying the relative efficacy of the 2 common treatments of DP. Orthotic helmets provide statistically superior improvement in head symmetry compared with active repositioning immediately after therapy. Additional studies are needed to (1) establish the clinical significance of these quantitative differences in outcome, (2) define what constitutes pathologic head asymmetry, and (3) determine whether superiority of orthotic treatment lasts as the child matures.
authors.affiliation: , Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave, Box 8238, St Louis, MO 63110, USA. lipiraa@wusm.wustl.edu
authors.forename: Angelo B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Lipira
authors.forename: Shayna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gordon
authors.forename: Tron A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Darvann
authors.forename: Nuno V
authors.initials: NV
authors.lastname: Hermann
authors.forename: Andrea E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Van Pelt
authors.forename: Sybill D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Naidoo
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Govier
authors.forename: Alex A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Kane
mesh_terms: D002508:Cephalometry; D006260:Head Protective Devices; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D009989:Orthotic Devices; D010780:Photogrammetry; D049068:Plagiocephaly, Nonsynostotic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D011187:Posture; D011859:Radiography; D012886:Skull / Q000473:pathology