title: Duplicated gephyrin genes showing distinct tissue distribution and alternative splicing patterns mediate molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis, glycine receptor clustering, and escape behavior in zebrafish.
abstract: Gephyrin mediates the postsynaptic clustering of glycine receptors (GlyRs) and GABA(A) receptors at inhibitory synapses and molybdenum-dependent enzyme (molybdoenzyme) activity in non-neuronal tissues. Gephyrin knock-out mice show a phenotype resembling both defective glycinergic transmission and molybdenum cofactor (Moco) deficiency and die within 1 day of birth due to starvation and dyspnea resulting from deficits in motor and respiratory networks, respectively. To address whether gephyrin function is conserved among vertebrates and whether gephyrin deficiency affects molybdoenzyme activity and motor development, we cloned and characterized zebrafish gephyrin genes. We report here that zebrafish have two gephyrin genes, gphna and gphnb. The former is expressed in all tissues and has both C3 and C4 cassette exons, and the latter is expressed predominantly in the brain and spinal cord and harbors only C4 cassette exons. We confirmed that all of the gphna and gphnb splicing isoforms have Moco synthetic activity. Antisense morpholino knockdown of either gphna or gphnb alone did not disturb synaptic clusters of GlyRs in the spinal cord and did not affect touch-evoked escape behaviors. However, on knockdown of both gphna and gphnb, embryos showed impairments in GlyR clustering in the spinal cord and, as a consequence, demonstrated touch-evoked startle response behavior by contracting antagonistic muscles simultaneously, instead of displaying early coiling and late swimming behaviors, which are executed by side-to-side muscle contractions. These data indicate that duplicated gephyrin genes mediate Moco biosynthesis and control postsynaptic clustering of GlyRs, thereby mediating key escape behaviors in zebrafish.
authors.affiliation: Center for Frontier Research, National Institute of Genetics, 1111 Yata, Mishima 411-8540, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazutoyo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ogino
authors.forename: Sarah L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Ramsden
authors.forename: Natalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Keib
authors.forename: Günter
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schwarz
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Harvey
authors.forename: Hiromi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hirata
mesh_terms: D017398:Alternative Splicing; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D003067:Coenzymes / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D004924:Escape Reaction; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D020440:Gene Duplication; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D008667:Metalloproteins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D000090006:Molybdenum Cofactors; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism; D020033:Protein Isoforms / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D055503:Protein Multimerization; D020836:Protein Structure, Quaternary; D011621:Pteridines; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D018009:Receptors, Glycine / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D013569:Synapses / Q000235:genetics; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D003067:Coenzymes; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D008667:Metalloproteins; D000090006:Molybdenum Cofactors; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D011621:Pteridines; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D018009:Receptors, Glycine; C073441:gephyrin; C022261:molybdopterin