title: Liquid barium is not representative of infant formula: characterisation of rheological and material properties.
abstract: Infants experiencing dysphagia may undergo a videofluoroscopic swallow study (VFSS) to assess radiologically their coordination for sucking, swallowing, and breathing. No studies known to these authors have investigated whether the liquids used during infant radiological procedures are representative of liquids routinely fed to infants (e.g., formula). This study used an Advanced Rheometric Expansion System (ARES) strain-controlled rheometer to compare prethickened antiregurgitation formula, regular (thin) infant formula, and two types of regular infant formula, hand-thickened with a thickening agent and with liquid Polibar™ (barium-impregnated liquid). The viscosity, density, and yield stress of all samples were determined. Heated versus cooled liquids were compared. Results showed a significant difference in all rheological and material property parameters among the barium-impregnated liquids and the thickened and unthickened infant formula. This finding has important implications for the interpretation of the radiological results and subsequent clinical recommendations.
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Children's Nutrition Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia. j.cichero@uq.edu.au
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cichero
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nicholson
authors.forename: Pamela
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dodrill
mesh_terms: D001466:Barium Sulfate / Q000737:chemistry*; D003680:Deglutition Disorders / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D041943:Infant Formula / Q000737:chemistry*; D011859:Radiography; D012212:Rheology; D014783:Viscosity
chemical_list: D001466:Barium Sulfate