title: Use of genotoxicity information in the development of integrated testing strategies (ITS) for skin sensitization.
abstract: Skin sensitization is an end point of concern for various legislation in the EU, including the seventh Amendment to the Cosmetics Directive and Registration Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH). Since animal testing is a last resort for REACH or banned (from 2013 onward) for the Cosmetics Directive, the use of intelligent/integrated testing strategies (ITS) as an efficient means of gathering necessary information from alternative sources (e.g., in vitro, (Q)SARs, etc.) is gaining widespread interest. Previous studies have explored correlations between mutagenicity data and skin sensitization data as a means of exploiting information from surrogate end points. The work here compares the underlying chemical mechanisms for mutagenicity and skin sensitization in an effort to evaluate the role mutagenicity information can play as a predictor of skin sensitization potential. The Tissue Metabolism Simulator (TIMES) hybrid expert system was used to compare chemical mechanisms of both end points since it houses a comprehensive set of established structure-activity relationships for both skin sensitization and mutagenicity. The evaluation demonstrated that there is a great deal of overlap between skin sensitization and mutagenicity structural alerts and their underlying chemical mechanisms. The similarities and differences in chemical mechanisms are discussed in light of available experimental data. A number of new alerts for mutagenicity were also postulated for inclusion into TIMES. The results presented show that mutagenicity information can provide useful insights on skin sensitization potential as part of an ITS and should be considered prior to any in vivo skin sensitization testing being initiated.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Mathematical Chemistry, "Prof. As. Zlatarov" University, Bourgas, Bulgaria.
authors.forename: Ovanes
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Mekenyan
authors.forename: Grace
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Patlewicz
authors.forename: Gergana
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dimitrova
authors.forename: Chanita
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kuseva
authors.forename: Milen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Todorov
authors.forename: Stoyanka
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Stoeva
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kotov
authors.forename: E Maria
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Donner
mesh_terms: D000826:Animal Testing Alternatives; D000818:Animals; D003358:Cosmetics / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D004247:DNA / Q000378:metabolism; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D011485:Protein Binding; D011506:Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects*; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D003358:Cosmetics; D011506:Proteins; D004247:DNA