title: Downregulation of Ches1 and other novel genes in oral cancer cells chronically exposed to areca nut extract.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study was undertaken to identify the genes in response to areca nut extract, a potential carcinogen of oral cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two oral cancer sublines chronically treated with areca nut extract were established. Methods such as microarray and immunohistochemistry were used to screen and validate the genes' altered expressions in areca nut extract-sublines or in cancer tissues.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 35 genes were differentially expressed in both sublines. Several functional pathways were significantly altered. Six genes were confirmed over 2-fold of changes, including Ches1. Functional analyses showed that overexpression of Ches1 suppressed cell growth and arrested cells in the G2/M phase. Consistently, this gene has reduced expression in 52% of oral cancer tissues, which was significantly correlated with the areca nut chewing habit of patients (p = .04).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We identified 35 candidates and validated 6 genes that may be associated with areca nut-induced oral cancer. Loss of Ches1 may be attributed to areca nut extract-induced oral carcinogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Medical Biotechnology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan, Providence of China.
authors.forename: Yin-Ju
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Chun-Ta
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.forename: Po-Jen
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Li-Yu
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Yi-Chen
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: I-How
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Hung-Ming
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Joseph T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Li-Ju
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Tzu-Chen
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Yen
authors.forename: Chuan-Yi
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Ann-Joy
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Cheng
mesh_terms: D001114:Areca; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D002455:Cell Division / Q000235:genetics; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors; D005796:Genes / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008297:Male; D008409:Mastication / Q000187:drug effects; D008875:Middle Aged; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D008517:Phytotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000633:toxicity*; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics; D040081:Protein Array Analysis; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; C106158:FOXN3 protein, human; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012097:Repressor Proteins