title: Surgical treatment of obstructive sleep apnea: standard and emerging techniques.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), as well as their physicians, seek alternative therapies to continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) due to problems with CPAP adherence. A large variety of surgical options exist, and each intervention must be individually evaluated. The author performed a literature search concerning surgery for sleep apnea until May 2010. The studies were evaluated according to evidence-based medicine criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An increasing number of controlled and even randomized controlled trials are available. Minimally invasive surgery remains under debate due to the very limited efficacy versus very low morbidity. Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty is still the standard procedure for many patients with moderate OSA, whereas maxillomandibular advancement is as effective as CPAP in severe OSA. Multilevel surgery is reserved to secondary treatment after CPAP failure. Tonsillectomy and maxillomandibular advancement may be offered as a first-line treatment in certain patients. There is increasing evidence that upper airway surgery has a positive impact on arterial hypertension, markers of cardiovascular disease, insomnia, daytime symptoms, quality of life, and CPAP adherence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients who are nonadherent to CPAP must be thoroughly evaluated before choosing any of the available surgical options. Upper airway surgery may improve disease markers of OSA, if appropriately chosen and properly indicated and performed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Sleep Disorders Center, University Medicine Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany. Joachim.maurer@umm.de
authors.forename: Joachim T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Maurer
mesh_terms: D045422:Continuous Positive Airway Pressure; D006801:Humans; D019186:Mandibular Advancement; D013517:Otorhinolaryngologic Surgical Procedures; D010349:Patient Compliance; D020181:Sleep Apnea, Obstructive / Q000601:surgery* / Q000628:therapy; D014068:Tonsillectomy