title: Multilocus sequence typing identifies evidence for recombination and two distinct lineages of Corynebacterium diphtheriae.
abstract: We describe the development of a multilocus sequence typing (MLST) scheme for Corynebacterium diphtheriae, the causative agent of the potentially fatal upper respiratory disease diphtheria. Global changes in diphtheria epidemiology are highlighted by the recent epidemic in the former Soviet Union (FSU) and also by the emergence of nontoxigenic strains causing atypical disease. Although numerous techniques have been developed to characterize C. diphtheriae, their use is hindered by limited portability and, in some instances, poor reproducibility. One hundred fifty isolates from 18 countries and encompassing a period of 50 years were analyzed by multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Strain discrimination was in accordance with previous ribotyping data, and clonal complexes associated with disease outbreaks were clearly identified by MLST. The data produced are portable, reproducible, and unambiguous. The MLST scheme described provides a valuable tool for monitoring and characterizing endemic and epidemic C. diphtheriae strains. Furthermore, multilocus sequence analysis of the nucleotide data reveals two distinct lineages within the population of C. diphtheriae examined, one of which is composed exclusively of biotype belfanti isolates and the other of multiple biotypes.
authors.affiliation: Biological Sciences, Warwick University, Coventry, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Frances
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bolt
authors.forename: Pamela
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cassiday
authors.forename: Maria Lucia
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Tondella
authors.forename: Aruni
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dezoysa
authors.forename: Androulla
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Efstratiou
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sing
authors.forename: Aleksandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zasada
authors.forename: Kathryn
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bernard
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Guiso
authors.forename: Edgar
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Badell
authors.forename: Marie-Laure
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Rosso
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Baldwin
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dowson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D003353:Corynebacterium diphtheriae / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D016172:DNA Fingerprinting; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics*; D005838:Genotype; D006736:Horses; D006801:Humans; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology / Q000379:methods; D058885:Multilocus Sequence Typing; D011995:Recombination, Genetic
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial