title: Percutaneous device closure of congenital and iatrogenic ventricular septal defects in adult patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We report our 10-year experience with percutaneous closure of adult congenital and acquired (non-post-infarct) ventricular septal defects (VSDs) using different types of Amplatzer occluder devices.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Adult congenital and acquired VSDs may produce significant morbidity and mortality. Furthermore, such VSDs pose a significant surgical challenge.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between February 2000 and August 2009, data were retrospectively reviewed from 28 patients who underwent 29 procedures for percutaneous device closure of hemodynamically significant VSDs. Seventeen had unrepaired congenital VSDs, 10 had post-operative VSDs (5 with residual patch-margin defects, 4 post-aortic valve replacement, 1 post-myomectomy), and one had an acquired traumatic VSD. INDICATIONS FOR CLOSURE INCLUDED: symptoms related to significant shunt (dyspnea on exertion); unexplained deterioration of LV function, and/or LV dilation; recurrent endocarditis, and pulmonary hypertension. Outcome parameters were procedural success, procedure-related complications, evidence of residual shunt by echocardiography, and improvement in the signs/symptoms for which the procedure was performed. The mean follow-up interval was 68 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 28 patients studied, a single VSD was present in 26 patients, while one patient had two defects, and one patient had one defect on the LV side with three openings at the RV side. The median size of the defects by echocardiography was 6 mm. A device was successfully implanted in 28 of 29 (97%) procedures and 28 of 28 (100%) patients. PROCEDURE-RELATED COMPLICATIONS OCCURRED IN TWO CASES: one involving an access site hematoma not requiring transfusion as well as nonsustained ventricular tachycardia that resolved spontaneously and the other involving acute mitral regurgitation due to inadvertent trapping of the anterior mitral valve leaflet between the left ventricular disk and the septum that was resolved by recapturing of the disk. There was immediate complete closure in 20 patients (71%). In six cases there was trivial residual shunt and in two patients the residual shunt was mild. At the latest follow-up, four of the eight with a residual shunt had no shunt and in the remaining four the residual shunt was trivial. Among symptomatic patients 18 (64%), there was marked improvement in symptoms and for those patients 17 (61%) for whom the procedure was performed to address left ventricular enlargement, there was reduction or stabilization in LV size on serial echoes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Percutaneous closure of VSDs in the adult patient appears to be safe and effective.
authors.affiliation: Rush Center for Congenital and Structural Heart Disease, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA. zhijazi@rush.edu
authors.forename: Wail
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Al-Kashkari
authors.forename: Prakash
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Balan
authors.forename: Clifford J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Kavinsky
authors.forename: Qi-Ling
authors.initials: QL
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.forename: Ziyad M
authors.initials: ZM
authors.lastname: Hijazi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation*; D002641:Chicago; D005260:Female; D006335:Heart Injuries / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D006345:Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007049:Iatrogenic Disease; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018579:Patient Selection; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D055989:Septal Occluder Device; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D054088:Ventricular Septum / Q000293:injuries*; D055815:Young Adult