title: Sex and age differences in the association of obesity and smoking with hypertension and type 2 diabetes in Southern California American Indians, 2002-2006.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Assess age and sex differences in the association of obesity and smoking with diabetes and hypertension and report the prevalence of these cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in Southern California American Indian/Alaska Native (AlAN) adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Visit data from 2002-2006 were extracted from one Southern California AlAN health clinic system.
  
  
  METHODS
  10,351 AIAN adults visiting the health clinic system.
  
  
  METHODS
  Odds ratios were examined to assess the association of obesity and smoking with diabetes and hypertension and prevalence rates for obesity, smoking, diabetes, and hypertension were reported.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Obesity (women: 53%, men: 55%), smoking (women: 16%, men: 18%), diabetes (women: 14%, men: 16%), and hypertension (women: 32%, men: 37%) were very prevalent. For women aged -35 years, increasing obesity was significantly associated with diabetes. For men aged -25 years, morbid obesity and smoking were significantly associated with diabetes for many age groups. Increasing overweight/obesity and smoking were associated with hypertension among adults aged 18-65 years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Southern California AIANs had higher obesity, diabetes, and hypertension prevalence than the general Southern California population, and higher obesity prevalence compared to other AIANs. Highly prevalent risk factors create a great burden, as CVD is the leading cause of death among AIAN adults. AIANs are diverse and need interventions tailored to cultural customs and health problems most prevalent in each tribal community.
authors.affiliation: Family and Preventive Medicine, University of California, San Diego, USA. jen@reidsonline.com
authors.forename: Jennifer L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Reid
authors.forename: Deborah J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Morton
authors.forename: Deborah L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Wingard
authors.forename: Mario D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Garrett
authors.forename: Denise
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: von Muhlen
authors.forename: Donald
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Slymen
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Field
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D002140:California / Q000453:epidemiology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology*; D007198:Indians, North American; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015995:Prevalence; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology*