title: Change in vascular access and hospitalization risk in long-term hemodialysis patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Conversion from central venous catheters to a graft or a fistula is associated with lower mortality risk in long-term hemodialysis (HD) patients; however, a similar association with hospitalization risk remains to be elucidated.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a prospective observational study all maintenance in-center HD patients who were treated in Fresenius Medical Care, North America legacy facilities; were alive on January 1, 2007; and had baseline laboratory data from December 2006. Access conversion (particularly from a catheter to a fistula or a graft) during the 4-month period from January 1 through April 30, 2007, was linked using Cox models to hospitalization risk during the succeeding 1-year follow-up period (until April 30, 2008).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The cohort (N = 79,545) on January 1, 2007 had 43% fistulas, 29% catheters, and 27% grafts. By April 30, 2007, 70,852 patients were still on HD, and among 19,792 catheters initially, only 10.3% (2045 patients) converted to either a graft or a fistula. With catheters as reference, patients who converted to grafts/fistulas had similar adjusted hazard ratios (0.69) as patients on fistulas (0.71), while patients with fistulas/grafts who converted to catheters did worse (1.22), all P < 0.0001.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Catheters remain associated with the greatest hospitalization risk. Conversion from a catheter to either graft or fistula had significantly lower hospitalization risk relative to keeping the catheter. Prospective studies are needed to determine whether programs that reduce catheters will decrease hospitalization risk in HD patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Epidemiology, and Research, Fresenius Medical Care, North America, Waltham, MA 02451-1457, USA. elacsonj@fmc-na.com
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lacson
authors.forename: Weiling
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: J Michael
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Lazarus
authors.forename: Raymond M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Hakim
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001166:Arteriovenous Shunt, Surgical / Q000009:adverse effects*; D019917:Blood Vessel Prosthesis Implantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002406:Catheterization, Peripheral / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009656:North America; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors