title: Advantage in image fidelity and additional computing time of JPEG2000 3D in comparison to JPEG2000 in compressing abdomen CT image datasets of different section thicknesses.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to assess the advantage of the Joint Photographic Experts Group 2000 (JPEG2000) 3D (part 2) over JPEG2000 in compressing abdomen computed tomography (CT) image data sets of different section thicknesses (STs).
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty CT scans were reconstructed with six STs (0.67, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 mm) and were then compressed to seven compression ratios (CRs) (reversible, 6:1, 8:1, 10:1, 12:1, 14:1, and 16:1) using JPEG2000 and JPEG2000 3D algorithms. Computing (encoding and decoding) times were measured. The image fidelity of the compressed images was quantitatively measured with two computerized image fidelity metrics, peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and multiscale structural similarity (MS-SSIM). For 120 selected case-relevant images (20 patients x one image per patient x 6 STs), five radiologists independently compared original and compressed images and assessed the fidelity of the compressed images on a four-grade scale. Wilcoxon signed-rank tests and Friedman tests with post hoc Dunn tests were used for the comparisons between the two compressions and among the six STs, respectively
  
  
  RESULTS
  For each combination of the ST and irreversible CR, JPEG2000 3D showed higher image fidelity than JPEG2000 in terms of PSNR (p < 0.0001), MS-SSIM (p < 0.0001), and five radiologists' grading (p-values ranged from <0.0001 to 0.003). At each CR, the advantage of JPEG2000 3D in image fidelity, measured as the differences in the two computerized image fidelity metrics (PSNR and MS-SSIM), significantly increased as the ST increased from 0.67 to 2 mm, and then slowly decreased as the ST increased from 2 to 5 mm. Similar trends were observed in visual analyses of 120 selected images by five radiologists. At each CR, the 3D-to-2D encoding-time ratio significantly decreased (p < 0.001) as the ST increased from 0.67 to 2 mm, and then slowly increased (p < 0.001) as the ST increased from 2 to 5 mm. The 3D-to-2D decoding-time ratio at each CR did not show a notable biphasic trend across the ST.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In compressing abdomen CT image data sets of different STs, the advantage of JPEG2000 3D over JPEG2000 increases as the ST increases from 0.67 to 2 mm, and then slowly decreases as the ST increases from 2 to 5 mm. The practical advantage of JPEG2000 3D is limited for a submillimeter ST due to its greater computing time with only a marginal improvement in image fidelity.
authors.affiliation: School of Computer Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Korea.
authors.forename: Hyunna
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Kyoung Ho
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Kil Joong
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Seongjin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Jinwook
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Seo
authors.forename: Yeong-Gil
authors.initials: YG
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.forename: Bohyoung
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D003196:Computer Graphics / Q000592:standards; D044962:Data Compression / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D038622:Internationality; D011856:Radiographic Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D011857:Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D011860:Radiography, Abdominal / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards