Early regrowth of juvenile cerebral arteriovenous malformations: report of 3 cases and immunohistochemical analysis.
BACKGROUND
Regrowth of cerebral AVMs after angiographically documented obliteration has been observed in children. In addition, AVMs in adults are reported to be at risk of regrowth despite an angiogram confirming complete removal. However, the mechanism by which regrowth occurs has not been clarified; neither is it clear when regrowth occurs after removal.


METHODS
We report 3 cases showing regrowth of AVMs on postoperative angiogram performed 3 months after surgery. We also analyzed the protein levels of various factors that may influence AVM regrowth. Using immunohistochemistry, we analyzed the protein levels of the following factors: CD31 (PECAM), CD34, and CD105 (endoglin), which are endothelial or endothelial progenitor markers; VEGF, a growth factor that may influence AVM regrowth; and PCNA, a marker of proliferating cells. In addition, we analyzed the level of pERK.


CONCLUSIONS
We report 3 cases of early regrowth of cerebral AVMs. In recurrent AVM samples obtained at second operations, increased levels of perivascular CD105 and pERK immunoreactivity were seen.
Takagi
Yasushi
Y
Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan. ytakagi@kuhp.kyoto-u.ac.jp
Kikuta
Ken-ichiro
K
Nozaki
Kazuhiko
K
Hashimoto
Nobuo
N
D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000378:metabolism; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D002538:Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen / Q000378:metabolism; D012008:Recurrence; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000378:metabolism
D015703:Antigens, CD; D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases