title: Skewed ratios between CD3(+) T cells and monocytes are associated with poor prognosis in patients with HBV-related acute-on-chronic liver failure.
abstract: Tempering of the innate immune response by T lymphocytes has been demonstrated to play a critical role in protecting animals from inflammation-induced death; however, its role in humans remains unknown. Patients with HBV-related acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) share a striking similarity to the inflammatory response in septic shock where a hyperactive innate response is observed. The present study attempted to characterize the features of CD3(+) T cells and monocytes and evaluate their clinical implications in 55 patients with HBV-related ACLF, 30 patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) and 30 healthy controls (HC). We found that the ratio between circulating CD3(+) T cells and monocytes (T/M) was decreased in ACLF patients, due to decreased CD3 counts and increased monocyte counts compared with CHB and HC subjects. We also found that the T/M ratios were decreased from the early to the intermediate stage and reached the lowest value at the late stage in ACLF patients. Analyses with clinical parameters revealed that T/M ratios were negatively correlated with the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease Score and direct bilirubin, and positively correlated with prothrombin activity. Moreover, increased T/M ratios were observed in patients with good prognosis, but not in patients with a poor outcome; and ACLF patients who received liver transplantation exhibited an increased T/M ratio. Importantly, we found that programmed death-1 receptor (PD-1) was drastically upregulated on both CD4(+) T and CD8(+) T cells in ACLF, which at least in part contributed to the T-cell loss in these patients. Mechanically, the in vitro co-culture assay revealed that both CD4(+) T and CD8(+) T cells, as well as regulatory T cells, could inhibit TNF-α secretion by monocytes. In addition, the TNF-α levels in ACLF serum were negatively correlated with T/M ratios. In conclusion, our study identified the novel potential role of T/M ratio in predicting disease progression and provided novel evidences for further studies of the immunopathogenesis in ACLF.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: Ji-Yuan
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Zhen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.forename: Po
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tien
authors.forename: Fu-Sheng
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017209:Apoptosis; D017252:CD3 Complex; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006515:Hepatitis B virus; D019694:Hepatitis B, Chronic / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D017093:Liver Failure / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology; D017114:Liver Failure, Acute / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009000:Monocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D011379:Prognosis; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D017252:CD3 Complex