title: Cytokine levels in sites of chronic periodontitis of poorly controlled and well-controlled type 2 diabetic subjects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study compared the levels of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-4, IL-17 and IL-23 in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) from well-controlled and poorly controlled type 2 diabetic subjects with chronic periodontitis, before and after periodontal therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighteen well-controlled (glycated haemoglobin levels ≤8%) and 20 poorly controlled (glycated haemoglobin levels >8%) diabetic subjects were enrolled in this study. All subjects were submitted to non-surgical periodontal therapy. GCF sampling and clinical periodontal parameters were assessed before, 3 and 6 months post-therapy. Total amounts and concentrations of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-17 and IL-23 in the GCF were analysed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The levels of IL-17 were higher in poorly than in well-controlled subjects (p<0.05), whereas the levels of IFN-γ were increased in well- compared with poorly controlled subjects at all experimental groups (p<0.05). In addition, IL-4 levels were lower in well- than poorly controlled diabetic subjects at baseline (p<0.05). There were no differences between groups for TNF-α and IL-23 at any time points (p>0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate a predominance of pro-inflammatory T-helper type 1 (Th1)- or Th17-cytokines in sites of chronic periodontitis from type 2 diabetic subjects, according to their glycaemic control.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Dental Research Division, Guarulhos University, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Vanessa Renata
authors.initials: VR
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.forename: Fernanda Vieira
authors.initials: FV
authors.lastname: Ribeiro
authors.forename: Jadson Almeida
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Lima
authors.forename: Marcelo Henrique
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Napimoga
authors.forename: Marta Ferreira
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Bastos
authors.forename: Poliana Mendes
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Duarte
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D055113:Chronic Periodontitis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000628:therapy; D016207:Cytokines / Q000032:analysis*; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000517:prevention & control; D003777:Dental Prophylaxis; D012534:Dental Scaling; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005883:Gingival Crevicular Fluid / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000032:analysis; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000032:analysis; D020381:Interleukin-17 / Q000032:analysis; D053759:Interleukin-23 / Q000032:analysis; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009910:Oral Hygiene; D017622:Periodontal Attachment Loss / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy; D010512:Periodontal Index; D010514:Periodontal Pocket / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy; D016745:Root Planing; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D016207:Cytokines; C508598:IL4 protein, human; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D020381:Interleukin-17; D053759:Interleukin-23; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D015847:Interleukin-4; D007371:Interferon-gamma