title: Increased serum kallistatin levels in type 1 diabetes patients with vascular complications.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Kallistatin, a serpin widely produced throughout the body, has vasodilatory, anti-angiogenic, anti-oxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects. Effects of diabetes and its vascular complications on serum kallistatin levels are unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  Serum kallistatin was quantified by ELISA in a cross-sectional study of 116 Type 1 diabetic patients (including 50 with and 66 without complications) and 29 non-diabetic controls, and related to clinical status and measures of oxidative stress and inflammation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Kallistatin levels (mean(SD)) were increased in diabetic vs. control subjects (12.6(4.2) vs. 10.3(2.8) μg/ml, p = 0.007), and differed between diabetic patients with complications (13.4(4.9) μg/ml), complication-free patients (12.1(3.7) μg/ml), and controls; ANOVA, p = 0.007. Levels were higher in diabetic patients with complications vs. controls, p = 0.01, but did not differ between complication-free diabetic patients and controls, p > 0.05. On univariate analyses, in diabetes, kallistatin correlated with renal dysfunction (cystatin C, r = 0.28, p = 0.004; urinary albumin/creatinine, r = 0.34, p = 0.001; serum creatinine, r = 0.23, p = 0.01; serum urea, r = 0.33, p = 0.001; GFR, r = -0.25, p = 0.009), total cholesterol (r = 0.28, p = 0.004); LDL-cholesterol (r = 0.21, p = 0.03); gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) (r = 0.27, p = 0.04), and small artery elasticity, r = -0.23, p = 0.02, but not with HbA1c, other lipids, oxidative stress or inflammation. In diabetes, geometric mean (95%CI) kallistatin levels adjusted for covariates, including renal dysfunction, were higher in those with vs. without hypertension (13.6 (12.3-14.9) vs. 11.8 (10.5-13.0) μg/ml, p = 0.03). Statistically independent determinants of kallistatin levels in diabetes were age, serum urea, total cholesterol, SAE and GGT, adjusted r2 = 0.24, p < 0.00001.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Serum kallistatin levels are increased in Type 1 diabetic patients with microvascular complications and with hypertension, and correlate with renal and vascular dysfunction.
authors.affiliation: University of Melbourne, Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.|Harold Hamm Oklahoma Diabetes Center and Section of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
authors.forename: Alicia J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Jenkins
authors.affiliation: Harold Hamm Oklahoma Diabetes Center and Section of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.|Department of Cell Biology, Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
authors.forename: Jeffrey D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: McBride
authors.affiliation: University of Melbourne, Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Andrzej S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Januszewski
authors.affiliation: University of Melbourne, Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Connie S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Karschimkus
authors.affiliation: Harold Hamm Oklahoma Diabetes Center and Section of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.|Department of Cell Biology, Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: University of Melbourne, Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: David N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: O'Neal
authors.affiliation: University of Melbourne, Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Craig L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.affiliation: University of Melbourne, Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Jasmine S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.affiliation: University of Melbourne, Department of Ophthalmology, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: C Alex
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Harper
authors.affiliation: Harold Hamm Oklahoma Diabetes Center and Section of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
authors.forename: Timothy J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Lyons
authors.affiliation: Harold Hamm Oklahoma Diabetes Center and Section of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.|Department of Cell Biology, Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
authors.forename: Jian-Xing
authors.initials: JX
authors.lastname: Ma