title: ING2 controls the G1 to S-phase transition by regulating p21 expression.
abstract: ING2 (Inhibitor of Growth 2) is a candidate tumor suppressive protein frequently lost in human tumors. Recently, we have reported that ING2 downregulation impairs DNA replication forks progression and leads to genome instability. To better understand the tumor suppressive functions of ING2 and its role in the cell cycle, we downregulated its expression in cells and studied the consequences of this downregulation on the G(1)/S transition. We observed that the inhibition of ING2 expression accelerated the progression of cells from G(1) to S-phase, and was accompanied by a decrease of p21 expression. Moreover, we show that the regulation of p21 by ING2 is independent of the tumor suppressive protein p53. Interestingly, this function seems to be unique for ING2 since its closest homolog ING1 does not regulate the G(1)/S transition. It has been suggested previously that ING2 may modulate the trimethylation of H3K4 at the promoter of p21. Accordingly, our results suggest that there may be a link between the regulation of the G(1)/S transition by ING2 and the level of H3K4Me3. All together, these results bring new information concerning the role of ING2 in the regulation of the cell cycle and suggest that it may play important roles in controlling several S-phase checkpoints.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Bases of Lung Cancer Progression, INSERM U823, Institut Albert Bonniot, Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, cedex, France.
authors.forename: Delphine
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Larrieu
authors.forename: Damien
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ythier
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Brambilla
authors.forename: Rémy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pedeux
mesh_terms: D002460:Cell Line; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015536:Down-Regulation; D016193:G1 Phase / Q000502:physiology*; D042822:Genomic Instability; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D000076023:Inhibitor of Growth Protein 1; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D016196:S Phase / Q000502:physiology*; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; C501503:ING1 protein, human; C444654:ING2 protein, human; D000076023:Inhibitor of Growth Protein 1; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins