title: Functional analyses of the bone marrow kinase in the X chromosome in vascular endothelial growth factor-induced lymphangiogenesis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The goal of this study was to investigate the novel hypothesis that bone marrow kinase in the X chromosome (Bmx), an established inflammatory mediator of pathological angiogenesis, promotes lymphangiogenesis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We have recently demonstrated a critical role for Bmx in inflammatory angiogenesis. However, the role of Bmx in lymphangiogenesis has not been investigated. Here, we show that in wild-type mice, Bmx is upregulated in lymphatic vessels in response to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). In comparison with wild-type mice, Bmx-deficient mice mount weaker lymphangiogenic responses to VEGF-A and VEGF-C in 2 mouse models. In vitro, Bmx is expressed in cultured human dermal microvascular lymphatic endothelial cells. Furthermore, pharmacological inhibition and short interfering RNA mediated silencing of Bmx reduces VEGF-A and VEGF-C-induced signaling and lymphatic endothelial cell tube formation. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that Bmx differentially regulates VEGFR-2 and VEGFR-3 receptor signaling pathways: Bmx associates with and directly regulates VEGFR-2 activation, whereas Bmx associates with VEGFR-3 and regulates downstream signaling without an effect on the receptor autophosphorylation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our in vivo and in vitro results provide the first insight into the mechanism by which Bmx mediates VEGF-dependent lymphangiogenic signaling.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn 06520, USA.
authors.forename: Dennis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Zhe
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Haifeng
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Yun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Martin S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Kluger
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Wang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Min
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003315:Cornea / Q000201:enzymology; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000201:enzymology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D042583:Lymphangiogenesis; D042601:Lymphatic Vessels / Q000201:enzymology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D034622:RNA Interference; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D012867:Skin / Q000201:enzymology; D014162:Transfection; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D042582:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor C / Q000378:metabolism*; D040301:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D040321:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-3 / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D011994:Recombinant Proteins; C467484:VEGFA protein, human; C467486:VEGFC protein, human; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042582:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor C; C492367:BMX protein, human; C492366:Bmx protein, mouse; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D040301:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2; D040321:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-3