title: Synergistic effect of the combination of ranolazine and dronedarone to suppress atrial fibrillation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a combination of dronedarone and ranolazine in suppression of atrial fibrillation (AF).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Safe and effective pharmacological management of AF remains one of the greatest unmet medical needs.
  
  
  METHODS
  The electrophysiological effects of dronedarone (10 μmol/l) and a relatively low concentration of ranolazine (5 μmol/l) separately and in combination were evaluated in canine isolated coronary-perfused right and left atrial and left ventricular preparations as well as in pulmonary vein preparations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ranolazine caused moderate atrial-selective prolongation of action potential duration and atrial-selective depression of sodium channel-mediated parameters, including maximal rate of rise of the action potential upstroke, leading to the development of atrial-specific post-repolarization refractoriness. Dronedarone caused little or no change in electrophysiological parameters in both atrial and ventricular preparations. The combination of dronedarone and ranolazine caused little change in action potential duration in either chamber but induced potent use-dependent atrial-selective depression of the sodium channel-mediated parameters (maximal rate of rise of the action potential upstroke, diastolic threshold of excitation, and the shortest cycle length permitting a 1:1 response) and considerable post-repolarization refractoriness. Separately, dronedarone or a low concentration of ranolazine prevented the induction of AF in 17% and 29% of preparations, respectively. In combination, the 2 drugs suppressed AF and triggered activity and prevented the induction of AF in 9 of 10 preparations (90%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low concentrations of ranolazine and dronedarone produce relatively weak electrophysiological effects and weak suppression of AF when used separately but when combined exert potent synergistic effects, resulting in atrial-selective depression of sodium channel-dependent parameters and effective suppression of AF.
authors.affiliation: Masonic Medical Research Laboratory, 2150 Bleecker Street, Utica, NY 13501, USA.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Burashnikov
authors.forename: Serge
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sicouri
authors.forename: José M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Di Diego
authors.forename: Luiz
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Belardinelli
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Antzelevitch
mesh_terms: D000083:Acetanilides / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000200:Action Potentials / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D000638:Amiodarone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D000818:Animals; D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004285:Dogs; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D000077764:Dronedarone; D004357:Drug Synergism; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D010879:Piperazines / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000069458:Ranolazine
chemical_list: D000083:Acetanilides; D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; D010879:Piperazines; D000069458:Ranolazine; D000077764:Dronedarone; D000638:Amiodarone