title: The safe management of anesthesia, sedation, and pain in plastic surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  After reading this article, the participant should be able to: 1. Describe the basic fundamentals of conscious sedation and deep sedation techniques. 2. Describe the basic principles of effective local anesthesia, as well as the "wide awake approach" and monitored anesthesia care. 3. Describe current methods for achieving postoperative pain control. 4. Evaluate and manage postoperative nausea and vomiting.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This article reviews the basic fundamentals of sedational anesthetic techniques. In addition, current concepts on local anesthesia administration are reviewed, including a description of newer techniques to allow for wide awake surgery. A brief review of postoperative pain management, and the management of postoperative nausea and vomiting, is also included.
authors.affiliation: Chicago, Ill.; and Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada From the Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, and Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Dalhousie University.
authors.forename: Thomas A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Mustoe
authors.forename: Donald W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Buck
authors.forename: Donald H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Lalonde
mesh_terms: D000758:Anesthesia / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D000772:Anesthesia, Local / Q000379:methods; D016292:Procedural Sedation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D054810:Deep Sedation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D004502:Education, Medical, Continuing; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D020250:Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D017751:Safety Management; D013518:Surgery, Plastic / Q000379:methods*