title: Direct comparison of progenitor cells derived from adipose, muscle, and bone marrow from wild-type or craniosynostotic rabbits.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Reports have identified cells capable of osteogenic differentiation in bone marrow, muscle, and adipose tissues, but there are few direct comparisons of these different cell types. Also, few have investigated the potential connection between a tissue-specific abnormality and cells derived from seemingly unrelated tissues. In this article, the authors compare cells isolated from wild-type rabbits or rabbits with nonsyndromic craniosynostosis, defined as the premature fusion of one or more of the cranial sutures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cells were derived from bone marrow, adipose, and muscle of 10-day-old wild-type rabbits (n = 17) or from age-matched rabbits with familial nonsyndromic craniosynostosis (n = 18). Cells were stimulated with bone morphogenetic protein-4 (BMP4), and alkaline phosphatase expression and cell proliferation were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In wild-type rabbits, cells derived from muscle had more alkaline phosphatase activity than cells derived from either adipose or bone marrow. The cells derived from craniosynostotic rabbit bone marrow and muscle were significantly more osteogenic than those derived from wild-type rabbits. Adipose-derived cells demonstrated no significant differences. Although muscle-derived cells were most osteogenic in wild-type rabbits, bone marrow-derived cells were most osteogenic in craniosynostotic rabbits.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that cells from different tissues have different potentials for differentiation. Furthermore, cells derived from rabbits with craniosynostosis were different from cells from wild-type rabbits. Interestingly, cells derived from the craniosynostotic rabbits were not uniformly more responsive compared with wild-type cells, suggesting that specific tissue-derived cells may react differently in individuals with craniosynostosis.
authors.affiliation: Pittsburgh, Pa. From the Departments of Surgery, Oral Biology, Bioengineering, Anthropology, and Orthodontics, University of Pittsburgh; the Pediatric Craniofacial Biology Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh; and the Institute for Complex Engineered Systems, Carnegie Mellon University.
authors.forename: Gregory M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: Emily L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Durham
authors.forename: James J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Cray
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Bykowski
authors.forename: Gary E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: DeCesare
authors.forename: Melissa A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Smalley
authors.forename: Mark P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Mooney
authors.forename: Phil G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: Joseph E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Losee
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000166:cytology*; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000166:cytology*; D055415:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4 / Q000494:pharmacology; D002455:Cell Division; D002469:Cell Separation / Q000379:methods; D003398:Craniosynostoses / Q000473:pathology*; D009132:Muscles / Q000166:cytology*; D011817:Rabbits; D033581:Stem Cell Transplantation; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000502:physiology*; D020858:Tissue and Organ Harvesting / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: C525809:BMP4 protein, human; D055415:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase