title: Opportunities for mourning when grief is disenfranchised: descendants of Nazi perpetrators in dialogue with Holocaust survivors.
abstract: This article explores the concepts of unmourned and disenfranchised grief as a way to understand the experiences of adult children of Nazi perpetrators, who grew up with cultural norms of grieving alone or in silence. The scholarly literature on descendants of Nazis reflects a group unlikely to warrant empathy or support from others because of the stigma surrounding their family's possible involvement in the Holocaust atrocities. This article uses, as a case study approach, the testimony given by Monika Hertwig, the adult daughter of a high ranking Nazi, who appears in the documentary film, Inheritance. From the perspective of disenfranchised grief, defined as grief that is not socially recognized or supported, the article links Monika's testimony with existing research from in-depth interviews with other descendants of Nazis to suggest that, as a group, they lacked permission to grieve their deceased parents, acknowledgment of their grief, and opportunities to mourn. Based on the theory that the effects of grief can be transgenerational, the disenfranchisement experienced by the "children of the Third Reich" does not have to pass to subsequent generations if opportunities for mourning are made possible and some resolution of grief occurs. Studies have shown that ongoing dialogue groups between Holocaust survivors and descendants of Nazis provide opportunities for mourning to both groups.
authors.affiliation: Sociology Department, Quinnipiac University, Hamden, Connecticut 06518, USA. kathy.livingston@quinnipiac.edu
authors.forename: Kathy
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Livingston
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001293:Attitude to Death; D005260:Female; D006117:Grief; D017767:Holocaust; D006801:Humans; D016901:Intergenerational Relations; D007389:Internal-External Control; D007585:Jews / Q000523:psychology*; D008016:Life Change Events; D008297:Male; D009040:Motion Pictures; D028683:National Socialism; D009769:Object Attachment; D017741:Survivors / Q000523:psychology*