title: Pneumonia following antipsychotic prescriptions in electronic health records: a patient safety concern?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In screening the Intercontinental Medical Statistics (IMS) Health Disease Analyzer database of GP records from the UK, an increased registration of pneumonia subsequent to the prescription of some antipsychotic medicines was identified.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the temporal pattern between antipsychotic prescriptions and pneumonia with respect to age, type of pneumonia and other chest infections, and antipsychotic class.
  
  
  METHODS
  Self-controlled cohort analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Electronic health records from the UK IMS Health Disease Analyzer database.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three groups of pneumonia-related International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-10 terms and prescriptions of atypical and conventional antipsychotic medicines were studied. Separate analyses were carried out for patients aged 65 years. The observed rate of pneumonia terms registered in different time periods in connection to antipsychotic prescriptions was contrasted to the overall rate of pneumonia terms relative to prescriptions of other drugs in the same dataset.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In patients aged ≥ 65 years, an increased registration of a group of terms defined as 'acute chest infections', after atypical antipsychotic prescriptions, was identified. The corresponding increase after conventional antipsychotic prescriptions was much smaller. Bronchopneumonia had a striking increase after both atypical and conventional antipsychotic prescriptions, and was commonly recorded with fatal outcome. Few registrations of hypostatic pneumonia were noted. Patients aged <65 years did not have a higher rate of acute chest infections after receiving antipsychotic prescriptions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The consistent pattern of an increased rate of chest infections after atypical antipsychotic prescriptions in older people seen in this outpatient study, together with the higher risk shown in a previous study on hospitalised patients, suggests a causal relationship. This is of importance since bronchopneumonia seems highly linked to fatal outcome. In the absence of a mechanism, further investigation of the role of antipsychotics in older people is needed.
authors.affiliation: Uppsala Monitoring Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for International Drug Monitoring (WHO CCIDM), Uppsala Monitoring Centre, Research Department, Box 1051, Uppsala, 75140, Sweden. kristina.star@who-umc.org
authors.forename: Kristina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Star
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bate
authors.forename: Ronald Hb
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Meyboom
authors.forename: I Ralph
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: Edwards
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016208:Databases, Factual; D057286:Electronic Health Records; D006801:Humans; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents