title: Predictive value of procalcitonin for bowel ischemia and necrosis in bowel obstruction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To our knowledge, the predictive value of procalcitonin for bowel strangulation has been evaluated in only 2 experimental studies that had conflicting results. The objective of this study was to evaluate the value of procalcitonin for early diagnosis of intestinal ischemia and necrosis in acute bowel obstruction.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a prospective study of 242 patients with small- or large-bowel obstructions in 2005. A total of 100 patients who underwent operation were divided into groups according to the presence of ischemia (reversible and irreversible) and necrosis, respectively, as follows: ischemia (n = 35) and nonischemia groups (n = 65) and necrosis (n = 22) and nonnecrosis groups (n = 78). Data analyzed included age, sex, vital signs, symptoms, clinical findings, white blood cell count, base deficit, metabolic acidosis, procalcitonin levels on presentation, the time between symptom onset and arrival at the emergency department and the time between arrival and operation, and the cause of the obstruction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Procalcitonin levels were greater in the ischemia than the nonischemia group (9.62 vs 0.30 ng/mL; P = .0001) and in the necrosis than the non-necrosis group (14.53 vs 0.32 ng/mL; P = .0001). Multivariate analysis identified procalcitonin as an independent predictor of ischemia (P = .009; odds ratio, 2.252; 95% confidence interval, 1.225-4.140) and necrosis (P = .005; odds ratio, 2.762; 95% confidence interval, 1.356-5.627). Using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, the area under the curve (AUC) of procalcitonin for ischemia and necrosis was 0.77 and 0.87, respectively. A high negative predictive value for ischemia and necrosis of procalcitonin levels <0.25 ng/mL (83% and 95%, respectively) and a positive predictive value of procalcitonin >1 ng/mL were identified (95% and 90%, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Procalcitonin on presentation is very useful for the diagnosis or exclusion of intestinal ischemia and necrosis in acute bowel obstruction and could serve as an additional diagnostic tool to improve clinical decision-making.
authors.affiliation: 1st Department of Propaedeutic Surgery, Hippokrateion Hospital, Athens Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece. markogiannakis@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Haridimos
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Markogiannakis
authors.forename: Nikolaos
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Memos
authors.forename: Evangelos
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Messaris
authors.forename: Dimitrios
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dardamanis
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Larentzakis
authors.forename: Dimitrios
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Papanikolaou
authors.forename: George C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Zografos
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Manouras
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D019540:Area Under Curve; D002116:Calcitonin / Q000097:blood*; D015740:Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007415:Intestinal Obstruction / Q000097:blood*; D007422:Intestines / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000473:pathology*; D007511:Ischemia / Q000175:diagnosis*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009336:Necrosis; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011498:Protein Precursors / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: C000606589:CALCA protein, human; D011498:Protein Precursors; D002116:Calcitonin; D015740:Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide