title: Glycogen synthase kinase-3beta: a prognostic marker and a potential therapeutic target in human bladder cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although recent studies have shown glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β), a serine/threonine kinase, as a positive regulator of pancreatic, colon, and kidney cancer cell survival and proliferation, the role of GSK-3 in bladder cancer remains unknown. Our objectives were to determine the subcellular localization of GSK-3β and to evaluate the effect of GSK-3 inhibition in bladder cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used immunohistochemical staining and nuclear/cytosolic fractionation to determine the expression pattern of GSK-3β in human urothelial carcinomas. To study the effect of GSK-3 inhibition on bladder cancer cell proliferation and survival, we used pharmacologic inhibitors of GSK-3, RNA interference, MTS assay, bromodeoxyuridine incorporation assay, quantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR, and Western blotting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found aberrant nuclear accumulation of GSK-3β in 62% (43 of 69) and 91% (21 of 23) of noninvasive and invasive human urothelial carcinomas, respectively. GSK-3β nuclear staining was significantly associated with high-grade tumors (P < 0.001), advanced stage of bladder cancer (P < 0.05), metastasis (P < 0.05), and worse cause-specific survival (P < 0.05) in bladder cancer patients. Moreover, we found that pharmacologic inhibition or genetic depletion of GSK-3β resulted in decreased viability of bladder cancer cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest nuclear accumulation of GSK-3β as a novel prognostic marker in bladder cancer, show that GSK-3 contributes to urothelial cancer cell proliferation and survival, and identify GSK-3 as a potential therapeutic target in human bladder cancer.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Urology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan.
authors.forename: Sei
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Naito
authors.forename: Vladimir
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bilim
authors.forename: Kaori
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yuuki
authors.forename: Andrey
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ugolkov
authors.forename: Teiichi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Motoyama
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nagaoka
authors.forename: Tomoyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.forename: Yoshihiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tomita
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002470:Cell Survival; D005260:Female; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D000071679:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy / Q000379:methods; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011379:Prognosis; D016019:Survival Analysis; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; C000605506:GSK3B protein, human; D000071679:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3