title: The influence of short-heating-cycle investments on the quality of commercially pure titanium castings.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A new short-cycle, spinel-based investment was developed to minimize the long heating cycle generally required for conventional investments for titanium castings, but the quality of castings made using this material has yet to be evaluated.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to compare the Vickers hardness, castability, surface roughness, in vitro marginal misfit, and internal porosity of castings made using silica phosphate-based and spinel-based investments.
  
  
  METHODS
  The specimens were commercially pure titanium cast using silica phosphate-based investment, Rematitan Plus (RP), and spinel-based investments, Rematitan Ultra (RU) or short-heat-cycle Trinell (TR). Disc-shaped patterns (6 × 3 mm) were cast, and Vickers hardness was measured at the surface, and 50, 100, 150, and 200 μm beneath the surface (n=10). Microstructure was analyzed by optical microscopy (×100). Mesh patterns (14 × 14 × 0.5 mm) were used for castability testing (n=10). Surface roughness (Ra) was measured on disc-shaped patterns (13 × 3 mm) with a profilometer (n=8). Wax copings were cast, screwed to implant abutments, and the marginal misfit was measured using image analysis software (n=10). Internal porosity of the copings was evaluated by density comparisons (n=10). Hardness data were analyzed by 2-way ANOVA and the Tukey HSD test. Castability, surface roughness, and marginal misfit were analyzed by 1-way ANOVA and the Tukey HSD test, and internal porosity by Kruskal-Wallis and Student-Newman-Keuls tests (α=.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  RP had the highest hardness values at the surface and 50 μm beneath, but the hardness values of TR, RU, and RP were statistically equivalent at 100, 150, and 200 μm. Significant differences were seen when comparing RU and TR with RP for castability (P<.001), surface roughness (P<.001), and marginal misfit (P<.001). No significant differences were seen for internal porosity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The quality of castings made from the new investment, TR, was similar to the quality of those made using the conventional spinel-based investment, RU, and superior to those made using RP.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, São Paulo State University, School of Dentistry, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fabiane
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Nogueira
authors.forename: Laiza Maria Grassi
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Fais
authors.forename: Renata Garcia
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Fonseca
authors.forename: Gelson Luis
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Adabo
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003734:Dental Casting Investment / Q000737:chemistry*; D003735:Dental Casting Technique; D018772:Dental Marginal Adaptation; D003764:Dental Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D006244:Hardness; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D008669:Metallurgy / Q000379:methods; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D003734:Dental Casting Investment; D003764:Dental Materials; D014025:Titanium