title: The importance and complexity of regret in the measurement of 'good' decisions: a systematic review and a content analysis of existing assessment instruments.
abstract: BACKGROUND OR CONTEXT: Regret is a common consequence of decisions, including those decisions related to individuals' health. Several assessment instruments have been developed that attempt to measure decision regret. However, recent research has highlighted the complexity of regret. Given its relevance to shared decision making, it is important to understand its conceptualization and the instruments used to measure it.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To review current conceptions of regret. To systematically identify instruments used to measure decision regret and assess whether they capture recent conceptualizations of regret.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five electronic databases were searched in 2008. Search strategies used a combination of MeSH terms (or database equivalent) and free text searching under the following key headings: 'Decision' and 'regret' and 'measurement'. Follow-up manual searches were also performed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Articles were included if they reported the development and psychometric testing of an instrument designed to measure decision regret, or the use of a previously developed and tested instrument.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-two articles were included: 10 report the development and validation of an instrument that measures decision regret and 22 report the use of a previously developed and tested instrument. Content analysis found that existing instruments for the measurement of regret do not capture current conceptualizations of regret and they do not enable the construct of regret to be measured comprehensively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Existing instrumentation requires further development. There is also a need to clarify the purpose for using regret assessment instruments as this will, and should, focus their future application.
authors.affiliation: Department of Primary Care and Public Health, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Cardiff, UK. josephnj1@cardiff.ac.uk
authors.forename: Natalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Joseph-Williams
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.forename: Glyn
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Elwyn
mesh_terms: D003625:Data Collection / Q000379:methods*; D003657:Decision Making; D004644:Emotions; D006801:Humans; D010358:Patient Participation / Q000523:psychology*; D011594:Psychometrics