title: Effect of knee musculature on anterior cruciate ligament strain in vivo.
abstract: Squatting is a commonly prescribed exercise following reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). The objective of this paper was to measure the in vivo strain patterns of the normal ACL and the load at the knee for the simple squat and for squatting with a "sport cord". A sport cord is a large elastic rubber tube used for added resistance. Strain patterns were deduced using displacement data from a Hall Effect Strain Transducer (HEST), while joint loads were determined by a mathematical model with inputs from a force plate and electrogoniometers. ACL strain for the free squat in one subject had a maximum of ∼2% at a knee angle of 10° and was slack for knee angles >17°. In squatting with a sport cord, peak strain was ∼1% at 10° and was slack at knee angles >14°. Since these peak strains are low, squatting appears to be a safe exercise for conservative rehabilitation of ACL reconstruction patients. In addition, the sport cord is a recommended augmentation to the activity. We believe that the decrease in strain with the sport cord results from added joint stiffness due to greater compressive forces at the tibiofemoral joint. This greater compressive force results from the approximately 10% increase in quadriceps activity. From shear force data predicted by the mathematical model, the maximum anterior drawer force for free squatting (50 N) was considerably less than for sport cord squatting (430 N). Therefore, the value of shear force at the tibiofemoral joint only partially determines the load placed on the ACL.
authors.affiliation: McClure Musculoskeletal Research Center, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, U.S.A.
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Pope
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Stankewich
authors.forename: B D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Beynnon
authors.forename: B C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Fleming