title: Defector-accelerated cooperativeness and punishment in public goods games with mutations.
abstract: We study the evolution of cooperation in spatial public goods games with four competing strategies: cooperators, defectors, punishing cooperators, and punishing defectors. To explore the robustness of the cooperation-promoting effect of costly punishment, besides the usual strategy adoption dynamics we also apply strategy mutations. As expected, frequent mutations create kind of well-mixed conditions, which support the spreading of defectors. However, when the mutation rate is small, the final stationary state does not significantly differ from the state of the mutation-free model, independently of the values of the punishment fine and cost. Nevertheless, the mutation rate affects the relaxation dynamics. Rare mutations can largely accelerate the spreading of costly punishment. This is due to the fact that the presence of defectors breaks the balance of power between both cooperative strategies, which leads to a different kind of dynamics.
authors.affiliation: ETH Zurich, CLU E1, Clausiusstr. 50, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Helbing
authors.forename: Attila
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Szolnoki
authors.forename: Matjaz
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Perc
authors.forename: György
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Szabó