The 6-minute walk is associated with frailty and predicts mortality in older adults with heart failure.
Heart failure (HF) may contribute to the development of functional decline and frailty in older adults. Sixty HF patients with an ejection fraction ≤ 40% evaluated in 2004 and 2005 were reevaluated in 2008. Six-minute walk distance (6MW), frailty score, and biomarkers (25-hydroxyvitamin D, C-reactive protein, and interleukin-6 [IL-6]) were measured. Participants were categorized at baseline and follow-up into 3 groups: nonfrail/normal endurance (NF/NE), nonfrail/low endurance (NF/LE) and frail/low endurance (F/LE). Survival time was assessed according to frailty/endurance status and associated predictors of mortality. Forty-three men, 17 women (mean age, 78 ± 12 years) were contacted. At follow-up, 20 had died, 20 participated, and 20 did not participate. There were no changes in frailty/endurance status over time (McNemar;P=.19). Deaths occurred in 18% of NF/NE, 45% of NF/LE, and 60% of F/LE persons. The NF/NE group had greater survival rates than the NF/LE (  P=.032) and F/LE (  P=.014) groups. The 6MW and frailty score were independently predictive of mortality, with hazard ratios of 0.82 (95% confidence interval, 0.72-0.94) and 1.64 (95% confidence interval, 1.19-2.26), respectively, as was New York Heart Association class and IL-6. Backward stepwise Cox regression revealed that 6MW and frailty each were associated with mortality (P=.005) and highly correlated. Physical function is an important predictor of mortality in older adults with HF. The 6MW may be useful as a measure of frailty.
Boxer
Rebecca
R
Department of Medicine, Harrington McLaughlin Heart and Vascular Institute, University Hospitals ⁄ Case Medical Center, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA. rebecca.boxer@case.edu
Kleppinger
Alison
A
Ahmad
Amir
A
Annis
Kristin
K
Hager
David
D
Kenny
Anne
A
D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D051341:Dependent Ambulation; D005080:Exercise Test; D017079:Exercise Tolerance; D005260:Female; D016330:Frail Elderly; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D010359:Patient Readmission; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012107:Research Design; D012307:Risk Factors; D013318:Stroke Volume; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood
D015415:Biomarkers; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014807:Vitamin D; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D