title: Motor-evoked potentials in awake rats are a valid method of assessing hepatic encephalopathy and of studying its pathogenesis.
abstract: Experimental models of hepatic encephalopathy (HE) are limited by difficulties in objectively monitoring neuronal function. There are few models that examine a well-defined neuronal pathway and lack the confounding effects of anesthetics. Motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) assess the function of the motor tract, which has been shown to be impaired in patients with cirrhosis. MEPs were elicited by cranial stimulation (central) and compound motor action potential by sciatic nerve stimulation (peripheral) in several models of HE in the rat. The experiments were performed using subcutaneous electrodes without anesthetics. Brain water content was assessed by gravimetry, brain metabolites were measured by magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and amino acids in microdialysates from the frontal cortex were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Abnormalities of MEP were observed in acute liver failure (ALF) induced by hepatic devascularization in relation to the progression of neurological manifestations. Similar disturbances were seen in rats with portocaval anastomosis after the administration of blood or lipopolysaccharide, but were absent in rats with biliary duct ligation. Hypothermia (≤35°C) and mannitol prevented the development of brain edema in acute liver failure, but only hypothermia avoided the decrease in the amplitude of MEP. Disturbances of MEP caused by the administration of blood into the gastrointestinal tract in rats with portocaval anastomosis were associated with an increase in ammonia, glutamine, and glutamate in brain microdialysate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Assessment of MEP in awake rats is a valid method to monitor HE in models of ALF and precipitated HE. This method shows the lack of efficacy of mannitol, a therapy that decreases brain edema, and relates disturbances of the function of the motor tract to ammonia and its metabolites.
authors.affiliation: Servei de Medicina Interna-Hepatologia, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oria
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chatauret
authors.forename: Laia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chavarria
authors.forename: Jordi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Romero-Giménez
authors.forename: Lluis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Palenzuela
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pardo-Yules
authors.forename: José Antonio
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Arranz
authors.forename: Guillermo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bodega
authors.forename: Núria
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Raguer
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Córdoba
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001929:Brain Edema / Q000517:prevention & control; D019054:Evoked Potentials, Motor / Q000187:drug effects; D006501:Hepatic Encephalopathy / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D017114:Liver Failure, Acute; D008297:Male; D008353:Mannitol / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011167:Portacaval Shunt, Surgical / Q000009:adverse effects; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D008353:Mannitol