title: Economic consequence of switching to citalopram after its generic entry for adult patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) treated with escitalopram: a 6-month retrospective study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate, from a third-party payer's perspective, the effects of switching from escitalopram to citalopram, after the generic entry of citalopram, on hospitalization and healthcare costs among adult MDD patients who were on escitalopram therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult MDD patients treated with escitalopram were identified from Ingenix Impact claims database. MDD- and mental health (MH)-related hospitalization rates and healthcare costs were compared between 'switchers' (patients who switched to citalopram after its generic entry) and 'non-switchers'. MDD- and MH-related outcomes were defined as having a primary or a secondary diagnosis of ICD-9-CM = 296.2x, 296.3x and ICD-9-CM = 290-319, respectively. A propensity score matching method that estimated the likelihood of switching using baseline characteristics was used. Outcomes were examined for both 3-month and 6-month post-index periods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The sample included 3,427 matched pairs with balanced baseline characteristics. Switchers were more likely to incur an MDD-related (odds ratio [OR] = 1.52) and MH-related hospitalization (OR = 1.34) during the 6-month post-index period (both p < 0.05). Compared to switchers, non-switchers had significantly lower MDD- and MH-related hospitalization costs ($248.3 and $219.8 lower, respectively) and medical costs ($277.4 and $246.4 lower, respectively) (all p < 0.05). Although non-switchers had significantly higher MDD- and MH-related prescription drug costs, overall they had significantly lower total MDD- and MH-related healthcare costs ($109.9 and $93.6 lower, respectively; both p < 0.001). The 3-month results were consistent with these 6-month findings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study limitations included limited generalizability of study findings, inability to differentiate switching from escitalopram to citalopram due to medical reasons versus non-medical reasons, and exclusion of indirect costs from cost calculations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compared to patients maintaining on escitalopram, switchers from escitalopram to citalopram experienced higher risk of MDD- and MH-related hospitalization and incurred higher total MDD- and MH-related healthcare costs. The economic consequences of therapeutic substitution should take into account total healthcare costs, not just drug acquisition costs.
authors.affiliation: Analysis Group, Inc., Boston, MA 02199, USA. ayu@analysisgroup.com
authors.forename: Andrew P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Jipan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: Arielle
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bensimon
authors.forename: Kejal
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Parikh
authors.forename: Eric Q
authors.initials: EQ
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Rym
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ben-Hamadi
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Blum
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Haim Erder
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018687:Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015283:Citalopram / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015897:Comorbidity; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005252:Fees, Pharmaceutical / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006296:Health Services / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D019458:Insurance Coverage / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D007348:Insurance, Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D018687:Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation; D015283:Citalopram