title: Bone marrow stem cell transplantation to olfactory epithelium.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We sought to develop a new therapeutic strategy for degeneration of olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs).
  
  
  METHODS
  We transplanted into Balb/C mice, locally by transnasal injection and systemically via the tail vain, BrdU-labeled bone marrow stem cells, also known as NRGs, which have the ability to differentiate into neural cells. Bone marrow stem cells engrafted into the olfactory epithelium were examined immunohistochemically.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with previous studies, in which bone marrow was transplanted rather than bone marrow stem cells, migration of transplanted bone marrow stem cells into the olfactory epithelium was observed earlier, and engraftment rates were significantly higher. However, migrated bone marrow stem cells were positive for GAP43 but not for olfactory marker protein.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that engrafted cells had differentiated into premature, but not mature, ORNs. Further experiments using autologous bone marrow stem cells in combination with various growth factors and/or neurotrophic factors should aid the development of new therapeutic methods for degenerated ORNs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.
authors.forename: Naoki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ochi
authors.forename: Kiyoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Doi
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Uranagase
authors.forename: Tasuku
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nishikawa
authors.forename: Sayaka
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Katsunuma
authors.forename: Ken-ichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nibu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016026:Bone Marrow Transplantation / Q000379:methods*; D002465:Cell Movement; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D019922:GAP-43 Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D009410:Nerve Degeneration / Q000628:therapy*; D009830:Olfactory Bulb; D051842:Olfactory Marker Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D009831:Olfactory Mucosa; D033581:Stem Cell Transplantation / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D019922:GAP-43 Protein; D051842:Olfactory Marker Protein; C497598:Omp protein, mouse