title: Marcescent corollas as functional structures: effects on the fecundity of two insect-pollinated plants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Persistence of withered corollas after anthesis ('corolla marcescence') is widespread in angiosperms, yet its functional significance does not seem to have been explored for any species. This note reports the results of experiments assessing the fecundity effects of marcescent corollas in two southern Spanish insect-pollinated plants, Lavandula latifolia (Lamiaceae) and Viola cazorlensis (Violaceae).
  
  
  METHODS
  The effect of marcescent corollas on seed production was evaluated experimentally on wild-growing plants. Newly open flowers were randomly assigned to either control or treatment groups in experimental plants. After anthesis, withered corollas of treatment flowers were removed and those in control flowers were left in place. Fruits produced by treatment and control flowers were collected shortly before dehiscence and the number of seeds counted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In V. cazorlensis, removal of withered corollas had no effect on percentage of fruit set, but mean seeds per fruit increased from 9·5 to 11·4. In L. latifolia, corolla removal had no effect on the number of seeds per fruit, but reduced the proportion of flowers ripening fruit from 60 % to 40 %. The detrimental effect of corolla removal on L. latifolia fecundity resulted from the drastic increase in fruit infestation by seed-predatory cecidomyiid larvae, which occurred in 4 % and 34 % of control and treatment fruits, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because of their potential effects on plant fecundity, marcescent corollas should not be dismissed a priori as biologically irrelevant leftovers from past floral functions. The simplicity of the experimental layout required to test for short-term fecundity effects of corolla marcescence should help to achieve a better understanding of the ecological and evolutionary correlates of this widespread but poorly understood trait.
authors.affiliation: Estación Biológica de Doñana, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avenida Américo Vespucio s/n, Isla de La Cartuja, Seville, Spain. herrera@ebd.csic.es
authors.forename: Carlos M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Herrera
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005298:Fertility / Q000502:physiology; D035264:Flowers / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D007313:Insecta / Q000502:physiology*; D019686:Lamiaceae / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D054817:Pollination / Q000502:physiology*; D029649:Violaceae / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology