title: Monte Carlo simulator of realistic x-ray beam for diagnostic applications.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Monte Carlo simulation is a very useful tool for radiotherapy and diagnostic radiology. Yet even with the latest PCs, simulation of photon spectra emitted by an x-ray tube is a time-consuming task, potentially reducing the possibility to obtain relevant data such as dose evaluations, simulation of geometric settings, or monitor detector efficiency. This study developed and validated a method to generate random numbers for realistic beams in terms of photon spectrum and intensity to simulate x-ray tubes via Monte Carlo algorithms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Starting from literature data, the most common semiempirical models of bremsstrahlung are analyzed and implemented, adjusting their formulation to describe a large irradiation area (i.e., large field of view) and to take account of the heel effect as in common practice during patient examinations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Simulation results show that Birch and Marshall's model is the fastest and most accurate for the aims of this work. Correction of the geometric size of the beam and validation of the intensity variation (heel effect) yielded excellent results with differences between experimental and simulated data of less than 6%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of validation and execution time showed that the tube simulator calculates the x-ray photons quickly and efficiently and is perfectly capable of considering all the phenomena occurring in a real beam (total filtration, focal spot size, and heel effect), so it can be used in a wide range of applications such as industry, medical physics, or quality assurance.
authors.affiliation: Biomechanics Laboratory, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy. m.bontempi@biomec.ior.it
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bontempi
authors.forename: Lucia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Andreani
authors.forename: Pier Luca
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Rossi
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Visani
mesh_terms: D003198:Computer Simulation; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D011859:Radiography / Q000379:methods*; D012542:Scattering, Radiation; D014965:X-Rays