title: Surgical task and skill classification from eye tracking and tool motion in minimally invasive surgery.
abstract: In the context of minimally invasive surgery, clinical risks are highly associated with surgeons' skill in manipulating surgical tools and their knowledge of the closed anatomy. A quantitative surgical skill assessment can reduce faulty procedures and prevent some surgical risks. In this paper focusing on sinus surgery, we present two methods to identify both skill level and task type by recording motion data of surgical tools as well as the surgeon's eye gaze location on the screen. We generate a total of 14 discrete Hidden Markov Models for seven surgical tasks at both expert and novice levels using a repeated k-fold evaluation method. The dataset contains 95 expert and 139 novice trials of surgery over a cadaver. The results reveal two insights: eye-gaze data contains skill related structures; and adding this info to the surgical tool motion data improves skill assessment by 13.2% and 5.3% for expert and novice levels, respectively. The proposed system quantifies surgeon's skill level with an accuracy of 82.5% and surgical task type of 77.8%.
authors.affiliation: Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L3N6, Canada. narges@cs.queensu.ca
authors.forename: Narges
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ahmidi
authors.forename: Gregory D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Hager
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ishii
authors.forename: Gabor
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fichtinger
authors.forename: Gary L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Gallia
authors.forename: Masaru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ishii
mesh_terms: D002983:Clinical Competence; D005133:Eye Movements; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D013525:Surgical Instruments; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis