title: Decline in erythromycin resistance in group A Streptococci from acute pharyngitis due to changes in the emm Genotypes rather than restriction of antibiotic use.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Group A streptococcus (GAS) is the most common cause of bacterial pharyngitis in children. Antibiotic resistance rates and emm genotypes of GAS isolated from patients with acute pharyngitis were studied in 2009.
  
  
  METHODS
  Throat cultures were taken from 499 children with acute pharyngitis in Jinju, Korea, in 2008-2009. A total of 174 strains (34.9%) of GAS were isolated, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the disk diffusion method. The phenotypes of macrolide resistance and macrolide resistance genes were determined. The emm genotypes were identified using PCR and sequencing. The data were compared with those acquired in 2002 in the same region. Data on the annual macrolide production were collected between 1999 and 2008.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The resistance rates of GAS to erythromycin, clindamycin, and tetracycline were 4.6%, 2.9%, and 2.3%, respectively. The constitutive resistance rate was 62.5% for the erm(B) gene and 37.5% for the M phenotype of the mef(A) gene. emm4 was most frequently detected (28.2%), followed by emm89 (20.1%). Most of the erythromycin resistant strains had the emm28 genotype. We noted a gradual increase in macrolide production during the study period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The erythromycin resistance rate of GAS isolated from children with acute pharyngitis was significantly lower in 2009 (4.6%) than in 2002 (44.8%). We observed a remarkable change in the distribution of emm genotypes during the 7-yr period. The significant decline in erythromycin resistance in 2009 might be associated with a prominent decrease in the resistant genotype emm12 (3.4% in 2009 vs. 28.0% in 2002) rather than restriction of macrolide use.
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Gyeongsang Institute of Health Sciences, Jinju, Korea.
authors.forename: Eunha
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Koh
authors.forename: Sunjoo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000293:Adolescent; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D052978:Disk Diffusion Antimicrobial Tests; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D004917:Erythromycin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010612:Pharyngitis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology*; D010641:Phenotype; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013297:Streptococcus pyogenes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D004917:Erythromycin