title: Experimental infection of raccoons (Procyon lotor) with West Nile virus.
abstract: To characterize the responses of raccoons to West Nile virus (WNV) infection, we subcutaneously exposed them to WNV. Moderately high viremia titers (≤ 10(4.6) plaque forming units [PFU]/mL of serum) were noted in select individuals; however, peak viremia titers were variable and viremia was detectable in some individuals as late as 10 days post-inoculation (DPI). In addition, fecal shedding was prolonged in some animals (e.g., between 6 and 13 DPI in one individual), with up to 10(5.0) PFU/fecal swab detected. West Nile virus was not detected in tissues collected on 10 or 16 DPI, and no histologic lesions attributable to WNV infection were observed. Overall, viremia profiles suggest that raccoons are unlikely to be important WNV amplifying hosts. However, this species may occasionally shed significant quantities of virus in feces. Considering their behavioral ecology, including repeated use of same-site latrines, high levels of fecal shedding could potentially lead to interspecies fecal-oral WNV transmission.
authors.affiliation: United States Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521, USA. jeff.root@aphis.usda.gov
authors.forename: J Jeffrey
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Root
authors.forename: Kevin T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Bentler
authors.forename: Nicole M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Nemeth
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gidlewski
authors.forename: Terry R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Spraker
authors.forename: Alan B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Franklin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood; D005243:Feces / Q000821:virology; D011821:Raccoons; D010948:Viral Plaque Assay; D014766:Viremia / Q000662:veterinary; D017201:Virus Shedding; D014901:West Nile Fever / Q000097:blood / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology; D014902:West Nile virus / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral