title: Effect of surface-exposed chemical groups on calcium-phosphate mineralization in water-treatment systems.
abstract: Calcium-phosphate-scale formation on reverse osmosis (RO) membranes is a major limiting factor for cost-effective desalination of wastewater. We determined the effects of various organic chemical groups found on membrane surfaces on calcium-phosphate scaling. Langmuir films exposing different functional groups were equilibrated with a solution simulating the ionic profile of secondary effluent (SSE). Surface pressure-area (Langmuir) isotherms combined with ICP elemental analyses of the interfacial precipitate suggested acceleration of calcium-phosphate mineralization by the surface functional groups in the order: PO(4) > COOH ∼ NH(2) > COOH:NH(2) (1:1) > OH > ethylene glycol. Immersion of gold-coated silicon wafers self-assembled with different alkanethiols in SSE solution showed formation of a hydroxyapatite precipitate by X-ray diffraction and ATR-IR analysis. Data showed diverse influences of functional groups on mineralization, implying low calcium-phosphate scaling for uncharged surfaces or surfaces coated with both positively and negatively charged groups. This information is valuable for understanding scaling processes, and for designing of novel low-scaling membranes for water desalination.
authors.affiliation: Department of Desalination and Water Treatment, Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer campus 84990, Israel.
authors.forename: Zvi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Steiner
authors.forename: Hanna
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rapaport
authors.forename: Yoram
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Oren
authors.forename: Roni
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kasher
mesh_terms: D002130:Calcium Phosphates / Q000737:chemistry*; D008853:Microscopy; D011312:Pressure; D013055:Spectrophotometry, Infrared; D013499:Surface Properties; D013816:Thermodynamics; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry*; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D002130:Calcium Phosphates; D014867:Water; C020243:calcium phosphate