Factor XIII: novel structural and functional aspects.
Factor (F)XIII is a protransglutaminase that, in addition to maintaining hemostasis, has multiple plasmatic and intracellular functions. Its plasmatic form (pFXIII) is a tetramer of two potentially active A (FXIII-A) and two inhibitory/carrier B (FXIII-B) subunits, whereas its cellular form (cFXIII) is a dimer of FXIII-A. FXIII-A belongs to the family of transglutaminases (TGs), which show modest similarity in the primary structure, but a high degree of conservatism in their domain and sub-domain secondary structure. FXIII-A consists of an activation peptide, a β-sandwich, a catalytic and two β-barrel domains. FXIII-B is a glycoprotein consisting of 10 repetitive sushi domains each held together by two internal disulfide bonds. The structural elements of FXIII-A involved in the interaction with FXIII-B have not been elucidated; in FXIII-B the first sushi domain seems important for complex formation. In the circulation pFXIII is bound to the fibrinogen γ'-chain through its B subunit. In the process of pFXIII activation first thrombin cleaves off the activation peptide from FXIII-A, then in the presence of Ca(2+) FXIII-B dissociates and FXIII-A becomes transformed into an active transglutaminase (FXIIIa). The activation is highly accelerated by the presence of fibrin(ogen). cFXIII does not require proteolysis for intracellular activation. The three-dimensional structure of FXIIIa has not been resolved. Based on analogies with transglutaminase-2, a three-dimensional structure of FXIIIa was developed by molecular modeling, which shows good agreement with the drastic structural changes demonstrated by biochemical studies. The structural requirements for enzyme-substrate interaction and for transglutaminase activity are also reviewed.
Komáromi
I
I
Clinical Research Center Thrombosis, Haemostasis and Vascular Biology Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, University of Debrecen, Medical and Health Science Center, Debrecen, Hungary.
Bagoly
Z
Z
Muszbek
L
L
D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D005176:Factor XIII / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D026122:Factor XIIIa / Q000378:metabolism; D005340:Fibrinogen / Q000378:metabolism; D006487:Hemostasis; D006801:Humans; D008958:Models, Molecular; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D011487:Protein Conformation; D055503:Protein Multimerization; D021122:Protein Subunits; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D013379:Substrate Specificity; D013917:Thrombin / Q000378:metabolism
D021122:Protein Subunits; D005340:Fibrinogen; D005176:Factor XIII; D026122:Factor XIIIa; D013917:Thrombin