title: The effect of the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C and VEGF receptor-3 on the clinical outcome in patients with gastric carcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to investigate the relationship among VEGF-C/VEGFR-3 expression, lymphatic metastasis and patient prognosis in gastric carcinoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  VEGF-C and VEGFR-3 expression in gastric carcinoma tissues obtained from 204 patients who underwent curative gastrectomy (105 cases presented with lymph node metastasis and 99 cases without metastasis) was examined immunohistochemically. There was no significant difference in the other clinicopathologic variables except for postoperative pathological tumor stage (pT) and TNM stage between the two groups. The results were statistically processed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results showed that VEGF-C was located mainly in the cytoplasm of tumor cells and VEGFR-3 was found predominantly in the endothelium of lymphatic vessels. VEGF-C and VEGFR-3 expression was more frequent in gastric carcinoma tissues than that in normal gastric tissues, 54.90% and 35.29% respectively, which revealed that the expression of VEGF-C and VEGFR-3 was significantly stronger in patients with lymph node metastasis than in those without metastasis. Patients who had positive staining for VEGF-C showed significantly less favorable survival rates compared with patients who had negative staining for VEGF-C. The survival rates of patients who had positive staining for VEGFR-3 also were significantly lower compared with patients who had negative staining for VEGFR-3. Patients who had positive staining for both VEGF-C and VEGFR-3 exhibited the most unfavorable prognosis. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that the expression of VEGF-C and VEGFR-3 was an independent prognostic determinant. In addition, faint to moderate VEGF-C expression was detected in normal gastric epithelial cells (18/204, 8.9%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  VEGF-C and VEGFR-3 expression could serve as a prognostic biomarker in patients with gastric carcinoma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China.
authors.forename: F-H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: H-M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: D-H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: Y-L
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: W-H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Zhan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000473:pathology*; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D042582:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor C / Q000378:metabolism*; D040321:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-3 / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D042582:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor C; D040321:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-3