title: Radiation dose evaluation in tomosynthesis and C-arm cone-beam CT examinations with an anthropomorphic phantom.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to evaluate organ dose and the effective dose to patients undergoing tomosynthesis (TS) and C-arm cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) examinations and to compare the doses to those in multidetector CT (MDCT) scans.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patient doses were measured with small sized silicon-photodiode dosimeters, 48 in number, which were implanted at various tissue and organ positions within an anthropomorphic phantom. Output signals from photodiode dosimeters were read out on a personal computer, from which organ and effective doses were computed. The doses in head, chest, abdomen, and hip-joint TS, and in head and abdomen C-arm CBCT were evaluated for routine protocols on Shimadzu TS and C-arm CBCT systems, and the doses in MDCT with the same scan regions as in TS and CBCT were on Toshiba 64-detector-row CT scanners.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In TS examination of the head, chest, abdomen, and hip-joint, organ doses for organs within scan ranges were 1-4 mGy, and effective doses were 0.07 mSv for the head scan and around 1 mSv for other scans. In C-arm CBCT examinations of the head and abdomen, organ doses within scan range were 2-37 mGy, and effective doses were 1.2 mSv for the head scan and 4-5 mSv for abdominal scans. Effective doses in TS examinations were approximately a factor of 10 lower, while the doses in CBCT examinations were nearly the same level, compared to the doses in the corresponding MDCT examinations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TS examinations with low doses and excellent resolutions in coronal images compared to recent MDCT would widely be used in tomographic examinations of the chest, abdomen, pelvis, skeletal-joints, and knee instead of MDCT examinations with significantly high doses. Since patient dose in C-arm CBCT was nearly the same level as that in recent MDCT, the same consideration for high radiation dose would be required for the use of CBCT.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiological Technology, School of Health Sciences, Nagoya University, Japan. koyama@met.nagoya-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Shuji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Koyama
authors.forename: Takahiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Aoyama
authors.forename: Nobuhiro
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Oda
authors.forename: Chiyo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yamauchi-Kawaura
mesh_terms: D000886:Anthropometry / Q000295:instrumentation; D001822:Body Burden; D054893:Cone-Beam Computed Tomography / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D006801:Humans; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011874:Radiometry / Q000295:instrumentation*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D020266:Radiotherapy, Conformal / Q000295:instrumentation*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity