title: Treatment of small vessel primary CNS vasculitis in children: an open-label cohort study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is no treatment protocol or standardised documentation of neurological outcome for patients with small vessel childhood primary angiitis of the CNS, a rare inflammatory brain disease. We aimed to assess a treatment regimen and describe long-term neurological outcomes in a cohort of children with this disorder.
  
  
  METHODS
  We did a single-centre open-label cohort study in children with small vessel childhood primary angiitis of the CNS who were less than 18 years old at diagnosis. The treatment protocol consisted of induction therapy with steroids and pulses of intravenous cyclophosphamide followed by maintenance therapy with either azathioprine or mycophenolate mofetil. Clinical and neurological assessments, quality of life measures, and laboratory markers were done at baseline, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, and 24 months, and every year thereafter. Brain imaging was done at baseline, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months. The primary outcome was the paediatric stroke outcome measure (PSOM) score at 24 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From January, 2002, to December, 2009, 127 patients were enrolled, 19 of whom met the inclusion criteria and were given induction therapy. Median age at diagnosis was 9·8 years (range 5·5-17·8) and median follow-up was 33 months (range 1-86). 14 patients completed induction and received maintenance therapy with azathioprine (n=9) or mycophenolate mofetil (n=5). 13 patients completed 24 months' follow-up, nine of whom had a good neurological outcome by PSOM. Eight of 19 patients experienced disease flares. Four patients achieved remission of disease off medication.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This treatment protocol of immunosuppressive therapy may improve long-term neurological outcome in children with small vessel childhood primary angiitis of the CNS. Identification and appropriate diagnosis of children with the disorder is crucial because with standardised treatment good neurological outcome is a realistic goal.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  None.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Clare
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hutchinson
authors.forename: Jorina
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Elbers
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Halliday
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Branson
authors.forename: Suzanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Laughlin
authors.forename: Derek
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Armstrong
authors.forename: Cynthia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hawkins
authors.forename: Robyn
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Westmacott
authors.forename: Susanne M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Benseler
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001379:Azathioprine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D055806:Microvessels / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology*; D009173:Mycophenolic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D020293:Vasculitis, Central Nervous System / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D003520:Cyclophosphamide; D009173:Mycophenolic Acid; D001379:Azathioprine