title: Statins and the joint: multiple targets for a global protection?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Evidence exists that the pleiotropic properties of the hydroxy-methyl-glutaryl Coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins) are not restricted to the cardiovascular system, as they can also favorably affect the joints, with intriguing implications for the treatment of many rheumatic diseases. In the view of the increasing interest on this topic, we here review the current state of the art.
  
  
  METHODS
  The PubMed database was searched for articles published between 1966 and 2010 for key words referring to statins and joint diseases. All relevant English-written articles were reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Many pivotal studies clearly demonstrated that HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors exert a wide spectrum of beneficial effects on the 3 main compartments of the joint, ie, the synovium, the cartilage, and the subchondral bone. Such (1) anti-inflammatory, (2) immunomodulating, and (3) anabolic effects strongly support a potential role of these drugs in the treatment and/or the prevention of the most important chronic joint diseases. However, although the majority of the in vivo studies with statins on animal models of inflammatory and degenerative joint diseases showed a marked protective activity substantially confirming the in vitro experiments, data arising from clinical trials are less probative and more conflicting.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Statins display multiple joint-protective effects. Since oral administration of statins could result in a relatively low drug bioavailability to the joints, alternative routes of administration of the drug (transdermal, intra-articular) and/or specific delivery systems should be developed to establish the entire therapeutic potential of statins in this clinical setting.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Medicine and Immunological Sciences, Division of Clinical Immunology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy. lazzerini7@unisi.it
authors.forename: Pietro Enea
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Lazzerini
authors.forename: Pier Leopoldo
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Capecchi
authors.forename: Enrico
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Selvi
authors.forename: Sauro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lorenzini
authors.forename: Stefania
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bisogno
authors.forename: Cosima Tatiana
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Baldari
authors.forename: Mauro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Galeazzi
authors.forename: Franco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Laghi-Pasini
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000187:drug effects; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000187:drug effects; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006801:Humans; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007592:Joint Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013583:Synovial Membrane / Q000187:drug effects; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors