title: Hyaluronan synthases (HAS1-3) and hyaluronidases (HYAL1-2) in the accumulation of hyaluronan in endometrioid endometrial carcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hyaluronan accumulation correlates with the degree of malignancy in many solid tumor types, including malignant endometrial carcinomas. To elucidate the mechanism of hyaluronan accumulation, we examined the expression levels of the hyaluronan synthases (HAS1, HAS2 and HAS3) and hyaluronidases (HYAL1 and HYAL2), and correlated them with hyaluronan content and HAS1-3 immunoreactivity.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 35 endometrial tissue biopsies from 35 patients, including proliferative and secretory endometrium (n = 10), post-menopausal proliferative endometrium (n = 5), complex atypical hyperplasia (n = 4), grade 1 (n = 8) and grade 2 + 3 (n = 8) endometrioid adenocarcinomas were divided for gene expression by real-time RT-PCR, and paraffin embedded blocks for hyaluronan and HAS1-3 cytochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mRNA levels of HAS1-3 were not consistently changed, while the immunoreactivity of all HAS proteins was increased in the cancer epithelium. Interestingly, HAS3 mRNA, but not HAS3 immunoreactivity, was increased in post-menopausal endometrium compared to normal endometrium (p = 0.003). The median of HYAL1 mRNA was 10-fold and 15-fold lower in both grade 1 and grade 2+3 endometrioid endometrial cancers, as compared to normal endometrium (p = 0.004-0.006), and post-menopausal endometrium (p = 0.002), respectively. HYAL2 mRNA was also reduced in cancer (p = 0.02) and correlated with HYAL1 (r = 0.8, p = 0.0001). There was an inverse correlation between HYAL1 mRNA and the epithelial hyaluronan staining intensity (r = -0.6; P = 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicated that HYAL1 and HYAL2 were coexpressed and significantly downregulated in endometrioid endometrial cancer and correlated with the accumulation of hyaluronan. While immunoreactivity for HASs increased in the cancer cells, tumor mRNA levels for HASs were not changed, suggesting that reduced turnover of HAS protein may also have contributed to the accumulation of hyaluronan.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Timo K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Nykopp
authors.forename: Kirsi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rilla
authors.forename: Markku I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Tammi
authors.forename: Raija H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Tammi
authors.forename: Reijo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sironen
authors.forename: Kirsi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hämäläinen
authors.forename: Veli-Matti
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Kosma
authors.forename: Seppo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Heinonen
authors.forename: Maarit
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Anttila
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D018269:Carcinoma, Endometrioid / Q000201:enzymology*; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules / Q000378:metabolism*; D016889:Endometrial Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology*; D005260:Female; D058851:GPI-Linked Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D014453:Glucuronosyltransferase / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D000076002:Hyaluronan Synthases; D006821:Hyaluronoglucosaminidase / Q000378:metabolism*; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules; D058851:GPI-Linked Proteins; D014453:Glucuronosyltransferase; C523794:HAS1 protein, human; C101754:HAS2 protein, human; C105458:HAS3 protein, human; D000076002:Hyaluronan Synthases; C473096:Hyal2 protein, human; D006821:Hyaluronoglucosaminidase