title: Inhibition of effector function but not T cell activation and increase in FoxP3 expression in T cells differentiated in the presence of PP14.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  T-helper polarization of naïve T cells is determined by a complex mechanism that involves many factors, eventually leading to activation of Th1, Th2, or Th17 responses or alternatively the generation of regulatory T cells. Placental Protein 14 (PP14) is a 28 kDa glycoprotein highly secreted in early pregnancy that is able to desensitize T cell receptor (TCR) signaling and modulate T cell activation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prolonged antigen-specific stimulation of T cells in the presence of PP14 resulted in an impaired secretion of IFN-γ, IL-5 and IL-17 upon restimulation, although the cells proliferated and expressed activation markers. Furthermore, the generation of regulatory CD4(+)CD25(high)Foxp3(+) T cells was induced in the presence of PP14, in both antigen-specific as well as polyclonal stimulation. In accordance with previous reports, we found that the induction of FoxP3 expression by PP14 is accompanied by down regulation of the PI3K-mTOR signaling pathway.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that PP14 arrests T cells in a unique activated state that is not accompanied with the acquisition of effector function, together with promoting the generation of regulatory T cells. Taken together, our results may elucidate the role of PP14 in supporting immune tolerance in pregnancy by reducing T cell effector functions along with augmenting Treg differentiation.
authors.affiliation: Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
authors.forename: Zohar
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ochanuna
authors.forename: Anat
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Geiger-Maor
authors.forename: Adi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dembinsky-Vaknin
authors.forename: Dimitrios
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Karussis
authors.forename: Mark L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Tykocinski
authors.forename: Jacob
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rachmilewitz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005260:Female; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D015870:Gene Expression; D000071816:Glycodelin; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011257:Pregnancy Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology* / Q000276:immunology*; D006377:T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: C418974:FOXP3 protein, human; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors; D000071816:Glycodelin; D006023:Glycoproteins; C045246:PAEP protein, human; D011257:Pregnancy Proteins