title: Synthesis and evaluation of the anti-inflammatory properties of selenium-derivatives of celecoxib.
abstract: Celecoxib is a selective cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 inhibitor used to treat inflammation, while selenium is known to down-regulate the transcription of COX-2 and other pro-inflammatory genes. To expand the anti-inflammatory property, wherein celecoxib could inhibit pro-inflammatory gene expression at extremely low doses, we incorporated selenium (Se) into two Se-derivatives of celecoxib, namely; selenocoxib-2 and selenocoxib-3. In vitro kinetic assays of the inhibition of purified human COX-2 activity by these compounds indicated that celecoxib and selenocoxib-3 had identical K(I) values of 2.3 and 2.4μM; while selenocoxib-2 had a lower K(I) of 0.72μM. Furthermore, selenocoxib-2 inhibited lipopolysaccharide-induced activation of NF-κB leading to the down-regulation of expression of COX-2, iNOS, and TNFα more effectively than selenocoxib-3 and celecoxib in RAW264.7 macrophages and murine bone marrow-derived macrophages. Studies with rat liver microsomes followed by UPLC-MS-MS analysis indicated the formation of selenenylsulfide conjugates of selenocoxib-2 with N-acetylcysteine. Selenocoxib-2 was found to release minor amounts of Se that was effectively inhibited by the CYP inhibitor, sulphaphenazole. While these studies suggest that selenocoxib-2, but not celecoxib and selenocoxib-3, targets upstream events in the NF-κB signaling axis, the ability to effectively suppress NF-κB activation independent of cellular selenoprotein synthesis opens possibilities for a new generation of COX-2 inhibitors with significant and broader anti-inflammatory potential.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA. ddesai@psu.edu
authors.forename: Dhimant
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Desai
authors.forename: Naveen
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kaushal
authors.forename: Ujjawal H
authors.initials: UH
authors.lastname: Gandhi
authors.forename: Ryan J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Arner
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: D'Souza
authors.forename: Gang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Hema
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Vunta
authors.forename: Karam
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: El-Bayoumy
authors.forename: Shantu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Amin
authors.forename: K Sandeep
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Prabhu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000166:cytology; D000068579:Celecoxib; D002460:Cell Line; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic / Q000187:drug effects; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D012643:Selenium / Q000737:chemistry*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000094765:Glutathione Peroxidase GPX1
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D016328:NF-kappa B; D011720:Pyrazoles; D013449:Sulfonamides; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D012643:Selenium; D000068579:Celecoxib; D000094765:Glutathione Peroxidase GPX1