title: Risk and protective factors for suicide among patients with methamphetamine dependence: a nested case-control study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Methamphetamine as a recreational drug has undergone cycles of popularity, with a recent surge worldwide since the 1990s. This study aimed to identify clinical characteristics associated with suicide mortality in patients with methamphetamine dependence by means of a nested case-control design.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a consecutive series of 1,480 inpatients with methamphetamine dependence (diagnosed according to DSM-III-R and DSM-IV criteria) admitted to a psychiatric center in northern Taiwan from January 1, 1990, through December 31, 2006, 38 deaths due to suicide were identified as cases via record linkage, and 76 controls were randomly selected using risk-set density sampling in a 2:1 ratio, matched for age, sex, and the year of index admission. A standardized chart review process was adopted to collate sociodemographic and clinical information for each study subject. Multivariate conditional logistic regression analysis was used to identify correlates of suicide among these patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the sociodemographic and symptom profiles at the latest admission, financial independence lowered the risk for suicide (adjusted risk ratio [ARR] = 0.33, P < .05), whereas visual hallucinations elevated the risk (ARR = 2.57, P < .05) for suicide. For the profiles during the postdischarge period, financial independence (ARR = 0.11, P < .05) remained associated with reduced risk for suicide, whereas suicide attempt (ARR = 8.78, P < .05) and depressive syndrome (ARR = 3.28, P = .059) were associated with increased risk of suicide.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both protective and risk factors for suicide mortality were found among inpatients with methamphetamine dependence, and the findings have implications for clinical intervention and prevention.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chian-Jue
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Kuo
authors.forename: Shang-Ying
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: Ya-Tang
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.forename: Yeates
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Conwell
authors.forename: Shih-Ku
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Chia-Ling
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Chiao-Chicy
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Wei J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019969:Amphetamine-Related Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008694:Methamphetamine; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013405:Suicide / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013406:Suicide, Attempted / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013624:Taiwan / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D008694:Methamphetamine