title: The endogenous opioid system is not involved in modulation of opioid-induced hyperalgesia.
abstract: Some recent studies suggested a role of the endogenous opioid system in modulating opioid-induced hyperalgesia (OIH). In order to test this hypothesis, we conducted a prospective randomized, placebo-controlled, 2-way crossover study in healthy human volunteers. We utilized a well-established model of inducing OIH after a brief exposure to the μ-opioid agonist remifentanil using intradermal electrical stimulation. Patients were exposed to a randomized 90-minute infusion of remifentanil or saline placebo during 2 separate occasions. Development of OIH was quantified using changes in the average radius of the area of secondary hyperalgesia generated by electrical pain stimulation. A 23.6% (20.2) increase in area of secondary hyperalgesia over baseline was observed in the postinfusion period of the remifentanil session, demonstrating development of OIH (P = .03). In order to test endogenous opioid system modulation of OIH, patients were given a 1-time bolus of naloxone, which had no effect on the size of the hyperalgesic lesion in either the remifentinal or placebo session. These results suggested that the endogenous opioid system did not appear to modulate OIH.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Experimental evidence suggested that the endogenous opioid system did not significantly affect opioid-induced hyperalgesia. Consequently, this study suggested that alternative mechanisms such as pronociceptive stimulation and neuroplastic changes might be responsible for expression of OIH.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. lchu@stanford.edu
authors.forename: Larry F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.forename: Jutta
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dairmont
authors.forename: Abigail K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Zamora
authors.forename: Chelsea A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: Martin S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Angst
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D006930:Hyperalgesia / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009270:Naloxone / Q000494:pharmacology; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010880:Piperidines / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000077208:Remifentanil; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D010880:Piperidines; D009270:Naloxone; D000077208:Remifentanil