title: Understanding the cancer pain experience in American Indians of the Northern Plains.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to explore the experience of cancer pain in American Indians (AI) from the Northern Plains region of the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a qualitative descriptive study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Southeastern Montana.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample consisted of 10 participants from Northern Plains AI tribes/nations, aged 31-75 years, with both solid and hematologic malignancies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were produced through semi-structured interviews and through the use of the Brief Pain Inventory-Short Form.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants reported mild-to-moderate pain on a daily basis, and pain negatively interfered with their daily activities and enjoyment of life. The average pain score at the time of interview was 4.2 out of 10. Participants described both somatic and neuropathic pain. Participants reported psychosocial distress through feelings of guilt, depression, and isolation related to their cancer, and they relied strongly on prayer and traditional medicine in coping with pain. Dominant themes were 'Isolating Within' and 'Making Connections'.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that there is very little difference between AI and other cultural groups regarding cancer pain in the description of pain, patterns, and types of pain management. However, this study identified notable differences in the high degree of isolation reported by AI, their desire to endure pain with stoicism, their intense desire to protect their privacy, and their distrust of outsiders. Findings from this study will inform future research on pain and pain interventions in AI patients with cancer.
authors.affiliation: College of Nursing, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001, USA. ehaozous@salud.unm.edu
authors.forename: Emily A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Haozous
authors.forename: M Tish
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Knobf
authors.forename: Jeannine M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Brant
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D032882:Comprehension; D003469:Culture; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D007198:Indians, North American / Q000523:psychology*; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009009:Montana; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology; D010146:Pain / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D010147:Pain Measurement; D036301:Qualitative Research; D012934:Social Isolation