title: Managing pain in the workplace: a focus group study of challenges, strategies and what matters most to workers with low back pain.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Most working adults with low back pain (LBP) continue to work despite pain, but few studies have assessed self-management strategies in this at-work population. The purpose of this study was to identify workplace challenges and self-management strategies reported by workers remaining at work despite recurrent or persistent LBP, to be used as a framework for the development of a workplace group intervention to prevent back disability.
  
  
  METHODS
  Workers with LBP (n = 38) participated in five focus groups, and audio recordings of sessions were analysed to assemble lists of common challenges and coping strategies. A separate analysis provided a general categorisation of major themes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Workplace pain challenges fell within four domains: activity interference, negative self-perceptions, interpersonal challenges and inflexibility of work. Self-management strategies consisted of modifying work activities and routines, reducing pain symptoms, using cognitive strategies and communicating pain effectively. Theme extraction identified six predominant themes: knowing your work setting, talking about pain, being prepared for a bad day, thoughts and emotions, keeping moving and finding leeway.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To retain workers with LBP, this qualitative investigation suggests future intervention efforts should focus on worker communication and cognitions related to pain, pacing of work and employer efforts to provide leeway for altered job routines.
authors.affiliation: Harvard School of Public Health, Environmental Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. torill.tveito@uni.no
authors.forename: Torill Helene
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Tveito
authors.forename: William S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Shaw
authors.forename: Yueng-Hsiang
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nicholas
authors.forename: Gregory
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wagner
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004651:Employment; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D006801:Humans; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012648:Self Care; D014481:United States; D017132:Workplace