title: Irresponsiveness of two retinoblastoma cases to conservative therapy correlates with up- regulation of hERG1 channels and of the VEGF-A pathway.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Treatment strategies for Retinoblastoma (RB), the most common primary intraocular tumor in children, have evolved over the past few decades and chemoreduction is currently the most popular treatment strategy. Despite success, systemic chemotherapeutic treatment has relevant toxicity, especially in the pediatric population. Antiangiogenic therapy has thus been proposed as a valuable alternative for pediatric malignancies, in particolar RB. Indeed, it has been shown that vessel density correlates with both local invasive growth and presence of metastases in RB, suggesting that angiogenesis could play a pivotal role for both local and systemic invasive growth in RB. We present here two cases of sporadic, bilateral RB that did not benefit from the conservative treatment and we provide evidence that the VEGF-A pathway is significantly up-regulated in both RB cases along with an over expression of hERG1 K+ channels.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two patients showed a sporadic, bilateral RB, classified at Stage II of the Reese-Elsworth Classification. Neither of them got benefits from conservative treatment, and the two eyes were enucleated. In samples from both RB cases we studied the VEGF-A pathway: VEGF-A showed high levels in the vitreous, the vegf-a, flt-1, kdr, and hif1-α transcripts were over-expressed. Moreover, both the transcripts and proteins of the hERG1 K+ channels turned out to be up-regulated in the two RB cases compared to the non cancerous retinal tissue.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We provide evidence that the VEGF-A pathway is up-regulated in two particular aggressive cases of bilateral RB, which did not experience any benefit from conservative treatment, showing the overexpression of the vegf-a, flt-1, kdr and hif1-α transcripts and the high secretion of VEGF-A. Moreover we also show for the first time that the herg1 gene transcripts and protein are over expressed in RB, as occurs in several aggressive tumors. These results further stress the relevance of the VEGF-A pathway in RB and the correlation with hERG1, making aggressive and recurrent RB cases good candidates for antiangiogenesis therapies based on the targeting of VEGF-A.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Pathology and Oncology, University of Florence Viale G,B, Morgagni, Florence - Italy. annarosa.arcangeli@unifi.it
authors.forename: Pina
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fortunato
authors.forename: Serena
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pillozzi
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tamburini
authors.forename: Liliana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pollazzi
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Franchi
authors.forename: Agostino
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: La Torre
authors.forename: Annarosa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Arcangeli
mesh_terms: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; D051638:Ether-A-Go-Go Potassium Channels / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D019572:Retinal Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000628:therapy*; D012175:Retinoblastoma / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000628:therapy*; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors; D051638:Ether-A-Go-Go Potassium Channels; C496884:KCNH1 protein, human; C467484:VEGFA protein, human; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A