title: Comparative study between probe focussed sonication and conventional stirring in the evaluation of cadmium and copper in plants.
abstract: Ultrasound (US)-assisted extraction has been widely used for metal ion extraction in plants due to its unique properties of decreased extraction time, minimal contamination, low reagent consumption and low cost. However, very few papers present a sound comparison between probe-focussed sonication and conventional stirring in the evaluation of metal ion extraction in plants. In this study, ultrasonic-assisted digestion has been evaluated and compared to magnetic stirring for total copper and cadmium determination by atomic absorption spectrometry in biological samples (plants, plankton and mussels). The same experimental conditions of sample amount and particle size, extractant solution and extraction time were applied for both ultrasound and magnetic stirring-assisted extraction methods in order to truly compare their effect on metal ion solubilisation. To gain further insight in this issue, dried and fresh plants were tested. The results obtained indicated that osmotic tension in cell walls, produced when dried and powdered samples were immersed in the extractant solution, had an important contribution to metal ion solubilisation, the enhancement due to US for the same purpose being negligible.
authors.affiliation: Centro de Engenharia Química e Biológica, Instituto Superior Técnico, Technical University of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.forename: Luís P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Fonseca
authors.forename: José L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Capelo
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Armas
authors.forename: Fernanda
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Vilhena
authors.forename: Ana P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Pinto
authors.forename: Maria L S
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Gonçalves
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Mota
mesh_terms: D002104:Cadmium / Q000032:analysis*; D003300:Copper / Q000032:analysis*; D010944:Plants / Q000737:chemistry*; D013010:Sonication; D014465:Ultrasonics
chemical_list: D002104:Cadmium; D003300:Copper