title: Thyroid and parathyroid surgery in pregnancy.
abstract: The consideration of surgery during pregnancy requires weighing the benefit of urgent surgery against the risk to mother and fetus. Surgery during pregnancy involves an increase in both maternal and fetal risks. Thyroid and parathyroid surgery involves physiological risks to both mother and fetus specific to the disease and function of these endocrine glands. Evaluation of a thyroid mass is similar in pregnant patients with ultrasound and fine-needle aspiration biopsy providing the most important information, while the use of radiographic imaging is severely constrained except when specifically required. In general, thyroid surgery can be delayed until after delivery except in cases of airway compromise or aggressive cancer. In contrast, parathyroid surgery is recommended during pregnancy to avoid adverse effects to the neonate.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Division of Metabolic, Endocrine and Minimally Invasive Surgery, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Randall P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Owen
authors.forename: Katherine J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Chou
authors.forename: Carl E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Silver
authors.forename: Yaakov
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Beilin
authors.forename: Jian J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Robert T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Yanagisawa
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rinaldo
authors.forename: Ashok R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Shaha
authors.forename: Alfio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ferlito
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D010279:Parathyroid Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013959:Thyroid Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome