title: Dietary choline requirements of women: effects of estrogen and genetic variation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Choline is obtained from the diet and from the biosynthesis of phosphatidylcholine. Phosphatidylcholine is catalyzed by the enzyme phosphatidylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PEMT), which is induced by estrogen. Because they have lower estrogen concentrations, postmenopausal women are more susceptible to the risk of organ dysfunction in response to a low-choline diet. A common genetic polymorphism (rs12325817) in the PEMT gene can also increase this risk.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective was to determine whether the risk of low choline-related organ dysfunction increases with the number of alleles of rs12325817 in premenopausal women and whether postmenopausal women (with or without rs12325817) treated with estrogen are more resistant to developing such symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Premenopausal women (n = 27) consumed a choline-sufficient diet followed by a very-low-choline diet until they developed organ dysfunction (or for 42 d), which was followed by a high-choline diet. Postmenopausal women (n = 22) were placed on the same diets but were first randomly assigned to receive estrogen or a placebo. The women were monitored for organ dysfunction and plasma choline metabolites and were genotyped for rs12325817.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A dose-response effect of rs12325817 on the risk of choline-related organ dysfunction was observed in premenopausal women: 80%, 43%, and 13% of women with 2, 1, or 0 alleles, respectively, developed organ dysfunction. Among postmenopausal women, 73% who received placebo but only 18% who received estrogen developed organ dysfunction during the low-choline diet.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because of their lower estrogen concentrations, postmenopausal women have a higher dietary requirement for choline than do premenopausal women. Choline requirements for both groups of women are further increased by rs12325817. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00065546.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health and School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Leslie M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.forename: Kerry-Ann
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: da Costa
authors.forename: Lester
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kwock
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Galanko
authors.forename: Steven H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Zeisel
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000483:Alleles; D002794:Choline / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002796:Choline Deficiency / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics* / Q000517:prevention & control; D004032:Diet; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy; D004967:Estrogens / Q000502:physiology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004966:Estrogens, Conjugated (USP) / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005234:Fatty Liver / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008593:Menopause; D008875:Middle Aged; D018673:Nutrition Policy; D009751:Nutritional Requirements; D050918:Phosphatidylethanolamine N-Methyltransferase / Q000235:genetics*; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D004967:Estrogens; D004966:Estrogens, Conjugated (USP); D050918:Phosphatidylethanolamine N-Methyltransferase; D002794:Choline