title: Evaluation of pullout strength and failure mechanism of posterior instrumentation in normal and osteopenic thoracic vertebrae.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There is limited data on the pullout strength of spinal fixation devices in the thoracic spine among individuals with different bone quality. An in vitro biomechanical study on the thoracic spine was performed to compare the pullout strength and the mechanism of failure of 4 posterior fixation thoracic constructs in relation to bone mineral density (BMD).
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 80 vertebrae from 11 fresh-frozen thoracic spines (T2-12) were used. Based on the results from peripheral quantitative CT, specimens were divided into 2 groups (normal and osteopenic) according to their BMD. They were then randomly assigned to 1 of 4 different instrumentation systems (sublaminar wires, pedicle screws, lamina claw hooks, or pedicle screws with wires). The construct was completed with 2 titanium rods and 2 transverse connectors, creating a stable frame. The pullout force to failure perpendicular to the rods as well as the pattern of fixation failure was recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean pullout force in the osteopenic Group A (36 vertebrae) was 473.2 ± 179.2 N and in the normal BMD Group B (44 vertebrae) was 1414.5 ± 554.8 N. In Group A, no significant difference in pullout strength was encountered among the different implants (p = 0.96). In Group B, the hook system failed because of dislocation with significantly less force than the other 3 constructs (931.9 ± 345.1 N vs an average of 1538.6 ± 532.7 N; p = 0.02). In the osteopenic group, larger screws demonstrated greater resistance to pullout (p = 0.011). The most common failure mechanism in both groups was through pedicle base fracture.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bone quality is an important factor that influences stability of posterior thoracic implants. Fixation strength in the osteopenic group was one-fourth of the value measured in vertebrae with good bone quality, irrespective of the instrumentation used. However, in normal bone quality vertebrae, the lamina hook claw system dislocated with significantly less force when compared with other spinal implants. Further studies are needed to investigate the impact of different transpedicular screw designs on the pullout strength in normal and osteopenic thoracic spines.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hellenic Air Force Hospital, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Odysseas
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Paxinos
authors.forename: Parmenion P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Tsitsopoulos
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Zindrick
authors.forename: Leonard I
authors.initials: LI
authors.lastname: Voronov
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Lorenz
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Havey
authors.forename: Avinash G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Patwardhan
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D015519:Bone Density; D001851:Bone Diseases, Metabolic / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D001858:Bone Nails; D001860:Bone Plates; D001863:Bone Screws; D001864:Bone Wires; D004867:Equipment Design; D004868:Equipment Failure; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008422:Materials Testing / Q000295:instrumentation; D009984:Orthopedic Fixation Devices / Q000009:adverse effects; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures; D011859:Radiography; D016103:Spinal Fractures / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D013904:Thoracic Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D014025:Titanium
chemical_list: D014025:Titanium