title: Prenatal exposure to lead and cognitive deficit in 7- and 14-year-old children in the presence of concomitant exposure to similar molar concentration of methylmercury.
abstract: Few studies have examined the effects of mixed metal exposures in humans. We have evaluated the effect of prenatal lead exposure in a Faroese birth cohort in the presence of similar molar-level exposure to methylmercury. A cohort of 1022 singleton births was assembled in the Faroe Islands during 1986-1987 from whom lead was measured in cord-blood. A total of 896 cohort subjects participated in a clinical examination at age 7 and 808 subjects in a second examination at age 14. We evaluated the association between cord-blood lead concentrations and cognitive deficits (attention/working memory, language, visuospatial, and memory) using multiple regression models. Overall, the lead concentration showed no clear pattern of association. However, in subjects with a low methylmercury exposure, after inclusion of statistical interaction terms, lead-associated adverse effects on cognitive functions were observed. In particular, higher cord-blood lead was associated with a lower digit span forward score on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R) [beta=-1.70, 95% confidence interval (CI): -3.12 to -0.28] at age 7 and a lower digit span backward score on the WISC-R (beta=-2.73, 95%CI: -4.32 to -1.14) at age 14. Some interaction terms between lead and methylmercury suggested that the combined effect of the exposures was less than additive. The present study indicates that adverse effects of exposure may be overlooked if the effects of a co-pollutant are ignored. The present study supports the existence of adverse effects on cognitive functions at prenatal lead exposures corresponding to an average cord-blood concentration of 16 μg/L.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02215, USA. tyorifuj@hsph.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yorifuji
authors.forename: Frodi
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Debes
authors.forename: Pal
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Weihe
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Grandjean
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D005260:Female; D005312:Fetal Blood / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007854:Lead / Q000097:blood / Q000633:toxicity*; D008297:Male; D008767:Methylmercury Compounds / Q000097:blood / Q000633:toxicity*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012923:Social Class; D014888:Wechsler Scales
chemical_list: D008767:Methylmercury Compounds; D007854:Lead