title: Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) as early predictors for survival in patients with severe sepsis or septic shock.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Severe sepsis, septic shock, and resulting organ failure appear as the most common cause of death in intensive care medicine. Inflammatory mediators (interleukin-6/IL-6), cell adhesion molecules (intercellular adhesion molecule-1/ICAM-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1/VCAM-1), and redox active substances (manganese superoxide dismutase/MnSOD, macrophage migration inhibitory factor/MIF) must be considered to be central hubs in the inflammatory process. However, their exact pathophysiologic function and prognostic value are still poorly understood.
  
  
  METHODS
  In total, 133 individuals (87 patients with severe sepsis or septic shock, 28 postoperative patients after major abdominal surgery, 18 healthy volunteers) were enrolled in the study. Blood samples from septic patients were collected within 24 h after the time of sepsis diagnosis, and 48 and 120 h later; samples from healthy volunteers were collected once, and samples from postoperative patients once immediately after surgery. In all patients we measured plasma levels of IL-6, sICAM-1, sVCAM-1, MnSOD, and MIF using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Healthy volunteers and postoperative patients showed comparable levels of cell adhesion molecules. Furthermore, their redox system was activated in a comparable manner, whereas in postoperative patients IL-6 was significantly elevated. Plasma levels of inflammatory mediators, cell adhesion molecules and redox active substances were significantly elevated in septic patients. In patients with sepsis who had died, plasma levels of MIF and MnSOD were significantly elevated in comparison with survivors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results therefore demonstrate that redox active substances may play an important role in the septic inflammatory response. MIF and MnSOD appear to be early predictors for survival in septic patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany. Thorsten.Brenner@med.uni-heidelberg.de
authors.forename: Thorsten
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Brenner
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hofer
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rosenhagen
authors.forename: Jochen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Steppan
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lichtenstern
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Weitz
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bruckner
authors.forename: Ivan K
authors.initials: IK
authors.lastname: Lukic
authors.forename: Eike
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Angelika
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bierhaus
authors.forename: Ursula
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
authors.forename: Markus A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Weigand
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D019746:Intramolecular Oxidoreductases / Q000097:blood* / Q000276:immunology; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008263:Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors / Q000097:blood* / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000276:immunology*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012772:Shock, Septic / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology / Q000401:mortality; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000097:blood* / Q000276:immunology; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: C508600:IL6 protein, human; D015850:Interleukin-6; D008263:Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D019746:Intramolecular Oxidoreductases; C515598:MIF protein, human