title: Genetic determinants of time perception mediated by the serotonergic system.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The present study investigates neurobiological underpinnings of individual differences in time perception.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-four right-handed Russian Caucasian males (18-35 years old) participated in the experiment. The polymorphism of the genes related to the activity of serotonin (5-HT) and dopamine (DA)-systems (such as 5-HTT, 5HT2a, MAOA, DAT, DRD2, COMT) was determined upon the basis of DNA analysis according to a standard procedure. Time perception in the supra-second range (mean duration 4.8 s) was studied, using the duration discrimination task and parametric fitting of psychometric functions, resulting in individual determination of the point of subjective equality (PSE). Assuming the 'dual klepsydra model' of internal duration representation, the PSE values were transformed into equivalent values of the parameter κ (kappa), which is a measure of the 'loss rate' of the duration representation. An association between time representation parameters (PSE and κ, respectively) and 5-HT-related genes was found, but not with DA-related genes. Higher 'loss rate' (κ) of the cumulative duration representation were found for the carriers of genotypes characterized by higher 5-HT transmission, i.e., 1) lower 5-HT reuptake, known for the 5-HTTLPR SS polymorphism compared with LL, 2) lower 5-HT degradation, described for the 'low expression' variant of MAOA VNTR gene compared with 'high expression' variant, and 3) higher 5-HT2a receptor density, proposed for the TT polymorphism of 5-HT2a T102C gene compared with CC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Convergent findings of the present study and previous psychopharmacological studies suggest an action path from 5-HT-activity-related genes, via activity of 5-HT in the brain, to time perception. An involvement of the DA-system in the encoding of durations in the supra-second range is questioned.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia. olga.v.sysoeva@gmail.com
authors.forename: Olga V
authors.initials: OV
authors.lastname: Sysoeva
authors.forename: Alexander G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Tonevitsky
authors.forename: Jirí
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wackermann
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism; D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism*; D050483:Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D012701:Serotonin / Q000378:metabolism*; D050486:Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D013998:Time Perception; D044465:White People / Q000235:genetics; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D050483:Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; D050486:Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; D012701:Serotonin; D004298:Dopamine