title: A prospective study comparing the functional impact of SIEA, DIEP, and muscle-sparing free TRAM flaps on the abdominal wall: part I. unilateral reconstruction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this two-part study was to demonstrate the impact of free flap breast reconstruction on the abdominal wall. In Part I, the authors present the results for unilateral techniques.
  
  
  METHODS
  A blinded, prospective, cohort study was performed involving 234 free flap breast reconstruction patients. Patients were evaluated preoperatively, and followed for 1 year. At each encounter, patients underwent abdominal strength testing using the Upper and Lower Rectus Abdominis Manual Muscle Function Test, the Functional Independence Measure, and psychometric testing using the 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey. Patients also completed a satisfaction questionnaire specific to breast reconstruction. Statistical analysis included the Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney, Friedman, and Wilcoxon signed rank tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two-hundred thirty-four patients were enrolled. Of these, 157 underwent reconstruction (75 of which were unilateral), completed follow-up, and were included in the analysis. There was a significantly greater decline in upper abdominal strength in patients undergoing muscle-sparing free transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous (TRAM) flap surgery compared with deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap surgery at early (p = 0.01) and late follow-up (p = 0.02). Unilateral superficial inferior epigastric artery flap procedures (n = 3) were too few for a meaningful conclusion to be reached. Lower abdominal and Functional Independence Measure scores showed no significant differences. Psychometric testing showed that there was a significant decline in physical health within the free TRAM flap group. No significant difference among groups was appreciable.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In unilateral cases, the impact of the muscle-sparing free TRAM flap versus the DIEP flap follows theoretical predictions based on the degree of muscle sacrifice: the muscle-sparing free TRAM flap demonstrated a greater decline than the DIEP flap in certain measurable parameters.
authors.affiliation: Houston, Texas; Philadelphia, Pa.; and Washington, D.C. From the Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center; the Divisions of Plastic Surgery and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania; and the Department of Plastic Surgery, Georgetown University.
authors.forename: Jesse C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Selber
authors.forename: Jonas
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: Joshua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fosnot
authors.forename: Jesse
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Goldstein
authors.forename: Meredith
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bergey
authors.forename: Seema S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Sonnad
authors.forename: Joseph M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Serletti
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D019074:Epigastric Arteries / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D058752:Free Tissue Flaps / Q000098:blood supply; D006084:Graft Rejection; D006085:Graft Survival; D006801:Humans; D016462:Mammaplasty / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D017568:Rectus Abdominis / Q000098:blood supply / Q000637:transplantation*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D013524:Surgical Flaps / Q000098:blood supply*; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome