title: Micrometastasis of endometrial cancer to sentinel lymph nodes: is it an artifact of uterine manipulation?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine if micrometastasis (MM) and isolated tumor cells (ITCs) in sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) of endometrial cancer patients are artifactual and related to uterine manipulation at the time of diagnosis and surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed a prospectively maintained database of all patients with endometrial cancer undergoing SLN mapping between 2005 and 2009. MM was defined as a focus of metastatic cancer ranging from 0.2 to 2mm. ITCs were defined as metastasis measuring ≤ 0.2mm, including the presence of single, non-cohesive cytokeratin-positive tumor cells. We reviewed the effect of diagnostic procedure such as dilatation and curettage (D&C) versus biopsy and type of hysterectomy performed on the presence of MM and ITCs in SLNs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all, 175 patients had successful SLN mapping. Of these, 145 (83%) had negative nodes, 11 (6%) had positive nodes, and 19 (11%) met the criteria for MM and ITC. The uterine procedure used to diagnose endometrial cancer, type of hysterectomy, tumor grade, histology, positive pelvic washings, and type of uterine manipulator utilized, did not appear to be associated with MM/ITC. However, the presence of lymphovascular invasion (P < 0.001) and the depth of myometrial invasion (P = 0.01) were significantly higher in the MM/ITC group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data demonstrate that the presence of MM and ITCs in SLNs of endometrial cancer patients is not an artifact of uterine manipulation or instrumentation. Rather, it is a real pathologic finding likely associated with lymphovascular invasion and depth of myoinvasion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology & Women's Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, NY, NY 10029, USA.
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Frimer
authors.forename: Fady
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Khoury-Collado
authors.forename: Melissa P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.forename: Richard R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Barakat
authors.forename: Nadeem R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Abu-Rustum
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016208:Databases, Factual; D016889:Endometrial Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000473:pathology*; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009366:Neoplasm Seeding; D021701:Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy