Cytokine levels in sites of chronic periodontitis of poorly controlled and well-controlled type 2 diabetic subjects.
OBJECTIVE
This study compared the levels of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-4, IL-17 and IL-23 in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) from well-controlled and poorly controlled type 2 diabetic subjects with chronic periodontitis, before and after periodontal therapy.


METHODS
Eighteen well-controlled (glycated haemoglobin levels ≤8%) and 20 poorly controlled (glycated haemoglobin levels >8%) diabetic subjects were enrolled in this study. All subjects were submitted to non-surgical periodontal therapy. GCF sampling and clinical periodontal parameters were assessed before, 3 and 6 months post-therapy. Total amounts and concentrations of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-17 and IL-23 in the GCF were analysed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).


RESULTS
The levels of IL-17 were higher in poorly than in well-controlled subjects (p<0.05), whereas the levels of IFN-γ were increased in well- compared with poorly controlled subjects at all experimental groups (p<0.05). In addition, IL-4 levels were lower in well- than poorly controlled diabetic subjects at baseline (p<0.05). There were no differences between groups for TNF-α and IL-23 at any time points (p>0.05).


CONCLUSIONS
These results indicate a predominance of pro-inflammatory T-helper type 1 (Th1)- or Th17-cytokines in sites of chronic periodontitis from type 2 diabetic subjects, according to their glycaemic control.
Santos
Vanessa Renata
VR
Department of Periodontology, Dental Research Division, Guarulhos University, São Paulo, Brazil.
Ribeiro
Fernanda Vieira
FV
Lima
Jadson Almeida
JA
Napimoga
Marcelo Henrique
MH
Bastos
Marta Ferreira
MF
Duarte
Poliana Mendes
PM
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D055113:Chronic Periodontitis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000628:therapy; D016207:Cytokines / Q000032:analysis*; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000517:prevention & control; D003777:Dental Prophylaxis; D012534:Dental Scaling; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005883:Gingival Crevicular Fluid / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000032:analysis; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000032:analysis; D020381:Interleukin-17 / Q000032:analysis; D053759:Interleukin-23 / Q000032:analysis; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009910:Oral Hygiene; D017622:Periodontal Attachment Loss / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy; D010512:Periodontal Index; D010514:Periodontal Pocket / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy; D016745:Root Planing; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis
D001786:Blood Glucose; D016207:Cytokines; C508598:IL4 protein, human; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D020381:Interleukin-17; D053759:Interleukin-23; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D015847:Interleukin-4; D007371:Interferon-gamma