title: Three-dimensional culture of rat BMMSCs in a porous chitosan-gelatin scaffold: A promising association for bone tissue engineering in oral reconstruction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  this study investigated the in vitro effects of a chitosan-gelatin scaffold on growth and osteogenic differentiation of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) in three-dimensional (3D) cultures and evaluated the biomaterial biocompatibility and degradability after its grafting into tooth sockets of rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  a porous chitosan-gelatin scaffold cross-linked by glutaraldehyde was synthesised and characterised by light (LM), scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), energy dispersion spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Rat BMMSCs were isolated, expanded and seeded onto scaffold using Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM) with or without an osteogenic supplement. Cell viability by MTT assay, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and morphological LM and SEM analysis were performed after 1, 3, 8 and 14 days in culture. Free-cell scaffolds were implanted into tooth sockets of Lewis rats after upper first molars extraction. Fifteen male recipient rats were sacrificed after 5, 21 and 35 days for histological analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  scaffold characterisation revealed the porous structure, organic and amorphous content. This biomaterial promoted the adhesion, spreading and in vitro viability of the BMMSCs. Osteogenic-supplemented media did not improve the cellular response compared to DMEM. The biomaterial presented high biocompatibility and slow biodegradation in vivo. Remains of biomaterial were still observed at 21 and 35 days after implantation. However, on the 21st day, alveolar bone and epithelial healing were completely established.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  these results indicate that chitosan-gelatin support the adhesion and osteogenic differentiation of rat BMMSCs and offer adequate physico-chemical and biological properties for use as scaffolds in bone tissue engineering-related strategies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Morphology, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Presidente Antônio Carlos Avenue 6627, 31.270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Suzana C C C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Miranda
authors.forename: Gerluza A B
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: Rafaela C R
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Hell
authors.forename: Maximiliano D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Martins
authors.forename: José B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Alves
authors.forename: Alfredo M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Goes
mesh_terms: D020341:Absorbable Implants; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000032:analysis; D000539:Alveolar Process / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000502:physiology*; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000502:physiology; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000502:physiology; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000502:physiology; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000502:physiology; D048271:Chitosan / Q000737:chemistry; D004848:Epithelium / Q000502:physiology; D005780:Gelatin / Q000737:chemistry; D008297:Male; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000502:physiology*; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D019647:Oral Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats; D011917:Rats, Inbred Lew; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D013052:Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission; D023822:Tissue Engineering; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds / Q000737:chemistry; D020390:Tooth Socket / Q000601:surgery; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000502:physiology; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D005780:Gelatin; D048271:Chitosan; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase