title: Self-stigma, empowerment and perceived discrimination among people with bipolar disorder or depression in 13 European countries: the GAMIAN-Europe study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is little information on the degree to which self-stigma is experienced by individuals with a diagnosis of bipolar disorder or depression across Europe. This study describes the levels of self-stigma, stigma resistance, empowerment and perceived discrimination reported in these groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected from 1182 people with bipolar disorder or depression using a mail survey with members of national mental health non-governmental organisations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over one fifth of the participants (21.7%) reported moderate or high levels of self-stigma, 59.7% moderate or high stigma resistance, 63% moderate or high empowerment, and 71.6% moderate or high perceived discrimination. In a reduced multivariate model 27% of the variance in self-stigma scores, among people with a diagnosis of bipolar disorder or depression, was accounted for by levels of empowerment, perceived discrimination, number of areas of social contact, education and employment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings are limited by the use of an unweighted sample of members of mental health charity organisations which may be unrepresentative of the reference population.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that self-stigma occurs among approximately 1 in 5 people with bipolar disorder or depression in Europe. The tailoring of interventions to counteract (or fight against) the elements of self-stigma which are most problematic for the group, be they alienation, stereotype endorsement, social withdrawal or discrimination experience, may confer benefit to people with such disorders.
authors.affiliation: Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, England. elaine.brohan@iop.kcl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Elaine
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Brohan
authors.forename: Dolores
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gauci
authors.forename: Norman
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sartorius
authors.forename: Graham
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Thornicroft
mesh_terms: D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D004522:Educational Status; D004651:Employment / Q000523:psychology; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011209:Power, Psychological; D011287:Prejudice; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012649:Self Concept; D012934:Social Isolation / Q000523:psychology; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires