title: Testing endocrine disruption in biota samples: a method to remove interfering lipids and natural hormones.
abstract: A cleanup method was developed to remove coextracted lipids and natural hormones from biota samples in order to test the endocrine-disrupting (ED) capacity of their extracts in in vitro bioassays. Unspiked and spiked fish tissues were cleaned with a combination of dialysis, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and normal-phase liquid chromatography (NP-HPLC). The spiking mixture consisted of a broad range of environmental pollutants (endocrine disruptors and genotoxic compounds). Chemical recoveries of each test compound, and thyroid-hormone-like and (anti)androgenic activities of the cleaned extracts were investigated. Despite the chemical and toxicological complexity of the spiking mixture and the sequential sample treatment, chemical analysis revealed acceptable recoveries on average: 89 ± 8% after each cleanup step separately and 75 ± 3% after the whole extraction and cleanup procedure in the extracts. In addition, recovered activities in the bioassays were in good agreement with the spiking levels. The developed cleanup method proved to be capable of lipid and natural hormone removal from fish extracts, enabling the measurement of selected endocrine-hormone-like activities in T(4)*-TTR and AR-CALUX bioassays. The method can be used as a sample preparation method of biota samples for toxicity profiling and effect-directed analysis (EDA).
authors.affiliation: Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM), VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Eszter
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Simon
authors.forename: Marja H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Lamoree
authors.forename: Timo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hamers
authors.forename: Jana M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Weiss
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Balaam
authors.forename: Jacob
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: de Boer
authors.forename: Pim E G
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Leonards
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005591:Chemical Fractionation; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000633:toxicity*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D005399:Fishes / Q000378:metabolism; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D006728:Hormones / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D008055:Lipids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D011869:Radioligand Assay; D018675:Toxicity Tests / Q000379:methods*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D052244:Endocrine Disruptors; D006728:Hormones; D008055:Lipids; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical