title: TULP3 bridges the IFT-A complex and membrane phosphoinositides to promote trafficking of G protein-coupled receptors into primary cilia.
abstract: Primary cilia function as a sensory signaling compartment in processes ranging from mammalian Hedgehog signaling to neuronal control of obesity. Intraflagellar transport (IFT) is an ancient, conserved mechanism required to assemble cilia and for trafficking within cilia. The link between IFT, sensory signaling, and obesity is not clearly defined, but some novel monogenic obesity disorders may be linked to ciliary defects. The tubby mouse, which presents with adult-onset obesity, arises from mutation in the Tub gene. The tubby-like proteins comprise a related family of poorly understood proteins with roles in neural development and function. We find that specific Tubby family proteins, notably Tubby-like protein 3 (TULP3), bind to the IFT-A complex. IFT-A is linked to retrograde ciliary transport, but, surprisingly, we find that the IFT-A complex has a second role directing ciliary entry of TULP3. TULP3 and IFT-A, in turn, promote trafficking of a subset of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), but not Smoothened, to cilia. Both IFT-A and membrane phosphoinositide-binding properties of TULP3 are required for ciliary GPCR localization. TULP3 and IFT-A proteins both negatively regulate Hedgehog signaling in the mouse embryo, and the TULP3-IFT-A interaction suggests how these proteins cooperate during neural tube patterning.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Regulation, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA. saikatm@gene.com
authors.forename: Saikat
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mukhopadhyay
authors.forename: Xiaohui
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wen
authors.forename: Ben
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Chih
authors.forename: Christopher D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: William S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Lane
authors.forename: Suzie J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Scales
authors.forename: Peter K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Jackson
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002923:Cilia / Q000378:metabolism*; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D053823:Hedgehog Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D046912:Multiprotein Complexes / Q000378:metabolism; D010716:Phosphatidylinositols / Q000378:metabolism*; D011485:Protein Binding; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D021381:Protein Transport; D011506:Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000378:metabolism*; D016415:Sequence Alignment
chemical_list: D053823:Hedgehog Proteins; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D046912:Multiprotein Complexes; D010716:Phosphatidylinositols; D011506:Proteins; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; C485499:Tulp3 protein, mouse; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins