The Y-chromosome landscape of the Philippines: extensive heterogeneity and varying genetic affinities of Negrito and non-Negrito groups.
The Philippines exhibits a rich diversity of people, languages, and culture, including so-called 'Negrito' groups that have for long fascinated anthropologists, yet little is known about their genetic diversity. We report here, a survey of Y-chromosome variation in 390 individuals from 16 Filipino ethnolinguistic groups, including six Negrito groups, from across the archipelago. We find extreme diversity in the Y-chromosome lineages of Filipino groups with heterogeneity seen in both Negrito and non-Negrito groups, which does not support a simple dichotomy of Filipino groups as Negrito vs non-Negrito. Filipino non-recombining region of the human Y chromosome lineages reflect a chronology that extends from after the initial colonization of the Asia-Pacific region, to the time frame of the Austronesian expansion. Filipino groups appear to have diverse genetic affinities with different populations in the Asia-Pacific region. In particular, some Negrito groups are associated with indigenous Australians, with a potential time for the association ranging from the initial colonization of the region to more recent (after colonization) times. Overall, our results indicate extensive heterogeneity contributing to a complex genetic history for Filipino groups, with varying roles for migrations from outside the Philippines, genetic drift, and admixture among neighboring groups.
Delfin
Frederick
F
DNA Analysis Laboratory, Natural Sciences Research Institute, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines.
Salvador
Jazelyn M
JM
Calacal
Gayvelline C
GC
Perdigon
Henry B
HB
Tabbada
Kristina A
KA
Villamor
Lilian P
LP
Halos
Saturnina C
SC
Gunnarsdóttir
Ellen
E
Myles
Sean
S
Hughes
David A
DA
Xu
Shuhua
S
Jin
Li
L
Lao
Oscar
O
Kayser
Manfred
M
Hurles
Matthew E
ME
Stoneking
Mark
M
De Ungria
Maria Corazon A
MC
D044466:Asian People / Q000235:genetics*; D044383:Black People / Q000235:genetics*; D041322:Chromosomes, Human, Y / Q000235:genetics*; D004641:Emigration and Immigration; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000235:genetics; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005828:Genetics, Population; D006239:Haplotypes; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010679:Philippines / Q000208:ethnology; D044382:Population Groups / Q000235:genetics; D012984:Software