title: Memory capacity, selective control, and value-directed remembering in children with and without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The ability to select what is important to remember, to attend to this information, and to recall high-value items leads to the efficient use of memory. The present study examined how children with and without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) performed on an incentive-based selectivity task in which to-be-remembered items were worth different point values.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were 6-9 year old children with ADHD (n = 57) and without ADHD (n = 59). Using a selectivity task, participants studied words paired with point values and were asked to maximize their score, which was the overall value of the items they recalled. This task allows for measures of memory capacity and the ability to selectively remember high-value items.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although there were no significant between-groups differences in the number of words recalled (memory capacity), children with ADHD were less selective than children in the control group in terms of the value of the items they recalled (control of memory). All children recalled more high-value items than low-value items and showed some learning with task experience, but children with ADHD Combined type did not efficiently maximize memory performance (as measured by a selectivity index) relative to children with ADHD Inattentive type and healthy controls, who did not differ significantly from one another.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Children with ADHD Combined type exhibit impairments in the strategic and efficient encoding and recall of high-value items. The findings have implications for theories of memory dysfunction in childhood ADHD and the key role of metacognition, cognitive control, and value-directed remembering when considering the strategic use of memory.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1563, USA. castel@ucla.edu
authors.forename: Alan D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Castel
authors.forename: Steve S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Kathryn L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Humphreys
authors.forename: Amy N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Moore
mesh_terms: D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000150:complications*; D002648:Child; D002755:Choice Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D004522:Educational Status; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007361:Intelligence Tests; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D011939:Mental Recall / Q000502:physiology*; D009042:Motivation / Q000502:physiology*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D012737:Sex Factors; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D014706:Verbal Learning / Q000502:physiology*; D014825:Vocabulary