title: Influence of gender on loss to follow-up in a large HIV treatment programme in western Kenya.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the incidence of loss to follow-up in a treatment programme for people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in Kenya and to investigate how loss to follow-up is affected by gender.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between November 2001 and November 2007, 50 275 HIV-positive individuals aged ≥ 14 years (69% female; median age: 36.2 years) were enrolled in the study. An individual was lost to follow-up when absent from the HIV treatment clinic for > 3 months if on combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) or for > 6 months if not. The incidence of loss to follow-up was calculated using Kaplan-Meier methods and factors associated with loss to follow-up were identified by logistic and Cox multivariate regression analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 8% of individuals attended no follow-up visits, and 54% of them were lost to follow-up. The overall incidence of loss to follow-up was 25.1 per 100 person-years. Among the 92% who attended at least one follow-up visit, the incidence of loss to follow-up before and after starting cART was 27.2 and 14.0 per 100 person-years, respectively. Baseline factors associated with loss to follow-up included younger age, a long travel time to the clinic, patient disclosure of positive HIV status, high CD4+ lymphocyte count, advanced-stage HIV disease, and rural clinic location. Men were at an increased risk overall and before and after starting cART.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The risk of being lost to follow-up was high, particularly before starting cART. Men were more likely to become lost to follow-up, even after adjusting for baseline sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. Interventions designed for men and women separately could improve retention.
authors.affiliation: United States Agency for International Development, Academic Model Providing Access To Healthcare Partnership, Eldoret, Kenya.
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ochieng-Ooko
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ochieng
authors.forename: John E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Sidle
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Holdsworth
authors.forename: Kara
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wools-Kaloustian
authors.forename: Abraham M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Siika
authors.forename: Constantin T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Yiannoutsos
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Owiti
authors.forename: Sylvester
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kimaiyo
authors.forename: Paula
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Braitstein
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007630:Kenya; D059012:Lost to Follow-Up; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents