title: Neuronatin promotes neural lineage in ESCs via Ca(2+) signaling.
abstract: Neural induction is the first step in the formation of the vertebrate central nervous system. The emerging consensus of the mechanisms underlying neural induction is the combined influences from inhibiting bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling and activating fibroblast growth factor (FGF)/Erk signaling, which act extrinsically via either autocrine or paracrine fashions. However, do intrinsic forces (cues) exist and do they play decisive roles in neural induction? These questions remain to be answered. Here, we have identified a novel neural initiator, neuronatin (Nnat), which acts as an intrinsic factor to promote neural fate in mammals and Xenopus. ESCs lacking this intrinsic factor fail to undergo neural induction despite the inhibition of the BMP pathway. We show that Nnat initiates neural induction in ESCs through increasing intracellular Ca(2+) ([Ca(2+) ](i)) by antagonizing Ca(2+) -ATPase isoform 2 (sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) -ATPase isoform 2) in the endoplasmic reticulum, which in turn increases the phosphorylation of Erk1/2 and inhibits the BMP4 pathway and leads to neural induction in conjunction with FGF/Erk pathway.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, Centre for the Cellular Basis of Behaviour London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Hsuan-Hwai
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Esther
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.forename: Dafe
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Uwanogho
authors.forename: Leo W
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Perfect
authors.forename: Harun
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Noristani
authors.forename: Thomas J D
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Bates
authors.forename: Vladimir
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Snetkov
authors.forename: Jack
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Price
authors.forename: Yuh-Man
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Sun
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D020013:Calcium Signaling / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D053595:Embryonic Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D047468:Immunoprecipitation; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D009474:Neurons / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D053498:Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Calcium-Transporting ATPases / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D008565:Membrane Proteins; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; C490239:Nnat protein, mouse; D053498:Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Calcium-Transporting ATPases