title: Effects of pre-pregnancy body mass index and gestational weight gain on infant anthropometric outcomes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and gestational weight gain (GWG) influence infant postnatal growth.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were from the Pregnancy, Infection, and Nutrition study, a prospective pregnancy cohort. Term infants with weight or length measurements at approximately 6 months were included (n = 363). Multivariable regression estimated associations for weight-for-age (WAZ), length-for-age (LAZ), and weight-for-length z-scores (WLZ) and rapid infant weight gain with categorical maternal exposures defined with the 2009 Institute of Medicine recommendations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pre-pregnancy overweight and obesity were associated with higher WAZ (linear regression coefficient [β], 0.32; 95% CI, 0.04-0.61) and WLZ (β, 0.39; 95% CI, 0.02-0.76), respectively. Pre-pregnancy BMI was not associated with LAZ. Excessive GWG was associated with higher WAZ (β, 0.39; 95% CI, 0.15-0.62) and LAZ (β, 0.34; 95% CI, 0.12-0.56). Excessive GWG ≥ 200% of recommended amount was associated with higher WAZ (β, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.28-1.07), LAZ (β, 0.45; 95% CI, 0.06-0.83), and WLZ (β, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.04-0.82). Risk of rapid weight gain increased across maternal exposure categories; however, none of the estimates were significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pre-pregnancy BMI and GWG are modifiable intrauterine exposures that influence infant postnatal anthropometric outcomes. Further investigation with infant body composition measurements is warranted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Mt Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Andrea L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Deierlein
authors.forename: Anna Maria
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Siega-Riz
authors.forename: Linda S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Adair
authors.forename: Amy H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Herring
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000886:Anthropometry; D001724:Birth Weight; D001823:Body Composition; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002657:Child Development / Q000502:physiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D016014:Linear Models; D008429:Maternal Welfare; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011247:Pregnancy; D011295:Prenatal Care / Q000379:methods; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014481:United States; D015430:Weight Gain / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult