title: Corticospinal output and cortical excitation-inhibition balance in distal hand muscle representations in nonprimary motor area.
abstract: Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of the superior frontal gyrus in the non-primary motor area (NPMA) can evoke motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) at 20 ms latency range in contralateral distal hand muscles similar to stimulation of M1 and indicating monosynaptic corticospinal tracts. We compared the intracortical inhibitory and excitatory balance in primary motor cortex (M1) and in NPMA by navigated single- and paired-pulse TMS (ppTMS). We also evaluated the spatial stability of muscle representations in M1 and NPMA by remapping 11 healthy subjects one year after the initial mapping. Resting motor threshold (rMT) was higher in NPMA than in M1 as were the MEP amplitudes evoked by 120% rMT stimulation intensity of the local MT. Short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) was significantly weaker in NPMA than in M1 at ISI of 2 ms and conditioning stimulus (CS) 80% rMT. Our findings suggest that the cortical hand representations in NPMA 1) are connected to lower motoneurons monosynaptically, 2) are less strictly organized, i.e. motoneuron population representing a discrete hand muscle is sparser and less dense than in M1 and 3) have the capacity to generate powerful, rapid muscle contraction if sufficient number of motoneurones are activated. In NPMA, local intracortical inhibitory and excitatory activity is mainly similar to that in M1. The lower SICI in NPMA at an ISI of 2 ms may reflect less strict topographic organization and readiness to reorganization of neural circuits during motor learning or after motor deficits.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland. selja.teitti@gmail.com
authors.forename: Selja
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vaalto
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Säisänen
authors.forename: Mervi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Könönen
authors.forename: Petro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Julkunen
authors.forename: Taina
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hukkanen
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Määttä
authors.forename: Jari
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Karhu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001703:Biophysics; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D004576:Electromyography; D019054:Evoked Potentials, Motor / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006225:Hand / Q000294:innervation*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D009433:Neural Inhibition / Q000502:physiology*; D011712:Pyramidal Tracts / Q000502:physiology*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013997:Time Factors; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation; D055815:Young Adult