title: KB-R7943, an inhibitor of the reverse Na+ /Ca2+ exchanger, blocks N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor and inhibits mitochondrial complex I.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  An isothiourea derivative (2-[2-[4-(4-nitrobenzyloxy)phenyl]ethyl]isothiourea methane sulfonate (KB-R7943), a widely used inhibitor of the reverse Na(+) /Ca(2+) exchanger (NCX(rev)), was instrumental in establishing the role of NCX(rev) in glutamate-induced Ca(2+) deregulation in neurons. Here, the effects of KB-R7943 on N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors and mitochondrial complex I were tested.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fluorescence microscopy, electrophysiological patch-clamp techniques and cellular respirometry with Seahorse XF24 analyzer were used with cultured hippocampal neurons; membrane potential imaging, respirometry and Ca(2+) flux measurements were made in isolated rat brain mitochondria. KEY RESULTS KB-R7943 inhibited NCX(rev) with IC(50) = 5.7 ± 2.1 µM, blocked NMDAR-mediated ion currents, and inhibited NMDA-induced increase in cytosolic Ca(2+) with IC(50) = 13.4 ± 3.6 µM but accelerated calcium deregulation and mitochondrial depolarization in glutamate-treated neurons. KB-R7943 depolarized mitochondria in a Ca(2+) -independent manner. Stimulation of NMDA receptors caused NAD(P)H oxidation that was coupled or uncoupled from ATP synthesis depending on the presence of Ca(2+) in the bath solution. KB-R7943, or rotenone, increased NAD(P)H autofluorescence under resting conditions and suppressed NAD(P)H oxidation following glutamate application. KB-R7943 inhibited 2,4-dinitrophenol-stimulated respiration of cultured neurons with IC(50) = 11.4 ± 2.4 µM. With isolated brain mitochondria, KB-R7943 inhibited respiration, depolarized organelles and suppressed Ca(2+) uptake when mitochondria oxidized complex I substrates but was ineffective when mitochondria were supplied with succinate, a complex II substrate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  KB-R7943, in addition to NCX(rev) , blocked NMDA receptors in cultured hippocampal neurons and inhibited complex I in the mitochondrial respiratory chain. These findings are critical for the correct interpretation of experimental results obtained with KB-R7943 and a better understanding of its neuroprotective action.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA. nbrous@iupui.edu
authors.forename: Tatiana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Brustovetsky
authors.forename: Matthew K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Brittain
authors.forename: Patrick L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Sheets
authors.forename: Theodore R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Cummins
authors.forename: Vsevolod
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Pinelis
authors.forename: Nickolay
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Brustovetsky
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D042967:Electron Transport Complex I / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D018408:Patch-Clamp Techniques; D051381:Rats; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D019831:Sodium-Calcium Exchanger / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D013890:Thiourea / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: C101670:2-(2-(4-(4-nitrobenzyloxy)phenyl)ethyl)isothiourea methanesulfonate; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; D019831:Sodium-Calcium Exchanger; D042967:Electron Transport Complex I; D013890:Thiourea