title: Does trauma risk management reduce psychological distress in deployed troops?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Military personnel exposed to potentially traumatic events whilst deployed on operational duties may develop psychological problems. The Royal Marines have made extensive use of Trauma Risk Management (TRiM), a peer-support system that operates through practitioners embedded within operational units. TRiM aims to promote recognition of psychological illness and to facilitate social support.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effects of TRiM in two units at different stages of implementation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Royal Marines and Army personnel were surveyed prior to, during and upon return from an operational deployment to Afghanistan. Participants completed measures of general mental health (GHQ12) and traumatic stress [PCL(C)].
  
  
  RESULTS
  We received responses from 180 pre-deployment, 105 during deployment and 137 post-deployment. Personnel within units with experience of TRiM reported lower levels of psychological distress than personnel in the unit who were using TRiM for the first time. Both groups reported higher psychological distress scores before and during deployment, compared with post-deployment. However, we found personnel who reported having more access to social support during deployment reported less psychological distress.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of TRiM may assist in increasing the psychological resilience of military personnel through the facilitation of social support; this may have particular utility during operational deployments.
authors.affiliation: Defence Clinical Psychology Service, HQ Surgeon General, DMS Whittington, Lichfield, Staffordshire WS14 9PY, UK.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Frappell-Cooke
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gulina
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hacker Hughes
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Greenberg
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D055826:Afghan Campaign 2001-; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008889:Military Personnel / Q000523:psychology*; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015279:Organizational Culture; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010379:Peer Group; D012308:Risk Management / Q000379:methods; D012944:Social Support; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D055815:Young Adult