title: A controlled study of improvements in student exam performance with the use of an audience response system during medical school lectures.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An audience response system (ARS) is an electronic classroom communication device. There are several educational justifications for using ARS. Our controlled study investigated whether ARS use was associated with improved performance on a course exam.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study used exam scores as the outcome and employed a switching replication design with a paired-samples t test analysis. The control and experimental groups differed only on whether students were expected to use ARS to enter data during lectures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average scores on questions when ARS was used were statistically similar to scores when ARS was not used. A sign test on difference scores confirmed the result. Statistical power was adequate to detect at least a small effect size.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Improvements in test scores found in previous studies may have been due to the inclusion of questions in the lecture rather than the use of ARS. Embedding questions into lectures is beneficial, either with or without ARS technology.
authors.affiliation: Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5525, USA. hstoddard@unmc.edu
authors.forename: Hugh A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Stoddard
authors.forename: Craig A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Piquette
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003142:Communication; D034201:Computers, Handheld; D004501:Education, Medical / Q000379:methods*; D004504:Education, Medical, Undergraduate / Q000379:methods*; D004521:Educational Measurement / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015272:Pulmonary Medicine / Q000193:education*; D013663:Teaching / Q000379:methods*