High-intensity physical exercise disrupts implicit memory in mice: involvement of the striatal glutathione antioxidant system and intracellular signaling.
Physical exercise is a widely accepted behavioral strategy to enhance overall health, including mental function. However, there is controversial evidence showing brain mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative damage and decreased neurotrophin levels after high-intensity exercise, which presumably worsens cognitive performance. Here we investigated learning and memory performance dependent on different brain regions, glutathione antioxidant system, and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), serine/threonine protein kinase (AKT), cAMP response element binding (CREB) and dopamine- and cyclic AMP-regulated phosphoprotein (DARPP)-32 signaling in adult Swiss mice submitted to 9 weeks of high-intensity exercise. The exercise did not alter the animals' performance in the reference and working memory versions of the water maze task. On the other hand, we observed a significant impairment in the procedural memory (an implicit memory that depends on basal ganglia) accompanied by a reduced antioxidant capacity and ERK1/2 and CREB signaling in this region. In addition, we found increased striatal DARPP-32-Thr-75 phosphorylation in trained mice. These findings indicate an increased vulnerability of the striatum to high-intensity exercise associated with the disruption of implicit memory in mice and accompanied by alteration of signaling proteins involved in the plasticity of this brain structure.
Aguiar
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Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88049-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
Boemer
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G
Rial
D
D
Cordova
F M
FM
Mancini
G
G
Walz
R
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de Bem
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AF
Latini
A
A
Leal
R B
RB
Pinho
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RA
Prediger
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D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000502:physiology; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D003342:Corpus Striatum / Q000378:metabolism*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D045222:Electron Transport Chain Complex Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D005080:Exercise Test; D005239:Fear / Q000502:physiology; D046352:Freezing Reaction, Cataleptic / Q000502:physiology; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism*; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D005980:Glutathione Reductase / Q000378:metabolism; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D018782:Maze Learning / Q000502:physiology; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology*; D051379:Mice; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000503:physiopathology; D010805:Physical Conditioning, Animal / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*
D045222:Electron Transport Chain Complex Proteins; D019344:Lactic Acid; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D005980:Glutathione Reductase; D005978:Glutathione