title: Pattern of intravenous proton pump inhibitors use in ICU and Non-ICU setting: a prospective observational study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The use of intravenous acid-suppressive therapy for stress ulcer prophylaxis in critically ill patients with specific risk factors has been recommended for over a decade. However, there is a lack of supporting data regarding the extension of such therapy to non-critically ill patients (non-ICU). The aim of this study was to compare appropriate indications with current practicing patterns in adult non-ICU and ICU patients, contributing factors and financial impact of inappropriate use.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective cross-sectional study was carried out at a tertiary teaching Hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. For a period of 4 consecutive months, all hospitalized patients on IV PPI, aged 18 and above, were identified. A concise listing of indications considered appropriate for the use of IV PPI was pre-defined based on material from available literature and guidelines.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 255 patients received IV PPI. Inappropriate use of IV PPI was significantly higher in non-ICU (71.7%) than in ICU (19.8%) patients (P=0.01). The most common cause for inappropriate use in non-ICU patients was stress ulcer prophylaxis (SUP). In ICU patients, appropriate indicators for IV PPI were SUP (47.9%), PUD (11.5%), and the UGIB (20.8%). There was a high association between appropriate uses of IV PPI with respect to endoscopic procedure and also between appropriate uses of IV PPI to subsequent discharge with oral PPI in non-ICU patients. The total estimated direct cost (drug acquisition cost) for inappropriate use of IV PPI during the study period was 11,000 US dollars.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Inappropriate IV PPI utilization was predominant in non-ICU patients, mostly for stress ulcer prophylaxis that leads to a waste of resources. Applying appropriate policies, procedures and evidence-based guidelines, educated physicians and surgeons can clearly limit inappropriate IV PPI use.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Mohammed S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Alsultan
authors.forename: Ahmed Y
authors.initials: AY
authors.lastname: Mayet
authors.forename: Areej A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Malhani
authors.forename: Mashael K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Alshaikh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000897:Anti-Ulcer Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016638:Critical Illness; D004363:Drug Utilization; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D008297:Male; D010437:Peptic Ulcer / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology; D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013312:Stress, Physiological
chemical_list: D000897:Anti-Ulcer Agents; D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors