title: The pathogenesis of sepsis.
abstract: Sepsis is a serious clinical condition that represents a patient's response to a severe infection and has a very high mortality rate. Normal immune and physiologic responses eradicate pathogens, and the pathophysiology of sepsis is due to the inappropriate regulation of these normal reactions. In an ideal scenario, the first pathogen contact with the inflammatory system should eliminate the microbe and quickly return the host to homeostasis. The septic response may accelerate due to continued activation of neutrophils and macrophages/monocytes. Upregulation of lymphocyte costimulatory molecules and rapid lymphocyte apoptosis, delayed apoptosis of neutrophils, and enhanced necrosis of cells/tissues also contribute to the pathogenesis of sepsis. The coagulation system is closely tied to the inflammatory response, with cross talk between the two systems driving the dysregulated response. Biomarkers may be used to help diagnose patients with sepsis, and they may also help to identify patients who would benefit from immunomodulatory therapies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Massachusetts 02218, USA. dstearns@bu.edu
authors.forename: Deborah J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Stearns-Kurosawa
authors.forename: Marcin F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Osuchowski
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Valentine
authors.forename: Shinichiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kurosawa
authors.forename: Daniel G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Remick
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D015415:Biomarkers; D001777:Blood Coagulation / Q000276:immunology*; D016638:Critical Illness; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D018805:Sepsis / Q000276:immunology* / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers