title: Impact of the penalty points system on road traffic injuries in Spain: a time-series study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We assessed the effectiveness of the penalty points system (PPS) introduced in Spain in July 2006 in reducing traffic injuries.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed an evaluation study with an interrupted time-series design. We stratified dependent variables-numbers of drivers involved in injury collisions and people injured in traffic collisions in Spain from 2000 to 2007 (police data)--by age, injury severity, type of road user, road type, and time of collision, and analyzed variables separately by gender. The explanatory variable (the PPS) compared the postintervention period (July 2006 to December 2007) with the preintervention period (January 2000 to June 2006). We used quasi-Poisson regression, controlling for time trend and seasonality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among men, we observed a significant risk reduction in the postintervention period for seriously injured drivers (relative risk [RR] = 0.89) and seriously injured people (RR = 0.89). The RRs among women were 0.91 (P = .095) and 0.88 (P < .05), respectively. Risk reduction was greater among male drivers, moped riders, and on urban roads.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The PPS was associated with reduced numbers of drivers involved in injury collisions and people injured by traffic collisions in Spain.
authors.affiliation: Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Ana M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Novoa
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pérez
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Santamariña-Rubio
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marí-Dell'Olmo
authors.forename: Josep
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ferrando
authors.forename: Rosana
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Peiró
authors.forename: Aurelio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tobías
authors.forename: Pilar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zori
authors.forename: Carme
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Borrell
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001336:Automobiles / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009049:Motorcycles / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012306:Risk; D040242:Risk Reduction Behavior; D012737:Sex Factors; D013030:Spain / Q000453:epidemiology; D015599:Trauma Severity Indices; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D055815:Young Adult