title: Age-specific effects of hormone therapy use on overall mortality and ischemic heart disease mortality among women in the California Teachers Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although the Women's Health Initiative trial suggested that menopausal hormone therapy (HT) does not reduce coronary heart disease mortality overall, subsequent results have suggested that there may be a benefit in younger women. The California Teachers Study questionnaire and mortality data were used to examine whether age modified the association between HT and the relative risk of overall mortality and ischemic heart disease deaths.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants from the California Teachers Study were 71,237 postmenopausal women (mean age, 63 y; range, 36-94 y) followed prospectively for mortality and other outcomes from 1995-1996 through 2004.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Age at baseline was a much more important modifier of HT effects than was age at start of therapy. Risks for all-cause mortality (n = 8,399) were lower for younger current HT users at baseline than for never users (for women ≤ 0 y: hazard ratio, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.46-0.62). These risk reductions greatly diminished, in a roughly linear fashion, with increasing baseline age (for women 85-94 y: hazard ratio, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.81-1.10 for all-cause mortality). Similar results were seen for ischemic heart disease deaths (n = 1,464). No additional significant modifying effects of age at first use, duration of use, or formulation were apparent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results provide evidence that reduced risks of mortality associated with HT use are observed among younger users but not for older postmenopausal women, even those starting therapy close to their time of menopause.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA. stram@usc.edu
authors.forename: Daniel O
authors.initials: DO
authors.lastname: Stram
authors.forename: Yuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Katherine D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Henderson
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sullivan-Halley
authors.forename: Jianning
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.forename: Tanmai
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Saxena
authors.forename: Peggy
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Reynolds
authors.forename: Ellen T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Susan L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Neuhausen
authors.forename: Pamela L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Horn-Ross
authors.forename: Leslie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bernstein
authors.forename: Giske
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ursin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002140:California; D002423:Cause of Death; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D005178:Faculty; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008593:Menopause; D008875:Middle Aged; D009026:Mortality; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000401:mortality*; D017698:Postmenopause; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D016387:Women's Health