title: Down-regulation of the nucleotide excision repair gene XPG as a new mechanism of drug resistance in human and murine cancer cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Drug resistance is one of the major obstacles limiting the activity of anticancer agents. Activation of DNA repair mechanism often accounts for increase resistance to cancer chemotherapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We present evidence that nemorubicin, a doxorubicin derivative currently in clinical evaluation, acts through a mechanism of action different from classical anthracyclines, requiring an intact nucleotide excision repair (NER) system to exert its activity. Cells made resistant to nemorubicin show increased sensitivity to UV damage. We have analysed the mechanism of resistance and discovered a previously unknown mechanism resulting from methylation-dependent silencing of the XPG gene. Restoration of NER activity through XPG gene transfer or treatment with demethylating agents restored sensitivity to nemorubicin. Furthermore, we found that a significant proportion of ovarian tumors present methylation of the XPG promoter.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Methylation of a NER gene, as described here, is a completely new mechanism of drug resistance and this is the first evidence that XPG gene expression can be influenced by an epigenetic mechanism. The reported methylation of XPG gene could be an important determinant of the response to platinum based therapy. In addition, the mechanism of resistance reported opens up the possibility of reverting the resistant phenotype using combinations with demethylating agents, molecules already employed in the clinical setting.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Maria Antonietta
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Sabatino
authors.forename: Mirko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marabese
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ganzinelli
authors.forename: Elisa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Caiola
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Geroni
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Broggini
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D016466:CHO Cells; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D006224:Cricetinae; D003412:Cricetulus; D019175:DNA Methylation; D004260:DNA Repair / Q000235:genetics*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics*; D004720:Endonucleases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000628:therapy; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D000099250:DNA Excision Repair Protein ERCC-5
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D004720:Endonucleases; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; D000099250:DNA Excision Repair Protein ERCC-5