title: Effects of metal-on-metal wear on the host immune system and infection in hip arthroplasty.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Joint replacement with metal-on-metal (MOM) bearings have gained popularity in the last decades in young and active patients. However, the possible effects of MOM wear debris and its corrosion products are still the subject of debate. Alongside the potential disadvantages such as toxicity, the influences of metal particles and metal ions on infection risk are unclear.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed the available literature on the influence of degradation products of MOM bearings in total hip arthroplasties on infection risk.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Wear products were found to influence the risk of infection by hampering the immune system, by inhibiting or accelerating bacterial growth, and by a possible antibiotic resistance and heavy metal co-selection mechanism.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Whether or not the combined effects of MOM wear products make MOM bearings less or more prone to infection requires investigation in the near future.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Anton H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Hosman
authors.forename: Henny C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: van der Mei
authors.forename: Sjoerd K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Bulstra
authors.forename: Henk J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Busscher
authors.forename: Danielle
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Neut
mesh_terms: D000497:Alloys / Q000009:adverse effects; D019644:Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial / Q000187:drug effects; D006622:Hip Prosthesis / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D007477:Ions; D008670:Metals / Q000009:adverse effects*; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000009:adverse effects; D010316:Particle Size; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D011475:Prosthesis Failure; D016459:Prosthesis-Related Infections / Q000209:etiology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000497:Alloys; D007477:Ions; D008670:Metals; D019216:Metals, Heavy