title: Mechanisms of synergistic antileukemic interactions between valproic acid and cytarabine in pediatric acute myeloid leukemia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the possibility of synergistic antileukemic activity and the underlying molecular mechanisms associated with cytarabine combined with valproic acid (VPA; a histone deacetylase inhibitor and a Food and Drug Administration-licensed drug for treating both children and adults with epilepsy) in pediatric acute myeloid leukemia (AML).
  
  
  METHODS
  The type and extent of antileukemic interactions between cytarabine and VPA in clinically relevant pediatric AML cell lines and diagnostic blasts from children with AML were determined by MTT assays and standard isobologram analyses. The effects of cytarabine and VPA on apoptosis and cell cycle distributions were determined by flow cytometry analysis and caspase enzymatic assays. The effects of the two agents on DNA damage and Bcl-2 family proteins were determined by Western blotting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We showed synergistic antileukemic activities between cytarabine and VPA in four pediatric AML cell lines and nine diagnostic AML blast samples. t(8;21) AML blasts were significantly more sensitive to VPA and showed far greater sensitivities to combined cytarabine and VPA than non-t(8;21) AML cases. Cytarabine and VPA cooperatively induced DNA double-strand breaks, reflected in induction of γH2AX and apoptosis, accompanied by activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3. Further, VPA induced Bim expression and short hairpin RNA knockdown of Bim resulted in significantly decreased apoptosis induced by cytarabine and by cytarabine plus VPA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results establish global synergistic antileukemic activity of combined VPA and cytarabine in pediatric AML and provide compelling evidence to support the use of VPA in the treatment of children with this deadly disease.
authors.affiliation: Developmental Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 110 E. Warren Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
authors.forename: Chengzhi
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: Holly
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.forename: Xuelian
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Steven A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Buck
authors.forename: Mark L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Stout
authors.forename: Qun
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Jeffrey E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Rubnitz
authors.forename: Larry H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Matherly
authors.forename: Jeffrey W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Taub
authors.forename: Yubin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ge
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D053453:Caspase 9 / Q000378:metabolism; D003561:Cytarabine / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004249:DNA Damage; D004357:Drug Synergism; D006801:Humans; D015470:Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D014635:Valproic Acid / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D003561:Cytarabine; D014635:Valproic Acid; D053148:Caspase 3; D053453:Caspase 9