title: Heart failure severity, as determined by loop diuretic dosages, predicts the risk of developing diabetes after myocardial infarction: a nationwide cohort study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Heart failure (HF) is associated with increased insulin resistance, but the consequences of HF for development of diabetes are not well studied. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between HF severity and risk of developing diabetes in a nationwide cohort of patients with myocardial infarction (MI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients discharged from first-time MI during 1997-2006 and not previously treated with glucose-lowering medications (GLM) or loop diuretics were identified from Danish nationwide registers. Heart failure severity was determined by loop diuretic dosage after discharge. Patients were followed until first claimed prescription of GLM, death, or until the end of 2006. The cohort comprised 50 874 patients. A total of 3006 (6%) had mild (loop-diuretic dosage≤40 mg/day), 5383 (11%) moderate (>40-120 mg/day), and 1127 (2%) severe (>120 mg/day) HF. During follow-up, 2531 (5%) patients developed diabetes. Increasing HF severity was associated with increased risk of diabetes, but the use of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors (RASi) attenuated the risk (P-value for interaction between the HF group and RASi<0.05). Compared with no HF, the adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence interval) for the development of diabetes were 1.34 (1.11-1.63), 1.63 (1.40-1.90), and 1.68 (1.25-2.25) for mild, moderate, and severe HF with RASi treatment; and 1.45 (1.13-1.88), 1.90 (1.56-2.33), and 3.02 (2.01-4.54) for mild, moderate, and severe HF without RASi treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Heart failure predicts the development of diabetes in a severity-dependent manner among patients with MI. Focus on increased predisposition to diabetes is warranted and needs further investigations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Niels Andersens Vej 65, DK 2900 Hellerup, Denmark. ca@heart.dk
authors.forename: Charlotte
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Andersson
authors.forename: Mette L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Norgaard
authors.forename: Peter R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.forename: Emil L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Fosbøl
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schmiegelow
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Weeke
authors.forename: Jonas B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Olesen
authors.forename: Jakob
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Raunsø
authors.forename: Casper H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Jørgensen
authors.forename: Allan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vaag
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Køber
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Torp-Pedersen
authors.forename: Gunnar H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Gislason
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003718:Denmark / Q000453:epidemiology; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000150:complications*; D015995:Prevalence; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012084:Renin-Angiotensin System / Q000187:drug effects; D012306:Risk; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D049994:Sodium Potassium Chloride Symporter Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D049994:Sodium Potassium Chloride Symporter Inhibitors