title: Human papillomavirus-based cervical cancer prevention: long-term results of a randomized screening trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Screen-and-treat approaches to cervical cancer prevention are an attractive option for low-resource settings, but data on their long-term efficacy are lacking. We evaluated the efficacy of two screen-and-treat approaches through 36 months of follow-up in a randomized trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 6637 unscreened South African women aged 35-65 years who were tested for the presence of high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA in cervical samples underwent visual inspection of the cervix using acetic acid staining and HIV serotesting. Of these, 6555 were randomly assigned to three study arms: 1) HPV-and-treat, in which all women with a positive HPV DNA test result underwent cryotherapy; 2) visual inspection-and-treat, in which all women with a positive visual inspection test result underwent cryotherapy; or 3) control, in which further evaluation or treatment was delayed for 6 months. All women underwent colposcopy with biopsy at 6 months. All women who were HPV DNA- or visual inspection-positive at enrollment, and a subset of all other women had extended follow-up to 36 months (n = 3639) with yearly colposcopy. The endpoint-cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or worse (CIN2+)-was analyzed using actuarial life-table methods. All statistical tests were two-sided.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After 36 months, there was a sustained statistically significant decrease in the cumulative detection of CIN2+ in the HPV-and-treat arm compared with the control arm (1.5% vs 5.6%, difference = 4.1%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.8% to 5.3%, P < .001). The difference in the cumulative detection of CIN2+ in the visual inspection-and-treat arm compared with the control was less (3.8% vs 5.6%, difference = 1.8%, 95% CI = 0.4% to 3.2%, P = .002). Incident cases of CIN2+ (identified more than 12 months after enrollment) were less common in the HPV-and-treat arm (0.3%, 95% CI = 0.05% to 1.02%) than in the control (1.0%, 95% CI = 0.5% to 1.7%) or visual inspection-and-treat (1.3%, 95% CI = 0.8% to 2.1%) arms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this trial, a screen-and-treat approach using HPV DNA testing identified and treated prevalent cases of CIN2+ and appeared to reduce the number of incident cases of CIN2+ that developed more than 12 months after cryotherapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
authors.forename: Lynette
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Denny
authors.forename: Louise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kuhn
authors.forename: Chih-Chi
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Wei-Yann
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: Thomas C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Wright
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D052685:Alphapapillomavirus / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D001706:Biopsy; D003127:Colposcopy; D017679:Cryotherapy; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D015993:Life Tables; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods; D008875:Middle Aged; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000821:virology; D013019:South Africa / Q000453:epidemiology; D014412:Tumor Virus Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000821:virology; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy* / Q000821:virology; D014626:Vaginal Smears; D002578:Uterine Cervical Dysplasia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy* / Q000821:virology
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral