title: The long-term efficacy of sacral neuromodulation in the management of intractable cases of bladder pain syndrome: 14 years of experience in one centre.
abstract: Study Type--Therapy (case series) Level of Evidence 4. What's known on the subject? and What does the study add? Bladder pain syndrome (BPS) is a chronic debilitating disease. A recently done survey estimates the prevalence of the BPS symptoms among adult females in the U.S. to be 7%. Conservative management is the first line of therapy but at least 10% of the patients show poor response. Sacral neuromodulation is a minimal invasive technique with good long-term outcomes in these patients. It should be considered before any invasive surgical intervention is planned. However, the revision rate is high and patients need lifelong follow-up.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  • To evaluate the long-term success and tolerability of sacral neuromodulation (SNM) in the control of the symptoms of bladder pain syndrome (BPS).
  
  
  METHODS
  • This was a retrospective study of all patients with BPS who underwent peripheral nerve evaluation and then SNM in our department of urology by a single surgeon from 1994 till 2008. The global response assessment scale was used to evaluate the outcome of the SNM.
  
  
  RESULTS
  • A total of 78 patients fulfilled the International Consultation on Incontinence clinical criteria for BPS and showed cystoscopic evidence of glomerulation or ulcer as recommended by the European Society for the Study of Interstitial Cystitis/Painful Bladder Syndrome. All patients failed conservative management before considering SNM. • Permanent SNM implant was performed in patients who showed at least 50% improvement in their symptoms with a temporary peripheral nerve evaluation test. Median follow up was 61.5 months (SD ± 27.7). Good long-term success of the SNM was seen in 72% of the patients. • Presence of urgency was a positive predictor of the long-term success of the implant. The explantation rate was 28%. The commonest reason for explantation was poor outcome (54% of the failed patients). The revision rate was 50%. • The most common indication for revision was lack of stimulation sensation and worsening of symptoms. The average durability of the pulse generator battery was 93 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  • SNM is an effective treatment to control the symptoms of BPS. It should be considered before any major invasive surgical intervention if conservative measures have failed. It is a minimally invasive, safe procedure with good long-term outcome. However, the revision rate is high and patients require lifelong follow-up.
authors.affiliation: Urology Department, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada. jgajew@dal.ca
authors.forename: Jerzy B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Gajewski
authors.forename: Ali A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Al-Zahrani
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018856:Cystitis, Interstitial / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D003558:Cystoscopy; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008160:Lumbosacral Plexus; D008297:Male; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010148:Intractable Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013577:Syndrome; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000294:innervation* / Q000503:physiopathology; D014554:Urination