title: Topical antibiotics and neurosurgery: Have we forgotten to study it?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  For neurosurgery, the last decades have been a time of incredible improvement in areas such as imaging, microscopy, endoscopy, stereotactic guidance, navigation, radiosurgery and endovascular techniques. However, the efficacy of topical antibiotic prophylaxis in neurological operations remains to be established by neurosurgeons.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors did an historical review of the literature regarding the utilization of topical antibiotic prophylaxis in neurological operations. The Pub Med database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine / National Institutes of Health was utilized as the primary source of the literature. The authors performed the search by using the following Mesh terms: "neurosurgery" or "neurosurgical procedures" and "administration, topical" and "antibiotic prophylaxis"; "neurosurgery" or "neurosurgical procedures" and "administration, topical" and "antibacterial agents."
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the last 70 years, we have poorly studied the use of topical antibiotics in neurosurgery. All the papers reported were Class III evidence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To the best of our knowledge, there is no publication that provided Class I or II evidence about topical antibiotic prophylaxis in neurosurgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery at Hospital Beneficência Portuguesa de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Raphael Vicente
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Alves
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Godoy