title: The rate of metabolic syndrome in euthymic Canadian individuals with bipolar I/II disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report on the rate of metabolic syndrome, as defined by the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III), in asymptomatic adults with bipolar I/II disorder evaluated at the Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit (MDPU), University Health Network, University of Toronto. To our knowledge, this is the first study reporting on the rate of metabolic syndrome in a Canadian clinical sample and exclusively evaluating asymptomatic individuals.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a post-hoc, cross-sectional analysis of adult bipolar subjects who were primarily enrolled in a clinical intervention study. All subjects in this sample were asymptomatic at the time of assessing metabolic parameters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data from 99 euthymic bipolar subjects (n=51 female, n=48 male) were included for the analysis. The sample mean age±SD was 38±11.15 years. Thirty-one subjects (32.6%) met criteria for the metabolic syndrome with no significant differences as a function of sex. The waist circumference criterion was met in 37 (41.1%) subjects. Diastolic and systolic blood pressure criteria were met in 26 (27.6%) and 28 (29.7%) subjects, respectively. Thirty-one subjects (36.4%) met the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) criterion, while 33 (38.8%) met the triglyceride criterion. Moreover, five (6.1%) met the criterion for high fasting glucose level (diabetes mellitus or glucose/insulin dysregulation at screening was an exclusion criterion). Men were more likely to have high diastolic (P=0.001) and systolic blood pressure (P=0.007) as well as hypertriglyceridemia (P=0.037). Abdominal obesity, HDL, and fasting glucose levels were not significantly different between men and women. Bipolar individuals with concurrent metabolic syndrome had a later age at first treatment and increased number of total hospitalizations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Asymptomatic Canadian individuals with bipolar disorder exhibit a high rate of concurrent metabolic syndrome. The results herein buttress recommendations for risk factor screening and modification, ongoing surveillance, as well as primary and secondary prevention strategies for metabolic abnormalities in individuals with bipolar disorder.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, ON, Canada. Roger.McIntyre@uhn.on.ca
authors.forename: Roger S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: McIntyre
authors.forename: Hanna O
authors.initials: HO
authors.lastname: Woldeyohannes
authors.forename: Joanna K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Soczynska
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Miranda
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lachowski
authors.forename: Samantha S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Liauw
authors.forename: Talia
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Grossman
authors.forename: Maria T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Lourenco
authors.forename: Byungsu
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Mohammad T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Alsuwaidan
authors.forename: Sidney H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kennedy
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008875:Middle Aged