title: cDNA targets improve whole blood gene expression profiling and enhance detection of pharmocodynamic biomarkers: a quantitative platform analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Genome-wide gene expression profiling of whole blood is an attractive method for discovery of biomarkers due to its non-invasiveness, simple clinical site processing and rich biological content. Except for a few successes, this technology has not yet matured enough to reach its full potential of identifying biomarkers useful for clinical prognostic and diagnostic applications or in monitoring patient response to therapeutic intervention. A variety of technical problems have hampered efforts to utilize this technology for identification of biomarkers. One significant hurdle has been the high and variable concentrations of globin transcripts in whole blood total RNA potentially resulting in non-specific probe binding and high background. In this study, we investigated and quantified the power of three whole blood profiling approaches to detect meaningful biological expression patterns.
  
  
  METHODS
  To compare and quantify the impact of different mitigation technologies, we used a globin transcript spike-in strategy to synthetically generate a globin-induced signature and then mitigate it with the three different technologies. Biological differences, in globin transcript spiked samples, were modeled by supplementing with either 1% of liver or 1% brain total RNA. In order to demonstrate the biological utility of a robust globin artifact mitigation strategy in biomarker discovery, we treated whole blood ex vivo with suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) and compared the overlap between the obtained signatures and signatures of a known biomarker derived from SAHA-treated cell lines and PBMCs of SAHA-treated patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found cDNA hybridization targets detect at least 20 times more specific differentially expressed signatures (2597) between 1% liver and 1% brain in globin-supplemented samples than the PNA (117) or no treatment (97) method at FDR = 10% and p-value < 3x10-3. In addition, we found that the ex vivo derived gene expression profile was highly concordant with that of the previously identified SAHA pharmacodynamic biomarkers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that an amplification method for gene expression profiling employing cDNA targets effectively mitigates the negative impact on data of abundant globin transcripts and greatly improves the ability to identify relevant gene expression based pharmacodynamic biomarkers from whole blood.
authors.affiliation: Covance Genomics Laboratory, LLC, Seattle, WA 98109, USA. mark.parrish@covance.com
authors.forename: Mark L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Parrish
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: Yarek
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Rivers
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Argilla
authors.forename: Heather
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Collins
authors.forename: Brendan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Leeson
authors.forename: Andrey
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Loboda
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nebozhyn
authors.forename: Matthew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Marton
authors.forename: Serguei
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lejnine
mesh_terms: D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009693:Nucleic Acid Hybridization; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D012313:RNA / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D018076:DNA, Complementary; D012313:RNA