title: Bucky-gel coated glassy carbon electrodes, for voltammetric detection of femtomolar leveled lead ions.
abstract: Femtomolar (fM) leveled lead ions were electrochemically detected using a bucky-gel coated glassy carbon electrode and differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry. The bucky-gel was composed of dithizone, ionic liquid (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate), and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). The fabrication of the bucky-gel coated electrode was optimized. The modified electrode was characterized with voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and chronoamperometry. After the accumulation of lead ions into the bucky-gel modified electrode at -1.2V vs. saturated calomel electrode (SCE) for 5 min in a pH 4.4 sodium acetate-acetate acid buffer solution, differential pulse anodic stripping voltammograms of the accumulated lead show an anodic wave at -0.58 V. The anodic peak current is detectable for lead ions in the concentration range from 1.0 μM down to 500 fM. The detection limit is calculated to be 100 fM. The proposed method was successfully applied for the detection of lead ions in lake water.
authors.affiliation: School of Chemical Engineering & Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430073, China. qijinwan@mail.wit.edu.cn
authors.forename: Qijin
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wan
authors.forename: Fen
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Lina
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Xiaoxia
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Nianjun
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D002412:Cations / Q000032:analysis; D002681:China; D004230:Dithizone / Q000737:chemistry; D004548:Elasticity; D055664:Electrochemical Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D004566:Electrodes; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000032:analysis; D005782:Gels; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000737:chemistry*; D052578:Ionic Liquids / Q000737:chemistry*; D007854:Lead / Q000032:analysis*; D057230:Limit of Detection; D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon / Q000737:chemistry*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: C412621:1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate; D002412:Cations; D005782:Gels; D007093:Imidazoles; D052578:Ionic Liquids; D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D007854:Lead; D004230:Dithizone