title: Racial and ethnic disparities in work-related injuries and socio-economic resources among nursing assistants employed in US nursing homes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We aimed to estimate the proportion of nursing assistants (NAs) in the US with work-related injuries and insufficient socio-economic resources by race/ethnicity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from the 2004 National Nursing Assistant Survey (NNAS), a nationally representative sample survey of NAs employed in United States nursing homes, were analyzed accounting for the complex survey design.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 2,880 participants, 44% reported "scratch, open wounds, or cuts" followed by "back injuries" (17%), "black eyes or other types of bruising" (16%), and "human bites" (12%). When compared to non-Hispanic white NAs, the adjusted rate ratio (RR) for wound/cut was 0.74 for non-Hispanic black NAs (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.65-0.85). RRs for black eyes/bruises were 0.18 for non-Hispanic black NAs (95% CI: 0.12-0.26), and 0.55 for Hispanic NAs (95% CI: 0.37-0.82).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Minority racial and ethnic groups were less likely to report having experienced injuries compared with non-Hispanic white NAs. Future research should focus on identifying preventable risk factors, such as differences by race and ethnicity in the nature of NA jobs and the extent of their engagement in assisting patients with activities of daily living.
authors.affiliation: Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations, and Field Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA. stak@cdc.gov
authors.forename: SangWoo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tak
authors.forename: Toni
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Alterman
authors.forename: Sherry
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Baron
authors.forename: Geoffrey M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Calvert
mesh_terms: D000062:Accidents, Occupational / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007348:Insurance, Health; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009309:National Center for Health Statistics, U.S.; D009728:Nursing Assistants; D009735:Nursing Homes / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014481:United States; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000208:ethnology*; D055815:Young Adult