title: Partial splenic embolization as an alternative to splenectomy in hypersplenism--single center experience in 16 years.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In young patients with hypersplenism splenectomy implies a lifelong increased risk for post-splenectomy infection. Especially in children, whose immune system is not yet completely matured, the risk for some bacterial infection may increase after splenectomy because the spleen helps to defend against encapsulated bacteria like pneumococci, meningococci and haemophilus influenzae. We present partial splenic embolization as an alternative to surgical splenectomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Partial splenic embolization was performed in 17 patients from 1-31 years with hypersplenism of various etiologies and was achieved by selective catheterization of splenic arteries and injection of 150-355 μm polyvinyl alcohol particles (Ivalon (®)). After the intervention the patients received an intensified analgesic regimen and antibiotics to avoid concurrent infectious complications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Partial splenic embolization represented between 30-60% of the splenic volume and was followed in general by an immediate increase of all blood cells and symptoms of hypersplenism were reduced. In 2 patients the procedure was repeated because the result of the first embolization was insufficient in one patient and became necessary in another in the long run. Post-procedural side effects included fever, abdominal pain, ascites and pleural effusions. There were no acute infections in any patient.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our monoinstitutional experiences over 16 years offer, partial splenic embolization in patients with hypersplenism from miscellaneous reasons as a low-risk alternative to surgical splenectomy. The procedure can be repeated as necessary, but it is always a temporary palliation depending on the underlying disease which often leads to liver transplantation. Using intensive analgesia and antibiotics side effects were tolerable, and patients could be discharged after a few days.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Radiology, University Hospital Giessen und Marburg GmbH, Feulgenstrasse 10-12, Giessen, Germany. Gerhard.Alzen@radiol.med.uni-giessen.de
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Alzen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Basedow
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Luedemann
authors.forename: L D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Berthold
authors.forename: K-P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Zimmer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic; D005260:Female; D006452:Hemoglobinometry; D006801:Humans; D006971:Hypersplenism / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy*; D007223:Infant; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D008297:Male; D010166:Palliative Care; D010976:Platelet Count; D013154:Spleen / Q000098:blood supply*; D013156:Splenectomy; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional; D055815:Young Adult