title: Protective effect of exclusive breastfeeding against infections during infancy: a prospective study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To prospectively investigate the effects of breastfeeding on the frequency and severity of infections in a well-defined infant population with adequate vaccination coverage and healthcare standards.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a representative sample of 926 infants, successfully followed up for 12 months, feeding mode and all infectious episodes, including acute otitis media (AOM), acute respiratory infection (ARI), gastroenteritis, urinary tract infection, conjunctivitis and thrush, were recorded at 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months of life.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Infants exclusively breastfed for 6 months, as per WHO recommendations, presented with fewer infectious episodes than their partially breastfed or non-breastfed peers and this protective effect persisted after adjustment for potential confounders for ARI (OR 0.58, 95% CI 0.36 to 0.92), AOM (OR 0.37, 95% CI 0.13 to 1.05) and thrush (OR 0.14, 95% CI 0.02 to 1.02). Prolonged exclusive breastfeeding was associated with fewer infectious episodes (r(s)=-0.07, p=0.019) and fewer admissions to hospital for infection (r(s)=-0.06, p=0.037) in the first year of life. Partial breastfeeding was not related to protective effect. Several confounding factors, including parental age and education, ethnicity, presence of other siblings, environmental tobacco smoke exposure and season of birth were demonstrated to have an effect on frequency of infections during infancy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings from this large-scale prospective study in a well-defined infant population with adequate healthcare standards suggest that exclusive breastfeeding contributes to protection against common infections during infancy regarding and lessens the frequency and severity of infectious episodes. Partial breastfeeding did not seem to provide this protective effect.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, University of Crete, POB 2208, Heraklion 710 03, Greece.
authors.forename: Fani
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ladomenou
authors.forename: Joanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Moschandreas
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kafatos
authors.forename: Yiannis
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tselentis
authors.forename: Emmanouil
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Galanakis
mesh_terms: D001942:Breast Feeding / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002180:Candidiasis, Oral / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D003231:Conjunctivitis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005759:Gastroenteritis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D006115:Greece / Q000453:epidemiology; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D017053:Infection Control / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D010033:Otitis Media / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control