title: Medical decision-making for incapacitated elders: A "therapeutic interests" standard.
abstract: Some older individuals lack sufficient present cognitive and/or emotional ability to make and express autonomous decisions personally. In those situations, health-care providers routinely turn to available formal or informal surrogates who often must apply the best interests standard in making decisions for the incapacitated person. This article contends that defining the best interests standard of surrogate decision-making for older adults in terms of optimal or ideal choices (truly the patient's "best" interests) frequently sets out an unrealizable goal for surrogates to satisfy. Instead, a decision-making standard based on the incapacitated person's "therapeutic" interests is more realistic and hence more honest to adopt and apply from legal, ethical, and medical perspectives.
authors.affiliation: Center for Innovative Collaboration in Medicine & Law, Florida State University, 1115 W Call St, Ste 2350-F, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4300, USA. marshall.kapp@med.fsu.edu
authors.forename: Marshall B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Kapp
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D026686:Beneficence; D002755:Choice Behavior; D003657:Decision Making; D016330:Frail Elderly; D006801:Humans; D007258:Informed Consent / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence* / Q000592:standards*; D007872:Legal Guardians / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence* / Q000523:psychology; D008020:Life Support Care / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000523:psychology / Q000592:standards; D008297:Male; D016743:Mental Competency / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence* / Q000523:psychology / Q000592:standards*; D010166:Palliative Care / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000523:psychology / Q000592:standards; D018579:Patient Selection; D026684:Personal Autonomy; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000592:standards; D014481:United States