title: Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) signaling within the paraventricular thalamus modulates cocaine-seeking behaviour.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) has been demonstrated to play a role in regulating the rewarding and reinforcing effects of various drugs of abuse. A recent study demonstrated that i.c.v. administration of CART negatively modulates reinstatement of alcohol seeking, however, the site(s) of action remains unclear. We investigated the paraventricular thalamus (PVT) as a potential site of relapse-relevant CART signaling, as this region is known to receive dense innervation from CART-containing hypothalamic cells and to project to a number of regions known to be involved in mediating reinstatement, including the nucleus accumbens (NAC), medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and basolateral amygdala (BLA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Male rats were trained to self-administer cocaine before being extinguished to a set criterion. One day following extinction, animals received intra-PVT infusions of saline, tetrodotoxin (TTX; 2.5 ng), CART (0.625 µg or 2.5 µg) or no injection, followed by a cocaine prime (10 mg/kg, i.p.). Animals were then tested under extinction conditions for one hour. Treatment with either TTX or CART resulted in a significant attenuation of drug-seeking behaviour following cocaine-prime, with the 2.5 µg dose of CART having the greatest effect. This effect was specific to the PVT region, as misplaced injections of both TTX and CART resulted in responding that was identical to controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We show for the first time that CART signaling within the PVT acts to inhibit drug-primed reinstatement of cocaine seeking behaviour, presumably by negatively modulating PVT efferents that are important for drug seeking, including the NAC, mPFC and BLA. In this way, we identify a possible target for future pharmacological interventions designed to suppress drug seeking.
authors.affiliation: Neurobiology of Addiction Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy and the Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, University of Newcastle and the Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Morgan H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: James
authors.forename: Janine L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Charnley
authors.forename: Emma
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Emily M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Levi
authors.forename: Jiann Wei
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Yeoh
authors.forename: Jamie R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Flynn
authors.forename: Douglas W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Christopher V
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Dayas
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D013788:Thalamus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D000098882:Cocaine- and Amphetamine-Regulated Transcript Protein
chemical_list: D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D000098882:Cocaine- and Amphetamine-Regulated Transcript Protein