title: Effect of sulodexide on endothelial glycocalyx and vascular permeability in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Endothelial glycocalyx perturbation contributes to increased vascular permeability. In the present study we set out to evaluate whether: (1) glycocalyx is perturbed in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus, and (2) oral glycocalyx precursor treatment improves glycocalyx properties.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male participants with type 2 diabetes (n = 10) and controls (n = 10) were evaluated before and after 2 months of sulodexide administration (200 mg/day). The glycocalyx dimension was estimated in two different vascular beds using sidestream dark field imaging and combined fluorescein/indocyanine green angiography for sublingual and retinal vessels, respectively. Transcapillary escape rate of albumin (TER(alb)) and hyaluronan catabolism were assessed as measures of vascular permeability.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both sublingual dimensions (0.64 [0.57-0.75] μm vs 0.78 [0.71-0.85] μm, p < 0.05, medians [interquartile range]) and retinal glycocalyx dimensions (5.38 [4.88-6.59] μm vs 8.89 [4.74-11.84] μm, p < 0.05) were reduced in the type 2 diabetes group compared with the controls whereas TER(alb) was increased (5.6 ± 2.3% vs 3.7 ± 1.7% in the controls, p < 0.05). In line with these findings, markers of hyaluronan catabolism were increased with diabetes (hyaluronan 137 ± 29 vs 81 ± 8 ng/ml and hyaluronidase 78 ± 4 vs 67 ± 2 U/ml, both p < 0.05). Sulodexide increased both the sublingual and retinal glycocalyx dimensions in participants with diabetes (to 0.93 [0.83-0.99] μm and to 5.88 [5.33-6.26] μm, respectively, p < 0.05). In line, a trend towards TER(alb) normalisation (to 4.0 ± 2.3%) and decreases in plasma hyaluronidase (to 72 ± 2 U/ml, p < 0.05) were observed in the diabetes group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Type 2 diabetes is associated with glycocalyx perturbation and increased vascular permeability, which are partially restored following sulodexide administration. Further studies are warranted to determine whether long-term treatment with sulodexide has a beneficial effect on cardiovascular risk.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  www.trialregister.nl NTR780/ http://isrctn.org ISRCTN82695186
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  An unrestricted Novartis Foundation for Cardiovascular Excellence grant (2006) to M. Nieuwdorp/E. S. G. Stroes, Dutch Heart Foundation (grant number 2005T037).
authors.affiliation: Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, Room F4.211, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: L N
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Broekhuizen
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Lemkes
authors.forename: H L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Mooij
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Meuwese
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Verberne
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Holleman
authors.forename: R O
authors.initials: RO
authors.lastname: Schlingemann
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nieuwdorp
authors.forename: E S G
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Stroes
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Vink
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000418:Albumins / Q000378:metabolism; D002199:Capillary Permeability / Q000187:drug effects*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism; D004727:Endothelium / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D019276:Glycocalyx / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000098:blood supply / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000418:Albumins; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans; C007858:glucuronyl glucosamine glycan sulfate