title: Brain networks maintain a scale-free organization across consciousness, anesthesia, and recovery: evidence for adaptive reconfiguration.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Loss of consciousness is an essential feature of general anesthesia. Although alterations of neural networks during anesthesia have been identified in the spatial domain, there has been relatively little study of temporal organization.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten healthy male volunteers were anesthetized with an induction dose of propofol on two separate occasions. The duration of network connections in the brain was analyzed by multichannel electroencephalography and the minimum spanning tree method. Entropy of the connections was calculated based on Shannon entropy. The global temporal configuration of networks was investigated by constructing the cumulative distribution function of connection times in different frequency bands and different states of consciousness.
  
  
  RESULTS
  General anesthesia was associated with a significant reduction in the number of network connections, as well as significant alterations of their duration. These changes were most prominent in the δ bandwidth and were also associated with a significant reduction in entropy of the connection matrix. Despite these and other changes, a global "scale-free" organization was consistently preserved across multiple subjects, anesthetic exposures, states of consciousness, and electroencephalogram frequencies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest a fundamental principle of temporal organization of network connectivity that is maintained during consciousness and anesthesia, despite local changes. These findings are consistent with a process of adaptive reconfiguration during general anesthesia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Uncheol
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Gabjin
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.forename: Seunghwan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Gyujung
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Noh
authors.forename: Byungmoon
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: George A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Mashour
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D000328:Adult; D000762:Anesthesia Recovery Period; D000768:Anesthesia, General / Q000379:methods*; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D003243:Consciousness / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000187:drug effects / Q000379:methods; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D015742:Propofol / Q000494:pharmacology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015742:Propofol