title: Low-dose computed tomography to detect body-packing in an animal model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the possible extent of dose reduction for low-dose computed tomography (CT) in the detection of body-packing (ingested drug packets) as an alternative to plain radiographs in an animal model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve packets containing cocaine (purity >80%) were introduced into the intestine of an experimental animal (crossbred pig), which was then repeatedly examined by abdominal CT with stepwise dose reduction (tube voltage, 80 kV; tube current, 10-350 mA). Three blinded readers independently evaluated the CT datasets starting with the lowest tube current and noted the numbers of packets detected at the different tube currents used. In addition, 1 experienced reader determined the number of packets detectable on plain abdominal radiographs and ultrasound.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The threshold for correct identification of all 12 drug packets was 100 mA for reader 1 and 125 mA for readers 2 and 3. Above these thresholds all 3 readers consistently identified all 12 packets. The effective dose of a low-dose CT scan with 125 mA (including scout view) was 1.0 mSv, which was below that of 2 conventional abdominal radiographs (1.2 mSv). The reader interpreting the conventional radiographs identified a total of 9 drug packets and detected 8 packets by abdominal ultrasound.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Extensive dose reduction makes low-dose CT a valuable alternative imaging modality for the examination of suspected body-packers and might replace conventional abdominal radiographs as the first-line imaging modality.
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Strahlenheilkunde, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany. martin.maurer@charite.de
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Maurer
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Niehues
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schnapauff
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Grieser
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Rothe
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Waldmüller
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Chopra
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hamm
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Denecke
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002102:Cadaver; D003042:Cocaine; D005547:Foreign Bodies / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011860:Radiography, Abdominal / Q000379:methods*; D013552:Swine; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D003042:Cocaine