title: The effect of sedation during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to study whether sedation reduces discomfort during endoscopy and a comparison of longer-acting diazepam with shorter-acting midazolam.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective, randomized, single-blinded study was conducted at the Department of Medicine at Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh, and was completed over a period of 6 months. The patients were randomized to receive either placebo or sedation with midazolam or diazepam before endoscopy. The endoscopist and the observer recording patient's/physician's responses were blinded to the drugs administered. Two hundred and fifty two consecutive patients undergoing diagnostic or therapeutic upper gastrointestinal endoscopy were recruited. The patient's discomfort and the physician's comfort during the procedure were recorded on a visual analogue scale rated from 1-10 with-in 10 minutes of the procedure by an independent observer. The Patient's discomfort ratings were further divided into 3 groups, comfortable (score, 1-3), satisfactory (score, 4-7) and uncomfortable (a score of >7). Similarly the physician's ease of performing the procedure was also recorded on the same scale. This was again divided into 3 groups: easy (score, 1-3), satisfactory (score, 4-7) and difficult (a score of >7).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Out of the total of 252 patients, 82 patients received no sedation (group I), 85 received diazepam (group II) and 85 received midazolam (group III). There was no statistical difference in the discomfort experienced by the patients during endoscopy when sedation was used (P=0.0754). Out of 252 patients, 49 underwent endoscopic procedures. Nineteen patients were included in group I, 18 in group II and 12 in group III. Only 10 (20%) patients undergoing endoscopic procedures complained of significant discomfort, but there was no difference in the ones undergoing interventions with or without sedation (P=0.854). The physicians were more comfortable in performing endoscopic procedure in sedated patients, however, the difference between patients in group II and group III was not statistically significant (P=0.0461). Both diazepam and midazolam fared equally well in increasing physician's comfort (P=0.617).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was no difference in the patient's discomfort with regard to the sedative used (midazolam or diazepam). Although endoscopy was easy or satisfactory in the majority of patients in the unsedated as well as the sedated groups, more often the endoscopist found it difficult to do endoscopy on the unsedated patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
authors.forename: Atul
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sachdeva
authors.forename: Ashish
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bhalla
authors.forename: Ashwani
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sood
authors.forename: Ajay
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Duseja
authors.forename: Vijay
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gupta
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016292:Procedural Sedation; D003975:Diazepam / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016145:Endoscopy, Digestive System; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D008874:Midazolam / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008875:Middle Aged; D016037:Single-Blind Method
chemical_list: D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D003975:Diazepam; D008874:Midazolam