title: Environment-assisted tunneling as an origin of the Dynes density of states.
abstract: We show that the effect of a high-temperature environment in current transport through a normal metal-insulator-superconductor tunnel junction can be described by an effective density of states in the superconductor. In the limit of a resistive low-Ohmic environment, this density of states reduces into the well-known Dynes form. Our theoretical result is supported by experiments in engineered environments. We apply our findings to improve the performance of a single-electron turnstile, a potential candidate for a metrological current source.
authors.affiliation: Low Temperature Laboratory, Aalto University, P.O. Box 13500, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland.
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Pekola
authors.forename: V F
authors.initials: VF
authors.lastname: Maisi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kafanov
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chekurov
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kemppinen
authors.forename: Yu A
authors.initials: YA
authors.lastname: Pashkin
authors.forename: O-P
authors.initials: OP
authors.lastname: Saira
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Möttönen
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Tsai