title: Prevalence and risk factors of monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis in Turkish children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence of primary monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis (PMNE) and assess risk factors that can cause this disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  After the determination of 15 primary schools in the provincial center of Ankara, questionnaires were given to 15,150 students to be answered by their parents. Detailed urologic history was obtained and physical examination applied to the students whose parents answered the questionnaire. After excluding children with polysymptomatic NE, 14060 questionnaires of MNE patients were evaluated. Demographic features with social and medical history of students and their parents, general approach of family to the children, school success of the students and general behavioral attitudes, method of toilet training and the presence of nocturnal enuresis were questioned.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MNE was determined in 9.0% (n: 1266) of the students and nocturnal enuresis frequency was higher in boys than girls (P<0.05). Univariate analysis revealed gender, method of toilet training, sleep problems, school success, and general approach of the family to children and general behavioral attitudes of the children as significant factors. In logistic regression analysis; age, male gender, toilette training with threatening method, deep sleeper, sleep walking, being introverted and shy, significantly increases the risk of nocturnal enuresis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current study suggests that the methods of toilet training are extremely important to prevent bedwetting and behavioral disorders due to enuresis. Parents should be well-informed about the appropriate toilet training method.
authors.affiliation: Gazi University Medical Faculty, Department of Public Health, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Seçil
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ozkan
authors.forename: Elif
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Durukan
authors.forename: Elvan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Iseri
authors.forename: Serhat
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gürocak
authors.forename: Işil
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Maral
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ali Bumin