title: The critical role of religion: caring for the dying patient from an Orthodox Jewish perspective.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Culturally competent medical care for the dying patient by families and health care professionals is a challenging task especially when religious values, practices, and beliefs influence treatment decisions for patients at the end of life. This article describes end-of-life guidelines for hospital health care professionals caring for Orthodox Jewish patients and their families. Religious perspectives on advance directives, comfort care and pain control, nutrition and hydration, do not resuscitate/do not intubate (DNR/DNI), and extubation are often unfamiliar to the American medical community.
  
  
  METHODS
  The guidelines for the care of the dying Orthodox Jewish patient were mutually agreed upon by the authors, recognized authorities in medicine, ethics, and Jewish law, who presented their perspectives during a 1-day symposium and who participated in an active working-group session.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Care of the religious patient close to death is enormously complex especially when balancing religious obligations, the role of the rabbi, medical procedures, and personal preferences. These guidelines address from a religious perspective profound issues such as the definition of death, organ donation, and caring for the patient at life's end. The guidelines can be useful for any hospital that serves an Orthodox Jewish population.
authors.affiliation: Center for Bioethics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Loike
authors.forename: Muriel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gillick
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mayer
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Prager
authors.forename: Jeremy R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Simon
authors.forename: Avraham
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Steinberg
authors.forename: Moshe D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Tendler
authors.forename: Mordechai
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Willig
authors.forename: Ruth L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Fischbach
mesh_terms: D016223:Advance Directives; D001293:Attitude to Death; D054521:Cultural Competency; D003657:Decision Making; D005440:Fluid Therapy; D006801:Humans; D007599:Judaism; D018529:Nutritional Support; D010146:Pain / Q000517:prevention & control; D013727:Terminal Care; D009927:Tissue and Organ Procurement