title: Characterization of the degradation mechanisms of lysine-derived aliphatic poly(ester urethane) scaffolds.
abstract: Characterization of the degradation mechanism of polymeric scaffolds and delivery systems for regenerative medicine is essential to assess their clinical applicability. Key performance criteria include induction of a minimal, transient inflammatory response and controlled degradation to soluble non-cytotoxic breakdown products that are cleared from the body by physiological processes. Scaffolds fabricated from biodegradable poly(ester urethane)s (PEURs) undergo controlled degradation to non-cytotoxic breakdown products and support the ingrowth of new tissue in preclinical models of tissue regeneration. While previous studies have shown that PEUR scaffolds prepared from lysine-derived polyisocyanates degrade faster under in vivo compared to in vitro conditions, the degradation mechanism is not well understood. In this study, we have shown that PEUR scaffolds prepared from lysine triisocyanate (LTI) or a trimer of hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDIt) undergo hydrolytic, esterolytic, and oxidative degradation. Hydrolysis of ester bonds to yield α-hydroxy acids is the dominant mechanism in buffer, and esterolytic media modestly increase the degradation rate. While HDIt scaffolds show a modest (<20%) increase in degradation rate in oxidative medium, LTI scaffolds degrade six times faster in oxidative medium. Furthermore, the in vitro rate of degradation of LTI scaffolds in oxidative medium approximates the in vivo rate in rat excisional wounds, and histological sections show macrophages expressing myeloperoxidase at the material surface. While recent preclinical studies have underscored the potential of injectable PEUR scaffolds and delivery systems for tissue regeneration, this promising class of biomaterials has a limited regulatory history. Elucidation of the macrophage-mediated oxidative mechanism by which LTI scaffolds degrade in vivo provides key insights into the ultimate fate of these materials when injected into the body.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
authors.forename: Andrea E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Hafeman
authors.forename: Katarzyna J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Zienkiewicz
authors.forename: Angela L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Zachman
authors.forename: Hak-Joon
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Sung
authors.forename: Lillian B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Nanney
authors.forename: Jeffrey M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Davidson
authors.forename: Scott A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Guelcher
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D008239:Lysine / Q000737:chemistry*; D008297:Male; D008422:Materials Testing; D019563:Mechanics; D051379:Mice; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D011091:Polyesters / Q000737:chemistry*; D011140:Polyurethanes / Q000737:chemistry*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds / Q000737:chemistry*; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D011091:Polyesters; D011140:Polyurethanes; C081821:microthane foam; D008239:Lysine