title: Experimental evaluation of the pressure and temperature dependence of ion-induced nucleation.
abstract: An experimental system for the study of ion-induced nucleation in a SO(2)/H(2)O/N(2) gas mixture was developed, employing a soft x-ray at different pressure and temperature levels. The difficulties associated with these experiments included the changes in physical properties of the gas mixture when temperature and pressure were varied. Changes in the relative humidity (RH) as a function of pressure and temperature also had a significant effect on the different behaviors of the mobility distributions of particles. In order to accomplish reliable measurement and minimize uncertainties, an integrated on-line control system was utilized. As the pressure decreased in a range of 500-980 hPa, the peak concentration of both ions and nanometer-sized particles decreased, which suggests that higher pressure tended to enhance the growth of particles nucleated by ion-induced nucleation. Moreover, the modal diameters of the measured particle size distributions showed a systematic shift to larger sizes with increasing pressure. However, in the temperature range of 5-20 °C, temperature increases had no significant effects on the mobility distribution of particles. The effects of residence time, RH (7%-70%), and SO(2) concentration (0.08-6.7 ppm) on ion-induced nucleation were also systematically investigated. The results show that the nucleation and growth were significantly dependent on the residence time, RH, and SO(2) concentration, which is in agreement with both a previous model and previous observations. This research will be inevitable for a better understanding of the role of ions in an atmospheric nucleation mechanism.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan.
authors.forename: Muhammad Miftahul
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Munir
authors.forename: Asep
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Suhendi
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ogi
authors.forename: Ferry
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Iskandar
authors.forename: Kikuo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Okuyama
mesh_terms: D003460:Crystallization; D005740:Gases / Q000737:chemistry*; D007477:Ions / Q000737:chemistry*; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000737:chemistry; D011312:Pressure; D013458:Sulfur Dioxide / Q000737:chemistry; D013696:Temperature; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D005740:Gases; D007477:Ions; D014867:Water; D013458:Sulfur Dioxide; D009584:Nitrogen