title: Incidence of adverse drug events and medication errors in Japan: the JADE study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The epidemiology of adverse drug events (ADEs) and medication errors has received little evaluation outside the U.S. and Europe, and extrapolating from these data might not be valid, especially regarding selecting and prioritizing solutions.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the incidence and preventability of ADEs and medication errors in Japan.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Japan Adverse Drug Events (JADE) study was a prospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cohort of 3,459 adults admitted to a stratified random sample of seven medical and eight surgical wards and three intensive care units in three tertiary care hospitals over 6 months.
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured ADE and medication error rates from daily reviews of charts, laboratories, incident reports, and prescription queries by on-site reviewers; presence of a signal was considered an incident. Two independent physicians reviewed incidents to determine whether they were ADEs or medication errors and to assess severity and preventability.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 1,010 ADEs and 514 medication errors (incidence: 17.0 and 8.7 per 1,000 patient-days, respectively) during the study period. Among ADEs, 1.6%, 4.9% and 33% were fatal, life-threatening and serious, respectively. Among ADEs, 14% were preventable. The rate per admission was 29 per 100 admissions, higher than in U.S. studies because associated with of the long length of hospital stay in Japan (mean, 17 days).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The epidemiology and nature of ADEs and medication errors in Japan were similar to other countries, although more frequent per admission. Solutions that worked in these countries might thus improve medication safety in Japan, as could shortening hospital length of stay.
authors.affiliation: Center for Medical Education, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Konoe-cho, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan. morimoto@kuhp.kyoto-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Morimoto
authors.forename: Mio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sakuma
authors.forename: Kunihiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Matsui
authors.forename: Nobuo
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kuramoto
authors.forename: Jinichi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Toshiro
authors.forename: Junji
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Murakami
authors.forename: Tsuguya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fukui
authors.forename: Mayuko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saito
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hiraide
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Bates
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015331:Cohort Studies; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006761:Hospitals / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008508:Medication Errors / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies