Transactivation of genes encoding for phase II enzymes and phase III transporters by phytochemical antioxidants.
The induction of phase II enzymes and phase III transporters contributes to the metabolism, detoxification of xenobiotics, antioxidant capacity, redox homeostasis and cell viability. Transactivation of the genes that encode for phase II enzymes and phase III transporters is coordinatively regulated by activating transcription factors in response to external stimuli. Comprehensive studies indicate that antioxidant phytochemicals promote the induction of phase II enzymes and/or phase III transporters through various signaling pathways, including phosphoinositide 3-kinase, protein kinase C, and mitogen-activated protein kinases. This paper focuses on the molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways responsible for the transactivation of genes encoding for these proteins, as orchestrated by a series of transcription factors and related signaling components.
Yang
Yoon Mee
YM
Innovative Drug Research Center for Metabolic and Inflammatory Disease, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
Noh
Kyoung
K
Han
Chang Yeob
CY
Kim
Sang Geon
SG
D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D004798:Enzymes / Q000235:genetics*; D008658:Inactivation, Metabolic; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D015533:Transcriptional Activation / Q000187:drug effects*; D015262:Xenobiotics / Q000378:metabolism
D000975:Antioxidants; D004798:Enzymes; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D015262:Xenobiotics