title: Nuclear receptor-mediated induction of CYP450 by antiretrovirals: functional consequences of NR1I2 (PXR) polymorphisms and differential prevalence in whites and sub-Saharan Africans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Antiretroviral therapy including HIV protease inhibitors and nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors can both inhibit and induce expression of cytochrome P450s, potentially leading to drug interactions. However, information is lacking on the impact of genetic polymorphism on this interaction.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study examines the prevalence of 33 polymorphisms in NR1I2 (pregnane X receptor [PXR]), CYP3A4, and CYP2B6 in 1013 white and sub-Saharan African patients with HIV; explores the inductive ability of 16 antiretrovirals on CYP3A4 and CYP2B6 promoter activity through nuclear receptors PXR and constitutive androstane receptor (CAR); and evaluates the influence of naturally occurring PXR genetic variants on antiretroviral activation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventeen polymorphisms were present at different frequencies between the two ethnicities. Darunavir, fosamprenavir, lopinavir, nelfinavir, tipranavir, efavirenz, and abacavir increased CYP3A4 and/or CYP2B6 promoter activity, some through constitutive androstane receptor but mainly through PXR. Addition of low-dose ritonavir enhanced levels of CYP promoter activity for several protease inhibitors. Some PXR variants displayed lower fosamprenavir- and lopinavir-induced CYP3A4 promoter activity than the PXR reference sequence, whereas efavirenz and nelfinavir induction was unchanged.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of NR1I2 polymorphisms can alter the induction of CYP3A4 and CYP2B6 promoter activity, potentially adding to the unpredictable nature of antiretroviral drug interactions. These polymorphisms differ in prevalence between whites and sub-Saharan Africans.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: Jenny
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Svärd
authors.forename: J Paul
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Spiers
authors.forename: Fiona
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mulcahy
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hennessy
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017954:Africa South of the Sahara; D000731:Androstanes; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D044383:Black People / Q000235:genetics; D002460:Cell Line; D065702:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B6; D051544:Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D004347:Drug Interactions; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics*; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D056945:Hep G2 Cells; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010089:Oxidoreductases, N-Demethylating / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D000077297:Pregnane X Receptor; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011987:Receptors, Steroid / Q000235:genetics*; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D044465:White People / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D000731:Androstanes; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; C000625852:NR1I2 protein, human; D000077297:Pregnane X Receptor; D011987:Receptors, Steroid; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases; C585599:CYP2B6 protein, human; D065702:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B6; D051544:Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A; C510163:CYP3A4 protein, human; D010089:Oxidoreductases, N-Demethylating; C033936:androstane