title: Effects of bone morphogenetic proteins on osteoblast cells: vascular endothelial growth factor, calcium, inorganic phosphate, and nitric oxide levels.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) play an important role in the initiation of bone formation by affecting cell growth and differentiation in a variety of cell types including osteoblasts. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an important regulator of angiogenesis and vasculogenesis, and also, VEGF signaling is important for skeletal development. Nitric oxide (NO), calcium (Ca), and inorganic Phosphate (Pi) are important molecules for cell functions. In this study, the effects of BMP on VEGF, Ca, NO, and Pi levels were investigated in an osteoblast cell culture.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty thousand cells per milliliter were seeded and cultured on graft materials for 24 and 48 hours. Different concentrations of BMPs (combination of BMPs numbered from 1 to 14) were supplemented to the medium.
  
  
  RESULTS
  BMP was found to increase VEGF (P = 0.00), Ca (P = 0.02), and Pi (P = 0.00) especially in the first 24 hours. The increase in the NO in the experimental groups were found to be statistically insignificant (P = 0.12).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data state that further investigation should be performed on the effects of BMPs on osteoblast cell membranes and membrane receptors and cell signaling, together with their known effects on early phases of bone and vascular epithelial tissue formation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey. yusufemes@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Yusuf
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Emes
authors.forename: Buket
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Aybar
authors.forename: Pervin
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vural
authors.forename: Neslihan Yildirim
authors.initials: NY
authors.lastname: Saral
authors.forename: Belir
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Atalay
authors.forename: A Selhan
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Kaya
authors.forename: Halim
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Issever
authors.forename: Serhat
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yalcin
authors.forename: Ayhan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bilir
mesh_terms: D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002118:Calcium / Q000032:analysis*; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000032:analysis*; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000187:drug effects*; D015675:Osteocalcin / Q000032:analysis; D010710:Phosphates / Q000032:analysis*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013053:Spectrophotometry; D013997:Time Factors; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; D010710:Phosphates; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; C467498:vascular endothelial growth factor A, rat; D015675:Osteocalcin; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase; D002118:Calcium