title: Life-long physical activity involvement reduces the risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a case-control study in Japan.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Because only 20% of cigarette smokers develop COPD, certain environmental and lifestyle factors may protect against the disease development.
  
  
  METHODS
  To investigate the relationship between life-long physical activity involvement and the COPD risk, a case-control study was conducted in central Japan. A total of 278 eligible patients (244 men and 34 women) age 50 to 75 years were referred by respiratory physicians, while 335 controls (267 men and 68 women) were recruited from the community. All participants underwent spirometric measurements of lung function. Information on demographic and lifestyle characteristics was obtained by face-to-face interview using a structured questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Older adults who remained physically active had better lung function than others inactive over the life course. The COPD patients were found to be less active than their healthy counterparts. Significant reductions in risk of COPD and breathlessness were evident by being active life-long, with adjusted odds ratio 0.59 (95% CI 0.36-0.97) and 0.56 (95% CI 0.36-0.88), respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study suggested an inverse association between life-long physical activity and the risk of COPD and breathlessness. Promotion of physical activity to prevent this major disease should be encouraged.
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, Australia.
authors.forename: Fumi
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hirayama
authors.forename: Andy H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Tetsuo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hiramatsu
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012131:Respiratory Insufficiency / Q000453:epidemiology; D013147:Spirometry