title: Presence of Helicobacter pylori in supragingival dental plaque of individuals with periodontal disease and upper gastric diseases.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Helicobacter pylori is a Gram-negative microorganism which is able to colonize the gastric mucosa and is associated with peptic ulcer, gastric carcinoma, and gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. Several studies have detected this bacterium in the oral cavity, suggesting it as a potential reservoir. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of H. pylori in the oral cavity of individuals with periodontal disease and gastric diseases.
  
  
  METHODS
  115 individuals, with mean age 49.6 (±5.8) years, were divided in 4 groups: (A) with gastric diseases and periodontal disease; (B) with gastric diseases and no periodontal disease; (C) without gastric diseases and without periodontal disease, (D) without gastric diseases and with periodontal disease. Supra and subgingival plaque samples were collected from posterior teeth of the individuals with sterile paper points, and prepared for Polymerase Chain Reaction analysis. Fisher's exact test was used for detecting statistical differences between groups (p<0.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  H. pylori was detected in supragingival plaque of 9/36 (25%) of group A, 1/31 (0.3%) of group B, 0 (0%) of group C and 3/36 (8.3%) of group D. No subgingival samples were positive for H. pylori. There was a statistically higher prevalence of H. pylori in groups A and D when compared to B and C (p<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  H. pylori was detected in the supragingival plaque, but not in the subgingival plaque, of individuals with periodontal disease and upper gastric diseases. There was an association between the supragingival colonization of H. pylori and oral hygiene parameters such as the presence of plaque and gingival bleeding.
authors.affiliation: Escola de Odontologia, UNIGRANRIO, Duque de Caxias, Brazil. denisegomes@globo.com
authors.forename: Denise G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: Roy H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Stevens
authors.forename: Jacyara M B
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Macedo
authors.forename: Rodolpho M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Albano
authors.forename: Marcio E V
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Falabella
authors.forename: Ricardo G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.forename: Enno C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Veerman
authors.forename: Eduardo M B
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Tinoco
mesh_terms: D001706:Biopsy; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000382:microbiology*; D003774:Dental Plaque Index; D005260:Female; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000382:microbiology; D016480:Helicobacter pylori / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010510:Periodontal Diseases / Q000382:microbiology*; D010512:Periodontal Index; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013272:Stomach Diseases / Q000382:microbiology*