title: Which factors may effect urinary leakage following percutaneous nephrolithotomy?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the factors that may effect urinary leakage following percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL).
  
  
  METHODS
  Four hundred and thirty-three patients who underwent PCNL were reviewed retrospectively. The factors that may lead to leakage after surgery were analyzed as categorized into four groups according to individual variables (age, sex, body mass index); renal factors (previous surgery, extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy history, presence of hydronephrosis); stone burden; and surgical features (access number, type of dilatation, presence of nephrostomy catheter). These data were compared for the presence and duration of urinary leakage.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no statistically significant correlation between individual factors and both the presence of leak (POL) and the duration of leak (DOL) (P > 0.05). Among renal factors, only presence and degree of hydronephrosis was significantly correlated with POL (P < 0.001) and DOL (P < 0.001). The mean cumulative stone burden neither had impact on POL nor correlated with DOL (P > 0.05). Among surgical factors, dilatation with a Nephromax dilator significantly increased incidence of POL when compared with an Amplatz dilator (P < 0.001), yet did not change DOL. Using an internal ureteral stent significantly decreased incidence of POL and DOL (P < 0.001). DOL increased with catheter diameter and stay time (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Several yet simple factors appear to be effective in postoperative urine leakage from the access sites after percutaneous stone surgery. Precautions may also be simple if these factors are considered preoperatively.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Baskent University School of Medicine, 5, Sokak, No. 48 Bahcelievler, 06490, Ankara, Turkey. drayhan_dirim@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Ayhan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dirim
authors.forename: Tahsin
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Turunc
authors.forename: Baris
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kuzgunbay
authors.forename: Eray
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hasirci
authors.forename: Mehmet Ilteris
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Tekin
authors.forename: Hakan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ozkardes
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D057785:Catheters / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006869:Hydronephrosis / Q000150:complications; D008096:Lithotripsy / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009403:Nephrostomy, Percutaneous / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014545:Urinary Calculi / Q000601:surgery*; D014551:Urinary Tract / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014555:Urination Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D014556:Urine; D055815:Young Adult