title: Design, synthesis, and subtype selectivity of 3,6-disubstituted β-carbolines at Bz/GABA(A)ergic receptors. SAR and studies directed toward agents for treatment of alcohol abuse.
abstract: A series of 3,6-disubstituted β-carbolines was synthesized and evaluated for their in vitro affinities at α(x)β(3)γ(2) GABA(A)/benzodiazepine receptor subtypes by radioligand binding assays in search of α(1) subtype selective ligands to treat alcohol abuse. Analogues of β-carboline-3-carboxylate-t-butyl ester (βCCt, 1) were synthesized via a CDI-mediated process and the related 6-substituted β-carboline-3-carboxylates 6 including WYS8 (7) were synthesized via a Sonogashira or Stille coupling processes from 6-iodo-βCCt (5). The bivalent ligands of βCCt (32 and 33) were also designed and prepared via a palladium-catalyzed homocoupling process to expand the structure-activity relationships (SAR) to larger ligands. Based on the pharmacophore/receptor model, a preliminary SAR study on 34 analogues illustrated that large substituents at position-6 of the β-carbolines were well tolerated. As expected, these groups are proposed to project into the extracellular domain (L(Di) region) of GABA(A)/Bz receptors (see 32 and 33). Moreover, substituents located at position-3 of the β-carboline nucleus exhibited a conserved stereo interaction in lipophilic pocket L(1), while N(2) presumably underwent a hydrogen bonding interaction with H(1). Three novel β-carboline ligands (βCCt, 3PBC and WYS8), which preferentially bound to α1 BzR subtypes permitted a comparison of the pharmacological efficacies with a range of classical BzR antagonists (flumazenil, ZK93426) from several different structural groups and indicated these β-carbolines were 'near GABA neutral antagonists'. Based on the SAR, the most potent (in vitro) α(1) selective ligand was the 6-substituted acetylenyl βCCt (WYS8, 7). Earlier both βCCt and 3PBC had been shown to reduce alcohol self-administration in alcohol preferring (P) and high alcohol drinking (HAD) rats but had little or no effect on sucrose self-administration.(1-3) Moreover, these two β-carbolines were orally active, and in addition, were anxiolytic in P rats but were only weakly anxiolytic in rodents. These data prompted the synthesis of the β-carbolines presented here.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201-0413, United States.
authors.forename: Wenyuan
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.forename: Samarpan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Majumder
authors.forename: Terry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Clayton
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Petrou
authors.forename: Michael L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: VanLinn
authors.forename: Ojas A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Namjoshi
authors.forename: Chunrong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Brett A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Cromer
authors.forename: Bryan L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Roth
authors.forename: Donna M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Platt
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Cook
mesh_terms: D000437:Alcoholism / Q000188:drug therapy*; D000818:Animals; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000737:chemistry*; D001665:Binding Sites; D002243:Carbolines / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002460:Cell Line; D003198:Computer Simulation; D058787:GABA-A Receptor Antagonists / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D021122:Protein Subunits / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D011963:Receptors, GABA-A / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D013237:Stereoisomerism; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship
chemical_list: C000588763:8-ethynyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxylate-t-butyl ester; D002243:Carbolines; D058787:GABA-A Receptor Antagonists; D021122:Protein Subunits; D011963:Receptors, GABA-A; D001569:Benzodiazepines