title: Dosimetric verification of the anisotropic analytical algorithm in lung equivalent heterogeneities with and without bone equivalent heterogeneities.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In this study, the authors evaluated the accuracy of dose calculations performed by the convolution/superposition based anisotropic analytical algorithm (AAA) in lung equivalent heterogeneities with and without bone equivalent heterogeneities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Calculations of PDDs using the AAA and Monte Carlo simulations (MCNP4C) were compared to ionization chamber measurements with a heterogeneous phantom consisting of lung equivalent and bone equivalent materials. Both 6 and 10 MV photon beams of 4 x 4 and 10 x 10 cm(2) field sizes were used for the simulations. Furthermore, changes of energy spectrum with depth for the heterogeneous phantom using MCNP were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ionization chamber measurements and MCNP calculations in a lung equivalent phantom were in good agreement, having an average deviation of only 0.64 +/- 0.45%. For both 6 and 10 MV beams, the average deviation was less than 2% for the 4 x 4 and 10 x 10 cm(2) fields in the water-lung equivalent phantom and the 4 x 4 cm(2) field in the water-lung-bone equivalent phantom. Maximum deviations for the 10 x 10 cm(2) field in the lung equivalent phantom before and after the bone slab were 5.0% and 4.1%, respectively. The Monte Carlo simulation demonstrated an increase of the low-energy photon component in these regions, more for the 10 X 10 cm(2) field compared to the 4 x 4 cm(2) field.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The low-energy photon by Monte Carlo simulation component increases sharply in larger fields when there is a significant presence of bone equivalent heterogeneities. This leads to great changes in the build-up and build-down at the interfaces of different density materials. The AAA calculation modeling of the effect is not deemed to be sufficiently accurate.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Physics, Hiroshima Heiwa Clinic, Japan. koukun@ms4.megaegg.ne.jp
authors.forename: Kaoru
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ono
authors.forename: Satoru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Endo
authors.forename: Kenichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: Masaharu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hoshi
authors.forename: Yutaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hirokawa
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D016880:Anisotropy; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000502:physiology*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000502:physiology*; D008954:Models, Biological; D011874:Radiometry / Q000379:methods*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*