title: Transcranial magnetic stimulation of early visual cortex interferes with subjective visual awareness and objective forced-choice performance.
abstract: In order to study whether there exist a period of activity in the human early visual cortex that contributes exclusively to visual awareness, we applied transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over the early visual cortex and measured subjective visual awareness during visual forced-choice symbol or orientation discrimination tasks. TMS produced one dip in awareness 60-120 ms after stimulus onset, while forced-choice orientation discrimination was suppressed between 60 and 90 ms and symbol discrimination between 60 and 120 ms. Thus, a time window specific to visual awareness was found only in the orientation condition at 120 ms. The results imply that both conscious and unconscious perception depend on activity in early visual areas. On the basis of previous estimates of neural processing speed, we suggest that the late part of the activity period most likely involve local extrastriate-striate interactions which provide the contents for visual awareness but are not themselves sufficient for awareness to arise.
authors.affiliation: Department of Behavioural Sciences and Philosophy, Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Turku, Finland. mika.koivisto@utu.fi
authors.forename: Mika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Koivisto
authors.forename: Henry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Railo
authors.forename: Niina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Salminen-Vaparanta
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001364:Awareness / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects; D002755:Choice Behavior / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D004192:Discrimination, Psychological / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation; D014793:Visual Cortex / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D014796:Visual Perception / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D055815:Young Adult