title: The common adolescent bipolar phenotype shows positive biases in emotional processing.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Bipolar disorder is associated with abnormalities in emotional processing that persist into periods of remission. However, studies of euthymic bipolar disorder patients may be confounded by the experience of mood episodes and medication. We therefore assessed an adolescent group for vulnerability markers associated with the bipolar phenotype.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Mood Disorder Questionnaire (MDQ) is a screening tool for bipolar disorder that targets mood-elevation symptoms. We selected 32 high-scoring students (≥ 7 symptoms) with the adolescent bipolar phenotype and 30 low-scoring controls (≤ 3 symptoms) and screened them with the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview-Plus for bipolar disorder and other psychiatric disorders. We investigated emotional processing by assessing facial expression recognition, emotional memory, emotion-potentiated startle, and a dot-probe task.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the high-MDQ participants, 12 were in remission from bipolar disorder defined by DSM-IV-TR and interview (bipolar II disorder/bipolar disorder not otherwise specified) and 3 from major depressive disorder. High-MDQ participants had higher levels of neuroticism, low mood, and lifetime anxiety comorbidity and alcohol dependence compared with low-MDQ participants. The high-MDQ group showed facilitated recognition of surprised and neutral facial expressions and enhanced processing of positive versus negative information in emotional recognition memory and emotion-potentiated startle. There were no effects on emotional categorisation/recall memory or attentional bias in the dot-probe task.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that students with the common adolescent bipolar phenotype show positive emotional processing biases despite increased levels of neuroticism, low mood, and anxiety. Such effects may represent a psychological vulnerability marker associated with the bipolar phenotype.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, UK.
authors.forename: Philippa L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Rock
authors.forename: Guy M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Goodwin
authors.forename: Catherine J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Harmer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000339:Affect; D000342:Affective Symptoms / Q000523:psychology*; D001007:Anxiety; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory; D010641:Phenotype; D013334:Students; D055815:Young Adult