title: The antimicrobial efficacy of Fructus mume extract on orthodontic bracket: a monospecies-biofilm model study in vitro.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  the aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Fructus mume on a monospecies-biofilm model established on orthodontic brackets in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  the antimicrobial effect of Fructus mume aqueous extract on the planktonic Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) was tested by microdilution method (MIC). The cell viability of S. mutans biofilm on Damon3 MX bracket (Ormco, USA) after exposed to Fructus mume extract was quantified by XTT reduction assay. Visualization of the samples was performed by fluorescence microscope and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM).
  
  
  RESULTS
  HPLC analysis revealed that the main compounds of Fructus mume are organic acids. The MIC of Fructus mume extract on the planktonic S. mutans was 50mg/mL. The optical density (OD) values, measured by XTT reduction assay from S. mutans biofilms after 1-min exposure to different test agents, demonstrated that the cell viability of S. mutans biofilms exposed to 250mg/mL Fructus mume extract<BHI (-) (p<0.01). Microscope image showed that Fructus mume extract obviously increased the amount of dead bacteria on the surface of bracket.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fructus mume extract showed antimicrobial effect on S. mutans biofilm on orthodontic bracket in vitro which may indicate its potential use as an oral antimicrobial agent for orthodontic patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontic, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Ricky W K
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Seneviratne
authors.forename: Urban
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Hägg
authors.forename: Colman
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: McGrath
authors.forename: L P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Samaranayake
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kao
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D019343:Citric Acid / Q000032:analysis; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D008422:Materials Testing; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D050296:Microbial Viability / Q000187:drug effects; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D016910:Orthodontic Brackets / Q000382:microbiology*; D019815:Oxalic Acid / Q000032:analysis; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D027861:Prunus / Q000737:chemistry; D013057:Spectrum Analysis; D013295:Streptococcus mutans / Q000187:drug effects; D013644:Tartrates / Q000032:analysis; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D010936:Plant Extracts; D013644:Tartrates; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts; C059087:2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-5-((phenylamino)carbonyl)-2H-tetrazolium hydroxide; D019343:Citric Acid; D019815:Oxalic Acid; C029768:tartaric acid