title: Three-dimensional CT cavernosography: reconsidering venous ligation surgery on the basis of the modern technology.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  • To examine the feasibility of three-dimensional (3D) CT cavernosography in the diagnosis of corporal veno-occlusive dysfunction.
  
  
  METHODS
  • The subjects were 55 patients who had failed to respond to phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors. We performed pharmacodynamic infusion cavernosometry and cavernosography, using 60 mg papaverine hydrochloride. • Cavernosography was performed at 90 mmHg intracavernous pressure, using a multi-slice CT scan system. The 3D images were reconstructed using aquarius net station, ver.2 computer software. • For comparison with conventional cavernosography, maximum intensity projection (MIP) images were used. A flow of 20 mL/min or being more capable of maintaining 90 mmHg of intracavernous pressure indicated veno-occlusive dysfunction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  • Forty-five of the 55 patients were diagnosed with corporal veno-occlusive dysfunction. 3D-CT cavernosography revealed drainage veins in all 45 cases, including cavernous veins, dorsal veins, crural veins and other emissary veins. • Compared with 3D-CT cavernosography, observing cavernous veins and the proximal part of the deep dorsal veins using MIP imaging was especially difficult because the origins of the penile veins are often behind the pelvic bone or cavernous body. • Of the patients who seemingly had leakage via the deep dorsal vein, 80.6% did not in fact have leakage via this vein, but had other leakages. The image resolution of 3D-CT cavernosography was significantly higher than that of MIP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  • 3D-CT cavernosography can provide high-resolution images of venous drainage from any angle. We conclude that the images obtained by 3D-CT cavernosography are very helpful for both the diagnosis of corporal veno-occlusive dysfunction and the anatomical study of the human penile venous system.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Takamatsu Red Cross Hospital, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan. sykawanishi@ybb.ne.jp
authors.forename: Yasuo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kawanishi
authors.forename: Kazuyoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Izumi
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Muguruma
authors.forename: Tomohiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mashima
authors.forename: Masatsugu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Komori
authors.forename: Masahito
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yamanaka
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Numata
authors.forename: Tomoteru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kishimoto
authors.forename: Hiro-Omi
authors.initials: HO
authors.lastname: Kanayama
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006801:Humans; D018783:Impotence, Vasculogenic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D008026:Ligation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010413:Penis / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D058986:Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D058986:Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibitors