title: The association between intimate partner violence, alcohol and depression in family practice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Depressive symptoms, intimate partner violence and hazardous drinking are common among patients attending general practice. Despite the high prevalence of these three problems; the relationship between them remains relatively unexplored.
  
  
  METHODS
  This paper explores the association between depressive symptoms, ever being afraid of a partner and hazardous drinking using cross-sectional screening data from 7667 randomly selected patients from a large primary care cohort study of 30 metropolitan and rural general practices in Victoria, Australia. The screening postal survey included the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale, the Fast Alcohol Screening Test and a screening question from the Composite Abuse Scale on ever being afraid of any intimate partner.
  
  
  RESULTS
  23.9% met criteria for depressive symptoms. A higher proportion of females than males (20.8% vs. 7.6%) reported ever being afraid of a partner during their lifetime (OR 3.2, 95%CI 2.5 to 4.0) and a lower proportion of females (12%) than males (25%) were hazardous drinkers (OR 0.4; 95%CI 0.4 to 0.5); and a higher proportion of females than males (20.8% vs. 7.6%) reported ever being afraid of a partner during their lifetime (OR 3.2, 95%CI 2.5 to 4.0). Men and women who had ever been afraid of a partner or who were hazardous drinkers had on average higher depressive symptom scores than those who had never been afraid or who were not hazardous drinkers. There was a stronger association between depressive symptoms and ever been afraid of a partner compared to hazardous drinking for both males (ever afraid of partner; Diff 6.87; 95% CI 5.42, 8.33; p < 0.001 vs. hazardous drinking in last year; Diff 1.07, 95% CI 0.21, 1.94; p = 0.015) and females (ever afraid of partner; Diff 5.26; 95% CI 4.55, 5.97; p < 0.001 vs. hazardous drinking in last year; Diff 2.23, 95% CI 1.35, 3.11; p < 0.001), even after adjusting for age group, income, employment status, marital status, living alone and education level.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Strategies to assist primary care doctors to recognise and manage intimate partner violence and hazardous drinking in patients with depression may lead to better outcomes from management of depression in primary care.
authors.affiliation: Substance Use Disorders Research Group, Neuropsychopharmacology Programme, Institut Municipal d'Investigació Mèdica-Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain. ggilchrist@imim.es
authors.forename: Gail
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gilchrist
authors.forename: Kelsey
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hegarty
authors.forename: Patty
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chondros
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Herrman
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gunn
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000150:complications*; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications*; D005194:Family Practice; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013179:Spouse Abuse / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy