title: The impact of positive airway pressure on cardiac status and clinical outcomes in patients with advanced heart failure and sleep-disordered breathing: a preliminary report.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Heart failure (HF) is a major public health problem associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality. Patients with HF exhibit a high prevalence of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB). We have investigated the long-term impact of positive airway pressure (PAP) therapy on heart function and clinical outcomes in patients with advanced HF and concomitant SDB.
  
  
  METHODS
  We assessed 18 patients with advanced HF (New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional classification III-IV) and concomitant SDB (diagnosed with polysomnography) either of obstructive or central type. Eleven patients who received PAP therapy (auto-titrating PAP or adaptive servo-ventilation) for 12 months were compared with seven patients who refused this therapy. All participants were assessed at both baseline and end of follow-up for NYHA functional status, left and right ventricular function, neurohormonal activation, and exercise tolerance. The rates of hospitalization, deaths, and the combination of both were also recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients treated with PAP achieved better functional status, higher left ventricular ejection fraction, improved longitudinal right ventricular contractile function, lower levels of b-type natriuretic peptide, and greater exercise performance compared to those who remained untreated. PAP-treated group had a significantly lower incidence of the prespecified combined end-point (i.e., hospital admissions and death) than the control group (87.5 vs. 18.2%, p = 0.013). Interestingly, the mortality rate was 28% (two out of seven patients) in the control group, while no deaths were recorded in the PAP-treated group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this preliminary study, we found that treatment of SDB, irrespective of type, in stable patients with advanced HF receiving optimal medical therapy was associated with improvement in cardiac functional status, ventricular contraction, physical performance, and neurohormonal status, leading to better clinical outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Athens General Hospital, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Apostolos
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Karavidas
authors.forename: Fotis
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kapsimalis
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lazaros
authors.forename: Evaggelos
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Markozanes
authors.forename: Sophia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Arapi
authors.forename: Kiriaki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Cholidou
authors.forename: Vassiliki
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Matzaraki
authors.forename: Konstantina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kyrkou
authors.forename: Dimitris
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tsiachris
authors.forename: Evaggelos
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Matsakas
authors.forename: Vlassios
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Pyrgakis
authors.forename: Manos
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alchanatis
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015897:Comorbidity; D045422:Continuous Positive Airway Pressure / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004867:Equipment Design; D017079:Exercise Tolerance / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D020097:Natriuretic Peptide, Brain / Q000097:blood; D011446:Prospective Studies; D020182:Sleep Apnea, Central / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D020181:Sleep Apnea, Obstructive / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D013318:Stroke Volume / Q000502:physiology; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000502:physiology; D016278:Ventricular Function, Right / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D020097:Natriuretic Peptide, Brain