title: The influence of pre-existing diabetes mellitus on the host immune response and outcome of pneumonia: analysis of two multicentre cohort studies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although diabetes mellitus is implicated in susceptibility to infection, the association of diabetes with the subsequent course and outcome is unclear.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective analysis of two multicentre cohorts was carried out. The effect of pre-existing diabetes on the host immune response, acute organ function and mortality in patients hospitalised with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in the GenIMS study (n=1895) and on mortality following either CAP or non-infectious hospitalisations in the population-based cohort study, Health ABC (n=1639) was determined. Measurements included the mortality rate within the first year, risk of organ dysfunction, and immune responses, including circulating inflammatory (tumour necrosis factor, interleukin 6, interleukin 10), coagulation (Factor IX, thrombin-antithrombin complexes, antithrombin), fibrinolysis (plasminogen-activator inhibitor-1 and D-dimer) and cell surface markers (CD120a, CD120b, human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-DR, Toll-like receptor-2 and Toll-like receptor-4).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In GenIMS, diabetes increased the mortality rate within the first year after CAP (unadjusted HR 1.41, 95% CI 1.12 to 1.76, p=0.002), even after adjusting for pre-existing cardiovascular and renal disease (adjusted HR 1.3, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.65, p=0.02). In Health ABC, diabetes increased the mortality rate within the first year following CAP hospitalisation, but not after hospitalisation for non-infectious illnesses (significant interaction for diabetes and reason for hospitalisation (p=0.04); HR for diabetes on mortality over the first year after CAP 1.87, 95% CI 0.76 to 4.6, p=0.16, and after non-infectious hospitalisation 1.16, 95% CI 0.8 to 1.6, p=0.37). In GenIMS, immediate immune response was similar, as evidenced by similar circulating immune marker levels, in the emergency department and during the first week. Those with diabetes had a higher risk of acute kidney injury during hospitalisation (39.3% vs 31.7%, p=0.005) and they were more likely to die due to cardiovascular and kidney disease (34.4% vs 26.8% and 10.4% vs 4.5%, p=0.03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pre-existing diabetes was associated with a higher risk of death following CAP. The mechanism is not due to an altered immune response, at least as measured by a broad panel of circulating and cell surface markers, but may be due to worsening of pre-existing cardiovascular and kidney disease.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. yendes@upmc.edu
authors.forename: Sachin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yende
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: van der Poll
authors.forename: Minjae
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: David T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Anne B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Newman
authors.forename: Lan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kong
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Kellum
authors.forename: Tamara B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: Doug
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.forename: Suzanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Satterfield
authors.forename: Derek C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Angus
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D015331:Cohort Studies; D017714:Community-Acquired Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000401:mortality; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000276:immunology* / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009102:Multiple Organ Failure / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology* / Q000401:mortality; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose