title: Neural mechanisms of interference control in working memory: effects of interference expectancy and fluid intelligence.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A critical aspect of executive control is the ability to limit the adverse effects of interference. Previous studies have shown activation of left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex after the onset of interference, suggesting that interference may be resolved in a reactive manner. However, we suggest that interference control may also operate in a proactive manner to prevent effects of interference. The current study investigated the temporal dynamics of interference control by varying two factors - interference expectancy and fluid intelligence (gF) - that could influence whether interference control operates proactively versus reactively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A modified version of the recent negatives task was utilized. Interference expectancy was manipulated across task blocks by changing the proportion of recent negative (interference) trials versus recent positive (facilitation) trials. Furthermore, we explored whether gF affected the tendency to utilize specific interference control mechanisms. When interference expectancy was low, activity in lateral prefrontal cortex replicated prior results showing a reactive control pattern (i.e., interference-sensitivity during probe period). In contrast, when interference expectancy was high, bilateral prefrontal cortex activation was more indicative of proactive control mechanisms (interference-related effects prior to the probe period). Additional results suggested that the proactive control pattern was more evident in high gF individuals, whereas the reactive control pattern was more evident in low gF individuals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest the presence of two neural mechanisms of interference control, with the differential expression of these mechanisms modulated by both experimental (e.g., expectancy effects) and individual difference (e.g., gF) factors.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA. greg.burgess@colorado.edu
authors.forename: Gregory C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Burgess
authors.forename: Todd S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Braver
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D006801:Humans; D007360:Intelligence; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008570:Memory, Short-Term; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000502:physiology; D011859:Radiography