title: The novel sodium glucose transporter 2 inhibitor dapagliflozin sustains pancreatic function and preserves islet morphology in obese, diabetic rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether glucose lowering with the selective sodium glucose transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor dapagliflozin would prevent or reduce the decline of pancreatic function and disruption of normal islet morphology.
  
  
  METHODS
  Female Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats, 7-8 weeks old, were placed on high-fat diet. Dapagliflozin (1 mg/kg/day, p.o.) was administered for ∼33 days either from initiation of high-fat diet or when rats were moderately hyperglycaemic. Insulin sensitivity and pancreatic function were evaluated using a hyperglycaemic clamp in anaesthetized animals (n = 5-6); β-cell function was quantified using the disposition index (DI) to account for insulin resistance compensation. Pancreata from a matched subgroup (n = 7-8) were fixed and β-cell mass and islet morphology investigated using immunohistochemical methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Dapagliflozin, administered from initiation of high-fat feeding, reduced the development of hyperglycaemia; after 24 days, blood glucose was 8.6 ± 0.5 vs. 13.3 ± 1.3 mmol/l (p < 0.005 vs. vehicle) and glycated haemoglobin 3.6 ± 0.1 vs. 4.8 ± 0.26% (p < 0.003 vs. vehicle). Dapagliflozin improved insulin sensitivity index: 0.08 ± 0.01 vs. 0.02 ± 0.01 in obese controls (p < 0.03). DI was improved to the level of lean control rats (dapagliflozin 0.29 ± 0.04; obese control 0.15 ± 0.01; lean 0.28 ± 0.01). In dapagliflozin-treated rats, β-cell mass was less variable and significant improvement in islet morphology was observed compared to vehicle-treated rats, although there was no change in mean β-cell mass with dapagliflozin. Results were similar when dapagliflozin treatment was initiated when animals were already moderately hyperglycaemic.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sustained glucose lowering with dapagliflozin in this model of type 2 diabetes prevented the continued decline in functional adaptation of pancreatic β-cells.
authors.affiliation: CVGI Discovery, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, UK.
authors.forename: F R
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Macdonald
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Peel
authors.forename: H B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Mayers
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Westgate
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Whaley
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Poucher
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D005960:Glucosides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D007515:Islets of Langerhans / Q000166:cytology*; D009765:Obesity / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D010179:Pancreas / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats; D011924:Rats, Zucker; D000077203:Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors
chemical_list: D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D005960:Glucosides; D000077203:Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors; C529054:dapagliflozin