title: Twenty-six tons of lead oxide used per year in wooden boat building and repairing in southern Thailand.
abstract: In southern Thailand, the wooden boat building and repair industry uses powdered lead oxide (Pb(3)O(4,) or red lead) in the caulking process. This had been shown to be a significant source of contamination in the workplace and the communities. This cross-sectional study was conducted to estimate the amount of lead oxide used in the region and to document the management of hazardous waste product in this industry. All boatyards in southern Thailand registered to the Ministry of Industry were visited with walk-through observation. After consent, questionnaire-based interviews were conducted among workers and boatyard owners who rented out the space for building and repairing the boats. Of the 63 active boatyards identified, approximately 26 tons of lead oxide was used to repair approximately 8,000 boats each year. Due to the casual employment system in this industry, no facility for the protection of workers and the environment from lead contamination exists. The findings indicate the need for further studies on the extent of contamination in the broader area. Intervention programmes are also urgently needed to reduce the release of this hazardous waste into the community.
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai 90110, Thailand.
authors.forename: Virasakdi
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Chongsuvivatwong
authors.forename: Suwapit
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kaeosanit
authors.forename: Orrapan
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Untimanon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis; D003252:Construction Materials / Q000032:analysis; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005260:Female; D006256:Hazardous Waste / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007854:Lead / Q000032:analysis*; D008297:Male; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D010087:Oxides / Q000032:analysis*; D012767:Ships; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013785:Thailand; D018505:Waste Management; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D006256:Hazardous Waste; D010087:Oxides; D007854:Lead; C047365:lead oxide