title: Two-fold elevation of expression of FoxM1 transcription factor in mouse embryonic fibroblasts enhances cell cycle checkpoint activity by stimulating p21 and Chk1 transcription.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Forkhead Box M1 (FoxM1) transcription factor regulates expression of cell cycle effective genes and is stabilized by checkpoint kinase 2 (Chk2) to stimulate expression of DNA repair enzymes in response to DNA damage. This study intended to test whether FoxM1 is involved in cell cycle checkpoint pathways.
  
  
  METHODS
  Analysis of senescence and cell proliferation in FoxM1 transgenic (TG) mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) with 2-fold elevation of FoxM1, and overexpression or knockdown of FoxM1 in an inducible FoxM1 expression cell line, or FoxM1 siRNA. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA), and cotransfection to determine FoxM1 transcription targets, as well as RNase protection assays and western blot analysis, were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two-fold elevation of FoxM1 in FoxM1-TG-MEFs resulted in low levels of cell proliferation and increase in permanent cell cycle arrest at early passages (from passage 6 to 9). These phenotypes correlated with increased phosphorylation of p53 on Ser15, elevated expression of cell cycle inhibitor p21 and Chk1 at passage 3. FoxM1 was stabilized in response to DNA damage in MEFs and FoxM1 overexpression induced p21. Knockdown of FoxM1 resulted in decrease in Chk1. ChIP, EMSA and cotransfection assays confirmed that FoxM1 stimulated promoters of p21 and Chk1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chk1 and p21 are direct transcription targets of FoxM1 and FoxM1 participates in transcriptional responses to stress in normal cells.
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Engineering Center and State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China. yjtan@hnu.cn
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Shan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002453:Cell Cycle; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D000071877:Checkpoint Kinase 1; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21 / Q000235:genetics*; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian / Q000166:cytology; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D000072278:Forkhead Box Protein M1; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000235:genetics*; D015533:Transcriptional Activation; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D000072278:Forkhead Box Protein M1; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors; C491524:Foxm1 protein, mouse; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D011494:Protein Kinases; C000605867:CHEK1 protein, human; D000071877:Checkpoint Kinase 1; C000605869:Chek1 protein, mouse