title: Tensile and bending fatigue of the adhesive interface to dentin.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the fatigue limits of the dentin-composite interfaces established either with an etch-and-rinse or an one-step self-etch adhesive systems under tensile and bending configurations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Flat specimens (1.2 mm×5 mm×35 mm) were prepared using a plexiglass mold where dentin sections from human third molars were bonded to a resin composite, exhibiting the interface centrally located. Syntac Classic and G-Bond were used as adhesives and applied according to the manufacturer's instructions. The fluorochrome Rhodamine B was added to the adhesives to allow for fractographic evaluation. Tensile strength was measured in an universal testing machine and the bending strength (n=15) in a Flex machine (Flex, University of Antwerp, Belgium), respectively. Tensile (TFL) and bending fatigue limits (BFL) (n=25) were determined under wet conditions for 10(4) cycles following a staircase approach. Interface morphology and fracture mechanisms were observed using light, confocal laser scanning and scanning electron microscopy. Statistical analysis was performed using three-way ANOVA (mod LSD test, p<0.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tensile and bending characteristic strengths at 63.2% failure probability for Syntac were 23.8 MPa and 71.5 MPa, and 24.7 MPa and 72.3 MPa for G-Bond, respectively. Regarding the applied methods, no significant differences were detected between adhesives. However, fatigue limits for G-Bond (TFL=5.9 MPa; BFL=36.2 MPa) were significantly reduced when compared to Syntac (TFL=12.6 MPa; BFL=49.7 MPa). Fracture modes of Syntac were generally of adhesive nature, between the adhesive resin and dentin, while G-Bond showed fracture planes involving the adhesive-dentin interface and the adhesive resin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cyclic loading under tensile and bending configurations led to a significant strength degradation, with a more pronounced fatigue limit decrease for G-Bond. The greater decrease in fracture strength was observed in the tensile configuration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Operative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil.
authors.forename: Renan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Belli
authors.forename: Luiz Narciso
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Baratieri
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Braem
authors.forename: Anselm
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Petschelt
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Lohbauer
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003188:Composite Resins; D001840:Dental Bonding; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis / Q000379:methods; D003804:Dentin; D017220:Dentin-Bonding Agents; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing / Q000295:instrumentation; D008689:Methacrylates; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D018583:Pliability; D019279:Resin Cements; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013718:Tensile Strength
chemical_list: D003188:Composite Resins; D017220:Dentin-Bonding Agents; C498353:G-Bond; D008689:Methacrylates; D019279:Resin Cements; C078484:Syntac dentine adhesive