title: Protein kinase C{delta} deficiency accelerates neointimal lesions of mouse injured artery involving delayed reendothelialization and vasohibin-1 accumulation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To use protein kinase C (PKC) δ-knockout mice to investigate the role of PKCδ in lesion development and to understand the underlying mechanism of the vascular disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PKCδ functions as a signal transducer mediating several essential functions of cell proliferation and apoptosis. However, the effect of PKCδ on neointimal formation in wire-injured vessels is unknown. Three weeks after wire injury of femoral arteries, neointimal lesions were significantly increased in PKCδ(-/-) mice compared with PKCδ(+/+) animals. Immunohistochemical staining revealed that total numbers of smooth muscle cells and macrophages in the lesions of PKCδ(-/-) mice were markedly elevated without changing the ratio of these 2 cell types. To further elucidate the mechanisms of PKCδ-mediated increase in the lesion, an in vivo endothelial migration model was established to evaluate endothelial wound healing after wire injury. Data showed that reendothelialization of the injured vessel was markedly delayed in PKCδ(-/-) mice; this coincided with more severe intimal hyperplasia. Migration of endothelial cells cultivated from cardiac tissue was markedly reduced in the absence of PKCδ, whereas no difference in proliferation or apoptosis was detected. Inhibition of PKCδ activity or protein expression by small hairpin RNA (shRNA) in cultured endothelial cells confirmed the defective migratory phenotype. Interestingly, vasohibin-1, an antiangiogenesis protein, was elevated in endothelial cells derived from PKCδ(-/-) mice, which was mainly because of delayed protein degradation mediated by PKCδ. Downregulation of vasohibin-1 restored the migration rate of PKCδ(-/-) endothelial cells to a similar level as PKCδ(+/+) cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PKCδ deficiency enhances neointimal formation, which is associated with delayed reendothelialization and involves increased cellular vasohibin-1 accumulation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Xue
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Bai
authors.forename: Andriana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Margariti
authors.forename: Yanhua
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Yasufumi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: Lingfang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.forename: Aleksandar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ivetic
authors.forename: Ouassila
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Habi
authors.forename: Justin C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Mason
authors.forename: Xian
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Qingbo
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D001157:Arterial Occlusive Diseases / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002465:Cell Movement; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003251:Constriction, Pathologic; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology; D005263:Femoral Artery / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000293:injuries / Q000473:pathology; D005838:Genotype; D006965:Hyperplasia; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D032389:Myocytes, Smooth Muscle / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology; D010641:Phenotype; D051745:Protein Kinase C-delta / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000235:genetics; D034622:RNA Interference; D013997:Time Factors; D017539:Tunica Intima / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000293:injuries / Q000473:pathology; D014945:Wound Healing
chemical_list: D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; C510089:Vash1 protein, mouse; C497259:Prkcd protein, mouse; D051745:Protein Kinase C-delta