title: The effect of listener experience and anchors on judgments of dysphonia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effect of auditory anchors on judgments of overall severity (OS) and vocal effort (VE) in dysphonic speech when judgments are made by experienced and inexperienced listeners, and when self-rated by individuals with dysphonia (speaker-listeners).
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty individuals with dysphonia and 4 normal controls provided speech recordings. Speaker-listeners judged their own speech samples for OS and VE without auditory anchors, and then in the presence of anchors, using 100-mm visual analog scales (VAS). Twenty inexperienced and 10 experienced listeners evaluated the same speech samples for OS and VE in similar rating conditions. Twenty inexperienced listeners also made judgments of the speech samples solely in anchored conditions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All listeners judged the speech samples as significantly less severe and effortful in the anchored conditions. No significant effects of anchors or experience were found for intrarater agreement within 7.14 mm on the VAS. Both inexperienced and experienced listeners were significantly less variable and showed improved interrater agreement in the anchored conditions. Anchors significantly improved agreement across groups of listeners, particularly between inexperienced and speaker-listeners.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Listeners systematically shift judgments of voice quality in response to auditory anchors. Anchors reduce interrater variability and may improve agreement across some types of listeners.
authors.affiliation: University of Washington, Seattle, USA. teadie@uw.edu
authors.forename: Tanya L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Eadie
authors.forename: Mara
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kapsner-Smith
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D055154:Dysphonia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007600:Judgment; D008297:Male; D015588:Observer Variation; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013065:Speech Intelligibility; D013067:Speech Perception; D013068:Speech Production Measurement / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D055815:Young Adult