title: Thrombosis risk and survival in cancer patients with elevated C-reactive protein.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The incidence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) is increased among cancer patients.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We assessed serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) in order to study their prognostic significance for VTE and survival in the prospective observational Cancer and Thrombosis Study (CATS).
  
  
  METHODS
  This study includes patients with recently diagnosed cancer or progression of disease after remission. Occurrence of VTE and information on the patients' anti-cancer-treatment are recorded. Observation ends with occurrence of objectively confirmed VTE, death or after 2 years. CRP levels were determined by an immunonephelometric method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We included 705 consecutive patients with solid tumors. During the observation period, VTE occurred in 43 (6.1%) patients and 413 (58.6%) died. The cumulative probability of VTE was 6.6% after 1 year. In univariate analysis, CRP (as metric variable, per double increase) was associated with VTE [hazard ratio (HR) 1.2, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1-1.3 P = 0.048]. However, in multivariable analysis including chemotherapy, surgery and radiotherapy, metastasis, cancer-site and sP-selectin the association with VTE (HR 1.0, 95% CI 0.9-1.2 P = 0.932) was no longer observed. CRP was clearly associated with worse survival probability with a HR of 1.3 (95% CI 1.2-1.3, P < 0.0001) in multivariable analysis. The cumulative survival after 12 months was 43% in patients with CRP above the 75th percentile (1.8 mg dL(-1) ) and 82% in those below the 75th percentile.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In cancer patients elevated CRP was not independently associated with VTE. CRP was significantly associated with worse survival.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine I, Clinical Division of Haematology and Haemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kanz
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Vukovich
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vormittag
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dunkler
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ay
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Thaler
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Haselböck
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Scheithauer
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zielinski
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Pabinger
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001317:Austria; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology / Q000401:mortality; D009391:Nephelometry and Turbidimetry; D019007:P-Selectin / Q000097:blood; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate; D013997:Time Factors; D015854:Up-Regulation; D054556:Venous Thromboembolism / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000401:mortality
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D019007:P-Selectin; C546937:SELP protein, human; D002097:C-Reactive Protein