title: Magnetic resonance imaging grading of interspinous ligament degeneration of the lumbar spine and its relation to aging, spinal degeneration, and segmental motion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Degenerative changes of the interspinous ligaments (ISLs) have generally been ignored in previous studies. Factor-related causes, the effects that these changes have on other structures within the spinal functional unit, and their relation to kinematic changes in the spine are lacking. In this study, the authors evaluated the reliability of a proposed MR imaging grading system of ISL degeneration (ISLD). They also investigated the relationship between ISLD and aging, disc/facet joint degeneration, and lumbar segmental motion.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors studied 256 lumbar motion segments from L-2 to S-1 in 64 patients (35 men and 29 women) with a mean age of 46.08 years (range 23–85 years). An MR imaging–based grading system for ISLD was developed and ranged from Grade A (mild) to Grade D (severe). The reliability was tested, and the correlation of the grade with the severity of the disc and facet joint degeneration was examined. The segmental motion of each functional unit was measured using flexion/extension MR imaging, and their relationships with ISL grades were identified.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Grade A was observed in 115 levels (44.9%), Grade B in 105 (41.0%), Grade C in 15 (5.9%), and Grade D in 21 levels (8.2%). The kappa coefficients for intraobserver and interobserver agreements were substantial to excellent (intraobserver [0.871] and interobserver [0.721–0.807]). Grade D was observed primarily in elderly patients. Segmental motion tended to decrease in the most severe grade, with a significant difference in angular mobility. As the severity of ISLD increased, the severity of disc/facet joint degeneration increased (p < 0.001 and p < 0.05, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The authors proposed a reliable and reproducible grading system that may be used to investigate spinal kinematics in association with ISLD. The authors' findings illustrated the distribution of ISLD grades. The most severe grade occurred primarily in elderly patients. Mobility decreased in the most severe grade; therefore, the stage of ISLD should be taken into consideration when evaluating spinal stability.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Gun
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Keorochana
authors.forename: Cyrus E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Taghavi
authors.forename: Shiau-Tzu
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Tzeng
authors.forename: Yuichiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Morishita
authors.forename: Jeong Hyun
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Yoo
authors.forename: Kwang-Bok
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Jen-Chung
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.forename: Jeffrey C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007403:Intervertebral Disc / Q000473:pathology; D007700:Kinetics; D008022:Ligaments / Q000473:pathology*; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000473:pathology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015588:Observer Variation; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013122:Spinal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D055815:Young Adult; D021801:Zygapophyseal Joint / Q000473:pathology