title: Estrogen stimulation of cell migration involves multiple signaling pathway interactions.
abstract: Hormone-dependent breast cancers respond to inhibitors of estrogen synthesis or action with tumor regression and with a reduction of new metastases. The mechanisms underlying the effects of estrogen on metastasis likely differ from those on tumor regression. Cell migration is a key first step in the metastatic process. Based on our prior work and other published data, we designed and tested a working model that suggested that estrogen receptor α, epidermal growth factor receptor, focal adhesion kinase (FAK), paxillin, phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase, p60 Src tyrosine kinase (c-Src), c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and MAPK interact to facilitate estradiol (E(2))-induced cell migration. Accordingly, we examined the effect of E(2) on activation of these pathways and demonstrated mechanistic effects by blocking each component and assessing cell migration as a biologic endpoint. Initial studies validated a robust cell migration assay characterized by highly reproducible, dose-dependent responses to E(2). Examining various mechanisms involved in migration, we showed that E(2) induced activation of c-Src, FAK, and paxillin with early peaks within 5-30 min and later peaks at 24 h. ERK and protein kinase B phosphorylation exhibited only early peaks. Blockade of various steps in these signaling pathways with use of small interfering RNA or specific inhibitors demonstrated mechanistic effects of these signaling molecules on cell migration. Our results suggest that the effects of E(2) on cell migration involve multiple, interacting signaling pathways. Important effects are mediated by the MAPK, phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase pathways and use FAK, paxillin, and c-Src for activation. Each pathway represents a potential target for blocking cell migration and metastasis of breast cancer cells.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health Sciences System, Virginia 22908, USA.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Ji-Ping
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Santen
authors.forename: Tae-Hyun
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Hoyong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Yue
mesh_terms: D015153:Blotting, Western; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004958:Estradiol / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051416:Focal Adhesion Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D016391:Genes, src; D006801:Humans; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D051419:Paxillin / Q000378:metabolism*; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D051419:Paxillin; D004958:Estradiol; D051416:Focal Adhesion Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3