title: The cytoprotective effects of dantrolene: a ryanodine receptor antagonist.
abstract: Calcium, as a second messenger, has an important role in a variety of cellular functions. However, disruption of intracellular calcium homeostasis leads to cytotoxicity and cell death. Excessive calcium release from intracellular stores, via the calcium channel ryanodine receptor, contributes to cell damage. Dysfunction of calcium homeostasis is established in tissue culture and animal models of ischemia, hypoxia, seizure, trauma, anesthesia, and neurodegenerative diseases. Dantrolene, the primary drug to treat malignant hyperthermia, is a ryanodine receptor antagonist. Dantrolene inhibits abnormal calcium release from the sarco-endoplasmic reticulum, which is the primary intracellular calcium store. Dantrolene has been investigated widely for its possible cytoprotective effects against cell damage in different tissue culture or animal models of diseases involving cytotoxicity induced by disruption of intracellular calcium homeostasis in pathogenesis. In this review, we summarize the role of the disruption of intracellular calcium homeostasis on cell death, the pharmacologic and pharmacokinetic features of dantrolene, and the cytoprotective effects and potential application of dantrolene for the inhibition of cell damage in a wide variety of models of stress and disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, 305 John Morgan Building, 3610 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
authors.forename: Saadet
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Inan
authors.forename: Huafeng
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wei
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020013:Calcium Signaling / Q000187:drug effects*; D019610:Cytoprotection; D003620:Dantrolene / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006706:Homeostasis; D006801:Humans; D009410:Nerve Degeneration / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D019837:Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D019837:Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel; D003620:Dantrolene; D002118:Calcium