title: Immunohistochemical assessment of respiratory viruses in necropsy samples from lethal non-pandemic seasonal respiratory infections.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Acute respiratory infections are an important cause of childhood morbidity and mortality throughout the world, and viruses have often been reported to be an aetiological agent. This study aimed to identify respiratory viruses in paraffin-embedded samples of paediatric lung necropsy specimens, using immunohistochemistry on tissue microarray slides.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective study in 200 lung tissue samples from children who had died from severe respiratory infections during 1985-2005. Immunoperoxidase assay was performed to detect the viruses that were most commonly associated with respiratory tract infections: influenza virus A (FLU A), influenza virus B (FLU B), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), adenovirus (AdV) and parainfluenza virus (PIV) types 1, 2 and 3.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Viruses were detected in 71 (35.5%) cases. Most positive cases were observed in children younger than 6 months. In 42.3% of cases, only one virus was detected: 11 (36.7%) RSV; 7 (23.3%) AdV; 4 (13.3%) PIV2; 3 (10%) FLU A; 2 (6.7%) FLU B; 2 (6.7%) PIV3; and 1 (3.3%) PIV1. Co-infection with more than one virus was observed in 41 (57.7%) cases. No positive correlations were observed between the presence of viral antigens and seasonality of the infection, sex, age or histopathological findings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Non-pandemic seasonal respiratory viruses are involved in a significant number of deaths in paediatric patients; these findings highlight the importance of laboratory investigation of these agents in patients hospitalised with severe acute respiratory infections.
authors.affiliation: Internal Medicine Postgraduate Program, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: do Carmo Debur
authors.forename: Sonia Mara
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Raboni
authors.forename: Fabiane B Z
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Flizikowski
authors.forename: Débora C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Chong
authors.forename: Ana Paula
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Persicote
authors.forename: Meri B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Nogueira
authors.forename: Luine V
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: Rosele
authors.forename: Sergio Monteiro
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: de Almeida
authors.forename: Lucia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: de Noronha
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000256:Adenoviridae / Q000302:isolation & purification; D000293:Adolescent; D017677:Age Distribution; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D009980:Influenza A virus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D009981:Influenza B virus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D008297:Male; D018113:Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000401:mortality / Q000821:virology*; D018108:Respirovirus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012621:Seasons; D014777:Virus Diseases / Q000401:mortality / Q000821:virology*