title: Differential cytokine responses in human and mouse lymphatic endothelial cells to cytokines in vitro.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Inflammatory cytokines dysregulate microvascular function, yet how cytokines affect lymphatic endothelial cells (LEC) are unclear.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We examined effects of TNF-α, IL-1 beta, and IFN-gamma on LEC proliferation, endothelial cell adhesion molecule (ECAM) expression, capillary formation, and barrier changes in murine (SV-LEC) and human LECs (HMEC-1a).
  
  
  RESULTS
  All cytokines induced ICAM-1, VCAM-1, MAdCAM-1, and E-selectin in SV-LECs; TNF-α, IL-1 beta; and IFN-gamma induced ECAMs (but not MAdCAM-1) in HMEC-1a. IL-1 beta increased, while IFN-gamma and TNF-α reduced SV-LEC proliferation. While TNF-α induced, IFN-gamma decreased, and IL-1 beta did not show any effect on HMEC-1a proliferation. TNF-α, IL-1 beta, and IFN-gamma each reduced capillary formation in SV-LEC and in HMEC-1a. TNF-α and IL-1 beta reduced barrier in SV-LEC and HMEC-1a; IFN-gamma did not affect SV-LEC barrier, but enhanced HMEC-1a barrier. Inflammatory cytokines alter LEC growth, activation and barrier function in vitro and may disturb lymphatic clearance increasing tissue edema in vivo.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Therapies that maintain or restore lymphatic function (including cytokines blockade), may represent important strategies for limiting inflammation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana 71130-3932, USA.
authors.forename: G V
authors.initials: GV
authors.lastname: Chaitanya
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Franks
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Cromer
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Wells
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bienkowska
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Jennings
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ruddell
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ando
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sapp
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Mathis
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Jordan
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Minagar
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Alexander
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules / Q000378:metabolism*; D002460:Cell Line; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019040:E-Selectin / Q000378:metabolism; D017097:Electric Impedance; D004729:Endothelium, Lymphatic / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000494:pharmacology; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000494:pharmacology; D042583:Lymphangiogenesis / Q000187:drug effects; D051379:Mice; D013997:Time Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules; D016207:Cytokines; D019040:E-Selectin; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; D007371:Interferon-gamma