title: Gender and sex differences in job status and hypertension.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Studies have shown greater health risks associated with blue-collar manufacturing employment for women than men. It remains challenging, however, to distinguish gendered job status (affected by family composition and other personal characteristics) from sex-linked biological differences influencing physiological response to workplace physical hazards.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined the effects of hourly (blue-collar) status on incident hypertension among men and women, using health claims data for 14, 618 white- and blue-collar aluminium manufacturing employees in eight US states. To explore gender differences in job status, we developed sex-stratified propensity score models identifying key socioeconomic predictors of hourly status for men and women. To examine the effects of hourly employment on hypertension risk, after adjusting for gender differences in job status, we applied time-weighted logistic regression models, stratified by propensity score, with additional adjustment for socioeconomic confounders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Family structure (partnership, parity) influenced job status for both sexes; single mothers were more likely to hold hourly jobs (OR 2.02; 95% CI 1.37 to 2.97) and partnered men with children less likely (OR 0.68; 95% CI 0.56 to 0.83). Education, age at hire and race influenced job status for both sexes. The effect of hourly status on hypertension was significant only among women predicted to be hourly (OR 1.78; 95% CI 1.34 to 2.35).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate significant risks of hypertension associated with hourly status for women, possibly exacerbated by sociodemographic factors predicting hourly status (eg, single parenthood, low education). Greater attention to gender differences in job status, and finer exploration of sex-linked biological differences influencing responsivity to workplace exposures, is warranted.
authors.affiliation: Harvard School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA. jcloughe@hsph.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Jane E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Clougherty
authors.forename: Ellen A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Eisen
authors.forename: Martin D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Slade
authors.forename: Ichiro
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kawachi
authors.forename: Mark R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Cullen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000535:Aluminum; D004522:Educational Status; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D008669:Metallurgy; D008875:Middle Aged; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D009790:Occupations / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D012737:Sex Factors; D012923:Social Class; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000535:Aluminum