title: The Diesel Exhaust in Miners Study: III. Interrelations between respirable elemental carbon and gaseous and particulate components of diesel exhaust derived from area sampling in underground non-metal mining facilities.
abstract: Diesel exhaust (DE) has been implicated as a potential lung carcinogen. However, the exact components of DE that might be involved have not been clearly identified. In the past, nitrogen oxides (NO(x)) and carbon oxides (CO(x)) were measured most frequently to estimate DE, but since the 1990s, the most commonly accepted surrogate for DE has been elemental carbon (EC). We developed quantitative estimates of historical exposure levels of respirable elemental carbon (REC) for an epidemiologic study of mortality, particularly lung cancer, among diesel-exposed miners by back-extrapolating 1998-2001 REC exposure levels using historical measurements of carbon monoxide (CO). The choice of CO was based on the availability of historical measurement data. Here, we evaluated the relationship of REC with CO and other current and historical components of DE from side-by-side area measurements taken in underground operations of seven non-metal mining facilities. The Pearson correlation coefficient of the natural log-transformed (Ln)REC measurements with the Ln(CO) measurements was 0.4. The correlation of REC with the other gaseous, organic carbon (OC), and particulate measurements ranged from 0.3 to 0.8. Factor analyses indicated that the gaseous components, including CO, together with REC, loaded most strongly on a presumed 'Diesel exhaust' factor, while the OC and particulate agents loaded predominantly on other factors. In addition, the relationship between Ln(REC) and Ln(CO) was approximately linear over a wide range of REC concentrations. The fact that CO correlated with REC, loaded on the same factor, and increased linearly in log-log space supported the use of CO in estimating historical exposure levels to DE.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, US National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
authors.forename: Roel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vermeulen
authors.forename: Joseph B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Coble
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yereb
authors.forename: Jay H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lubin
authors.forename: Aaron
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Blair
authors.forename: Lützen
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Portengen
authors.forename: Patricia A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Attfield
authors.forename: Debra T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Silverman
mesh_terms: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational / Q000032:analysis*; D002244:Carbon / Q000032:analysis; D002248:Carbon Monoxide / Q000032:analysis; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D016021:Epidemiologic Studies; D005374:Filtration; D006801:Humans; D019570:Inhalation Exposure / Q000032:analysis / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008906:Mining; D009585:Nitrogen Dioxide / Q000032:analysis; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000032:analysis / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D001335:Vehicle Emissions / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational; D052638:Particulate Matter; D001335:Vehicle Emissions; D002244:Carbon; D002248:Carbon Monoxide; D009585:Nitrogen Dioxide