title: Altered expression and coregulation of dopamine signalling genes in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  signalling through dopamine receptors is of critical importance in the brain and is implicated in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, but its underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood.
  
  
  METHODS
  using a yeast two-hybrid approach, we previously identified 11 novel dopamine receptor-interacting proteins. Here we compare gene expression levels for 17 genes [including all 11 dopamine receptor interacting proteins, all 5 dopamine receptors (DRD1-DRD5) and DARPP-32] by real-time polymerase chain reaction, using prefrontal cortex post mortem brain samples from 33 schizophrenic, 32 bipolar disorder and 34 control subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  the expression of C14ORF28, GNB2L1, MLLT3, DRD2 and DARPP-32 genes was altered in schizophrenia and/or bipolar disorder samples relative to controls (P < 0.05). Hierarchical clustering analysis revealed the expression of these five genes (C14ORF28, GNB2L1, MLLT3, DARPP-32, DRD2) is closely correlated in patients. However, in controls, DRD2 expression in relation to the other genes appears to be very different, suggesting abnormal DRD2 activity is an important trigger in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  our data suggest: (i) C14ORF28, GNB2L1, MLLT3, DRD2 and DARPP-32 are important in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder; (ii) these two disorders share common disease-related mechanisms linked to dopamine signalling; (iii) the expression of these genes is closely correlated; and (iv) DRD2 provides the initial trigger in the pathogenesis of these disorders.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Developmental Sciences, St. George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhan
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Kerr
authors.forename: M-J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Lafuente
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Maclean
authors.forename: M V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Chibalina
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Burke
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bevan
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nasir
mesh_terms: D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism; D051937:Dopamine and cAMP-Regulated Phosphoprotein 32 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D015870:Gene Expression; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D000075370:Receptors for Activated C Kinase; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D011954:Receptors, Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism*; D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology; D020798:Two-Hybrid System Techniques
chemical_list: D051937:Dopamine and cAMP-Regulated Phosphoprotein 32; C489901:MLLT3 protein, human; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; C497928:PPP1R1B protein, human; C419368:RACK1 protein, human; D000075370:Receptors for Activated C Kinase; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D011954:Receptors, Dopamine; D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins; D004298:Dopamine