title: Prevalence of menopause symptoms and their association with lifestyle among Finnish middle-aged women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study is to report the prevalence of menopausal symptoms by severity among the Finnish female population and the association of their symptoms with lifestyle (smoking, use of alcohol, physical activity) and body mass index (BMI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Health 2000 is a nationally representative population-based study of Finnish adults. Data were collected by home interview, three self-administered questionnaires and a clinical examination by a physician. This study included women aged 45-64 years (n=1427). All symptoms included menopause-specific symptoms. Both univariate analysis and a factor analysis based on symptom factors were performed by menopausal group. Multiple regression analysis included each symptom factor as a dependent variable and confounding and lifestyle factors (age, education, smoking, alcohol use, physical activity, BMI, use of hormonal replacement therapy (HRT) and chronic disease status).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over one-third (38%) of the premenopausal, half of the perimenopausal, and 54% of both postmenopausal and hysterectomized women reported bothersome symptoms. The difference between pre- and perimenopausal women was largest and statistically most significant in the case of back pain and hot flushes. Physically active women reported fewer somatic symptoms than did women with a sedentary lifestyle. Smoking was not related to vasomotor symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bothersome symptoms are common in midlife, regardless of menopausal status. Inverse association between physical activity and menopausal symptoms needs to be confirmed in randomized trials.
authors.affiliation: Tampere School of Public Health, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland. jaana.m.moilanen@uta.fi
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Moilanen
authors.forename: A-M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Aalto
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hemminki
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Aro
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Raitanen
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Luoto
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001416:Back Pain / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D019584:Hot Flashes / Q000145:classification / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D007044:Hysterectomy; D008593:Menopause; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D015995:Prevalence; D012044:Regression Analysis; D057185:Sedentary Behavior