title: Reciprocal activation of macrophages and breast carcinoma cells by nitric oxide and colony-stimulating factor-1.
abstract: Induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene expression, nitric oxide (NO) production and migration of RAW264.7 macrophages by coculture with breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells or the addition of conditioned medium derived from MDA-MB-231 cells (MDA-CM) was identified. Increased iNOS/NO induction and migration of macrophages by MDA-CM were significantly blocked by adding the c-Jun-N-terminal protein kinase (JNK) inhibitor, SP600125, the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) inhibitor, BAY117082 and pyrrolidine dithiocarbamic acid and a dominant-negative JNK. The addition of an NO donor, Diethylenetriamine-NONOate, significantly activated expressions of MMP-9 and VEGF-A genes in breast carcinoma MDA-MD-231 cells and invasion of MDA-MB-231 cells in coculture with RAW264.7 macrophages as determined using Transwell systems, but that was inhibited by adding SP600125, BAY117082 and the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester. Induction of heme oxygenase-1 in macrophages reduced MDA-CM-induced iNOS/NO, JNK and NF-κB activations in accordance with inhibiting VEGF-A and MMP-9 gene expressions by MDA-MB-231 cells via Transwell assays. Furthermore, VEGF, sRANKL, TNF-α, IL-1α, TGF-β, CSF-1 and MCP-1 were applied, and CSF-1 showed the most potent stimulation of iNOS/NO production and migration of macrophages. MCF-7 cells with lower CSF-1 expression than MDA-MB-231 cells showed a poor stimulatory effect on iNOS/NO production and migration of macrophages. Neutralization of CSF-1 in MDA-CM using CSF-1 antibody inhibited MDA-CM-induced iNOS protein expression and migration of macrophages, and CSF-1-induced iNOS protein and migration was blocked by adding JNK inhibitor SP and NF-κB inhibitor BAY. The reciprocal activation of breast cancer and macrophages via NO-CSF-1 is first elucidated herein.
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Cheng-Wei
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Shing-Chuan
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Ching-Huai
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Ko
authors.forename: Hui-Yi
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Yen-Chou
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002465:Cell Movement; D005260:Female; D051547:Heme Oxygenase-1 / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008262:Macrophage Activation; D016173:Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000502:physiology*; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000235:genetics; D051379:Mice; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000502:physiology*; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000502:physiology; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D016173:Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D051547:Heme Oxygenase-1; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9