title: Efficacy of intravenous paracetamol compared to dipyrone and parecoxib for postoperative pain management after minor-to-intermediate surgery: a randomised, double-blind trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Paracetamol has a well established pharmacological profile, but its postoperative efficacy is in question. This double-blind, placebo-controlled study was designed to compare the efficacy of intravenous paracetamol with other intravenous non-opioids as part of a multimodal concept for perioperative pain therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients undergoing minor-to-intermediate surgery under general anaesthesia were randomly assigned to receive infusions of paracetamol (1 g every 6 h), dipyrone (1 g every 6 h), parecoxib (40 mg every 12 h) separated by infusions of physiological saline 0.9%, or placebo (0.9% saline every 6 h), respectively, for at least 48 h as part of a multimodal pain concept. Patient-controlled piritramide was administered as rescue medication. Dependent variables were recorded 1, 6, 18, 30 and 42 h after extubation and 1 week after surgery. Surgical and associated pain was scored as the primary outcome on a visual analogue scale. Additionally, time to first dose and total piritramide dosage, satisfaction, respiratory depression, nausea, vomiting, sedation, itching and sweating were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 196 patients were recruited. The efficacy of paracetamol was similar to that of the other non-opioid analgesics. Surgical pain was reduced with all non-opioids compared to placebo; there was no effect on associated pain. Piritramide dosage and incidence of side effects were not reduced.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intravenous paracetamol has equivalent efficacy to non-opioids dipyrone and parecoxib that improves postoperative pain therapy when used as part of a multimodal concept after minor-to-intermediate surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Therapy, Fachklinik Hornheide, Muenster, Germany.
authors.forename: Gerhard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Brodner
authors.forename: Wiebke
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Gogarten
authors.forename: Hugo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Van Aken
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hahnenkamp
authors.forename: Carola
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wempe
authors.forename: Hendrik
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Freise
authors.forename: Irmgard
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Cosanne
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Huppertz-Thyssen
authors.forename: Björn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ellger
mesh_terms: D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016058:Analgesia, Patient-Controlled / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004177:Dipyrone / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007555:Isoxazoles / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010892:Pirinitramide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D007555:Isoxazoles; D000082:Acetaminophen; D010892:Pirinitramide; D004177:Dipyrone; C409945:parecoxib