title: ¹H NMR-based metabolomics approach to assess toxicity of bunker a heavy oil to freshwater carp, Cyprinus carpio.
abstract: Using a ¹H NMR metabolomics approach, the effects of dietary exposure of bunker A heavy oil (0.01, 0.1, 1, and 5% in diet) on freshwater carp, Cyprinus carpio, were examined. Statistical analysis by PCA score plots showed that the amount of metabolites in exposure groups 0.1, 1, and 5% differed from those in the control group. Although no discernible effects on metabolites were noted in the 0.1% exposure group as well as in the lowest concentration (0.01%) group, several metabolites such as amino acid (e.g., leucine, isoleucine, valine, glutamine, histidine, proline, and methionine), 3-D-hydroxybutyrate, and glycerol were elevated, while another metabolite such as formate was reduced in 1 and 5% groups. These changes in the metabolites associated with the tri-carboxylic-acid (TCA) cycle suggest that oil exposure resulted in the disturbance of the TCA cycle in the liver of the carp. Isobutyrate, a marker of anoxia, was also increased in 1 and 5% exposures groups and was directly related to low hemoglobin concentrations leading to reduced oxygen transport by blood. In addition, significant elevation of creatinine in the plasma of carps exposed to 5% heavy oil suggests disturbance in kidney function. Thus, metabolomics approach can detect toxic effects of hazardous pollutants on fish.
authors.affiliation: The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, 4-50-20 Shimoarata, Kagoshima 890-0056, Japan.
authors.forename: Emiko
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kokushi
authors.forename: Seiichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Uno
authors.forename: Tomotaka
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Harada
authors.forename: Jiro
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Koyama
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002347:Carps / Q000378:metabolism*; D002952:Citric Acid Cycle; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000737:chemistry; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D053858:Metabolic Networks and Pathways / Q000187:drug effects*; D055432:Metabolomics; D010578:Petroleum / Q000633:toxicity*; D059392:Petroleum Pollution; D025341:Principal Component Analysis
chemical_list: D010578:Petroleum