title: Neuroprotective effects of almond skins in experimental spinal cord injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Functional deficits following spinal cord injury (SCI) arise from both mechanical injury and from secondary tissue reactions involving inflammation. Natural almond skins (NS) were tested to evaluate anti-inflammatory effects on an animal model of SCI.
  
  
  METHODS
  SCI was induced by the application of vascular clips to the dura via a four-level T5-T8 laminectomy. In the present study, to elucidate whether the protective effects of NS are related to the total phenolic content, we also investigated the effect of a blanched (BS) almond skins (industrially obtained by removing bran from the nut) in SCI. NS and BS (30 mg/kg respectively) were administered per os, 1 h and 6 h, after SCI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SCI in mice resulted in severe injury characterized by edema, tissue damage, production of inflammatory mediators and apoptosis (measured by Bax, Bcl-2 and Tunel assay). NS treatment, 1 and 6 h after SCI, reduced all parameters of inflammation as neutrophil infiltration, NF-κB activation, PAR formation, iNOS expression and apoptosis. However, treatment with BS did not exert any protective effect.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that NS treatment, reducing the development of inflammation and tissue injury, may be useful in the treatment of SCI.
authors.affiliation: Pharmaco-Biological Department, University of Messina, Vill. SS: Annunziata 98168, Messina, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mandalari
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Genovese
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bisignano
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mazzon
authors.forename: M S J
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Wickham
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Di Paola
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bisignano
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cuzzocrea
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D007249:Inflammation / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020556:Neutrophil Infiltration / Q000187:drug effects; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology; D018514:Plant Structures / Q000737:chemistry; D027861:Prunus / Q000737:chemistry*; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology*; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D016328:NF-kappa B; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts; C002744:3-nitrotyrosine; D014443:Tyrosine