title: Oral fluid testing during 10 years of rubella elimination, England and Wales.
abstract: Surveillance of rubella in England and Wales has included immunoglobulin M testing of oral (crevicular) fluid from reported case-patients since 1994. The need for laboratory confirmation to monitor rubella elimination is emphasized by poor sensitivity (51%, 95% confidence interval 48.9%-54.0%) and specificity (55%, 95% confidence interval 53.7%-55.6%) of the clinical case definition. During 1999-2008, oral fluid from 11,709 (84%) of 13,952 reported case-patients was tested; 143 (1.0%) cases were confirmed and 11,566 (99%) were discarded (annual investigation and discard rate of clinically suspected rubella cases was 2,208/100,000 population). Incidence of confirmed rubella increased from 0.50 to 0.77/1 million population when oral fluid testing was included. Oral fluid tests confirmed that cases were more likely to be in older, unvaccinated men. Testing of oral fluid has improved ascertainment of confirmed rubella in children and men and provided additional information for assessing UK progress toward the World Health Organization elimination goal.
authors.affiliation: Health Protection Agency Centre for Infections, London, UK.
authors.forename: Gayatri
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Manikkavasagan
authors.forename: Antoaneta
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bukasa
authors.forename: Kevin E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Bernard J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Mary E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Ramsay
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004739:England; D005260:Female; D005883:Gingival Crevicular Fluid / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007075:Immunoglobulin M / Q000032:analysis*; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D011159:Population Surveillance / Q000379:methods*; D012409:Rubella / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D012412:Rubella virus / Q000276:immunology*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D017678:Sex Distribution; D014852:Wales; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D007075:Immunoglobulin M