title: Sexual dimorphism on cytokines expression in the temporomandibular joint: the role of gonadal steroid hormones.
abstract: Temporomandibular joint pain-related conditions are generally characterized by local inflammation; however, little studies have focused on the role of gonadal hormones in the expression of inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines. Therefore, we asked whether gonadal steroid hormones affect formalin-induced cytokines expression in the rat temporomcandibular joint. The expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, and cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant (CINC)-1 was significantly higher in males than in diestrus and proestrus females and was decreased by orchiectomy and restored by testosterone replacement. The expression of IL-6 was significantly higher in diestrus and proestrus females than in males, and was decreased by ovariectomy and restored by estradiol or progesterone administration. We conclude that testosterone increases the expression of TNF-α, IL-1β and CINC-1, and estradiol and progesterone increase the expression of IL-6. New clinical approaches based on inhibition of pro-inflammatory mediators are starting to supplant traditional immunosuppressive therapies and gonadal hormones may influence their effectiveness or clinical dosage.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Orofacial Pain, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Dentistry of Piracicaba, State University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Av. Limeira 901, CEP 13414-900, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Karla E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Torres-Chávez
authors.forename: Luana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.forename: Juliana Maia
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Teixeira
authors.forename: Nadia Cristina
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Fávaro-Moreira
authors.forename: Gustavo Alberto
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Obando-Pereda
authors.forename: Carlos Amílcar
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Parada
authors.forename: Claudia Herrera
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Tambeli
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D054360:Chemokine CXCL1 / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D004958:Estradiol / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones / Q000378:metabolism*; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D009919:Orchiectomy; D010052:Ovariectomy; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011374:Progesterone / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D013704:Temporomandibular Joint / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D013705:Temporomandibular Joint Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism; D013739:Testosterone / Q000494:pharmacology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D054360:Chemokine CXCL1; C513297:Cxcl1 protein, rat; D016207:Cytokines; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D013739:Testosterone; D011374:Progesterone; D004958:Estradiol