title: Pacemakers and magnetic resonance imaging: no longer an absolute contraindication when scanned correctly.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Until recently, cardiac pacemakers and implantable cardioverter defibrillators were considered an absolute contraindication for magnetic resonance imaging. Given the significant increase in implanting such devices, these contraindications will preclude MRI scanning in a large patient population. Several recent reports have addressed the safety and feasibility of MRI in the presence of cardiac implantable devices.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To summarize our experience with MRI scanning in the presence of pacemakers and implantable cardioverter defibrillators.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighteen patients (15 males and 3 females, median age 59) were scanned using a 1.5 T MRI scanner. A clinical discussion was held to verify the absolute medical necessity of the study before performing the scan. Scan supervision included device interrogation and programming beforehand, patient monitoring during, and device interrogation and reprogramming after the scan. Full resuscitation equipment was available outside the MRI suite.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-four scans were performed, and all but one were of diagnostic quality. Anatomic regions included the brain (N = 26), cervical spine (N = 2), lumbar spine (N = 1), cardiac (N = 2), abdomen (N = 1), abdomen and pelvis (N = 1) and pelvis (N = 1). None of the patients reported any side effects and no life-threatening events occurred during or following the scans. Five cases of device spontaneous reversion to backup mode were recorded (four in the same patient). Device replacement was not required in any patient.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this small cohort of patients MRI scanning in the presence of cardiac implantable devices was safe. MRI in these patients is feasible although not recommended for routine scans. Scans should be considered on a case-to-case basis and performed in a dedicated specialized setup.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, affiliated with Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel. osnatx@gmail.com
authors.forename: Osnat
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Halshtok
authors.forename: Orly
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Goitein
authors.forename: Raed
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Abu Sham'a
authors.forename: Hava
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Granit
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Glikson
authors.forename: Eli
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Konen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial