title: Effects of chronic exposure of diets with reduced concentrations of aflatoxin and deoxynivalenol on growth and immune status of pigs.
abstract: This study investigated the growth and immune responses of pigs fed diets containing reduced concentrations of aflatoxin (AF) and deoxynivalenol (DON) from naturally contaminated corn. Sixty gilts (13.9 ± 0.2 kg of BW) were randomly assigned to 4 treatments (5 replicate pens per treatment and 3 pigs per pen): A (a control diet without detectable AF and DON); B (a diet with 60 μg of AF/kg and 300 μg of DON/kg); C (a diet with 120 μg of AF/kg and 600 μg of DON/kg); and D (a diet with 180 μg of AF/kg and 900 μg of DON/kg). Pigs were allowed ad libitum access to feed and water for 33 d. Feed intake and BW were measured weekly and pigs were bled (8 mL) on d 33 to measure the numbers of blood cells, to conduct liver function tests, and to measure immunological variables including IgG, IgM, interferon γ, IL4, IL6, and tumor necrosis factor α. One pig representing the average BW of each pen was killed to obtain the liver, kidneys, and spleen for weight, tissue color measurement, and histological evaluation of tissue damage. When compared with A, pigs in C and D tended to have reduced ADG (0.52 vs. 0.43 and 0.41 kg/d, respectively; P = 0.058) and ADFI (1.04 vs. 0.92 and 0.88 kg/d, respectively; P = 0.061). White blood cell count of pigs in D (23.4 × 10(3) cells/μL) was greater (P < 0.05) than those in A, B, and C (18.4, 18.5, and 16.8 × 10(3) cells/μL, respectively. Serum tumor necrosis factor α concentration of pigs in D (335 pg/mL) differed (P < 0.05) from those in A and C (299 and 290 pg/mL, respectively). Pigs in B and D had greater (P < 0.05) fibrosis in liver tissues than those in A. Collectively, this study shows that diets containing both AF and DON greater than 60 and 300 μg/kg, respectively, may reduce growth and decrease feed intake, whereas diets containing 120 μg of AF/kg and 600 μg of DON/kg may result in altered immune health, systemic inflammation, and partial liver damage, causing further reduction in growth of pigs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695, USA.
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Chaytor
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: See
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.forename: A L P
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: de Souza
authors.forename: T F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Middleton
authors.forename: S W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000348:Aflatoxins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis*; D000824:Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D000818:Animals; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D004032:Diet / Q000662:veterinary*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D007668:Kidney / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000473:pathology; D008099:Liver / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000473:pathology; D013154:Spleen / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000473:pathology; D013552:Swine / Q000097:blood / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000276:immunology*; D014255:Trichothecenes / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D015430:Weight Gain / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000348:Aflatoxins; D016207:Cytokines; D014255:Trichothecenes; C007262:deoxynivalenol