title: Detection and confirmation of 60 anabolic and androgenic steroids in equine plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with instant library searching.
abstract: In 2008, Pennsylvania (PA) became the first State in the USA to ban and enforce the ban on the use of anabolic and androgenic steroids (AAS) in equine athletes by using plasma for analysis. To enforce the ban, a rapid and high-throughput method for analysis of 60 AAS in equine plasma was developed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Analytes were recovered from plasma by liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) using methyl tert-butyl ether, separated on a reversed-phase C₁₈ column and analyzed by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Multiple-reaction monitoring (MRM) scan was employed for screening. When the MRM signal of an analyte exceeded 1000 counts per second (cps), information-dependent acquisition (IDA) triggered generation of an enhanced product ion (EPI) scan of the analyte. A library for the analytes was simultaneously established using the EPI spectrum. Unambiguous identification of any of the 60 AAS in a test sample was based on both the presence of MRM response within the correct retention time (t(R)) window and a qualitative match between EPI spectrum of the test sample and that of the reference drug standard stored in the library. Total analysis time was 7 min. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of confirmation (LOC) for most of the analytes were 0.01-2 ng/mL and 0.1-10 ng/mL, respectively. Recovery of the analytes from plasma by LLE was 74-138%. The method was successfully verified and is routinely used in the screening of post-race equine plasma samples for the presence of these 60 AAS. The method is rapid, sensitive, reproducible, and reliable.
authors.affiliation: University of Pennsylvania, New Bolton Center, Kennett Square, 19348, USA.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Cornelius E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Uboh
authors.forename: Lawrence R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Soma
authors.forename: Xiaoqing
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Fuyu
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Guan
authors.forename: Youwen
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: You
authors.forename: Jeffrey A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Rudy
authors.forename: Jin-Wen
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D045930:Anabolic Agents / Q000097:blood* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D000728:Androgens / Q000097:blood* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001711:Biotransformation; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000662:veterinary*; D057225:Data Mining; D016208:Databases, Factual; D004300:Doping in Sports; D057166:High-Throughput Screening Assays / Q000662:veterinary*; D006736:Horses / Q000097:blood*; D015394:Molecular Structure; D058573:Performance-Enhancing Substances / Q000097:blood* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013045:Species Specificity; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection / Q000662:veterinary*; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry / Q000662:veterinary*
chemical_list: D045930:Anabolic Agents; D000728:Androgens; D015415:Biomarkers; D058573:Performance-Enhancing Substances