title: Effects of postnatal smoke exposure on laryngeal chemoreflexes in newborn lambs.
abstract: Laryngeal chemoreflexes (LCR), which are elicited by the contact of liquids such as gastric refluxate with laryngeal mucosa, may trigger some cases of sudden infant death syndrome. Indeed, while LCR in mature mammals consist of protective responses, previous animal data have shown that LCR in immature newborns can include laryngospasm, apnea, bradycardia, and desaturation. The present study was aimed at testing the hypothesis that postnatal exposure to cigarette smoke is responsible for enhancing cardiorespiratory inhibition observed with LCR. Eight lambs were exposed to cigarette smoke (20 cigarettes/day) over 16 days and compared with seven control lambs. Urinary cotinine/creatinine ratio was measured at a level relevant to previously published levels in infants. On days 15 and 16, 0.5 ml of HCl (pH 2), milk, distilled water, or saline was injected onto the larynx via a chronic supraglottal catheter during sleep. Results showed that exposure to cigarette smoke enhanced respiratory inhibition (P < 0.05) and tended to enhance cardiac inhibition and decrease swallowing and arousal during LCR (P < 0.1). Overall, these results were observed independently of the state of alertness and the experimental solution tested. In conclusion, 16-day postnatal exposure to cigarette smoke increases cardiorespiratory inhibition and decreases protective mechanisms during LCR in nonsedated full-term lambs.
authors.affiliation: Neonatal Respiratory Research Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: St-Hilaire
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Duvareille
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Avoine
authors.forename: Anne-Marie
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Carreau
authors.forename: Nathalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Samson
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Micheau
authors.forename: Alexandre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Doueik
authors.forename: Jean-Paul
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Praud
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D001049:Apnea / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D001143:Arousal; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D001794:Blood Pressure; D001831:Body Temperature; D001919:Bradycardia / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D002628:Chemoreceptor Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D003367:Cotinine / Q000652:urine; D003371:Cough / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D003404:Creatinine / Q000652:urine; D003679:Deglutition; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007823:Laryngeal Nerves / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D012018:Reflex / Q000187:drug effects*; D056152:Respiratory Rate; D012756:Sheep; D012906:Smoke / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013398:Sudden Infant Death / Q000209:etiology*; D013997:Time Factors; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D012906:Smoke; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution; D003404:Creatinine; D003367:Cotinine