title: Enhanced epidermal dose caused by localized electron contamination from lead cutouts used in kilovoltage radiotherapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate and quantify electron contamination from the lead cutouts used in kilovoltage x-ray radiotherapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  The lead cutouts were modeled with the Monte Carlo EGSnrc user codes DOSXYZnrc and DOSRZnrc for x-ray beams ranging from 50 to 300 kVp. The results from the model were confirmed with Gafchromic film measurements. The model and measurements investigated the dose distribution with and without gladwrap shielding under the lead, and dose distributions with round, square, and serrated edge cutouts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Large dose enhancement near the edges of the lead was observed due to electron contamination. At the epidermal/dermal border, there is double the dose at the edge of the lead compared to the central dose due to electron contamination for a 150 kVp beam and three times the dose for a 300 kVp beam. gladwrapTM shielding effectively removes the contaminant dose enhancement using ten and four layers for 300 and 150 kVp beams, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The contaminant dose enhancement is undesirable as it could cause unnecessary erythema and hyperpigmentation at the border of the treated and untreated skin and lead to a poorer cosmetic outcome. The contamination is easily removed by gladwrap shielding placed under or around the lead cutout.
authors.affiliation: Australian Radiation and Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency, Yallambie, Melbourne, Australia. jessica.lye@arpansa.gov.au
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Lye
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Butler
authors.forename: D V
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Webb
mesh_terms: D001822:Body Burden; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004817:Epidermis / Q000502:physiology* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D004866:Equipment Contamination; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D006801:Humans; D007854:Lead / Q000528:radiation effects*; D008954:Models, Biological; D015233:Models, Statistical; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D020266:Radiotherapy, Conformal / Q000295:instrumentation*; D012062:Relative Biological Effectiveness
chemical_list: D007854:Lead