title: Assessment of benefits of a universal screen for maternal alcohol use during pregnancy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The objective of this report is to estimate the benefits of universal meconium screening for maternal drinking during pregnancy. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD), including its most severe manifestation fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), is preventable and remains a public health tragedy. The incidences of FAS and FASD have been conservatively estimated to be 0.97 and 10 per 1000 births, respectively. Meconium testing has been demonstrated to be a promising at-birth method for detection of drinking during pregnancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  The current costs of FAS and FASD, alcohol treatment programs, and meconium screening were estimated by literature review. Monetary values were converted roughly to equal dollars in 2006.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Costs of adding meconium analysis to the current newborn screening program and of treatment for the identified mothers were estimated and compared to potential averted costs that may result from identification and intervention for mothers and affected infants. Three potential maternal treatment strategies are analyzed. Depending on the treatment type, the savings may range from $6 to $97 for every $1 spent on screening and treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It needs to be emphasized, however, that such screening is premature and that to be effective this screening can be implemented only if there is a societal willingness to institute prevention and intervention programs to improve both women's and children's health. Future research should be directed at improving detection and developing in-depth prevention and remedial intervention programs. A thorough consideration of the ethical issues involved in such a screening program is also needed.
authors.affiliation: International Society for Disease Surveillance, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Anne E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Gifford
authors.forename: Kathleen J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Farkas
authors.forename: Leila W
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: Christopher D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Molteno
authors.forename: Joseph L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Jacobson
authors.forename: Sandra W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Jacobson
authors.forename: Cynthia F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Bearer
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D063647:Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000191:economics; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008470:Meconium; D018803:Models, Economic; D015997:Neonatal Screening / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods; D011247:Pregnancy
chemical_list: D005227:Fatty Acids