title: Development, validation and use of an insulin sensitivity score in youths with diabetes: the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The ability to measure insulin sensitivity across the phenotypic spectrum of diabetes may contribute to a more accurate characterisation of diabetes type. Our goal was to develop and validate an insulin sensitivity (IS) score using the euglycaemic-hyperinsulinaemic clamp in a subset (n = 85) of 12- to 19-year-old youths with diabetes participating in the SEARCH study in Colorado, USA.
  
  
  METHODS
  Youths with a diagnosis of type 1 (n = 60) or type 2 diabetes (n = 25) underwent a 3 h clamp to measure glucose disposal rate (GDR, mg kg⁻¹ min⁻¹). Demographic (age, sex, race), clinical (BMI, waist, Tanner stage) and metabolic characteristics (HbA₁(c), lipids, blood pressure, urine albumin:creatinine) were used to estimate log(e)IS score via stepwise linear regression on a model-development set (n = 53). Estimated IS score was evaluated for reproducibility on two validation sets: youths with diabetes (n = 33) and healthy control youths (n = 22).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The best model included waist, triacylglycerol (TG) and HbA₁(c) levels (R² = 0.74). Diabetes type did not enter the model and there were no significant interactions between diabetes type and other predictors. Estimated IS score correlated well (r = 0.65, p < 0.0001; r = 0.62, p = 0.002) with GDR on the two validation sets. Based on this analysis, we propose the following formula to estimate insulin sensitivity in youths with diabetes: [Formula: see text].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Insulin sensitivity can be estimated in adolescents with diabetes using routinely collected measures. This score can be applied to epidemiological studies of youths with diabetes to characterise relationships between dimensions of diabetes type.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, 80045, USA. Dana.Dabelea@ucdenver.edu
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dabelea
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: D'Agostino
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Mason
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: West
authors.forename: R F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Hamman
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Mayer-Davis
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Maahs
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Klingensmith
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Knowler
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nadeau
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D015309:Glucose Clamp Technique; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D055105:Waist Circumference; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D014280:Triglycerides