title: Force adaptive multi-spectral imaging with an articulated robotic endoscope.
abstract: Recent developments in optical spectroscopic techniques have permitted in vivo, in situ cellular and molecular sensing and imaging to allow for real-time tissue characterization, functional assessment, and intraoperative guidance. The small area sensed by these probes, however, presents unique challenges when attempting to obtain useful tissue information in-vivo due to the need to maintain constant distance or contact with the target, and tissue deformation. In practice, the effective area can be increased by translating the tip of the probe over the tissue surface and generating functional maps of the underlying tissue response. However, achieving such controlled motions under manual guidance is very difficult, particularly since the probe is typically passed down the instrument channel of a flexible endoscope. This paper describes a force adaptive multi-spectral imaging system integrated with an articulated robotic endoscope that allows a constant contact force to be maintained between the probe and the tissue as the robot tip is actuated across complex tissue profiles. Detailed phantom and ex-vivo tissue validation is provided.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London. dnoonan@imperial.ac.uk
authors.forename: David P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Noonan
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Payne
authors.forename: Jianzhong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shang
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sauvage
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Newton
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Elson
authors.forename: Ara
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Darzi
authors.forename: Guang-Zhong
authors.initials: GZ
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D019723:Endoscopes; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D005246:Feedback; D012371:Robotics / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013057:Spectrum Analysis / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D014159:Transducers