title: Determinants of depression in the ECLIPSE chronic obstructive pulmonary disease cohort.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Depression is prevalent in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD); however, its etiology and relationship to the clinical features of COPD are not well understood.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Using data from a large cohort, we explored prevalence and determinants of depression in subjects with COPD.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Evaluation of COPD Longitudinally to Identify Predictive Surrogate Endpoints study is an observational 3-year multicenter study that enrolled smokers with and without COPD and nonsmoker controls. At baseline, several patient-reported outcomes were measured including the Center for Epidemiologic Studies of Depression Scale. For the purposes of this analysis, depression was defined as a score of 16 and higher on this scale, which reflects a high load of depressive symptoms and has a good correspondence with a clinical diagnosis of major depression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study cohort consisted of 2,118 subjects with COPD; 335 smokers without COPD (smokers); and 243 nonsmokers without COPD (nonsmokers). A total of 26%, 12%, and 7% of COPD, smokers, and nonsmokers, respectively, suffered from depression. In subjects with COPD, higher depression prevalence was seen in females, current smokers, and those with severe disease (Global Initiative for Obstructive Lung Disease [GOLD]-defined). Multivariate modeling of depression determinants in subjects with COPD revealed that increased fatigue, higher St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire for COPD patients score, younger age, female sex, history of cardiovascular disease, and current smoking status were all significantly associated with depression; physiologic and biologic measures were weak or nonsignificant descriptors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Depression is more prevalent in subjects with COPD compared with smokers and nonsmokers without COPD. Clinical and biologic measures were less important determinants of depression in COPD than disease symptoms and quality-of-life. Clinical trial registered with www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT 00292552).
authors.affiliation: Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA. hanania@bcm.edu
authors.forename: Nicola A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Hanania
authors.forename: Hana
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Müllerova
authors.forename: Nicholas W
authors.initials: NW
authors.lastname: Locantore
authors.forename: Jørgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vestbo
authors.forename: Michael L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Watkins
authors.forename: Emiel F M
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Wouters
authors.forename: Stephen I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Rennard
authors.forename: Amir
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sharafkhaneh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology