title: Tamoxifen as an effective neuroprotectant in an endovascular canine model of stroke.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Tamoxifen has been shown to be a potent neuroprotectant against stroke in rodents. Because other neuroprotectant medications have failed in human trials, a study of tamoxifen in a large-animal model was necessary to further assess the drug's effectiveness. For this study, the authors developed an endovascular model of anterior circulation infarction in canines to mimic the human clinical condition. They assessed the following hypotheses: 1) that they will be able to consistently produce an internal carotid artery (ICA) terminus infarction and 2) that tamoxifen is an effective neuroprotectant against stroke in canines.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 24 male beagles (weight 9-11 kg), bilateral femoral artery cutdowns were performed, and the vertebral artery and left ICA were each selectively catheterized. Under fluoroscopic guidance, a microcatheter was introduced via the vertebral artery, guiding the catheter into the basilar artery, posterior communicating artery, and ICA terminus. A 1-ml clot was injected in the terminus, occluding the middle cerebral artery (MCA) and anterior cerebral artery (ACA) origin. In the first 12 canines, the occlusions were confirmed by angiography. A Canine Stroke Score (CSS) was assigned (score range 0-18 [0 = intact on examination, 18 = comatose]). The animals were then killed and their brains stained with 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC). The subsequent 12 canines underwent a blinded randomized study in which the authors compared the results of tamoxifen (5 mg/kg) infused intravenously 1 hour after clot injection with an equal volume of vehicle (dimethylsulfoxide). After 3 hours, the animals underwent MR imaging, were extubated, and clinical examinations were performed. The canines were killed at 8 hours after clot injection, and TTC staining was used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the first group, infarct volume and CSSs were consistent with the extent of the occlusion of the angiographic vessels. An occlusion of the ACA, MCA, and posterior cerebral artery resulted in larger infarcts and higher stroke scores than occlusion of the ACA and MCA. In the second group, tamoxifen significantly reduced infarct size and improved clinical outcomes. In tamoxifen-treated animals, the mean infarct volume reduction was 40% (p < 0.05) and the mean CSS was significantly less than vehicle-treated animals (p < 0.001). There were significant correlations among MR imaging-determined volume, TTC-determined volume, and neurological clinical outcome (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using this endovascular model of stroke, the authors were able to consistently produce an infarction in the canines that was similar in scope to a carotid terminus occlusion in humans. Also, angiography could predict subsequent clinical course and infarct size. Tamoxifen was effective at significantly improving the canine neurological deficits and reducing the size of the stroke. This study took the first step in demonstrating the effectiveness of a promising human neuroprotectant in a large animal.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA. boulosa@mail.amc.edu
authors.forename: Alan S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Boulos
authors.forename: Eric M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Deshaies
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Dalfino
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Feustel
authors.forename: A John
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Popp
authors.forename: Doniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Drazin
mesh_terms: D015901:Angiography, Digital Subtraction; D000818:Animals; D020771:Anterior Cerebral Artery / Q000502:physiology; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology; D002343:Carotid Artery, Internal / Q000502:physiology; D002404:Catheterization; D002533:Cerebral Angiography; D002544:Cerebral Infarction / Q000473:pathology; D004285:Dogs; D004965:Estrogen Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005263:Femoral Artery / Q000502:physiology / Q000601:surgery; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D020768:Middle Cerebral Artery / Q000502:physiology; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology; D009460:Neurologic Examination; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D020521:Stroke / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D013629:Tamoxifen / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D004965:Estrogen Antagonists; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D013629:Tamoxifen