title: Color vision impairment in type 2 diabetes assessed by the D-15d test and the Cambridge Colour Test.
abstract: Color vision impairment emerges at early stages of diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2) and may precede diabetic retinopathy or the appearance of vascular alterations in the retina. The aim of the present study was to compare the evaluation of the color vision with two different tests - the Lanthony desaturated D-15d test (a traditional color arrangement test), and the Cambridge Colour Test (CCT) (a computerized color discrimination test) - in patients diagnosed with DM2 without clinical signs of diabetic retinopathy (DR), and in sex- and age-matched control groups. Both color tests revealed statistically significant differences between the controls and the worst eyes of the DM2 patients. In addition, the degree of color vision impairment diagnosed by both tests correlated with the disease duration. The D-15d outcomes indicated solely tritan losses. In comparison, CCT outcomes revealed diffuse losses in color discrimination: 13.3% for best eyes and 29% for worst eyes. In addition, elevation of tritan thresholds in the DM2 patients, as detected by the Trivector subtest of the CCT, was found to correlate with the level of glycated hemoglobin. Outcomes of both tests confirm that subclinical losses of color vision are present in DM2 patients at an early stage of the disease, prior to signs of retinopathy. Considering the advantages of the CCT test compared to the D-15d test, further studies should attempt to verify and/or improve the efficiency of the CCT test.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA. claudia@feitosa-santana.com
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Feitosa-Santana
authors.forename: Galina V
authors.initials: GV
authors.lastname: Paramei
authors.forename: Mauro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nishi
authors.forename: Mirella
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gualtieri
authors.forename: Marcelo F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.forename: Dora F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Ventura
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003119:Color Perception Tests / Q000379:methods; D003117:Color Vision Defects / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications*; D004192:Discrimination, Psychological; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012684:Sensory Thresholds