Psychostimulants for cancer-related fatigue.
Fatigue is a highly prevalent and distressing symptom associated with significant psychological and functional morbidity and decreased quality of life among patients with cancer. Despite its impact on patients and caregivers, fatigue is underreported and underrecognized, and remains untreated among patients with cancer because of various patient- and clinician-related factors. In addition to assessment for potentially reversible medical causes or medications exacerbating fatigue, and the implementation of nonpharmacologic interventions, several pharmacologic treatment options have been considered for the treatment of cancer-related fatigue. Among traditional psychostimulants, methylphenidate has been studied the most and is effective and well tolerated among patients with cancer despite common side effects. Modafinil, a novel psychostimulant commonly referred to as wakefulness-promoting agents as a group, has also been studied and seems to be well tolerated among patients with cancer. A large placebo effect has been reported in most randomized controlled trials with psychostimulants. Thus, randomized placebo-controlled trials with large sample sizes are needed to further assess the efficacy and tolerability of psychostimulants in the treatment of cancer-related fatigue. This article presents a comprehensive review of the use of psychostimulant agents for fatigue among patients with cancer, including an overview of the clinical trials with psychostimulants and of the clinical guidelines available for treatment of cancer-related fatigue.
Breitbart
William
W
Psychiatry Service, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, and Pain and Palliative Care Service, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA. breitbaw@mskcc.org
Alici
Yesne
Y
D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003913:Dextroamphetamine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005221:Fatigue / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008774:Methylphenidate / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications*; D014851:Wakefulness / Q000187:drug effects
D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D008774:Methylphenidate; D003913:Dextroamphetamine