title: Bladder cancer: a review of non-muscle invasive disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bladder cancer is one of the most common cancers affecting men and women and thus has a profound impact on health care. The majority of patients (75%) with newly diagnosed urothelial tumors have non-muscle invasive disease confined to the bladder mucosa or the lamina propria.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors review the literature as well as recently published clinical guidelines regarding the bladder cancer risk and causative factors, diagnostic and pathologic evaluation, prognostic variables, and management strategies for patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Recurrence and progression remain problematic for many patients and are dependent on multiple clinical and pathological features, the most important of which are tumor stage, grade, multifocality, size, recurrence patterns, and the association with carcinoma in situ. Accurate assessment of clinical stage and tumor grade is critical in determining management and surveillance strategies. Intravesical therapies positively influence tumor recurrence rates. Disease progression rates may be impacted in high-risk patients who receive both induction bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) and a maintenance BCG regimen. Cystectomy still plays a pivotal role in patients with high-risk tumors and in patients who fail more conservative attempts to eradicate non-muscle invasive disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Non-muscle invasive bladder cancers represent a broad group of tumors with varying biologic potential. Successful treatment depends on the careful integration of diagnostic and surveillance tests, macroablation through transurethral resection, accurate assessment of clinical stage, and the timely and appropriate delivery of intravesical chemotherapeutic and immunomodulatory agents.
authors.affiliation: Genitourinary Oncology Program, Tampa, FL 33612, USA. Wade.Sexton@moffitt.org
authors.forename: Wade J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Sexton
authors.forename: Lucas R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Wiegand
authors.forename: José J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Correa
authors.forename: Christos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Politis
authors.forename: Shohreh Iravani
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Dickinson
authors.forename: Loveleen C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Kang
mesh_terms: D000283:Administration, Intravesical; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D018450:Disease Progression; D006801:Humans; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D012307:Risk Factors; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents