title: Latissimus dorsi fine needle muscle biopsy: a novel and efficient approach to study proximal muscles of upper limbs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The muscle biopsy based on the Bergström needle has been widely used for more than 40 y for diagnosis and experimental studies on muscle. More recently, thinner needles and tru-cut needles have also been introduced. Such techniques have been largely tested on various muscles, including the quadriceps, with few studies on upper limb muscles like deltoid, and no studies on latissimus dorsi muscle (LDM). In this study, we implemented and validated a protocol to collect samples of LDM for experimental purposes, causing minimal discomfort to volunteers. Two main problems were considered: the anatomical localization of the biopsy site and the selection of an appropriate needle.
  
  
  METHODS
  A strict protocol of palpatory anatomy was adopted and validated with ultrasonography to localize the biopsy site in LDM in subjects with various degrees of muscle development. A 14 gauge tru-cut needle was selected as the smallest and still effective device for sampling. Biopsy sampling was performed in 18 subjects without any complications, or complains of pain or functional limitations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Approximately 4 mg of tissue were recovered from each introduction of the inner notched cannula of the needle. With three consecutive samplings, an amount of tissue sufficient to prepare proteins for gel electrophoresis and Western blot and to dissect single fiber segment for functional experiments, was obtained.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Taken together, the results suggest that this biopsy technique opens to experimental studies muscles until now never considered accessible.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy. antonio.paoli@unipd.it
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Paoli
authors.forename: Quirico F
authors.initials: QF
authors.lastname: Pacelli
authors.forename: Luana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Toniolo
authors.forename: Danilo
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Miotti
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Reggiani
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001132:Arm; D044963:Biopsy, Fine-Needle / Q000379:methods*; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000379:methods; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018485:Muscle Fibers, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology* / Q000502:physiology; D010173:Palpation / Q000379:methods; D011187:Posture; D055815:Young Adult