title: Challenges to maternal wellbeing during pregnancy impact temperament, attention, and neuromotor responses in the infant rhesus monkey.
abstract: The relative maturity, alertness, and reactivity of an infant at birth are sensitive indices of the neonate's health, the quality of the pregnancy, and the mother's wellbeing. Even when fetal growth and gestation length have been normal, the maturing fetus can still be adversely impacted by both physical events and psychological challenges to the mother during the prenatal period. The following research evaluated 413 rhesus monkeys from 7 different types of pregnancies to determine which conditions significantly influenced the behavioral responsiveness and state of the young infant. A standardized test battery modeled after the Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale for human newborns was employed. The largest impairments in orientation and increases in infant emotional reactivity were seen when female monkeys drank alcohol, even though consumed at only moderate levels during part of the pregnancy. The infants' ability to focus and attend to visual and auditory cues was also affected when the gravid female's adrenal hormones were transiently elevated for 2 weeks by ACTH administration. In addition, responses to tactile and vestibular stimulation were altered by both this ACTH treatment and psychological disturbance during gestation. Conversely, a 2-day course of antenatal corticosteroids 1 month before term resulted in infants with lower motor activity and reactivity. These findings highlight several pregnancy conditions that can affect a young infant's neurobehavioral status, even when otherwise healthy, and demonstrate that alterations or deficits are specific to the type of insult experienced by the mother and fetus.
authors.affiliation: Harlow Center for Biological Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 53715, USA. ccoe@wisc.edu
authors.forename: Christopher L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Coe
authors.forename: Gabriele R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Lubach
authors.forename: Heather R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Crispen
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Shirtcliff
authors.forename: Mary L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Schneider
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D001288:Attention; D001307:Auditory Perception; D003463:Cues; D000431:Ethanol / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008297:Male; D008425:Maternal Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D009043:Motor Activity; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000523:psychology*; D013694:Temperament; D014796:Visual Perception
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D000431:Ethanol; D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone