title: Pediatric residents' decision-making around disclosing and reporting adverse events: the importance of social context.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although experts advise disclosing medical errors to patients, individual physicians' different levels of knowledge and comfort suggest a gap between recommendations and practice. This study explored pediatric residents' knowledge and attitudes about disclosure.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 2006, the authors of this single-center, mixed-methods study surveyed 64 pediatric residents at the University of Toronto and then held three focus groups with a total of 24 of those residents.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-seven (58%) residents completed questionnaires. Most agreed that medical errors are one of the most serious problems in health care, that errors should be disclosed, and that disclosure would be difficult. When shown a scenario involving a medical error, over 90% correctly identified the error, but only 40% would definitely disclose it. Most would apologize, but far fewer would acknowledge harm if it occurred or use the word "mistake." Most had witnessed or performed a disclosure, but only 40% reported receiving teaching on disclosure. Most reported experiencing negative effects of errors, including anxiety and reduced confidence. Data from the focus groups emphasized the extent to which residents consider contextual information when making decisions around disclosure. Themes included their or their team's degree of responsibility for the error versus others, quality of team relationships, training level, existence of social boundaries, and their position within a hierarchy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings add to the understanding of facilitators and inhibitors of error disclosure and reporting. The influence of social context warrants further study and should be considered in medical curriculum design and hospital guideline implementation.
authors.affiliation: Division of Paediatric Medicine and Centre for Patient Safety Faculty, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. trey.coffey@sickkids.ca
authors.forename: Maitreya
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Coffey
authors.forename: Kelly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Thomson
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tallett
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Matlow
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003657:Decision Making; D004503:Education, Medical, Graduate; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency; D008297:Male; D019300:Medical Errors; D010372:Pediatrics / Q000193:education*; D012931:Social Environment; D012941:Social Responsibility; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014342:Truth Disclosure