title: Combined neural inactivation of suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 and protein-tyrosine phosphatase-1B reveals additive, synergistic, and factor-specific roles in the regulation of body energy balance.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The adipokine hormone leptin triggers signals in the brain that ultimately lead to decreased feeding and increased energy expenditure. However, obesity is most often associated with elevated plasma leptin levels and leptin resistance. Suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS)-3 and protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP-1B) are two endogenous inhibitors of tyrosine kinase signaling pathways and suppress both insulin and leptin signaling via different molecular mechanisms. Brain-specific inactivation of these genes individually in the mouse partially protects against diet-induced obesity (DIO) and insulin resistance. The aim of this study was to investigate possible genetic interactions between these two genes to determine whether combined reduction in these inhibitory activities results in synergistic, epistatic, or additive effects on energy balance control.
  
  
  METHODS
  We generated mice with combined inactivation of the genes coding for SOCS-3 and PTP-1B in brain cells, examined their sensitivity to hormone action, and analyzed the contribution of each gene to the resulting phenotype.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Surprisingly, the Nestin-Cre mice used to mediate gene inactivation displayed a phenotype. Nonetheless, combined inactivation of SOCS-3 and PTP-1B in brain revealed additive effects on several parameters, including partial resistance to DIO and associated glucose intolerance. In addition, synergistic effects were observed for body length and weight, suggesting possible compensatory mechanisms for the absence of either inhibitor. Moreover, a SOCS-3-specific lean phenotype was revealed on the standard diet.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results show that the biological roles of SOCS-3 and PTP-1B do not fully overlap and that targeting both factors might improve therapeutic effects of their inhibition in obesity and type 2 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Center for Life Sciences, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Nadege
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Briancon
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: McNay
authors.forename: Eleftheria
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Maratos-Flier
authors.forename: Jeffrey S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Flier
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003433:Crosses, Genetic; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000235:genetics; D020738:Leptin / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009154:Mutation; D009765:Obesity / Q000517:prevention & control; D054562:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 1 / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000071223:Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 3 Protein; D050826:Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling Proteins / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015430:Weight Gain
chemical_list: D020738:Leptin; C491411:Socs3 protein, mouse; D000071223:Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 3 Protein; D050826:Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling Proteins; D054562:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 1; C516609:Ptpn1 protein, mouse