title: Accuracy of ultrasound-guided versus palpation-guided acromioclavicular joint injections: a cadaveric study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe a technique for sonographically guided acromioclavicular joint (ACJ) injections and compare its accuracy to palpation-guided injections in a cadaveric model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective laboratory investigation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Procedural skills laboratory at a tertiary medical center.
  
  
  METHODS
  A single experienced operator completed 10 sonographically guided and 10 palpation-guided ACJ injections in unembalmed cadavers. Injection order was randomized and all injections were completed with diluted colored latex. Co-investigators blinded to the injection technique dissected each specimen and graded colored latex location as accurate (in the ACJ), partially accurate (within and outside the ACJ), or inaccurate (no latex in the ACJ).
  
  
  METHODS
  Direct assessment of injected dye within the ACJ via dissection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All 10 sonographically guided ACJ injections accurately placed latex into the ACJ (100% accuracy), whereas only 4 of 10 (40%) palpation-guided injections accurately placed latex within the ACJ (P = .0054).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This cadaveric investigation suggests that sonographic guidance can be used to inject the ACJ with a high degree of accuracy, and should be considered superior to palpation guidance. Clinicians should consider using sonographic guidance to inject the ACJ when diagnostic specificity is paramount or when otherwise clinically indicated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
authors.forename: Evan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Peck
authors.forename: Jim K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.forename: Wojciech
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Pawlina
authors.forename: Jay
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000173:Acromioclavicular Joint; D002102:Cadaver; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007267:Injections; D010173:Palpation; D013813:Therapy, Computer-Assisted; D014465:Ultrasonics