title: Disparities in lung cancer stage, treatment and survival among American Indians and Alaskan Natives.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Disparities in lung cancer care and outcomes have been documented for blacks and Hispanics. Less is known about the care received by the American Indian and Alaskan Native population (AI/AN). We sought to evaluate lung cancer outcomes in this population and to asses if potential disparities in survival are explained by differences in stage of disease at diagnosis and type of treatment received.
  
  
  METHODS
  We identified patients with potentially resectable (stages I-IIIA) non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results registry between 1988 and 2006. Kaplan-Meier curves were used to compare survival of AI/AN patients to those of other racial groups. Cox regression analysis was used to identify potential mediators of the association between AI/AN origin and worse survival.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five-year lung cancer survival was 47% for AI/AN, 56% for whites, 51% for blacks, 55% for Hispanics and 59% for individuals of other race (p<0.0001). AI/AN were more likely to be diagnosed with stage IIIA (p<0.0001) and less likely to undergo resection (p<0.0001) than whites. In multivariable regression analyses, controlling for patient characteristics and histology, AI/AN race was associated with worse survival than white patients. When stage, treatment and surgery were added to the model, AI/AN origin was no longer significantly associated with worse outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  AI/AN with potentially resectable NSCLC have survival rates comparable to other minority groups and worse than whites. These survival differences are partly explained by advanced stage at diagnosis, and lower rates of treatment.
authors.affiliation: Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States. cardinale.smith@mssm.edu
authors.forename: Cardinale B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Marcelo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bonomi
authors.forename: Stuart
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Packer
authors.forename: Juan P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Wisnivesky
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003710:Demography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007198:Indians, North American; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011013:Pneumonectomy; D044382:Population Groups; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014481:United States