title: Evaluation of three experimental bovine viral diarrhea virus killed vaccines adjuvanted with combinations of Quil A cholesterol and dimethyldioctadecylammonium (DDA) bromide.
abstract: Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infections cause respiratory, reproductive, and enteric disease in cattle. Vaccination raises herd resistance and limits the spread of BVDV among cattle. Both killed and modified live vaccines against BVDV are available. While modified live vaccines elicit an immune response with a broader range and a longer duration of immunity, killed vaccines are considered to be safer. One way to improve the performance of killed vaccines is to develop new adjuvants. The goal of this research was evaluate new adjuvants, consisting of combinations of Quil A cholesterol and dimethyldioctadecylammonium (DDA) bromide, for use in killed vaccines. Responses to three novel killed vaccines, using combinations of Quil A and DDA as adjuvants, were compared to responses to a commercial modified live and a commercial killed vaccine. Vaccination response was monitored by measuring viral neutralizing antibodies (VN) levels and by response to challenge. All three novel vaccines were efficacious based on reduction in virus isolation, pyrexia, and depression. Compared to a commercial killed vaccine, the three novel vaccines elicited higher VN levels and reduced injection site inflammation.
authors.affiliation: Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, 1920 Dayton Avenue, P.O. Box 70, Ames, IA 50010, USA. Julia.ridpath@ars.usda.gov
authors.forename: Julia F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Ridpath
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dominowski
authors.forename: Ramasany
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mannan
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yancey
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: Lucas
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Sangita
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mediratta
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Eversole
authors.forename: Charles D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Mackenzie
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Neill
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood; D001912:Bovine Virus Diarrhea-Mucosal Disease / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000821:virology; D002417:Cattle; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D001908:Diarrhea Viruses, Bovine Viral / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D009500:Neutralization Tests / Q000662:veterinary; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*; D062605:Quillaja Saponins; D011897:Random Allocation; D012503:Saponins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014611:Vaccination / Q000662:veterinary; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology; D014765:Viral Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; D062605:Quillaja Saponins; D012503:Saponins; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated; D014765:Viral Vaccines; C015831:dimethyldioctadecylammonium; C046386:Quil A; D002784:Cholesterol