title: Sorafenib induces apoptosis in HL60 cells by inhibiting Src kinase-mediated STAT3 phosphorylation.
abstract: Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is constitutively active in approximately 50% of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cases and mediates multiple cellular processes including cell resistance to apoptosis. Inhibition of constitutively active STAT3 has been shown to induce AML cell apoptosis. Our aim was to ascertain if sorafenib, a multikinase inhibitor, may also inhibit STAT3 signaling and, therefore, be efficacious for AML. We found that sorafenib inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis in human AML cell line (HL60) cells. In addition, sorafenib exposure reduced constitutive STAT3 phosphorylation in HL60 cells and repressed STAT3 DNA-binding activity and Mcl-1 and Bcl-2 expression. Similar results were obtained with the Src kinase inhibitor I, suggesting that sorafenib suppresses STAT3 phosphorylation by inhibiting Src-kinase activity. Furthermore, significant inhibition of Src kinase activity by sorafenib was observed in the kinase assay. In addition, Src could be co-immunoprecipitated with STAT3, and the phosphorylation of STAT3 was significantly inhibited by sorafenib only in cell lines in which phosphorylated Src is highly expressed. Taken together, our study indicates that sorafenib blocks Src kinase-mediated STAT3 phosphorylation and decreases the expression of apoptosis regulatory proteins Mcl-1 and Bcl-2, which are associated with increased apoptosis in HL60 cells. These findings provide a rationale for the treatment of human AML.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Bingqian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Qu
authors.forename: Xingxin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Xu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Fanyu
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.forename: Yanhong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.forename: Yongqian
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shu
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D001557:Benzenesulfonates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D048708:Cell Growth Processes / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D018922:HL-60 Cells; D006801:Humans; D015470:Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects; D064549:Myeloid Cell Leukemia Sequence 1 Protein; D009536:Niacinamide / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D010671:Phenylurea Compounds; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D011725:Pyridines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D050796:STAT3 Transcription Factor / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000077157:Sorafenib; D019061:src-Family Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001557:Benzenesulfonates; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; D064549:Myeloid Cell Leukemia Sequence 1 Protein; D010671:Phenylurea Compounds; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D011725:Pyridines; D050796:STAT3 Transcription Factor; C494086:STAT3 protein, human; D009536:Niacinamide; D000077157:Sorafenib; D019061:src-Family Kinases