title: Triglyceride concentration and waist circumference influence alcohol-related plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 activity increase in black South Africans.
abstract: We investigated the association between alcohol consumption and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 activity (PAI-1act) and fibrinogen concentration in a black South African population presenting with lower PAI-1act and higher fibrinogen than what is typically observed in white populations. We, furthermore, wanted to investigate the effect of urbanization, sex, central obesity, increased triglycerides, 4G/5G polymorphism (PAI-1 only) and BMI on the association of alcohol with PAI-1act and fibrinogen. Data from 2010 apparently healthy, randomly collected black South African volunteers from the Prospective Urban and Rural Epidemiological (PURE) study were cross-sectionally analyzed. Alcohol consumption was recorded using quantitative food frequency questionnaires and fasting blood samples were collected for biochemical analysis including PAI-1act and fibrinogen. Heavy alcohol consumption is associated with significantly increased PAI-1act, in the total population as well as in the women separately, and tended to be so in men. This alcohol-related PAI-1act increase was observed in volunteers with increased triglycerides and central obesity but not in volunteers with normal levels and waist circumference. Urbanization, the 4G/5G polymorphism and BMI did not affect the association of alcohol with PAI-1act. Moderate alcohol consumption is associated with decreased fibrinogen concentration. Sex and level of urbanization did not affect the association of alcohol with fibrinogen. Fibrinogen decreased in normal and overweight volunteers but not in obese and centrally obese volunteers following moderate alcohol consumption. Triglyceride levels and waist circumference influence alcohol-related PAI-1act increase potentially through modulating adipocyte and triglyceride-induced PAI-1 production. Obesity prevented alcohol-related fibrinogen decrease possibly by counteracting the anti-inflammatory effect of moderate alcohol consumption.
authors.affiliation: TReNDS Centre of Excellence - Nutrition, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa. marlien.pieters@nwu.ac.za
authors.forename: Marlien
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pieters
authors.forename: Zelda
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: de Lange
authors.forename: Tiny
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hoekstra
authors.forename: Suria M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Ellis
authors.forename: Annamarie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kruger
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology; D044383:Black People; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005340:Fibrinogen / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 / Q000097:blood*; D012307:Risk Factors; D013019:South Africa / Q000453:epidemiology; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood*; D055105:Waist Circumference
chemical_list: D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1; D014280:Triglycerides; D005340:Fibrinogen