title: Cognitive and psychosocial features in childhood and juvenile MS: two-year follow-up.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the evolution of cognitive and psychosocial functioning in a cohort of childhood and juvenile multiple sclerosis (MS) cases after a mean period of 2 years had elapsed since baseline evaluation.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this cohort study, we used the same extensive neuropsychological battery with alternative versions of the tests assessing memory, attention/concentration, executive functions, and language. Fatigue and depression were also measured. An interview on school and daily living activities was obtained from the parents. The cognitive performance of the patients was compared with that of demographically matched healthy controls (HC).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-six patients and 50 HC were assessed. At follow-up, criteria for cognitive impairment (failure on at least 3 tests) were fulfilled in 39 patients (70%) and 75% of the cases were classified as having a deteriorating cognitive performance. Changes were prominent in tests of verbal memory, complex attention, verbal fluency, and receptive language. In the regression analysis, the only significant predictor of cognitive deterioration was older age of the subject (odds ratio 1.9, 95% confidence interval 1.2-2.9, p = 0.003). Psychiatric disorders, most frequently depression, were diagnosed in 12 patients (30.5%). Fatigue was reported by 21% of the patients. MS negatively affected school and everyday activities in 30% to 40% of the subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings confirm the importance of systematic assessment of cognitive and psychosocial issues in children and teens with MS. The progressive nature of the cognitive difficulties emphasizes the need for developing effective treatment strategies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 85, Florence, Italy. mariapia.amato@unifi.it
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Amato
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Goretti
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ghezzi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lori
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Zipoli
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Moiola
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Falautano
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: De Caro
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Viterbo
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Patti
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vecchio
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pozzilli
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bianchi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Roscio
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Martinelli
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Comi
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Portaccio
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Trojano
mesh_terms: D000124:Achievement; D000293:Adolescent; D001288:Attention / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007558:Italy; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011584:Psychology; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014706:Verbal Learning / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D007155:Immunologic Factors