title: WHIPS seat and occupant motions during simulated rear crashes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Objectives of this study were to investigate the motions of Volvo's Whiplash Protection System (WHIPS) seat and occupant during simulated rear crashes of a human model of the neck (HUMON).
  
  
  METHODS
  HUMON consisted of a human neck specimen (n = 6) mounted to the torso of BioRID II and carrying an anthropometric head stabilized with muscle force replication. HUMON was seated and secured in a 2005 Volvo XC90 minivan seat that included WHIPS and a fixed head restraint. Rear crashes of 9.9 g (ΔV 9.2 kph), 12.0 g (ΔV 11.4 kph), and 13.3 g (ΔV 13.4 kph) were simulated and WHIPS and occupant motions were monitored. Linear regression analyses (P < .05) were used to determine relationships between WHIPS and occupant motion peaks using data from all crashes combined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  WHIPS motions consisted of simultaneous rearward and downward translations and extension of the seatback and plastic deformation of the bilateral WHIPS energy-absorbing components. Peak WHIPS motions were linearly correlated only with peak rearward occupant translations. Less rearward pelvis translation was required to cause WHIPS activation as compared to T1 translation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  WHIPS reduced peak T1 horizontal acceleration by 39 percent compared to sled acceleration. This was within the range previously reported for WHIPS, between 30 and 60 percent, but higher than the 16 percent reduction previously reported due to active head restraint. Absorption of crash energy occurred during the initial 75 ms and the onset of head support occurred at 114 ms. Differential head-torso motions occurred prior to and during head support, indicating the potential for neck injury even with WHIPS.
authors.affiliation: Biomechanics Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.forename: Paul C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Ivancic
mesh_terms: D000054:Acceleration; D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000145:classification*; D001336:Automobiles / Q000145:classification; D003198:Computer Simulation; D019416:Head Movements; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D009038:Motion; D011482:Protective Devices; D014911:Whiplash Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control*