title: Fischer-Tropsch diesel emulsions stabilised by microfibrillated cellulose and nonionic surfactants.
abstract: Water-in-diesel emulsion fuels have been prepared with a combination of sorbitan monolaurate and glycerol monooleate as emulsifier and with microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) of different hydrophilic/hydrophobic character as stabilizer. The MFC was treated with either octadecylamine or poly(styrene-co-maleic anhydride), resulting in very hydrophobic fibrils. The most stable emulsion was achieved with a combination of hydrophilic (untreated) and hydrophobic MFC and only minute amounts of the stabilizer gave a pronounced effect. Even with the optimized formulation the lifetime of the emulsion was shorter than previously reported when a conventional polymeric stabilizer was used, however. The water drop sizes in the emulsions were determined by three methods: optical images, light scattering, and NMR diffusometry. All three methods gave water drops sizes of ca 2 μm. The NMR diffusometry indicated that besides the micrometer-sized emulsion drops a significant fraction of the water is present in small droplets of micelle size. The chemical exchange of water between these two populations of pools is believed to be the reason for the relatively low stability of the system.
authors.affiliation: Chalmers University of Technology, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden. anna.lif@akzonobel.com
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lif
authors.forename: Per
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Stenstad
authors.forename: Kristin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Syverud
authors.forename: Magnus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nydén
authors.forename: Krister
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Holmberg
mesh_terms: D002482:Cellulose / Q000737:chemistry*; D004655:Emulsions / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry; D005989:Glycerides / Q000737:chemistry*; D006601:Hexoses / Q000737:chemistry*; D008823:Micelles; D020894:Microfibrils / Q000737:chemistry*; D010316:Particle Size; D013499:Surface Properties; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D001335:Vehicle Emissions; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D004655:Emulsions; D005989:Glycerides; D006601:Hexoses; D008823:Micelles; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; D001335:Vehicle Emissions; D014867:Water; C014822:sorbitan monolaurate; D002482:Cellulose; C005953:monoolein