title: CDKL5, a protein associated with rett syndrome, regulates neuronal morphogenesis via Rac1 signaling.
abstract: Mutations in cyclin-dependent kinase-like 5 (CDKL5), also known as serine/threonine kinase 9 (STK9), have been identified in patients with Rett syndrome (RTT) and X-linked infantile spasm. However, the function of CDKL5 in the brain remains unknown. Here, we report that CDKL5 is a critical regulator of neuronal morphogenesis. We identified a neuron-specific splicing variant of CDKL5 whose expression was markedly induced during postnatal development of the rat brain. Downregulating CDKL5 by RNA interference (RNAi) in cultured cortical neurons inhibited neurite growth and dendritic arborization, whereas overexpressing CDKL5 had opposite effects. Furthermore, knocking down CDKL5 in the rat brain by in utero electroporation resulted in delayed neuronal migration, and severely impaired dendritic arborization. In contrast to its proposed function in the nucleus, we found that CDKL5 regulated dendrite development through a cytoplasmic mechanism. In fibroblasts and in neurons, CDKL5 colocalized and formed a protein complex with Rac1, a critical regulator of actin remodeling and neuronal morphogenesis. Overexpression of Rac1 prevented the inhibition of dendrite growth caused by CDKL5 knockdown, and the growth-promoting effect of ectopically expressed CDKL5 on dendrites was abolished by coexpressing a dominant-negative form of Rac1. Moreover, CDKL5 was required for brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-induced activation of Rac1. Together, these results demonstrate a critical role of CDKL5 in neuronal morphogenesis and identify a Rho GTPase signaling pathway which may contribute to CDKL5-related disorders.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neuroscience and State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Qian
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Yong-Chuan
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Sheng
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Miao
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Chi
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Jiong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tao
authors.forename: Zhi-Qi
authors.initials: ZQ
authors.lastname: Xiong
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002460:Cell Line; D048430:Cell Shape / Q000502:physiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D003712:Dendrites / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009474:Neurons / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000502:physiology; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D034622:RNA Interference; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*; D020830:rac1 GTP-Binding Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; C551435:CDKL5 protein, rat; D020830:rac1 GTP-Binding Protein