title: Tailored print communication and telephone motivational interviewing are equally successful in improving multiple lifestyle behaviors in a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Computer tailoring and motivational interviewing show promise in promoting lifestyle change, despite few head-to-head comparative studies.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Vitalum is a randomized controlled trial in which the efficacy of these methods was compared in changing physical activity and fruit and vegetable consumption in middle-aged Dutch adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants (n = 1,629) were recruited via 23 general practices and randomly received either four tailored print letters, four motivational telephone calls, two of each type of intervention, or no information. The primary outcomes were absolute change in self-reported physical activity and fruit and vegetable consumption.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All three intervention groups (i.e., the tailored letters, the motivational calls, and the combined version) were equally and significantly more effective than the control group in increasing physical activity (hours/day), intake of fruit (servings/day), and consumption of vegetables (grams/day) from baseline to the intermediate measurement (week 25), follow-up 1 (week 47) and 2 (week 73). Effect sizes (Cohen's d) ranged from 0.15 to 0.18. Participants rated the interventions positively; interviews were more positively evaluated than letters.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tailored print communication and telephone motivational interviewing or their combination are equally successful in changing multiple behaviors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Promotion, Maastricht University, The Netherlands. hilde.vankeulen@tno.nl
authors.forename: Hilde M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: van Keulen
authors.forename: Ilse
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Mesters
authors.forename: Marlein
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ausems
authors.forename: Gerard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: van Breukelen
authors.forename: Marci
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Resnicow
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brug
authors.forename: Hein
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: de Vries
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D004435:Eating; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension; D033181:Information Dissemination / Q000379:methods*; D007407:Interviews as Topic / Q000379:methods*; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity; D009426:Netherlands; D057566:Self Report; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014675:Vegetables