title: Inner ear drug delivery system from the clinical point of view.
abstract: CONCLUSIONS
  Three types of inner ear drug delivery systems (DDS) that were ready to be applied in clinics were developed.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To develop clinically applicable inner ear DDS for the treatment of inner ear disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  Inner ear DDS using clinically applicable materials were developed and evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The systemic application of stealth-type nanoparticles encapsulating betamethasone provided superior therapeutic results for the treatment of noise-induced hearing loss compared with the systemic application of betamethasone in mice. Microparticles made of biodegradable polymer (poly (lactic/glycolic) acid, PLGA) encapsulating lidocaine were placed on the round window membrane of guinea pigs, and resulted in reasonable concentrations of lidocaine in the cochlea without serious adverse effects. The phase I/IIa clinical trial of the application of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in combination with gelatin hydrogel on the round window membrane was conducted, recruiting patients with acute sensorineural hearing loss after the failure of systemic application of steroids.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan. sakamoto@ent.kuhp.kyoto-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Tatsunori
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sakamoto
authors.forename: Takayuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakagawa
authors.forename: Rie T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Horie
authors.forename: Harukazu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hiraumi
authors.forename: Norio
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: Yayoi S
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Kikkawa
authors.forename: Juichi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ito
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D006319:Hearing Loss, Sensorineural / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008876:Middle Ear Ventilation; D053758:Nanoparticles; D012405:Round Window, Ear
chemical_list: D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; C065700:myotrophin; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I