title: Prevalence of astigmatism in 6- to 72-month-old African American and Hispanic children: the Multi-ethnic Pediatric Eye Disease Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the age-, gender-, and ethnicity-specific prevalence of astigmatism in African American and Hispanic children aged 6 to 72 months.
  
  
  METHODS
  Population-based, cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Multi-Ethnic Pediatric Eye Disease Study is a population-based evaluation of the prevalence of vision disorders in children ages 6 to 72 months in Los Angeles County, California. Seventy-seven percent of eligible children completed a comprehensive eye examination. This report provides the results from 2994 African American and 3030 Hispanic children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eligible children in 44 census tracts were identified during an in-home interview and scheduled for a comprehensive eye examination and in-clinic interview. Cycloplegic autorefraction was used to determine refractive error.
  
  
  METHODS
  The proportion of children with astigmatism defined as cylindrical refractive error ≥ 1.50 diopters (D) in the worse eye. The astigmatism type was defined as with-the-rule (WTR) (+ cylinder axis 90 ± 15 degrees) and against-the-rule (ATR) (+ cylinder axis 180 ± 15 degrees); all other orientations were considered oblique (OBL). The prevalence of astigmatism and its types were also determined for worse eye cylindrical refractive error ≥ 3.00 D.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prevalence of astigmatism ≥ 1.50 D was higher in Hispanic children compared with African American children (16.8% vs. 12.7%, respectively; P<0.0001). Hispanic children also showed a higher prevalence of astigmatism ≥ 3.00 D than African American children (2.9% vs. 1.0% respectively; P<0.0001). The prevalence of astigmatism ≥ 1.50 D showed a significant decreasing trend with age (P<0.0001). The prevalence of WTR, ATR, and OBL astigmatism ≥ 1.50 D was 13.9%, 0.6%, and 2.2%, respectively, in Hispanic children, and 7.8%, 2.2%, and 2.7%, respectively, in African American children.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We observed ethnicity-related differences in astigmatism prevalence in preschool children. The age-related decrease in astigmatism prevalence in preschool children likely reflects emmetropization.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Doheny Eye Institute, 1450 San Pablo St, Room 4900, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
authors.forename: Arezoo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fozailoff
authors.forename: Kristina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tarczy-Hornoch
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cotter
authors.forename: Ge
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wen
authors.forename: Jesse
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Borchert
authors.forename: Stanley
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Azen
authors.forename: Rohit
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Varma
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American / Q000208:ethnology*; D017677:Age Distribution; D001251:Astigmatism / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000208:ethnology*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D015141:Los Angeles / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D012029:Refraction, Ocular; D012030:Refractive Errors / Q000208:ethnology; D017678:Sex Distribution