title: [Preliminary study on diagnostic standard of functional constipation in children from five cities in North China].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the symptomatic criteria for diagnosis in children with functional constipation(FC) in North China.
  
  
  METHODS
  A screening program for FC in children was carried out in 5 northern cities (Beijing, Tianjin, Shenyang, Changchun, Harbin) of China according to symptoms using Rome III( criteria. Random clustered sampling of the inhabitants was carried out under stratification of city, region and school or kindergarten. Sample size of each area was in proportion to the population of the area. The range of age was 4-14. All the subjects were requested to fill in a questionnaire distributed by the teacher. The screening program was carried out immediately after a plot survey. A total of 20,000 questionnaires were distributed and 19,638 retrieved. According to the result of the screening, a small number of patients who fulfilled the criteria were further selected to undergo detail clinical examinations in the hospital including laboratory examination, colonic transit time, defecography or/and barium enema, electromyogram and anorectal manometry to exclude organic disease of the colon. A detailed questionnaire was filled in with the assistance from a trained doctor or a medical student. Potential risk factors and the relative symptoms were explored by comparing frequencies between FC group and non-FC group using χ2 and Logistic analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighteen symptoms (defecation less than 3 times per week, dry hard sausage-shape stool, difficulty in defecation, abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, etc) could exist in control group, but FC group had a higher frequency. The difference was statistically significant. Multivariable stepwise logistic regression analysis showed that defecation less than 3 times per week, hard sausage-shape feces, difficulty in defecation, and the need for laxative were associated with FC. The absence of other symptoms had no influence on diagnosis of FC. The sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic accuracy of symptomatic standard diagnostic test based on Rome III( criteria in FC children showed that ≥2 items had the best diagnostic accuracy but moderate sensitivity and specificity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The symptomatic criteria for FC diagnosis in children are suggested as follows: (1) defecation frequency less than 3 times per week; (2) dry, hard, sausage-shape stool in most defecation; (3) difficulty in most defecation; (4) use of medication or digital evacuation. FC can be considered when 2 of the above 4 criteria are met and the symptoms last at least 2 months.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110004. zhangshucheng76@126.com
authors.forename: Shu-cheng
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Wei-lin
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Ri-bin
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Qu
authors.forename: Peng-jun
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Su
authors.forename: Shi-wei
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Hao-ran
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Shi-yong
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: Xiao-juan
authors.initials: XJ
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Hai-tao
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Jian-li
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Guang-hui
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Dong
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D003248:Constipation / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D012015:Reference Standards; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires