title: Changes in interleukin-1β and 6 after hepatic microwave tissue ablation compared with radiofrequency, cryotherapy and surgical resections.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cytokine changes after microwave tissue ablation (MTA) were compared with hepatic resection, cryotherapy (CRYO), and radiofrequency ablation (RFA). Cytokine production was measured at various ablation volumes for each modality and correlated with the transitional inflammatory zone produced by the ablation techniques.
  
  
  METHODS
  Live rats underwent MTA, surgical resection, CRYO or RFA of 15%, 33%, or 66% of the total hepatic volume. Serum samples were collected preoperatively and at 1, 3, 6, 24, and 48 hours after surgery and analyzed for pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significantly higher levels of both cytokines were present after CRYO and RFA compared with MTA, hepatic resection, or controls (P < .001). All animals survived except those undergoing RFA or CRYO of 66% of the hepatic volume, which died within 6 hours. Transitional zones produced after RFA were larger than those after CRYO or MTA, but no correlation was present with the amount of cytokines.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Large-volume MTA is associated with a significant decreased cytokine response and is well tolerated compared with RFA and CRYO.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, UK.
authors.forename: Fateh
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ahmad
authors.forename: Gianpiero
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gravante
authors.forename: Neil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bhardwaj
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Strickland
authors.forename: Rizwan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Basit
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: West
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sorge
authors.forename: Ashley R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Dennison
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Lloyd
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000379:methods*; D017679:Cryotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006498:Hepatectomy / Q000379:methods*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000097:blood*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood*; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008872:Microwaves / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011184:Postoperative Period; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D015850:Interleukin-6