title: Dietary acid load and rapid progression to end-stage renal disease of diabetic nephropathy in Westernized South Asian people.
abstract: Diabetic nephropathy is now the most common cause of end-stage renal failure in many countries of the world. Despite increasing implementation of preventive treatment, the chance that an individual diabetic patient will reach end-stage renal failure has been increasing rather than decreasing during recent decades. Current dietary habits in The Netherlands and the rest of the Western world are slowly shifting from relatively alkalinizing (e.g., potatoes and vegetables) toward more acidifying (e.g., rice and meat). Moreover, immigrants who consumed traditional diets in their homelands, usually adapt to Western dietary habits. This phenomenon of diet acculturation could, for instance, be involved in the up to 40 times higher chance of development of end-stage renal failure in association with diabetes in South-Asian immigrants compared with whites, in Western countries. High ingestion of nonvolatile acids with food increases susceptibility for progression to end-stage renal failure. These high dietary acid loads lead to compensatory increases in renal acid excretion and ammoniagenesis. The price paid for maintenance of acid-base homeostasis is renal tubulointerstitial injury, with subsequent decline in renal function and induction of hypertension. The tendency for metabolic acidosis that results from the changing dietary habits could be corrected by a shift toward more alkalinizing food. We hypothesize that promoting such a shift can prevent the epidemic of end-stage renal failure in diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Else
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: van den Berg
authors.forename: Frédérique A P
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Hospers
authors.forename: Gerjan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Navis
authors.forename: Marielle F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Engberink
authors.forename: Elizabeth J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Brink
authors.forename: Johanna M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Geleijnse
authors.forename: Marleen A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: van Baak
authors.forename: Rijk O B
authors.initials: RO
authors.lastname: Gans
authors.forename: Stephan J L
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Bakker
mesh_terms: D000069:Acculturation; D000136:Acid-Base Equilibrium; D000138:Acidosis / Q000208:ethnology; D001208:Asia / Q000208:ethnology; D044466:Asian People / Q000235:genetics; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000208:ethnology*; D018450:Disease Progression; D004641:Emigration and Immigration; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000208:ethnology*; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D019366:Western World