title: Growth/differentiation factor-15 is an abundant cytokine in human seminal plasma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Transforming growth factor-β cytokines have various biological effects in female reproductive tissue, including modulation of inflammatory response and induction of immune tolerance to seminal antigens in the reproductive tract. However, no studies have analyzed the presence of growth/differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15/macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1) in seminal fluid or demonstrated the quantity and form of GDF-15, its possible role or the relationship between its concentration and semen quality.
  
  
  METHODS
  The form and the concentration of GDF-15 were determined in 53 seminal plasma samples of both fertile and infertile men by ELISA and western blot. The sperm cells of three volunteers were treated with recombinant GDF-15, and cell viability and apoptosis were assessed by flow cytometry. The effect of GDF-15 on vaginal epithelial cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was analyzed by quantitative RT-PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The GDF-15 concentration in seminal plasma ranged from 0.2 to 6.6 μg/ml as determined by ELISA. Western blot analysis revealed that GDF-15 is present in the active form. In vitro cultivation of sperm cells with GDF-15 did not affect their viability or rates of apoptosis; however, it did inhibit proliferation of PBMCs and induce expression of FOXP3 in CD4+CD25+ cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration that GDF-15 is an abundant cytokine in seminal plasma, although its concentration is not associated with semen quality or the fertility/infertility status of the donors. Moreover, our data show that GDF-15 displays immunosuppressive characteristics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics, AS CR, Brno, Czech Republic. ksoucek@ibp.cz
authors.forename: Karel
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Soucek
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Slabáková
authors.forename: Petra
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ovesná
authors.forename: Alice
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Malenovská
authors.forename: Alois
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kozubík
authors.forename: Ales
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hampl
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors / Q000096:biosynthesis; D055436:Growth Differentiation Factor 15 / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D053645:Interleukin-2 Receptor alpha Subunit / Q000378:metabolism; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012661:Semen / Q000378:metabolism*; D055101:Semen Analysis; D013094:Spermatozoa
chemical_list: C418974:FOXP3 protein, human; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors; D055436:Growth Differentiation Factor 15; C508017:IL2RA protein, human; D053645:Interleukin-2 Receptor alpha Subunit