The diesel exhaust in miners study: I. Overview of the exposure assessment process.
This report provides an overview of the exposure assessment process for an epidemiologic study that investigated mortality, with a special focus on lung cancer, associated with diesel exhaust (DE) exposure among miners. Details of several components are provided in four other reports. A major challenge for this study was the development of quantitative estimates of historical exposures to DE. There is no single standard method for assessing the totality of DE, so respirable elemental carbon (REC), a component of DE, was selected as the primary surrogate in this study. Air monitoring surveys at seven of the eight study mining facilities were conducted between 1998 and 2001 and provided reference personal REC exposure levels and measurements for other agents and DE components in the mining environment. (The eighth facility had closed permanently prior to the surveys.) Exposure estimates were developed for mining facility/department/job/year combinations. A hierarchical grouping strategy was developed for assigning exposure levels to underground jobs [based on job titles, on the amount of time spent in various areas of the underground mine, and on similar carbon monoxide (CO, another DE component) concentrations] and to surface jobs (based on the use of, or proximity to, diesel-powered equipment). Time trends in air concentrations for underground jobs were estimated from mining facility-specific prediction models using diesel equipment horsepower, total air flow rates exhausted from the underground mines, and, because there were no historical REC measurements, historical measurements of CO. Exposures to potentially confounding agents, i.e. respirable dust, silica, radon, asbestos, and non-diesel sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, also were assessed. Accuracy and reliability of the estimated REC exposures levels were evaluated by comparison with several smaller datasets and by development of alternative time trend models. During 1998-2001, the average measured REC exposure level by facility ranged from 40 to 384 μg m⁻³ for the underground workers and from 2 to 6 μg m⁻³ for the surface workers. For one prevalent underground job, 'miner operator', the maximum annual REC exposure estimate by facility ranged up to 685% greater than the corresponding 1998-2001 value. A comparison of the historical CO estimates from the time trend models with 1976-1977 CO measurements not used in the modeling found an overall median relative difference of 29%. Other comparisons showed similar levels of agreement. The assessment process indicated large differences in REC exposure levels over time and across the underground operations. Method evaluations indicated that the final estimates were consistent with those from alternative time trend models and demonstrated moderate to high agreement with external data.
Stewart
Patricia A
PA
Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, US National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
Coble
Joseph B
JB
Vermeulen
Roel
R
Schleiff
Patricia
P
Blair
Aaron
A
Lubin
Jay
J
Attfield
Michael
M
Silverman
Debra T
DT
D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational / Q000032:analysis*; D001194:Asbestos / Q000032:analysis; D002244:Carbon / Q000032:analysis; D002248:Carbon Monoxide / Q000032:analysis; D004391:Dust / Q000032:analysis; D004651:Employment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D062665:Epidemiological Monitoring; D006801:Humans; D019570:Inhalation Exposure / Q000032:analysis / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D007587:Job Description; D008906:Mining / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000032:analysis / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000032:analysis; D011886:Radon / Q000032:analysis; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012822:Silicon Dioxide / Q000032:analysis; D013997:Time Factors; D001335:Vehicle Emissions / Q000032:analysis*; D017132:Workplace
D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational; D004391:Dust; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D001335:Vehicle Emissions; D001194:Asbestos; D002244:Carbon; D012822:Silicon Dioxide; D002248:Carbon Monoxide; D011886:Radon