title: Ocimum sanctum essential oil and its active principles exert their antifungal activity by disrupting ergosterol biosynthesis and membrane integrity.
abstract: The increasing incidence of drug-resistant pathogens and host toxicity of existing antifungals attracts attention toward the efficacy of natural products as antifungals in mucocutaneous infections and combinational therapies. The composition and antifungal activity of the essential oil obtained from Ocimum sanctum (OSEO) was studied. On GC-MS analysis, OSEO showed a high content of methyl chavicol (44.63%) and linalool (21.84%). Antifungal activity of OSEO and its two main constituents was determined against sixty clinical and five standard laboratory isolates of Candida. OSEO, methyl chavicol and linalool showed inhibitory activity toward all tested strains. The mechanism of their fungicidal action was assessed by studying their effect on the plasma membrane using flow cytometry, confocal imaging and determination of the levels of ergosterol, a fungal-specific sterol. Propidium iodide rapidly penetrated a majority of yeast cells when they were treated with OSEO concentrations just above MIC, implying that fungicidal activity resulted from extensive lesions of the plasma membrane. OSEO and its components also caused a considerable reduction in the amount of ergosterol. The present study indicates that OSEO, methyl chavicol and linalool have significant antifungal activity against Candida, including azole-resistant strains, advocating further investigation for clinical applications in the treatment of fungal infections.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Amber
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Aijaz
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ahmad
authors.forename: Feroz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Akhtar
authors.forename: Snowber
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yousuf
authors.forename: Immaculata
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Xess
authors.forename: Luqman A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Nikhat
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Manzoor
mesh_terms: D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D053898:Biosynthetic Pathways / Q000187:drug effects*; D002175:Candida / Q000737:chemistry / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D002463:Cell Membrane Permeability / Q000187:drug effects; D004875:Ergosterol / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006801:Humans; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D031339:Ocimum / Q000737:chemistry*; D009822:Oils, Volatile / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011419:Propidium / Q000378:metabolism; D013194:Staining and Labeling / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D009822:Oils, Volatile; D011419:Propidium; D004875:Ergosterol