title: Immunomodulatory effects of dietary exposure to selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus).
abstract: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) have been demonstrated to affect immune system modulation. The freshwater species of fish, Lepomis macrochirus (bluegill), was employed to investigate the effects of a 14-day dietary exposure to PAH including 2-aminoanthracene (2-AA), 2-methylnaphthalene (2-MN), and 9,10-dimethylanthracene (9,10-DMA) and a mixture of these 3 compounds at a total dose of 3.1 ± 0.01 mg on lymphocyte proliferation stimulated with 3 mitogens (concanavalin A [Con A], phorbol ester, and calcium ionophore). 2-Aminoanthracene was mitogenic itself and with added mitogens. 2-Methylnaphthalene induced some stimulatory and some inhibitory effects upon cell proliferation by Con A. 9,10-DMA and the mixture each suppressed cell proliferation. The mixture was highly suppressive to lymphocytes. Intracellular baseline calcium levels were reduced, possibly as a step prior to cell death. All PAH compounds tested were immunomodulatory to bluegill lymphocytes. Bluegill were demonstrated to have utility as a biomarker species for investigation of immunotoxicity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Connelly
authors.forename: Jay C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Means
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D000873:Anthracenes / Q000633:toxicity; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002118:Calcium / Q000032:analysis; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D008934:Mitogens / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D023421:Models, Animal; D009281:Naphthalenes / Q000633:toxicity; D010473:Perciformes / Q000097:blood / Q000502:physiology*; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D011897:Random Allocation; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018675:Toxicity Tests / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D000873:Anthracenes; D015415:Biomarkers; D002273:Carcinogens; D007155:Immunologic Factors; D008934:Mitogens; D009281:Naphthalenes; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; C006593:2-anthramine; C029126:9,10-dimethylanthracene; C027384:2-methylnaphthalene; D002118:Calcium