title: Sample selection and validity of exposure-disease association estimates in cohort studies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Participants in cohort studies are frequently selected from restricted source populations. It has been recognised that such restriction may affect the study validity.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the bias that may arise when analyses involve data from cohorts based on restricted source populations, an area little studied in quantitative terms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Monte Carlo simulations were used, based on a setting where the exposure and one risk factor for the outcome, which are not associated in the general population, influence selection into the cohort. All the parameters involved in the simulations (ie, prevalence and effects of exposure and risk factor on both the selection and outcome process, selection prevalence, baseline outcome incidence rate, and sample size) were allowed to vary to reflect real life settings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The simulations show that when the exposure and risk factor are strongly associated with selection (ORs of 4 or 0.25) and the unmeasured risk factor is associated with a disease HR of 4, the bias in the estimated log HR for the exposure-disease association is ±0.15. When these associations decrease to values more commonly seen in epidemiological studies (eg, ORs and HRs of 2 or 0.5), the bias in the log HR drops to just ±0.02.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using a restricted source population for a cohort study will, under a range of sensible scenarios, produce only relatively weak bias in estimates of the exposure-disease associations.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Epidemiology Unit, CeRMS and CPO-Piemonte, University of Turin, Via Santena 7, Turin, Italy. costanza.pizzi@lshtm.ac.uk
authors.forename: Costanza
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pizzi
authors.forename: Bianca
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: De Stavola
authors.forename: Franco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Merletti
authors.forename: Rino
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bellocco
authors.forename: Isabel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: dos Santos Silva
authors.forename: Neil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pearce
authors.forename: Lorenzo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Richiardi
mesh_terms: D015331:Cohort Studies; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D016015:Logistic Models; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D015995:Prevalence; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D012307:Risk Factors; D018401:Sample Size; D015983:Selection Bias