title: Loss of sphingosine kinase-1 in carcinoma cells increases formation of reactive oxygen species and sensitivity to doxorubicin-induced DNA damage.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Sphingosine kinases (SK) catalyse the formation of sphingosine 1-phosphate, which is a key lipid mediator regulating cell responses such as proliferation, survival and migration. Here we have investigated the effect of targeted inhibition of SK-1 on cell damage and elucidated the mechanisms involved.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three human carcinoma cell lines (colon HCT-116, breast MDA-MB-231, lung NCI-H358) were used, which were either transduced with shRNA constructs to deplete SK-1, or treated with a SK-1 inhibitor. Cell growth and viability were assayed by [(3) H]thymidine incorporation and colony formation. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were measured by fluorescence and apoptosis by annexin V with flow cytometry. Proteins were analysed by Western blotting. DNA damage was induced by doxorubicin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Knock-down of SK-1 by shRNA strongly inhibited DNA synthesis and colony formation of carcinoma cells. SK-1 knock-down (SK-1kd) cells revealed dysfunctional extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase and PKB/Akt cascades, and contained increased levels of ROS. After SK-1kd, treatment with doxorubicin increased DNA damage, measured by histone-2AX phosphorylation. Similar effects were found in cells with a SK-1 inhibitor and doxorubicin. The increased damage response in SK-1kd cells was accompanied by greater reduction of DNA synthesis and colony formation, and by more pronounced apoptosis. Addition of a NADPH oxidase inhibitor reduced the increased apoptosis in doxorubicin-treated SK-1kd cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SK-1kd in carcinoma cells triggered oxidative stress by increasing intracellular Ros production. Targeted inhibition of SK-1 represents a promising approach to sensitize cells to DNA damage and facilitate apoptosis upon doxorubicin treatment.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Switzerland. huwiler@pki.unibe.ch
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Huwiler
authors.forename: Nataliya
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kotelevets
authors.forename: Cuiyan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Xin
authors.forename: Oleksandr
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Pastukhov
authors.forename: Josef
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pfeilschifter
authors.forename: Uwe
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Zangemeister-Wittke
mesh_terms: D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000187:drug effects*; D015536:Down-Regulation; D004317:Doxorubicin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D045325:HCT116 Cells; D006801:Humans; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy; D017853:Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor) / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000235:genetics; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*; D000099157:Sphingosine Kinase
chemical_list: D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic; D004317:Doxorubicin; D017853:Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor); D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D000099157:Sphingosine Kinase