title: Third-line sorafenib after sequential therapy with sunitinib and mTOR inhibitors in metastatic renal cell carcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sunitinib and everolimus have been approved for first- and second-line treatment, respectively, in metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). The role of sorafenib, which is approved for second-line treatment after cytokines failure, is presently to be defined.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether third-line sorafenib after sequential use of sunitinib and mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors (everolimus or temsirolimus) is feasible and effective.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred fifty medical records of patients with mRCC treated with first-line sunitinib between January 2006 and January 2010 were reviewed at four participating centers. Data regarding patients treated with the sequence sunitinib-everolimus or temsirolimus-sorafenib were extracted. Central analysis of radiographic images was performed using RECIST criteria to determine progression-free survival (PFS) and overall response rate (oRR) to sorafenib treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  PFS and oRR to sorafenib were the primary end points. Secondary outcomes were safety and overall survival (OS).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thirty-four patients were eligible for the study. A median PFS of 4 mo (range: 3-6 mo) and a median OS of 7 mo since sorafenib treatment (range: 6-10 mo) were reported. Of the patients, 23.5% showed response to sorafenib, with an overall disease control rate (complete responses plus partial responses plus stable disease) of 44%. Selection bias, data incompleteness, and absence of study design are inevitable limitations of the study, although central review can strengthen the quality of presented data.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Third-line sorafenib appears to be active and well tolerated in mRCC after first-line sunitinib and second-line everolimus or temsirolimus, with no patients interrupting sorafenib because of toxicity or lack of compliance. Prospective, placebo-controlled trials are completely lacking and are required in this setting.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Clinica e Molecolare, Università Federico II, Napoli, Italy. giuseppedilorenzoncol@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Di Lorenzo
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Buonerba
authors.forename: Piera
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Federico
authors.forename: Pasquale
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rescigno
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Milella
authors.forename: Cinzia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ortega
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aieta
authors.forename: Carmine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: D'Aniello
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Longo
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Felici
authors.forename: Enzo Maria
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Ruggeri
authors.forename: Giovannella
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Palmieri
authors.forename: Ciro
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Imbimbo
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aglietta
authors.forename: Sabino
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: De Placido
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mirone
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001557:Benzenesulfonates / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000401:mortality / Q000556:secondary; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D000068338:Everolimus; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007211:Indoles / Q000008:administration & dosage; D007558:Italy; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009536:Niacinamide / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D010671:Phenylurea Compounds; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage; D011725:Pyridines / Q000008:administration & dosage; D011758:Pyrroles / Q000008:administration & dosage; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D020123:Sirolimus / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D000077157:Sorafenib; D000077210:Sunitinib; D015996:Survival Rate; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors; D001557:Benzenesulfonates; D007211:Indoles; D010671:Phenylurea Compounds; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D011725:Pyridines; D011758:Pyrroles; D009536:Niacinamide; C401859:temsirolimus; D000068338:Everolimus; D000077157:Sorafenib; C546842:MTOR protein, human; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; D000077210:Sunitinib; D020123:Sirolimus