title: An improved Bayesian tensor regularization and sampling algorithm to track neuronal fiber pathways in the language circuit.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this work is to design a neuronal fiber tracking algorithm, which will be more suitable for reconstruction of fibers associated with functionally important regions in the human brain. The functional activations in the brain normally occur in the gray matter regions. Hence the fibers bordering these regions are weakly myelinated, resulting in poor performance of conventional tractography methods to trace the fiber links between them. A lower fractional anisotropy in this region makes it even difficult to track the fibers in the presence of noise. In this work, the authors focused on a stochastic approach to reconstruct these fiber pathways based on a Bayesian regularization framework.
  
  
  METHODS
  To estimate the true fiber direction (propagation vector), the a priori and conditional probability density functions are calculated in advance and are modeled as multivariate normal. The variance of the estimated tensor element vector is associated with the uncertainty due to noise and partial volume averaging (PVA). An adaptive and multiple sampling of the estimated tensor element vector, which is a function of the pre-estimated variance, overcomes the effect of noise and PVA in this work.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The algorithm has been rigorously tested using a variety of synthetic data sets. The quantitative comparison of the results to standard algorithms motivated the authors to implement it for in vivo DTI data analysis. The algorithm has been implemented to delineate fibers in two major language pathways (Broca's to SMA and Broca's to Wernicke's) across 12 healthy subjects. Though the mean of standard deviation was marginally bigger than conventional (Euler's) approach [P. J. Basser et al., "In vivo fiber tractography using DT-MRI data," Magn. Reson. Med. 44(4), 625-632 (2000)], the number of extracted fibers in this approach was significantly higher. The authors also compared the performance of the proposed method to Lu's method [Y. Lu et al., "Improved fiber tractography with Bayesian tensor regularization," Neuroimage 31(3), 1061-1074 (2006)] and Friman's stochastic approach [O. Friman et al., "A Bayesian approach for stochastic white matter tractography," IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging 25(8), 965-978 (2006)]. Overall performance of the approach is found to be superior to above two methods, particularly when the signal-to-noise ratio was low.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The authors observed that an adaptive sampling of the tensor element vectors, estimated as a function of the variance in a Bayesian framework, can effectively delineate neuronal fibers to analyze the structure-function relationship in human brain. The simulated and in vivo results are in good agreement with the theoretical aspects of the algorithm.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA. arabinda.mishra@vanderbilt.edu
authors.forename: Arabinda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mishra
authors.forename: Adam W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Xi
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Gore
authors.forename: Zhaohua
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ding
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D056324:Diffusion Tensor Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods; D007802:Language; D008959:Models, Neurological; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D010363:Pattern Recognition, Automated / Q000379:methods; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018401:Sample Size; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity