title: The role of choline positron emission tomography/computed tomography in the management of patients with prostate-specific antigen progression after radical treatment of prostate cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Choline positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) is a currently used diagnostic tool in restaging prostate cancer (PCa) patients with increasing prostate-specific antigen (PSA) after either radical prostatectomy (RP) or external-beam radiation therapy (EBRT). However, no final recommendations have been made on the use of this modality for patient management.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To critically analyse the current evidence for the use of choline PET/CT scanning in the management of patients with a progressive increase in PSA after radical treatment for PCa, evaluating its diagnostic accuracy in the detection of recurrences, the clinical predictors of positive PET/CT examinations, and the modalities' role as a guide for tailored therapeutic strategies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data on recently published (2003-2010) original articles, review articles, and editorials concerning the role of choline PET/CT in this scenario were analysed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The diagnostic accuracy of choline PET in detecting sites of PCa relapse has been investigated by several authors, and the overall reported sensitivity ranges between 38% and 98%. It has been demonstrated that choline PET technology's positive detection rate improves with increasing PSA values. The routine use of choline PET/CT cannot be recommended for PSA values <1 ng/ml. However, in addition to PSA serum value, PSA doubling time (PSA DT), and other clinical and pathologic features-including locally advanced tumour (pT3b-T4) or lymph node involvement at initial staging-should be considered to refer patients to choline PET/CT study. Choline PET/CT may be also proposed as a image guide either for experimental surgical or radiation therapy treatments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  According to the current available data, choline PET/CT plays a role in the management of biochemical relapse. Its accuracy is correlated to PSA value, PSA DT, and other pathologic features. Choline PET/CT may be proposed as a guide for individualised treatment of recurrence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy. picchio.maria@hsr.it
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Picchio
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Briganti
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fanti
authors.forename: Axel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Heidenreich
authors.forename: Bernd J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Krause
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Messa
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Montorsi
authors.forename: Sven N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Reske
authors.forename: George N
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Thalmann
mesh_terms: D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D002794:Choline; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood*; D011468:Prostatectomy; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000276:immunology / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery*; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D013997:Time Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen; D002794:Choline