title: [The life cycle of general practitioners' professional motivations: the case of prevention].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The analysis of "professional motivations", mainly through the possible crowding-out effects between extrinsic and intrinsic motivations, has become an issue of great concern in the economic literature. This paper aims at applying this topic to the healthcare professions where the proper scaling up of pay-for-performance (P4P) policies by public authorities is at stake.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used a panel of 528 self-employed general practitioners in the "Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur" region in France to provide an interpersonal statistical decomposition between extrinsic and intrinsic motivations with regard to preventive actions. Then, we applied a Tobit model in order to specify the main explicative variables of the share of intrinsic motivations entering into physicians' total motivations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The relative share of intrinsic motivations was quite high among physicians paid with fixed fees. We found a significant effect of age on intrinsic motivations describing a U-shaped curve which can be interpreted as being the result of a "life cycle of medical motivations" or a generational effect.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The cross-sectional nature of the data does not allow us to draw any conclusions concerning the predominance of the generational effect or the "life cycle effect" on the evolution of the relative share of physician's intrinsic motivations. Nevertheless, the U-shaped relation between intrinsic motivations and age questions the suitability of using uniformly P4P mechanisms. The generations or age groups of self-employed physicians who seem to be less responsive to extrinsic motivations are more likely to favour the introduction of other types of payment schemes (capitation or salary systems) or regulation tools such as clinical practice guidelines.
authors.affiliation: Inserm, U912 (SE4S), 13006 Marseille, France. yann.videau@inserm.fr
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Videau
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Batifoulier
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Arrighi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gadreau
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ventelou
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D005602:France; D058005:General Practitioners / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009042:Motivation; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires