title: The Y-chromosome landscape of the Philippines: extensive heterogeneity and varying genetic affinities of Negrito and non-Negrito groups.
abstract: The Philippines exhibits a rich diversity of people, languages, and culture, including so-called 'Negrito' groups that have for long fascinated anthropologists, yet little is known about their genetic diversity. We report here, a survey of Y-chromosome variation in 390 individuals from 16 Filipino ethnolinguistic groups, including six Negrito groups, from across the archipelago. We find extreme diversity in the Y-chromosome lineages of Filipino groups with heterogeneity seen in both Negrito and non-Negrito groups, which does not support a simple dichotomy of Filipino groups as Negrito vs non-Negrito. Filipino non-recombining region of the human Y chromosome lineages reflect a chronology that extends from after the initial colonization of the Asia-Pacific region, to the time frame of the Austronesian expansion. Filipino groups appear to have diverse genetic affinities with different populations in the Asia-Pacific region. In particular, some Negrito groups are associated with indigenous Australians, with a potential time for the association ranging from the initial colonization of the region to more recent (after colonization) times. Overall, our results indicate extensive heterogeneity contributing to a complex genetic history for Filipino groups, with varying roles for migrations from outside the Philippines, genetic drift, and admixture among neighboring groups.
authors.affiliation: DNA Analysis Laboratory, Natural Sciences Research Institute, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines.
authors.forename: Frederick
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Delfin
authors.forename: Jazelyn M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Salvador
authors.forename: Gayvelline C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Calacal
authors.forename: Henry B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Perdigon
authors.forename: Kristina A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Tabbada
authors.forename: Lilian P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Villamor
authors.forename: Saturnina C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Halos
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gunnarsdóttir
authors.forename: Sean
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Myles
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.forename: Shuhua
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: Oscar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Lao
authors.forename: Manfred
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kayser
authors.forename: Matthew E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Hurles
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stoneking
authors.forename: Maria Corazon A
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: De Ungria
mesh_terms: D044466:Asian People / Q000235:genetics*; D044383:Black People / Q000235:genetics*; D041322:Chromosomes, Human, Y / Q000235:genetics*; D004641:Emigration and Immigration; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000235:genetics; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005828:Genetics, Population; D006239:Haplotypes; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010679:Philippines / Q000208:ethnology; D044382:Population Groups / Q000235:genetics; D012984:Software