title: HIF1-alpha functions as a tumor promoter in cancer associated fibroblasts, and as a tumor suppressor in breast cancer cells: Autophagy drives compartment-specific oncogenesis.
abstract: Our recent studies have mechanistically implicated a loss of stromal Cav-1 expression and HIF1-alpha-activation in driving the cancer-associated fibroblast phenotype, through the paracrine production of nutrients via autophagy and aerobic glycolysis. However, it remains unknown if HIF1a-activation is sufficient to confer the cancer-associated fibroblast phenotype. To test this hypothesis directly, we stably-expressed activated HIF1a in fibroblasts and then examined their ability to promote tumor growth using a xenograft model employing human breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231). Fibroblasts harboring activated HIF1a showed a dramatic reduction in Cav-1 levels and a shift towards aerobic glycolysis, as evidenced by a loss of mitochondrial activity, and an increase in lactate production. Activated HIF1a also induced BNIP3 and BNIP3L expression, markers for the autophagic destruction of mitochondria. Most importantly, fibroblasts expressing activated HIF1a increased tumor mass by ∼2-fold and tumor volume by ∼3-fold, without a significant increase in tumor angiogenesis. In this context, HIF1a also induced an increase in the lymph node metastasis of cancer cells. Similar results were obtained by driving NFκB activation in fibroblasts, another inducer of autophagy. Thus, activated HIF1a is sufficient to functionally confer the cancer-associated fibroblast phenotype. It is also known that HIF1a expression is required for the induction of autophagy in cancer cells. As such, we next directly expressed activated HIF1a in MDA-MB-231 cells and assessed its effect on tumor growth via xenograft analysis. Surprisingly, activated HIF1a in cancer cells dramatically suppressed tumor growth, resulting in a 2-fold reduction in tumor mass and a 3-fold reduction in tumor volume. We conclude that HIF1a activation in different cell types can either promote or repress tumorigenesis. Based on these studies, we suggest that autophagy in cancer-associated fibroblasts promotes tumor growth via the paracrine production of recycled nutrients, which can directly "feed" cancer cells. Conversely, autophagy in cancer cells represses tumor growth via their "self-digestion". Thus, we should consider that the activities of various known oncogenes and tumor-suppressors may be compartment and cell-type specific, and are not necessarily an intrinsic property of the molecule itself. As such, other "classic" oncogenes and tumor suppressors will have to be re-evaluated to determine their compartment specific effects on tumor growth and metastasis. Lastly, our results provide direct experimental support for the recently proposed "Autophagic Tumor Stroma Model of Cancer".
authors.affiliation: Department of Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Chiavarina
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Whitaker-Menezes
authors.forename: Gemma
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Migneco
authors.forename: Ubaldo E
authors.initials: UE
authors.lastname: Martinez-Outschoorn
authors.forename: Stephanos
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pavlides
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Howell
authors.forename: Herbert B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Tanowitz
authors.forename: Mathew C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Casimiro
authors.forename: Chenguang
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Richard G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Pestell
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Grieshaber
authors.forename: Jaime
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Caro
authors.forename: Federica
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sotgia
authors.forename: Michael P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Lisanti
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001343:Autophagy; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*; D051242:Caveolin 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000378:metabolism*; D006019:Glycolysis; D006801:Humans; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D007773:Lactates / Q000378:metabolism; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis / Q000473:pathology; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: C090121:BNIP3 protein, human; C116838:BNIP3L protein, human; D051242:Caveolin 1; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D007773:Lactates; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D016328:NF-kappa B; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins