title: The performance of steady-state harmonic magnetic resonance elastography when applied to viscoelastic materials.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The clinical efficacy of breast elastography may be limited when the authors employ the assumption that soft tissues exhibit linear, frequency-independent isotropic mechanical properties during the recovery of shear modulus. Thus, the purpose of this research was to evaluate the degradation in performance incurred when linear-elastic MR reconstruction methods are applied to phantoms that are fabricated using viscoelastic materials.
  
  
  METHODS
  To develop phantoms with frequency-dependent mechanical properties, the authors measured the complex modulus of two groups of cylindrical-shaped gelatin samples over a wide frequency range (up to 1 kHz) with the established principles of time-temperature superposition (TTS). In one group of samples, the authors added varying amounts of agar (1%-4%); in the other group, the authors added varying amounts of sucrose (2.5%-20%). To study how viscosity affected the performance of the linear-elastic reconstruction method, the authors constructed an elastically heterogeneous MR phantom to simulate the case where small viscoelastic lesions were surrounded by relatively nonviscous breast tissue. The breast phantom contained four linear, viscoelastic spherical inclusions (10 mm diameter) that were embedded in normal gelatin. The authors imaged the breast phantom with a clinical prototype of a MRE system and recovered the shear-modulus distribution using the overlapping-subzone-linear-elastic image-reconstruction method. The authors compared the recovered shear modulus to that measured using the TTS method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The authors demonstrated that viscoelastic phantoms could be fabricated by including sucrose in the gelation process and that small viscoelastic inclusions were visible in MR elastograms recovered using a linear-elastic MR reconstruction process; however, artifacts that degraded contrast and spatial resolution were more prominent in highly viscoelastic inclusions. The authors also established that the accuracy of the MR elastograms depended on the degree of viscosity that the inclusion exhibited.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results demonstrated that reconstructing shear modulus from other constitutive laws, such as viscosity, should improve both the accuracy and quality of MR elastograms of the breast.
authors.affiliation: Hajim School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Rochester, New York 14627, USA. doyley@ece.rochester.edu
authors.forename: Marvin M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Doyley
authors.forename: Irina
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Perreard
authors.forename: Adam J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Patterson
authors.forename: John B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Weaver
authors.forename: Keith M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Paulsen
mesh_terms: D055119:Elastic Modulus; D054459:Elasticity Imaging Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004867:Equipment Design; D005780:Gelatin / Q000737:chemistry*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation*; D008420:Manufactured Materials; D008422:Materials Testing; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014783:Viscosity
chemical_list: D005780:Gelatin