title: Renal protection in chronic kidney disease: hypoxia-inducible factor activation vs. angiotensin II blockade.
abstract: The 5/6(th) nephrectomy or ablation/infarction (A/I) preparation has been used as a classic model of chronic kidney disease (CKD). We observed increased kidney oxygen consumption (Q(O2)) and altered renal hemodynamics in the A/I kidney that were normalized after combined angiotensin II (ANG II) blockade. Studies suggest hypoxia inducible factor as a protective influence in A/I. We induced hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) and HIF target proteins by two different methods, cobalt chloride (CoCl(2)) and dimethyloxalyglycine (DMOG), for the first week after creation of A/I and compared the metabolic and renal hemodynamic outcomes to combined ANG II blockade. We also examined the HIF target proteins expressed by using Western blots and real-time PCR. Treatment with DMOG, CoCl(2), and ANG II blockade normalized kidney oxygen consumption factored by Na reabsorption and increased both renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate. At 1 wk, CoCl(2) and DMOG increased kidney expression of HIF by Western blot. In the untreated A/I kidney, VEGF, heme oxygenase-1, and GLUT1 were all modestly increased. Both ANG II blockade and CoCl(2) therapy increased VEGF and GLUT1 but the cobalt markedly so. ANG II blockade decreased heme oxygenase-1 expression while CoCl(2) increased it. By real-time PCR, erythropoietin and GLUT1 were only increased by CoCl(2) therapy. Cell proliferation was modestly increased by ANG II blockade but markedly after cobalt therapy. Metabolic and hemodynamic abnormalities were corrected equally by ANG II blockade and HIF therapies. However, the molecular patterns differed significantly between ANG II blockade and cobalt therapy. HIF induction may prove to be protective in this model of CKD.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology-Hypertension, School of Medicine, and O'Brien Center for Acute Kidney Injury Research, University of California, and Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California 92161, USA.
authors.forename: Aihua
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.forename: Mary Ann K
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Arndt
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Satriano
authors.forename: Prabhleen
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Timo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rieg
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Thomson
authors.forename: Tong
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Roland C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Blantz
mesh_terms: D000600:Amino Acids, Dicarboxylic / Q000494:pharmacology; D000804:Angiotensin II / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D000818:Animals; D000071231:Carbonic Anhydrase IX; D002256:Carbonic Anhydrases / Q000378:metabolism; D003035:Cobalt / Q000494:pharmacology; D004790:Enzyme Induction; D051272:Glucose Transporter Type 1 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit / Q000378:metabolism*; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects*; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D000600:Amino Acids, Dicarboxylic; D051272:Glucose Transporter Type 1; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen; C495679:Slc2a1 protein, rat; D000804:Angiotensin II; D003035:Cobalt; C526285:Ca9 protein, rat; D000071231:Carbonic Anhydrase IX; D002256:Carbonic Anhydrases; C018021:cobaltous chloride; C040947:oxalylglycine