title: Notch and Wnt signaling mediated rod photoreceptor regeneration by Müller cells in adult mammalian retina.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Evidence emerging from a variety of approaches used in different species suggests that Müller cell function may extend beyond its role of maintaining retinal homeostasis to that of progenitors in the adult retina. Enriched Müller cells in vitro or those that re-enter cell cycle in response to neurotoxin-damage to retina in vivo display multipotential and self-renewing capacities, the cardinal features of stem cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We demonstrate that Notch and Wnt signaling activate Müller cells through their canonical pathways and that a rare subset of activated Müller cells differentiates along rod photoreceptor lineage in the outer nuclear layer. The differentiation of activated Müller cells along photoreceptor lineage is confirmed by multiple approaches that included Hoechst dye efflux analysis, genetic analysis using retina from Nrl-GFP mice, and lineage tracing using GS-GFP lentivirus in wild type and rd mice in vitro and S334ter rats in vivo. Examination of S334ter rats for head-neck tracking of visual stimuli, a behavioral measure of light perception, demonstrates a significant improvement in light perception in animals treated to activate Müller cells. The number of activated Müller cells with rod photoreceptor phenotype in treated animals correlates with the improvement in their light perception.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In summary, our results provide a proof of principle for non-neurotoxin-mediated activation of Müller cells through Notch and Wnt signaling toward the regeneration of rod photoreceptors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.
authors.forename: Carolina Beltrame
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Del Debbio
authors.forename: Sudha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Balasubramanian
authors.forename: Sowmya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Parameswaran
authors.forename: Anathbandhu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chaudhuri
authors.forename: Fang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Qiu
authors.forename: Iqbal
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ahmad
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D008322:Mammals / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D051381:Rats; D051880:Receptors, Notch / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D012038:Regeneration; D012160:Retina / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D017948:Retinal Rod Photoreceptor Cells / Q000502:physiology*; D014785:Vision, Ocular; D051153:Wnt Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D051880:Receptors, Notch; D051153:Wnt Proteins