Reduced expression of the ATRX gene, a chromatin-remodeling factor, causes hippocampal dysfunction in mice.
Mutations of the ATRX gene, which encodes an ATP-dependent chromatin-remodeling factor, were identified in patients with α-thalassemia X-linked mental retardation (ATR-X) syndrome. There is a milder variant of ATR-X syndrome caused by mutations in the Exon 2 of the gene. To examine the impact of the Exon 2 mutation on neuronal development, we generated ATRX mutant (ATRX(ΔE2)) mice. Truncated ATRX protein was produced from the ATRX(ΔE2) mutant allele with reduced expression level. The ATRX(ΔE2) mice survived and reproduced normally. There was no significant difference in Morris water maze test between wild-type and ATRX(ΔE2) mice. In a contextual fear conditioning test, however, total freezing time was decreased in ATRX(ΔE2) mice compared to wild-type mice, suggesting that ATRX(ΔE2) mice have impaired contextual fear memory. ATRX(ΔE2) mice showed significantly reduced long-term potentiation in the hippocampal CA1 region evoked by high-frequency stimulation. Moreover, autophosphorylation of calcium-calmodulin-dependent kinase II (αCaMKII) and phosphorylation of glutamate receptor, ionotropic, AMPA 1 (GluR1) were decreased in the hippocampi of the ATRX(ΔE2) mice compared to wild-type mice. These findings suggest that ATRX(ΔE2) mice may have fear-associated learning impairment with the dysfunction of αCaMKII and GluR1. The ATRX(ΔE2) mice would be useful tools to investigate the role of the chromatin-remodeling factor in the pathogenesis of abnormal behaviors and learning impairment.
Nogami
Tatsuya
T
Department of Clinical Laboratory and Molecular Pathology, University of Toyama, Japan.
Beppu
Hideyuki
H
Tokoro
Takashi
T
Moriguchi
Shigeki
S
Shioda
Norifumi
N
Fukunaga
Kohji
K
Ohtsuka
Toshihisa
T
Ishii
Yoko
Y
Sasahara
Masakiyo
M
Shimada
Yutaka
Y
Nishijo
Hisao
H
Li
En
E
Kitajima
Isao
I
D000818:Animals; D056547:CA1 Region, Hippocampal / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D054732:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D003214:Conditioning, Classical / Q000502:physiology; D004265:DNA Helicases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005091:Exons / Q000235:genetics; D005239:Fear / Q000502:physiology* / Q000523:psychology; D046352:Freezing Reaction, Cataleptic / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007859:Learning Disabilities / Q000235:genetics; D017774:Long-Term Potentiation / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D018782:Maze Learning / Q000502:physiology; D038901:X-Linked Intellectual Disability / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D009154:Mutation; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D018091:Receptors, AMPA / Q000378:metabolism*; D000075924:X-linked Nuclear Protein; D017085:alpha-Thalassemia / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
D054732:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2; D004265:DNA Helicases; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D018091:Receptors, AMPA; D000075924:X-linked Nuclear Protein; C490462:Atrx protein, mouse