title: Orexin directly excites orexin neurons through orexin 2 receptor.
abstract: Orexin neurons (hypocretin neurons) have a critical role in the regulation of sleep/wakefulness, especially in the maintenance of arousal. Here, we revealed that orexin neurons are directly and indirectly activated by orexin via the orexin 2 receptor (OX2R). Orexin B (1 μM) induced depolarization in orexin neurons, which was still observed in the presence of TTX (1 μM), AP-5 (50 μM), and CNQX (20 μM). In addition, orexin B induced inward currents in the presence of TTX, suggesting a direct activation of orexin neurons. Although orexin B application induced depolarization in orexin neurons of OX1R knock-out mice at comparable levels to wild-type mice, the observation that orexin B failed to depolarize orexin neurons in the OX2R knock-out mice suggested that OX2R was a primary receptor for this response. Moreover, immunoelectron microscopic analyses revealed direct contacts among orexin neurons, which exhibited structural similarities to the glutamatergic synapses. Together, these results suggest that orexin neurons form a positive-feedback circuit through indirect and direct pathways, which results in the preservation of the orexin neuron network at a high activity level and/or for a longer period. Therefore, the activation of orexin neurons through OX2R might have an important role in the maintenance of arousal.
authors.affiliation: Section of Cell Signaling, Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institute of Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan. yamank@nips.ac.jp
authors.forename: Akihiro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yamanaka
authors.forename: Sawako
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tabuchi
authors.forename: Tomomi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tsunematsu
authors.forename: Yugo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fukazawa
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tominaga
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D004594:Electrophysiology; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D053444:Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D009479:Neuropeptides / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D064446:Orexin Receptors; D000068797:Orexins; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled / Q000378:metabolism*; D018013:Receptors, Neuropeptide / Q000378:metabolism*; D013569:Synapses / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D009479:Neuropeptides; D064446:Orexin Receptors; D000068797:Orexins; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; D018013:Receptors, Neuropeptide; D018698:Glutamic Acid