title: Incidence of venous gas embolism during robotic-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy is lower than that during radical retropubic prostatectomy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Robotic-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (RALRP) is gaining popularity as a less traumatic and minimally invasive alternative to open radical retropubic prostatectomy (RRP). The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence and grade of venous gas embolism (VGE) during RALRP compared with those during RRP using transoesophageal echocardiography (TOE).
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-two patients undergoing RRP (n=26) or RALRP (n=26) were consecutively enrolled. TOE was continuously applied during surgery and VGE was graded by an independent researcher.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The total incidence of VGE (proportion, 95% CI) in the RRP group was higher than that in the RALRP group [20/25 (0.80, 0.60-0.92) and 10/26 (0.38, 0.22-0.58), respectively]. Most VGE in the RALRP group occurred during the transection of the deep dorsal venous complex. There was no difference in the incidence of severe VGE between the two groups. No patients with cardiorespiratory instabilities even with severe VGE were observed in this study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In contrast to general belief, VGE occurred less frequently during RALRP. Although the VGE in this study did not cause any cardiorespiratory instability, close monitoring for possibly fatal VGE must be considered during both types of radical prostatectomy because those who undergo radical prostatectomy frequently have cardiopulmonary co-morbidities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Anesthesia and Pain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 134 Sinchon-dong, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: J Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: J Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Y D
authors.initials: YD
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: K H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Rha
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.forename: H K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Kil
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal; D004618:Embolism, Air / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000379:methods; D011468:Prostatectomy / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D012371:Robotics / Q000379:methods*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index