title: The impact of whaling on the ocean carbon cycle: why bigger was better.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Humans have reduced the abundance of many large marine vertebrates, including whales, large fish, and sharks, to only a small percentage of their pre-exploitation levels. Industrial fishing and whaling also tended to preferentially harvest the largest species and largest individuals within a population. We consider the consequences of removing these animals on the ocean's ability to store carbon.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Because body size is critical to our arguments, our analysis focuses on populations of baleen whales. Using reconstructions of pre-whaling and modern abundances, we consider the impact of whaling on the amount of carbon stored in living whales and on the amount of carbon exported to the deep sea by sinking whale carcasses. Populations of large baleen whales now store 9.1×10(6) tons less carbon than before whaling. Some of the lost storage has been offset by increases in smaller competitors; however, due to the relative metabolic efficiency of larger organisms, a shift toward smaller animals could decrease the total community biomass by 30% or more. Because of their large size and few predators, whales and other large marine vertebrates can efficiently export carbon from the surface waters to the deep sea. We estimate that rebuilding whale populations would remove 1.6×10(5) tons of carbon each year through sinking whale carcasses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Even though fish and whales are only a small portion of the ocean's overall biomass, fishing and whaling have altered the ocean's ability to store and sequester carbon. Although these changes are small relative to the total ocean carbon sink, rebuilding populations of fish and whales would be comparable to other carbon management schemes, including ocean iron fertilization.
authors.affiliation: School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, USA. andrew.pershing@maine.edu
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Pershing
authors.forename: Line B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Christensen
authors.forename: Nicholas R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Record
authors.forename: Graham D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Sherwood
authors.forename: Peter B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Stetson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018533:Biomass; D002244:Carbon / Q000378:metabolism; D057486:Carbon Cycle; D057965:Carbon Sequestration; D017753:Ecosystem; D005398:Fisheries; D009792:Oceans and Seas; D011157:Population Dynamics; D014907:Whales / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D002244:Carbon