title: Myocardial protection in heart transplantation using blood cardioplegia: 12-year outcome of a prospective randomized trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Blood cardioplegia yields a lower prevalence of right heart failure, arrhythmias, and myocardial ischemia early after heart transplantation (HTx). Because depolarizing (high [K(+)]) cardioplegic solutions may alledgedly cause endothelial damage, the 12-year outcome of a prospective randomized trial was reviewed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between January 1997 and March 1998, 47 consecutive patients received crystalloid (Group 1, n = 27) or blood cardioplegia (Group 2, n = 20). The groups were similarly matched: recipient age (54 ± 11 vs 55 ± 7 years, p = 0.9), sex (89% vs 90% males, p = 0.9), diagnosis (63% vs 65% dilated cardiomyopathy, p = 0.8), elevated (>4 WU) pulmonary vascular resistance (30% vs 30%, p = 0.9), prior operations (22% vs 30%, p = 0.5), urgent HTx (7% vs 20%, p = 0.2), donor age (32 ± 11 vs 31 ± 13 years, p = 0.7), donor sex (78% vs 70% males, p = 0.5), donor cause of death (33% vs 40% vascular, p = 0.5), and global myocardial ischemia (176 ± 51 vs 180 ± 58 minutes p = 0.5). Hemodynamically unstable donors were more prevalent in Group 2 (15% vs 45%, p = 0.02). The 45 hospital survivors underwent yearly echocardiography, coronary angiography, and coronary intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) imaging during follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During follow-up (10.4 ± 5.2, range, 0.9-12.7 years), Groups 1 and 2 had comparable mortality (46% vs 42%, p = 0.7) and cause of death (chronic rejection: 50% vs 50%; neoplasia: 33% vs 25%, p = 0.8). Survival at 12 years was 50% ± 12% vs 52% ± 11% (p = 0.9). Follow-up echocardiogram showed similar mean left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF; 47% ± 12% vs 49% ± 11%, p = 0.7) and prevalence of LVEF < 35% (21% vs 18%, p = 0.8). Prevalence of chronic rejection was comparable (42% vs 32%, p = 0.1), yet severe allograft vasculopathy (International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation cardiac allograft vasculopathy 3) was more prevalent in Group 1 (64% vs 17%, p = 0.04). Freedom from chronic rejection was higher in Group 2 (44% ± 15% vs 63% ± 13%), albeit not significantly (p = 0.5). A trend toward greater prevalence of intimal disease at IVUS (thickness > 0.5 mm) in the proximal and distal left anterior descending artery (67% vs 40%; 58% vs 45%) and higher number of percutaneous coronary interventions (2.7 ± 0.5 vs 1.8 ± 0.3, p = 0.3) was noted in Group 1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Use of blood cardioplegia is safe and results in comparable survival and prevalence of adverse events late after HTx. The trend towards greater freedom from chronic rejection and more limited extent of coronary artery disease in grafts protected with blood cardioplegia awaits confirmation.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Verona, Verona, Italy. giovanni.luciani@univr.it
authors.forename: Giovanni Battista
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Luciani
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Forni
authors.forename: Gianluca
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rigatelli
authors.forename: Bartolomeo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Chiominto
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cardaioli
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mazzucco
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Faggian
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002311:Cardiomyopathy, Dilated / Q000601:surgery*; D002314:Cardioplegic Solutions / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000077324:Crystalloid Solutions; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D016027:Heart Transplantation / Q000379:methods* / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D007552:Isotonic Solutions / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015428:Myocardial Reperfusion Injury / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D002314:Cardioplegic Solutions; D000077324:Crystalloid Solutions; D007552:Isotonic Solutions