title: Obstacles to the integration of abortion into obstetrics and gynecology practice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Obstetrics and gynecology residents who are trained in family planning and intend to provide abortions after residency often do not ultimately do so. The extent of the professional barriers physicians face trying to integrate abortion into their practice is unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 2006, in-depth interviews were conducted with 30 obstetrician-gynecologists who had graduated 5-10 years earlier from residency programs that included abortion training. Interviews about physicians' experiences with abortion training and practice were coded and analyzed using a grounded theoretical approach.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighteen physicians had wanted to offer elective abortions after residency, but only three were doing so at the time of the interview. The majority were unable to provide abortions because of formal and informal policies imposed by their private group practices, employers and hospitals, as well as the strain that doing so might put on relationships with superiors and coworkers. Restrictions on abortion provision sometimes were made explicit when new physicians interviewed for a job, but sometimes became apparent only after they had joined a practice or institution. Several physicians mentioned the threat of violence as an obstacle to providing abortions, but few considered this the greatest deterrent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The stigma and ideological contention surrounding abortion manifest themselves in professional environments as barriers to the integration of abortion into medical practice. New physicians often lack the professional support and autonomy necessary to offer abortion services.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA. freedmanl@obgyn.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: Lori
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Freedman
authors.forename: Uta
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Landy
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Darney
authors.forename: Jody
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Steinauer
mesh_terms: D000028:Abortion, Induced / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000328:Adult; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D004059:Diffusion of Innovation; D005260:Female; D006176:Gynecology; D006801:Humans; D007400:Interprofessional Relations; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009774:Obstetrics; D011216:Practice Management, Medical; D011247:Pregnancy