title: Colour change in cyanosis and the confusions of congenital colour vision deficient observers.
abstract: Visual recognition of cyanosis is an important clinical activity. While pulse oximetry is almost universal in the hospital environment, there are circumstances where it is not available or may be unreliable. Cyanosis recognition is affected by lighting colour. In addition, there is, mainly anecdotal, evidence that people with greater colour vision deficiencies (CVDs) have particular difficulty and there is no effective lighting strategy to assist in the observation. The change of blood colour with oxygenation has been shown to lie close to the direction of colour confusions made by congenital red-green dichromats. The important sites of observation are lips, nail beds and palm creases. 10 subjects who were known to be chronically hypoxaemic were recruited from the chronic respiratory program. Their blood oxygen saturation (SpO(2)) varied from 84% to 96% pre-exercise, and 61-84% post-exercise. Ten normal subjects were recruited whose SpO(2) was 99% or 100%. The spectral radiances of lips, nail beds and palm creases were measured using a telespectroradiometer and compared with the spectral radiances of a white tile of known spectral reflectances measured in the same location. This is a non-contact method of measurement, avoiding the blanching caused by pressure of contact methods. The spectral reflectances were calculated, and the chromaticities calculated for a Planckian radiator T = 4000K. Measurements on lips yielded the most consistent results. The colour changes pre- and post-exercise and compared with normal colour lie generally along a deutan confusion line. These results show the direction of the colour change and confirm the, previously anecdotal, difficulties in detecting cyanosis by observers with CVDs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Renae
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: McNamara
authors.forename: Clair M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: David K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: McKenzie
authors.forename: Minas T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Coroneo
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Dain
mesh_terms: D003118:Color Perception / Q000502:physiology; D003117:Color Vision Defects / Q000523:psychology*; D003490:Cyanosis / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003951:Diagnostic Errors / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006225:Hand / Q000098:blood supply; D006801:Humans; D008029:Lighting / Q000379:methods; D008046:Lip / Q000098:blood supply; D008297:Male; D009262:Nails / Q000098:blood supply; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D010808:Physical Examination; D012880:Skin Pigmentation
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen