title: Prediction of drainage effectiveness during endoscopic stenting of malignant hilar strictures: the role of liver volume assessment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The optimal endoscopic approach to the drainage of malignant hilar strictures remains controversial, especially with regard to the extent of desirable drainage and unilateral or bilateral stenting.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To identify useful criteria for predicting successful endoscopic drainage.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective 2-center study in the greater Paris area in France.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 107 patients who had undergone endoscopic stenting for hilar tumors Bismuth type II, III, or IV and a set of contemporaneous cross-sectional imaging data available.
  
  
  METHODS
  The relative volumetry of the 3 main hepatic sectors (left, right anterior, and right posterior) was assessed on CT scans. The liver volume drained was estimated and classified into 1 of 3 classes: less than 30%, 30% to 50%, and more than 50% of the total liver volume.
  
  
  METHODS
  The primary outcome was effective drainage, defined as a decrease in the bilirubin level of more than 50% at 30 days after drainage. Secondary outcomes were early cholangitis rate and survival.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The main factor associated with drainage effectiveness was a liver volume drained of more than 50% (odds ratio 4.5, P = .001), especially in Bismuth III strictures. Intubating an atrophic sector (<30%) was useless and increased the risk of cholangitis (odds ratio 3.04, P = .01). A drainage > 50% was associated with a longer median survival (119 vs 59 days, P = .005).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Heterogeneous population and volume assessment methodology to improve in further prospective studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Draining more than 50% of the liver volume, which frequently requires bilateral stent placement, seems to be an important predictor of drainage effectiveness in malignant, especially Bismuth III, hilar strictures. A pre-ERCP assessment of hepatic volume distribution on cross-sectional imaging may optimize endoscopic procedures.
authors.affiliation: Gastroenterology, Saint Antoine Hospital, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Ariane
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vienne
authors.forename: Ehlam
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hobeika
authors.forename: Hervé
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gouya
authors.forename: Nathanael
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lapidus
authors.forename: Jacques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fritsch
authors.forename: André Daniel
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Choury
authors.forename: Ariane
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chryssostalis
authors.forename: Marianne
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gaudric
authors.forename: Gilles
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pelletier
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Buffet
authors.forename: Stanislas
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chaussade
authors.forename: Frédéric
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Prat
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001284:Atrophy; D001650:Bile Duct Neoplasms / Q000150:complications; D001653:Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic; D001663:Bilirubin / Q000097:blood; D018281:Cholangiocarcinoma; D002760:Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde; D002761:Cholangitis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery; D002779:Cholestasis / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D004067:Digestive System Neoplasms / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology; D004322:Drainage / Q000379:methods*; D016145:Endoscopy, Digestive System; D005260:Female; D005706:Gallbladder Neoplasms / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008099:Liver / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000556:secondary; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009929:Organ Size; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015607:Stents; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D001663:Bilirubin