title: Cefuroxime pharmacokinetics in pediatric cardiovascular surgery patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics of cefuroxime in children undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) for cardiovascular surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A tertiary pediatric teaching hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Infants and children undergoing CPB were enrolled in the study.
  
  
  METHODS
  An initial dose (mean, 24.2 ± 1.6 mg/kg) of cefuroxime was administered before surgical incision, and a second dose (mean, 14.4 ± 7.9 mg/kg) was administered in the CPB prime solution. Serial blood samples were obtained before, during, and after the CPB process. Samples were shipped on dry ice to the analytic laboratory and concentrations determined by a validated high-performance liquid chromatography method. A 2-compartment pharmacokinetic model was fitted to the data using maximum a priori-Bayesian estimation, with weight as a covariate. Monte Carlo simulations of a single-dose (25 mg/kg pre-CPB) approach and a 2-dose (25 mg/kg pre- and 12.5-mg/kg prime solution dose) approach were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifteen subjects (9 males/6 females) were enrolled in the study, with median (range) age and weight of 11 (3-34) months and 9.5 (4.5-15.4) kg, respectively. The median (range) duration of CPB was 136 (71-243) minutes. Median and range cefuroxime pharmacokinetic parameters were as follows: maximum concentration (Cmax) dose, 1: 328 (150-512) μg/mL; systemic clearance, 0.050 (0.041-0.058) L/h/kg; steady-state volume of distribution, 0.213 (0.081-0.423) L/kg; volume of distribution in the central compartment, 0.081 (0.046-0.162) L/kg; and elimination half-life, 3.76 (1.03-6.81) hours. The median 8-hour post-dose-simulated cefuroxime concentrations were 26.5 and 16.0 mg/L for the 2-dose and single-dose regimens, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Manufacturers recommend that pediatric doses of cefuroxime (25-50 mg/kg) can be used in infants and children undergoing CPB to maintain adequate serum concentrations for surgical-site infection prophylaxis. A second intraoperative dose, administered through the CPB circuit, provides no additional prophylactic advantage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy Practice, Butler University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
authors.forename: Chad A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Knoderer
authors.forename: Sarah A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Saft
authors.forename: Scott G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: Mark D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Rodefeld
authors.forename: Mark W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Turrentine
authors.forename: John W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Daniel P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Healy
authors.forename: Kevin M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Sowinski
mesh_terms: D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Q000379:methods; D013504:Cardiovascular Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods; D002444:Cefuroxime / Q000097:blood* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D002444:Cefuroxime