title: Two-dimensional radiographic and clinical references of the tooth crown for orthodontic mini-implant insertion: a guide-free technique.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study evaluated the reliability of tooth-crown radiographic references to aid in orthodontic mini-implant insertion and showed an insertion technique based on these references.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample consisted of 213 interradicular septa evaluated in 53 bitewing radiographs. The proximal contour of adjacent tooth crowns was used to define septum width and its midpoint was linked to the interdental contact point to determine septum midline (SML). The distances from SML to mesial and distal teeth were measured and compared to evaluate SML centralization degree in 2 different septum heights.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mesial and distal distances were not statistically different in the midpoint of the septum height, but they were different at the apical septum height.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The tooth-crown radiographic references determine a high centralization degree of the SML on which an insertion site could be defined. The greater SML centralization degree was observed at the coronal septum area.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Bauru Dental School, University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil. sergioestelita@yahoo.com.br
authors.forename: Sérgio Estelita
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Barros
authors.forename: Guilherme
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Janson
authors.forename: Kelly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chiqueto
authors.forename: Daniela Gamba
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Garib
mesh_terms: D000539:Alveolar Process / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002508:Cephalometry; D003742:Dental Devices, Home Care; D003758:Dental Implantation, Endosseous / Q000379:methods*; D015921:Dental Implants; D005881:Gingiva / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D006801:Humans; D009811:Odontometry; D052280:Orthodontic Anchorage Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D009969:Orthodontic Wires; D010513:Periodontal Ligament / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D016300:Radiography, Bitewing; D019228:Tooth Crown / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014092:Tooth Root / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging
chemical_list: D015921:Dental Implants