Natural history of tako-tsubo cardiomyopathy.
BACKGROUND
Stress-induced or tako-tsubo cardiomyopathy (TTC) is a rare acute cardiac syndrome characterized by transient left ventricular (LV) dysfunction of uncertain cause and outcome. This study sought to assess the long-term outcome of patients with TTC.


METHODS
One-hundred sixteen consecutive patients were prospectively included in the study and observed at long-term follow-up. Primary end points were death, TTC recurrence, and hospitalization from any cause.


RESULTS
Mean initial LV ejection fraction (LVEF) at admission was 36% ± 9%. Two patients died of refractory heart failure during hospitalization. Of the patients who were discharged alive all except one showed complete LV functional recovery. At follow-up (2.0 ± 1.3 years), only 64 (55%) patients were asymptomatic. Rehospitalization rate was high (25%), with chest pain (n = 6) and dyspnea (n = 5) as the most common causes. Only two patients had a recurrence of TTC. Eleven patients died (seven from cardiovascular cause). There was no significant difference in mortality (12% vs 7%; P = .284) and in the other clinical events between patients with and without severe LV dysfunction at presentation (LVEF ≤ 35%). Mortality observed in patients with TTC was compared with age and sex-specific mortality of the general population using the standardized mortality ratio (SMR) method. The SMR was 3.40 (95% CI, 1.83-6.34) in the TTC population. The only independent predictor of death at Cox analysis was Charlson comorbidity index (hazard ratio, 1.786; P = .0001), but the degree of initial LV dysfunction was not an independent predictor of death.


CONCLUSIONS
The recurrence of TTC is rare, but recurrences of chest pain or dyspnea are common in patients with TTC and frequently lead to hospital readmission. Long-term mortality is higher as compared with the control general population and at least in part related to patients' comorbidities. Initial LV dysfunction severity does not seem to impact long-term event rates.
Parodi
Guido
G
Department of Cardiology, Careggi Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy. Electronic address: parodiguido@gmail.com.
Bellandi
Benedetta
B
Department of Cardiology, Careggi Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
Del Pace
Stefano
S
Department of Cardiology, Careggi Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
Barchielli
Alessandro
A
Epidemiology Unit, Azienda Sanitaria Firenze, Florence, Italy.
Zampini
Linda
L
Department of Cardiology, Careggi Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
Velluzzi
Silvia
S
Department of Cardiology, Careggi Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
Carrabba
Nazario
N
Department of Cardiology, Careggi Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
Gensini
Gian Franco
GF
Department of Cardiology, Careggi Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
Antoniucci
David
D
Department of Cardiology, Careggi Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012008:Recurrence; D015996:Survival Rate / Q000639:trends; D054549:Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology; D013997:Time Factors; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000502:physiology*