Self-esteem in remitted bipolar disorder patients: a meta-analysis.
OBJECTIVE
Low self-esteem has been found to be a risk factor for depression in major depressive disorder (MDD). In contrast, the role of self-esteem in bipolar disorder (BD) is still uncertain. In order to examine the characteristics of self-esteem in BD, we synthesized studies comparing self-esteem in BD patients with self-esteem in MDD patients and in normal controls.


METHODS
Database searches and identification of studies were conducted by two of the authors independently. Remission of BD and MDD was a major selection criterion. The results were generated through meta-analyses.


RESULTS
Random-effects models of 19 between-group comparisons (N= 1,838) suggested that the self-esteem of remitted BD patients was significantly lower than that of normal controls (Cohen's d= -0.83), while significantly higher than that of remitted MDD patients (Cohen's d= 0.54). Fail-safe numbers and tests for funnel plot asymmetry indicated that the results were robust and unlikely to reflect publication biases. Additional studies indicated that self-esteem may take a fluctuating course during remission of BD.


CONCLUSIONS
By revealing that BD patients do experience low self-esteem, the findings implicate a need for further understanding the causes and therapeutic impact of such abnormality in BD.
Nilsson
Kristine Kahr
KK
Department of Psychology, Aarhus University, Denmark. kahr@psy.au.dk
Jørgensen
Carsten René
CR
Craig
Tom K J
TK
Straarup
Krista Nielsen
KN
Licht
Rasmus W
RW
D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D012649:Self Concept