title: Clinical, histopathologic, and radiographic indicators of malignancy in head and neck paragangliomas.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The goal of this study is to review our series of head and neck paragangliomas to identify factors that may help in predicting malignancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case series with chart review.
  
  
  METHODS
  Academic medical center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects with head and neck paragangliomas at our institution from 1976 to current were reviewed. In addition to statistical comparisons of epidemiologic factors, pathologic and radiographic characteristics were reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 84 subjects, there were seven malignant paragangliomas (8%). Age was found to be significantly different between the benign and malignant subgroups, with an average age of 54 ± 16 and 40 ± 12 years, respectively (P = 0.02). Pain was a presenting complaint in five patients with benign disease (6%), and five of the seven malignant patients (71%) presented with pain, showing a significant association between pain and disease type (P < 0.0001). The odds ratio for a patient with pain having a malignant tumor was 36 (95% CI: 5.5-234). Enlarging neck mass was noted in all cases of malignant disease, but only in 31 percent of cases of benign disease (P < 0.0001). In a secondary analysis of carotid body tumors alone, enlarging neck mass was not found to be significant between benign and malignant disease (P = 0.14). However, pain continued to be significantly different, with 67 percent of malignant lesions demonstrating pain, compared with only 11 percent of benign lesions (P = 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that pain, a rapidly enlarging neck mass, and younger age are predictive factors of underlying malignancy, which should prompt one to consider an aggressive diagnostic and management approach.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
authors.forename: D Brandon
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Chapman
authors.forename: Dylan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lippert
authors.forename: Carol P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Geer
authors.forename: Henry D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.forename: Gregory B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Russell
authors.forename: Catherine J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Rees
authors.forename: J Dale
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Browne
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001016:Aortic Bodies / Q000473:pathology; D002345:Carotid Body Tumor / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005925:Glomus Jugulare Tumor / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D043604:Glomus Tympanicum Tumor / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010235:Paraganglioma / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D011859:Radiography; D055815:Young Adult