title: Clinical characteristics and biomarkers of breast cancer associated with choline concentration measured by 1H MRS.
abstract: This study investigated the association between the total choline (tCho) concentration and the clinical characteristics and biomarker status of breast cancer. Sixty-two patients with breast cancer, 1.5  cm or larger in size on MR images, were studied. The tCho concentration was correlated with the MRI features, contrast enhancement kinetics, clinical variables and biomarkers. Pairwise two-tailed Spearman's nonparametric test was used for statistical analysis. The tCho concentration was higher in high-grade than moderate-/low-grade tumors (p = 0.04) and in tumors with higher K(trans) and k(ep) (p < 0.001 for both). The association of tCho concentration with age (p = 0.05) and triple negative biomarker (p = 0.09) approached significance. tCho was not detected in 17 patients, including 15 with invasive ductal cancer and two with infiltrating lobular cancer. Fifteen of the 17 patients had moderate- to low-grade cancers, and 11 had human epidermal growth factor-2-negative cancer, suggesting that these two factors might lead to false-negative choline. Higher tCho concentration in high-grade tumors and tumors with higher K(trans) and k(ep) indicates that choline is associated with cell proliferation and tumor angiogenesis. The higher choline level in younger women may be caused by their more aggressive tumor type. The results presented here may aid in the better interpretation of (1)H MRS for the diagnosis of breast lesions.
authors.affiliation: Tu & Yuen Center for Functional Onco-Imaging, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA. jeonhc@uci.edu
authors.forename: J-H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Mehta
authors.forename: H-M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Baek
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nie
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: M Q
authors.initials: MQ
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Nalcioglu
authors.forename: M-Y
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Su
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000473:pathology; D002794:Choline / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D002794:Choline