Salmon farms as a source of organohalogenated contaminants in wild fish.
Organohalogenated contaminants (OHCs), including organochlorines (OCs; PCB, and OC-pesticides), brominated flame retardants (BFRs; polybrominated diphenyl ethers [PBDE], hexabromocyclododecane [HBCD]) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), were measured in livers of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and saithe (Pollachius virens) caught in the vicinity of salmon farms (n = 75) and control sites (n = 80) in three regions (59°-70°N) in Norway. Forty-five percent of the farm-associated (FA) fish (60% of the saithe and 30% of the cod) and none of the control fish had salmon feed (aquaculture food pellets) in their digestive tracts. Concentrations of OCs and BFRs were about 50% higher and dominated more by persistent compounds in Atlantic cod compared to saithe. After controlling for a set of confounding variables (location, sex, size, weight, gonads size, hepatosomatic index, and % lipids in the liver), the concentrations of ∑OC and ∑BDE were 50% higher in FA cod compared to control fish, whereas they were 20% higher in FA saithe than control fish. Hence, salmon farms are a source of lipid-soluble OHCs to wild marine fish, but variation in life-history and habitat use seems to affect the levels of OHCs in the different fish species. In contrast to the lipid-soluble OHCs, control fish had 67% higher PFOS levels than FA fish, which suggests that natural food contains higher loads of this compound than the commercial feed used in salmon farms. Some OHCs are known to act as endocrine disruptors, thus further work is required to determine if OHCs negatively affect reproductive processes of wild fish associated with salmon farms.
Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, The Polar Environmental Centre, N-9296 Tromsø, Norway. jan.O.Bustnes@nina.no
Jan Ove
JO
Bustnes
Elisabeth
E
Lie
Dorte
D
Herzke
Tim
T
Dempster
Pål Arne
PA
Bjørn
Torgeir
T
Nygård
Ingebrigt
I
Uglem
D017738:Alkanesulfonic Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D017756:Aquaculture; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005260:Female; D005411:Flame Retardants / Q000378:metabolism; D005466:Fluorocarbons / Q000378:metabolism; D048388:Gadiformes / Q000378:metabolism*; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers; D006842:Hydrocarbons, Brominated / Q000378:metabolism; D006846:Hydrocarbons, Halogenated / Q000378:metabolism*; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D010575:Pesticides / Q000378:metabolism; D012474:Salmon; D012623:Seawater / Q000737:chemistry; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000378:metabolism*
D017738:Alkanesulfonic Acids; D005411:Flame Retardants; D005466:Fluorocarbons; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers; D006842:Hydrocarbons, Brominated; D006846:Hydrocarbons, Halogenated; D010575:Pesticides; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C089796:hexabromocyclododecane; C076994:perfluorooctane sulfonic acid