[Physiopathology of autobiographical memory in aging: episodic and semantic distinction, clinical findings and neuroimaging studies].
From an early age, autobiographical memory models our feeling of identity and continuity. It grows throughout lifetime with our experiences and is built up from general self-knowledge and specific memories. The study of autobiographical memory depicts the dynamic and reconstructive features of this type of long-term memory, combining both semantic and episodic aspects, its strength and fragility. In this article, we propose to illustrate the properties of autobiographical memory from the field of cognitive psychology, neuropsychology and neuroimaging research through the analysis of the mechanisms of disturbance in normal and Alzheimer's disease. We show that the cognitive and neural bases of autobiographical memory are distinct in both cases. In normal aging, autobiographical memory retrieval is mainly dependent on frontal/executive function and on sense of reexperiencing specific context connected to hippocampal regions regardless of memory remoteness. In Alzheimer's disease, autobiographical memory deficit, characterized by a Ribot's temporal gradient, is connected to different regions according to memory remoteness. Our functional neuroimaging results suggest that patients at the early stage can compensate for their massive deficit of episodic recent memories correlated to hippocampal alteration with over general remote memories related to prefrontal regions. On the whole, the research findings allowed initiating new autobiographical memory studies by comparing normal and pathological aging and developing cognitive methods of memory rehabilitation in patients based on preserved personal semantic capacity.
Piolino
Pascale
P
Université Paris Descartes, Laboratoire LPNCog CNRS 8189, 92100 Boulogne Billancourt, France. pascale.piolino@parisdescartes.fr
Martinelli
Pénélope
P
Viard
Armelle
A
Noulhiane
Marion
M
Eustache
Francis
F
Desgranges
Béatrice
B
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000503:physiopathology; D001921:Brain / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008568:Memory; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011939:Mental Recall / Q000502:physiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D012016:Reference Values; D012649:Self Concept; D012660:Semantics; D013060:Speech; D013995:Time