Meat consumption and risk of esophageal and gastric cancer in a large prospective study.
OBJECTIVE
Red and processed meats could increase cancer risk through several potential mechanisms involving iron, heterocyclic amines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and N-nitroso compounds. Although there have been multiple studies of meat and colorectal cancer, other gastrointestinal malignancies are understudied.


METHODS
We estimated hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association between meat, meat components, and meat cooking by-products and risk of esophageal or gastric cancer in a large cohort study. During ∼10 years of follow-up, we accrued 215 esophageal squamous cell carcinomas, 630 esophageal adenocarcinomas, 454 gastric cardia adenocarcinomas, and 501 gastric non-cardia adenocarcinomas.


RESULTS
Red meat intake was positively associated with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (HR for the top versus bottom quintile=1.79, 95% CI: 1.07-3.01, P for trend=0.019). Individuals in the highest intake quintile of 2-amino-3,4,8-trimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (DiMeIQx) had an increased risk for gastric cardia cancer (HR=1.44, 95% CI: 1.01-2.07, P for trend=0.104). Furthermore, those in the highest quintile of 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx), 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP), or heme iron intake had a suggestive increased risk for esophageal adenocarcinoma (HR=1.35, 95% CI: 0.97-1.89, P for trend=0.022; HR=1.45, 95% CI: 0.99-2.12, P for trend=0.463; or HR=1.47, 95% CI: 0.99-2.20, P for trend=0.063, respectively). Benzo[a]pyrene, nitrate, and nitrite were not associated with esophageal or gastric cancer.


CONCLUSIONS
We found positive associations between red meat intake and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, and between DiMeIQx intake and gastric cardia cancer.
Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, Maryland 20852, USA. crossa@mail.nih.gov
Amanda J
AJ
Cross
Neal D
ND
Freedman
Jiansong
J
Ren
Mary H
MH
Ward
Albert R
AR
Hollenbeck
Arthur
A
Schatzkin
Rashmi
R
Sinha
Christian C
CC
Abnet
D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D000368:Aged; D002273:Carcinogens; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D002299:Cardia; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007501:Iron / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D008460:Meat / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009153:Mutagens; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011810:Quinoxalines / Q000009:adverse effects; D012307:Risk Factors; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
D002273:Carcinogens; D009153:Mutagens; D011810:Quinoxalines; C036990:2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoxaline; D007501:Iron