Temporal variations of skin pigmentation in C57BL/6 mice affect optical bioluminescence quantitation.
OBJECTIVE
Depilation-induced skin pigmentation in C57Bl/6 mice is a known occurrence, and presents a unique problem for quantitative optical imaging of small animals, especially for bioluminescence. The work reported here quantitatively investigated the optical attenuation of bioluminescent light due to melanin pigmentation in the skin of transgenic C57Bl/6 mice, modified such that luciferase expression is under the transcription control of a physiologically and pharmacologically inducible gene.


METHODS
Both in vivo and ex vivo experiments were performed to track bioluminescence signal attenuation through different stages of the mouse hair growth cycle. Simultaneous reflectance measurements were collected in vivo to estimate melanin levels.


RESULTS
Biological variability of skin pigmentation was found to dramatically affect collected bioluminescent signal emerging through the skin of the mice. When compared to signal through skin with no pigmentation, the signal through highly pigmented skin was attenuated an average of 90%. Positive correlation was found between reflectance measurements and bioluminescence signal loss. A correction scheme is proposed based on this correlation, but signal variation due to non-melanin scattering and absorption sources introduce significant errors. Advanced spectral reflectance analysis will be necessary to develop a more reliable correction method in the future.


CONCLUSIONS
Skin pigmentation is a significant variable in bioluminescent imaging, and should be considered in experimental design and implementation for longitudinal studies, and especially when sensitivity to small signal changes, or differences among animals, is required.
Curtis
Allison
A
Global Imaging Group, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
Calabro
Katherine
K
Galarneau
Jean-Rene
JR
Bigio
Irving J
IJ
Krucker
Thomas
T
D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D006204:Hair Removal; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008163:Luminescent Measurements / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D055095:Optics and Photonics / Q000379:methods*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D012867:Skin / Q000166:cytology; D012880:Skin Pigmentation / Q000502:physiology*; D013057:Spectrum Analysis; D013997:Time Factors