Activin A induces a non-fibrotic phenotype in smooth muscle cells in contrast to TGF-β.
OBJECTIVE
Activin A and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) belong to the same family of growth and differentiation factors that modulate vascular lesion formation in distinct ways, which we wish to understand mechanistically.


RESULTS
We investigated the expression of cell-surface receptors and activation of Smads in human vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and demonstrated that activin receptor-like kinase-1 (ALK-1), ALK-4, ALK-5 and endoglin are expressed in human SMCs. As expected, TGF-β1 activates Smad1 and Smad2 in these cells. Interestingly, activin A also induces phosphorylation of both Smads, which has not been reported for Smad1 before. Transcriptome analyses of activin A and TGF-β1 treated SMCs with subsequent Gene-Set Enrichment Analyses revealed that many downstream gene networks are induced by both factors. However, the effect of activin A on expression kinetics of individual genes is less pronounced than for TGF-β1, which is explained by a more rapid dephosphorylation of Smads and p38-MAPK in response to activin A. Substantial differences in expression of fibronectin, alpha-V integrin and total extracellular collagen synthesis were observed.


CONCLUSIONS
Genome-wide mRNA expression analyses clarify the distinct modulation of vascular lesion formation by activin A and TGF-β1, most significantly because activin A is non-fibrotic.
Groenendijk
Bianca C W
BC
Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Benus
Germaine F J D
GF
Klous
Anita
A
Pacheco
Yolanda M
YM
Volger
Oscar L
OL
Fledderus
Joost O
JO
Ferreira
Valerie
V
Engelse
Marten A
MA
Pannekoek
Hans
H
ten Dijke
Peter
P
Horrevoets
Anton J G
AJ
de Vries
Carlie J M
CJ
D030201:Activin Receptors, Type I / Q000378:metabolism; D030301:Activin Receptors, Type II / Q000378:metabolism*; D028341:Activins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000166:cytology; D006801:Humans; D032389:Myocytes, Smooth Muscle / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D010641:Phenotype; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D017978:Receptors, Growth Factor / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D012501:Saphenous Vein / Q000166:cytology; D051899:Smad2 Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
D017978:Receptors, Growth Factor; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; C497782:SMAD2 protein, human; D051899:Smad2 Protein; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; C422405:activin A; D028341:Activins; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; C498932:ACVR1B protein, human; C425364:ACVRL1 protein, human; D030201:Activin Receptors, Type I; D030301:Activin Receptors, Type II