Nine-year stability of type D personality: contributions of genes and environment.
OBJECTIVE
To assess longitudinal changes in genetic and environmental influences on Type D personality and its subcomponents negative affectivity (NA) and social inhibition (SI) over a 9-year period. Most personality constructs have good retest reliability over long periods, with stability attributed to genes, and changes to environmental factors. Type D personality is stable across an 18-month period and is influenced by genetic factors. However, there is no knowledge on long-term stability, and the contributions of genes and environment to that stability.


METHODS
Type D personality was determined from survey data collected in 1991 (n = 3235; mean age = 17.3 years), 1997 (n = 3133; mean age = 25.3 years), and 2000 (n = 4456; mean age = 29.6 years) in a population sample of healthy twins. Multivariate structural equation modeling was employed.


RESULTS
Type D heritability ranged from 50% in 1997 to 34% in 2000, with the same genetic factor affecting Type D at all time points. Heritability of SI ranged from 49% (1991) to 42% (2000), with the same genetic factor influencing SI at all times. Heritability estimates for NA ranged from 45% (1991) to 40% (2000), with one genetic factor influencing NA at all times, and one genetic factor influencing NA at the second and third occasions. Different environmental factors acted on Type D, NA, and SI at each of the three measurement occasions.


CONCLUSIONS
Type D personality and both subcomponents are stable over time, which is largely due to genetic factors. Different unique environmental factors influence the Type D components at different occasions.
Kupper
Nina
N
CoRPS-Center of Research on Psychology in Somatic Diseases, Department of Medical Psychology and Neuropsychology, Tilburg University, Warandelaan 2, Tilburg, Netherlands. h.m.kupper@uvt.nl
Boomsma
Dorret I
DI
de Geus
Eco J C
EJ
Denollet
Johan
J
Willemsen
Gonneke
G
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D005796:Genes / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D055106:Genome-Wide Association Study / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D042822:Genomic Instability / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008957:Models, Genetic; D010551:Personality / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics; D010555:Personality Inventory / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012931:Social Environment; D014427:Twins / Q000235:genetics; D014429:Twins, Dizygotic / Q000235:genetics; D014430:Twins, Monozygotic / Q000235:genetics