A nerve clamp electrode design for indirect stimulation of skeletal muscle.
A nerve clamp electrode was developed to indirectly stimulate skeletal muscle innervated by α motor neurons as an alternative to conventional electrodes. The stimulating electrode device consists of a spring coil-activated nerve clamp mounted inside a 1-mL syringe barrel. Supramaximal pulses were generated by a Grass stimulator and delivered to the nerve segment via the nerve clamp electrode. The salient feature of the electrode is its ability to produce muscle contractions indirectly through stimulation of the attached nerve. Indirect muscle stimulation is critical for studying the paralytic actions of presynaptic-acting toxins such as botulinum neurotoxins (BoNT), a potent inhibitor of acetylcholine (ACh) release from α motor neurons. This device enables stimulation of muscle contraction indirectly as opposed to contraction from direct muscle stimulation. The electrode is able to stimulate indirect muscle contraction when tested on ex vivo preparations from rodent phrenic nerve-hemidiaphragm muscle in similar fashion to conventional electrodes. In addition, the electrode stimulated external intercostal nerve-muscle preparations. This was confirmed after applying BoNT serotype A, a potent inhibitor of ACh release, to induce muscle paralysis. Alternative methods, including suction and bipolar loop electrodes, were unsuccessful in stimulating indirect muscle contraction. Therefore, this novel electrode is useful for physiological assessment of nerve agents and presynaptic actions of toxins that cause muscle paralysis. This electrode is useful for stimulating nerve-muscle preparations for which the length of nerve is a concern.
Hilmas
Corey J
CJ
Neurobehavioral Toxicology Branch, Analytical Toxicology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, APG-EA, MD 21010-5400, USA.
Scherer
John W
JW
Williams
Patrick T
PT
D000818:Animals; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004566:Electrodes; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D009498:Neurotoxins; D010243:Paralysis / Q000139:chemically induced; D011817:Rabbits; D013552:Swine
D009498:Neurotoxins; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A