Suppression on metastasis by rhubarb through modulation on MMP-2 and uPA in human A549 lung adenocarcinoma: an ex vivo approach.
OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study is to determine and identify the possible molecular mechanisms of anti-cancer effect of rhubarb under the physiologically achievable concentrations by using an ex vivo approach.


METHODS
Rats were orally administered rhubarb decoction and then serum metabolites were extracted, prepared and characterized to assay for the following in vitro study. The MTT assay, zymography analysis, wound healing assay, RT-PCR, and Western blot analysis were used to reveal molecular events of rhubarb metabolites in this study. Experimental metastasis model was used to investigate the in vivo anti-metastatic efficacy of rhubarb.


RESULTS
Our results demonstrated that cell line mobility was strongly inhibited and the enzymatic activity of MMP-2 decreased following culture with the rhubarb serum metabolite in human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells. Further experiments demonstrated that the downregulation of MMP-2 enzymatic activity act through both transcriptional and post-translational mechanisms. NF-κB/c-Jun and uPA were observed involving in the inhibition of MMP-2 transcription and post-translational modification, respectively, in A549 cells treated with rhubarb serum metabolite. Further animal experiments demonstrated a significant reduction in lung metastatic colonies in rhubarb-treated mice, suggesting that rhubarb contain enriched active components that block cancer metastasis.


CONCLUSIONS
Our studies, both in vitro and in vivo, clearly demonstrated the anti-tumor effect of rhubarb in an experimental setting of achievable physiological concentrations and also provide possible molecular mechanisms of anti-metastatic mechanisms by rhubarb treatment.
Shia
Chi-Sheng
CS
School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
Suresh
Govindan
G
Hou
Yu-Chi
YC
Lin
Yu-Chin
YC
Chao
Pei-Dawn Lee
PD
Juang
Shin-Hun
SH
D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000556:secondary; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001483:Base Sequence; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000235:genetics; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D020834:Ethnopharmacology; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008516:Medicine, Chinese Traditional; D051379:Mice; D016688:Mice, Inbred NOD; D016513:Mice, SCID; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D010946:Plants, Medicinal / Q000737:chemistry; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012250:Rheum / Q000737:chemistry*; D013624:Taiwan; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator / Q000378:metabolism*
D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D017931:DNA Primers; D016328:NF-kappa B; D010936:Plant Extracts; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2