Daytime consequences of insomnia symptoms among outpatients in primary care practice: EQUINOX international survey.
OBJECTIVE
To assess the daytime consequences in outpatients suffering from different insomnia symptoms in primary care practice.


METHODS
An international cross-sectional survey was conducted in 5293 outpatients complaining of sleep disturbances in primary care practice. A sleep questionnaire addressing daytime consequences, insomnia symptoms, socio-demographic characteristics, and other sleep variables was administered by 647 physicians in 10 countries.


RESULTS
Overall, 20-33% of subjects reported "severe" daytime impairments associated with sleep disturbances. Approximately 45% of patients complaining of sleep disturbances in primary care practice suffered from a combination of insomnia symptoms. Patients suffering from all insomnia symptoms reported the most severe daytime functioning impairments compared with patients suffering from initiation or maintenance insomnia only. Conversely, the majority of patients suffering from non-restorative sleep reported little daytime functioning impairments compared to the patients suffering from other combinations of insomnia symptoms. The strongest risk factor associated with "severe" daytime functioning impairments was sleep quality perception.


CONCLUSIONS
Primary insomnia disturbs subjective daytime functioning. A report of combined insomnia symptoms reflected the most damaging insomnia subtype and had a negative impact on a wide range of daytime functioning consequences.
Université Paris Descartes, APHP, Centre du Sommeil et de la Vigilance, de Hôtel Dieu de Paris, Paris, France. damien.leger@htd.aphp.fr
Damien
D
Léger
Markku
M
Partinen
Max
M
Hirshkowitz
Sudhansu
S
Chokroverty
Evelyne
E
Touchette
Jan
J
Hedner
D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D014943:Global Health; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010045:Outpatients / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D007319:Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012894:Sleep Stages; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires