Inflammation-related effects of adjuvant influenza A vaccination on platelet activation and cardiac autonomic function.
BACKGROUND
Inflammation, platelet reactivity and cardiac autonomic dysfunction increase the risk of cardiovascular events, but the relationships between these prognostic markers are poorly defined. In this study, we investigated the effect of an inflammatory stimulus (influenza A vaccine) on platelet activation and cardiac autonomic function.


METHODS
We measured serum C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-6 levels, monocyte-platelet aggregates (MPAs) and monocyte/platelet receptor expression before and after adjuvant influenza A vaccination in 28 patients with type II diabetes (mean age 62.1 ± 8 years, 18 men). Twenty-four-hour Holter electrocardiogram was recorded 24 h before and after vaccination; heart rate variability (HRV) was assessed as a measure of cardiac autonomic function.


RESULTS
Inflammatory cytokines, MPA formation and monocyte/platelet receptor expression increased after vaccination. CRP was 2.6 ± 2.8 and 7.1 ± 5.7 mg L⁻¹ 48 h before and after vaccination, respectively (P < 0.0001). HRV parameters decreased after vaccination compared to baseline, with very low-frequency amplitude showing the most significant change (34.6 ± 11.8 and 31.0 ± 10.2 ms 48 h before and after vaccination, respectively; P = 0.002). A significant correlation was found between percentage changes in CRP levels and in most HRV variables, with the most significant correlations between changes in CRP levels and changes in standard deviation of all normal RR intervals (r = 0.43; P = 0.02).


CONCLUSIONS
Together with an inflammatory reaction, influenza A vaccine induced platelet activation and sympathovagal imbalance towards adrenergic predominance. Significant correlations were found between CRP levels and HRV parameters, suggesting a pathophysiological link between inflammation and cardiac autonomic regulation. The vaccine-related platelet activation and cardiac autonomic dysfunction may transiently increase the risk of cardiovascular events.
Lanza
Gaetano A
GA
Istituto di Cardiologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy. g.a.lanza@rm.unicatt.it
Barone
Lucy
L
Scalone
Giancarla
G
Pitocco
Dario
D
Sgueglia
Gregory A
GA
Mollo
Roberto
R
Nerla
Roberto
R
Zaccardi
Francesco
F
Ghirlanda
Giovanni
G
Crea
Filippo
F
D000368:Aged; D001341:Autonomic Nervous System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D002449:Cell Aggregation / Q000502:physiology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology; D015716:Electrocardiography, Ambulatory / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology*; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood; D009980:Influenza A virus / Q000276:immunology*; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000517:prevention & control; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009000:Monocytes / Q000502:physiology; D015539:Platelet Activation; D010974:Platelet Aggregation / Q000502:physiology
D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D007252:Influenza Vaccines; D015850:Interleukin-6; D002097:C-Reactive Protein