β-Subunit myristoylation is the gatekeeper for initiating metabolic stress sensing by AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK).
The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is an αβγ heterotrimer that acts as a master metabolic regulator to maintain cellular energy balance following increased energy demand and increases in the AMP/ATP ratio. This regulation provides dynamic control of energy metabolism, matching energy supply with demand that is essential for the function and survival of organisms. AMPK is inactive unless phosphorylated on Thr172 in the α-catalytic subunit activation loop by upstream kinases (LKB1 or calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase β). How a rise in AMP levels triggers AMPK α-Thr172 phosphorylation and activation is incompletely understood. Here we demonstrate unequivocally that AMP directly stimulates α-Thr172 phosphorylation provided the AMPK β-subunit is myristoylated. Loss of the myristoyl group abolishes AMP activation and reduces the extent of α-Thr172 phosphorylation. Once AMPK is phosphorylated, AMP further activates allosterically but this activation does not require β-subunit myristoylation. AMP and glucose deprivation also promote membrane association of myristoylated AMPK, indicative of a myristoyl-switch mechanism. Our results show that AMP regulates AMPK activation at the initial phosphorylation step, and that β-subunit myristoylation is important for transducing the metabolic stress signal.
Oakhill
Jonathan S
JS
Protein Chemistry and Metabolism, Saint Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, University of Melbourne, 41 Victoria Parade, Fitzroy 3065, Australia. joakhill@svi.edu.au
Chen
Zhi-Ping
ZP
Scott
John W
JW
Steel
Rohan
R
Castelli
Laura A
LA
Ling
Naomi
N
Macaulay
S Lance
SL
Kemp
Bruce E
BE
D055372:AMP-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D000249:Adenosine Monophosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000494:Allosteric Regulation; D000818:Animals; D019556:COS Cells; D002460:Cell Line; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D007313:Insecta; D019814:Myristic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D021122:Protein Subunits / Q000378:metabolism
D021122:Protein Subunits; D019814:Myristic Acid; D000249:Adenosine Monophosphate; D055372:AMP-Activated Protein Kinases; D005947:Glucose