Incidence and outcome of acute phosphate nephropathy in Iceland.
BACKGROUND
Oral sodium phosphate solutions (OSPS) are widely used for bowel cleansing prior to colonoscopy and other procedures. Cases of renal failure due to acute phosphate nephropathy following OSPS ingestion have been documented in recent years, questioning the safety of OSPS. However, the magnitude of the problem remains unknown.


RESULTS
We conducted a population based, retrospective analysis of medical records and biopsies of all cases of acute phosphate nephropathy that were diagnosed in our country in the period from January 2005 to October 2008. Utilizing the complete official sales figures of OSPS, we calculated the incidence of acute phosphate nephropathy in our country. Fifteen cases of acute phosphate nephropathy were diagnosed per 17,651 sold doses of OSPS (0.085%). Nine (60%) were women and mean age 69 years (range 56-75 years). Thirteen patients had a history of hypertension (87%) all of whom were treated with either ACE-I or ARB and/or diuretics. One patient had underlying DM type I and an active colitis and one patient had no risk factor for the development of acute phosphate nephropathy. Average baseline creatinine was 81.7 µmol/L and 180.1 at the discovery of acute renal failure, mean 4.2 months after OSPS ingestion. No patient had a full recovery of renal function, and at the end of follow-up, 26.6 months after the OSPS ingestion, the average creatinine was 184.2 µmol/L. The average eGFR declined from 73.5 ml/min/1.73 m(2) at baseline to 37.3 ml/min/1.73 m(2) at the end of follow-up. One patient reached end-stage renal disease and one patient died with progressive renal failure.


CONCLUSIONS
Acute phosphate nephropathy developed in almost one out of thousand sold doses of OSPS. The consequences for kidney function were detrimental. This information can be used in other populations to estimate the impact of OSPS. Our data suggest that acute phosphate nephropathy may be greatly underreported worldwide.
Pálmadóttir
Vala Kolbrún
VK
Department of Internal Medicine, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland.
Gudmundsson
Hjalti
H
Hardarson
Sverrir
S
Arnadóttir
Margrét
M
Magnússon
Thorvaldur
T
Andrésdóttir
Margrét B
MB
D000208:Acute Disease; D000368:Aged; D002400:Cathartics / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003113:Colonoscopy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007055:Iceland / Q000453:epidemiology; D015994:Incidence; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D007677:Kidney Function Tests; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010710:Phosphates / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012189:Retrospective Studies
D002400:Cathartics; D010710:Phosphates; C018279:sodium phosphate