In situ pericardial extracardiac lateral tunnel Fontan operation: fifteen-year experience.
BACKGROUND
The study purpose is to evaluate the long-term outcome of the in situ pericardial extracardiac lateral tunnel Fontan operation.


METHODS
From June 1994 to August 2009, 160 patients with single ventricle (boys, n = 96, 60%, median age = 39 months, mean weight 15.5 kg) underwent the pedicled pericardial extracardiac lateral tunnel operation. Patients' charts were reviewed for perioperative and long-term follow-up data, outcome, and mortality. The potential growth of these tunnels was evaluated.


RESULTS
The main diagnoses included tricuspid atresia (n = 44, 27%); double-outlet right ventricle (n = 29, 18%), and hypoplastic left heart syndrome (n = 26, 16%). The mean follow-up was 6.5 ± 3.7 years (range: 0.1-15 years). There were 2 (1.3%) operative and 6 (3.7%) late deaths. Actuarial survival at 14 years was 93%. Early complications included prolonged effusions (n = 35, 22%), chylothorax (n = 5, 3.1%), readmissions (n = 35, 22%), cerebrovascular accidents (n = 8, 5%), contralateral phrenic nerve palsy (n = 1, 0.8%), and transient arrhythmias (n = 5, 3.1%). No pacemaker was needed. Late complications included tunnel stenosis (n = 3, 1.8%) managed with balloon dilatation and stenting in 2 patients and surgical revision in 1; tunnel thrombosis (n = 2, 1.2%) causing death in both patients; and protein losing-enteropathy (n = 4, 2.5%). Follow-up echocardiography of 10 patients showed laminar flow, no turbulence/gradient at the inferior vena cava and mid-tunnel levels. The diameter indexed to body surface area showed growth, reduction, or no change depending on flow demands.


CONCLUSIONS
The construction of the extracardiac lateral tunnel Fontan conduit using viable pedicled pericardium is a relatively simple, durable, and safe operation. Long-term follow-up confirms low morbidity and mortality. Fenestration is unnecessary in most patients. This viable tunnel adapts to physiologic flow demands.
Hasaniya
Nahidh W
NW
Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Loma Linda University Children Hospital, Loma Linda, CA, USA. nahidh@pol.net
Razzouk
Anees J
AJ
Mulla
Neda F
NF
Larsen
Ranae L
RL
Bailey
Leonard L
LL
D000293:Adolescent; D002140:California; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D018729:Fontan Procedure / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000401:mortality; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D010496:Pericardium / Q000601:surgery*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome