T cell coinhibition in prostate cancer: new immune evasion pathways and emerging therapeutics.
T cell-mediated adaptive immune response is controlled by both positive costimulation and negative coinhibition, generated mainly by the interaction between the B7 family and their receptor CD28 family. Coinhibition is exploited by prostate cancer as an immune evasion pathway. Overexpression of coinhibitory B7x and B7-H3 in prostate cancer correlates with poor disease outcome, whereas tumor-infiltrating immune cells have enhanced expression of PD-L1 and its receptor PD-1. New insights into the complex mechanisms governing B7 expression in the tumor microenvironment have been reported and therapies aimed at overcoming T cell coinhibition with antagonistic monoclonal antibodies are emerging as effective tumor immunotherapies. Therapies that block B7x and B7-H3, either as monotherapies or in synergism with traditional therapies, should be pursued.
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
Yael S
YS
Barach
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
Jun Sik
JS
Lee
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
Xingxing
X
Zang
D000818:Animals; D060887:B7 Antigens / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D057131:Immune Evasion; D007167:Immunotherapy; D008297:Male; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology* / Q000628:therapy*; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*
D060887:B7 Antigens