Several current-use, non-PBDE brominated flame retardants are highly bioaccumulative: evidence from field determined bioaccumulation factors.
With the phaseout of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), some non-PBDE BFRs have prompted to be alternatives to the discontinued PBDEs. To assess the bioaccumulation potential of these chemicals, field bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) for several non-PBDE BFRs including hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), pentabromotoluene (PBT), pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB), and hexabromobenzene (HBB), were determined in the aquatic species from a natural pond in an electronic waste recycling site in South China. The log BAFs ranged 2.58-6.01, 3.24-5.58, 3.44-5.98, 2.85-5.98, 3.32-6.08, 2.04-4.77, 2.72-4.09 and 3.31-5.54 for α-HBCD, β-HBCD, γ-HBCD, ∑HBCDs, BTBPE, PBT, PBEB, and HBB, respectively. The log BAF values for HBCD isomers, BTBPE, and HBB were greater than 3.7 (corresponding BAF value 5000) in most of the investigated species, demonstrating their highly bioaccumulative properties. α-, β-, and γ-HBCDs, BTBPE, and HBB appeared comparable or had even greater BAFs compared to PBDE congeners with similar K(OW), suggesting that these BFRs may have a potentially high environmental risk. The BAFs for the given BFR compound were largely variable between species, due to the species-specific feeding ecology, trophic level, and metabolic capacity for these pollutants. Positive linear relationships between log BAF and log K(OW) (r² = 0.59, p = 0.04), and molecular weight (r² = 0.54, p = 0.06) of non-PBDE BFRs were observed in the species with low trophic level (Chinese mysterysnail), suggesting that the chemical's physicochemical properties also played key roles in the bioaccumulation processes.
Wu
Jiang-Ping
JP
Research Center for Environmental Engineering and Management, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
Guan
Yun-Tao
YT
Zhang
Ying
Y
Luo
Xiao-Jun
XJ
Zhi
Hui
H
Chen
She-Jun
SJ
Mai
Bi-Xian
BX
D000818:Animals; D059001:Aquatic Organisms / Q000378:metabolism; D001969:Bromobenzenes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D005399:Fishes / Q000378:metabolism; D005411:Flame Retardants / Q000378:metabolism*; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D006842:Hydrocarbons, Brominated / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D007448:Invertebrates / Q000378:metabolism; D012911:Snakes / Q000378:metabolism; D014050:Toluene / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism
D001969:Bromobenzenes; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D005411:Flame Retardants; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers; D006842:Hydrocarbons, Brominated; D014050:Toluene; C089796:hexabromocyclododecane; C053745:2,3,4,5,6-pentabromotoluene; C017363:hexabromobenzene