Telephone follow-up to improve glycaemic control in patients with Type 2 diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials.
OBJECTIVE
To examine the impact of telephone follow-up interventions on glycaemic control in patients with Type 2 diabetes.


METHODS
This was a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials using The Cochrane Library, including the Cochrane central register of controlled trials; MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO and CINHAL, together with citation searching. The included studies were randomized controlled trials examining the effect of a telephone follow-up intervention on glycaemic control in patients with Type 2 diabetes. All the included trials were subject to critical appraisal. Data were extracted on study design, characteristics of patients, exact nature of the telephone intervention and details of comparison. Pooled standardized effects were calculated for the primary outcome. Glycaemic control was measured by HbA(1c) .


RESULTS
HbA(1c) levels reported in the reviewed studies were pooled using random effects models. The standardized effect of telephone follow-up was equivocal, with endpoint data showing weighted mean differences of -0.44 (95% CI -0.93 to 0.06) (Z = -1.72, P=0.08) in favour of the telephone follow-up intervention. Subgroup analysis of more intensive interventions (interactive follow-up with health professional plus automated follow-up or non-interactive follow-up) showed (n=1057) a significant benefit in favour of the treatment group, with a standardized mean difference of -0.84 (95% CI -1.67 to 0.0) (Z=1.97, P=0.05), indicating that more intensive (targeted) modes of follow-up may have better effects on glycaemic control.


CONCLUSIONS
The analysis suggested that telephone follow-up interventions following a more intensive targeted approach could have a positive impact on glycaemic control for Type 2 diabetes.
King's College London, The Florence Nightingale School of Nursing and Midwifery, 57 Waterloo Road, London, UK.
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D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D018849:Controlled Clinical Trials as Topic; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000523:psychology; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic
D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin