The role of a computed tomography-based image registered navigation system for natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery: a comparative study in a porcine model.
OBJECTIVE
Most natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) procedures have been performed in animal models through the anterior stomach wall, but this approach does not provide efficient access to all anatomic areas of interest. Moreover, injury of the adjacent structures has been reported when using a blind access. The aim of the current study was to assess the utility of a CT-based (CT: computed tomography) image registered navigation system in identifying safe gastrointestinal access sites for NOTES and identifying intraperitoneal structures.


METHODS
A total of 30 access procedures were performed in 30 pigs: anterior gastric wall (n = 10), posterior gastric wall (n = 10), and anterior rectal wall (n = 10). Of these, 15 procedures used image registered guidance (IR-NOTES) and 15 procedures used a blind access (NOTES only). Timed abdominal exploration was performed with identification of 11 organs. The location of the endoscopic tip was tracked using an electromagnetic tracking system and was recorded for each case. Necropsy was performed immediately after the procedure. The primary outcome was the rate of complications; secondary outcome variables were number of organs identified and kinematic measurements.


RESULTS
A total of 30 animals weighting a mean (± SD) of 30.2 ± 6.8 kg were included in the study. The incision point was correctly placed in 11 out of 15 animals in each group (73.3 %). The mean peritoneoscopy time and the number of properly identified organs were equivalent in the two groups. There were eight minor complications (26.7 %), two (13.3 %) in the IR-NOTES group and six (40.0 %) in the NOTES only group ( P = n. s.). Characteristics of the endoscope tip path showed a statistically significant improvement in trajectory smoothness of motion for all organs in the IR-NOTES group.


CONCLUSIONS
The image registered system appears to be feasible in NOTES procedures and results from this study suggest that image registered guidance might be useful for supporting navigation with an increased smoothness of motion.
Fernández-Esparrach
G
G
Endoscopy Unit, Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, Barcelona, Spain. mgfernan@clinic.ub.es
San José Estépar
R
R
Guarner-Argente
C
C
Martínez-Pallí
G
G
Navarro
R
R
Rodríguez de Miguel
C
C
Córdova
H
H
Thompson
C C
CC
Lacy
A M
AM
Donoso
L
L
Ayuso-Colella
J R
JR
Ginès
A
A
Pellisé
M
M
Llach
J
J
Vosburgh
K G
KG
D000005:Abdomen / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D023421:Models, Animal; D009038:Motion; D057605:Natural Orifice Endoscopic Surgery / Q000379:methods*; D011860:Radiography, Abdominal; D012007:Rectum / Q000601:surgery; D013270:Stomach / Q000601:surgery; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D013552:Swine; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*