Clinical screening for Congenital heart disease at birth: a prospective study in a community hospital in Kerala.
OBJECTIVE
To develop a clinical strategy for detection of Congenital heart disease (CHD) in the newborn through a combination of clinical signs and pulse oximetry.


METHODS
Prospective longitudinal study.


METHODS
Community level hospital in the city of Kochi, Kerala.


METHODS
All consecutive newborns between June 2006 and February 2009 were prospectively screened for CHD, 48 hours after birth. The on-site pediatrician performed clinical screening. A study nurse recorded pulse oximetry in a lower extremity; value of <94% was defined as abnormal. Echocardiography was performed on site by a trained research officer. A 6-week clinical follow-up evaluation was done for all.


METHODS
Detection of CHD by echocardiography.


RESULTS
Of 5487 babies screened, 425 (7.75%) had CHD. 17 (0.31%) had major CHD, two of whom (one ALCAPA and one large VSD) were missed during the initial evaluation. The rest were minor CHD (408 patients, 7.44%), most of which normalized by 6 weeks. On multivariate analysis, murmur, central cyanosis, abnormal precordial pulsations and abnormal pulse oximetry emerged as significant predictors of CHD. The sensitivity of clinical evaluation and pulse oximetry combined was 19% for all CHDs and 20% for major CHD; specificity was 88%.


CONCLUSIONS
In the community setting of a developing country, clinical evaluation and pulse oximetry after birth had a very low sensitivity for detection of CHD. Though an abnormal screening warrants prompt echocardiography, a 6 week clinical evaluation is recommended to ensure that major CHD is not missed.
Vaidyanathan
Balu
B
Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center, AIMS Ponekkara PO, Kochi, Kerala 682 041, India. baluvaidyanathan@gmail.com
Sathish
Gayathri
G
Mohanan
Sinimol Thoppil
ST
Sundaram
Karimassery Ramaiyar
KR
Warrier
Karukappilly Krishnan Raghava
KK
Kumar
Raman Krishna
RK
D005260:Female; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D015997:Neonatal Screening / Q000379:methods*; D010092:Oximetry; D011446:Prospective Studies