The impact of conservation on the status of the world's vertebrates.
Using data for 25,780 species categorized on the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List, we present an assessment of the status of the world's vertebrates. One-fifth of species are classified as Threatened, and we show that this figure is increasing: On average, 52 species of mammals, birds, and amphibians move one category closer to extinction each year. However, this overall pattern conceals the impact of conservation successes, and we show that the rate of deterioration would have been at least one-fifth again as much in the absence of these. Nonetheless, current conservation efforts remain insufficient to offset the main drivers of biodiversity loss in these groups: agricultural expansion, logging, overexploitation, and invasive alien species.
Hoffmann
Michael
M
IUCN SSC Species Survival Commission, c/o United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre, 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 0DL, UK. mike.hoffmann@iucn.org
Hilton-Taylor
Craig
C
Angulo
Ariadne
A
Böhm
Monika
M
Brooks
Thomas M
TM
Butchart
Stuart H M
SH
Carpenter
Kent E
KE
Chanson
Janice
J
Collen
Ben
B
Cox
Neil A
NA
Darwall
William R T
WR
Dulvy
Nicholas K
NK
Harrison
Lucy R
LR
Katariya
Vineet
V
Pollock
Caroline M
CM
Quader
Suhel
S
Richman
Nadia I
NI
Rodrigues
Ana S L
AS
Tognelli
Marcelo F
MF
Vié
Jean-Christophe
JC
Aguiar
John M
JM
Allen
David J
DJ
Allen
Gerald R
GR
Amori
Giovanni
G
Ananjeva
Natalia B
NB
Andreone
Franco
F
Andrew
Paul
P
Aquino Ortiz
Aida Luz
AL
Baillie
Jonathan E M
JE
Baldi
Ricardo
R
Bell
Ben D
BD
Biju
S D
SD
Bird
Jeremy P
JP
Black-Decima
Patricia
P
Blanc
J Julian
JJ
Bolaños
Federico
F
Bolivar-G
Wilmar
W
Burfield
Ian J
IJ
Burton
James A
JA
Capper
David R
DR
Castro
Fernando
F
Catullo
Gianluca
G
Cavanagh
Rachel D
RD
Channing
Alan
A
Chao
Ning Labbish
NL
Chenery
Anna M
AM
Chiozza
Federica
F
Clausnitzer
Viola
V
Collar
Nigel J
NJ
Collett
Leah C
LC
Collette
Bruce B
BB
Cortez Fernandez
Claudia F
CF
Craig
Matthew T
MT
Crosby
Michael J
MJ
Cumberlidge
Neil
N
Cuttelod
Annabelle
A
Derocher
Andrew E
AE
Diesmos
Arvin C
AC
Donaldson
John S
JS
Duckworth
J W
JW
Dutson
Guy
G
Dutta
S K
SK
Emslie
Richard H
RH
Farjon
Aljos
A
Fowler
Sarah
S
Freyhof
Jörg
J
Garshelis
David L
DL
Gerlach
Justin
J
Gower
David J
DJ
Grant
Tandora D
TD
Hammerson
Geoffrey A
GA
Harris
Richard B
RB
Heaney
Lawrence R
LR
Hedges
S Blair
SB
Hero
Jean-Marc
JM
Hughes
Baz
B
Hussain
Syed Ainul
SA
Icochea M
Javier
J
Inger
Robert F
RF
Ishii
Nobuo
N
Iskandar
Djoko T
DT
Jenkins
Richard K B
RK
Kaneko
Yoshio
Y
Kottelat
Maurice
M
Kovacs
Kit M
KM
Kuzmin
Sergius L
SL
La Marca
Enrique
E
Lamoreux
John F
JF
Lau
Michael W N
MW
Lavilla
Esteban O
EO
Leus
Kristin
K
Lewison
Rebecca L
RL
Lichtenstein
Gabriela
G
Livingstone
Suzanne R
SR
Lukoschek
Vimoksalehi
V
Mallon
David P
DP
McGowan
Philip J K
PJ
McIvor
Anna
A
Moehlman
Patricia D
PD
Molur
Sanjay
S
Muñoz Alonso
Antonio
A
Musick
John A
JA
Nowell
Kristin
K
Nussbaum
Ronald A
RA
Olech
Wanda
W
Orlov
Nikolay L
NL
Papenfuss
Theodore J
TJ
Parra-Olea
Gabriela
G
Perrin
William F
WF
Polidoro
Beth A
BA
Pourkazemi
Mohammad
M
Racey
Paul A
PA
Ragle
James S
JS
Ram
Mala
M
Rathbun
Galen
G
Reynolds
Robert P
RP
Rhodin
Anders G J
AG
Richards
Stephen J
SJ
Rodríguez
Lily O
LO
Ron
Santiago R
SR
Rondinini
Carlo
C
Rylands
Anthony B
AB
Sadovy de Mitcheson
Yvonne
Y
Sanciangco
Jonnell C
JC
Sanders
Kate L
KL
Santos-Barrera
Georgina
G
Schipper
Jan
J
Self-Sullivan
Caryn
C
Shi
Yichuan
Y
Shoemaker
Alan
A
Short
Frederick T
FT
Sillero-Zubiri
Claudio
C
Silvano
Débora L
DL
Smith
Kevin G
KG
Smith
Andrew T
AT
Snoeks
Jos
J
Stattersfield
Alison J
AJ
Symes
Andrew J
AJ
Taber
Andrew B
AB
Talukdar
Bibhab K
BK
Temple
Helen J
HJ
Timmins
Rob
R
Tobias
Joseph A
JA
Tsytsulina
Katerina
K
Tweddle
Denis
D
Ubeda
Carmen
C
Valenti
Sarah V
SV
van Dijk
Peter Paul
PP
Veiga
Liza M
LM
Veloso
Alberto
A
Wege
David C
DC
Wilkinson
Mark
M
Williamson
Elizabeth A
EA
Xie
Feng
F
Young
Bruce E
BE
Akçakaya
H Resit
HR
Bennun
Leon
L
Blackburn
Tim M
TM
Boitani
Luigi
L
Dublin
Holly T
HT
da Fonseca
Gustavo A B
GA
Gascon
Claude
C
Lacher
Thomas E
TE
Mace
Georgina M
GM
Mainka
Susan A
SA
McNeely
Jeffery A
JA
Mittermeier
Russell A
RA
Reid
Gordon McGregor
GM
Rodriguez
Jon Paul
JP
Rosenberg
Andrew A
AA
Samways
Michael J
MJ
Smart
Jane
J
Stein
Bruce A
BA
Stuart
Simon N
SN
D000663:Amphibians; D000818:Animals; D044822:Biodiversity; D001717:Birds; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources; D017753:Ecosystem; D056727:Endangered Species / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends; D053476:Extinction, Biological; D058865:Introduced Species; D008322:Mammals; D011157:Population Dynamics; D014714:Vertebrates