Does cultural competency training of health professionals improve patient outcomes? A systematic review and proposed algorithm for future research.
BACKGROUND
Cultural competency training has been proposed as a way to improve patient outcomes. There is a need for evidence showing that these interventions reduce health disparities.


OBJECTIVE
The objective was to conduct a systematic review addressing the effects of cultural competency training on patient-centered outcomes; assess quality of studies and strength of effect; and propose a framework for future research.


METHODS
The authors performed electronic searches in the MEDLINE/PubMed, ERIC, PsycINFO, CINAHL and Web of Science databases for original articles published in English between 1990 and 2010, and a bibliographic hand search. Studies that reported cultural competence educational interventions for health professionals and measured impact on patients and/or health care utilization as primary or secondary outcomes were included.


METHODS
Four authors independently rated studies for quality using validated criteria and assessed the training effect on patient outcomes. Due to study heterogeneity, data were not pooled; instead, qualitative synthesis and analysis were conducted.


RESULTS
Seven studies met inclusion criteria. Three involved physicians, two involved mental health professionals and two involved multiple health professionals and students. Two were quasi-randomized, two were cluster randomized, and three were pre/post field studies. Study quality was low to moderate with none of high quality; most studies did not adequately control for potentially confounding variables. Effect size ranged from no effect to moderately beneficial (unable to assess in two studies). Three studies reported positive (beneficial) effects; none demonstrated a negative (harmful) effect.


CONCLUSIONS
There is limited research showing a positive relationship between cultural competency training and improved patient outcomes, but there remains a paucity of high quality research. Future work should address challenges limiting quality. We propose an algorithm to guide educators in designing and evaluating curricula, to rigorously demonstrate the impact on patient outcomes and health disparities.
Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, 101 The City Drive S, Orange, CA 92868, USA. dalie@uci.edu
Désirée A
DA
Lie
Elizabeth
E
Lee-Rey
Art
A
Gomez
Sylvia
S
Bereknyei
Clarence H
CH
Braddock
D000465:Algorithms; D035843:Biomedical Research / Q000639:trends; D054521:Cultural Competency; D005544:Forecasting; D006282:Health Personnel / Q000193:education* / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D005791:Patient Care / Q000639:trends; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000639:trends; D016896:Treatment Outcome