Formononetin accelerates wound repair by the regulation of early growth response factor-1 transcription factor through the phosphorylation of the ERK and p38 MAPK pathways.
Formononetin, a phytoestrogen from the root of Astragalus membranaceus, is used as a blood enhancer and to improve blood microcirculation in complementary and alternative medicine. The present study investigated the influence of formononetin on the expression of early growth response factor-1 (Egr-1) and growth factors contributing to wound healing. Formononetin significantly increased growth factors such as transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Formononetin also increased the expression of Egr-1 transcription factor by 3.2- and 10.5-fold, compared with recombinant VEGF(125) in HUVECs. The formononetin-mediated 12%-43% increase induced endothelial cell proliferation and recovered the migration of wounded HUVECs. In an ex vivo angiogenesis assay, formononetin produced a larger capillary sprouting area than produced using recombinant VEGF(125). Cell proliferation and migration of HUVECs were also greater in the presence of formonectin than VEGF(125). Western blot analysis of scratch-wounded confluent HUVECs showed that formononetin induced the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and slightly inhibited the phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). The formononetin-mediated sustained activation of Egr-1 was suppressed by the ERK inhibitor PD98059 and the p38 inhibitor SB203580. PD98059 inhibited the formononetin-induced endothelial proliferation and repair in scratch-wounded HUVECs, SB203580 increased the cell proliferation and wound healing. Formononetin accelerate wound closure rate as early as day 3 after surgery and consistently observed until day 10 after in wound animal model. These data suggest that formononetin promotes endothelial repair and wound healing in a process involving the over-expression of Egr-1 transcription factor through the regulation of the ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK pathways.
Huh
Jeong-Eun
JE
Oriental Medicine Research Center for Bone and Joint Disease, Kyung Hee University, 149 Sangil-dong, Gangdong-gu, Seoul 134-727, Republic of Korea.
Nam
Dong-Woo
DW
Baek
Young-Hyun
YH
Kang
Jung Won
JW
Park
Dong-Suk
DS
Choi
Do-Young
DY
Lee
Jae-Dong
JD
D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D051766:Early Growth Response Protein 1 / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000276:immunology; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007529:Isoflavones / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D015394:Molecular Structure; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000098:blood supply / Q000187:drug effects; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic / Q000187:drug effects; D010766:Phosphorylation; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015398:Signal Transduction; D012867:Skin / Q000098:blood supply / Q000293:injuries / Q000473:pathology; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000187:drug effects*; D014950:Wounds, Penetrating / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000276:immunology; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*
D051766:Early Growth Response Protein 1; D007529:Isoflavones; C007768:formononetin; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases