Optical mapping of the isolated coronary-perfused human sinus node.
OBJECTIVE
We sought to confirm our hypothesis that the human sinoatrial node (SAN) is functionally insulated from the surrounding atrial myocardium except for several exit pathways that electrically bridge the nodal tissue and atrial myocardium.


BACKGROUND
The site of origin and pattern of excitation within the human SAN has not been directly mapped.


METHODS
The SAN was optically mapped in coronary-perfused preparations from nonfailing human hearts (n = 4, age 54 ± 15 years) using the dye Di-4-ANBDQBS and blebbistatin. The SAN 3-dimensional structure was reconstructed using histology.


RESULTS
Optical recordings from the SAN had diastolic depolarization and multiple upstroke components, which corresponded to the separate excitations of the SAN and atrial layers. Excitation originated in the middle of the SAN (66 ± 17 beats/min), and then spread slowly (1 to 18 cm/s) and anisotropically. After a 82 ± 17 ms conduction delay within the SAN, the atrial myocardium was excited via superior, middle, and/or inferior sinoatrial conduction pathways. Atrial excitation was initiated 9.4 ± 4.2 mm from the leading pacemaker site. The oval 14.3 ± 1.5 mm × 6.7 ± 1.6 mm × 1.0 ± 0.2 mm SAN structure was functionally insulated from the atrium by connective tissue, fat, and coronary arteries, except for these pathways.


CONCLUSIONS
These data demonstrated for the first time, to our knowledge, the location of the leading SAN pacemaker site, the pattern of excitation within the human SAN, and the conduction pathways into the right atrium. The existence of these pathways explains why, even during normal sinus rhythm, atrial breakthroughs could arise from a region parallel to the crista terminalis that is significantly larger (26.1 ± 7.9 mm) than the area of the anatomically defined SAN.
Fedorov
Vadim V
VV
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA.
Glukhov
Alexey V
AV
Chang
Roger
R
Kostecki
Geran
G
Aferol
Hyuliya
H
Hucker
William J
WJ
Wuskell
Joseph P
JP
Loew
Leslie M
LM
Schuessler
Richard B
RB
Moazami
Nader
N
Efimov
Igor R
IR
D000200:Action Potentials; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial; D056149:Epicardial Mapping; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008875:Middle Aged; D012849:Sinoatrial Node / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D056969:Voltage-Sensitive Dye Imaging