Patterns and management of vascular injuries in intravenous drug users: a literature review.
BACKGROUND
Intravenous drug use is becoming an increasing problem in today's society causing an enormous socio-economic burden. Any intravenous injection will carry a risk of vascular injury. However, this risk will be significantly increased with repeated injections. With ongoing injection drug misuse, individuals are at risk of serious complex vascular injuries that can masquerade as simple illnesses.


METHODS
A comprehensive Medline search was conducted to identify key articles related to vascular injuries in intravenous drug users (IVDUs).


RESULTS
Numerous arterial and venous injuries have been described as a result of intravenous drug use. This article reviews the literature to identify appropriate management of the peripheral vascular injuries encountered more and more often in this group of patients. Recommendations for investigation and treatment are made.


CONCLUSIONS
Intravenous drug users are notoriously difficult to treat and present late in the course of their illnesses. Despite management problems, it is important to have a high index of suspicion for serious vascular problems. Education and awareness of both patients and health care professionals may lead to earlier diagnosis and treatment of these conditions which carry significant morbidity and mortality.
Fiddes
Roanne
R
Vascular unit, Burnley General Hospital, Casterton Avenue, BB10 2PQ, East Lancashire Hospitals Trust, UK.
Khattab
Muhammed
M
Abu Dakka
Mahmoud
M
Al-Khaffaf
Haytham
H
D006801:Humans; D016491:Peripheral Vascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery*; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000150:complications*