The use of botulinum toxin type A in cosmetic facial procedures.
Over the past decade, facial cosmetic procedures have become more commonplace in dentistry and oral and maxillofacial surgery. An increasing number of patients seek minimal invasive procedures. One of the most requested procedures is treatment with botulinum toxin type A (BoNTA). Treatment of dynamic rhytids and lines with BoNTA is effective and produces high rates of improvement with rapid onset and long duration of action (longer than 4 months for some patients) compared with placebo. This paper considers the history and pharmacology of this neurotoxin, and focusses on the literature concerning the treatment of different facial areas with BoNTA. It also presents clinical guidelines on the treatment of glabellar lines, the frontalis muscle, peri-orbital lines, gummy smile and masseter muscle hypertrophy. Knowledge about the mechanisms of action and the ability to use BoNTA as an adjunctive treatment are mandatory for those working in the field of cosmetic facial surgery.
Jaspers
G W C
GW
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. g.w.c.jaspers@kchir.umcg.nl
Pijpe
J
J
Jansma
J
J
D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003357:Cosmetic Techniques; D005145:Face; D005152:Facial Muscles / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D006984:Hypertrophy; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D008406:Masseter Muscle / Q000187:drug effects; D009465:Neuromuscular Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D012449:Safety; D015595:Skin Aging / Q000187:drug effects*
D009465:Neuromuscular Agents; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A