Vaginismus and dyspareunia: relationship with general and sex-related moral standards.
BACKGROUND
Relatively strong adherence to conservative values and/or relatively strict sex-related moral standards logically restricts the sexual repertoire and will lower the threshold for experiencing negative emotions in a sexual context. In turn, this may generate withdrawal and avoidance behavior, which is at the nucleus of vaginismus.


OBJECTIVE
To examine whether indeed strong adherence to conservative morals and/or strict sexual standards may be involved in vaginismus.


METHODS
The Schwartz Value Survey (SVS) to investigate the individual's value pattern and the Sexual Disgust Questionnaire (SDQ) to index the willingness to perform certain sexual activities as an indirect measure of sex-related moral standards.


METHODS
The SVS and SDQ were completed by three groups: women diagnosed with vaginismus (N=24), a group of women diagnosed with dyspareunia (N=24), and a healthy control group of women without sexual complaints (N=32).


RESULTS
Specifically, the vaginismus group showed relatively low scores on liberal values together with comparatively high scores on conservative values. Additionally, the vaginismus group was more restricted in their readiness to perform particular sex-related behaviors than the control group. The dyspareunia group, on both the SVS and the SDQ, placed between the vaginismus and the control group, but not significantly different than either of the groups.


CONCLUSIONS
The findings are consistent with the view that low liberal and high conservative values, along with restricted sexual standards, are involved in the development/maintenance of vaginismus.
Borg
Charmaine
C
Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands. c.borg@rug.nl
de Jong
Peter J
PJ
Weijmar Schultz
Willibrord
W
D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004414:Dyspareunia / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009014:Morals; D009426:Netherlands; D012044:Regression Analysis; D019529:Sexuality; D012945:Social Values; D052065:Vaginismus / Q000523:psychology*