Gadofluorine M-enhanced MRI shows involvement of circumventricular organs in neuroinflammation.
BACKGROUND
Circumventricular organs (CVO) are cerebral areas with incomplete endothelial blood-brain barrier (BBB) and therefore regarded as "gates to the brain". During inflammation, they may exert an active role in determining immune cell recruitment into the brain.


METHODS
In a longitudinal study we investigated in vivo alterations of CVO during neuroinflammation, applying Gadofluorine M- (Gf) enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, an animal model of multiple sclerosis. SJL/J mice were monitored by Gadopentate dimeglumine- (Gd-DTPA) and Gf-enhanced MRI after adoptive transfer of proteolipid-protein-specific T cells. Mean Gf intensity ratios were calculated individually for different CVO and correlated to the clinical disease course. Subsequently, the tissue distribution of fluorescence-labeled Gf as well as the extent of cellular inflammation was assessed in corresponding histological slices.


RESULTS
We could show that the Gf signal intensity of the choroid plexus, the subfornicular organ and the area postrema increased significantly during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, correlating with (1) disease severity and (2) the delay of disease onset after immunization. For the choroid plexus, the extent of Gf enhancement served as a diagnostic criterion to distinguish between diseased and healthy control mice with a sensitivity of 89% and a specificity of 80%. Furthermore, Gf improved the detection of lesions, being particularly sensitive to optic neuritis. In correlated histological slices, Gf initially accumulated in the extracellular matrix surrounding inflammatory foci and was subsequently incorporated by macrophages/microglia.


CONCLUSIONS
Gf-enhanced MRI provides a novel highly sensitive technique to study cerebral BBB alterations. We demonstrate for the first time in vivo the involvement of CVO during the development of neuroinflammation.
Wuerfel
Eva
E
Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany. wuerfel@paedia.ukl.mu-luebeck.de
Infante-Duarte
Carmen
C
Glumm
Robert
R
Wuerfel
Jens T
JT
D000818:Animals; D001812:Blood-Brain Barrier / Q000473:pathology* / Q000502:physiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000378:metabolism; D004681:Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005466:Fluorocarbons; D007249:Inflammation / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D051379:Mice; D009000:Monocytes / Q000276:immunology; D009942:Organometallic Compounds / Q000378:metabolism*
D003287:Contrast Media; D005466:Fluorocarbons; D009942:Organometallic Compounds; C517961:gadofluorine M