Cardiovascular and noncardiovascular comorbidities in patients with chronic heart failure.
A broad spectrum of concomitant disorders may complicate heart failure adding further morbidity and mortality risk. Comorbidities may be subdivided into cardiovascular and noncardiovascular. The first group includes hypertension, coronary artery disease, peripheral artery disease, cerebrovascular disease, arrhythmias and valvular heart disease. Noncardiovascular comorbidities include respiratory, endocrine, metabolic, nutritional, renal, hematopoietic, neurological as well as musculoskeletal conditions. In recent years, advances in the treatment of heart failure have not been attended by important changes in management of its comorbidities. They now seem to be major causes of the poor prognosis of heart failure patients. In this review we provide an updated summary of the epidemiological, pathophysiological and clinical characteristics of comorbidities as well as their potential impact for heart failure treatment.
Cardiology, Department of Experimental and Applied Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy. metramarco@libero.it
Marco
M
Metra
Valerio
V
Zacà
Gianfranco
G
Parati
Piergiuseppe
P
Agostoni
Maria
M
Bonadies
Marco
M
Ciccone
Alessandra Dei
AD
Cas
Massimo
M
Iacoviello
Rocco
R
Lagioia
Carolina
C
Lombardi
Raffaele
R
Maio
Damiano
D
Magrì
Giuseppe
G
Musca
Margherita
M
Padeletti
Francesco
F
Perticone
Natalia
N
Pezzali
Massimo
M
Piepoli
Angela
A
Sciacqua
Luisa
L
Zanolla
Savina
S
Nodari
Pasquale Perrone
PP
Filardi
Livio
L
Dei Cas
D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D015897:Comorbidity; D018450:Disease Progression; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D011379:Prognosis; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors