Evaluation, management, rehabilitation, and prevention of anterior cruciate ligament injury: current concepts.
The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is essential for both static and dynamic stability of the knee. It is commonly injured during sports activities by noncontact mechanisms that include landing with the knee in valgus and extension, sudden deceleration, change of direction, and rotation. Several modifiable and nonmodifiable risk factors predispose athletes to this injury, especially women. Early diagnosis, treatment directed to protect secondary knee structures, and rehabilitation play an important role in the management of ACL injury. Despite a lack of scientifically validated and published guidelines to help clinicians decide between conservative or surgical treatment, criteria such as pain, recurrent instability, injury to secondary structures, and desired level of activity should be considered. Accelerated rehabilitation protocols for patients who have and have not undergone an operation are available and recommended with goals of reducing complications such as recurrent injury, loss of motion, residual weakness, and associated osteoarthritis. However, injury prevention protocols could be the next big step in management of ACL injury with emphasis on reducing modifiable risk factors in susceptible individuals who participate in sports.
Micheo
William
W
Department of Physical Medicine, Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, School of Medicine, Office A-204, PO Box 365067, San Juan, PR 00936-5067, USA. wmicheo@usa.net
Hernández
Liza
L
Seda
Carlos
C
D000465:Algorithms; D016118:Anterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000503:physiopathology; D000070598:Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D005081:Exercise Therapy; D006801:Humans; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000473:pathology; D007718:Knee Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000534:rehabilitation / Q000628:therapy*; D011434:Proprioception; D012008:Recurrence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012421:Rupture; D013177:Sports