Nasal swabs collected routinely to screen for colonization by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in intensive care units are a sensitive screening test for the organism in clinical cultures.
BACKGROUND
Many hospitals screen patients for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) on admission to the intensive care unit (ICU). We hypothesized that this screening information could be used to assist with empiric antibiotic decisions.


METHODS
The medical records of patients admitted to a university-affiliated community hospital as well as a tertiary-care university hospital were reviewed. Patients admitted to the ICU were screened for MRSA colonization with a nasal swab that was analyzed with either chromogenic medium (hospital 1) or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (hospital 2). The results of the nasal swab were compared with clinical culture results.


RESULTS
There were 141 patients, and 167 cultures were obtained. The majority of the cultures (70%) were performed on sputum specimens in an effort to diagnose pneumonia. The remaining cultures were performed on blood (10.1%), incisions (21.5%), and urine (3.4%). The overall sensitivity of nasal swab results was 69.5%. However, the sensitivity was significantly higher for nasal swab screening performed within six days of clinical cultures compared with screening performed seven days or more before cultures were obtained. (79% vs. 46%; p < 0.0001). Sensitivity also differed significantly depending on the surveillance method, being significantly higher among patients screened with PCR within six days of developing an infection than in patients screened with chromogenic medium (88% vs. 65.5%; p = 0.006).


CONCLUSIONS
Screening with PCR analysis of nasal swab specimens is a highly sensitive test for MRSA in clinical cultures. Clinicians may be able to use the swab results to tailor more appropriate empiric antimicrobial regimens. The results with chromogenic medium screening are markedly poorer, which suggests that clinicians should view them with caution.
Byrnes
Matthew C
MC
Department of Trauma , North Memorial Medical Center, Robbinsdale, MN, USA. mbyrnes150@yahoo.com
Adegboyega
Titi
T
Riggle
Andrew
A
Chipman
Jeffrey
J
Beilman
Greg
G
Reicks
Patty
P
Boeser
Kim
K
Irwin
Eric
E
D001431:Bacteriological Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D002353:Carrier State / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000382:microbiology; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000382:microbiology; D003470:Culture Media / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods*; D055624:Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009297:Nasal Mucosa / Q000382:microbiology*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000382:microbiology; D013997:Time Factors
D003470:Culture Media