Increased hepatic fat in overweight Hispanic youth influenced by interaction between genetic variation in PNPLA3 and high dietary carbohydrate and sugar consumption.
BACKGROUND
Recently, a genetic variant (rs738409; C→G) of the PNPLA3 gene was identified to be associated with increased hepatic fat deposition, and the effect was more pronounced in Hispanics. Animal models have also shown that PNPLA3 expression can be regulated by dietary carbohydrate.


OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to examine whether the influence of PNPLA3 genotype on hepatic fat is modulated by dietary factors in Hispanic children.


METHODS
PNPLA3 was genotyped in 153 Hispanic children (75% female, ages 8-18 y) by using the TaqMan method. Dietary intake was assessed by using three 24-h dietary recalls or diet records. Visceral adipose tissue (VAT), subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue (SAAT), and hepatic fat fraction (HFF) were assessed in multiple abdominal slices by magnetic resonance imaging. Analysis of covariance was used to assess the diet × genotype interaction in liver fat, with the following a priori covariates: sex, age, energy, VAT, and SAAT.


RESULTS
HFF was influenced by a significant interaction between genotype and diet (genotype × carbohydrate, P = 0.04; genotype × total sugar, P = 0.01). HFF was positively related to carbohydrate (r = 0.31, P = 0.04) and total sugar (r = 0.34, P = 0.02) intakes but only in the GG group, independent of covariates. Dietary variables were not related to HFF in the CC or CG group or to other fat depots in all genotype groups.


CONCLUSIONS
These findings suggest that Hispanic children carrying the GG genotype are susceptible to increased hepatic fat when dietary carbohydrate intake, specifically sugar, is high. Specific dietary interventions based on genetic predisposition in this population may lead to more effective therapeutic outcomes for fatty liver. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00697580, 195-1642394A1, and NCT00693511.
Davis
Jaimie N
JN
Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA. jaimieda@usc.edu
Lê
Kim-Anne
KA
Walker
Ryan W
RW
Vikman
Susanna
S
Spruijt-Metz
Donna
D
Weigensberg
Marc J
MJ
Allayee
Hooman
H
Goran
Michael I
MI
D050154:Adiposity / Q000208:ethnology / Q000235:genetics; D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D015930:Diet Records; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage; D019422:Dietary Sucrose / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005234:Fatty Liver / Q000208:ethnology / Q000235:genetics*; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008049:Lipase / Q000235:genetics*; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D050177:Overweight / Q000208:ethnology / Q000235:genetics*; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D000217:Acyltransferases; D054512:Phospholipases A2, Calcium-Independent
D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D019422:Dietary Sucrose; D008049:Lipase; D008565:Membrane Proteins; C533682:PNPLA3 protein, human; D000217:Acyltransferases; D054512:Phospholipases A2, Calcium-Independent