Urine menthol as a biomarker of mentholated cigarette smoking.
OBJECTIVE
Menthol cigarettes are smoked by 27% of U.S. smokers, and there are concerns that menthol might enhance toxicity of cigarette smoking by increasing systemic absorption of smoke toxins. We measured urine menthol concentrations in relation to biomarkers of exposure to nicotine and tobacco carcinogens.


METHODS
Concentrations of menthol glucuronide (using a novel analytical method), nicotine plus metabolites (nicotine equivalents, NE), 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) metabolites were measured in the urine of 60 menthol and 67 regular cigarette smokers.


RESULTS
Urine menthol was measurable in 82% of menthol and 54% in regular cigarette smokers. Among menthol smokers, urine menthol was highly correlated with NE, NNAL, and PAHs. In a multiple regression model NE but not menthol was significantly associated with NNAL and PAHs.


CONCLUSIONS
Urine menthol concentration is a novel biomarker of exposure in menthol cigarette smokers, and is highly correlated with exposure to nicotine and carcinogens. Menthol is not independently associated with carcinogen exposure when nicotine intake is considered.
Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical Service, San Francisco General Hospital Medical Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143-1220, USA. NBenowitz@MedSFGH.ucsf.edu
Neal L
NL
Benowitz
Katherine M
KM
Dains
Delia
D
Dempsey
Christopher
C
Havel
Margaret
M
Wilson
Peyton
P
Jacob
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D005260:Female; D005965:Glucuronates / Q000652:urine*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D008610:Menthol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000652:urine; D008875:Middle Aged; D009538:Nicotine / Q000652:urine; D009602:Nitrosamines / Q000652:urine; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000652:urine; D011725:Pyridines / Q000652:urine; D012907:Smoking / Q000652:urine*; D055815:Young Adult
D015415:Biomarkers; D005965:Glucuronates; D009602:Nitrosamines; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D011725:Pyridines; D008610:Menthol; D009538:Nicotine; C044963:menthol glucuronide; C099565:4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butan-1-ol