Autophagy in protists.
Autophagy is the degradative process by which eukaryotic cells digest their own components using acid hydrolases within the lysosome. Originally thought to function almost exclusively in providing starving cells with nutrients taken from their own cellular constituents, autophagy is in fact involved in numerous cellular events including differentiation, turnover of macromolecules and organelles, and defense against parasitic invaders. During the last 10-20 years, molecular components of the autophagic machinery have been discovered, revealing a complex interactome of proteins and lipids, which, in a concerted way, induce membrane formation to engulf cellular material and target it for lysosomal degradation. Here, our emphasis is autophagy in protists. We discuss experimental and genomic data indicating that the canonical autophagy machinery characterized in animals and fungi appeared prior to the radiation of major eukaryotic lineages. Moreover, we describe how comparative bioinformatics revealed that this canonical machinery has been subject to moderation, outright loss or elaboration on multiple occasions in protist lineages, most probably as a consequence of diverse lifestyle adaptations. We also review experimental studies illustrating how several pathogenic protists either utilize autophagy mechanisms or manipulate host-cell autophagy in order to establish or maintain infection within a host. The essentiality of autophagy for the pathogenicity of many parasites, and the unique features of some of the autophagy-related proteins involved, suggest possible new targets for drug discovery. Further studies of the molecular details of autophagy in protists will undoubtedly enhance our understanding of the diversity and complexity of this cellular phenomenon and the opportunities it offers as a drug target.
Duszenko
Michael
M
Interfaculty Institute for Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
Ginger
Michael L
ML
Brennand
Ana
A
Gualdrón-López
Melisa
M
Colombo
María Isabel
MI
Coombs
Graham H
GH
Coppens
Isabelle
I
Jayabalasingham
Bamini
B
Langsley
Gordon
G
de Castro
Solange Lisboa
SL
Menna-Barreto
Rubem
R
Mottram
Jeremy C
JC
Navarro
Miguel
M
Rigden
Daniel J
DJ
Romano
Patricia S
PS
Stoka
Veronika
V
Turk
Boris
B
Michels
Paul A M
PA
D000818:Animals; D001343:Autophagy; D005057:Eukaryotic Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D016678:Genome / Q000235:genetics; D006790:Host-Parasite Interactions; D010271:Parasites / Q000166:cytology / Q000648:ultrastructure