Feasibility of single-shot H5N1 influenza vaccine in ferrets, macaques and rabbits.
The feasibility of a single-shot, low-dose vaccination against pandemic influenza was investigated. The immunogenicity and safety of whole inactivated, cell culture-derived H5N1 virus plus CoVaccine HT™ as adjuvant was tested in various animal species. In ferrets, doses of 4.0 and 7.5 μg H5N1 (NIBRG-14; A/Vietnam/1194/04; clade 1) without adjuvant gave low geometric mean haemagglutination inhibition (HI) titres (GMTs) of 21-65 three weeks after intramuscular (IM) injection. The addition of 0.25-4 mg CoVaccine HT™ resulted in GMTs of 255-1470 corresponding with 4-25-fold increases. A second immunization caused GMTs of 8914-23,525 two weeks later, which confirmed strong priming. One out of 8 ferrets injected with antigen alone and 5 out of 32 ferrets injected with adjuvanted H5N1 demonstrated minimal transient, local reactions and two animals immunized with adjuvanted H5N1 exhibited increased body temperature one day after injection. In macaques, 5 μg H5N1 with CoVaccine HT™ or aluminium hydroxide as adjuvant elicited GMTs of 172 and 11, respectively three weeks later. A second immunization resulted in GMTs of 1751 and 123, respectively four weeks later. Analysis of cross-reactivity of antibodies after the first immunization with NIBRG-14 adjuvanted plus CoVaccine HT™ revealed GMTs of 69 against NIBRG-23 (A/turkey/Turkey/1/05; clade 2.2) and 42 against IBCDC-RG-2 (A/Indonesia/5/05-like; clade 2.1.3) while titres with aluminium hydroxide were <10. After the second immunization with CoVaccine HT™, GMT against NIBRG-23 was 599 and against IBCDC-RG-2 254, while those with aluminium hydroxide were 23 and 13, respectively. No local or systemic adverse events were detected in macaques. Safety of 5 μg H5N1 plus 0, 2 or 4 mg CoVaccine HT™ was investigated in a repeated dose study in rabbits. Groups of 6 or 9 male and female animals were immunized IM three times at three week intervals. None of the animals exerted treatment-related adverse reactions during the study or at necropsy 3 or 4 days after treatment. We concluded that a low dose of whole inactivated influenza virus plus CoVaccine HT™ is a promising, single-shot vaccine against pandemic influenza.
Nobilon Part of MSD Laboratories, W. de Körverstraat 35, 5830 AN Boxmeer, The Netherlands.
J G M
JG
Heldens
H L
HL
Glansbeek
L A T
LA
Hilgers
B
B
Haenen
K J
KJ
Stittelaar
A D M E
AD
Osterhaus
J F
JF
van den Bosch
D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood; D003429:Cross Reactions; D005260:Female; D005289:Ferrets; D005334:Fever / Q000139:chemically induced; D006385:Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests; D007117:Immunization, Secondary / Q000379:methods; D053124:Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype / Q000276:immunology*; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology*; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D008251:Macaca; D008297:Male; D011817:Rabbits; D012871:Skin Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced; D014611:Vaccination / Q000379:methods*; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology
D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D007252:Influenza Vaccines; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated