Vitamin D deficiency and coronary artery calcification in subjects with type 1 diabetes.
OBJECTIVE
The objective of this study is to examine the relationship among serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D), polymorphisms in vitamin D-associated genes, and the presence and progression of coronary artery calcification (CAC) in adults with type 1 diabetes.


METHODS
This prospective study included 374 non-Hispanic white individuals with type 1 diabetes (mean age 40 ± 9 years; 46% were male). CAC was measured at the baseline and 3- and 6-year follow-up visits were determined by electron beam computed tomography. Serum 25[OH]D levels were measured by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry at the 3-year visit.


RESULTS
Normal (>30 ng/mL), insufficient (20-30 ng/mL), and deficient (<20 ng/mL) 25-[OH]D levels were present in 65%, 25%, and 10% of the individuals with type 1 diabetes, respectively. 25[OH]D deficiency was associated with the presence of CAC at the 3-year visit, odds ratio (OR) = 3.3 (95% CI 1.6-7.0), adjusting for age, sex, and hours of daylight. In subjects free of CAC at the 3-year visit, 25[OH]D deficiency predicted the development of CAC over the next 3 years in those with the vitamin D receptor M1T CC genotype (OR = 6.5 [1.1-40.2], P = 0.04) than in those with the CT or TT genotype (OR = 1.6 [0.3-8.6], P = 0.57).


CONCLUSIONS
Vitamin D deficiency independently predicts prevalence and development of CAC, a marker of coronary artery plaque burden, in individuals with type 1 diabetes.
Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, USA.
Kendra A
KA
Young
Janet K
JK
Snell-Bergeon
Ramachandra G
RG
Naik
John E
JE
Hokanson
David
D
Tarullo
Peter A
PA
Gottlieb
Satish K
SK
Garg
Marian
M
Rewers
D000328:Adult; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018167:Receptors, Calcitriol / Q000235:genetics; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics; D014809:Vitamin D-Binding Protein / Q000235:genetics
D018167:Receptors, Calcitriol; D014809:Vitamin D-Binding Protein