P-wave indices: derivation of reference values from the Framingham Heart Study.
BACKGROUND
P-wave indices, an electrocardiographic phenotype reflecting atrial electrophysiology and morphology, may be altered in multiple disease states or by cardiovascular risk factors. Reference values for P-wave indices, providing cut points for their classification and interpretation, have not yet been established and are essential toward facilitating clinical application and comparison between studies.


METHODS
We randomly selected 20 men and 20 women from 10-year age intervals between <25 years to 76-85 years from the Framingham Heart Study Original and Offspring Cohorts, excluding subjects with prevalent cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes or obesity. The total included 295 subjects; eligibility in women >75 years was limited by exclusion criteria. We used a digital measurement technique with demonstrated intrarater reproducibility to determine P-wave indices. P-wave indices examined included the maximum, mean, lead II and PR durations, dispersion, and the standard deviation of duration.


RESULTS
All P-wave indices were significantly (P < 0.0001) correlated with advancing age. Means of all P-wave indices were lower in women as compared to men. PR-interval duration was strongly correlated with maximum, mean, and lead II mean P-wave durations. In multivariable models adjusting for significant anthropometric and clinical associations risk factors, significant differences persisted by age and sex in P-wave indices.


CONCLUSIONS
In our healthy sample without cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes, or obesity, men and older subjects had longer mean P-wave indices. Our description of P-wave indices establishes reference values for future comparative studies and facilitates the classification of P-wave indices.
Magnani
Jared W
JW
Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
Johnson
Victor M
VM
Sullivan
Lisa M
LM
Lubitz
Steven A
SA
Schnabel
Renate B
RB
Ellinor
Patrick T
PT
Benjamin
Emelia J
EJ
D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008404:Massachusetts / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012016:Reference Values; D055815:Young Adult