Inhalation delivery of a novel diindolylmethane derivative for the treatment of lung cancer.
The purpose of this study was to determine the anticancer efficacy of 1,1-bis (3'-indolyl)-1-(p-biphenyl) methane (DIM-C-pPhC₆H₅) by inhalation delivery alone and in combination with i.v. docetaxel in a murine model for lung cancer. An aqueous DIM-C-pPhC₆H₅ formulation was characterized for its aerodynamic properties. Tumor-bearing athymic nude mice were exposed to nebulized DIM-C-pPhC₆H₅, docetaxel, or combination (DIM-C-pPhC₆H₅ plus docetaxel) using a nose-only exposure technique. The aerodynamic properties included mass median aerodynamic diameter of 1.8 ± 0.3 μm and geometric SD of 2.31 ± 0.02. Lung weight reduction in mice treated with the drug combination was 64% compared with 40% and 47% in mice treated with DIM-C-pPhC₆H₅ aerosol and docetaxel alone, respectively. Combination treatment decreased expression of Akt, cyclin D1, survivin, Mcl-1, NF-κB, IκBα, phospho-IκBα, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and increased expression of c-Jun NH₂-terminal kinase 2 and Bad compared with tumors collected from single-agent treatment and control groups. DNA fragmentation was also enhanced in mice treated with the drug combination compared with docetaxel or DIM-C-pPhC₆H₅ alone. Combination treatment decreased expressions of VEGF and CD31 compared with single-agent treated and control groups. These results suggest that DIM-C-pPhC₆H₅ aerosol enhanced the anticancer activity of docetaxel in a lung cancer model by activating multiple signaling pathways. The study provides evidence that DIM-C-pPhC₆H₅ can be used alone or in combination with other drugs for the treatment of lung cancer using the inhalation delivery approach.
Ichite
Nkechi
N
College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA.
Chougule
Mahavir
M
Patel
Apurva R
AR
Jackson
Tanise
T
Safe
Stephen
S
Singh
Mandip
M
D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007211:Indoles / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D008954:Models, Biological; D059085:Nasal Sprays; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
C505817:1,1-bis(3'-indolyl)-1-(4-biphenyl)methane; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D007211:Indoles; D059085:Nasal Sprays; C016392:3,3'-diindolylmethane