Cell-based sensors for quantifying the physiological impact of microsystems.
Microsystems are increasingly used in the manipulation, patterning and sorting of cells. Critical to the widespread adoption of these new technologies is development of an understanding of their impact on cellular physiology. Here we show the integration of a cell-based sensor, a microfabricated electrical screening platform, and quantitative imaging to enable the first large-scale physiological screens of the impact of microsystems on cells. To perform physiological screening, we developed a cell-based sensor that reports on stress-mediated transcription (via Heat Shock Factor 1 induced expression of GFP). This cell-based sensor was quantitatively characterized using automated imaging. The integration of this quantitative physiological sensor with a microfabricated system enabled the execution of multiplexed screens across electric field strength, frequency, and application duration. Voltage sweeps indicate increasing physiological stress with increasing voltage due to Joule heating, while frequency sweeps indicate increased stress at lower frequencies (<500 kHz) compared with higher frequencies (>1 MHz) due to generation of reactive species at lower frequencies. Combined voltage and frequency sweeps enable the generation of complex maps of physiological state.
Desai
Salil P
SP
Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
Voldman
Joel
J
D000818:Animals; D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D002468:Cell Physiological Phenomena; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D015870:Gene Expression; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D000076249:Heat Shock Transcription Factors; D051379:Mice; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D041681:NIH 3T3 Cells; D013312:Stress, Physiological; D049490:Systems Biology; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics
D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D000076249:Heat Shock Transcription Factors; C490017:Hsf1 protein, mouse; D014157:Transcription Factors; C485184:enhanced green fluorescent protein; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins