F₂-isoprostane formation, measurement and interpretation: the role of exercise.
The level of F₂-isoprostanes (F₂-IsoP) in blood or urine is widely regarded as the reference marker for the assessment of oxidative stress. As a result, nowadays, F₂-IsoP is the most frequently measured oxidative stress marker. Nevertheless, determining F₂-IsoP is a challenging task and the measurement is neither free of mishaps nor straightforward. This review presents for the first time the effect of acute and chronic exercise on F₂-IsoP levels in plasma, urine and skeletal muscle, placing emphasis on the origin, the methodological caveats and the interpretation of F₂-IsoP alterations. From data analysis, the following effects of exercise have emerged: (i) acute exercise clearly increases F₂-IsoP levels in plasma and this effect is generally short-lived, (ii) acute exercise and increased contractile activity markedly increase F₂-IsoP levels in skeletal muscle, (iii) chronic exercise exhibits trend for decreased F₂-IsoP levels in urine but further research is needed. Theoretically, it seems that significant amounts of F₂-IsoP can be produced not only from phospholipids but from neutral lipids as well. The origin of F₂-IsoP detected in plasma and urine (as done by almost all studies in humans) remains controversial, as a multitude of tissues (including skeletal muscle and plasma) can independently produce F₂-IsoP.
Institute of Human Performance and Rehabilitation, Center for Research and Technology - Thessaly, Trikala, Greece. mnikol@pe.uth.gr
Michalis G
MG
Nikolaidis
Antonios
A
Kyparos
Ioannis S
IS
Vrabas
D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D019963:Clinical Chemistry Tests / Q000379:methods*; D015444:Exercise; D028441:F2-Isoprostanes / Q000032:analysis* / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation; D018384:Oxidative Stress
D015415:Biomarkers; D028441:F2-Isoprostanes