Impairment of ovarian function and associated health-related abnormalities are attributable to low social status in premenopausal monkeys and not mitigated by a high-isoflavone soy diet.
BACKGROUND
Psychological stress may impair premenopausal ovarian function and contribute to risk for chronic disease. Soy isoflavones may also influence ovarian function and affect health. Here, we report the effects of a psychological stressor (subordinate social status) and dietary soy on reproductive function and related health indices in female monkeys. We hypothesized that reproductive compromise and adverse health outcomes would be induced in subordinate when compared with dominant monkeys and be mitigated by exposure to soy.


METHODS
Subjects were 95 adult cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) housed in social groups of five or six. Animals consumed a soy-free, animal protein-based diet during an 8-month Baseline phase and then, during a 32-month Treatment phase, consumed either the baseline diet or an identical diet that substituted high-isoflavone soy protein for animal protein.


RESULTS
Across more than 1200 menstrual cycles, subordinate monkeys consistently exhibited ovarian impairment [increased cycle length (P < 0.02) and variability (P < 0.02) and reduced levels of progesterone (P < 0.04) and estradiol (P < 0.04)]. Subordinate status was confirmed behaviorally and was associated with elevated cortisol (P < 0.04) and relative osteopenia (P < 0.05). Consumption of the soy diet had no significant effects.


CONCLUSIONS
(i) Psychological stress adversely affects ovarian function and related health indices in a well-accepted animal model of women's health; (ii) Similar effects may extend to women experiencing reproductive impairment of psychogenic origin; (iii) soy protein and isoflavones neither exacerbate nor mitigate the effects of an adverse psychosocial environment; and (iv) this study was limited by an inability to investigate the genetic and developmental determinants of social status.
Wake Forest University Primate Center, Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1040, USA. jkaplan@wfubmc.edu
J R
JR
Kaplan
H
H
Chen
S E
SE
Appt
C J
CJ
Lees
A A
AA
Franke
S L
SL
Berga
M E
ME
Wilson
S B
SB
Manuck
T B
TB
Clarkson
D000818:Animals; D000858:Anovulation / Q000209:etiology; D015519:Bone Density; D001851:Bone Diseases, Metabolic / Q000523:psychology; D003907:Dexamethasone; D004032:Diet; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004958:Estradiol / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006608:Hierarchy, Social; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood; D007529:Isoflavones / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008252:Macaca fascicularis; D008599:Menstruation Disturbances / Q000209:etiology; D017697:Premenopause; D011374:Progesterone / Q000097:blood; D030262:Soybean Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications*
D004044:Dietary Proteins; D007529:Isoflavones; D030262:Soybean Proteins; D011374:Progesterone; D004958:Estradiol; D003907:Dexamethasone; D006854:Hydrocortisone