RNA interference in Schistosoma mansoni schistosomula: selectivity, sensitivity and operation for larger-scale screening.
BACKGROUND
The possible emergence of resistance to the only available drug for schistosomiasis spurs drug discovery that has been recently incentivized by the availability of improved transcriptome and genome sequence information. Transient RNAi has emerged as a straightforward and important technique to interrogate that information through decreased or loss of gene function and identify potential drug targets. To date, RNAi studies in schistosome stages infecting humans have focused on single (or up to 3) genes of interest. Therefore, in the context of standardizing larger RNAi screens, data are limited on the extent of possible off-targeting effects, gene-to-gene variability in RNAi efficiency and the operational capabilities and limits of RNAi.


RESULTS
We investigated in vitro the sensitivity and selectivity of RNAi using double-stranded (ds)RNA (approximately 500 bp) designed to target 11 Schistosoma mansoni genes that are expressed in different tissues; the gut, tegument and otherwise. Among the genes investigated were 5 that had been previously predicted to be essential for parasite survival. We employed mechanically transformed schistosomula that are relevant to parasitism in humans, amenable to screen automation and easier to obtain in greater numbers than adult parasites. The operational parameters investigated included defined culture media for optimal parasite maintenance, transfection strategy, time- and dose-dependency of RNAi, and dosing limits. Of 7 defined culture media tested, Basch Medium 169 was optimal for parasite maintenance. RNAi was best achieved by co-incubating parasites and dsRNA (standardized to 30 µg/ml for 6 days); electroporation provided no added benefit. RNAi, including interference of more than one transcript, was selective to the gene target(s) within the pools of transcripts representative of each tissue. Concentrations of dsRNA above 90 µg/ml were directly toxic. RNAi efficiency was transcript-dependent (from 40 to >75% knockdown relative to controls) and this may have contributed to the lack of obvious phenotypes observed, even after prolonged incubations of 3 weeks. Within minutes of their mechanical preparation from cercariae, schistosomula accumulated fluorescent macromolecules in the gut indicating that the gut is an important route through which RNAi is expedited in the developing parasite.


CONCLUSIONS
Transient RNAi operates gene-selectively in S. mansoni newly transformed schistosomula yet the sensitivity of individual gene targets varies. These findings and the operational parameters defined will facilitate larger RNAi screens.
Sandler Center for Drug Discovery, California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America.
Saša
S
Stefanić
Jan
J
Dvořák
Martin
M
Horn
Simon
S
Braschi
Daniel
D
Sojka
Debbie S
DS
Ruelas
Brian
B
Suzuki
Kee-Chong
KC
Lim
Stephanie D
SD
Hopkins
James H
JH
McKerrow
Conor R
CR
Caffrey
D000818:Animals; D018390:Gene Targeting / Q000379:methods*; D015801:Helminth Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000235:genetics*; D010274:Parasitology / Q000379:methods*; D034622:RNA Interference; D012550:Schistosoma mansoni / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
D015801:Helminth Proteins