Ryanodine receptors: structure, expression, molecular details, and function in calcium release.
Ryanodine receptors (RyRs) are located in the sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum membrane and are responsible for the release of Ca(2+) from intracellular stores during excitation-contraction coupling in both cardiac and skeletal muscle. RyRs are the largest known ion channels (> 2MDa) and exist as three mammalian isoforms (RyR 1-3), all of which are homotetrameric proteins that interact with and are regulated by phosphorylation, redox modifications, and a variety of small proteins and ions. Most RyR channel modulators interact with the large cytoplasmic domain whereas the carboxy-terminal portion of the protein forms the ion-conducting pore. Mutations in RyR2 are associated with human disorders such as catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia whereas mutations in RyR1 underlie diseases such as central core disease and malignant hyperthermia. This chapter examines the current concepts of the structure, function and regulation of RyRs and assesses the current state of understanding of their roles in associated disorders.
Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Houston, Texas 77030,USA.
Johanna T
JT
Lanner
Dimitra K
DK
Georgiou
Aditya D
AD
Joshi
Susan L
SL
Hamilton
D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D020013:Calcium Signaling; D054732:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D002147:Calmodulin / Q000378:metabolism; D002155:Calsequestrin / Q000378:metabolism; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008958:Models, Molecular; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism*; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism; D019837:Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D022061:Tacrolimus Binding Protein 1A / Q000378:metabolism
D002147:Calmodulin; D002155:Calsequestrin; D019837:Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases; D054732:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2; D022061:Tacrolimus Binding Protein 1A; D002118:Calcium