Cardiovascular and noncardiovascular comorbidities in patients with chronic heart failure.
A broad spectrum of concomitant disorders may complicate heart failure adding further morbidity and mortality risk. Comorbidities may be subdivided into cardiovascular and noncardiovascular. The first group includes hypertension, coronary artery disease, peripheral artery disease, cerebrovascular disease, arrhythmias and valvular heart disease. Noncardiovascular comorbidities include respiratory, endocrine, metabolic, nutritional, renal, hematopoietic, neurological as well as musculoskeletal conditions. In recent years, advances in the treatment of heart failure have not been attended by important changes in management of its comorbidities. They now seem to be major causes of the poor prognosis of heart failure patients. In this review we provide an updated summary of the epidemiological, pathophysiological and clinical characteristics of comorbidities as well as their potential impact for heart failure treatment.
Metra
Marco
M
Cardiology, Department of Experimental and Applied Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy. metramarco@libero.it
Zacà
Valerio
V
Parati
Gianfranco
G
Agostoni
Piergiuseppe
P
Bonadies
Maria
M
Ciccone
Marco
M
Cas
Alessandra Dei
AD
Iacoviello
Massimo
M
Lagioia
Rocco
R
Lombardi
Carolina
C
Maio
Raffaele
R
Magrì
Damiano
D
Musca
Giuseppe
G
Padeletti
Margherita
M
Perticone
Francesco
F
Pezzali
Natalia
N
Piepoli
Massimo
M
Sciacqua
Angela
A
Zanolla
Luisa
L
Nodari
Savina
S
Filardi
Pasquale Perrone
PP
Dei Cas
Livio
L
D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D015897:Comorbidity; D018450:Disease Progression; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D011379:Prognosis; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors