Expandable pedicle screw trajectory in cadaveric lumbar vertebra: an evaluation using microcomputed tomography.
METHODS
An in-vitro cadaver-based measurement using microcomputed tomography.


OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the safety of removal of expandable pedicle screws (EPSs) in human vertebral bodies after a long (6 mo) insertion time.


BACKGROUND
Transpedicular fixation is commonly used for posterior fixation of the spine. Osteoporotic patients are in high risk of internal fixation failure. EPS is an available device for increasing transpedical fixation in the osteoporotic spine. However, it is unclear that how much the diameter of the expanding screw tip increases in the human vertebral body, and no reports have assessed the potential for fracture of the pedicle when the EPS is removed. Therefore, the safety of removal of EPS needs to be evaluated.


METHODS
In this study, 6.50 mm EPSs were inserted into cadaveric lumbar vertebrae. The maximum diameters of expansion, the maximum diameters of the EPS trajectories, and the diameters of the EPS trajectories in the pedicles were measured using microcomputed tomography imaging and 3-dimensional reconstruction. Regions of interest of the same size adjacent to the EPS in the pedicle and in the vertebral body were reconstructed and analyzed using the same thresholds (1000). Bone volume divided by total volume (BV/TV) in these regions of interest was determined.


RESULTS
The maximum diameter of expansion of the EPSs in the vertebral body was 7.63 mm, a 17.38% increase from the original diameter. The maximum diameter of the EPS trajectory and the diameter of the EPS trajectory in the pedicle were 7.56 mm and 7.09 mm, respectively, increases of 16.31% and 9.08%. The differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). In the pedicle, there was a negative correlation between the diameter of the EPS trajectory and the BV/TV along the EPS trajectory (r = -0.88; P = 0.002). In the vertebral body, a negative correlation occurred between the maximum expansion diameter of the EPS and vertebral BV/TV (r = -0.85; P = 0.004).


CONCLUSIONS
The EPS could be reliably removed after expansion without fracturing the pedicle. Furthermore, the BV/TV had an important influence on the degree of expansion of EPS and whether or not pedicle fracture occurs.
Wan
Shi-Yong
SY
Department of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
Wu
Zi-xiang
ZX
Zhang
Wei
W
Liu
Da
D
Gao
Ming-xuan
MX
Fu
Suo-Chao
SC
Shi
Lei
L
Lei
Wei
W
D000368:Aged; D001863:Bone Screws / Q000592:standards*; D002102:Cadaver; D006801:Humans; D016268:Internal Fixators / Q000592:standards*; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*