Practical guidelines for acute pancreatitis.
BACKGROUND
The following is a summary of the official guidelines of the Italian Association for the Study of the Pancreas regarding the medical, endoscopic and surgical management of acute pancreatitis.
Clinical features together with elevation of the plasma concentrations of pancreatic enzymes are the cornerstones of diagnosis (recommendation A). Contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) provides good evidence for the presence of pancreatitis (recommendation C) and it should be carried out 48-72 h after the onset of symptoms in patients with predicted severe pancreatitis. Severity assessment is essential for the selection of the proper initial treatment in the management of acute pancreatitis (recommendation A) and should be done using the APACHE II score, serum C-reactive protein and CT assessment (recommendation C). The etiology of acute pancreatitis should be able to be determined in at least 80% of cases (recommendation B). An adequate volume of intravenous fluid should be administered promptly to correct the volume deficit and maintain basal fluid requirements (recommendation A); analgesia is crucial for the correct treatment of the disease (recommendation A). Enteral feeding is indicated in severe necrotizing pancreatitis and it is better than total parenteral nutrition (recommendation A). The use of prophylactic broad-spectrum antibiotics reduces infection rates in CT-proven necrotizing pancreatitis (recommendation A). Infected pancreatic necrosis in patients with clinical signs and symptoms of sepsis is an indication for intervention, including surgery and radiological drainage (recommendation B).


CONCLUSIONS
The participants agreed to revise the guidelines every 3 years in order to re-evaluate each question on the management of acute pancreatitis patients according to the most recent literature.
Pezzilli
R
R
Department of Digestive Diseases and Internal Medicine, Sant’Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Via Massarenti 9, IT–40138 Bologna, Italy. raffaele.pezzilli@aosp.bo.it
Zerbi
A
A
Di Carlo
V
V
Bassi
C
C
Delle Fave
G F
GF
D018806:APACHE; D000208:Acute Disease; D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000097:blood; D000700:Analgesics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002047:Buprenorphine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002763:Cholecystectomy; D004750:Enteral Nutrition; D006801:Humans; D008049:Lipase / Q000097:blood; D010179:Pancreas / Q000601:surgery; D010195:Pancreatitis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D019283:Pancreatitis, Acute Necrotizing / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
D000700:Analgesics; D002047:Buprenorphine; D000410:Alanine Transaminase; D008049:Lipase