Spironolactone management of resistant hypertension.
OBJECTIVE
To review the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, efficacy data, and adverse effects of spironolactone in the treatment of resistant hypertension.


METHODS
A literature search was conducted using MEDLINE (1966-July 2010), International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970-July 2010), and Cochrane database (2009) for the key words spironolactone or resistant hypertension. References cited in the articles were reviewed for additional information.


METHODS
English-language literature reporting pharmacology data from animal studies and clinical trials evaluating the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, efficacy data, and adverse effects of spironolactone were included.


RESULTS
Spironolactone is a potassium-sparing diuretic with anti-aldosterone effects that are beneficial in the management of hypertension. Spironolactone has shown improvement in 5 prospective studies and 1 retrospective study evaluating its blood pressuring-lowering abilities in patients with resistant hypertension. Specifically, the average blood pressure lowering noted in these trials with the addition of spironolactone in patients with resistant hypertension was 22/10 mm Hg. Trials evaluating spironolactone's role in resistant hypertension treatment have identified hyperkalemia, gynecomastia, and renal insufficiency as the major adverse effects that warrant monitoring.


CONCLUSIONS
Spironolactone is an appropriate antihypertensive medication to add to treatment of patients with resistant hypertension (≥3 antihypertensive medications at optimal doses) not at their blood pressure goal. In patients considered to have resistant hypertension, secondary causes should be ruled out.
Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Colorado, Aurora, USA. joel.marrs@ucdenver.edu
Joel C
JC
Marrs
D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D004232:Diuretics / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016903:Drug Monitoring; D004351:Drug Resistance; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D000451:Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013148:Spironolactone / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*
D004232:Diuretics; D000451:Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists; D013148:Spironolactone