Identifying patients at particular risk of injury during repeat sternotomy: analysis of 2555 cardiac reoperations.
OBJECTIVE
A variety of protective strategies during repeat sternotomy been proposed; however, it remains unclear for which patients they are warranted.


METHODS
We identified adults undergoing repeat median sternotomy for routine cardiac surgery at our institution between January 1, 1996, and December 31, 2007. The operative notes and perioperative outcomes were reviewed.


RESULTS
Of the 2555 patients, 1537 (60%) had undergone previous coronary artery bypass grafting, 700 (27%) previous mitral valve surgery, and 643 (25%) previous aortic valve replacement (AVR). Sixty-one patients (2%) had prior mediastinal radiotherapy, and 424 (17%) had more than one previous sternotomy. In 231 patients, 267 injuries (9.0%) occurred. Injury occurred during sternotomy in 87 patients (33%) and during prepump dissection in 135 (51%). The hospital mortality rate was 6.5% among those without injury and 18.5% among those with injury (P < .001); when injury occurred during sternal division, the mortality rate was 25%. Injuries were more common after previous coronary artery bypass grafting (11% with previous coronary artery bypass grafting vs 7% without, P = .0012) but not previous AVR, mitral valve surgery, or aortic surgery. Injury was also more common when the current operation was AVR (10% with AVR vs 8% without, P = .04) or aortic surgery (14% vs 8%, P = .004). On multivariate analysis, previous radiotherapy (odds ratio, 4.9), a greater number of previous sternotomies (odds ratio 1.7), and a patent internal thoracic artery (odds ratio, 1.8) predicted injury. Injury was an independent risk factor of hospital death (odds ratio, 2.6).


CONCLUSIONS
Particular attention to protective strategies should be considered during reoperative sternotomy among patients with multiple previous sternotomies, previous mediastinal radiotherapy, and those with patent internal thoracic artery grafts.
Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
Chan B
CB
Park
Rakesh M
RM
Suri
Harold M
HM
Burkhart
Kevin L
KL
Greason
Joseph A
JA
Dearani
Hartzell V
HV
Schaff
Thoralf M
TM
Sundt
D000368:Aged; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Q000009:adverse effects; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D019918:Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000401:mortality; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008910:Minnesota; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D012086:Reoperation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D056346:Sternotomy / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000401:mortality; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014654:Vascular Patency