Human immunodeficiency virus-1 vaccine design: where do we go now?
Numerous human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 vaccines have been developed over the last three decades, but to date an effective HIV-1 vaccine that can be used for prophylactic or therapeutic purposes in humans has not been identified. The failures and limited successes of HIV-1 vaccines have highlighted the gaps in our knowledge with regard to fundamental immunity against HIV-1 and have provided insights for vaccine strategies that may be implemented for designing more effective HIV-1 vaccines in the future. Recent studies have shown that robust mucosal immunity, high avidity and polyfunctional T cells, and broadly neutralizing antibodies are important factors governing the induction of protective immunity against HIV-1. Furthermore, optimization of vaccine delivery methods for DNA or live viral vector-based vaccines, elucidating the immune responses of individuals who remain resistant to HIV-1 infections and also understanding the core immune responses mediating protection against simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIV) and HIV-1 in animal models following vaccination, are key aspects to be regarded for designing more effective HIV-1 vaccines in the future.
Wijesundara
Danushka K
DK
Department Emerging Pathogens and Vaccines, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia. danushka.wijesundara@anu.edu.au
Jackson
Ronald J
RJ
Ramshaw
Ian A
IA
Ranasinghe
Charani
C
D016915:AIDS Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*; D056704:Adaptive Immunity / Q000276:immunology; D000818:Animals; D057134:Antibodies, Neutralizing / Q000276:immunology; D005822:Genetic Vectors / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D018928:Immunity, Mucosal / Q000276:immunology; D018449:SAIDS Vaccines / Q000276:immunology; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated / Q000276:immunology
D016915:AIDS Vaccines; D057134:Antibodies, Neutralizing; D018449:SAIDS Vaccines; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated