Regulation of heparanase expression in coronary artery disease in diabetic, hyperlipidemic swine.
OBJECTIVE
Enzymatic degradation of the extracellular matrix is known to be powerful regulator of atherosclerosis. However, little is known about the enzymatic regulation of heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) during the formation and progression of atherosclerotic plaques.


RESULTS
Swine were rendered diabetic through streptozotocin injection and hyperlipidemic through a high fat diet. Arterial remodeling and local endothelial shear stress (ESS) were assessed using intravascular ultrasound, coronary angiography and computational fluid dynamics at weeks 23 and 30. Coronary arteries were harvested and 142 arterial subsegments were analyzed using histomorphologic staining, immunostaining and real time PCR. Heparanase staining and activity was increased in arterial segments with low ESS, in lesions with thin cap fibroatheroma (TCFA) morphology and in lesions with severely degraded internal elastic laminae. In addition, heparanase staining co-localized with staining for CD45 and MMP-2 within atherosclerotic plaques. Dual staining with gelatinase zymography and heparanase immunohistochemical staining demonstrated co-localization of matrix metalloprotease activity with heparanase staining. A heparanase enzymatic activity assay demonstrated increased activity in TCFA lesions, subsegments with low ESS and in macrophages treated with oxidized LDL or angiotensin II.


CONCLUSIONS
Taken together, our results support a critical role for heparanase in the development of vulnerable plaques and suggest a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of atherosclerosis.
Baker
Aaron B
AB
Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States. abbaker@austin.utexas.edu
Chatzizisis
Yiannis S
YS
Beigel
Roy
R
Jonas
Michael
M
Stone
Benjamin V
BV
Coskun
Ahmet U
AU
Maynard
Charles
C
Rogers
Campbell
C
Koskinas
Konstantinos C
KC
Feldman
Charles L
CL
Stone
Peter H
PH
Edelman
Elazer R
ER
D000818:Animals; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000201:enzymology*; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; D005966:Glucuronidase / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D019812:Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans / Q000378:metabolism; D006949:Hyperlipidemias / Q000201:enzymology*; D017493:Leukocyte Common Antigens / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D058226:Plaque, Atherosclerotic / Q000201:enzymology; D013552:Swine; D000099175:Heparanase
D004041:Dietary Fats; D005966:Glucuronidase; D019812:Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans; D017493:Leukocyte Common Antigens; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; D000099175:Heparanase