title: Effects of CYP2C19 genotype on outcomes of clopidogrel treatment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It has been suggested that clopidogrel may be less effective in reducing the rate of cardiovascular events among persons who are carriers of loss-of-function CYP2C19 alleles that are associated with reduced conversion of clopidogrel to its active metabolite.
  
  
  METHODS
  We genotyped patients from two large, randomized trials that showed that clopidogrel, as compared with placebo, reduced the rate of cardiovascular events (the primary efficacy outcome) among patients with acute coronary syndromes and among patients with atrial fibrillation. Patients were genotyped for three single-nucleotide polymorphisms (*2, *3, *17) that define the major CYP2C19 alleles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 5059 genotyped patients with acute coronary syndromes, clopidogrel as compared with placebo significantly reduced the rate of the primary efficacy outcome, irrespective of the genetically determined metabolizer phenotype (P=0.12 for heterogeneity). The effect of clopidogrel in reducing the rate of the primary efficacy outcome was similar in patients who were heterozygous or homozygous for loss-of-function alleles and in those who were not carriers of the alleles (rate among carriers, 8.0% with clopidogrel vs. 11.6% with placebo; hazard ratio with clopidogrel, 0.69; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.49 to 0.98; rate among noncarriers, 9.5% vs. 13.0%; hazard ratio, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.59 to 0.87). In contrast, gain-of-function carriers derived more benefit from clopidogrel treatment as compared with placebo than did noncarriers (rate of primary outcome among carriers, 7.7% vs. 13.0%; hazard ratio, 0.55; 95% CI, 0.42 to 0.73; rate among noncarriers, 10.0% vs. 12.2%; hazard ratio, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.68 to 1.05; P=0.02 for interaction). The effect of clopidogrel on bleeding did not vary according to genotypic subgroups. Among 1156 genotyped patients with atrial fibrillation, there was no evidence of an interaction with respect to either efficacy or bleeding between the study treatment and the metabolizer phenotype, loss-of-function carrier status, or gain-of-function carrier status.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among patients with acute coronary syndromes or atrial fibrillation, the effect of clopidogrel as compared with placebo is consistent, irrespective of CYP2C19 loss-of-function carrier status. (Funded by Sanofi-Aventis and Bristol-Myers Squibb; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00249873.).
authors.affiliation: Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON, Canada. pareg@mcmaster.ca
authors.forename: Guillaume
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Paré
authors.forename: Shamir R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Mehta
authors.forename: Salim
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yusuf
authors.forename: Sonia S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Anand
authors.forename: Stuart J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Connolly
authors.forename: Jack
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hirsh
authors.forename: Katy
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Simonsen
authors.forename: Deepak L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Bhatt
authors.forename: Keith A A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Fox
authors.forename: John W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Eikelboom
mesh_terms: D054058:Acute Coronary Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics; D000368:Aged; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases / Q000235:genetics*; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics; D000077144:Clopidogrel; D065731:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C19; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013988:Ticlopidine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; D000077144:Clopidogrel; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases; C045793:CYP2C19 protein, human; D065731:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C19; D013988:Ticlopidine