title: [Combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema syndrome].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To retrospectively analyze clinical presentations, pulmonary function parameters and radiological appearance in patients with combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema (CPFE) syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed the clinical features, imaging, and lung function indices from 8 patients diagnosed with CPFE according to the findings by high resolution computerized tomography (HRCT) since 2006 to 2009 at Peking Union Medical College Hospital.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All patients were male, aged 65 (59 - 75) years, and 7 of them were smokers. Dyspnea on exertion was presented in 7 patients. Basal crackles were heard in 6 patients and finger clubbing was observed in 4 patients. Pulmonary function demonstrated that forced expiratory volume in one second/forced vital capacity (FEV₁/FVC) was slightly lower with a median of 76% (range 60% to 86%), forced vital capacity (FVC) was 73% (51% - 92%), and total lung capacity (TLC) was 80% (59% - 114%). However, carbon monoxide diffusion capacity (D(L)CO) was significantly impaired (44%, 16% - 65%). HRCT findings included emphysema predominantly at the upper zone, while reticular opacities, honeycombing and traction bronchiectasis were in the lower lobes. Pulmonary hypertension was seen in 6 patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The co-existence of lower lung fibrosis and upper lung emphysema was found in some smokers. Patients with CPFE syndrome can present with a normal or nearly normal lung volume but a remarkable impairment in gas exchange. A high prevalence of pulmonary hypertension is seen in CPFE syndrome. Further studies to elucidate the pathogenesis and to explore the treatment and prognosis are warranted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China.
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.forename: Xin-lun
authors.initials: XL
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Bai-qiang
authors.initials: BQ
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.forename: Jin-ming
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Gao
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011656:Pulmonary Emphysema / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D011658:Pulmonary Fibrosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D011859:Radiography; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D012907:Smoking