title: Lifestyle and cardiovascular risk factors in 2001 child-parent pairs: the PEP Family Heart Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Genes and environment are the main determinants of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factor clustering in families. Since individual risk factor profiles are easily predicted within families, we examined whether CVD risk factors are affected by lifestyle factors in these families.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nutrition, physical activity, and smoking habits were assessed in 2001 biological child-parent pairs from 852 families participating in the Prevention Education Program (PEP). Height, weight, body mass index, waist circumference, blood pressure, and fasting lipid levels were measured. Within-family associations were calculated using generalized estimating equations (GEE).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fathers possessed the most adverse risk profile. Daily energy consumption above the recommended levels was higher in children (daughters +35.4%, sons +26.7%) than in parents (fathers +15.7%, mothers +10.6%). Higher energy consumption was significantly associated with hypertension in mothers (OR 2.5) and in fathers (OR 1.7). Hyper-caloric nutrition of the parents predicted the energy intake of the children in: mother-daughter (OR 7.5), mother-son (OR 3.0), and father-son (OR 2.8) pairs. Low mono-unsaturated fatty acid intake was significantly associated with a high LDL/HDL-C ratio (OR 3.4) and hypertriglyceridemia (OR 2.2) in fathers. Approximately 25% of parents and children reported at least two physical activities twice a week. The 23% of children who were passive smokers presented a far more adverse risk profile than children without exposure to second-hand smoke.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intergenerational lifestyle habits affect cardiovascular risk factors within biological families. As lifestyle habits are predictable, they may be used for implementation of family-based CVD prevention strategies.
authors.affiliation: Arteriosklerose-Praeventions-Institut, Wilbrechhtstr 95, Munich, Nuernberg, Germany. API.Schwandt.Haas@t-online.de
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schwandt
authors.forename: Gerda-Maria
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Haas
authors.forename: Evelyn
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Liepold
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002149:Energy Intake; D005192:Family Health; D005220:Fathers; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000209:etiology; D008019:Life Style; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009035:Mothers; D009043:Motor Activity; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution