title: The antimicrobial and phagocytic defense mechanisms of the terrestrial gastropod Lehmannia nyctelia against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Gastropods are significant vectors of human infectious diseases and are exposed to a wide range of soil parasites and micro-organisms. To defend against infection, we hypothesized that the slug produces both soluble and cellular defense mechanisms.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the gastropod Lehmannia nyctelia, soluble antimicrobial activity was measured by disk diffusion assay and phagocytosis was measured by in vitro and in vivo uptake of fluorescent Escherichia coli bioparticles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In disk diffusion assays we failed to observe either methanol or dimethylsulfoxide soluble material in the slug secretions and tissues. However, isolation of the slug skin cells demonstrated phagocytic morphology in vitro when exposed to Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus and internalization of fluorescent Escherichia coli bioparticles. Further, examination of histological sections of a slug exposed to fluorescent Escherichia coli bioparticles revealed a subset of skin cells which had cytoplasmic accumulations of the bioparticles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that the Lehmannia nyctelia skin contains active phagocytic cells that may affect the set of parasites and microbes for which slugs can serve as vectors of disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Adelphi University, Garden City, NY 11530, USA.
authors.forename: Leslie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lorenson
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: DeSantis
authors.forename: Thejus
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mannath
authors.forename: Farhaj
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mirza
authors.forename: Benjamin S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Weeks
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D052978:Disk Diffusion Antimicrobial Tests; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000737:chemistry / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D049851:Gastropoda / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007107:Immune System / Q000502:physiology*; D016716:PC12 Cells; D010587:Phagocytosis / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D012867:Skin / Q000737:chemistry / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D014020:Tissue Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D014020:Tissue Extracts