Toll-like receptor signaling pathways--therapeutic opportunities.
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are transmembrane proteins acting mainly as sensors of microbial components. Triggering TLRs results in increased expression of multiple inflammatory genes, which then play a protective role against infection. However, aberrant activation of TLR signaling has a significant impact on the onset of cancer, allergy, sepsis and autoimmunity. Various adaptor proteins, including MyD88, IRAKs, TIRAP, TRIF, and TRAM, are involved in specific TLR signaling pathways. This article reviews the role of these molecules in TLR signaling, and discusses the impact of this pathway on various disease scenarios. Given their important role in infectious and non-infectious disease settings, TLRs and their signaling pathways emerge as attractive targets for therapeutics.
Zhu
Jiankun
J
The Department of Internal Medicine (Rheumatology), University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
Mohan
Chandra
C
D000818:Animals; D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000276:immunology; D053592:Interleukin-1 Receptor-Associated Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D053594:Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88 / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*
C507779:MYD88 protein, human; D053594:Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors; C507768:IRAK1 protein, human; D053592:Interleukin-1 Receptor-Associated Kinases