title: Impact of positive family history and genetic risk variants on the incidence of diabetes: the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to investigate the influence of positive family history (FH+) of diabetes and 19 known genetic risk loci on the effectiveness of lifestyle changes and their predictive value on the incidence of type 2 diabetes in the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study (DPS).
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 522 subjects with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) were randomized into the control (n = 257) and intervention (n = 265) groups. The mean follow-up was 6.2 years (median 7 years), and the lifestyle intervention, aimed at weight reduction, healthy diet, and increased physical activity, lasted for 4 years (range 1-6 years). An oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and assessment of basic clinical variables were performed annually.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The effect of intervention on the incidence of diabetes was almost similar in subjects with FH+ compared with subjects with a negative family history (FH-) of diabetes during the entire follow-up. In the Cox model, including FH, genetic risk SNPs, and randomization group, and adjusted for the effects of age, sex, BMI, and study center, only lifestyle intervention had a significant effect (hazard ratio 0.55, 95% CI 0.41-0.75, P < 0.001) on the incidence of diabetes. Further analyses showed that in addition to the baseline glucose and insulin values, 1-year changes in 2-h glucose and 2-h insulin achieved by lifestyle intervention had a significant effect on the incidence of diabetes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results emphasize the effectiveness of lifestyle intervention in reducing the risk of diabetes in high-risk individuals independently of genetic or familial risk of type 2 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland. matti.uusitupa@uef.fi
authors.forename: Matti I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Uusitupa
authors.forename: Alena
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stancáková
authors.forename: Markku
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Peltonen
authors.forename: Johan G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Eriksson
authors.forename: Jaana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lindström
authors.forename: Sirkka
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Aunola
authors.forename: Pirjo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ilanne-Parikka
authors.forename: Sirkka
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi
authors.forename: Jaakko
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tuomilehto
authors.forename: Markku
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Laakso
mesh_terms: D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000235:genetics / Q000517:prevention & control; D004038:Diet, Reducing; D005192:Family Health; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012307:Risk Factors