title: Comparison of real-time PCR techniques to cytotoxigenic culture methods for diagnosing Clostridium difficile infection.
abstract: In the past decade, the incidence of Clostridium difficile infections (CDI) with a more severe course has increased in Europe and North America. Assays that are capable of rapidly diagnosing CDI are essential. Two real-time PCRs (LUMC and LvI) targeting C. difficile toxin genes (tcdB, and tcdA and tcdB, respectively) were compared with the BD GeneOhm PCR (targeting the tcdB gene), using cytotoxigenic culture as a gold standard. In addition, a real-time PCR targeting the tcdC frameshift mutation at position 117 (Δ117 PCR) was evaluated for detecting toxigenic C. difficile and the presence of PCR ribotype 027 in stool samples. In total, 526 diarrheal samples were prospectively collected and included in the study. Compared with those for cytotoxigenic culture, sensitivity, specificity, positive predicted value (PPV), and negative predicted value (NPV) were for PCR LUMC 96.0%, 88.0%, 66.0%, and 98.9%, for PCR LvI 100.0%, 89.4%, 69.7%, and 100.0%, for PCR Δ117 98.0%, 90.7%, 71.9%, and 99.5%, and for PCR BD GeneOhm 88.3%, 96.9%, 86.5%, and 97.4%. Compared to those with feces samples cultured positive for C. difficile type 027, the sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of the Δ117 PCR were 95.2%, 96.2%, 87.0%, and 98.7%. We conclude that all real-time PCRs can be applied as a first screening test in an algorithm for diagnosing CDI. However, the low PPVs hinder the use of the assays as stand-alone tests. Furthermore, the Δ117 PCR may provide valuable information for minimizing the spread of the epidemic C. difficile PCR ribotype 027.
authors.affiliation: Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Medical Microbiology, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, Netherlands.
authors.forename: C W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Knetsch
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bakker
authors.forename: R F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: de Boer
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sanders
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hofs
authors.forename: A M D
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Kooistra-Smid
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Corver
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Eastwood
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Wilcox
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Kuijper
mesh_terms: D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000633:toxicity*; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000633:toxicity*; D001431:Bacteriological Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques / Q000379:methods; D016360:Clostridioides difficile / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity; D003015:Clostridium Infections / Q000175:diagnosis*; D004768:Enterotoxins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000633:toxicity*; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D004768:Enterotoxins; C041348:tcdA protein, Clostridium difficile; C031815:toxB protein, Clostridium difficile