title: Arginine 104 is a key catalytic residue in leukotriene C4 synthase.
abstract: Human leukotriene C(4) synthase (hLTC(4)S) is an integral membrane enzyme that conjugates leukotriene (LT) A(4) with glutathione to form LTC(4), a precursor to the cysteinyl leukotrienes (LTC(4), LTD(4), and LTE(4)) that are involved in the pathogenesis of human bronchial asthma. From the crystal structure of hLTC(4)S, Arg-104 and Arg-31 have been implicated in the conjugation reaction. Here, we used site-directed mutagenesis, UV spectroscopy, and x-ray crystallography to examine the catalytic role of Arg-104 and Arg-31. Exchange of Arg-104 with Ala, Ser, Thr, or Lys abolished 94.3-99.9% of the specific activity against LTA(4). Steady-state kinetics of R104A and R104S revealed that the K(m) for GSH was not significantly affected. UV difference spectra of the binary enzyme-GSH complex indicated that GSH ionization depends on the presence of Arg-104 because no thiolate signal, with λ(max) at 239 nm, could be detected using R104A or R104S hLTC(4)S. Apparently, the interaction of Arg-104 with the thiol group of GSH reduces its pK(a) to allow formation of a thiolate anion and subsequent nucleophilic attack at C6 of LTA(4). On the other hand, exchange of Arg-31 with Ala or Glu reduced the catalytic activity of hLTC(4)S by 88 and 70%, respectively, without significantly affecting the k(cat)/K(m) values for GSH, and a crystal structure of R31Q hLTC(4)S (2.1 Å) revealed a Gln-31 side chain pointing away from the active site. We conclude that Arg-104 plays a critical role in the catalytic mechanism of hLTC(4)S, whereas a functional role of Arg-31 seems more elusive. Because Arg-104 is a conserved residue, our results pertain to other homologous membrane proteins and represent a structure-function paradigm probably common to all microsomal GSH transferases.
authors.affiliation: Division of Chemistry 2, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Agnes
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rinaldo-Matthis
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wetterholm
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Martinez Molina
authors.forename: Johanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Holm
authors.forename: Damian
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Niegowski
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ohlson
authors.forename: Pär
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nordlund
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Morgenstern
authors.forename: Jesper Z
authors.initials: JZ
authors.lastname: Haeggström
mesh_terms: D019943:Amino Acid Substitution; D001120:Arginine / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002384:Catalysis; D020134:Catalytic Domain; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D020125:Mutation, Missense; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet
chemical_list: D001120:Arginine; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; C041116:leukotriene-C4 synthase