title: Polymorphonuclear cell priming associated with NF-kB activation in patients with severe injury is partially dependent on macrophage migration inhibitory factor.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Severe trauma may induce alternations of cytokine response and polymorphonuclear cell (PMN) activity in patients. This study investigated the correlation of plasma migration inhibitory factor (MIF) level and PMN activation after severe injury, and their relationship with clinical outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective observational study was performed at the emergency department and intensive care unit of a university hospital. Thirty-two severe blunt trauma patients (Injury Severity Score greater than 16) with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) were enrolled. Age- and gender-matched healthy persons were the controls. Patient blood samples were obtained within 24 hours of and at 72 hours after injury. PMNs were isolated and measured for NF-kBp65 translocation and respiratory burst. Plasma MIF, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and IL-10 concentrations were measured. Control PMNs were incubated with patient plasma preincubated with anti-MIF antibody or anti-IL-6 antibody; cytokine blockade effects were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twelve patients developed organ failure. Compared with patients without organ failure, patients with organ failure had lower blood pressure and a higher base deficit on admission, higher NF-kBp65 translocation and respiratory burst of PMNs, and higher plasma MIF (968 ± 246 pg/mL vs 564 ± 299 pg/mL) and IL-6 (202 ± 91 pg/mL vs 119 ± 84 pg/mL) levels within 24 hours after injury. Plasma MIF had significant positive correlation with NF-kB translocation of PMNs within 24 hours of incurring trauma (R = 0.668). The presence of anti-MIF antibody in patients' plasma obtained within 24 hours, but not at 72 hours, after injury could significantly partially block the NF-kBp65 translocation and respiratory activity of PMNs in the controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An early increase of plasma MIF associates with NF-kB translocation and respiratory burst in PMNs of severe trauma patients and correlates with higher morbidity. MIF is one of the important factors responsible for early PMN activation and may provide a target of immunomodulation after injury.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Hsin-Chin
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Shih
authors.forename: Mu-Shun
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Chen-Hsen
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000097:blood; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000097:blood; D008263:Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009017:Morbidity; D009102:Multiple Organ Failure / Q000378:metabolism*; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000378:metabolism*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012107:Research Design; D016897:Respiratory Burst; D013997:Time Factors; D014178:Translocation, Genetic; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood*; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D015850:Interleukin-6; D016209:Interleukin-8; D008263:Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors; D016328:NF-kappa B; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016753:Interleukin-10