title: Normal cortisol response to high-dose synacthen and insulin tolerance test in children and adults with Prader-Willi syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a genetic disease associated with hypogonadism and partial GH insufficiency, possibly explained in part by a hypothalamic dysfunction. Partial insufficiency of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis has recently been suggested.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of the study was to further explore the HPA axis in PWS by use of routine tests.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nonselected PWS patients were examined with a standard high-dose synacthen test or the insulin tolerance test (ITT). A random serum (s) cortisol was measured in case of acute illness.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted at university hospitals in Denmark and Sweden.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-five PWS patients with a confirmed genetic diagnosis participated in the study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A s-cortisol value above 500 nmol/liter as well as an increase of 250 nmol/liter or greater was considered a normal response.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-seven PWS patients (median age 22 yr, total range 0.5-48 yr) were examined with the high-dose synacthen test. The median s-cortisol at the time of 30 min was 699 (474-1578) nmol/liter. Only one patient had a s-cortisol level below 500 nmol/liter but an increase of 359 nmol/liter. This patient subsequently showed a normal ITT response. Two patients had increases less than 250 nmol/liter but a time of 30-min s-cortisol values of 600 nmol/liter or greater. These three patients were interpreted as normal responders. Eight patients [aged 26 (16-36) yr] examined with the ITT had a median peak s-cortisol of 668 (502-822) nmol/liter. Four children admitted for acute illnesses had s-cortisol values ranging from 680 to 1372 nmol/liter.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this PWS cohort, the function of the HPA axis was normal, suggesting that clinically significant adrenal insufficiency in PWS is rare.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Aarhus University Hospital Skejby, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark. stenfarh@rm.dk.
authors.forename: Stense
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Farholt
authors.forename: Rasmus
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sode-Carlsen
authors.forename: Jens Sandahl
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Christiansen
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Østergaard
authors.forename: Charlotte
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Høybye
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000309:Adrenal Insufficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003366:Cosyntropin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood*; D007030:Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007118:Immunoassay; D007223:Infant; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010901:Pituitary Function Tests; D010913:Pituitary-Adrenal System / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011218:Prader-Willi Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin; D003366:Cosyntropin; C006418:adrenocorticotropin zinc; D006854:Hydrocortisone