title: Scleroderma renal crisis: a pathology perspective.
abstract: Scleroderma renal crisis (SRC) is an infrequent but serious complication of systemic sclerosis (SSc). It is associated with increased vascular permeability, activation of coagulation cascade, and renin secretion, which may lead to the acute renal failure typically associated with accelerated hypertension. The histologic picture of SRC is that of a thrombotic microangiopathy process with prominent small vessel involvement manifesting as myxoid intimal changes, thrombi, onion skin lesions, and/or fibrointimal sclerosis. Renal biopsies play an important role in confirming the clinical diagnosis, excluding overlapping/superimposed diseases that might lead to acute renal failure in SSc patients, helping to predict the clinical outcome and optimizing patient management. Kidney transplantation may be the only treatment option available for a subset of SRC patients who develop end-stage renal failure despite aggressive angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor therapy. However, the posttransplant outcome for SSc patients is currently suboptimal compared to the general renal transplant population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, A614 Scaife Hall, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
authors.forename: Ibrahim
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Batal
authors.forename: Robyn T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Domsic
authors.forename: Thomas A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Medsger
authors.forename: Sheldon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bastacky