title: Olfactory and visual responses of the longlegged chafer Hoplia spectabilis Medvedev (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in Qinghai Province, China.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Monitoring traps and control methods are needed for the long-legged chafer, Hoplia spectabilis Medvedev, which has recently reached outbreak numbers in pastureland of Qinghai Province, China.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Field trapping experiments, using cross-pane funnel (barrier) traps, showed that H. spectabilis adults were not significantly attracted to branches of the host plant Dasiphora fructicosa (L.) Rydb. However, beetles were slightly attracted to similar host plant branches infested by conspecific beetles, possibly owing to weakly attractive volatiles, primarily (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, released from beetle-damaged host leaves. This compound was weakly attractive when released from traps. However, H. spectabilis beetles showed strong visual responses to yellow- or white-painted trap panes, with weaker responses to blue, red or green panes, and least response to black panes. Black traps at 0.2-1.5 m above ground intercepted significantly more beetles than traps at 2.5 m. The mean flight height based on trap catches was 0.88 m (SD = 0.76), yielding an effective flight layer of 1.9 m. Flight response of beetles to colored barrier traps occurred between 10:00 and 18:00, and peaked between 12:00-14:00, when daily temperatures reached their maximum.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Unbaited yellow or white cross-pane funnel traps are recommended for both monitoring and mass-trapping programs against this economically and ecologically important scarab beetle.
authors.affiliation: Sterling International, Inc., Spokane, WA 99216, USA. qing-he@rescue.com
authors.forename: Qing-He
authors.initials: QH
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Jian-Hai
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Qi-Qing
authors.initials: QQ
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Byers
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: Feng-Yu
authors.initials: FY
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: You-Qing
authors.initials: YQ
authors.lastname: Luo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002681:China; D001517:Coleoptera / Q000502:physiology*; D007300:Insect Control / Q000379:methods*; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000469:parasitology; D012393:Rosacea / Q000469:parasitology; D012903:Smell; D014785:Vision, Ocular