LC-MS of palytoxin and its analogues: State of the art and future perspectives.
The state of the art of LC-MS of palytoxin and its analogues is reported in the present review. MS data for palytoxin, 42-hydroxy-palytoxin, ostreocin-D, mascarenotoxins, and ovatoxins, obtained using different ionization techniques, namely fast-atom bombardment (FAB), matrix assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI), and electrospray ionization (ESI), are summarized together with the LC-MS methods used for their detection. Application of the developed LC-MS methods to both plankton and seafood analysis is also reported, paying attention to the extraction procedures used and to limits of detection (LOD) and quantitation (LOQ) achieved. In a research setting, LC-MS has shown a good potential in determination of palytoxin and its analogues from various sources, but, in a regulatory setting, routine LC-MS analysis of palytoxins is still at a preliminary stage. The LOQ currently achieved in seafood analysis appears insufficient to detect palytoxins in shellfish extract at levels close to the tolerance limit for palytoxins (30 μg/kg) proposed by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA, 2009). In addition, lacking of certified reference standard of palytoxins as well as of validation studies for the proposed LC-MS methods represent important issues that should be faced for future perspectives of LC-MS technique.
Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy. ciminiel@unina.it
Patrizia
P
Ciminiello
Carmela
C
Dell'Aversano
Emma
E
Dello Iacovo
Ernesto
E
Fattorusso
Martino
M
Forino
Luciana
L
Tartaglione
D000178:Acrylamides / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000592:standards; D019086:Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000592:standards; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D003064:Cnidarian Venoms / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000592:standards; D059022:Food Safety / Q000379:methods*; D057230:Limit of Detection; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D015394:Molecular Structure; D011714:Pyrans / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000592:standards; D017747:Seafood / Q000032:analysis* / Q000592:standards; D000095702:Polyether Toxins
D000178:Acrylamides; D019086:Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic; D003064:Cnidarian Venoms; D011714:Pyrans; C547187:42-hydroxypalytoxin; D000095702:Polyether Toxins; C010272:palytoxin; C459585:ostreocin D