The effect of a simple checklist on frequent pre-induction deficiencies.
BACKGROUND
A substantial proportion of anaesthesia-related adverse events are preventable by identification and correction of errors in planning, communication, fatigue, stress, and equipment. The aim of this study was to develop and implement a pre-induction checklist in order to identify and solve problems before induction of anaesthesia.


METHODS
The checklist was developed in a stepwise manner using a modified Delphi technique, literature search, expert's opinion, and a pilot version, and then implemented in a clinical environment during a 13-week study period. Each list was registered and analysed using statistical process control. The checklist was mandatory, but emergency cases were excluded.


RESULTS
The checklist, containing 26 items, was used in 502 (61%) of a total of 829 inductions. Eighty-five checklists (17%) identified one or more missing items. The number of missing items decreased significantly throughout the study period. The most important missing items were lack of a second laryngoscope available, introducer not having been fitted to the endotracheal tube, the endotracheal tube cuff not having been tested, and no separate ventilation bag being available. It took a median of 88.5 s (range 52-118) to perform the checklist when no items were missing. The pre-induction time was the same before and after the checklist was introduced (25.1 vs. 24.3 min, P50.25).


CONCLUSIONS
It is possible to develop, introduce, and use a pre-induction checklist even in a hectic and stressful clinical environment. The checklist identified and reduced a surprisingly large number of missing items required in a standard induction protocol.
Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway. oyvt@helse-bergen.no
Ø
Ø
Thomassen
G
G
Brattebø
E
E
Søfteland
H M
HM
Lossius
J-K
JK
Heltne
D000758:Anesthesia / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000761:Anesthesia Department, Hospital / Q000458:organization & administration; D057189:Checklist; D003697:Delphi Technique; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000458:organization & administration; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal / Q000295:instrumentation; D020704:Laryngoscopes / Q000600:supply & distribution; D019300:Medical Errors / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012122:Ventilators, Mechanical / Q000600:supply & distribution