Fatty acid profiles in smokers with chronic periodontitis.
We hypothesized that tobacco smoke induces alterations to the 3-OH fatty acids present in lipid A in a manner consistent with a microflora of reduced inflammatory potential. Whole saliva samples and full-mouth clinical periodontal recordings were obtained from persons with (22 smokers; 15 non-smokers) and without (14 smokers; 15 non-smokers) chronic periodontitis. Clear differences in the contributions of multiple saturated 3-OH fatty acid species were noted in the group with disease compared with healthy individuals. Increases in the long-chain fatty acids associated with anaerobic bacterial periodontopathogens, particularly 3-OH-C(i17.0) (146.7%, relative to controls), were apparent. Significant reductions in the 3-OH fatty acids associated with the consensus (high potency) enteric LPS structure (3-OH-C(12.0) and 3-OH-C(14.0); 33.3% and 15.8% reduction, respectively) were noted in smokers compared with non-smokers with chronic periodontitis. Thus, smoking is associated with specific structural alterations to the lipid-A-derived 3-OH fatty acid profile in saliva that are consistent with an oral microflora of reduced inflammatory potential. These findings provide much-needed mechanistic insight into the established clinical conundrum of increased infection with periodontal pathogens but reduced clinical inflammation in smokers.
Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey.
N
N
Buduneli
L
L
Larsson
B
B
Biyikoglu
D E
DE
Renaud
J
J
Bagaitkar
D A
DA
Scott
D000328:Adult; D001421:Bacteria, Anaerobic / Q000378:metabolism; D055113:Chronic Periodontitis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology; D003367:Cotinine / Q000032:analysis; D003774:Dental Plaque Index; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D005884:Gingival Hemorrhage / Q000378:metabolism; D006090:Gram-Negative Bacteria / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008050:Lipid A / Q000032:analysis; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009055:Mouth / Q000382:microbiology; D017622:Periodontal Attachment Loss / Q000378:metabolism; D010512:Periodontal Index; D010514:Periodontal Pocket / Q000378:metabolism; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry; D012907:Smoking / Q000378:metabolism*
D005227:Fatty Acids; D008050:Lipid A; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D003367:Cotinine