Use of botulinum toxin in the neurology clinic.
Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) is an effective treatment for conditions associated with overactivity of glandular, smooth or skeletal muscle, and this toxin can also ameliorate certain painful conditions. Electromyography, endoscopy and imaging techniques such as ultrasonography and fluoroscopy have been used to increase the accuracy of BoNT injections. This Review assesses the mechanisms of action of BoNT, and examines the use of BoNT injections in numerous neurological conditions, including dystonia, spasticity, headaches and other painful disorders, hemifacial spasm, essential tremor, motor tics, hyperhidrosis, and sialorrhea and drooling. Important practical aspects, such as the reconstitution of BoNT, dosing, and methods of administration, are also addressed.
Division of Neurology, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, 1E, NUHS Tower Block, Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119228. erle_lim@nuhs.edu.sg
Erle C H
EC
Lim
Raymond C S
RC
Seet
D001905:Botulinum Toxins / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003663:Decision Trees; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; D004576:Electromyography / Q000187:drug effects; D019983:Guideline Adherence; D006801:Humans; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy*; D009468:Neuromuscular Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy
D001905:Botulinum Toxins