Evidence for enhanced tissue factor expression in age-related macular degeneration.
Tissue factor (TF) is the primary initiator of blood coagulation. In addition to hemostasis, TF can initiate intracellular signaling and promote inflammation and angiogenesis, the key processes underlying the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). AMD, the leading cause of irreversible blindness among the elderly, involves many genetic and environmental risk factors, including oxidative stress and inflammation. In this study, TF expression was examined in human AMD tissue and in the eyes of a model of AMD, the Ccl2(-/-)/Cx3cr1(-/-) (DKO) mouse, as well as in the ARPE-19 cell line after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and H(2)O(2) stimulation. Total RNA was extracted from tissue samples and further analyzed by real-time RT-PCR. Immunohistochemistry was performed to evaluate TF protein expression. In the human retina, a 32-fold increase of TF mRNA expression was detected in AMD macular lesions compared with normal maculae. TF protein expression was also enhanced in human AMD maculae. Similarly, TF transcript and protein expression were moderately increased in retinal lesions, neuroretinal tissue, and cultured RPE cells of DKO mice compared with age-matched wild-type mice. TF expression level correlated with age in both wild-type and DKO mice. In order to better understand how AMD might lead to enhanced TF expression, 1, 5, and 10 μg/ml LPS as well as 100 and 200 μM H(2)O(2) were used to stimulate ARPE-19 cells for 24 and 2 h, respectively. LPS treatment consistently increased TF transcript and protein expression. H(2)O(2) alone or in combination with LPS also moderately enhanced TF expression. These results indicate that upregulated TF expression may be associated with AMD, and inflammatory and oxidative stress may contribute to TF expression in AMD eyes.
Immunopathology Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1857, USA.
Youngeun
Y
Cho
Xiaoguang
X
Cao
DeFen
D
Shen
Jingsheng
J
Tuo
Leonard M
LM
Parver
Frederick R
FR
Rickles
Chi-Chao
CC
Chan
D000375:Aging / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D000073883:CX3C Chemokine Receptor 1; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000172:deficiency; D004338:Drug Combinations; D006801:Humans; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008266:Macula Lutea / Q000378:metabolism; D008268:Macular Degeneration / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D019707:Receptors, Chemokine / Q000172:deficiency; D012160:Retina / Q000378:metabolism; D055213:Retinal Pigment Epithelium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D013925:Thromboplastin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015854:Up-Regulation
D000073883:CX3C Chemokine Receptor 1; C491768:Ccl2 protein, mouse; D018932:Chemokine CCL2; C471885:Cx3cr1 protein, mouse; D004338:Drug Combinations; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D019707:Receptors, Chemokine; D013925:Thromboplastin; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide