Outcome of distal clavicular fracture separations and dislocations in immature skeleton.
BACKGROUND
There are only a few studies with long-term follow-up of distal clavicular injuries in children and their treatment is not clearly defined. The purpose of our study is to suggest a new classification system according to the fracture pattern and the degree of the displacement, to evaluate the long-term follow-up and also to propose an algorithm for treatment.


METHODS
We conducted a retrospective study from 1983 to 2008. Seventy-five children and adolescents, age ranging from 3 to 16 years (46 >8 years), were treated in our department. We classified all these injuries into five groups according to the fracture pattern and into subgroups according to the displacement of the bony particles: greenstick fractures as group I, transverse fractures as group II, oblique fractures as group III (IIa and IIIa: undisplaced, IIb and IIIb: displaced), comminuted fractures as group IV and true dislocation of the acromioclavicular joint as group V. Sixty-three patients were treated conservatively, while 12 sustained surgical treatment.


RESULTS
Fifty-nine patients were re-examined after 2-18 years. All the patients included in groups I, IIa and IIIa had no loss in the motion of their shoulder. Seven of the 29 patients in groups IIb, IIIb, IV and V appeared to have minor loss of motion. A constant score was noted in 52 patients and the results were excellent. None of the patients complained of limitations in daily activities, while five patients, who were treated conservatively, complained of visible prominence at the fracture site. One of them had a clavicular duplication, while another patient treated surgically complicated with coracoclavicular synostosis.


CONCLUSIONS
The aforementioned proposed classification of these injuries is based on the fracture pattern and is simple, leading to decision making concerning therapy of these injuries. The functional results after a distal clavicle fracture will be excellent, either after conservative or surgical treatment. Older patients (>8 years) from groups IIb, IIIb, IV and V, with greater displacement, could be treated surgically to have better cosmetic results.
2nd Orthopaedic Department of Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, General Hospital G. Gennimatas, Thessaloniki, Greece. savanen42@hotmail.com
Savvas P
SP
Nenopoulos
Ioannis P
IP
Gigis
Anastasios A
AA
Chytas
Theodoros A
TA
Beslikas
Alexandros S
AS
Nenopoulos
John E
JE
Christoforidis
D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D000465:Algorithms; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002968:Clavicle / Q000293:injuries*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005593:Fracture Fixation, Internal / Q000379:methods*; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000145:classification* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D004204:Joint Dislocations / Q000145:classification* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D011859:Radiography; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome