Promoting sleep by nursing interventions in health care settings: a systematic review.
BACKGROUND
Sleep disturbances are common problems among individuals in hospitals and institutions. Although several studies have explored this phenomenon, there is still a lack of knowledge about the effectiveness of sleep-promoting nursing interventions. This systematic review aims to describe and evaluate the effectiveness of sleep-promoting nursing interventions in health care settings.


METHODS
A systematic review was performed. In June 2009, a literature search was carried out in the following databases: Academic Search Elite, CINAHL, the Cochrane Library and MedLine/PubMed. Fifty-two references were identified and after critical appraisal, nine studies were selected. A compilation of the results and the outcomes of the interventions were carried out. Furthermore, the evidence strength of the interventions was assessed.


RESULTS
Little evidence for the nursing interventions, sleep hygiene, music, natural sound and vision, stimulation of acupoints, relaxation, massage and aromatherapy is found. However, large effect size of interventions were found when using massage, acupuncture and music, natural sounds or music videos. The use of sleep hygiene and relaxation, on the other hand, produced only small effects.


CONCLUSIONS
The lack of high evidence strength for the nursing interventions together with the uncertainty about their effects calls for more research before implementing these interventions into clinical practice.
School of Health Science, Blekinge Institute of Technology, Karlskrona, Lund University, Sweden. amanda.hellstrom@bth.se
Amanda
A
Hellström
Ania
A
Willman
D055318:Evidence-Based Nursing / Q000379:methods*; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D009741:Nursing Staff, Hospital; D012890:Sleep; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000451:nursing*