Personal and contextual factors that contribute to a higher out-of-pocket to total income ratio.
BACKGROUND
This analysis sought to define the out-of-pocket healthcare spending to total income ratio for rural residents, as well as to explore the impact of county-level factors that may contribute to urban-rural differences.


METHODS
Three years of pooled data were utilized from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (2003-2005). The dependent variable was the ratio of total out-of-pocket healthcare spending to total income, at the household level. Unadjusted and adjusted analyses estimated the factors associated with this ratio, including rurality, socio-demographics, and county-level factors.


RESULTS
The unadjusted analysis indicated that small adjacent and remote rural residents had higher out-of-pocket to total income ratios than urban residents. The adjusted multivariate analysis indicated that when other factors are held equal, rurality is no longer a significant factor. Other factors such as insurance type, healthcare utilization, and income, which differ significantly by rurality, are better predictors of the ratio.


CONCLUSIONS
The identification of factors that contribute to a higher ratio among some rural residents is necessary in order to better target interventions that will reduce this financial burden.
University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29203, USA. kevin.bennett@sc.edu
Kevin J
KJ
Bennett
Clara E
CE
Dismuke
Chaiporn
C
Pumkam
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D005382:Financing, Personal / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D005102:Health Expenditures / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D007348:Insurance, Health / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011203:Poverty / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012424:Rural Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014481:United States; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055815:Young Adult