Ketamine reduces intestinal injury and inflammatory cell infiltration after ischemia/reperfusion in rats.
OBJECTIVE
Intestinal ischemia reperfusion (I/R) induces severe injury and significant mortality. New therapeutic interventions are needed; ketamine is an anesthetic with anti-inflammatory properties, which has shown protective effects on I/R in various organs. This study investigated effects of ketamine on intestinal I/R injury.


METHODS
Male Wistar rats underwent either sham surgery or 30 min of intestinal ischemia followed by 60 min reperfusion. Ketamine pretreatment was administered by intraperitoneal injections at doses of 100, 50, 12.5, or 6.25 mg/kg. The intestinal morphology, mucosal damage, leukocyte infiltration, serum P-selectin, serum intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), serum antithrombin-III (ATIII), and myenteric ganglion cell structure were evaluated.


RESULTS
Intestinal I/R led to severe mucosal damage, leukocyte (especially neutrophil) infiltration, P-selectin and ICAM-1 elevations, ATIII depletion, and myenteric ganglion cell morphological alterations. The ketamine dose dependently diminished these alterations (except for ICAM-1 serum levels), reaching statistical significance at 100, 50, and 12.5 mg/kg.


CONCLUSIONS
Ketamine protects the intestine against I/R injury. Ketamine anesthesia has been recommended for clinical situations of sepsis and hemodynamic instability, both frequent during intestinal I/R. The clinical application of ketamine in situations of intestinal I/R warrants consideration.
Departamento de Fisiología, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Medicina, Av. Francisco I Madero y Dr. Eduardo Aguirre Pequeño S/N, Col. Mitras Centro, Monterrey, Nuevo León, 64460, Mexico.
Francisco Javier
FJ
Guzmán-De La Garza
Carlos Rodrigo
CR
Cámara-Lemarroy
Raquel Guadalupe
RG
Ballesteros-Elizondo
Gabriela
G
Alarcón-Galván
Paula
P
Cordero-Pérez
Nancy Esthela
NE
Fernández-Garza
D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D000990:Antithrombin III / Q000032:analysis; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007274:Injections, Intraperitoneal; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000097:blood; D007422:Intestines / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D007511:Ischemia / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D007649:Ketamine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D009197:Myenteric Plexus / Q000473:pathology; D019007:P-Selectin / Q000097:blood; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000517:prevention & control*
D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; D019007:P-Selectin; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; D007649:Ketamine; D000990:Antithrombin III