Transcranial magnetic stimulation and volitional quadriceps activation.
BACKGROUND
Quadriceps-activation deficits have been reported after meniscectomy. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in conjunction with maximal contractions affects quadriceps activation in patients after meniscectomy.


OBJECTIVE
To determine the effect of single-pulsed TMS on quadriceps central activation ratio (CAR) in patients after meniscectomy.


METHODS
Randomized controlled clinical trial.


METHODS
University laboratory.


METHODS
Twenty participants who had partial meniscectomy and who had a CAR less than 85% were assigned randomly to the TMS group (7 men, 4 women; age  =  38.1 ± 16.2 years, height  =  176.8 ± 11.5 cm, mass  =  91.8 ± 27.5 kg, postoperative time  =  36.7 ± 34.9 weeks) or the control group (7 men, 2 women; age  =  38.2 ± 17.5 years, height  =  176.5 ± 7.9 cm, mass  =  86.2 ± 15.3 kg, postoperative time  =  36.6 ± 37.4 weeks).


METHODS
Participants in the experimental group received TMS over the motor cortex that was contralateral to the involved leg and performed 3 maximal quadriceps contractions with the involved leg. The control group performed 3 maximal quadriceps contractions without the TMS.


METHODS
Quadriceps activation was assessed using the CAR, which was measured in 70° of knee flexion at baseline and at 0, 10, 30, and 60 minutes posttest. The CAR was expressed as a percentage of full activation.


RESULTS
Differences in CAR were detected over time (F(4,72)  =  3.025, P  = .02). No interaction (F(4,72)  =  1.457, P  =  .22) or between-groups differences (F(1,18)  =  0.096, P  =  .76) were found for CAR. Moderate CAR effect sizes were found at 10 (Cohen d  =  0.54, 95% confidence interval [CI]  =  -0.33, 1.37) and 60 (Cohen d  =  0.50, 95% CI  =  -0.37, 1.33) minutes in the TMS group compared with CAR at baseline. Strong effect sizes were found for CAR at 10 (Cohen d  =  0.82, 95% CI  =  -0.13, 1.7) and 60 (Cohen d  =  1.06, 95% CI  =  0.08, 1.95) minutes in the TMS group when comparing percentage change scores between groups.


CONCLUSIONS
No differences in CAR were found between groups at selected points within a 60-minute time frame, yet moderate to strong effect sizes for CAR were found at 10 and 60 minutes in the TMS group, indicating increased activation after TMS.
Exercise and Sport Injury Laboratory, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA.
Christopher E
CE
Gibbons
Brian G
BG
Pietrosimone
Joseph M
JM
Hart
Susan A
SA
Saliba
Christopher D
CD
Ingersoll
D000328:Adult; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D004576:Electromyography / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007537:Isometric Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D007717:Knee / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008592:Menisci, Tibial / Q000601:surgery*; D009044:Motor Cortex; D053581:Muscle Strength Dynamometer; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011187:Posture; D052097:Quadriceps Muscle / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology*; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D013997:Time Factors; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*