Anatomic magnetic resonance imaging of the developing child and adolescent brain and effects of genetic variation.
Magnetic resonance imaging studies have begun to map effects of genetic variation on trajectories of brain development. Longitudinal studies of children and adolescents demonstrate a general pattern of childhood peaks of gray matter followed by adolescent declines, functional and structural increases in connectivity and integrative processing, and a changing balance between limbic/subcortical and frontal lobe functions, which extends well into young adulthood. Twin studies have demonstrated that genetic factors are responsible for a significant amount of variation in pediatric brain morphometry. Longitudinal studies have shown specific genetic polymorphisms affect rates of cortical changes associated with maturation. Although over-interpretation and premature application of neuroimaging findings for diagnostic purposes remains a risk, converging data from multiple imaging modalities is beginning to elucidate the influences of genetic factors on brain development and implications of maturational changes for cognition, emotion, and behavior.
Child Psychiatry Branch, National Institutes of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA. jg@nih.gov
Jay N
JN
Giedd
Michael
M
Stockman
Catherine
C
Weddle
Maria
M
Liverpool
Aaron
A
Alexander-Bloch
Gregory L
GL
Wallace
Nancy R
NR
Lee
Francois
F
Lalonde
Rhoshel K
RK
Lenroot
D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000254:growth & development*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development / Q000502:physiology*; D004777:Environment; D014644:Genetic Variation / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008954:Models, Biological; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity / Q000235:genetics