[Research progress of bone necrosis of second metatarsal head, navicular bone, and talus].
OBJECTIVE
To discuss the etiology, clinical manifestation, imaging, staging, and treatment of bone necrosis of the second metatarsal head, the navicular bone, and the talus so as to provide more information for clinical application.


METHODS
The related home and abroad literature concerning bone necrosis of the second metatarsal head, the navicular bone, and the talus in recent years was reviewed extensively. And the clinical manifestation, imaging, staging, and treatment were summarized and analyzed.


RESULTS
Bone necrosis of the second metatarsal head, the navicular bone, and the talus were more closely related to the particular anatomy; the environmental and genetic factors also lead to such diseases. The clinical presentation was typically local pain and swelling around the joint, frequently with restricted joint motion in severe cases. Both radiographs and MRI were used to be the main criteria for diagnosis and staging of these diseases. According to different phases, conservative therapy was effective in treating osteonecrosis at early stage. While surgical treatments such as osteotomy, fixation, and arthrodesis were used in late-stage bone necrosis.


CONCLUSIONS
The current methods of treatment have achieved good effect, but long-term clinical follow-up is needed and the new surgery should be further studied.
Department of Orthopedics, Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200233, PR China.
Jiao
J
Sun
Chunlin
C
Zhang
D006801:Humans; D008682:Metatarsal Bones / Q000473:pathology*; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D010020:Osteonecrosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy; D021361:Scaphoid Bone / Q000473:pathology*; D013628:Talus / Q000473:pathology*