Fatigue behavior in water of Y-TZP zirconia ceramics after abrasion with 30 μm silica-coated alumina particles.
OBJECTIVE
The use of a 30 μm alumina-silica coated particle sand (CoJet™ Sand, 3M Espe), has shown to enhance the adhesion of resin cements to Y-TZP. The question is whether or not sandblasting 30 μm particles does negatively affect the fatigue limit (S-N curves) and the cumulative survival of Y-TZP ceramics.


METHODS
Four zirconia materials tested were: Zeno (ZW) (Wieland), Everest ZS (KV) (KaVo), Lava white (LV) and Lava colored (LVB) (3M Espe). Fatigue testing (S-N) was performed on 66bar of 3 mm × 5 mm × 40 mm with beveled edges for each zirconia material provided by the manufacturers. One half of the specimens were CoJet sandblasted in the middle of the tensile side on a surface of 5 mm × 6 mm. Cyclic fatigue (N=30/group) (sinusoidal loading/unloading at 10 Hz between 10% and 100% load) was performed in 3-point-bending in a water tank. Stress levels were lowered from the initial static value (average of N=3) until surviving 1 million cycles. Fatigue limits were determined from trend lines. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was performed to determine the failure stress at the median percentile survival level for 1 million of cycles before and after sandblasting. The statistical analyses used the log-rank test. Characterization of the critical flaw was performed by SEM for the majority of the failed specimens.


RESULTS
The fatigue limits "as received" (ctr) were: LV=720 MPa, LVB=600 MPa, KV=560 MPa, ZW=470 MPa. The fatigue limits "after CoJet sandblasting" were: LV=840 MPa, LVB=788 MPa, KV=645 MPa, ZW=540 MPa. The increase in fatigue limit after sandblasting was 15% for Zeno (ZW) and Everest (KV), 17% for Lava (LV) and 31% for Lava colored (LVB). The KM median survival stresses in MPa were: ZW(ctr)=549 (543-555), ZW(s)=587 (545-629), KV(ctr)=593 (579-607), KV(s)=676 (655-697), LVB(ctr)=635 (578-692), LVB(s)=809 (787-831), LV(ctr)=743 (729-757), LV(s)=908 (840-976). Log-rank tests were significantly different (p<0.001) for all sandblasted groups vs. the "as received" except for Zeno (Wieland) (p=0.295). Failures started from both intrinsic and machined flaws.


CONCLUSIONS
30 μm particle sandblasting did significantly improve the fatigue behavior of three out of four Y-TZP ceramic materials and can therefore be recommended for adhesive cementation procedures. This study was supported in part by grants from the Swiss Society for Reconstructive Dentistry (SSRD) and 3M Espe.
University of Geneva, School of Dental Medicine, Dept. of Prosthodontics-Biomaterials, 19, Barthélemy-Menn, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland. susanne.scherrer@unige.ch
Susanne S
SS
Scherrer
Maria
M
Cattani-Lorente
Eric
E
Vittecoq
François
F
de Mestral
Jason A
JA
Griggs
H W Anselm
HW
Wiskott
D000537:Aluminum Oxide / Q000737:chemistry*; D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D045662:Dental Etching / Q000379:methods*; D003776:Dental Porcelain / Q000737:chemistry*; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis / Q000295:instrumentation; D055119:Elastic Modulus; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D010316:Particle Size; D018583:Pliability; D017640:Silicates / Q000737:chemistry; D012822:Silicon Dioxide / Q000737:chemistry*; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013499:Surface Properties; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry*; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction; D015019:Yttrium / Q000737:chemistry*; D015040:Zirconium / Q000737:chemistry*
D017640:Silicates; C499362:yttria stabilized tetragonal zirconia; D014867:Water; D003776:Dental Porcelain; C003784:zircon; D015019:Yttrium; D012822:Silicon Dioxide; D015040:Zirconium; D000537:Aluminum Oxide; C028541:zirconium oxide