Acute knee haemarthrosis: a case report describing diagnosis and management for a patient on anticoagulation medication.
OBJECTIVE
A 63-year-old woman was referred to physical therapy with a 3 day history of constant anterior left knee pain that was atraumatic in nature. The patient was taking anticoagulation medication for chronic atrial fibrillation. Her international normalized ratio (INR) was within normal limits when assessed 3 weeks prior to her initial physical therapy evaluation.


METHODS
Physical examination revealed an antalgic gait, moderate left knee effusion, limited painful knee range of motion, normal ligamentous testing and negative joint line or patellofemoral joint palpation. The patient was instructed in the use of a single-point cane, use of ice, positional comfort and relative rest from weight-bearing activities. Upon re-assessment 2 days later, the patient's knee pain and effusion had worsened despite compliance with day 1 instructions. Given that there was no clear mechanism of injury and the worsening nature of the disorder, the physical therapist discussed the case with the patient's physician, and immediate appointments for laboratory testing and potential knee aspiration were obtained.


RESULTS
Laboratory testing demonstrated that INR values had elevated to a supratherapeutic level of anticoagulation. Fluid from the patient's left knee was aspirated, revealing a haemarthrosis. The patient's symptoms immediately improved following aspiration. After suspending her anticoagulation medication dose for 1 day, her INR value returned to therapeutic range. She was symptom free within 3 weeks with physical therapy intervention and had remained symptom free at 1 year following the knee haemarthrosis.


CONCLUSIONS
We recommend that physical therapists screen all patients for whether or not they are taking anticoagulation medications, especially before implementation of manual therapy or therapeutic exercise interventions.
US Air Force Physical Medicine Training Programs, Fort Sam Houston, TX, USA. romoross@msn.com
Michael D
MD
Ross
Ryan
R
Elliott
D000208:Acute Disease; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000188:drug therapy; D044963:Biopsy, Fine-Needle; D005260:Female; D006395:Hemarthrosis / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D019934:International Normalized Ratio; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000473:pathology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D026741:Physical Therapy Modalities; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D028761:Withholding Treatment
D000925:Anticoagulants