Hyperglycemia after pediatric cardiac surgery: impact of age and residual lesions.
OBJECTIVE
We evaluated the effect of patient age and significant residual cardiac lesions on the association between hyperglycemia and adverse outcomes in children after cardiac surgery. The incidence, severity, and duration of hyperglycemia in this patient population and perioperative factors predisposing to hyperglycemia were also delineated.


METHODS
Retrospective, observational cohort study.


METHODS
Eighteen-bed pediatric cardiac critical care unit.


METHODS
Seven hundred seventy-two children undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass during 2006 and 2007.


METHODS
None.


RESULTS
Postoperative glucose levels were reviewed in all children who underwent cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass at our institution during 2006 and 2007 who met all inclusion criteria and none of the exclusion criteria (n = 772). The composite morbidity-mortality outcome included hospital death, cardiac arrest, renal/hepatic failure, lactic acidosis, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation use, or infection. Hyperglycemia occurred in 90% of patients and resolved within 72 hrs in most without exogenous insulin. Preoperative factors, including prostaglandins, mechanical ventilation, and cyanosis, were significantly associated with increased odds of significant hyperglycemia (>180 mg/dL for >12 hrs or any level >270 mg/dL) as were increased surgical complexity and perioperative steroid administration. Thirty-one percent of the entire cohort reached the composite outcome and the odds were significantly increased after 54 hrs of mild (elevated, but <180 mg/dL), 12 hrs of moderate (180-270 mg/dL), or any period of severe hyperglycemia (>270 mg/dL). Neonates (<1 month of age) tolerated longer periods of hyperglycemia before showing increased odds of reaching the composite morbidity-mortality end point. In the setting of important residual cardiac lesions, mild or moderate hyperglycemia was not as strongly associated with adverse outcomes.


CONCLUSIONS
Age and residual cardiac lesions are important modifiers of the association between hyperglycemia and suboptimal outcomes after pediatric cardiac surgery. Use of insulin therapy for glucose control in this patient population may need to be carefully targeted toward high-risk subsets of patients.
Division of Cardiac Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, The Labatt Family Heart Center, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto School of Medicine, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Michael-Alice
MA
Moga
Cedric
C
Manlhiot
Eva M
EM
Marwali
Brian W
BW
McCrindle
Glen S
GS
Van Arsdell
Steven M
SM
Schwartz
D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods / Q000401:mortality / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods / Q000401:mortality / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015984:Causality; D002423:Cause of Death; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D006776:Hospitals, Pediatric; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D015278:Intensive Care Units, Pediatric / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011182:Postoperative Care / Q000379:methods; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D016019:Survival Analysis; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome
D001786:Blood Glucose