Occurrence and distribution of pharmaceuticals in wastewater from households, livestock farms, hospitals and pharmaceutical manufactures.
Twenty-four pharmaceuticals were measured in wastewater from 12 municipal wastewater treatment plants (M-WWTPs), four livestock WWTPs (L-WWTPs), four hospital WWTPs (H-WWTPs) and four pharmaceutical manufacture WWTPs (P-WWTPs). The total concentration of pharmaceuticals in the influent samples was highest in the L-WWTPs followed by the P-WWTPs, H-WWTPs and M-WWTPs. The effluents had different patterns of pharmaceuticals than their corresponding influents because of the different fate of each compound in the WWTPs. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) were the most dominant in the influents from the M-WWTPs and P-WWTPs, while antibiotics were dominantly detected in the L-WWTP. In the H-WWTP influents, NSAIDs, caffeine and carbamazepine were dominant. In the P-WWTPs, the distribution of pharmaceuticals in the effluents varied with sampling sites and periods. The M-WWTP influents had the highest daily loads, while the effluents showed somewhat similar levels in all source types.
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea.
Won-Jin
WJ
Sim
Ji-Woo
JW
Lee
Eung-Sun
ES
Lee
Sun-Kyoung
SK
Shin
Seung-Ryul
SR
Hwang
Jeong-Eun
JE
Oh
D000822:Animal Husbandry / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004345:Drug Industry / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D006761:Hospitals / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006798:Housing / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D007220:Industrial Waste / Q000032:analysis*; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000032:analysis*; D052616:Solid Phase Extraction; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*; D014877:Water Pollution, Chemical / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
D007220:Industrial Waste; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical