Characterization of five different implant surfaces and their effect on osseointegration: a study in dogs.
BACKGROUND
Chemical modification of implant surface is typically associated with surface topographic alterations that may affect early osseointegration. This study investigates the effects of controlled surface alterations in early osseointegration in an animal model.


METHODS
Five implant surfaces were evaluated: 1) alumina-blasting, 2) biologic blasting, 3) plasma, 4) microblasted resorbable blasting media (microblasted RBM), and 5) alumina-blasting/acid-etched (AB/AE). Surface topography was characterized by scanning electron microscopy and optical interferometry, and chemical assessment by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The implants were placed in the radius of six dogs, remaining 2 and 4 weeks in vivo. After euthanization, specimens were torqued-to-interface failure and non-decalcified-processed for histomorphologic bone-implant contact, and bone area fraction-occupied evaluation. Statistical evaluation was performed by one-way analysis of variance (P <0.05) and post hoc testing by the Tukey test.


RESULTS
The alumina-blasting surface presented the highest average surface roughness and mean root square of the surface values, the biologic blasting the lowest, and AB/AE an intermediate value. The remaining surfaces presented intermediate values between the biologic blasting and AB/AE. The x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy spectra revealed calcium and phosphorus for the biologic blasting and microblasted RBM surfaces, and the highest oxygen levels for the plasma, microblasted RBM, and AB/AE surfaces. Significantly higher torque was observed at 2 weeks for the microblasted RBM surface (P <0.04), but no differences existed between surfaces at 4 weeks (P >0.74). No significant differences in bone-implant contact and bone area fraction-occupied values were observed at 2 and 4 weeks.


CONCLUSIONS
The five surfaces were osteoconductive and resulted in high degrees of osseointegration and biomechanical fixation.
Department of Biomaterials and Biomimetics, New York University, New York, NY, USA.
Paulo G
PG
Coelho
Estevam A
EA
Bonfante
Roberto S
RS
Pessoa
Charles
C
Marin
Rodrigo
R
Granato
Gabriela
G
Giro
Lukasz
L
Witek
Marcelo
M
Suzuki
D020341:Absorbable Implants; D000134:Acid Etching, Dental / Q000379:methods; D000537:Aluminum Oxide / Q000737:chemistry; D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002118:Calcium / Q000032:analysis; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible / Q000737:chemistry; D045662:Dental Etching / Q000379:methods; D015921:Dental Implants; D017267:Dental Prosthesis Design; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis / Q000295:instrumentation; D004285:Dogs; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007368:Interferometry; D008027:Light; D008422:Materials Testing; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D023421:Models, Animal; D016348:Osseointegration / Q000502:physiology*; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000032:analysis; D056951:Photoelectron Spectroscopy; D058626:Plasma Gases / Q000737:chemistry; D011884:Radius / Q000601:surgery; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013499:Surface Properties; D013997:Time Factors; D019415:Torque
D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D015921:Dental Implants; D058626:Plasma Gases; D010758:Phosphorus; D000537:Aluminum Oxide; D002118:Calcium