Novel anticoagulants: new evidence for emerging drugs and their potential application in major lower limb surgery.
For decades, parenteral drugs, such as the low molecular weight heparins and unfractionated heparins or vitamin K antagonists, have been used as anticoagulants for prevention of venous thromboembolism following major lower limb surgery. However, these regiments have limitations that rendered the quest for new anticoagulants mandatory. Recently, research has been focused on the development of orally active small molecules that directly target thrombin or activated factor X (FXa). These regiments exhibit a number of characteristics that an "ideal" anticoagulant should possess. Currently, two agents, dabigatran etexilate and rivaroxaban, which inhibit thrombin and FXa, respectively have been approved in the European Union and Canada for venous thromboprophylaxis in patients undergoing elective hip- or knee-replacement surgery. Other agents are at an early or late stage of clinical evaluation. In this study, we summarize the current evidence for these new developed or under development drugs regarding their applications in the filed of lower limb orthopaedic surgery.
Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3H2P2, Canada. vassilios.nikolaou@gmail.com
Vassilios S
VS
Nikolaou
Paul J
PJ
Harwood
Efthimios J
EJ
Karadimas
Hiang Boon
HB
Tan
Peter V
PV
Giannoudis
D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001562:Benzimidazoles / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D000069604:Dabigatran; D015507:Drugs, Investigational; D065427:Factor Xa Inhibitors; D006801:Humans; D035002:Lower Extremity / Q000601:surgery*; D009025:Morpholines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011725:Pyridines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000069552:Rivaroxaban; D013876:Thiophenes / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013917:Thrombin / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D054556:Venous Thromboembolism / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000517:prevention & control*
D000925:Anticoagulants; D001562:Benzimidazoles; D015507:Drugs, Investigational; D065427:Factor Xa Inhibitors; D009025:Morpholines; D011725:Pyridines; D013876:Thiophenes; D000069552:Rivaroxaban; D013917:Thrombin; D000069604:Dabigatran