Difficulties in Balint groups: a qualitative study of leaders' experiences.
BACKGROUND
Balint groups (BGs) are a means of enhancing competence in the physician-patient relationship and are also regarded as beneficial for GPs' mental health. However, voluntary BGs are still few, some members terminate their participation, and problems are reported in obligatory groups in residency programmes. This raises questions about possible negative aspects of BGs.


OBJECTIVE
To examine difficulties in BGs as experienced by BG leaders.


METHODS
Qualitative study using interviews.


METHODS
Eight BG leaders from five countries were interviewed.


METHODS
The interviews focused on the informants' experiences of difficulties in their groups and were analysed with a systematic text-condensation method.


RESULTS
Three categories of difficulties emerged from the analysis: 1) the individual physician having needs, vulnerabilities, and defences; 2) the group (including the leader) having problems of hidden agendas, rivalries, and frames; and 3) the surrounding environment defining the conditions of the group. BGs were found to fit into modern theories of small groups as complex systems. They are submitted to group dynamics that are sometimes malicious, and are exposed to often tough environmental conditions.


CONCLUSIONS
Professionally conducted BGs seem to be a gentle, efficient method to train physicians, but with limitations. Participation of a member demands psychological stability and an open mind. BGs need support from the leadership of healthcare organisations in order to exist.
Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Health Services Research, Uppsala University and Eksjö Primary Care Centre, Sweden. dorte.kjeldmand@lj.se
Dorte
D
Kjeldmand
Inger
I
Holmström
D000368:Aged; D004502:Education, Medical, Continuing / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D058006:General Practice / Q000193:education* / Q000592:standards; D058005:General Practitioners / Q000523:psychology*; D006126:Group Processes; D006801:Humans; D007857:Leadership; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations