Antecedent-consequent relations of perceived control to health and social support: longitudinal evidence for between-domain associations across adulthood.
OBJECTIVE
To examine antecedent-consequent relations of perceived control to health and social support across adulthood and old age.


METHODS
We applied (multigroup) change score models to two waves of data collected 9 years apart from 6,210 participants of the Midlife in the United States survey (MIDUS, 24-75 years at baseline). We used composite measures of perceived control (personal mastery and constraints), health (chronic conditions, acute conditions, and functional limitations), and social support (support and strain associated with spouse/partner, family, and friends).


RESULTS
Analyses revealed evidence for direct and independent multidirectional accounts. Greater initial control predicted weaker declines in health and stronger increases in support. In turn, increases in control were predicted by better initial health and more support. Changes in control were also accompanied by concurrent changes in the other two domains, and relations involving control were larger in size than those between health and support. We found only small sociodemographic differences across age, gender, and education group.


CONCLUSIONS
We conclude that perceiving control may serve as both a precursor and an outcome of health and social support across the adult age range and suggest routes for further inquiry.
Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA. gerstorf@psu.edu
Denis
D
Gerstorf
Christina
C
Röcke
Margie E
ME
Lachman
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006262:Health; D006801:Humans; D007389:Internal-External Control; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012944:Social Support; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult