Detection of gyrA mutation among clinical isolates of Campylobacter jejuni isolated in Egypt by MAMA-PCR.
BACKGROUND
Campylobacter spp are the major cause of enteritis in humans and more than 90% of reported infections are caused by Campylobacter jejuni. Fluoroquinolones such as ciprofloxacin are the antibiotics of choice for treatment. An increase in the frequency of ciprofloxacin-resistant Campylobacter has been reported globally due to a single base mutation (C-257 to T) in codon 86 of the quinolone resistance determining region (QRDR) of the gyrA gene altering the amino acid sequence from threonine at position 86 to isoleucine (Thr-86 to Ile).


METHODS
Campylobacter spp (n = 118) were selected from a collection of Egyptian isolates spanning 1998 to 2005. The presence of C. jejuni gyrA gene was confirmed in each isolate by a PCR assay amplifying 368 bp portion of the gyrA gene. C to T alteration was detected by the mismatch amplification mutation assay MAMA PCR. The MIC of nalidixic acid (NA) and ciprofloxacin (CIP) was determined by E-test.


RESULTS
C. jejuni gyrA gene was detected in 100 of the Campylobacter spp studied; the other 18 isolates were found to be Campylobacter coli by lpxA PCR. The mutation was detected in 89 C. jejuni resistant isolates with MIC values (NA; 8 - >256 μg/ml) and (CIP; 4 - >32 μg/ml). The other 11 sensitive C. jejuni isolates with MIC values (NA; 0.38 - 3 µg/ml) and (CIP; 0.03 - 0.125 µg/ml) were not amplified by the MAMA primers. There was 100% congruence with MAMA PCR, MIC results and gyrA gene sequence analysis.


CONCLUSIONS
In Egypt the main mechanism for resistance to fluoroquinolones is an alteration in the gyrA QRDR. MAMA PCR provides an economical and rapid means for screening fluoroquinolone resistance.
US. Naval Medical Research Unit#3, Cairo, Egypt. mayar.said.eg@med.navy.mil
Mayar M
MM
Said
Hanan
H
El-Mohamady
Fawkia M
FM
El-Beih
David M
DM
Rockabrand
Tharwat F
TF
Ismail
Marshall R
MR
Monteville
Salwa F
SF
Ahmed
John D
JD
Klena
Mohamed S
MS
Salama
D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D002169:Campylobacter Infections / Q000382:microbiology*; D016123:Campylobacter jejuni / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002675:Child, Preschool; D027081:DNA Gyrase / Q000235:genetics*; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D004534:Egypt; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D020125:Mutation, Missense; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods*; D015363:Quinolones / Q000494:pharmacology
D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D015363:Quinolones; D027081:DNA Gyrase