Cost-effectiveness of dabigatran compared with warfarin for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation.
BACKGROUND
Warfarin reduces the risk for ischemic stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) but increases the risk for hemorrhage. Dabigatran is a fixed-dose, oral direct thrombin inhibitor with similar or reduced rates of ischemic stroke and intracranial hemorrhage in patients with AF compared with those of warfarin.


OBJECTIVE
To estimate the quality-adjusted survival, costs, and cost-effectiveness of dabigatran compared with adjusted-dose warfarin for preventing ischemic stroke in patients 65 years or older with nonvalvular AF.


METHODS
Markov decision model.


METHODS
The RE-LY (Randomized Evaluation of Long-Term Anticoagulation Therapy) trial and other published studies of anticoagulation. The cost of dabigatran was estimated on the basis of pricing in the United Kingdom.


METHODS
Patients aged 65 years or older with nonvalvular AF and risk factors for stroke (CHADS₂ score ≥1 or equivalent) and no contraindications to anticoagulation.


METHODS
Lifetime.


CONCLUSIONS
Societal.


METHODS
Warfarin anticoagulation (target international normalized ratio, 2.0 to 3.0); dabigatran, 110 mg twice daily (low dose); and dabigatran, 150 mg twice daily (high dose).


METHODS
Quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), costs (in 2008 U.S. dollars), and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios.


RESULTS
The quality-adjusted life expectancy was 10.28 QALYs with warfarin, 10.70 QALYs with low-dose dabigatran, and 10.84 QALYs with high-dose dabigatran. Total costs were $143 193 for warfarin, $164 576 for low-dose dabigatran, and $168 398 for high-dose dabigatran. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratios compared with warfarin were $51 229 per QALY for low-dose dabigatran and $45 372 per QALY for high-dose dabigatran.


RESULTS
The model was sensitive to the cost of dabigatran but was relatively insensitive to other model inputs. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio increased to $50 000 per QALY at a cost of $13.70 per day for high-dose dabigatran but remained less than $85 000 per QALY over the full range of model inputs evaluated. The cost-effectiveness of high-dose dabigatran improved with increasing risk for stroke and intracranial hemorrhage.


CONCLUSIONS
Event rates were largely derived from a single randomized clinical trial and extrapolated to a 35-year time frame from clinical trials with approximately 2-year follow-up.


CONCLUSIONS
In patients aged 65 years or older with nonvalvular AF at increased risk for stroke (CHADS₂ score ≥1 or equivalent), dabigatran may be a cost-effective alternative to warfarin depending on pricing in the United States.


BACKGROUND
American Heart Association and Veterans Affairs Health Services Research & Development Service.
Stanford University School of Medicine, California, USA.
James V
JV
Freeman
Ruo P
RP
Zhu
Douglas K
DK
Owens
Alan M
AM
Garber
David W
DW
Hutton
Alan S
AS
Go
Paul J
PJ
Wang
Mintu P
MP
Turakhia
D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics*; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000150:complications*; D001562:Benzimidazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics*; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D000069604:Dabigatran; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics*; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000139:chemically induced; D006801:Humans; D020300:Intracranial Hemorrhages / Q000139:chemically induced; D002546:Ischemic Attack, Transient / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008390:Markov Chains; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000139:chemically induced; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D020521:Stroke / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014859:Warfarin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics*; D015091:beta-Alanine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000191:economics
D000925:Anticoagulants; D001562:Benzimidazoles; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D015091:beta-Alanine; D014859:Warfarin; D000069604:Dabigatran