Erectile dysfunction and testosterone screening with prostate specific antigen screening at age 40: are these three gender specific determinants additive for overall men's heath and do they improve traditional non-gender specific determinants to lessen cardiovascular risk and all-cause mortality?
OBJECTIVE
Assess support for a recommendation to add screening for both erectile dysfunction (ED) and hypogonadism to the initial medical evaluation of young-to-middle aged (≥ 40 years of age) men in light of recent guidelines suggesting prostate-specific antigen screening occur at that age.


METHODS
A search of literature published from 1998 to 2009 was performed. Search terms included: ED combined with coronary artery disease (CAD), metabolic syndrome and hypogonadism, hypogonadism and ED, hypogonadism, ED and mortality. Articles were evaluated according to the Center of Evidence-Based Medicine.


RESULTS
Both retrospective and prospective evaluations have demonstrated a strong relationship between ED, established cardiovascular risk factors, CAD and the potential occurrence of cardiovascular events. Low testosterone levels are associated with ED. Low serum total testosterone is an independent risk factor for both metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes and all-cause mortality.


CONCLUSIONS
Traditionally, ED and testosterone levels have been considered mainly, if not exclusively, in the context of sexual health. The results briefly summarised herein and other recent reviews suggest that ED and hypogonadism are signals of future all-cause mortality and overall health status and thus move these evaluations into the broader arena of public health. Screening for ED and hypogonadism provide 'gender-specific determinants' to assess general metabolic and cardiovascular health risks in men. It is the opinion of the authors that this screening be performed in addition to the well-established non-gender-specific screening tests of lipids, blood pressure, obesity and serum glucose.
The Miriam Hospital, Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA. martin_miner@brown.edu
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Miner
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Seftel
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D007172:Erectile Dysfunction / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D007006:Hypogonadism / Q000175:diagnosis; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis; D008875:Middle Aged; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000378:metabolism*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013739:Testosterone / Q000378:metabolism*
D013739:Testosterone; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen