A novel simple approach for incorporation of respiratory motion in stereotactic treatments of lung tumors.
OBJECTIVE
An internal target volume (ITV) is often used for incorporating tumor motion into radiotherapy planning but it overestimates the margins necessary for breathing motion. We describe a pragmatic approach using maximum- and minimum-intensity projections (MIP and Min-IP) only, for reducing ITVs in stereotactic radiotherapy by using dosimetric margins that compensate for motion-induced dose blurring.


METHODS
We studied tumor motion characteristics from 26 repeat 4DCT scans derived from 10 patients. These were used to calculate the shift in cranio-caudal direction of the 80% isodose due to dose blurring of the time-averaged dose distribution caused by respiratory motion. The dosimetric margins necessary to compensate for dose blurring were calculated relative to the ITV, which can be determined efficiently using the MIP. Peak-to-peak motion amplitude was determined using the MIP and Min-IP. A programmable respiratory motion phantom was used to investigate imaging artifacts in determining the ITV for realistic motion patterns. Dose profiles were both calculated and measured in lung- and water-equivalent tissue.


RESULTS
Using margins for the 80% dose level permitted the use of smaller target volumes relative to the use of ITV-based volumes, with (i) greater reductions seen at the end-inspiration edge than at expiration side due to asymmetric breathing motion patterns and (ii) a linear relationship seen with breathing amplitude. The average reduction of the ITV at a 95% confidence level is given by 0.2×A(pp)-1.3 mm at expiration side, where A(pp) is the peak-to-peak breathing amplitude, and 0.3×A(pp)-2.2 mm at inspiration side. Dosimetric margins did not differ significantly between water-equivalent and lung tissue for 80% isodose.


CONCLUSIONS
A simple margin recipe for breathing motion linear with breathing amplitude can be used to calculate the ITV reductions achievable for stereotactic radiotherapy of lung tumors.
Department of Radiation Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. jp.cuijpers@vumc.nl
Johan P
JP
Cuijpers
Wilko F A R
WF
Verbakel
Ben J
BJ
Slotman
Suresh
S
Senan
D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D009068:Movement; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D016634:Radiosurgery; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D012119:Respiration; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed