Monitoring non-invasive cardiac output and stroke volume during experimental human hypovolaemia and resuscitation.
BACKGROUND
Multiple methods for non-invasive measurement of cardiac output (CO) and stroke volume (SV) exist. Their comparative capabilities are not clearly established.


METHODS
Healthy human subjects (n=21) underwent central hypovolaemia through progressive lower body negative pressure (LBNP) until the onset of presyncope, followed by termination of LBNP, to simulate complete resuscitation. Measurement methods were electrical bioimpedance (EBI) of the thorax and three measurements of CO and SV derived from the arterial blood pressure (ABP) waveform: the Modelflow (MF) method, the long-time interval (LTI) method, and pulse pressure (PP). We computed areas under receiver-operating characteristic curves (ROC AUCs) for the investigational metrics, to determine how well they discriminated between every combination of LBNP levels.


RESULTS
LTI and EBI yielded similar reductions in SV during progressive hypovolaemia and resuscitation (correlation coefficient 0.83) with ROC AUCs for distinguishing major LBNP (-60 mm Hg) vs resuscitation (0 mm Hg) of 0.98 and 0.99, respectively. MF yielded very similar reductions and ROC AUCs during progressive hypovolaemia, but after resuscitation, MF-CO did not return to baseline, yielding lower ROC AUCs (ΔROC AUC range, -0.18 to -0.26, P < 0.01). PP declined during hypovolaemia but tended to be an inferior indicator of specific LBNP levels, and PP did not recover during resuscitation, yielding lower ROC curves (P < 0.01).


CONCLUSIONS
LTI, EBI, and MF were able to track progressive hypovolaemia. PP decreased during hypovolaemia but its magnitude of reduction underestimated reductions in SV. PP and MF were inferior for the identification of resuscitation.
Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. areisner@partners.org
A T
AT
Reisner
D
D
Xu
K L
KL
Ryan
V A
VA
Convertino
C A
CA
Rickards
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Mukkamala
D000328:Adult; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002302:Cardiac Output; D018450:Disease Progression; D017097:Electric Impedance; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020896:Hypovolemia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D008150:Lower Body Negative Pressure; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000379:methods; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012151:Resuscitation; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D013318:Stroke Volume