Detection of markers of cardiovascular and renal risk in Cuba: Isle of Youth Study (ISYS).
Chronic vascular diseases constitute a growing global health problem.


OBJECTIVE
To (a) determine marker positivity for renovascular damage in the total adult population of the Isle of Youth, Cuba; (b) describe marker association with common risk factors for renal and related chronic vascular conditions, and (c) identify best predictors of renovascular damage.


METHODS
Previous informed consent was obtained, the population studied was 55,646, and subjects were aged ≥20 years. Blood pressure, weight and height were measured and a questionnaire applied. Urine markers for renovascular damage (hematuria, proteinuria and microalbuminuria) were also determined.


RESULTS
Positive markers were detected in 21.3%: hematuria (12.6%), microalbuminuria (6.8%), proteinuria (0.9%), and proteinuria + hematuria (0.9%). Risk factors were highly prevalent: 15.1% were aged ≥60 years; 32.3% overweight, 13.9% obese, and 25.1% smokers. Prevalence of high blood pressure (30%), diabetes mellitus (5.4%) and cardiovascular disease (5%) was also high, while cerebrovascular disease registered 0.9%. Markers were more prevalent in older people and in those suffering from diabetes mellitus, high blood pressure, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease, overweight or obesity. Risk factor regression tree analysis identified hypertension as the best predictor of renovascular damage.


CONCLUSIONS
Adult population-wide screening revealed hidden morbidity and permitted better risk stratification. Results serve to inform community-based multidisciplinary and intersectoral disease prevention and management.
Institute of Nephrology, Havanna University of Medical Sciences, Havana, Cuba. raul.herrera@infomed.sld.cu
R
R
Herrera
M
M
Almaguer
J
J
Chipi
X
X
Toirac
O
O
Martínez
O
O
Castellanos
J
J
Bacallao
R M
RM
Licourt
P
P
Mulet
I
I
Velásquez
L
L
Diéguez
M C
MC
Hernández
W
W
Caballero
P
P
Urra
N
N
Rodríguez-Triana
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology / Q000652:urine; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000208:ethnology / Q000652:urine*; D003462:Cuba / Q000208:ethnology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000208:ethnology / Q000652:urine*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011507:Proteinuria / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology / Q000652:urine; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
D015415:Biomarkers