Reading interventions for struggling readers in the upper elementary grades: a synthesis of 20 years of research.
A synthesis of the extant research on reading interventions for students with reading difficulties and disabilities in fourth and fifth grade (ages 9-11) is presented. Thirteen studies with treatment/comparison study designs and eleven single group or single subject studies were located and synthesized. Findings from the 24 studies revealed high effects for comprehension interventions on researcher-developed comprehension measures. Word recognition interventions yielded small to moderate effects on a range of reading outcomes. Few studies were located implementing vocabulary and multi-component interventions.
Florida State University, School of Teacher Education and Florida Center for Reading Research, C234B Psychology, 1107 Call St., P.O. Box 306-4304, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
Jeanne
J
Wanzek
Jade
J
Wexler
Sharon
S
Vaughn
Stephen
S
Ciullo