Atypical placement of hemodialysis catheters in patients with complete and irreversible obstruction of central venous vessels.
OBJECTIVE
This article describes the approach to atypical placement of central venous catheters (CVC) in dialysis patients with complete untreatable obstruction of central venous vessels.


METHODS
Five patients with complete obstruction of central venous vessels underwent CT venography and digital venous angiography. After ultrasound-guided and radioscopic-assisted cannulation of the internal jugular vein, permanent CVCs were placed in atypical locations: in two patients a preliminary venous angioplasty was performed to facilitate the catheter positioning in a mediastinal enlarged collateral vein and in a persistent left superior vena cava; in three patients the CVC was placed in the azygos vein, enlarged because of the obstruction of the superior vena cava.


RESULTS
In all cases, we achieved satisfactory morphological and functional immediate results. Hemodialysis (HD) was carried out long term in all patients except one who presented a non-functioning CVC after 4 months. In one case the catheter, still functioning well after 9 months, was removed due to kidney transplantation. The CVC in the left superior vena cava was replaced with a longer one after 12 months, and it is still functioning well 3 months after replacement. The patency of the other two catheters has to date been kept for 9 and 18 months.


CONCLUSIONS
The placement of CVC for HD in atypical sites can be considered a viable option in extreme cases; adequate imaging support is paramount in order to facilitate the procedure and to avoid complications.
DOGIRA Department, Division of Radiologic Science, University Hospital Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele, Catania, Italy. martina.messina@tin.it
Martina
M
Messina
Walter
W
Morale
Adriano
A
Viglianesi
Pierantonio
P
Malfa
Giuseppe
G
L'Anfusa
Maria Luisa
ML
Mandalà
Giovanni Carlo
GC
Ettorre
Domenico
D
Di Landro
Domenico
D
Patanè
D015901:Angiography, Digital Subtraction; D001401:Azygos Vein / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002405:Catheterization, Central Venous / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D002408:Catheters, Indwelling; D003097:Collateral Circulation; D003251:Constriction, Pathologic; D006801:Humans; D010690:Phlebography / Q000379:methods; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D013997:Time Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014652:Vascular Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D014683:Vena Cava, Superior / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology