Nano-NRTIs: efficient inhibitors of HIV type-1 in macrophages with a reduced mitochondrial toxicity.
BACKGROUND
Macrophages serve as a depot for HIV type-1 (HIV-1) in the central nervous system. To efficiently target macrophages, we developed nanocarriers for potential brain delivery of activated nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) called nano-NRTIs.


METHODS
Nanogel carriers consisting of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)- or Pluronic-polyethylenimine (PEI) biodegradable networks, star PEG-PEI or poly(amidoamine) dendrimer-PEI-PEG dendritic networks, as well as nanogels decorated with brain-targeting peptide molecules, specifically binding to the apolipoprotein E receptor, were synthesized and evaluated. Nano-NRTIs were obtained by mixing aqueous solutions of zidovudine 5'-triphosphate or didanosine 5'-triphosphate and nanocarriers, followed by freeze-drying. Intracellular accumulation, cytotoxicity and antiviral activity of nano-NRTIs were monitored in monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs). HIV-1 viral activity in infected MDMs was measured by a reverse transcriptase activity assay following treatment with nano-NRTIs. Mitochondrial DNA depletion in MDMs and human HepG2 cells was assessed by quantitative PCR.


RESULTS
Nanogels were efficiently captured by MDMs and demonstrated low cytotoxicity, and no antiviral activity without drugs. All nano-NRTIs demonstrated high efficacy of HIV-1 inhibition at drug levels as low as 1 μmol/l, representing a 4.9- to 14-fold decrease in 90% effective drug concentrations as compared with NRTIs, whereas 50% cytotoxicity effects started at 200× higher concentrations. Nano-NRTIs with a core-shell structure and decorated with brain-targeting peptides displayed the highest antiviral efficacy. Mitochondrial DNA depletion, a major cause of NRTI neurotoxicity, was reduced threefold compared with NRTIs at application of selected nano-NRTIs.


CONCLUSIONS
Nano-NRTIs demonstrated a promising antiviral efficacy against HIV-1 in MDMs and showed strong potential as nanocarriers for delivery of antiviral drugs to macrophages harbouring in the brain.
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA. vinograd@unmc.edu
Serguei V
SV
Vinogradov
Larisa Y
LY
Poluektova
Edward
E
Makarov
Trevor
T
Gerson
Madapathage T
MT
Senanayake
D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D001812:Blood-Brain Barrier / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000378:metabolism; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology; D056945:Hep G2 Cells; D006801:Humans; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology*; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D000080385:Nanogels; D009705:Nucleosides / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D009928:Organ Specificity; D010455:Peptides / Q000378:metabolism; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000378:metabolism*; D011094:Polyethyleneimine / Q000378:metabolism*; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity
D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D004337:Drug Carriers; D000080385:Nanogels; D009705:Nucleosides; D010455:Peptides; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; C413692:polyethylene glycol polyethyleneimine nanogel; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D011094:Polyethyleneimine