Conflicts of interest at medical journals: the influence of industry-supported randomised trials on journal impact factors and revenue - cohort study.
BACKGROUND
transparency in reporting of conflict of interest is an increasingly important aspect of publication in medical journals. Publication of large industry-supported trials may generate many citations and journal income through reprint sales and thereby be a source of conflicts of interest for journals. We investigated industry-supported trials' influence on journal impact factors and revenue.


RESULTS
we sampled six major medical journals (Annals of Internal Medicine, Archives of Internal Medicine, BMJ, JAMA, The Lancet, and New England Journal of Medicine [NEJM]). For each journal, we identified randomised trials published in 1996-1997 and 2005-2006 using PubMed, and categorized the type of financial support. Using Web of Science, we investigated citations of industry-supported trials and the influence on journal impact factors over a ten-year period. We contacted journal editors and retrieved tax information on income from industry sources. The proportion of trials with sole industry support varied between journals, from 7% in BMJ to 32% in NEJM in 2005-2006. Industry-supported trials were more frequently cited than trials with other types of support, and omitting them from the impact factor calculation decreased journal impact factors. The decrease varied considerably between journals, with 1% for BMJ to 15% for NEJM in 2007. For the two journals disclosing data, income from the sales of reprints contributed to 3% and 41% of the total income for BMJ and The Lancet in 2005-2006.


CONCLUSIONS
publication of industry-supported trials was associated with an increase in journal impact factors. Sales of reprints may provide a substantial income. We suggest that journals disclose financial information in the same way that they require them from their authors, so that readers can assess the potential effect of different types of papers on journals' revenue and impact.
The Nordic Cochrane Centre, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark. al@cochrane.dk
Andreas
A
Lundh
Marija
M
Barbateskovic
Asbjørn
A
Hróbjartsson
Peter C
PC
Gøtzsche
D015331:Cohort Studies; D016265:Conflict of Interest; D030881:Disclosure; D004345:Drug Industry / Q000191:economics / Q000941:ethics*; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D055811:Journal Impact Factor; D008374:Manuscripts, Medical as Topic; D010506:Periodicals as Topic / Q000191:economics* / Q000941:ethics*; D011643:Publishing / Q000191:economics; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000191:economics / Q000941:ethics* / Q000379:methods; D015871:Scientific Misconduct