Efficiencies and mechanisms of nuclear reprogramming.
The differentiated state of somatic cells is highly stable, but it can be experimentally reversed. The resulting cells can then be redirected into many different pathways. Nuclear reprogramming has been achieved by nuclear transfer to eggs, cell fusion, and overexpression of transcription factors. The mechanisms of nuclear reprogramming are not understood, but some insight into them is provided by comparing the efficiencies of different reprogramming strategies. Here, we compare these efficiencies by describing the frequency and rapidity with which reprogramming is induced and by the proportion of cells and level of expression in which reprogramming is achieved. We comment on the mechanisms that lead to successful somatic-cell reprogramming and on those that resist in helping to maintain the differentiated state of somatic cells.
The Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute and Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, United Kingdom.
V
V
Pasque
K
K
Miyamoto
J B
JB
Gurdon
D000818:Animals; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000235:genetics; D002459:Cell Fusion; D019070:Cell Lineage; D065150:Cellular Reprogramming / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D057026:Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D049469:Meiotic Prophase I; D053652:Nuclear Transfer Techniques; D010063:Ovum / Q000378:metabolism; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism
D014157:Transcription Factors