Retinopathy signs in people without diabetes: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis.
OBJECTIVE
To describe the prevalence of retinopathy and associations with cardiovascular risk factors in persons without diabetes in 4 racial/ethnic groups (white, black, Hispanic, and Chinese).


METHODS
Population-based, cross-sectional study.


METHODS
We included 6176 subjects aged 45-84 years without diabetes, selected from 6 United States communities.


METHODS
Fundus images were taken using 45° digital camera through dark-adapted pupils and were graded for retinopathy as defined by the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study severity scale: microaneurysms, hemorrhages, cotton wool spots, intraretinal microvascular abnormalities, hard exudates, venous beading, and new vessels.


METHODS
Retinopathy and the association with cardiovascular risk factors.


RESULTS
Prevalence rates of retinopathy in persons without diabetes were 12.5% overall, varying from 11.9% (white), 13.9% (black), 12.6% (Hispanic), to 17.2% (Chinese). Hypertension was strongly associated with retinopathy (odds ratio [OR], 1.47; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.23-1.75). After adjusting for age, gender, race, and other parameters, smoking (OR, 1.50; 95% CI, 1.09-2.06) and increased internal carotid intima media thickness (OR, 1.22; 95% CI, 1.05-1.41) were associated with retinopathy. A range of serum inflammatory factors were examined, but none were found to be significant.


CONCLUSIONS
Retinopathy in persons without diabetes is common, varies with race/ethnicity, and associated with cardiovascular risk factors, including hypertension, smoking, and carotid artery intima media thickness.
Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Australia.
Elvis
E
Ojaimi
Thanh T
TT
Nguyen
Ronald
R
Klein
F M Amirul
FM
Islam
Mary Frances
MF
Cotch
Barbara E K
BE
Klein
Jie-Jin
JJ
Wang
Tien Yin
TY
Wong
D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000208:ethnology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000208:ethnology; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000208:ethnology; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000208:ethnology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology