Epigenetic control of retrotransposon expression in human embryonic stem cells.
Long interspersed element 1s (LINE-1s or L1s) are a family of non-long-terminal-repeat retrotransposons that predominate in the human genome. Active LINE-1 elements encode proteins required for their mobilization. L1-encoded proteins also act in trans to mobilize short interspersed elements (SINEs), such as Alu elements. L1 and Alu insertions have been implicated in many human diseases, and their retrotransposition provides an ongoing source of human genetic diversity. L1/Alu elements are expected to ensure their transmission to subsequent generations by retrotransposing in germ cells or during early embryonic development. Here, we determined that several subfamilies of Alu elements are expressed in undifferentiated human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and that most expressed Alu elements are active elements. We also exploited expression from the L1 antisense promoter to map expressed elements in hESCs. Remarkably, we found that expressed Alu elements are enriched in the youngest subfamily, Y, and that expressed L1s are mostly located within genes, suggesting an epigenetic control of retrotransposon expression in hESCs. Together, these data suggest that distinct subsets of active L1/Alu elements are expressed in hESCs and that the degree of somatic mosaicism attributable to L1 insertions during early development may be higher than previously anticipated.
Andalusian Stem Cell Bank, Department of Molecular Embryology, Center for Biomedical Research, Avda Conocimiento s/n, Armilla, Granada 18100, Spain.
Angela
A
Macia
Martin
M
Muñoz-Lopez
Jose Luis
JL
Cortes
Robert K
RK
Hastings
Santiago
S
Morell
Gema
G
Lucena-Aguilar
Juan Antonio
JA
Marchal
Richard M
RM
Badge
Jose Luis
JL
Garcia-Perez
D020087:Alu Elements / Q000235:genetics*; D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D053595:Embryonic Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic; D005260:Female; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D020084:Long Interspersed Nucleotide Elements / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D018626:Retroelements / Q000235:genetics*
D018626:Retroelements