Development and resuscitation of a sedated, mature male miniature swine severe hemorrhage model.
BACKGROUND
A sedated, mature male miniature swine hemorrhage model has been specifically developed to evaluate resuscitation products for the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency Surviving Blood Loss program.


METHODS
Animals were placed in a sling, sedated with midazolam, and hemorrhaged 60% of estimated blood volume (∼39 mL/kg) exponentially for 1 hour with no resuscitation (control; n = 16). An additional 26 swine were treated similarly, then resuscitated with 1 mL/kg/min of Hextend to a systolic blood pressure of either 65 mm Hg ± 2 mm Hg (n = 7) or 80 mm Hg ± 5 mm Hg (n = 7) and with 17β-estradiol (E2) at 1 mg/kg (n = 6) or 10 mg/kg (n = 6). Animals were observed for 3 hours with periodic blood sampling. Survival times for the two E2 groups were not significantly different (p = 0.59); therefore, the groups were combined for comparison with control.


RESULTS
Hemorrhage resulted in a characteristic hypotension and metabolic acidosis. Survival time for the control swine was 64 minutes ± 11.5 minutes with a 6% survival at 180 minutes. The 180 minutes Hextend survival was 86% for 65 mm Hg and 100% for 80 mm Hg. E2 survival was 125 minutes ± 15.3 minutes, significantly different from control (p = 0.01), but E2 survival of 25% at 180 minutes was not different from control.


CONCLUSIONS
A sedated, sexually mature male miniature swine severe hemorrhage model has been successfully developed, resuscitated with Hextend and used to evaluate E2 as a small volume resuscitation product.
US Army Institute of Surgical Research, Fort Sam Houston, TX, USA.
John W
JW
Burns
Lisa A
LA
Baer
Erica J
EJ
Hagerman
Bryan S
BS
Jordan
Johnny J
JJ
Nelson
Andriy I
AI
Batchinsky
Leopoldo C
LC
Cancio
John A
JA
Jones
Michael A
MA
Dubick
Charles E
CE
Wade
D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D001810:Blood Volume / Q000502:physiology*; D016292:Procedural Sedation; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004958:Estradiol / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D012151:Resuscitation / Q000379:methods*; D013552:Swine; D013556:Swine, Miniature; D016896:Treatment Outcome
D004958:Estradiol