Kojic acid, a secondary metabolite from Aspergillus sp., acts as an inducer of macrophage activation.
KA (kojic acid) is a secondary metabolite isolated from Aspergillus fungi that has demonstrated skin whitening, antioxidant and antitumour properties among others. However, limited information is available regarding its effects on macrophages, the major cell involved in cell defence. The aim of the present study was to analyse whether KA affects functional properties related to macrophage activation, such as phagocytosis and spreading ability over a substrate. Treatment of resident macrophages with 50 μg/ml KA for 1 h induced both morphological and physiological alterations in cells. Immunofluorescence microscopy revealed enhanced cell spreading and an increase in cell surface exposure, associated with a rearrangement of microtubules, actin filaments and intermediate filaments. KA also potentiated phagocytosis by macrophages, as demonstrated by the increase in phagocytic activity towards yeast, when compared to untreated cells. KA increased the production of ROS (reactive oxygen species), but not NO (nitric oxide) production. Three tests were used to assess cell viability; MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide], NR (neutral red) uptake and PI (propidium iodide) exclusion test, which showed that macrophages maintain their viability following KA treatment. Results indicate that KA can modulate macrophage activation through cytoskeleton rearrangement, increase cell surface exposure, enhance the phagocytic process and ROS production. The study demonstrates a new role for KA as a macrophage activator.
Universidade Federal do Par, Instituto de Cincias Biolgicas, Laboratrio de Biologia Estrutural, Belm, Par, Brazil.
Ana Paula D
AP
Rodrigues
Antônio Sergio C
AS
Carvalho
Alberdan S
AS
Santos
Claudio N
CN
Alves
José Luiz M
JL
do Nascimento
Edilene O
EO
Silva
D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001230:Aspergillus / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D003599:Cytoskeleton / Q000187:drug effects; D008262:Macrophage Activation / Q000187:drug effects*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D010587:Phagocytosis / Q000187:drug effects; D011753:Pyrones / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism
D000975:Antioxidants; D011753:Pyrones; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; C011890:kojic acid